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Philadelphia Eagles - Wikipedia Philadelphia Eagles Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles <Td_colspan="2"> Current season <Td_colspan="2"> Established July 8 , 1933 ; 84 years ago ( July 8 , 1933 ) First season : 1933 Play in Lincoln Financial Field Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Headquartered in the NovaCare Complex Philadelphia , Pennsylvania <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Logo Wordmark <Th_colspan="2"> League / conference affiliations <Td_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 1933 -- present ) Eastern Division ( 1933 -- 1949 ) American Conference ( 1950 -- 1952 ) Eastern Conference ( 1953 -- 1969 ) Capitol Division ( 1967 -- 1969 ) National Football Conference ( 1970 -- present ) NFC East ( 1970 -- present ) <Td_colspan="2"> Current uniform <Td_colspan="2"> Team colors Midnight green , Silver , Black , White Fight song Fly , Eagles Fly Mascot Swoop <Th_colspan="2"> Personnel Owner ( s ) Jeffrey Lurie Christina Weiss Lurie Chairman Jeffrey Lurie CEO Jeffrey Lurie President Don Smolenski General manager Howie Roseman Head coach Doug Pederson <Th_colspan="2"> Team history <Td_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles ( 1933 -- 1942 ; 1944 -- present ) Phil - Pitt `` Steagles '' ( 1943 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Team nicknames <Td_colspan="2"> The Birds <Th_colspan="2"> Championships <Td_colspan="2"> League championships ( 4 ) NFL championships ( pre-1970 AFL -- NFL merger ) ( 3 ) 1948 , 1949 , 1960 Super Bowl championships ( 1 ) 2017 ( LII ) <Td_colspan="2"> Conference championships ( 4 ) NFL Eastern : 1960 NFC : 1980 , 2004 , 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Division championships ( 13 ) NFL East : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 NFC East : 1980 , 1988 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Playoff appearances ( 25 ) <Td_colspan="2"> NFL : 1947 , 1948 , 1949 , 1960 , 1978 , 1979 , 1980 , 1981 , 1988 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1995 , 1996 , 2000 , 2001 , 2002 , 2003 , 2004 , 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2010 , 2013 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Home fields <Td_colspan="2"> Baker Bowl ( 1933 -- 1935 ) Philadelphia Municipal Stadium ( 1936 -- 1939 , 1941 ) Connie Mack Stadium ( 1940 , 1942 -- 1957 ) Franklin Field ( 1958 -- 1970 ) Veterans Stadium ( 1971 -- 2002 ) Lincoln Financial Field ( 2003 -- present ) The Philadelphia Eagles are a professional American football franchise based in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The Eagles compete in the National Football League ( NFL ) as a member club of the league 's National Football Conference ( NFC ) East division . They are Super Bowl champions , having won Super Bowl LII , their fourth NFL title , after winning in 1948 , 1949 , and 1960 . The franchise was established in 1933 as a replacement for the bankrupt Frankford Yellow Jackets , when a group led by Bert Bell secured the rights to an NFL franchise in Philadelphia . Bell , Chuck Bednarik , Bob Brown , Brian Dawkins , Reggie White , Steve Van Buren , Tommy McDonald , Greasy Neale , Pete Pihos , Sonny Jurgensen , and Norm Van Brocklin have been inducted to the Pro Football Hall of Fame . The team has an intense rivalry with the New York Giants . This rivalry is the oldest in the NFC East and is among the oldest in the NFL . It was ranked by NFL Network as the number one rivalry of all - time and Sports Illustrated ranks it amongst the Top 10 NFL rivalries of all - time at number four , and according to ESPN , it is one of the fiercest and most well - known rivalries in the American football community . They also have a bitter rivalry with the Dallas Cowboys , which has become more high - profile since the 1960s , as well as a historic rivalry with the Washington Redskins . Their rivalry with the Pittsburgh Steelers is another bitter rivalry , roughly dating back to 1933 , that mostly arises from the two teams ' statuses as being from opposite ends of the same state . The team consistently ranks in the top three in attendance and has sold out every game since the 1999 season . In a Sports Illustrated poll of 321 NFL players , Eagles fans were selected the most intimidating fans in the NFL . Contents ( hide ) 1 Franchise history 1.1 1931 -- 1960 1.2 1961 -- 1975 1.3 1976 -- 1984 1.4 1985 -- 1993 1.5 Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) 1.5. 1 Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) 1.5. 1.1 2004 Season and Super Bowl XXXIX 1.5. 1.2 2005 - 2012 1.5. 2 Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 1.5. 3 Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) 1.5. 3.1 2017 : First Super Bowl championship 2 Season records 3 Rivalries 3.1 New York Giants 3.2 Dallas Cowboys 3.3 Washington Redskins 3.4 Pittsburgh Steelers 4 Logo and uniforms 5 Training camp 6 Fight song 7 Fans 7.1 Devotion 7.2 Bad behavior 8 Eagles cheerleaders 9 Current roster 10 List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) 11 Awards and honors 11.1 Retired numbers 11.2 Pro Football Hall of Famers 11.3 Eagles Hall of Fame 11.4 75th anniversary team 11.5 John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) 11.6 Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame 11.7 Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame 12 Franchise records 12.1 Passing 12.2 Rushing 12.3 Receiving 12.4 Other 12.5 Returning 12.6 Defense 12.7 Exceptional performances 13 Coaches of note 13.1 Current staff 14 Radio and television 14.1 Eagles radio affiliates 15 Media and cultural reference 16 See also 17 Notes and references 18 Sources 19 External links Franchise history Main article : History of the Philadelphia Eagles 1931 -- 1960 `` Concrete Charlie '' Midway through the 1931 season , the Frankford Yellow Jackets went bankrupt and ceased operations . After more than a year of searching for a suitable replacement , the NFL granted an expansion franchise to a syndicate headed by Bert Bell and Lud Wray and awarded them the franchise rights of the failed Yellow Jackets organization . The Bell - Wray group had to pay an entry fee of $3,500 ( equal to $40,230 today ) and assumed a total debt of $11,000 that was owed to three other NFL franchises . Drawing inspiration from the Blue Eagle insignia of the National Recovery Administration -- the centerpiece of President Franklin D. Roosevelt 's New Deal -- Bell and Wray named the new franchise the Philadelphia Eagles . Neither the Eagles nor the NFL officially regard the two franchises as the same , citing the aforementioned period of dormancy . Furthermore , almost no Yellow Jackets players were on the Eagles ' first roster . The Eagles , along with the Pittsburgh Steelers and the now - defunct Cincinnati Reds , joined the NFL as expansion teams . In 1937 , the Eagles moved to Shibe Park ( renamed Connie Mack Stadium in 1954 ) and played their home games at the stadium through 1957 , except for the 1941 season , which was played at Municipal Stadium , where they had played from 1936 to 1939 . To accommodate football at Shibe Park during the winter , management set up stands in right field , parallel to 20th Street . Some 20 feet high , these `` east stands '' had 22 rows of seats . The goalposts stood along the first base line and in left field . The uncovered east stands enlarged capacity of Shibe Park to over 39,000 , but the Eagles rarely drew more than 25 to 30,000 . The Eagles struggled over the course of their first decade , enduring repeated losing seasons . In December 1940 , Pittsburgh Steelers owner Art Rooney sold his franchise to Alexis Thompson for $160,000 and then used half of the proceeds to buy a half interest in the Eagles from Bell , his longtime friend . Soon after , Bell and Rooney traded the Eagles franchise to Thompson and moved it to Pittsburgh ( as the `` Steelers '' ) , while Thompson moved the Steelers franchise to Philadelphia ( as the `` Eagles '' ) . In 1943 , when manpower shortages stemming from World War II made it impossible to fill the roster , the team merged with the Pittsburgh Steelers forming the `` Phil - Pitt Eagles '' and were known as the `` Steagles . '' ( The merger , never intended as a permanent arrangement , was dissolved at the end of the 1943 season . ) By the late 1940s , head coach Earle `` Greasy '' Neale and running back Steve Van Buren led the team to three consecutive NFL Championship Games , winning two of them in 1948 and 1949 . Those two championships mark the Eagles as the only NFL team ever to win back - to - back championships by shutouts , defeating the Chicago Cardinals , 7 -- 0 , in 1948 -- in a blizzard -- and the Los Angeles Rams , 14 -- 0 , in 1949 . After the 1957 season , the Eagles moved from Connie Mack Stadium to Franklin Field at the University of Pennsylvania . Franklin Field would seat over 60,000 for the Eagles , whereas Connie Mack had a capacity of 39,000 . The stadium switched from grass to AstroTurf in 1969 . It was the first NFL stadium to use artificial turf . In 1960 , the Eagles won their third NFL championship , under the leadership of future Pro Football Hall of Famers Norm Van Brocklin and Chuck Bednarik ; the head coach was Buck Shaw . The 1960 Eagles , by a score of 17 -- 13 , became the only team to defeat Vince Lombardi and his Green Bay Packers in the playoffs . Dick Vermeil , Eagles head coach from 1976 to 1982 1961 -- 1975 The Eagles had a decent 1961 season and then fell on hard times in 1962 . Jerry Wolman , after consulting his longtime friend Brandon Sturrock , bought the franchise in 1963 from the `` Happy Hundred '' , a group of investors who owned the team from 1949 -- 1963 , for $5,505,000 ( equal to $44,004,098 today ) . In 1969 , Leonard Tose bought the Eagles from Wolman for $16,155,000 ( equal to $107,807,505 today ) , then a record for a professional sports franchise . Tose 's first official act was to fire Coach Joe Kuharich after a disappointing 24 -- 41 -- 1 record during his five - year reign . He followed this by naming former Eagles receiving great Pete Retzlaff as General Manager and Jerry Williams as coach . The Eagles defeated the Cowboys in the 1980 NFC Championship Game and earned their first Super Bowl appearance . With the merger of the NFL and AFL in 1970 , the Eagles were placed in the NFC East Division with their archrivals the New York Giants , the Washington Redskins , and the Dallas Cowboys . Their heated rivalry with the Giants is the oldest of the NFC East rivalries , dating all the way back to 1933 and is often named as one of the best rivalries in the NFL . 1976 -- 1984 In 1976 , Dick Vermeil was hired from UCLA to coach the Eagles , who had only one winning season from 1962 -- 1975 . Starting in 1978 , head coach Dick Vermeil and quarterback Ron Jaworski led the team to four consecutive playoff appearances . Vermeil 's 1980 team won their first NFC East title . They were matched up against their hated rival the Dallas Cowboys in the NFC Championship game , which they won 20 -- 7 . However , the Eagles lost to the Oakland Raiders in Super Bowl XV in 1981 . The following year , the Eagles were eliminated in the wildcard round at home against the New York Giants . In the aftermath of the disappointing and strike - shortened season of 1982 , head coach Dick Vermeil resigned , claiming that he was `` burned out '' . Vermeil was replaced by defensive coordinator Marion Campbell . In January 1983 , Tose announced that his daughter , Susan Fletcher , the Eagles ' vice president and legal counsel , would eventually succeed him as primary owner of the Eagles . Then in 1984 , rumors were circulating that Leonard Tose was thinking about moving the team to Phoenix , Arizona due to financial reasons . 1985 -- 1993 This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) In 1985 , Tose was forced to sell the Eagles to Norman Braman and Ed Leibowitz , highly successful automobile dealers from Florida , for a reported $65 million ( equal to $147,899,134 today ) to pay off his more than $25 million ( equal to $56,884,282 today ) in gambling debts at Atlantic City casinos . Philadelphia football struggled through the Marion Campbell years of the mid-1980s and was marked by a malaise in fan participation . However , in the 1985 Supplemental draft , the Eagles acquired the rights to Memphis Showboats ' elite pass rusher Reggie White . In 1986 , the arrival of head coach Buddy Ryan and his fiery attitude rejuvenated team performance and ignited the fan base , but the Eagles failed to win a playoff game during Ryan 's tenure . Possibly the worst of these losses was the so - called Fog Bowl in 1988 against the Chicago Bears , which happened to be Ryan 's former team that he helped lead to a Super Bowl XX victory as defensive coordinator . Ryan was fired on January 7 , 1991 , after an upset home playoff loss to the Redskins . Offensive coordinator Rich Kotite was promoted to head coach three days later . After All Pro defensive tackle Jerome Brown was killed in an automobile accident , the team and fanbase became dedicated to `` bring it home for Jerome '' in the 1992 season . Kotite did lead the Eagles to a playoff victory against the New Orleans Saints during the 1992 season , but they lost all - time sacks leader Reggie White to free agency in the offseason . Kotie 's contract was not renewed after a disappointing 1994 season in which the Eagles went 7 -- 9 , losing their last seven games after starting the season 7 -- 2 . From 1988 to 1996 , the Eagles qualified for the playoffs during six out of those nine seasons , but they won the NFC East only once , in 1988 . Among the team 's offensive stars during that period were quarterback Randall Cunningham , tight end Keith Jackson , and running back Herschel Walker . But the `` Gang Green '' defense is possibly what defined the team , led by Reggie White , Jerome Brown , Clyde Simmons , Seth Joyner , Wes Hopkins , Mike Golic , Byron Evans , Eric Allen , Andre Waters and Mark McMillian . Lurie era ( 1994 -- present ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Andy Reid speaks with Jeff Garcia in a game against the Redskins . Jeffrey Lurie bought the Eagles on May 6 , 1994 from then - owner Norman Braman for an estimated $185 million . The club is now estimated to be the 17th most valuable sports team , worth $1.314 billion , as valuated in 2014 by Forbes . In Lurie 's first season as owner , the team only had 7 wins , but that was followed by a 10 win season in 1995 . Besides the 10 wins and a playoff berth , 1996 was an eventful year . The uniforms changed from the classic shade of Kelly Green to a darker midnight green , quarterback Randall Cunningham left after 11 seasons , and future fan favorite 13 - year starter Brian Dawkins was drafted in the 2nd round . After slipping to 6 -- 9 -- 1 , and then to 3 -- 13 , head coach Ray Rhodes was fired after four seasons . Andy Reid era ( 1999 -- 2012 ) Jeffrey Lurie has been owner since 1994 . In 1999 , the Eagles hired head coach Andy Reid and drafted quarterback Donovan McNabb . From 1999 until 2004 , the team continually improved , going from 5 -- 11 in 1999 , returning to the playoffs in with an 11 -- 5 record in 2000 , surpassing the Buccaneers in the Wild Card round before losing in the divisional . Moreover , the Eagles played in four straight NFC Championship Games between 2001 and 2004 . In 2001 , the Eagles stayed at 11 -- 5 , beating the Buccaneers and Bears to advance to the NFC championship , where they lost to the St. Louis Rams . In 2002 , the Eagles drafted running back Brian Westbrook , got the 1st round bye with the 2nd seed in the NFC with a 12 -- 4 record , but the Tampa Bay Buccaneers got their revenge in the Championship and eliminated the Eagles . In 2003 , they won the NFC first seed , but Westbrook went down in Week 17 , culminating in a loss to the Carolina Panthers in their 3rd straight NFC Championship . 2004 season and Super Bowl XXXIX In 2004 , the Philadelphia Eagles had their best season since 1960 , going 13 -- 1 before resting their starters and losing their next 2 , clinching the 1st seed for the second year in a row . McNabb set career highs , completing 64 % of his passes for 3,875 yards , though he did n't play all 16 games . McNabb became the first quarterback ever to throw more than 30 touchdowns and fewer than 10 interceptions in a season . His success could be attributed to the fact that he had a reliable receiver , Terrell Owens , who got 1,200 yards and 14 touchdowns in 14 games . After beating the Vikings and Falcons the Eagles advanced to Super Bowl XXXIX , where they dueled the New England Patriots . Although McNabb threw 3 touchdown passes and 357 yards in the game , and the score was tied 14 -- 14 going into the fourth quarter , the Patriots outscored the Eagles and scored ten straight points . McNabb completed a 30 - yard touchdown pass , and the Eagles defense held the Patriots to a 3 and out , but a crucial interception with 46 seconds left on the clock secured their fate . 2005 - 2012 Brian Dawkins was one of the premier safeties in the NFL , and earned him the role of Eagles ' defensive captain , and a mainstay on the Eagles . The team took a step back in 2005 with a 6 -- 10 record . McNabb had played with a sports hernia and a broken thumb , starting 4 -- 2 but losing three in a row , before McNabb finally succumbs to injury and is out for the rest of the season . For obnoxious behavior and a feud with McNabb , Owens was suspended after 7 games , eventually being cut . In 2006 , the team lost McNabb 10 games in and went into turmoil , but Westbrook stepped up , and the Eagles earned their fifth NFC East title under Coach Reid , with a 10 -- 6 record and a win in the wild card round , but they had an 8 -- 8 2007 season . In 2008 , the team won their 500th game , and they also drafted DeSean Jackson , a receiving threat when paired with McNabb . On January 11 , 2009 , the team defeated the defending Super Bowl champion and 1st seed New York Giants 23 -- 11 en route to their 5th NFC Championship Game in 8 years and 5th in the 10 years the Eagles have been coached by Andy Reid . In the 2008 NFC Championship Game , the Eagles made a rally , going from 24 -- 6 at halftime to 25 -- 24 with three minutes left in the 4th , but they lost to the Arizona Cardinals by a score of 32 -- 25 after quarterback Kurt Warner scored a last minute touchdown . As of the conclusion of the 2016 season , during the Lurie era , the Eagles are 1 -- 4 in conference championship games and 0 -- 1 in Super Bowls . On August 13 , 2009 , the Eagles signed quarterback Michael Vick . On December 6 , 2009 , Andy Reid became only the 5th coach in NFL history to win 100 or more games with a single team in a single decade . The other four are Tom Landry , Don Shula , Tony Dungy , and Bill Belichick , all Super Bowl winners . McNabb finally had a complete receiving corps , between first round draft pick Jeremy Maclin , DeSean Jackson 's 1,000 yard season , and Brent Celek ranking among the top 5 tight ends in the league . Without Brian Dawkins , defensive end Trent Cole stepped up and became the dominant force on defense with 12 sacks , earning him his second trip to the Pro Bowl and All - Pro honors . In 2009 , the Eagles started 5 -- 4 , but moved up to 11 -- 4 , and could clinch the NFC 2nd seed if they won their next game . After a shutout at the hands of the Dallas Cowboys in week 17 , the Eagles missed the 1st round bye. but with a record of 11 -- 5 , but they were the NFC 6th seed and they narrowly made the playoffs . In the 2009 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles played against the Cowboys for the second consecutive week and lost 34 -- 14 . Despite many errors from many players , and a great season before the breakdown in Dallas , McNabb took the brunt of the blow and was heavily criticized . Coach Andy Reid said up until April 1 , 2010 , that McNabb would remain the starter . On March 5 , 2010 , Brian Westbrook was cut from the Eagles after eight seasons with the team . On April 4 , 2010 , the team traded long - time starting quarterback Donovan McNabb to the Washington Redskins in exchange for a second round draft pick . Kevin Kolb was immediately named the starter , but after suffering a concussion in week 1 against the Packers , Vick took over as the starter . Vick led the Eagles to its sixth NFC East division title in ten seasons . With a record of 10 -- 6 the Eagles clinched the 3rd seed and had to play a Wild Card Playoff Game . During the 2010 NFC Wild Card Game , the Eagles faced off against the eventual Super Bowl champion Green Bay Packers and lost 21 -- 16 . The 2011 season for the Eagles was a major disappointment , as they only managed to finish 8 -- 8 and did not qualify for the playoffs , although they did win the last 4 games of the season . Because of several free agent acquisitions , Vince Young , a back up quarterback , stated that the Eagles were a Dream Team . The Philadelphia fan base and faithful never did concur with the comment as some national outlets may comment . Many Eagles fans believe that Vince Young saying that the Eagles were a ' Dream Team ' is the reason that the Eagles had such a horrible season . Eagles fans had high expectations going into the 2012 season . The Eagles started off winning three out of their four first games , but that changed when they lost the next eight games , and were eliminated from the playoff hunt . They only won one out of their last four games . After a loss to the New York Giants on December 30 , 2012 , longtime head coach Andy Reid was fired after fourteen seasons with the team . Chip Kelly era ( 2013 -- 2015 ) On January 16 , 2013 , the Eagles brought in University of Oregon head coach Chip Kelly to succeed Reid as head coach after a 4 -- 12 season . The Philadelphia Eagles named Michael Vick starting quarterback going into the 2013 season with much promise running Chip Kelly 's fast - paced spread offense . The 2013 season proved to be more successful for the Eagles . A hamstring injury took Michael Vick out after a 1 -- 3 start , but his backup , Nick Foles , led the team to a 10 -- 6 regular season record , and its seventh NFC East title in 13 seasons . Before throwing his first interception in Week 14 , Foles threw 19 touchdowns , which was just one shy of the all - time NFL record of consecutive touchdowns without an interception to start a season , set earlier in the season by Peyton Manning . Foles also tied Manning for most touchdown passes in a single - game with seven against the Oakland Raiders which also made him the youngest player in NFL history to throw that many touchdowns in a game . Foles finished the regular season with 27 touchdown passes and only 2 interceptions , giving him the then - best TD - INT ratio in NFL history . ( That record was later broken by Tom Brady , in the 2016 season . ) He also finished with a 119.0 passer rating , third highest in league history behind only Aaron Rodgers in 2011 and Peyton Manning in 2004 . He was also only the second quarterback in NFL history to have a game in which he topped 400 passing yards and a perfect passer rating . LeSean McCoy finished his Pro Bowl season as the league 's top rusher with 1,607 rushing yards ( also a franchise record ) and 2,146 total yards from scrimmage , also best in the NFL . As a whole , the Eagles offense scored 51 touchdowns , most in franchise history passing the previous season high set back in 1948 . The Eagles opened the 2014 season winning their first three games and making NFL history as the only team ever to trail by ten or more points in their first three games and come back to win . Nick Foles struggled with turnovers , but ultimately did well and led the Eagles to a 6 -- 2 record , before breaking his collarbone , resulting in his job getting taken over by Mark Sanchez , who outplayed Foles despite facing more playoff teams . The Eagles held the divisional title from week one to week 15 against the Cowboys . After going 9 -- 3 with their crucial win over the Cowboys , the Eagles lost their next 3 , and a week after losing the NFC East title , they lost an upset against the 3 -- 11 Redskins and were eliminated from playoff contention with the Cowboys ' win over the Colts . Following the 2014 season , Chip Kelly was given total control and made some controversial moves . He traded LeSean McCoy , who had become the team 's all - time leading rusher after the 2014 season , for linebacker Kiko Alonso , a player Kelly coached at Oregon who had missed the entire 2014 season . He also cut ten - year veteran and starter , Trent Cole , who was still a consistent threat on defense and was second only to legend Reggie White on the Eagles all - time sack list . He also made a trade where the highly successful Nick Foles was traded for Sam Bradford , who had missed the entire 2014 season with an ACL tear . Kelly tried to re-sign Jeremy Maclin , who had stepped up as the team 's leading wide receiver , but he signed with the Kansas City Chiefs instead . However , the Eagles also acquired league leading rusher DeMarco Murray , which not only helped the Eagles , but hurt their rivals , the Dallas Cowboys . They also obtained Super Bowl champion Byron Maxwell , who left the Seattle Seahawks in free agency to sign a six - year , $63 million contract . The first two games of the season were disastrous , as they started 0 -- 2 . Bradford had a 2 -- 4 TD - INT ratio , Maxwell was constantly beaten by Falcons receiver Julio Jones , and Murray was held to 11 yards on 21 carries . After Murray was injured , Ryan Mathews rushed for over 100 yards in a Week 3 win against the New York Jets . Kelly made Murray the unquestioned starter and although Murray 's play improved over the season , he never regained his dominant form and was held to a career low 3.6 yards per carry average . On December 29 , 2015 , with one game left in the season , head coach Chip Kelly was released by the Eagles . Offensive Coordinator Pat Shurmur was named Interim Coach for the final game against the rival New York Giants , which Shurmur won 35 -- 30 . Former player and current running backs coach Duce Staley was the first coach to be interviewed for the opening head coaching job on January 2 , 2016 . Doug Pederson era ( 2016 -- present ) Carson Wentz made his debut in the 2016 season The Eagles hired Chiefs offensive coordinator Doug Pederson as their next head coach . The team made the official announcement on January 18 , 2016 . Eagles owner Jeffrey Lurie said in a statement : `` Doug is a strategic thinker , a compelling leader and communicator , and someone who truly knows how to get the best out of his players . All of these factors were what initially attracted us to Doug and we believe that he is the right man to help us achieve our ultimate goal . '' Pederson had been with the Chiefs for the preceding three years after spending the four seasons previous to those with the Eagles . He served as a quality control assistant for the Eagles in 2009 and 2010 before being promoted to quarterbacks coach for the 2011 and 2012 seasons . He was praised for his work with Chiefs quarterback Alex Smith over the preceding few seasons , particularly 2015 , as the Chiefs moved into the top 10 in scoring offense . At the end of the 2015 season , the Eagles had the 13th pick in the 2016 NFL Draft . They traded Byron Maxwell , Kiko Alonso , and their pick to the Miami Dolphins for the # 8 pick . Later , they traded the # 8 pick , their third - round pick , their fourth - round pick , a 2017 first - round pick , and a 2018 second - round pick to the Cleveland Browns for the # 2 pick and a 2017 fourth - round pick . They used the # 2 pick to draft North Dakota State quarterback Carson Wentz . On September 3 , 2016 , the Eagles traded starting quarterback Sam Bradford to the Minnesota Vikings , who had lost Teddy Bridgewater for the season , for a 2017 first - round pick and a 2018 fourth - round pick . Following the trade , the Eagles named Wentz the starting quarterback for Week 1 of the 2016 season . First - time head coach Pederson led the Eagles to a 3 -- 0 start to the season . His rookie quarterback started with 5 touchdowns , no interceptions and over 255 yards per game . The Week 4 bye took a toll on the Eagles , and they lost four out of the next five games , including a loss to every rival team in their division . They also lost right tackle Lane Johnson to a 10 - game suspension following the Week 5 loss againist the Lions which damaged Carson Wentz 's hot start . In those four games , their average margin of loss was just under 5 points . Pederson and the Eagles won just 3 of their last 7 games . Those included gruesome road losses against the Seattle Seahawks , the Cincinnati Bengals , and the Baltimore Ravens . Although Wentz started off the season well , the 6 -- 5 quarterback finished with a TD -- INT ratio of 16 : 14 . The rookie head coach and rookie quarterback tandem led the Eagles to a disappointing year , finishing with a 7 -- 9 record and coming in last in the division . 2017 : first Super Bowl Championship During the following offseason , the team made several acquisitions on the offensive side of the ball . The Eagles either traded or released notable players from the Chip Kelly era like Ryan Mathews , Matt Tobin , Allen Barbre , Jordan Matthews and Marcus Smith II . They signed more notable players to improve its wide receiver corps that have struggled the last two seasons like Alshon Jeffery , and Torrey Smith as well as 2016 Super Bowl champion , Legarrette Blount . They also added veterans on defense such as Patrick Robinson , Chris Long , Corey Graham , Tim Jernigan and Ronald Darby . The team addressed its defense mostly in the draft , using its top three picks on defensive players . The Eagles drafted Derek Barnett with the 14th overall pick . The Eagles had completely revamped their offense and strengthened their defense heading into the 2017 season . They opened the season on the road versus the Washington Redskins and won the game 30 -- 17 . The team lost to the Kansas City Chiefs the following week , 27 -- 20 , in Pederson 's return to face Andy Reid . The Eagles then won six consecutive games , including signature wins at the Carolina Panthers , 28 -- 23 , and versus the Washington Redskins , 34 -- 24 , in a Monday Night contest . On the morning of October 31 , 2017 , just before the NFL trade deadline , the Eagles made a blockbuster move sending a fourth - round pick to the Miami Dolphins for star running back Jay Ajayi . The move immediately paid dividends for the Eagles heading into their next game versus the Denver Broncos as Ajayi rushed for 77 yards on just eight attempts including a 46 - yard TD near the end of the second quarter . Ajayi and Wentz led the Eagles to a 51 -- 23 rout of the top defense in the NFL . Foles in the Huddle before leaving the field before Super Bowl LII . The Eagles headed into their bye week with the best record in the NFL ( 8 -- 1 ) , and with Wentz leading the NFL MVP discussion with an NFL - leading 23 touchdowns to 5 interceptions . During their bye , the Eagles signed former Giants offensive tackle Will Beatty and former Saints linebacker Dannell Ellerbe to not only add depth but also players with Super Bowl experiences . Coming off of the bye week , the Philadelphia Eagles entered a Sunday night showdown with the defending NFC East champion Dallas Cowboys . The Eagles came out sluggish and trailed 9 -- 7 at the half . The team exploded in the second half though , rattling off 30 unanswered points to soundly defeat their rival by a final score of 37 -- 9 . The Eagles were rolling on a nine - game winning streak after a huge blowout win over the Chicago Bears . The Eagles traveled to Seattle in Week 13 in a huge Sunday Night showdown against Russell Wilson and the Seattle Seahawks . The Eagles struggled throughout the whole game , blowing many scoring opportunities and allowing Wilson to throw 3 touchdowns . The Eagles lost 24 -- 10 , ending their win streak . However , the Eagles bounced back in Week 14 win over the Los Angeles Rams in a tough 43 -- 35 win . However , Carson Wentz left the game in the third quarter with a knee injury . It was later found out that Wentz tore his ACL , ending his MVP caliber season . Backup Nick Foles would once again take over as starting quarterback . In Foles 's first start against the New York Giants , he would lead them back from a 20 -- 7 deficit and score 4 touchdowns and win the game 34 -- 29 . Foles struggled in the last two games of the season against the Oakland Raiders and the Dallas Cowboys , and threw a touchdown and 2 interceptions in that span . Despite this , the Eagles finished 13 -- 3 and secured the top seed in the NFC . The Eagles opened as the underdogs , the first time in history that a No. 1 seed has opened up the postseason as an underdog . Despite this , Foles would lead the Eagles past the Atlanta Falcons in the Divisional Round 15 -- 10 . In the next game Foles and the Eagles annihilated the Minnesota Vikings 38 -- 7 in the NFC Championship nicknamed the Minneapolis Massacre , mocking the Minneapolis Miracle from their previous playoff victory . Foles had his best game since week 15 and threw for 352 passing yards and 3 touchdowns including an impressive flea flicker touchdown pass . This win marked the franchise 's third Super Bowl appearance and a berth in Super Bowl LII for a 2005 rematch against Tom Brady and the New England Patriots . With Foles at the helm , the Eagles started off the game strong , leading the Patriots 22 -- 12 at halftime . In the second half the Patriots gained momentum and for the first time took the lead in the 4th quarter 33 -- 32 . The Eagles rallied back and scored an 11 - yard Touchdown to tight end Zach Ertz . Later the Eagles converted on a 46 - yard field goal by Jake Elliott to lead 41 -- 33 . On the final play of the game with 9 seconds left , Brady threw a hail - mary pass directed toward tight end Rob Gronkowski which was bobbled by Patrick Robinson before being dropped in the end - zone as time expired , securing the win for the Eagles 41 -- 33 , and ending the 58 - year long championship drought . This would be Philadelphia 's first Super Bowl win and their fourth league championship ( their first championship since 1960 ) . Foles won Super Bowl MVP going 28 -- 43 with 373 passing yards , 3 touchdowns , and an interception . Nick Foles became the first backup quarterback to start and win a Super Bowl since his opponent Tom Brady won as the backup for Drew Bledsoe in 2001 . Season records Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles seasons Regular season record ( all - time ) : 568 -- 594 -- 26 Playoff record ( all - time ) : 22 -- 21 ( last appearance after beating New England Patriots in Super Bowl LII ) Most points in a season : 474 points ( 2014 ) NFL championships won : 4 ( 3 before the 1967 NFL - AFL merger created the Super Bowl ) Super Bowls won : 1 out of 3 appearances Passing leader ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 32,873 yards Rushing leader ( all - time ) : LeSean McCoy -- 6,792 yards Receiving leader ( all - time ) : Harold Carmichael -- 8,978 yards Winningest coach ( all - time ) : Andy Reid -- 130 wins Top player by approximate value ( all - time ) : Donovan McNabb -- 126 AV Rivalries New York Giants Main article : Eagles -- Giants rivalry One of the NFL 's oldest , this rivalry began on October 15 , 1933 when the Giants defeated the newly founded Eagles 56 -- 0 . The Giants lead the all - time series 84 -- 82 -- 2 . Three of the best known comebacks against the Giants are labeled as `` Miracle In The Meadowlands -- Herm Edwards '' , `` Miracle In The Meadowlands II -- Brian Westbrook '' and `` Miracle In The New Meadowlands -- DeSean Jackson '' . Dallas Cowboys Main article : Cowboys -- Eagles rivalry The Cowboys have been one of the Eagles ' biggest rivals . The Eagles won the first game in this rivalry 27 -- 25 on September 30 , 1960 . Dallas leads the all - time series 63 -- 51 -- 0 . They have been close in recent years , with Dallas winning 12 games from 2006 to the present while the Eagles have also won 12 . There is much hostility between the two teams ' fan bases , with incidents such as the 1989 Bounty Bowl . Washington Redskins Main article : Eagles -- Redskins rivalry Not as big as the rivalries between the Giants and Cowboys , that with division rivals Washington Redskins is still fierce . It started in 1934 when the Washington Redskins were first known as the Boston Redskin ; the Redskins defeated the Eagles 6 -- 0 , and lead the all - time series 85 -- 76 -- 6 . The rivalry has been very even since 2010 overall . However , the Eagles swept the Redskins during the 2017 season for the first time since the 2013 season . Pittsburgh Steelers Main article : Eagles -- Steelers rivalry The Eagles and Pittsburgh Steelers are both located in Pennsylvania and began play in 1933 . From that season , through 1966 , this was a major rivalry for both teams as both were part of the same division . In 1967 , they were placed in separate divisions but remained in the same conference for three years . Finally , in 1970 , the Steelers ( along with the Cleveland Browns and Baltimore Colts ) moved to the American Football Conference while the Eagles stayed with the rest of the old - line NFL teams in the National Football Conference . As a result , the Eagles and Steelers no longer played each other every year . Currently they are scheduled to meet once every four years in the regular season , the most recent meeting being in 2016 at Philadelphia , with the Eagles winning 34 - 3 . The Steelers have lost nine straight games on the road against the Eagles dating back to 1966 , which was also the start of the Super Bowl era . The Eagles lead the all - time series 47 -- 28 -- 3 . Logo and uniforms See also : Uniform ( American football ) and footnote about Eagles ' uniform numbers . For several decades , the Eagles ' colors were kelly green , silver , and white . In 1954 , the Eagles , along with the Baltimore Colts , became the second team ever in the NFL to put a logo on their helmets , with silver wings on a kelly green helmet . In 1969 , the team wore two helmet versions : Kelly green with white wings in road games , and white with kelly green wings at home . From 1970 to ' 73 , they wore the white helmets with Kelly green wings exclusively before switching back to Kelly green helmets with silver wings . By 1974 , Joseph A. Scirrotto Jr. designed the silver wings took on a white outline , and this style on a kelly green helmet became standard for over two decades . From 1948 -- 95 , the team logo was an eagle in flight carrying a football in its claws , although from ' 69 -- 72 , the eagle took on a more stylized look . As the design was similar to the Apollo 11 emblem , and its moon - landing craft was dubbed Eagle , players wore the flight 's mission patch on their jerseys during 1969 . In 1973 , the team 's name was added below the eagle , which returned to its pre - ' 69 look . However , both the logo and uniforms were radically altered in 1996 . The primary kelly green color was changed to a darker shade , officially described as `` midnight green . '' Silver was practically abandoned , as uniform pants moved to either white or midnight green . The traditional helmet wings were changed to a primarily white color , with silver and black accents . The team 's logo combination ( the eagle and club name lettering ) also changed in 1996 , with the eagle itself limited to a white ( bald eagle ) head , drawn in a less realistic , more cartoon - based style , and the lettering changing from calligraphic to block letters . Since the 1996 alterations , the team has made only minor alterations , mostly relating to jersey / pant combinations worn during specific games . For example , in 1997 , against the San Francisco 49ers , the team wore midnight green jerseys and pants for the first of only two occasions in team history . The second occasion was in 2002 , during the final regular season game at Veterans Stadium , a win over the division - rival Washington Redskins . A year later , in the first two games of the 2003 season ( both home losses to the Tampa Bay Buccaneers and New England Patriots ) , the Eagles wore white jerseys with white pants . Since 2003 , the white jerseys along with white pants have been worn during preseason games . The 2003 season also saw the first ( though only subtle ) change to the 1996 - style uniform . On both white and green jerseys , black shadows and silver trim were added to both the green and white numbering . The stripe on the pants changed from black - green - black to black - silver - green on the white pants , and from a solid black stripe to one stripe of black , another of silver , with one small white stripe in between for the midnight blue pants . The 2003 season also saw the team debut black alternate jerseys , with a green ( instead of black ) shadow on white numbers , and silver trim . These black jerseys have been worn for two selected home games each season ( usually the first home game after bye week and the season finale ) . In the 2003 and 2004 regular season home finales , the team wore the green road pants with the black alternate jerseys , but lost each game . Since then , the Eagles have only worn the black jerseys with the white pants . However , due to the special 75th anniversary uniforms serving as the `` alternates '' for one game in 2007 , the Eagles could not wear the alternate black jersey that season per league rules ( alternate uniforms are permitted twice per season but only one can be used ) . The black jerseys with white pants , however , re-appeared for the 2008 Thanksgiving night game against the Arizona Cardinals . The black jerseys were most recently used in a December 21 , 2016 game against the New York Giants , in which they won 24 - 19 . From 2006 -- 2013 , the Eagles have only worn the alternate black jerseys once a season and for the last November home game , but did not use them in 2007 , 2010 , and 2011 . For the 2007 and 2010 seasons , the Eagles used throwback uniforms in place of the black alternates for their anniversary to commemorate past teams . The team also started wearing black shoes exclusively in 2004 . Since 2014 , the Eagles have worn the black jersey twice per season . In 2016 , they wore the black jersey three times . To celebrate the team 's 75th anniversary , the 2007 uniforms featured a 75th - season logo patch on the left shoulder . In addition , the team wore `` throwback '' jerseys in a 2007 game against the Detroit Lions . The yellow and blue jerseys , the same colors found on Philadelphia 's city flag , are based on those worn by the Philadelphia Eagles in the team 's inaugural season , and were the same colors used by the former Frankford Yellow Jackets franchise prior to their suspension of operations in 1931 . The Eagles beat Detroit , 56 -- 21 . The Philadelphia Eagles wear their white jerseys at home for preseason games and daytime games in the first half of the regular season from September to mid-October when the temperature is warmer . In night contests in the first half of the regular season , the Eagles do not need to wear white at home since the temperature is cooler . However , there have been exceptions , such as the home opener against the Tampa Bay Buccaneers in 2003 and the Washington Redskins in 2007 that were played at night . In late October or beginning in November , the Eagles start to wear their colors at home ( although they have done it earlier before ) , be it the midnight green jerseys or a third jersey . On one occasion the Eagles wore white at home after October in a meeting against the Dallas Cowboys on November 4 , 2007 to make the Cowboys wear their road blue jerseys . Since moving to Lincoln Financial Field in 2003 , the Eagles have worn white at home for at least their home opener , with the exceptions for the 2010 home opener ( see next paragraph ) , the 2011 home opener against the New York Giants , the 2016 home opener against the Cleveland Browns , and the 2017 home opener against the Giants . In the 2010 season against the Green Bay Packers , on September 12 , 2010 , the Eagles wore uniforms similar to the ones that were worn by the 1960 championship team in honor the 50th anniversary of that team . In weeks 4 and 6 of the 2010 season , the Eagles wore their white jerseys in a match - up against the Washington Redskins and Atlanta Falcons respectively before reverting to their midnight green jerseys for the rest of their home games . For the 2011 season , the Eagles did not wear white for any of their home games . For the 2012 season Nike took over from Reebok as the NFL 's official apparel licensee but the Eagles decided that they would not be adopting Nike 's `` Elite 51 '' uniform technology . Aside from the Nike logo replacing the Reebok logo , the only other change is the league - wide revision of the NFL shield on the uniform ( replacing the NFL Equipment logo ) , other than that the uniforms essentially remain unchanged . The Eagles also revived their black alternate jersey . For the 2013 season , the Eagles started to wear white pants , as an alternate to their green pants , with their white jerseys , in the regular season . For the 2014 season the Eagles have officially adopted the `` Elite 51 '' style uniform from Nike . Recently the team has discussed bringing back the `` Kelly Green '' uniforms similar to the uniforms worn in the 1960 NFL Championship season and which were last worn in the 2010 season opener vs. Green Bay . Traditionally kelly green , silver and white had been the official team color until 1996 season when it switched to the current `` Midnight Green '' uniforms . But due to the NFL rules and restrictions having a team go through a waiting period before any major uniform changes and alterations can be made , it would most likely be quite some time before any uniform changes are officially made . In Week 6 of 2014 against the New York Giants , the team introduced black pants to complement their black jerseys , giving them a blackout uniform set , the Eagles won the game 27 -- 0 . The victory was their first shutout in 18 years . The blackout uniform was most recently worn in a Week 16 victory , 19 - 10 , against the Raiders in 2017 . The Eagles are 6 -- 3 in their blackout uniforms : winning three times against the Giants and once against each of the Minnesota Vikings , Denver Broncos , and Oakland Raiders , and losing against the Seattle Seahawks , Arizona Cardinals , and Green Bay Packers . Training camp The Eagles previously held their preseason training camp from the end of July through mid-August each year at Lehigh University in Bethlehem , Pennsylvania in the Lehigh Valley . With the addition of new head coach Chip Kelly , the Eagles recently moved their training camp to the NovaCare Complex in Philadelphia . Training camps were previously held at Chestnut Hill Academy in 1935 , Saint Joseph 's University in 1939 and 1943 , Saranac Lake from 1946 -- 1948 , Hershey from 1951 -- 1967 , Albright College from 1968 -- 1972 , Widener University from 1973 -- 1979 , and West Chester University from 1980 -- 1995 . Fight song Further information : Fly , Eagles Fly This fight song is heard during Eagles ' home games after touchdowns and before the team is introduced prior to kickoff . Fans Full house at `` The Linc '' for a playoff game in January 2011 An Eagles fan in attendance at U.S. Bank Stadium celebrates following the team 's victory at Super Bowl LII . Eagles fans celebrating along Benjamin Franklin Parkway at the Eagles victory parade Devotion Although the method may vary , studies that attempt to rank the 32 fan bases in the NFL consistently place Eagles fans among the best in the league , noting their `` unmatched fervor . '' Eagles fans have numerous dedicated web communities , ranking the Eagles just behind the Phillies as the dominant Philadelphia sports presence on the web . The American City Business Journals , which conducts a regular study to determine the most loyal fans in the NFL , evaluates fans based primarily on attendance - related factors , and ranked Eagles fans third in both 1999 and 2006 . The 2006 study called the fans `` incredibly loyal '' , noting that they filled 99.8 % of the seats in the stadium over the previous decade . Forbes placed the Eagles fans first in its 2008 survey , which was based on the correlation between team performance and fan attendance . ESPN.com placed Eagles fans fourth in the league in its 2008 survey , citing the connection between the team 's performance and the mood of the city . The last home game which was blacked out on television in the Philadelphia market as a result of not being sold out was against the Arizona Cardinals on Sunday , September 12 , 1999 , which was Andy Reid 's first home game as new head coach of the Eagles . The studies note that -- win or lose -- Eagles fans can be counted on to pack their stadium . As of August 2008 , the team had sold out 71 consecutive games , and 70,000 were on the team 's waiting list for season tickets . Despite finishing with a 6 -- 10 record in the 2005 season , the Eagles ranked second in the NFL in merchandise sales , and single - game tickets for the next season were sold out minutes after phone and Internet lines opened . Eagles fans have also been known to chant the famous , `` E-A-G-L-E-S -- Eagles ! ! '' at Flyers , Phillies , and 76ers games when the team is getting blown out late in a game and a loss is inevitable , signifying their displeasure with the given team 's performance , and that they are instead putting their hope into the Eagles . Bad behavior Along with their fierce devotion , Eagles fans have a reputation for bad behavior and sports - related violence , especially when the team plays its rivals . In If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? , Jereé Longman described the fans of the 700 Level of Veterans Stadium as having a reputation for `` hostile taunting , fighting , public urination and general strangeness . '' So many incidents occurred at a 1997 game against the 49ers that at the following home game , Judge Seamus McCaffery began presiding over a temporary courtroom at the stadium ; 20 suspects came before him that day . Fan behavior improved after the team 's move to Lincoln Financial Field , and `` Eagles Court '' ended in December 2003 . Eagles Cheerleaders Eagles Cheerleaders doing a routine in 2008 . Main article : Philadelphia Eagles Cheerleaders The team also has its own cheerleading squad , which performs a variety of dance moves for the fans and the Eagles on the sideline . The squad also releases a swimsuit calendar each year , and is the first squad in the league to release the calendar on the Android and iOS mobile systems . Current roster <Th_colspan="10"> Philadelphia Eagles roster view talk Quarterbacks 9 Nick Foles 7 Nate Sudfeld 11 Carson Wentz Running backs 26 Jay Ajayi 30 Corey Clement 34 Donnel Pumphrey 28 Wendell Smallwood Wide receivers 13 Nelson Agholor 19 Rashard Davis 18 Shelton Gibson 10 Mack Hollins 17 Alshon Jeffery 16 Bryce Treggs 14 Mike Wallace 89 Greg Ward Jr . -- Dom Williams -- Marquess Wilson Tight ends 85 Billy Brown 86 Zach Ertz -- Joshua Perkins -- Richard Rodgers -- Adam Zaruba Offensive linemen 79 Brandon Brooks G 78 Darrell Greene G -- Taylor Hart T 65 Lane Johnson T 62 Jason Kelce C 71 Jason Peters T 73 Isaac Seumalo G -- Jon Toth C 72 Halapoulivaati Vaitai T 67 Chance Warmack G 61 Stefen Wisniewski G Defensive linemen 96 Derek Barnett DE 77 Michael Bennett DE 91 Fletcher Cox DT -- Winston Craig DT 55 Brandon Graham DE 93 Timmy Jernigan DT 56 Chris Long DE 51 Steven Means DE -- Haloti Ngata DT 98 Elijah Qualls DT -- Aziz Shittu DT 97 Destiny Vaeao DT Linebackers 53 Nigel Bradham OLB 47 Nathan Gerry OLB 54 Kamu Grugier - Hill OLB 58 Jordan Hicks MLB 95 Mychal Kendricks OLB -- Paul Worrilow OLB -- Corey Nelson OLB 59 Joe Walker MLB Defensive backs -- De'Vante Bausby CB -- Elie Bouka CB 41 Ronald Darby CB 32 Rasul Douglas CB -- Randall Goforth CB 27 Malcolm Jenkins SS 22 Sidney Jones CB 35 D.J. Killings CB 23 Rodney McLeod FS 42 Chris Maragos FS 31 Jalen Mills CB 49 Tre Sullivan S Special teams 4 Jake Elliott K -- Cameron Johnston P 45 Rick Lovato LS Reserve lists Currently vacant Rookies in italics Roster updated April 16 , 2018 Depth chart Transactions 68 Active , Inactive → AFC rosters → NFC rosters <Td_colspan="10"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA List of Philadelphia Eagles players ( past and present ) Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles players Awards and honors Retired numbers <Td_colspan="4"> Philadelphia Eagles retired numbers No . Player Position Years played 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1953 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff RB , WR , TE 1956 -- 1966 60 Chuck Bednarik LB , C 1949 -- 1962 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 Notes : Posthumous honors . Despite not being retired , no one has worn Randall Cunningham 's No. 12 since he left the Eagles . Pro Football Hall of Famers Eagles legend Steve Van Buren Main article : List of Pro Football Hall of Fame inductees <Th_colspan="10"> Eagles in the Pro Football Hall of Fame <Th_colspan="10"> Players No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted No . Name Positions Seasons Inducted 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 1967 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 1972 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1998 80 Cris Carter WR 1987 -- 1989 2013 85 James Arthur `` Art '' Monk WR 1995 2008 95 Richard Dent DE 1997 2011 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 1970 89 Mike Ditka TE 1967 -- 1968 1988 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 1981 86 Bud Grant WR -- DE 1951 -- 1952 1994 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 1971 56 Bill Hewitt End - FB 1937 -- 1939 , 1943 1971 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 1965 87 Claude Humphrey DE 1979 -- 1981 2014 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2006 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1968 80 James Lofton WR 1993 2003 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 - 2008 2018 <Th_colspan="10"> Coaches and Executives <Th_colspan="2"> Name <Th_colspan="3"> Positions <Th_colspan="3"> Seasons <Th_colspan="2"> Inducted <Td_colspan="2"> Bert Bell <Td_colspan="3"> Owner / Founder <Td_colspan="3"> 1933 -- 1940 <Td_colspan="2"> 1963 <Td_colspan="2"> Wayne Millner <Td_colspan="3"> Assistant Coach <Td_colspan="3"> 1951 <Td_colspan="2"> 1968 <Td_colspan="2"> Earle `` Greasy '' Neale <Td_colspan="3"> Head Coach <Td_colspan="3"> 1941 -- 1950 <Td_colspan="2"> 1969 <Td_colspan="2"> Mike McCormack <Td_colspan="3"> Head Coach <Td_colspan="3"> 1973 -- 1975 <Td_colspan="2"> 1984 Eagles Hall of Fame See also : Category : American football museums and halls of fame . In 1987 , the Eagles Honor Roll was established . Every Eagles player who had by then been elected into the Pro Football Hall of Fame was among the inaugural induction class . By 2012 , the Honor Roll had been retitled as the Eagles Hall of Fame . Players are considered for induction three years after their retirement from the NFL , and there have been 41 inductees into the Eagles Hall of Fame as of 2015 . <Td_colspan="5"> Eagles Hall of Fame Year No . Name Position ( s ) Tenure 60 Chuck Bednarik C -- LB 1949 -- 1962 -- Bert Bell Founder - Owner 1933 -- 1940 17 Harold Carmichael WR 1971 -- 1983 56 Bill Hewitt TE -- DE 1936 -- 1939 , 1943 9 Sonny Jurgensen QB 1957 -- 1963 33 Ollie Matson RB 1964 -- 1966 31 Wilbert Montgomery RB 1977 -- 1984 -- Earle `` Greasy '' Neale Head Coach 1941 -- 1950 35 Pete Pihos TE -- DE 1947 -- 1955 54 Jim Ringo 1964 -- 1967 11 Norm Van Brocklin QB 1958 -- 1960 15 Steve Van Buren HB 1944 -- 1951 53 Alex Wojciechowicz C -- DT 1946 -- 1950 1988 66 Bill Bergey LB 1974 -- 1980 25 Tommy McDonald WR 1957 -- 1963 1989 40 Tom Brookshier CB 1954 -- 1961 44 Pete Retzlaff TE 1956 -- 1966 1990 22 Timmy Brown RB 1960 -- 1967 1991 76 Jerry Sisemore OT 1973 -- 1987 75 Stan Walters OT 1975 -- 1983 1992 7 Ron Jaworski QB 1977 -- 1986 1993 28 Bill Bradley S -- P 1969 -- 1976 1994 -- Dick Vermeil Head Coach 1976 -- 1982 1995 -- Jim Gallagher Team Executive 1949 -- 1995 82 Mike Quick WR 1982 -- 1990 99 Jerome Brown DT 1987 -- 1991 1999 -- Otho Davis Head Trainer 1973 -- 1995 <Td_colspan="4"> 1948 NFL Championship team <Td_colspan="4"> 1949 NFL Championship team 76 Bob Brown OT 1964 -- 1968 2005 92 Reggie White DE 1985 -- 1992 2009 70 Al Wistert OT 1943 -- 1951 12 Randall Cunningham QB -- P 1985 -- 1995 2011 21 Eric Allen CB 1988 -- 1994 -- Jim Johnson Defensive Coordinator 1999 -- 2008 2012 -- Leo Carlin Ticket Manager 1960 -- 2015 20 Brian Dawkins 1996 -- 2008 23 Troy Vincent CB 1996 -- 2003 2013 5 Donovan McNabb QB 1999 -- 2009 2015 36 Brian Westbrook RB 2002 -- 2009 55 Maxie Baughan LB 1960 -- 1965 2016 54 Jeremiah Trotter LB 1998 -- 2001 , 2004 -- 2006 , 2009 - Merrill Reese Radio Play by Play 1977 -- Present 2017 David Akers 1999 - 2010 75th anniversary team <Th_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles 75th Anniversary Team ( 2007 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Offense McNabb ( QB ) Van Buren ( RB ) Byars ( FB ) Carmichael ( WR ) McDonald ( WR ) Pihos ( TE ) Thomas ( LT ) Key ( LG ) Bednarik ( C ) Andrews ( RG ) Runyan ( RT ) Defense Simmons ( DE ) White ( DE ) J. Brown ( DT ) Johnson ( DT ) Bednarik ( MLB ) Joyner ( OLB ) Wojciechowicz ( OLB ) Allen ( CB ) Vincent ( CB ) Waters ( SS ) Dawkins ( FS ) Special teams T. Brown ( KR ) Westbrook ( PR ) Akers ( PK ) Landeta ( P ) Papale ( ST ) Coach Andy Reid John Wanamaker Athletic Award ( Philadelphia Sports Congress ) See footnote Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Main article : Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame See : Pennsylvania Sports Hall of Fame # Football Franchise records Source : pro-football-reference.com Eagles Franchise Page Passing Statistic <Th_colspan="3"> Regular season <Th_colspan="3"> Playoffs <Th_colspan="2"> Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Completions 2801 Donovan McNabb 379 Carson Wentz 2016 37 Mark Sanchez 2014 - 12 - 20 @ WAS Sam Bradford 2015 - 12 - 26 WAS 341 Donovan McNabb 73 Donovan McNabb 2008 30 Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 379 Carson Wentz 2016 36 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Pass Attempts 4746 Donovan McNabb 607 Carson Wentz 2016 62 Randall Cunningham 1989 - 10 - 02 @ CHI Nick Foles 2014 - 10 - 26 @ ARI 577 Donovan McNabb 121 Donovan McNabb 2008 54 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 607 Carson Wentz 2016 60 Carson Wentz 2016 - 12 - 04 @ CIN Passing Yards 32873 Donovan McNabb 3916 Donovan McNabb 2008 464 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 12 - 05 GNB 3752 Donovan McNabb 892 Donovan McNabb 2008 407 Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI 3782 Carson Wentz 2016 381 Nick Foles 2012 - 12 - 09 @ TAM Passing TDs 216 Donovan McNabb 33 Carson Wentz 2017 7 Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 24 Donovan McNabb 7 Donovan McNabb Ron Jaworski 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET Donovan McNabb 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI / > Nick Foles 2018 - 01 - 21 MIN 2018 - 02 - 04 NNWE 16 Carson Wentz 2016 Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Donovan McNabb 2000 - 01 - 02 STL Intercepted 151 Ron Jaworski 26 Sonny Jurgensen 1962 6 Bobby Thomason 1956 - 10 - 21 CRD Pete Liske 1971 - 09 - 26 DAL 17 Donovan McNabb 7 Ron Jaworski 1980 Ron Jaworski 1981 - 01 - 25 NOAK Randall Cunningham 1988 - 12 - 31 @ CHI Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 18 CAR 2005 - 02 - 06 NNWE 17 Davey O'Brien 1939 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 15 RAM Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 18 @ GNB Brad Goebel 1991 - 10 - 13 NOR Passer Rating 94.2 + Nick Foles 119.2 # Nick Foles 2013 158.3 * Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 23 DET Nick Foles 2013 - 11 - 03 @ OAK 83.6 # Jeff Garcia 132.4 * Rodney Peete 1995 143.3 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 79.3 # Carson Wentz 2016 131.7 * Scott Tinsley 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Sacked 422 Randall Cunningham 72 Randall Cunningham 1986 12 Donovan McNabb 2007 - 09 - 30 @ NYG 48 Donovan McNabb 12 Donovan McNabb 2003 8 Donovan McNabb 2004 - 01 - 11 GNB 38 John Reaves 1972 7 Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 29 NYG Yds / Pass Att 8.71 + Sonny Jurgensen 9.12 # Nick Foles 2013 16.29 * Sonny Jurgensen 1962 - 11 - 25 DAL 6.5 # Donovan McNabb Randall Cunningham 10.2 * Norm Van Brocklin 1960 10.8 * Rodney Peete 1995 - 12 - 30 DET 6.73 # John Reaves 1972 12.47 * Randall Cunningham 1985 - 09 - 22 @ WAS Pass Yds / Game 266.1 + Sam Bradford 278.6 # Donovan McNabb 2005 - 234.5 # Donovan McNabb 407 * Randall Cunningham 1988 - 242.7 # Nick Foles 2012 - + = min . 500 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , Rushing Statistic <Th_colspan="3"> Regular season <Th_colspan="3"> Playoffs <Th_colspan="2"> Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Rush Attempts 1465 Wilbert Montgomery 353 Ricky Watters 35 Heath Sherman 1990 - 11 - 12 WAS 141 Wilbert Montgomery 68 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 26 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 182 Po James 1972 28 Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 09 WAS Rush Yards 6792 LeSean McCoy 1607 LeSean McCoy 2013 217 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 12 - 08 DET 591 Brian Westbrook 312 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 194 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 637 LeSean McCoy 2009 178 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rush Yds / Att 6.62 Randall Cunningham 7.98 Randall Cunningham 1990 11.63 Timmy Brown 1965 - 11 - 07 @ CLE 5.86 Donovan McNabb 7.79 Brian Westbrook 2006 7.46 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 4.9 Bryce Brown 2012 9.37 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR Rushing TDs 69 Steve Van Buren 17 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS 1982 - 12 - 19 HOU LeSean McCoy 2010 - 09 - 19 @ DET 6 Wilbert Montgomery Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Brian Westbrook 2006 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN 1981 - 12 - 27 NYG Ken Keller 1956 LeSean McCoy 2009 Bryce Brown 2012 Wilbert Montgomery 1977 - 12 - 18 NYJ James Joseph 1991 - 11 - 04 NYG Charlie Garner 1994 - 10 - 02 @ SFO Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR 2012 - 12 - 02 @ DAL Rush Yds / Game 79 Ricky Watters 100.4 LeSean McCoy 2013 - 74 Wilbert Montgomery 128.5 Brian Westbrook 2006 - 70.1 Mike Hogan 1976 - ∗ = minimum 15 attempts , # = min . 100 attempts , + = min . 500 attempts Receiving Statistic <Th_colspan="3"> Regular season <Th_colspan="3"> Playoffs <Th_colspan="2"> Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Receptions 589 Harold Carmichael 90 Brian Westbrook 2007 13 Jeremy Maclin 2011 - 09 - 18 @ ATL Zach Ertz 2017 - 01 - 01 DAL 38 Chad Lewis 19 Brent Celek 2008 10 Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 81 Keith Jackson 1988 11 Junior Tautalatasi 1986 - 11 - 09 NYG Receiving Yds 8,978 Harold Carmichael 1409 Mike Quick 237 Tommy McDonald 1961 - 12 - 10 NYG 465 Harold Carmichael 211 Kevin Curtis 2008 146 Jeremy Maclin 2010 - 01 - 09 @ DAL 912 DeSean Jackson 2008 177 Hank Baskett 2006 - 12 - 31 ATL Yds / Rec 19.16 + Tommy McDonald 21.44 # Ben Hawkins 1967 52.5 * DeSean Jackson 2010 - 12 - 12 @ DAL 16.03 # Harold Carmichael 23.5 * Donte ' Stallworth 2006 30.5 * Kevin Curtis 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 21.09 # Hank Baskett 2006 28.5 * Fred Barnett 1990 - 10 - 15 MIN Receiving TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 14 Terrell Owens Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT 6 Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Brent Celek 2008 Harold Carmichael 1979 - 12 - 23 CHI Fred Barnett 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Chad Lewis 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Brent Celek 2009 - 01 - 18 @ ARI 9 Calvin Williams 1990 ( 9 times ) Rec Yds / Game 70.3 + DeSean Jackson 90.4 # Ben Hawkins 1967 - 66.4 # Harold Carmichael 146 * Jeremy Maclin 2009 - 64.3 # Don Looney 1940 - ∗ = minimum 4 receptions , # = min . 20 receptions , + = min . 200 receptions Other Statistic <Th_colspan="3"> Regular season <Th_colspan="3"> Playoffs <Th_colspan="2"> Rookie Career Season Game Career Season Game Season Game Total TDs 79 Harold Carmichael 20 LeSean McCoy 2011 Ben Hawkins 1969 - 09 - 28 PIT Wilbert Montgomery 1978 - 09 - 10 @ WAS 1979 - 10 - 07 WAS Brian Westbrook 2008 - 11 - 27 ARI 6 Brian Westbrook Wilbert Montgomery Harold Carmichael Harold Carmichael 1979 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 Duce Staley 2001 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brent Celek 2008 ( 8 times ) 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Corey Clement 2017 - 11 - 05 DEN Yds from Scrimmage 9,785 Brian Westbrook 2146 LeSean McCoy 2013 249 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 925 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 878 Charle Young 1973 189 Bryce Brown 2012 - 11 - 26 CAR All Purpose Yds 12,049 Timmy Brown 2428 Timmy Brown 1963 341 Timmy Brown 1962 - 12 - 16 @ STL 953 Brian Westbrook 443 Wilbert Montgomery 1980 208 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL 940 Steve Van Buren 1944 231 Kevin Bowman 1987 - 10 - 11 @ DAL Returning Statistic <Th_colspan="3"> Regular season <Th_colspan="3"> Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Kick Returns 169 Timmy Brown 54 Allen Rossum 1999 8 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI Allen Rossum 1999 - 11 - 21 IND Quintin Demps 2008 - 11 - 09 NYG 22 Brian Mitchell 11 Brian Mitchell 2001 6 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Kick Ret Yds 4,483 Timmy Brown 1347 Allen Rossum 1999 253 Derrick Witherspoon 1996 - 11 - 24 @ ARI 522 Brian Mitchell 239 Brian Mitchell 2001 128 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 01 - 27 @ STL Yds / KR 27.74 Josh Huff 33.25 Steve Van Buren 1944 61 Jake Elliott 2017 - 09 - 24 25.29 J.R. Reed 26.8 Brian Mitchell 2002 31.25 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Kick Ret TDs 5 Timmy Brown Timmy Brown 1966 Derrick Witherspoon Timmy Brown 1966 - 11 - 06 DAL <Td_colspan="3"> 0 Punt Returns 148 Wally Henry 54 Wally Henry 1981 9 Larry Marshall 1977 - 09 - 18 TAM 16 Brian Mitchell 8 Wally Henry 1979 John Sciarra 1980 6 John Sciarra 1981 - 01 - 11 DAL Punt Ret Yds 1369 Brian Mitchell 567 Brian Mitchell 2002 140 Alvin Haymond 1968 - 10 - 06 @ WAS 174 DeSean Jackson 122 DeSean Jackson 2008 109 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Yds / PR 14.71 Ernie Steele 20.44 Ernie Steele 1942 33 Brian Mitchell 2002 - 11 - 25 @ SFO 15.82 DeSean Jackson 17.43 DeSean Jackson 2008 21.8 DeSean Jackson 2009 - 01 - 04 @ MIN Punt Ret TDs DeSean Jackson Darren Sproles Brian Westbrook 2003 DeSean Jackson 2009 Darren Sproles 2014 , 2015 ( 8 times ) <Td_colspan="3"> 0 Total Return Yds 4,997 Timmy Brown 1729 Brian Mitchell 2002 234 Vai Sikahema 1992 - 11 - 22 @ NYG 657 Brian Mitchell 296 Brian Mitchell 2001 159 Brian Mitchell 2003 - 01 - 19 TAM Defense Statistic <Th_colspan="3"> Regular season <Th_colspan="3"> Playoffs Career Season Game Career Season Game Interceptions 34 Bill Bradley Brian Dawkins Eric Allen 11 Bill Bradley 1971 Don Burroughs 1961 - 12 - 03 @ PIT Nate Ramsey 1965 - 11 - 28 @ STL Jim Nettles 1965 - 12 - 12 @ PIT Joe Scarpati 1966 - 10 - 23 @ NYG 5 Herm Edwards Roynell Young 1980 Damon Moore 2001 Herm Edwards 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Roynell Young 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Eric Allen 1993 - 01 - 03 @ NOR Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret Yds 536 Bill Bradley 248 Bill Bradley 1971 114 Frank LeMaster 1975 - 12 - 21 @ WAS 77 Damon Moore 77 Damon Moore 2001 59 Damon Moore 2002 - 01 - 12 TAM Int Ret TDs 5 Eric Allen Eric Allen 1993 Eric Allen 1993 - 12 - 26 NOR <Td_colspan="3"> ( 6 times ) Sacks ( since 1982 ) 124 Reggie White 21 Reggie White 4.5 Clyde Simmons 1991 - 09 - 15 @ DAL Hugh Douglas 1998 - 10 - 18 @ SDG Derrick Burgess Hugh Douglas Carl Hairston Reggie White Carl Hairston 1980 Derrick Burgess Carl Hairston 1981 - 01 - 03 MIN Hugh Douglas 2000 - 12 - 31 TAM Derrick Burgess 2005 - 01 - 23 ATL Darwin Walker 2007 - 01 - 13 @ NOR Exceptional performances Statistic Career Season Playoff Games Rookie Games 300 + yard passing games 30 Donovan McNabb 6 Donovan McNabb Donovan McNabb Carson Wentz 2016 100 + yard rushing games 26 Wilbert Montgomery 8 Wilbert Montgomery 1981 Brian Westbrook 2006 Brian Westbrook Don Johnson 1953 Mike Hogan 1976 Charlie Garner 1994 Bryce Brown 2012 100 + yard receiving games 23 Pete Retzlaff 8 Terrell Owens Fred Barnett Keith Jackson Charle Young 1973 Games with 1 + TD scored 69 Harold Carmichael 13 LeSean McCoy 2011 5 Harold Carmichael Duce Staley Brian Westbrook 9 Calvin Williams 1990 Games with 2 + TD scored 18 Brian Westbrook 6 LeSean McCoy 2011 Wilbert Montgomery Bryce Brown 2012 Jordan Matthews 2014 Games with 3 + TD scored 7 Brian Westbrook Pete Retzlaff 1965 Wilbert Montgomery 1982 Terrell Owens Brian Westbrook 2007 , 2008 - - Coaches of note Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles head coaches Current staff <Th_colspan="7"> Philadelphia Eagles staff <Td_colspan="7"> Front Office Chairman / CEO -- Jeffrey Lurie President -- Don Smolenski Executive Vice President of Football Operations -- Howie Roseman Senior Football Advisor -- Tom Donahoe Vice President of Player Personnel -- Joe Douglas Assistant Director of Player Personnel -- Andy Weidl Vice President of Football Operations and Strategy -- Alec Halaby Senior Director of College Scouting -- Anthony Patch Director of College Scouting -- Ian Cunningham Assistant Director of College Scouting -- Mike Bradway Director of Pro Scouting -- Dwayne Joseph Assistant Director of Pro Scouting -- Brandon Brown Director of Football Administration -- Jake Rosenberg Football Operations Executive -- Brian Dawkins Player Personnel Executive -- T.J. McCreight Player Personnel Executive College / Pro -- Trey Brown Assistant Director of Football Analytics -- Taylor Rajack Head Coaches Head Coach -- Doug Pederson Assistant Head Coach / Running Backs -- Duce Staley Offensive Coaches Offensive Coordinator -- Mike Groh Quarterbacks -- Press Taylor Wide Receivers -- Gunter Brewer Assistant Wide Receivers - Carson Walch Tight Ends -- Justin Peelle Offensive Line / Run Game Coordinator -- Jeff Stoutland Assistant Offensive Line / Tight Ends / Run Game -- Eugene Chung Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Quarterbacks -- Spencer Phillips Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Running Backs - Trent Miles Offensive Quality Control / Assistant Offensive Line -- T.J. Paganetti Defensive Coaches Defensive Coordinator -- Jim Schwartz Defensive Line -- Chris Wilson Linebackers -- Ken Flajole Secondary -- Cory Undlin Safeties -- Tim Hauck Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Defensive Line -- Phillip Daniels Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Linebackers - Ryan Paganetti Defensive Quality Control / Assistant Secondary -- Dino Vasso Special Teams Coaches Special Teams Coordinator -- Dave Fipp Assistant Special Teams -- Matthew Harper Strength and Conditioning Head Strength Coach -- Josh Hingst Assistant Strength Coach -- Keith Gray Perfomance Nutrition Coordinator / Assistant Strength Coach - Michael Minnis Strength Assistant -- Ben Wagner Director of High Performance -- Shaun Huls → Coaching Staff → Management → More NFL staffs <Td_colspan="7"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA Radio and television Main article : List of Philadelphia Eagles broadcasters Eagles Radio affiliates Map of radio affiliates . City Call Sign Frenquency Atlantic City , New Jersey WPGG 1450 AM Easton , Pennsylvania WCTO 96.1 FM Levittown , Pennsylvania WBCB 1490 AM Milford , Delaware WAFL 97.7 FM Millville , New Jersey WENJ 97.3 FM Philadelphia WTEL 610 AM WIP - FM 94.1 FM Pottsville , Pennsylvania WPPA 1360 AM Reading , Pennsylvania WEEU 830 AM Scranton , Pennsylvania WEJL 630 AM Sunbury , Pennsylvania WEGH 107.3 FM Williamsport , Pennsylvania WBZD - FM 93.3 FM Wilmington , Delaware WDEL 1150 AM York , Pennsylvania WSOX 96.1 FM From 2008 through 2010 , Eagles games were broadcast on both rock - formatted WYSP and sports - talk Sports Radio 610 WIP , as both stations are owned and operated by CBS Radio . In 2011 , CBS dropped the music on WYSP , renaming it WIP - FM and making it a full simulcast of WIP . Later , 610 AM became a CBS Sports Radio national broadcast , and 94 WIP was broadcast on WIP FM . The Eagles extended their broadcasting contract with WIP - FM through 2024 . Merrill Reese , who joined the Eagles in 1976 , is the play - by - play announcer , and former Eagles wide receiver Mike Quick , who replaced the offense lineman Stan Walters beginning in 1998 , is the color analyst . The post game show , which has consisted of many Philadelphia sports personalities , as of the 2014 season is hosted by Kevin Riley , a former Eagles linebacker and special - teamer , and Rob Ellis . Riley was the former post-game host for the show on 94 WYSP before the WIP change over ; Rob Ellis hosts a weekly show nightly from 6 -- 10 on 94.1 WIP - FM . No announcement was made prior to the start of preseason regarding who would be the host ( s ) for 2015 . In 2015 , the preseason games are being televised on WCAU , the local NBC owned and operated station . Television announcers for these preseason games were not announced prior to the start of preseason . During the regular season , games are governed by the NFL 's master broadcasting contract with FOX , CBS , NBC , and ESPN . Most games can be seen on FOX - owned WTXF - TV . When hosting an AFC team , those games can be seen on CBS - owned KYW - TV . Media and cultural reference In the book MASH : A Novel About Three Army Doctors , the character Captain Oliver Wendell `` Spearchucker '' Jones fictionally played for the Philadelphia Eagles , though in the movie this was changed to San Francisco . The 1976 draw was the subject of the movie Invincible . The movie stars Mark Wahlberg as Vince Papale , a 30 - year - old bartender and part - time school teacher , and also a diehard Eagles fan who became an Eagles player . The film differs slightly from true events as the selection process was invitation only , and Papale had at least some previous playing experience . The film Silver Linings Playbook highlights the 2008 Philadelphia Eagles season . The film was critically acclaimed and nominated for several awards including 8 Academy Awards . In the 1978 Academy Award - winning movie The Deer Hunter , the Eagles are referenced when Nick talks to Stan in the bar , saying : `` Hey , I got a hundred bucks says the Eagles never cross the fifty in the next half and Oakland wins by 20 ! '' Stan responds ; `` And I got an extra twenty says the Eagles ' quarterback wears a dress ! '' The award - winning comedy series It 's Always Sunny in Philadelphia starring Danny DeVito makes several references to the Philadelphia Eagles , most notably Season 3 , Episode 2 -- `` The Gang Gets Invincible , '' the title being a reference to the Wahlberg film . See also Philadelphia portal Sports portal South Philadelphia Sports Complex Sports in Philadelphia The Michael Vick Project Forbes ' list of the most valuable sports teams Notes and references Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Facts '' . Pro Football Hall of Fame . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Team Information '' ( PDF ) . 2016 Philadelphia Eagles Training Camp Media Guide . Philadelphia Eagles . September 9 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Philadelphia Eagles Team Capsule '' ( PDF ) . 2017 Official National Football League Record and Fact Book . National Football League . August 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 10 NFL Rivalries Of All Time : No. 4 Giants - Eagles '' . Sports Illustrated . December 15 , 2005 . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chadiha , Jeffri ( October 31 , 2007 ) . `` Ranking the NFL 's best rivalries : Where does Colts - Pats fit ? '' . ESPN.com . Retrieved April 12 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Bryan , Dave ( September 20 , 2016 ) . `` After 8 Straight Losses , Steelers Looking For Philadelphia Freedom Sunday Against Eagles '' . SteelersDepot.com . Retrieved September 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fox , Ashley ( January 4 , 2014 ) . `` Fans always have Eagles ' back '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Clark , Kevin ( July 2 , 2012 ) . `` Game Changer : NFL Scrambles to Fill Seats '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Howard ( December 7 , 2011 ) . `` NFL Players Poll : Most Intimidating Fans '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved September 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lyons , 2010 pg. 81 ^ Jump up to : Lyons , 2010 pg. 82 Jump up ^ Kuklick , Bruce ( 1993 ) . To Every Thing a Season : Shibe Park and Urban Philadelphia , 1909 -- 1976 . Princeton University Press . p. 86 . ISBN 0 - 691 - 02104 - X . Retrieved May 27 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : See : History of the Pittsburgh Steelers # 1940 -- 41 : A new name and a `` new '' team . ^ Jump up to : Didinger , Ray ; Robert S. Lyons ( 2005 ) . The Eagles Encyclopedia . Temple University Press . ISBN 1 - 59213 - 449 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Year - by - Year History '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on January 29 , 2006 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( September 17 , 2006 ) . `` The Birds ' Biggest Rival -- In a division of fierce foes , the Giants have battled the Eagles as tough as anyone '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D1 . Jump up ^ Brookover , Bob ( November 6 , 2008 ) . `` Eagles -- Giants among top rivalries '' . Philadelphia Inquirer . p . D6 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles search ends with Vermeil '' . St Petersburg Times . February 9 , 1976 . Retrieved November 5 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The World 's Most Valuable Sports Teams No. 11 Philadelphia Eagles '' . Forbes.com . July 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Heath , John . `` Denver 's Brian Dawkins : An Ageless Wolverine '' . BroncoTalk . Retrieved 24 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Dan Gelston ( Oct 26 , 2008 ) . `` Westbrook Helps Eagles Soar Above Falcons , Win 500th Game '' . NBC 10 Philadelphia . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Vick , Eagles agree to 2 - year deal '' . ESPN.com . August 14 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles sign Reid through 2013 '' . ESPN.com . December 9 , 2009 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Maese , Rick ( April 5 , 2010 ) . `` Washington Redskins acquire quarterback Donovan McNabb from Philadelphia Eagles '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved April 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles fire Reid '' . USA Today . Philadelphia . December 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles hire Chip Kelly as coach '' . ESPN.com . January 16 , 2013 . Retrieved February 11 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Sports . Rocky Mount Telegram . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eagles Acquire LB Alonso For RB McCoy '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Patra , Kevin ( March 10 , 2015 ) . `` Indianapolis Colts to sign Trent Cole '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc . `` Rams trading Sam Bradford to Eagles for Nick Foles '' . NFL.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : RB Murray Signs With Eagles '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` CB Byron Maxwell joins Eagles via FA '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Retrieved March 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Release Head Coach Chip Kelly '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . December 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Duce Staley interviews for Philadelphia Eagles ' vacant coaching job . Espn.go.com ( January 2 , 2016 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . Jump up ^ Wesseling , Chris ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Philadelphia Eagles hire Doug Pederson as coach '' . National Football League . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Name Doug Pederson Head Coach '' . Philadelphia Eagles . January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Reimer , Alex ( September 5 , 2016 ) . `` Carson Wentz will start for Eagles '' . sbnation.com . Jump up ^ Pennington , Tom ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` The Eagles Should Be Better Than 4 - 4 '' . fivethirtyeight.com . Retrieved April 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Eagles Media Guide Archived February 1 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Legacy.philadelphiaeagles.com . Retrieved on August 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zach ( November 18 , 2016 ) . `` What 's in a number ? Eagles tell their stories : Some are chosen , some are random '' . Philadelphia Media Network ( Digital ) , LLC . Retrieved 2016 - 11 - 30 . See also : National Football League uniform numbers . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Unveil 75th Anniversary Plans '' . Philadelphia Eagles. April 25 , 2007 . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Announce Plans to Honor 1960 Title Team '' . Csnphilly.com . May 3 , 2010 . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2012 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Training Camp , '' . Philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved December 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eagles move training camp from Lehigh . Foxnews.com ( March 15 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on 2016 - 08 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Frank , Reuben ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Eagles to keep training camp at Lehigh in 2013 '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2013 . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` In Depth : America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Phillies Pass Eagles In Google Ranking . myfoxphilly.com ( July 2 , 2011 ) Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Loyalty : Methodology '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on May 26 , 2008 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ George , John ( February 5 , 1999 ) . `` Proven : Eagles ' fans are fanatics '' . Philadelphia Business Journal . Philadelphia ; Pennsylvania . p. 3 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` Full fan loyalty rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on June 29 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( September 4 , 2006 ) . `` NFL Fan Support Rankings '' . Bizjournals . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2009 . Retrieved February 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Woolsey , Matt ( September 1 , 2008 ) . `` America 's Most Die - Hard Football Fans : Methodology '' . Forbes . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Mosley , Matt ( August 29 , 2008 ) . `` NFL 's best fans ? We got ta hand it to Steelers barely '' . ESPN . Retrieved August 30 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Berman , Zack ( June 14 , 2006 ) . `` Single Game Tickets Sold Out ! '' . PhiladelphiaEagles.com . Archived from the original on December 9 , 2008 . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Dave ( October 29 , 2002 ) . `` To Eagles , Shockey Is Public Enemy No. 1 '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Longman , Jeré ( 2006 ) . If Football 's a Religion , Why Do n't We Have a Prayer ? . New York : HarperCollins Publishers . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 084373 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Court at Eagles ' games is out of session Sunday '' . Sports Illustrated . Associated Press . December 6 , 2003 . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cheerleaders -- Swimsuit Calendar '' . Philadelphia Eagles . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Cheerleaders Swimsuit -- Android - apps op Google Play '' . Play.google.com . November 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Didinger , Ray ( July 21 , 2012 ) . `` Ray 's QB Notes 4 : Randall 's No. 12 retired ? '' . CSN Philly . Archived from the original on January 20 , 2013 . Retrieved August 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Weinberg , David ( July 20 , 2012 ) . `` Leo Carlin , Troy Vincent headed to Eagles Hall of Fame '' . pressofatlanticcity.com . Retrieved July 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eagles Hall of Fame Inductees '' ( PDF ) . philadelphiaeagles.com . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ And The Winners Were ... See all the John Wanamaker Athletic Award - recipients since 1961 Archived July 24 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . webpage . Philadelphia Sports Congress website ( Philadelphia Convention & Visitors Bureau ) . Retrieved July 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Sportsradio WIP - Entercom Communications CEO David Field '' . Facebook.com . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Invincible on IMDb Jump up ^ Cimino , Michael . `` The Deer Hunter Final Screenplay '' ( PDF ) . drexel.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 19 . Jump up ^ Savage , Fred ( 13 September 2007 ) . `` The Gang Gets Invincible '' . IMDB . IMDB . Retrieved 27 September 2016 . Sources Lyons , Robert S. ( 2010 ) . On Any Given Sunday : A Life of Bert Bell . Philadelphia : Temple University Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59213 - 731 - 2 . OCLC 607553558 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Philadelphia Eagles . Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Philadelphia Eagles <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1933 Based and headquartered in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania Franchise Franchise History Seasons Coaches Quarterbacks Players Stadiums Baker Bowl Philadelphia Municipal Stadium Connie Mack Stadium Franklin Field Veterans Stadium Lincoln Financial Field Culture Fly , Eagles Fly Swoop Curse of Billy Penn The Lombardi Curse Invincible Philadelphia Sports Hall of Fame Matt Guokas Sr . 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1. Philadelphia Eagles franchise history 2. Super Bowl championships 3. Rivalries with New York Giants, Dallas Cowboys, and Washington Redskins 4. Ownership under Jeffrey Lurie 5. Head coaches Andy Reid and Doug Pederson

how does the dissociation curve for fetal hemoglobin compared to that for maternal hemoglobin

Fetal hemoglobin - wikipedia Fetal hemoglobin Jump to : navigation , search Fetal hemoglobin protein structure , formed by 2 alpha subunits ( top ) and two gamma subunits ( bottom ) , as well as their four heme groups . Each polypeptide chain ( ribbon ) is rainbow - colored from blue to red ( N - to C - termini ) Fetal hemoglobin , or foetal haemoglobin , ( also hemoglobin F , HbF , or α γ ) is the main oxygen transport protein in the human fetus during the last seven months of development in the uterus and persists in the newborn until roughly 6 months old . Functionally , fetal hemoglobin differs most from adult hemoglobin in that it is able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than the adult form , giving the developing fetus better access to oxygen from the mother 's bloodstream . In newborns , fetal hemoglobin is nearly completely replaced by adult hemoglobin by approximately 6 months postnatally , except in a few thalassemia cases in which there may be a delay in cessation of HbF production until 3 -- 5 years of age . In adults , fetal hemoglobin production can be reactivated pharmacologically , which is useful in the treatment of diseases such as sickle - cell disease . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Distribution 3 Structure and genetics 4 Clinical significance 4.1 Treatment of sickle - cell disease 5 References 6 External links Overview ( edit ) The oxygen saturation curve for fetal hemoglobin ( blue ) appears left - shifted when compared to adult hemoglobin ( red ) since fetal hemoglobin has a greater affinity for oxygen . Oxygenated blood is delivered to the fetus via the umbilical vein from the placenta , which is anchored to the wall of the mother 's uterus . The chorion acts as a barrier between the maternal and fetal circulation so that there is no admixture of maternal and fetal blood . Blood in the maternal circulation is delivered via open ended arterioles to the intervillous space of the chorionic plate , where it bathes the chorionic villi that carry umbilical capillary beds , thereby allowing gas exchange to occur between the maternal and fetal circulation . Deoxygenated maternal blood drains into open ended intervillous venules to return to maternal circulation . Due to the admixture of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood , maternal blood in the intervillous space is lower in oxygen than arterial blood . As such , fetal hemoglobin must be able to bind oxygen with greater affinity than adult hemoglobin in order to compensate for the relatively lower oxygen tension of the maternal blood supplying the chorion . Fetal hemoglobin 's affinity for oxygen is substantially greater than that of adult hemoglobin . Notably , the P50 value for fetal hemoglobin is lower than adult hemoglobin ( i.e. , the partial pressure of oxygen at which the protein is 50 % saturated ; lower values indicate greater affinity ) . The P50 of fetal hemoglobin is roughly 19 mmHg , whereas adult hemoglobin is approximately 26.8 mmHg . As a result , the `` oxygen saturation curve '' , which plots percent saturation vs. pO , is left - shifted for fetal hemoglobin as compared to adult hemoglobin . This greater affinity for oxygen is explained by the lack of fetal hemoglobin 's interaction with 2 , 3 - bisphosphoglycerate ( 2 , 3 - BPG or 2 , 3 - DPG ) . In adult red blood cells , this substance decreases the affinity of hemoglobin for oxygen . 2 , 3 - BPG is also present in fetal red blood cells , but interacts less efficiently with fetal hemoglobin than adult hemoglobin . This is due to a change in a single amino acid ( residue 143 ) found in the 2 , 3 - BPG ' binding pocket ' : from histidine to serine , which gives rise to the greater oxygen affinity . Whereas histidine is positively charged and interacts well with the negative charges found on the surface of 2 , 3 - BPG , Serine has a neutrally charged side chain at physiological pH , and interacts less well . This change results in less binding of 2 , 3 - BPG to fetal Hb , and as a result oxygen will bind to it with higher affinity than adult hemoglobin . For mothers to deliver oxygen to a fetus , it is necessary for the fetal hemoglobin to extract oxygen from the maternal oxygenated hemoglobin across the placenta . The higher oxygen affinity required for fetal hemoglobin is achieved by the protein subunit γ ( gamma ) , instead of the β ( beta ) subunit . Because the γ subunit has fewer positive charges than the ( adult ) β subunit , 2 , 3 - BPG is less electrostatically bound to fetal hemoglobin compared to adult hemoglobin . This lowered affinity allows for adult hemoglobin ( maternal hemoglobin ) to readily transfer its oxygen to the fetal bloodstream . Distribution ( edit ) After the first 10 to 12 weeks of development , the fetus ' primary form of hemoglobin switches from embryonic hemoglobin to fetal hemoglobin . At birth , fetal hemoglobin comprises 50 - 95 % of the infant 's hemoglobin . These levels decline after six months as adult hemoglobin synthesis is activated while fetal hemoglobin synthesis is deactivated . Soon after , adult hemoglobin ( hemoglobin A in particular ) takes over as the predominant form of hemoglobin in normal children . However HbF has been traced even in adults ' blood ( < 1 % of all hemoglobin ) . Certain genetic abnormalities can cause the switch to adult hemoglobin synthesis to fail , resulting in a condition known as hereditary persistence of fetal hemoglobin ( HPFH ) . Structure and genetics ( edit ) Most types of normal hemoglobin , including hemoglobin A , hemoglobin A2 , as well as hemoglobin F , are tetramers composed of four protein subunits and four heme prosthetic groups . Whereas adult hemoglobin is composed of two α ( alpha ) and two β ( beta ) subunits , fetal hemoglobin is composed of two α subunits and two γ ( gamma ) subunits , and is commonly denoted as α γ . Because of its presence in fetal hemoglobin , the γ subunit is commonly called the `` fetal '' hemoglobin subunit . In humans , the gamma subunit is encoded on chromosome 11 , as is the beta subunit . There are two similar copies of the gamma subunit gene : γG which has a glycine at position 136 , and γA which has an alanine . The gene that codes for the alpha subunit is located on chromosome 16 and is also present in duplicate . Clinical significance ( edit ) Treatment of sickle - cell disease ( edit ) Increasing the body 's production of fetal hemoglobin is used as a strategy to treat sickle - cell disease . Main article : Sickle - cell disease § Hydroxyurea When fetal hemoglobin production is switched off after birth , normal children begin producing adult hemoglobin ( HbA ) . Children with sickle - cell disease instead begin producing a defective form of hemoglobin called hemoglobin S which aggregates together and forms filaments that cause red blood cells to change their shape from round to sickle - shaped . These defective red blood cells have a greater tendency to stack on top of one another and block blood vessels . These invariably lead to so - called painful vaso - occlusive episodes , which are a hallmark of the disease . If fetal hemoglobin remains the predominant form of hemoglobin after birth , the number of painful episodes decreases in patients with sickle - cell disease . Hydroxyurea promotes the production of fetal hemoglobin and can thus be used to treat sickle - cell disease . The fetal hemoglobin 's reduction in the severity of the disease comes from its ability to inhibit the formation of hemoglobin aggregates within red blood cells which also contain hemoglobin S. Combination therapy with hydroxyurea and recombinant erythropoietin -- rather than treatment with hydroxyurea alone -- has been shown to further elevate hemoglobin F levels and to promote the development of HbF - containing F - cells . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Lanzkron S , Strouse JJ , Wilson R , et al. ( June 2008 ) . `` Systematic review : Hydroxyurea for the treatment of adults with sickle cell disease '' . Annals of Internal Medicine . 148 ( 12 ) : 939 -- 55 . doi : 10.7326 / 0003 - 4819 - 148 - 12 - 200806170 - 00221 . PMC 3256736 . PMID 18458272 . Jump up ^ Berg , Jeremy M. ; John L. Tymoczko ; Lubert Stryer . Web content by Neil D. ( 2002 ) . `` 10.2 '' . Biochemistry ( 5 . ed. , 4 . print . ed . ) . New York , NY ( u.a. ) : W.H. Freeman . p . Section 10.2 Hemoglobin Transports Oxygen Efficiently by Binding Oxygen Cooperatively . ISBN 0 - 7167 - 3051 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` Clinical Practice Guideline for Sickle Cell Disease / Trait '' . American Society of Aerospace Medicine Specialists . Retrieved 26 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Charache S , Terrin ML , Moore RD , et al. ( May 1995 ) . `` Effect of hydroxyurea on the frequency of painful crises in sickle cell anemia . Investigators of the Multicenter Study of Hydroxyurea in Sickle Cell Anemia '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 332 ( 20 ) : 1317 -- 22 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199505183322001 . PMID 7715639 . Jump up ^ Rodgers GP , Dover GJ , Uyesaka N , Noguchi CT , Schechter AN , Nienhuis AW ( January 1993 ) . `` Augmentation by erythropoietin of the fetal - hemoglobin response to hydroxyurea in sickle cell disease '' . The New England Journal of Medicine . 328 ( 2 ) : 73 -- 80 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199301143280201 . PMID 7677965 . External links ( edit ) Hemoglobinopathies Transport across the placenta American Sickle Cell Anemia Association SCDAA : Break The Sickle Cycle Hemoglobin synthesis Hemoglobin structure and function ( archived February 3 , 2002 Hemoglobin F fact sheet ( archived October 29 , 2009 ) Fetal hemoglobin ( doc file ; archived March 30 2003 ) Hydroxyurea in sickle - cell disease ( archived December 28 , 2014 at ( 1 ) ) Chapter 26 Fetal Hemoglobin Induction ; Management of Sickle - Cell Disease 4th Edition 2002 ( NIH Publication No. 02 - 2117 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Proteins : hemeproteins Globins Hemoglobin Subunits Alpha locus on 16 : α HBA1 HBA2 ζ HBZ θ HBQ1 μ HBM Beta locus on 11 : β HBB δ HBD γ HBG1 HBG2 ε HBE1 Tetramers stages of development : Embryonic HbE Gower 1 ( ζ ε ) HbE Gower 2 ( α ε ) HbE Portland I ( ζ γ ) HbE Portland II ( ζ β ) Fetal HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) HbA ( α β ) Adult HbA ( α β ) HbA ( α δ ) HbF / Fetal ( α γ ) pathology : HbH ( β ) Barts ( γ ) HbS ( α β ) HbC ( α β ) HbE ( α β ) Compounds Carboxyhemoglobin Carbaminohemoglobin Oxyhemoglobin / Deoxyhemoglobin Sulfhemoglobin Other human Glycated hemoglobin Methemoglobin Nonhuman Chlorocruorin Erythrocruorin Other human : Myoglobin Metmyoglobin Neuroglobin Cytoglobin plant : Leghemoglobin Other Cytochrome Cytochrome b Cytochrome P450 Hemocyanin Methemalbumin <Td_colspan="2"> see also disorders of globin and globulin proteins Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fetal_hemoglobin&oldid=798135584 '' Categories : Hemoglobins Infancy Embryology of cardiovascular system Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 31 August 2017 , at 05 : 52 . 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1. Fetal hemoglobin structure and function 2. Oxygen transport in the fetus 3. Differences between fetal and adult hemoglobin 4. Clinical significance of fetal hemoglobin 5. Treatment of sickle-cell disease with fetal hemoglobin

england's last semi-final in the world cup

England at the FIFA World Cup - wikipedia England at the FIFA World Cup The England national football team has competed at the FIFA World Cup since 1950 . The FIFA World Cup is the premier competitive international football tournament , first played in 1930 , whose finals stage has been held every four years since , except 1942 and 1946 , due to the Second World War . The tournament consists of two parts , the qualification phase and the final phase ( officially called the World Cup Finals ) . The qualification phase , which currently take place over the three years preceding the finals , is used to determine which teams qualify for the finals . The current format of the finals involves thirty - two teams competing for the title , at venues within the host nation ( or nations ) over a period of about a month . The World Cup Finals is the most widely viewed sporting event in the world , with an estimated 715.1 million people watching the 2006 Final . England did not enter the competition until 1950 , but have entered all eighteen subsequent tournaments . They have failed to qualify for the finals on three occasions , 1974 ( West Germany ) , 1978 ( Argentina ) and 1994 ( United States ) , and have failed to advance from the group stages on three occasions ; at the 1950 FIFA World Cup , the 1958 FIFA World Cup and the 2014 FIFA World Cup . Their best ever performance is winning the Cup in the 1966 tournament held in England , whilst they also finished in fourth place in 1990 , in Italy , and in 2018 in Russia . Other than that , the team have reached the quarter - finals on nine occasions , the latest of which were at the 2002 ( South Korea / Japan ) and the 2006 ( Germany ) . England are the only team not representing a sovereign state to win the World Cup , which they did in 1966 when they hosted the finals . They defeated West Germany 4 -- 2 after extra time to win the World Cup title . Since then , they have generally reached the knockout stages of almost every competition they have qualified for , including a fourth - place finish in the 1990 and 2018 World Cups . At the world cup , England have had more goalless draws than any other team . Contents 1 History 1.1 Brazil 1950 1.1. 1 1950 Finals 1.2 Switzerland 1954 1.2. 1 1954 Finals 1.3 Sweden 1958 1.4 Chile 1962 1.5 England 1966 1.6 Mexico 1970 1.7 West Germany 1974 1.8 Argentina 1978 1.9 Spain 1982 1.10 Mexico 1986 1.11 Italy 1990 1.12 United States 1994 1.13 France 1998 1.14 South Korea / Japan 2002 1.15 Germany 2006 1.16 South Africa 2010 1.17 Brazil 2014 1.18 Russia 2018 1.18. 1 2018 Finals 2 Records 2.1 By match 2.2 By opponent 3 Players ' honours 3.1 List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups 3.2 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups 3.3 List of England goals by tournament 3.4 List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup 4 Team awards and records 5 Refereeing 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 References History ( edit ) Brazil 1950 ( edit ) Main article : 1950 FIFA World Cup See also : 1949 -- 50 British Home Championship England 's first qualifying campaign for the FIFA World Cup doubled as the 1950 British Home Championship . The series kicked off for England on 15 October 1949 at Ninian Park , Cardiff , against Wales . Stan Mortensen gave England the lead after twenty two minutes , and just seven minutes later , Jackie Milburn doubled the lead . This was the first goal of Milburn 's hat trick , which left England 4 -- 0 up with 20 minutes to play . Mal Griffiths scored a consolation goal for Wales ten minutes from time , but England held on for a comfortable victory . A month later , England welcomed Ireland to Maine Road , and it began well for the home side as Jack Rowley scored inside six minutes . England were already 6 -- 0 up , thanks to Jack Froggatt , two for Stan Pearson , Stan Mortensen and a second from Rowley , by the time Ireland struck back through Samuel Smyth after 55 minutes . Rowley added a third and a fourth to his tally in the three minutes following Smyth 's goal , however , leaving the score at 8 -- 1 at the hour mark . The frantic scoring rate calmed down after that , with only one apeice before the final whistle , with Stan Pearson completing his brace for England 's ninth , and Bobby Brennan scoring for Ireland . It was not until May 1950 that England travelled to Hampden Park to face Scotland , who were also undefeated after their games against Ireland and Wales . With the top two from the group qualifying , both teams were guaranteed progression to the finals , and the game was solely for the honour of winning the British Home Championship , and the seeding advantage to be enjoyed upon reaching Brazil . A solitary goal from Roy Bentley gave England the victory , the title and the top spot in the group . 1950 finals ( edit ) England were seeded in pot one for the finals , which meant they were the favourites to progress from Group 2 , which also contained Spain , Chile and the United States . England 's campaign kicked off against Chile in Rio de Janeiro , and , as was expected , England cruised to a 2 -- 0 victory , courtesy of goals from Stan Mortensen and Wilf Mannion . Main article : United States v England ( 1950 FIFA World Cup ) Their troubles began four days later when they faced the Americans in Belo Horizonte in what has become one of the most famous matches of all time . Joe Gaetjens scored the only goal of the match to give the United States an unlikely victory , which has gone down as one of the World Cup 's greatest upsets . A myth arose that the English newspapers were so confident of an English victory that when the result was telegrammed back , they assumed a misprint and printed the score as 10 -- 1 in England 's favour . However , this has proven to be untrue . This left England in a sticky situation prior to their final match , against Spain in Rio . They needed to win , and for Chile to beat the United States to stand any chance of going through , and even then they would need the goal averages to fall in their favour . As it turned out , no such calculations were necessary , despite Chile 's victory , as Spain 's Zarra scored the only goal of the game , eliminating England from the competition . Switzerland 1954 ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main articles : 1954 FIFA World Cup and 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship As with their first World Cup , England 's qualifying for the 1954 edition also constituted the 1953 -- 54 British Home Championship . They played Wales at Ninian Park as their first match once again , and the 4 -- 1 result was the same . However , unlike four years earlier , it was the home side that went into the lead , after twenty two minutes through Ivor Allchurch . Despite being 1 -- 0 down at half time , England scored four within eight minutes of the restart ; two each for Dennis Wilshaw and Nat Lofthouse . Goodison Park was the venue for England 's home clash against Ireland , who were newly renamed Northern Ireland . Harold Hassall got England off to a good start with a goal after just ten minutes . Eddie McMorran put the Irish back on terms just before the hour mark , but Hassall completed his brace six minutes later . Lofthouse completed a comfortable 3 -- 1 win for England . With the top two in the group qualifying for the finals , the final game between England and Scotland , at Hampden Park , settled nothing except the placings within the group , despite Scotland having dropped a point with a 3 -- 3 draw at home to Wales . Allan Brown put the home side ahead after just seven minutes , but it was all square again thanks to Ivor Broadis just four minutes later . Johnny Nicholls gave England the lead for the first time just after half time , and they began to extend a lead after Ronnie Allen 's 68th - minute goal . Jimmy Mullen made the game all but certain seven minutes from time , and although Willie Ormond scored a consolation for Scotland with just 1 minute to play , England topped the competition for the second time in a row . 1954 finals ( edit ) England were drawn in Group 4 for the finals , with hosts Switzerland , Italy and Belgium . In an odd twist , unique to the 1954 tournament , England and Italy , as the two seeded teams in the group , did not have to play each other . Equally , Switzerland and Belgium did not have to play each other . England 's first game in Switzerland was against Belgium in Basel , and they suffered a shock as Léopold Anoul put the Belgians into the lead after just five minutes . Ivor Broadis put the favourites back on terms just over twenty minutes later , and although Nat Lofthouse gave England the lead 10 minutes later , it was proving to be tougher than they had expected against the Belgians . Broadis scored his second just after the hour , but Henri Coppens hit back four minutes later to keep Belgium in the game at only 3 -- 2 down . Anoul completed his brace another four minutes after that to level the scores again . In another oddity peculiar to this World Cup , drawn matches in the group stage would go to extra time , and as such the teams played on with the score at 3 -- 3 . Just one minute into the added period , Lofthouse added a fourth for England and they seemed to have won it , but Jimmy Dickinson scored an own goal three minutes later to put the score back at 4 -- 4 . It stayed this way until the extra period was up , and as penalty shoot - outs were yet to be invented and replays were not used in the group , the match was recorded as a draw . England 's second and final group game was against the hosts in Bern . This proved to be an easier game for the Three Lions , and they scored one goal in each half ( from Jimmy Mullen and Dennis Wilshaw respectively ) to give them a comfortable win of 2 -- 0 . As Switzerland ( against England ) , Italy ( against Switzerland ) and Belgium ( against Italy ) had all lost one game , England progressed as group winners , along with Switzerland , who won a play - off against Italy . England faced the winners of group three and defending champions Uruguay in the quarter - finals . Carlos Borges gave the South Americans the lead inside 5 minutes , but Lofthouse put England back on terms ten minutes later . England were clearly struggling , but held on until just before half time , when Obdulio Varela gave the lead back Uruguay . Juan Alberto Schiaffino doubled the lead just after the break , but Tom Finney kept England 's foot in the door with his sixty seventh - minute goal . However , it was all over after Javier Ambrois restored the two goal lead with twelve minutes to play . The score remained at 4 -- 2 , and England were eliminated from the cup . Sweden 1958 ( edit ) Main article : 1958 FIFA World Cup For the first time , England had to play against countries other than the Home Nations to reach the Finals in Sweden . They were drawn against the Republic of Ireland and Denmark . In the qualifying round , England won three out of the four games and drew the other . Four months before the World Cup , Roger Byrne , Duncan Edwards , David Pegg and Tommy Taylor all lost their lives in the Munich air disaster while playing for Manchester United . At the finals , which is the only tournament to have seen all Home Nations take part , the Home Nations were all drawn in different groups . England were drawn against the Soviet Union ( 2 -- 2 ) , Brazil ( 0 -- 0 ) and Austria ( 2 -- 2 ) , who finished third in the 1954 World Cup . At the end of the group stage , Soviet Union and England each had three points , and had scored four goals and conceded four goals . This meant there was a play - off to decide the second - placed team in the group , the winner to qualify . England lost the play - off 1 -- 0 and were thus knocked out . The only consolation for England was that they were the only team to play the eventual winners Brazil and not lose . Chile 1962 ( edit ) Main article : 1962 FIFA World Cup The third World Cup which took place in South America , saw England qualify by successfully qualifying from the group , which contained Portugal and Luxembourg , defeating Luxembourg on both occasions , and defeating Portugal at home , and drawing in Lisbon . At the finals , England were drawn in a group with Hungary , Argentina and Bulgaria . England defeated Argentina 3 - 1 , thanks to goals from Ron Flowers , Bobby Charlton and Jimmy Greaves , before playing out a goalless draw with Bulgaria , and a 2 -- 1 defeat to Hungary . England finished in second place behind Hungary and played the winners of group 3 , defending champions Brazil , in the quarter - finals . Brazil scored first through Garrincha , before an equaliser for Gerry Hitchens before half time . However , second - half goals from Garrincha and Vavá meant Brazil won the game 3 -- 1 , and eliminated England from the competition . This defeat was manager Walter Winterbottom 's last game in charge . Winterbottom had led England to four World Cup Finals . From May 1963 , Alf Ramsey became the manager of England . England 1966 ( edit ) Main article : 1966 FIFA World Cup This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( July 2018 ) In the 1966 World Cup Finals , England used their home advantage and , under Ramsey , won their first , and only , World Cup title . England played all their games at Wembley Stadium in London , which became the last time that the hosts were granted this privilege . After drawing 0 -- 0 in the opening game against former champions Uruguay , which started a run of four games all ending goalless . England then beat both France and Mexico 2 -- 0 and qualified for the quarter - finals . The quarter - finals saw England play Argentina , which ended in a 1 -- 0 win to England . This match saw the start of the rivalry between England and Argentina , when Argentinian Antonio Rattín was dismissed by German referee Rudolf Kreitlein in a very fierce game . A 2 -- 1 win against Portugal in the semi-final then followed . Portugal were the first team to score against England in the tournament . The final saw England play West Germany , with the result finishing in a 4 -- 2 win for England , after extra time . Mexico 1970 ( edit ) Main article : 1970 FIFA World Cup 1970 saw the first World Cup finals take place in North America and England qualified automatically for the tournament by winning the 1966 FIFA World Cup . England were drawn in a group with Romania , former world champions Brazil and Czechoslovakia . Each of the matches only saw one goal , with England defeating Romania and Czechoslovakia , and losing to Brazil . The quarter - final saw a repeat of the 1966 final , with England playing West Germany . England were hampered by the fact that first - choice goalkeeper Gordon Banks was ill , and Peter Bonetti played instead . England led 2 -- 0 with goals by Alan Mullery and Martin Peters , but in the 70th minute , Franz Beckenbauer pulled one goal back for West Germany . After Beckenbauer 's goal , Ramsey substituted Bobby Charlton , who overtook Billy Wright as England 's most capped player ever , with caps totalling 106 . Uwe Seeler equalised for the Germans in the eighty first minute , thereby taking the game into extra time . During extra time , Gerd Müller scored the winning goal for West Germany which saw the German side win 3 -- 2 . This turned out to be Charlton 's last game for England . West Germany 1974 ( edit ) Main article : 1974 FIFA World Cup qualification For the first time , England did not qualify for a World Cup . In a group with Olympic champions Poland and Wales , England could not overtake Poland . After only drawing at home to Wales 1 -- 1 and losing the first leg 2 -- 0 to Poland , meant that England had to beat Poland at home , whilst Poland only needed to draw . Poland managed to withstand England 's attacks in the first half , who had Martin Peters playing for them . Poland took the lead in the 57th minute with a goal from Jan Domarski . England equalised six minutes later , with a penalty converted by Allan Clarke . England were unable to score any more goals with goalkeeper Jan Tomaszewski keeping England at bay . Brian Clough had previously called Tomaszewski a `` clown '' . The commentator of the game then said `` it 's all over '' . Poland took this good form to the finals and ended in third place . After failing to qualify , Alf Ramsey resigned from his post and after a time , where Ramsey and his predecessor had lasted a total of 29 years , no manager was able to last in the job for longer than eight years . This ended when Bobby Robson became England manager . Argentina 1978 ( edit ) See also : 1978 FIFA World Cup qualification This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) England also did not qualify for the fourth World Cup which took place in South America . This time , England were denied by Italy , who had scored three more goals than England after both teams finished on the same points . Goals scored dictated who qualified after the head - to - head record between the two sides finished the same , following a 2 -- 0 home win for each team . The lower - ranked teams in the group were Finland and Luxembourg , but the size of the wins against them proved to be decisive . Nevertheless , Ron Greenwood was given a second chance in charge of England , after taking the role in 1977 . Spain 1982 ( edit ) Main article : 1982 FIFA World Cup 1982 saw the first time where the European Qualifying Rounds were divided into groups of five teams , where the top two teams qualify for the World Cup . Greenwood used his second chance and took England to Spain by finishing second behind Hungary and above Romania , Switzerland and Norway . At the finals , England won all three group games , defeating France 3 - 1 , with a brace from Bryan Robson , before beating Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 , with a Jozef Barmos own goal , and World Cup newcomers Kuwait 1 -- 0 , thanks to a Trevor Francis goal . The next round saw a second group stage consisting of three teams , a first time event at the World Cup . England drew with West Germany 0 -- 0 and after the Germans beat Spain 2 -- 1 , England then had to beat Spain with a two - goal difference to progress to the next round . England , however , only managed a 0 -- 0 draw against the Spanish . England remained unbeaten at the end of the tournament . After the World Cup , Ron Greenwood 's time as England manager ended , and he was replaced by Bobby Robson . Mexico 1986 ( edit ) Main article : 1986 FIFA World Cup This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) 1986 saw the second World Cup to take place in Mexico . England qualified for Mexico 1986 by winning four games and drawing four times against Northern Ireland , who qualified in second place , Romania , Finland and Turkey . In Mexico , England lost their opening game to Portugal 1 -- 0 and could only manage a goalless draw against Morocco . The final group game , however , saw England beat Poland 3 -- 0 , which is one of the three highest scores for England at the World Cup , with Gary Lineker scoring a hat - trick . This result took England to second place and finished behind Morocco . England then also beat Paraguay 3 -- 0 in the Round of 16 . In the quarter - finals , England renewed their rivalry with Argentina in a game that has become notorious for the Argentina goals , both scored by Diego Maradona . Maradona 's first goal , known as the Hand of God , was illegal and should not have counted , as he used his hand to punch the ball into the net . However , the referee missed this infringement , and ruled that the goal should stand . Maradona then made the score 2 - 0 , famously dribbling from inside Argentina 's half and around several English players before scoring . Gary Lineker pulled back the score to 2 - 1 , but England ran out of time to equalise , and were eliminated . Nevertheless , Lineker finished with the Golden Boot by scoring six goals and thereby becoming England 's first Golden Boot winner . Italy 1990 ( edit ) Main article : 1990 FIFA World Cup By winning three and drawing three , England qualified for Italia ' 90 , the second World Cup to be held in Italy , scoring ten goals and conceding none . England were unbeaten through qualification , winning three games , and drawing the remaining three , but still finished second to Sweden , whom they drew with twice . England profited from Romania 's 3 -- 1 win over Denmark , who , had they won , would have qualified as the third - best second - placed team . West Germany and England were able to qualify for Italia ' 90 as the best second - placed teams in the groups with four teams . Because a few years previously saw English hooligans at European competition matches , England were forced to play their group games on Sardinia and Sicily . In group F , was the European champions Netherlands , the Republic of Ireland and Egypt and England . After opening the tournament with a 1 -- 1 draw against Ireland and a 0 -- 0 draw against the Dutch , England then beat Egypt 1 -- 0 . This was Egypt 's first appearance since the 1934 World Cup . England won the group with four points . In the next round , England had to play Belgium . The game went to extra time , and in the hundredth and nineteenth minute , David Platt scored the winning goal . England also had to play extra time against Cameroon in the quarter - finals . Cameroon were the first African team to have reached the quarter - finals . England opened the scoring through David Platt , but Cameroon quickly turned around the game to lead 2 - 1 . Lineker subsequently won and scored a penalty in the 83rd minute to ensure the game went to extra time . He then scored a second penalty , to see England reach the semi-finals . In the semi-finals , England met West Germany . There was no separating the two teams after 90 minutes , which made England the first team to have played extra time in three successive World Cup games . There was also no separating the two teams after extra time , thereby taking the game to penalties . Although English goalkeeper Peter Shilton dived the right way for every penalty , he was unable to save any . German goalkeeper Bodo Illgner , having failed to save any of England 's first three penalties , saved England 's fourth penalty , taken by Stuart Pearce . Olaf Thon then scored for Germany , meaning that England 's Chris Waddle would have to score his fifth penalty and hope that Shilton saved the Germans ' fifth penalty . However , Waddle 's penalty missed completely , going high over the crossbar , thereby resulting in England 's being knocked out of the competition . The third - place playoff between England and Italy saw England lose their only game of the tournament in normal time . Even though this was England 's best finish since the 1966 World Cup , Bobby Robson 's time as England manager had come to an end . United States 1994 ( edit ) Main article : 1994 FIFA World Cup qualification For the 1994 World Cup in the United States , under the leadership of new manager Graham Taylor , England surprisingly did not qualify for the tournament . In a group with six teams , England lost to Norway and the Netherlands , finishing third above Poland , Turkey and San Marino . England went into their final game with San Marino knowing they would need a seven - goal victory and for Poland to beat the Netherlands in the other match in order to qualify . In the game against San Marino , Davide Gualtieri scored against England after nine seconds , taking the lead for the outsiders . England went on to win 7 -- 1 , which was too small a goal margin . Additionally , despite the half - time score between the Poles and the Dutch being 1 - 1 , the Dutch went on to win 3 - 1 , meaning that however many goals England scored , they could still not qualify . Taylor 's tenure in charge ended and he was replaced by Terry Venables , who was dismissed after England lost the semi-final of Euro 1996 , hosted in England . France 1998 ( edit ) Main article : 1998 FIFA World Cup After missing out on the World Cup in 1994 , England , managed by Glenn Hoddle , qualified for the World Cup in France . England were drawn in Group 2 of UEFA qualifying with Italy , Poland , Georgia and Moldova . England beat Poland , Georgia and Moldova both home and away , but a home defeat to Italy in their fourth match meant they went into the final qualifier at the Stadio Olimpico in Rome just a point ahead of the Azzurri and only needing a draw to qualify automatically ; defeat would see them have to navigate a play - off to secure qualification . The match finished as a goalless draw and England finished top of the group . At the finals in France , England played in Group G. England defeated Tunisia 2 -- 0 in the first game , with goals from Alan Shearer and Paul Scholes . Their second match saw England lose 2 -- 1 to Romania ; despite an 81st - minute equaliser from Michael Owen , Dan Petrescu scored a winner shortly before injury time . In their final group game , England defeated Colombia 2 -- 0 in the decisive match , thanks to goals from midfielders Darren Anderton and David Beckham . England finished second in Group G , which saw them qualify for the last 16 phase , and play the winner of 1998 FIFA World Cup Group H , Argentina . In a fiery game containing six yellow cards and two penalties , David Beckham was controversially sent off in the 47th minute for what many felt was at most a yellow card offence , knocking over Diego Simeone . Gabriel Batistuta opened the scoring from the penalty spot in the fifth minute of the game , before an equaliser also from the spot by Alan Shearer four minutes later . England took the lead through Owen , in the 16th minute . Argentina drew level through Javier Zanetti in injury time of the first half . The game finished 2 - 2 , and , as neither team were able to find a winner in extra time , penalties were needed to decide the team that qualified to the next round . While David Seaman did save one penalty , Argentine goalkeeper Carlos Roa managed to save two , including the vital one from David Batty , thereby knocking England out of the World Cup . Beckham subsequently received death threats and was sent bullets in the post . South Korea / Japan 2002 ( edit ) Main article : 2002 FIFA World Cup In 2002 the World Cup took place in Asia for the first time . England , under its first ever foreign manager in Swedish Sven - Göran Eriksson , were able to qualify for the tournament . England were drawn in Group 9 , alongside Germany , Finland , Greece and Albania . In the last ever game in the original Wembley Stadium , ( which closed after the match ) England played Germany , losing 1 -- 0 , the only goal scored by Dietmar Hamann . The match was the last under the management of Kevin Keegan , who resigned at the end of the match , and was replaced by Eriksson . By beating Germany 5 -- 1 in Munich , England 's qualifying campaign was revitalised , and they qualified automatically , by drawing 2 -- 2 with Greece . Germany , who could only draw 0 -- 0 with Finland , had to play a play - off game against Ukraine , with England qualifying ahead winning the group . In Japan , England had to play against Eriksson 's homeland , Sweden , and both settled out for a 1 -- 1 draw . England and Beckham gained a measure of revenge for their previous 1998 defeat in defeating Argentina 1 - 0 , thanks to a Beckham penalty . However , England could only manage a disappointing 0 - 0 draw against Nigeria , meaning that although they were able to qualify for the second round , where they played Denmark , they qualified as runners up , which meant that they would meet favourites Brazil in the quarter - finals if they qualified . England played Denmark in the round of 16 defeating Denmark 3 -- 0 , thanks to goals from Micheal Owen , Rio Ferdinand , and Emile Heskey . England played four - time World Cup winners and 1998 runners - up Brazil in the quarter - finals . Despite leading through a Michael Owen goal , a mistake by David Seaman saw England lose 2 -- 1 , and Brazil won their fourth World Cup match against England , and went on to win the tournament . Germany 2006 ( edit ) Main article : 2006 FIFA World Cup England were drawn into Group 6 of European qualifying for the 2006 World Cup . The group featured other home nations in Wales , and Northern Ireland , as well as Poland ( who had eliminated England the last time the World Cup took place in Germany ) , Azerbaijan and Austria . England won eight of the 10 games , and qualified as group winners , in front of Portugal , despite drawing to Austria in Vienna , and losing to Northern Ireland in Belfast . In Germany , however , England were less convincing . England played in Group B , alongside Paraguay , Trinidad and Tobago , and Sweden . England started with a 1 -- 0 win against Paraguay ; which was won due to a 3rd minute own goal . The second game against first time qualifiers Trinidad and Tobago saw England have to wait until the 83rd minute for England to take the lead , with Peter Crouch opened the scoring with a goal many felt was illegal , and the second goal of the game coming in added time from Steven Gerrard . The last group game saw England play against Sweden , where an eventual 2 - 2 draw saw them qualify for the next round as group winners , thereby avoiding playing hosts Germany . In the last 16 stage , a free kick from David Beckham saw England win 1 -- 0 against Ecuador and reach the quarter - finals , where they faced Portugal . The game finished goalless , and England once again were knocked out on penalties and Portuguese goalkeeper Ricardo became the first goalkeeper to save three penalties in a penalty shoot - out . Ricardo saved from Frank Lampard , Steven Gerrard , and Jamie Carragher ; the only England player who successfully converted his penalty was Owen Hargreaves . Portugal won the shoot - out 3 - 1 , despite misses from Petit and Hugo Viana . This game was also Erickson 's final match as England manager . South africa 2010 ( edit ) Main article : 2010 FIFA World Cup Qualification for the first African World Cup went successfully for new England manager Fabio Capello , after previous manager Steve McClaren was unable to secure qualification to the Euro 2008 . By winning nine times and only losing to Ukraine , England qualified ahead of Croatia , Belarus , Kazakhstan and Andorra . England 's group was seen as a favourable one , containing comparatively much weaker teams . However , England opened up their campaign with a 1 -- 1 draw against the United States , thanks to a major error by goalkeeper Robert Green . They then drew 0 -- 0 against Algeria and were booed off the field by their own fans , drawing the ire of striker Wayne Rooney . England eventually qualified for the next round by beating Slovenia 1 -- 0 , but only qualified as runners up to the United States , thereby meaning they would draw favourites Germany . In the second round match , Germany took the lead after 20 minutes after goalkeeper Manuel Neuer played the ball down the pitch to Miroslav Klose , who opened the scoring . The score became 2 -- 0 to Germany after 32 minutes . Shortly after , England defender Matthew Upson scored a header . Later , Frank Lampard had a shot at goal which was disallowed despite crossing the line ; which was confirmed on replays . German goalkeeper Manuel Neuer admitted subsequently he knew the ball had crossed the line , but decided to deceive the referee . The German media reported it was `` revenge for Wembley '' , while the English media criticised FIFA 's refusal to implement goal - line technology . Ironically , despite his earlier opposition to goal - line technology , Sepp Blatter said that it should be introduced after a Ukrainian goal against England at Euro 2012 was ruled out . As England tried to equalise , Germany used this to their advantage and scored two more goals . This became Germany 's biggest win against England in a World Cup , winning 4 - 1 . Brazil 2014 ( edit ) Main article : 2014 FIFA World Cup Under Roy Hodgson , who replaced Fabio Capello after Euro 2012 after a disagreement between Capello and The FA , England qualified for the second World Cup to be held in Brazil . Ukraine were again one of the opponents in the qualifying rounds . The other opponents included Montenegro , Poland , Moldova and San Marino . After winning six games and drawing four , England qualified unbeaten . The draw for the finals saw England have to play against Italy and Uruguay , both former world champions , which meant that it was the first ever time three World Champions were drawn in the same group , along with Costa Rica . England lost to Italy and Uruguay , and were thus knocked out after two games . The final match against Costa Rica finished as a goalless draw . This performance was statistically their worst ever performance at a World Cup , ending up with just one point after two losses to Uruguay and Italy and a goalless draw with Costa Rica in the dead rubber match , their lowest points total in the group stage of a world cup . Russia 2018 ( edit ) Main article : 2018 FIFA World Cup England played in UEFA Group F in qualification for the 2018 World Cup , in a group of six with Slovakia , Slovenia , Scotland , Lithuania and Malta , with only the winner of the group guaranteed qualification . England went into the qualification process under manager Sam Allardyce , only for Allardyce to leave the post after just one game due to controversy regarding discussing breaking FIFA rules . Under Allardyce 's replacement , Gareth Southgate , England went undefeated throughout qualification , winning eight matches out of 10 , drawing with Slovenia 0 -- 0 in Ljubljana , and drawing 2 -- 2 with Scotland in Glasgow thanks to a 90th - minute equaliser from Harry Kane . This was the third successive major tournament that England were undefeated , having been undefeated in 2014 World Cup , and Euro 2016 qualifying . 2018 finals ( edit ) England national team at the 2018 World Cup in Russia Under Gareth Southgate , the England team began their tournament in group G against Tunisia . The game started well for England with a goal from Harry Kane in the 11th minute . Tunisia equalised through Sassi from the penalty spot in the 35th minute following a foul by Kyle Walker . Some controversy followed as various potential offences against Harry Kane , inside the penalty area were ignored by the referee and no VAR checks were carried out . England persevered and scored a second goal in the 91st minute , again by Harry Kane , resulting in a 2 -- 1 victory . In the second group stage match , England surpassed their record for goals scored in a World Cup match by beating Panama 6 - 1 . Jesse Lingard scored the third goal , John Stones scored the first and fourth goals and Harry Kane scored a hat - trick with the second , fifth and sixth goals . In the final group stage match , England narrowly lost 1 - 0 to Belgium . Adnan Januzaj scored the sole goal of the game ; but with both teams having fielded reserve teams , with England specificially making 9 changes . Before the game media outlets stating that a loss could potentially become beneficial , as the winner would be in the half of the draw with four of the top seven sides in the world . The result that meant Belgium topped the group and England finished second , setting up a last 16 clash with Group H winners Colombia . England played their last 16 match in the Otkritie Arena , Moscow , with the same team as against Tunisia . Harry Kane scored his sixth goal of the tournament , and the third penalty , after once again being fouled in the box from a corner , similarly as against Panama . The score remained at 1 - 0 , until stoppage time , where a header from Yerry Mina beat Jordan Pickford in goal to bring the game to extra time . Neither team managed to score in extra time , and the match went to penalties , which England won 4 - 3 . As well as being the first knockout match England had won at a major tournament since 2006 ( last defeating Ecuador in the last 16 ) ; it was the first time England won a World Cup penalty shoot - out . The match was notable for the heated atmosphere the game was played in , with a total of eight yellow cards being shown in the match . England played against Sweden in their quarter - final at Cosmos Arena , Samara on 7 July 2018 . They won the match 2 -- 0 , with defender Harry Maguire scoring his first England goal , a header scored from a corner , and Dele Alli a second header from close range . This would send them through to their third World Cup semi-final and their first since 1990 , and third overall . The team played Croatia in the semi-final , resulting in a 2 -- 1 loss after extra time . England would later finish fourth in the competition , the best result since 1990 . England would lose again to Belgium in the 3rd place playoff , thanks to goals from Thomas Meunier and Eden Hazard , despite a Eric Dier shot being cleared off the line by Toby Alderweireld . The tournament would see England score nine goals from set - pieces -- the most by a team in a single World Cup tournament since 1966 . Records ( edit ) Year Round Position GP D * GF GA GD 1930 <Td_colspan="9"> Not a FIFA member 1934 1938 1950 Group stage 8th 0 0 1954 Quarter - finals 7th 8 8 0 1958 Group stage 11th 0 5 - 1 1962 Quarter - finals 8th 5 6 - 1 1966 Champions 1st 6 5 0 11 8 1970 Quarter - finals 8th 0 0 <Td_colspan="9"> Did not qualify 1978 1982 Second group stage 6th 5 0 6 5 1986 Quarter - finals 8th 5 7 1990 Semi finals 4th 7 8 6 1994 <Td_colspan="9"> Did not qualify 1998 Round of 16 9th 7 2002 Quarter - finals 6th 5 6 2006 Quarter - finals 7th 5 0 6 Round of 16 13th 5 - 2 2014 Group stage 26th 0 - 2 2018 Semi-finals 4th 7 12 8 2022 <Td_colspan="9"> TBD 2026 Total 15 / 21 1 title 69 29 21 19 91 64 27 * Draws include knockout matches decided on penalty kicks By match ( edit ) Year Round Against Score Scorers 1950 Group 2 Chile 2 -- 0 Mortensen , Mannion United States 0 -- 1 Spain 0 -- 1 1954 Group 4 Belgium 4 -- 4 ( aet ) Broadis ( 2 ) , Lofthouse ( 2 ) Switzerland 2 -- 0 Mullen , Wilshaw Quarter - final Uruguay 2 -- 4 Lofthouse , Finney 1958 Group 4 Soviet Union 2 -- 2 Kevan , Finney Brazil 0 -- 0 Austria 2 -- 2 Haynes , Kevan Play - off Soviet Union 0 -- 1 1962 Group 4 Hungary 1 -- 2 Flowers Argentina 3 -- 1 Flowers , Charlton , Greaves Bulgaria 0 -- 0 Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 3 Hitchens 1966 Group 1 Uruguay 0 -- 0 Mexico 2 -- 0 Charlton , Hunt France 2 -- 0 Hunt ( 2 ) Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 0 Hurst Semi-final Portugal 2 -- 1 Charlton ( 2 ) Final West Germany 4 -- 2 ( aet ) Hurst ( 3 ) , Peters 1970 Group 3 Romania 1 -- 0 Hurst Brazil 0 -- 1 Czechoslovakia 1 -- 0 Clarke Quarter - final West Germany 2 -- 3 ( aet ) Mullery , Peters 1982 Group 4 France 3 -- 1 Robson ( 2 ) , Mariner Czechoslovakia 2 -- 0 Francis , Barmoš ( o.g. ) Kuwait 1 -- 0 Francis Group B Round 2 West Germany 0 -- 0 Spain 0 -- 0 1986 Group F Portugal 0 -- 1 Morocco 0 -- 0 Poland 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 3 ) Round of 16 Paraguay 3 -- 0 Lineker ( 2 ) , Beardsley Quarter - final Argentina 1 -- 2 Lineker 1990 Group F Republic of Ireland 1 -- 1 Lineker Netherlands 0 -- 0 Egypt 1 -- 0 Wright Round of 16 Belgium 1 -- 0 ( aet ) Platt Quarter - final Cameroon 3 -- 2 ( aet ) Platt , Lineker ( 2 ) Semi-final West Germany 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Lineker Third - place play - off Italy 1 -- 2 Platt 1998 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 0 Shearer , Scholes Romania 1 -- 2 Owen Colombia 2 -- 0 Anderton , Beckham Round of 16 Argentina 2 -- 2 ( aet ) Shearer , Owen 2002 Group F Sweden 1 -- 1 Campbell Argentina 1 -- 0 Beckham Nigeria 0 -- 0 Round of 16 Denmark 3 -- 0 Ferdinand , Owen , Heskey Quarter - final Brazil 1 -- 2 Owen 2006 Group B Paraguay 1 -- 0 Gamarra ( o.g. ) Trinidad and Tobago 2 -- 0 Crouch , Gerrard Sweden 2 -- 2 Cole , Gerrard Round of 16 Ecuador 1 -- 0 Beckham Quarter - final Portugal 0 -- 0 ( aet ) Group C United States 1 -- 1 Gerrard Algeria 0 -- 0 Slovenia 1 -- 0 Defoe Round of 16 Germany 1 -- 4 Upson 2014 Group D Italy 1 -- 2 Sturridge Uruguay 1 -- 2 Rooney Costa Rica 0 -- 0 2018 Group G Tunisia 2 -- 1 Kane ( 2 ) Panama 6 -- 1 Stones ( 2 ) , Kane ( 3 ) , Lingard Belgium 0 -- 1 Round of 16 Colombia 1 -- 1 ( aet ) Kane Quarter - final Sweden 2 -- 0 Maguire , Alli Semi-final Croatia 1 -- 2 ( aet ) Trippier Third - place play - off Belgium 0 -- 2 By opponent ( edit ) Country Played Won Drawn Lost GF GA GD Argentina 5 8 5 + 3 Germany 5 8 10 - 2 Brazil 0 6 - 4 Sweden 0 5 + 2 Belgium 5 7 - 2 Portugal 0 Uruguay 0 6 - 3 France 0 0 5 + 4 Paraguay 0 0 0 + 4 Tunisia 0 0 + 3 Czechoslovakia 0 0 0 + 3 Colombia 0 + 2 Romania 0 0 Soviet Union 0 - 1 United States 0 - 1 Spain 0 0 - 1 Italy 0 0 - 2 Panama 0 0 6 + 5 Poland 0 0 0 + 3 Denmark 0 0 0 + 3 Chile 0 0 0 + 2 Switzerland 0 0 0 + 2 Mexico 0 0 0 + 2 Trinidad and Tobago 0 0 0 + 2 Cameroon 0 0 + 1 Kuwait 0 0 0 + 1 Egypt 0 0 0 + 1 Ecuador 0 0 0 + 1 Slovenia 0 0 0 0 + 1 Austria 0 0 0 Republic of Ireland 0 0 0 Bulgaria 0 0 0 0 0 Morocco 0 0 0 0 0 Netherlands 0 0 0 0 0 Nigeria 0 0 0 0 0 Algeria 0 0 0 0 0 Costa Rica 0 0 0 0 0 Hungary 0 0 - 1 Croatia 0 0 - 1 Last update : 14 July 2018 Players ' honours ( edit ) List of England players with the most appearances at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Matches World Cups Peter Shilton 17 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Terry Butcher 14 1982 , 1986 , 1990 Bobby Charlton 14 1958 , 1962 , 1966 , 1970 Ashley Cole 14 2002 , 2006 , 2010 Bobby Moore 14 1962 , 1966 , 1970 6 David Beckham 13 1998 , 2002 , 2006 7 Steven Gerrard 12 2006 , 2010 , 2014 Gary Lineker 12 1986 , 1990 Michael Owen 12 1998 , 2002 , 2006 10 Chris Waddle 11 1986 , 1990 List of England top goalscorers at World Cups ( edit ) No . Name Goals World Cups Gary Lineker 10 1986 ( 6 ) and 1990 ( 4 ) Harry Kane 6 2018 Geoff Hurst 5 1966 ( 4 ) and 1970 ( 1 ) Bobby Charlton 1962 ( 1 ) and 1966 ( 3 ) Michael Owen 1998 ( 2 ) and 2002 ( 2 ) 6 Nat Lofthouse 1954 Roger Hunt 1966 David Platt 1990 David Beckham 1998 , 2002 and 2006 Steven Gerrard 2006 ( 2 ) and 2010 11 Nine players Current as of 3 July 2018 after the match against Colombia List of England goals by tournament ( edit ) World Cup Goalscorer ( s ) 1950 Wilf Mannion , Stan Mortensen 1954 Nat Lofthouse ( 3 ) , Ivor Broadis ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Jimmy Mullen , Dennis Wilshaw 1958 Derek Kevan ( 2 ) , Tom Finney , Johnny Haynes 1962 Ron Flowers ( 2 ) , Bobby Charlton , Jimmy Greaves , Gerry Hitchens 1966 Geoff Hurst ( 4 ) , Roger Hunt ( 3 ) , Bobby Charlton ( 3 ) , Martin Peters 1970 Allan Clarke , Geoff Hurst , Alan Mullery , Martin Peters 1982 Trevor Francis ( 2 ) , Bryan Robson ( 2 ) , Paul Mariner , Own Goal 1986 Gary Lineker ( 6 ) , Peter Beardsley 1990 Gary Lineker ( 4 ) , David Platt ( 3 ) , Mark Wright 1998 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , Alan Shearer ( 2 ) , Darren Anderton , David Beckham , Paul Scholes 2002 Michael Owen ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Sol Campbell , Rio Ferdinand , Emile Heskey 2006 Steven Gerrard ( 2 ) , David Beckham , Joe Cole , Peter Crouch , Own Goal Jermain Defoe , Steven Gerrard , Matthew Upson 2014 Wayne Rooney , Daniel Sturridge 2018 Harry Kane ( 6 ) , John Stones ( 2 ) , Jesse Lingard , Harry Maguire , Dele Alli , Kieran Trippier List of England players playing abroad at a World Cup ( edit ) Historically , very few English World Cup squad members were playing for a club in a foreign league at the time of their selection to the national squad . Year Number ( Country ) Players ( Apps ) 1950 -- 1958 0 1962 1 ( Italy ) Gerry Hitchens ( 2 ) 1966 -- 1970 0 1982 1 ( West Germany ) Tony Woodcock ( 2 ) 1986 2 ( Italy ) Mark Hateley ( 3 ) , Ray Wilkins 1990 5 ( 4 in Scotland , 1 in France ) Terry Butcher ( 5 ) , Trevor Steven ( 3 ) , Gary Stevens ( 2 ) , Chris Woods ( 0 ) ; Chris Waddle ( 7 ) 1998 0 2002 1 ( Germany ) Owen Hargreaves ( 2 ) 2006 2 ( 1 Spain , 1 Germany ) David Beckham ( 5 ) ; Owen Hargreaves ( 4 ) 0 2014 1 ( Scotland ) Fraser Forster ( 0 ) 2018 0 Team awards and records ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Team Awards World Champions 1966 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1990 FIFA Fair Play Trophy 1998 ( shared ) Individual Awards Golden Ball 1966 : Bobby Charlton Silver Ball 1966 : Bobby Moore Golden Boot 1986 : Gary Lineker Golden Boot 2018 : Harry Kane Bronze Boot 1966 : Geoff Hurst Golden Glove 1966 : Gordon Banks Best Young Player Award 1998 : Michael Owen Team Records Most penalty shoot - outs lost : 3 ( shared with Italy and Spain ) Biggest World Cup victory : 6 - 1 vs Panama , 2018 Group Stage Individual Records Only hattrick in a final : Geoff Hurst ( 1966 v West Germany ) Oldest captain : Peter Shilton ( age 40 years and 292 days , 1990 v Italy ) Most clean sheets : Peter Shilton ( 10 , 1982 - 1990 ) ( shared with Fabien Barthez ) Refereeing ( edit ) This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Four FIFA World Cup finals were officiated by English referees , more than by any other football association . The first Englishman to officiate a final , George Reader , is also the oldest World Cup referee to date , as he was 53 years and 236 days old at the 1950 decisive match between Uruguay and Brazil . The other final referees are William Ling ( 1954 ) , Jack Taylor ( 1974 ) and Howard Webb ( 2010 ) . Arthur Ellis , who was a linesman at the 1950 final , is part of an elite group of referees who has been called up for three consecutive World Cups ( 1950 -- 1958 ) . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ England declined the chance , created and given to them when Austria withdrew from the tournament following the Anschluss , to take part in the 1938 FIFA World Cup . Jump up ^ Excluding the 1982 FIFA World Cup , which did not have formal quarter - finals , but instead had a second group stage that determined who would qualify for the semi-finals . Jump up ^ Belgium were ranked third , and Germany had already been eliminated . Only Switzerland ( 6 ) and Spain ( 10 ) would be on the loser 's half of the draw from the top 10 of the FIFA World Rankings Jump up ^ England had previously lost World Cup penalty shoot - outs in 1990 to West Germany , 1998 to Argentina and Portugal in 2006 . England 's penalty shoot - out record before the match was 1 -- 6 , with their only win against Spain in EURO 96 . 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Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 19 . Jump up ^ McNulty , Phil ( 11 July 2018 ) . `` Croatia 2 England 1 '' . BBC Sport . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 12 June 2018 . Retrieved 11 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` World Cup : England set new records in 6 - 1 victory over Panama '' . BBC Sport . <Th_colspan="2"> England national football squads <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1950 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> GK Ditchburn GK Williams DF Aston DF Eckersley DF Ramsey DF Scott DF Taylor DF Wright ( c ) MF Baily MF Cockburn MF Dickinson MF Hughes MF Nicholson MF Watson FW Bentley FW Finney FW Mannion FW Matthews FW Milburn FW Mortensen FW Mullen Coach : Winterbottom <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1954 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Merrick 2 Staniforth 3 Byrne 4 Wright ( c ) 5 Owen 6 Dickinson 7 Matthews 8 Broadis 9 Lofthouse 10 Taylor 11 Finney 12 Burgin 13 Green 14 McGarry 15 Wilshaw 16 Quixall 17 Mullen 18 Chilton 19 Armstrong 20 Jezzard 21 Haynes 22 Hooper Coach : Winterbottom <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1958 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 McDonald 2 Howe 3 Banks 4 Clamp 5 Wright ( c ) 6 Slater 7 Douglas 8 Robson 9 Kevan 10 Haynes 11 Finney 12 Hopkinson 13 Hodgkinson 14 Sillett 15 Clayton 16 Norman 17 Brabrook 18 Broadbent 19 Smith 20 Charlton 21 A'Court 22 Setters Coach : Winterbottom <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1962 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Springett 2 Armfield 3 Wilson 4 Robson 5 Swan 6 Flowers 7 Connelly 8 Greaves 9 Hitchens 10 Haynes ( c ) 11 Charlton 12 Hodgkinson 13 Kevan 14 Anderson 15 Norman 16 Moore 17 Douglas 18 Hunt 19 Peacock 20 Eastham 21 Howe 22 Adamson Coach : Winterbottom <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1966 FIFA World Cup winners ( 1st title ) <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Banks 2 Cohen 3 Wilson 4 Stiles 5 J. Charlton 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Ball 8 Greaves 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Connelly 12 Springett 13 Bonetti 14 Armfield 15 Byrne 16 Peters 17 Flowers 18 Hunter 19 Paine 20 Callaghan 21 Hunt 22 Eastham Coach : Ramsey <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1970 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Banks 2 Newton 3 Cooper 4 Mullery 5 Labone 6 Moore ( c ) 7 Lee 8 Ball 9 B. Charlton 10 Hurst 11 Peters 12 Bonetti 13 Stepney 14 Wright 15 Stiles 16 Hughes 17 J. Charlton 18 Hunter 19 Bell 20 Osgood 21 Clarke 22 Astle Coach : Ramsey <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1982 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Clemence 2 Anderson 3 Brooking 4 Butcher 5 Coppell 6 Foster 7 Keegan 8 Francis 9 Hoddle 10 McDermott 11 Mariner 12 Mills ( c ) 13 Corrigan 14 Neal 15 Rix 16 Robson 17 Sansom 18 Thompson 19 Wilkins 20 Withe 21 Woodcock 22 Shilton Coach : Greenwood <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1986 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Shilton 2 G.M. Stevens 3 Sansom 4 Hoddle 5 Martin 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Wilkins 9 Hateley 10 Lineker 11 Waddle 12 Anderson 13 Woods 14 Fenwick 15 G.A. Stevens 16 Reid 17 Steven 18 Hodge 19 Barnes 20 Beardsley 21 Dixon 22 Bailey Coach : R. Robson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1990 FIFA World Cup fourth place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Shilton 2 Stevens 3 Pearce 4 Webb 5 Walker 6 Butcher 7 B. Robson ( c ) 8 Waddle 9 Beardsley 10 Lineker 11 Barnes 12 Parker 13 Woods 14 Wright 15 Dorigo 16 McMahon 17 Platt 18 Hodge 19 Gascoigne 20 Steven 21 Bull 22 Beasant Coach : R. Robson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 1998 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Seaman 2 Campbell 3 Le Saux 4 Ince 5 Adams 6 Southgate 7 Beckham 8 Batty 9 Shearer ( c ) 10 Sheringham 11 McManaman 12 Neville 13 Martyn 14 Anderton 15 Merson 16 Scholes 17 Lee 18 Keown 19 L. Ferdinand 20 Owen 21 R. Ferdinand 22 Flowers Coach : Hoddle <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2002 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Seaman 2 Mills 3 A. Cole 4 Sinclair 5 Ferdinand 6 Campbell 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Scholes 9 Fowler 10 Owen 11 Heskey 12 Brown 13 Martyn 14 Bridge 15 Keown 16 Southgate 17 Sheringham 18 Hargreaves 19 J. Cole 20 Vassell 21 Butt 22 James 23 Dyer Coach : Eriksson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2006 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Robinson 2 Neville 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard 5 Ferdinand 6 Terry 7 Beckham ( c ) 8 Lampard 9 Rooney 10 Owen 11 J. Cole 12 Campbell 13 James 14 Bridge 15 Carragher 16 Hargreaves 17 Jenas 18 Carrick 19 Lennon 20 Downing 21 Crouch 22 Carson 23 Walcott Coach : Eriksson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2010 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 James 2 Johnson 3 A. Cole 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Dawson 6 Terry 7 Lennon 8 Lampard 9 Crouch 10 Rooney 11 J. Cole 12 Green 13 Warnock 14 Barry 15 Upson 16 Milner 17 Wright - Phillips 18 Carragher 19 Defoe 20 King 21 Heskey 22 Carrick 23 Hart Coach : Capello <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2014 FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Hart 2 Johnson 3 Baines 4 Gerrard ( c ) 5 Cahill 6 Jagielka 7 Wilshere 8 Lampard 9 Sturridge 10 Rooney 11 Welbeck 12 Smalling 13 Foster 14 Henderson 15 Oxlade - Chamberlain 16 Jones 17 Milner 18 Lambert 19 Sterling 20 Lallana 21 Barkley 22 Forster 23 Shaw Coach : Hodgson <Th_colspan="3"> England squad -- 2018 FIFA World Cup fourth place <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Pickford 2 Walker 3 Rose 4 Dier 5 Stones 6 Maguire 7 Lingard 8 Henderson 9 Kane ( c ) 10 Sterling 11 Vardy 12 Trippier 13 Butland 14 Welbeck 15 Cahill 16 Jones 17 Delph 18 Young 19 Rashford 20 Alli 21 Loftus - Cheek 22 Alexander - Arnold 23 Pope Coach : Southgate <Th_colspan="2"> England national football team General The Football Association History Managers Captains Kits Venues Wembley Stadium 1923 stadium 2007 stadium Home venues St George 's Park ( Burton ) Statistics All - time record Records World Cup record European Championship record Hat - tricks Awards The FA England Awards The FA Women 's Football Awards Results Men 's 1872 -- 99 1900 -- 29 1930 -- 59 1960 -- 79 1980 -- 99 2000 -- 19 Unofficial matches Women 's 2010s Players World Cup & Euro Championship squads 10 + caps 4 -- 9 caps 2 -- 3 caps 1 cap Born outside England Other categories World Cups 1950 1954 1958 1962 1966 1970 1982 1986 1990 1998 2002 2006 2014 2018 European Championships 1968 1980 2000 2012 2016 Other tournaments British Home Championship ( 1884 -- 1984 ) Minor tournaments Noted rivalries Argentina Austria Belgium Brazil Denmark France Germany Hungary Italy Ireland Netherlands Poland Portugal Scotland Spain Sweden Switzerland Wales Culture Noted matches Band Songs Discography WAGs `` They think it 's all over '' Other FA teams Men 's England B England C Amateur ( defunct ) U-21 U-20 U-19 U-18 U-17 U-16 Futsal Learning Disabilities Beach ( not FA affiliated ) Women 's Senior U-23 U-20 U-19 U-17 U-15 Beach ( not FA affiliated ) <Th_colspan="2"> Countries at the FIFA World Cup <Td_colspan="2"> Team appearances Teams with no appearances All - time table AFC Australia China Indonesia Iran Iraq Japan Kuwait North Korea Saudi Arabia South Korea United Arab Emirates CAF Algeria Angola Cameroon DR Congo Egypt Ghana Ivory Coast Morocco Nigeria Senegal South Africa Togo Tunisia CONCACAF Canada Costa Rica Cuba El Salvador Haiti Honduras Jamaica Mexico Panama Trinidad and Tobago United States CONMEBOL Argentina Bolivia Brazil Chile Colombia Ecuador Paraguay Peru Uruguay OFC New Zealand UEFA Austria Belgium Bosnia and Herzegovina Bulgaria Croatia Czech Republic Denmark East Germany England France Germany Greece Hungary Iceland Israel Italy Netherlands Northern Ireland Norway Poland Portugal Republic of Ireland Romania Russia Scotland Serbia Slovakia Slovenia Spain Sweden Switzerland Turkey Ukraine Wales <Td_colspan="2"> Considered a successor team by FIFA , or have competed under another name ( s ) . Have been member of multiple confederations . Team and national federation no longer exist . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=England_at_the_FIFA_World_Cup&oldid=853673134 '' Categories : England at the FIFA World Cup Countries at the FIFA World Cup History of the England national football team Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from July 2018 Articles with permanently dead external links EngvarB from June 2018 Use dmy dates from June 2018 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Articles needing additional references from July 2018 All articles needing additional references Articles to be expanded from July 2018 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes Articles with unsourced statements from June 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Edit links This page was last edited on 6 August 2018 , at 07 : 56 ( UTC ) . 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1. England national football team 2. FIFA World Cup 3. England's World Cup history 4. 1966 World Cup victory 5. England's performance in different World Cups

who played apollo creed's wife in rocky 2

Rocky II - wikipedia Rocky II <Th_colspan="2"> Rocky II <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Sylvester Stallone Produced by Robert Chartoff Irwin Winkler Written by Sylvester Stallone Starring Sylvester Stallone Talia Shire Burt Young Carl Weathers Burgess Meredith Music by Bill Conti Cinematography Bill Butler Edited by Stanford C. Allen Janice Hampton Danford B. Greene ( sup ) Distributed by United Artists Release date June 15 , 1979 ( 1979 - 06 - 15 ) Running time 120 minutes Country United States Language English Italian Box office $200.1 million Rocky II is a 1979 American sports drama film written , directed by , and starring Sylvester Stallone . It is the sequel to the 1976 film Rocky , and was the last installment in the film series that was distributed solely by United Artists . Stallone , Carl Weathers , Tony Burton , Burgess Meredith , Burt Young and Talia Shire reprised their original roles . The Ring magazine heavyweight championship belt makes its first appearance in the series . Released on June 15 , 1979 , the film was followed by Rocky III in 1982 . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 3.1 Music 3.1. 1 Chart positions 4 Reaction 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Box office 5 Other media 5.1 Novelization 6 References 7 External links Plot ( edit ) On New Year 's Day in 1976 , boxing heavyweight champion Apollo Creed has successfully defended his title in a split decision against challenger Rocky Balboa . He and Rocky are taken to the same hospital . Apollo challenges Rocky to a rematch , but Rocky declines and retires from professional boxing . His girlfriend , Adrian , supports his choice , and so do his doctors , who reveal that he will require surgery for a detached retina , a condition that could lead to permanent blindness . In a private moment , Rocky goes to see a recuperating Apollo , and wants a truthful response if Apollo gave his all in the fight , to which Creed agrees . After Rocky is released from the hospital , he enjoys the benefits of his life 's changes : Rocky 's new fame attracts an agent who sees Rocky as a potential endorsement and sponsorship goldmine , and his sudden wealth encourages him to propose to Adrian . She happily accepts , and they marry in a small ceremony . Soon after , Adrian reveals that she is pregnant . Meanwhile , fueled by hate mail , Apollo becomes obsessed with the idea that a rematch is the only way to prove that Rocky 's performance was simply a fluke . Determined to rectify his boxing career 's only blemish , Apollo ignores all pleas by his friends and family to forget the fight , and move on to other potential opponents , and instead demands his team do whatever necessary to goad Rocky out of his hiatus and have a rematch with him . Rocky , at first , seems unaffected by Apollo 's smear campaign , but his inexperience with money causes him to run into financial problems . After several unsuccessful attempts to find employment , Rocky visits Mickey Goldmill , his trainer and manager , at his gym to talk about the possibility of returning to boxing . At first , Mickey declines , concerned about Rocky 's health , but he soon accepts after Apollo publicly insults Rocky . Adrian confronts Rocky about the danger of returning to boxing and reminds him of the risk to his eyesight . Rocky argues that he knows nothing else , so this is the only way he can provide . Adrian , furious at Rocky for breaking his promise , refuses to support him . Rocky and Mickey begin training , but Rocky 's mind is not fully set due to Adrian 's disapproval . Adrian 's brother , Paulie , confronts his sister about not supporting her husband , but she faints during the confrontation , and is rushed to the hospital , where she goes into labor . Despite being premature , the baby is healthy , but Adrian falls into a coma . Rocky blames himself for what happened , refusing to leave Adrian 's bedside until she wakes up , and will not go to see his new baby until they can see it together . When Adrian comes out of her coma , she finds Rocky by her bedside , and the couple are shown their new baby , a boy , which they name Rocky Jr . Adrian gives her blessing to the rematch , and Rocky quickly gets into shape for the match . When he makes the same training run that he did before , ending at the stairway by the Philadelphia Museum of Art , he is now followed by a crowd of hundreds of children , some of whom followed him with his consent near the start of his run . The night of the match arrives , and Apollo has made a public goal of beating Rocky in no more than two rounds to prove the first match going the full fifteen rounds was a fluke . This match is not nearly as close this time as Rocky , fighting right - handed to protect his eye instead of his natural southpaw , is knocked down twice by Creed and outclassed for much of the fight . By the fifteenth round , Creed is well ahead on points and only needs to stay away from Balboa to win the fight by decision . Creed , not wanting the fight to end like it did the first time , ignores his trainer 's pleas , and decides to carry on alone . In the final round , Rocky switches back to his natural stance , and in dramatic fashion , both men , exhausted , trade punches until they knock each other down . If neither got up , it would be a draw with Creed retaining the title . Rocky gets back up at the count of nine while Apollo collapses from fatigue , giving Rocky the win by knockout , and making him the new world champion . Rocky then gives an impassioned speech to the crowd and holds the belt over his head with a message for his wife , who is watching the fight on TV : `` Yo , Adrian , I did it ! '' Cast ( edit ) Sylvester Stallone as Rocky Balboa , `` The Italian Stallion '' : the underdog who was given one chance at attaining the Heavy Weight Champion title from Apollo Creed in the first film . Due to the public 's belief that it was very possible that Rocky would have won , he gets a second shot at the title in this film . Talia Shire as Adrian Balboa : Rocky 's love interest - turned - wife . During labor , with their first son , she enters a coma for a large portion of the film . Burt Young as Paulie Pennino : Rocky 's best - friend - turned - brother - in - law Carl Weathers as Apollo Creed : Current Heavyweight Champion of the world who gave Rocky a shot at the title in the first film , during which he won by split - decision . Because of the close outcome of the fight the general public believes that Apollo did not necessarily win , and thus he gives Rocky a second chance in a rematch . Burgess Meredith as Mickey Goldmill : Rocky 's friend , manager and trainer ; a former bantamweight fighter from the 1920s and the owner of the local boxing gym . Tony Burton as Tony `` Duke '' Evers : Apollo 's father - figure , friend , trainer , and manager . Sylvia Meals as Mary Anne Creed : Apollo Creed 's wife . Seargeoh Stallone as Robert `` Rocky '' Balboa , Jr. : Rocky and Adrian 's newborn child . Seargeoh appeared in the film uncredited . Joe Spinell as Tony Gazzo : Loan shark and Rocky 's former employer . Paul J. Micale as Father Carmine : Rocky 's priest . Jeff Temkin portrays the ring announcer . Appearing as themselves are referee Lou Filippo and commentators Brent Musburger , Stu Nahan and Bill Baldwin . LeRoy Neiman makes an uncredited non-speaking cameo appearance during the training scenes in the film ; he is shown drawing a picture of Apollo while he is training . Production ( edit ) After the enormous success of the first Rocky , the producers were anxious to make a sequel . Stallone again wrote the script , originally titled Rocky II : Redemption , but John G. Avildsen declined to direct again because he was busy with pre-production on Saturday Night Fever . Stallone wanted the job and waged as big a campaign as he had for the lead role in the previous film . United Artists executives were reluctant to give the actor the directing reins because , while he had previously directed the drama Paradise Alley , it was not a success . However , producers Irwin Winkler and Robert Chartoff understood how much of the success of the first Rocky had come from Stallone 's enormous input and lobbied hard to get him the job . The story development of involving Rocky surprising Creed by switching to fighting right - handed was not in the original script and only came about because of an accident onset . While getting in shape for the film , Stallone was bench pressing and ripped his left pectoral muscle and needed surgery . Therefore , he could not fight with his left hand . The film 's ending fight sequence also posed a challenge because at the time Talia Shire was busy making the drama Old Boyfriends and could n't be on the set . So Stallone came up with the idea of having her watch the fight from home because of the new baby . Adrian 's scenes were actually filmed some months later , toward the end of the shoot . An estimated 800 school children were used as extras in the scene in which Rocky runs through Philadelphia . Music ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rocky II <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Bill Conti Released 1979 Length 35 : 04 Label United Artists Records -- LP EMI Manhattan Records -- CD Just as in the previous installment , Bill Conti composed the film 's music . A soundtrack album containing Conti 's score was released on August 25 , 1979 , and charted on the Billboard 200 for five consecutive weeks . `` Redemption '' -- 2 : 34 `` Gonna Fly Now '' -- 2 : 35 `` Conquest '' -- 4 : 42 `` Vigil '' -- 6 : 31 `` All of My Life '' -- 3 : 56 `` Overture '' -- 8 : 38 `` Two Kinds of Love '' -- 2 : 37 `` All of My Life '' -- 2 : 27 Personnel Bill Conti -- piano ( 1 ) Mike Lang -- piano ( 8 ) David Duke -- horn solo ( 4 ) Frank Stallone -- vocals ( 7 ) DeEtta Little , Nelson Pigford -- vocals ( 5 ) Chart positions ( edit ) Chart ( 1979 ) Peak position US Billboard 200 147 Reaction ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Rocky II holds a 74 % approval rating on the review aggregate website Rotten Tomatoes ; out of 27 reviews , the average rating is 6.5 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Rocky II is a movie that dares you to root again for the ultimate underdog -- and succeeds due to an infectiously powerful climax . '' The film won Best Picture at the American Movie Awards and won the People 's Choice Award for Favorite Motion Picture . Dre Rivas of Film.com included it in his list of top ten films of 1979 . Box Office ( edit ) Rocky II finished in the top three highest - grossing films of 1979 , in both the North American market and worldwide . The film grossed $6,390,537 during its opening weekend , $85,182,160 at the U.S. box office , and $200,182,160 overall . Rocky II returned to UA 75 % of Rocky 's rentals in the United States and Canada ( $42 million vs. $56 million ) when the rule of thumb at the time was that a sequel would only do 30 % to 40 % of the business of its predecessor . Other media ( edit ) Novelization ( edit ) A novelization was published by Ballantine Books in 1979 . Sylvester Stallone was credited as the author . The book is a first - person narrative told by Rocky himself . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Rocky II , Box Office Information '' . The Numbers . Retrieved January 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II '' . TCM database . Turner Classic Movies . Retrieved February 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Maslin , Janet ( 1979 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Screen : ' Rocky II ' Fights a Rematch : Second Stanza ... '' ( Subscription required ) . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` Filmtracks : Rocky II ( Bill Conti ) '' . Filmtracks. 15 December 2009 . Retrieved 29 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Rocky II ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) -- Bill Conti -- Awards . Allmusic . Rovi Corporation . Accessed on August 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II Movie Reviews , Pictures '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved July 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Alda , Sally Field Earn Outstanding Acting Awards '' . Toledo Blade . Associated Press . February 12 , 1980 . p . P2 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II ( 1979 ) '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rivas , Dre ( June 8 , 2007 ) . `` The 10 Best Movies of 1979 '' . Film.com . Film.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2008 . Retrieved June 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Rocky 2 -- Box Office Data , News , Cast Information '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rental Champs Rate of Return '' . Variety . December 15 , 1997 . Retrieved July 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pollock , Dale ( October 17 , 1979 ) . `` Year 's Number One Grosser Punches A Hole in Theory Covering Sequels & Wickets '' . Daily Variety . p. 1 . Jump up ^ `` Rocky II ( Book , 1979 ) '' . ( WorldCat.org ) . 2016 - 05 - 11 . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 10 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Rocky II Rocky II on IMDb Rocky II at Box Office Mojo Rocky II at AllMovie Rocky II at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> Rocky Films Rocky ( 1976 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Characters Rocky Balboa Adonis Creed Apollo Creed Ivan Drago Tony `` Duke '' Evers Mickey Goldmill Clubber Lang Adrian Pennino Paulie Pennino Music Rocky `` Gonna Fly Now '' `` Eye of the Tiger '' Rocky IV `` Burning Heart '' `` Heart 's on Fire '' `` Living in America '' Rocky V Rocky Balboa : The Best of Rocky Rocky the Musical ( 2012 ) Creed Video games Rocky Super Action Boxing ( 1983 ) Rocky ( 1987 ) Rocky ( 2002 ) Rocky Legends ( 2004 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2007 ) Related Anderson v. Stallone Rocky Steps Rocky statue in Žitište Rocky VI ( 1986 ) Ricky 1 ( 1988 ) Grudge Match ( 2013 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Works by Sylvester Stallone <Td_colspan="2"> Filmography Awards and nominations Director Paradise Alley ( 1978 ) Rocky II ( 1979 ) Rocky III ( 1982 ) Staying Alive ( 1983 ) Rocky IV ( 1985 ) Rocky Balboa ( 2006 ) Rambo ( 2008 ) The Expendables ( 2010 ) Writer The Lords of Flatbush ( 1974 ) Rocky ( 1976 ) F.I.S.T. ( 1978 ) First Blood ( 1982 ) Rhinestone ( 1984 ) Rambo : First Blood Part II ( 1985 ) Cobra ( 1986 ) Over the Top ( 1987 ) Rambo III ( 1988 ) Rocky V ( 1990 ) Cliffhanger ( 1993 ) Driven ( 2001 ) Father Lefty ( 2002 ) The Expendables 2 ( 2012 ) Homefront ( 2013 ) The Expendables 3 ( 2014 ) Creed II ( 2018 ) Producer only Heart of a Champion : The Ray Mancini Story ( 1985 ) Creed ( 2015 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rocky_II&oldid=852350993 '' Categories : 1979 films American films English - language films 1970s drama films 1970s sequel films 1970s sports films American sequel films American sports films Boxing films Films set in 1976 Films set in Philadelphia Films shot in Los Angeles Films shot in Pennsylvania Films shot in Philadelphia Pregnancy films Rocky ( film series ) United Artists films Films scored by Bill Conti Films directed by Sylvester Stallone Films produced by Robert Chartoff Screenplays by Sylvester Stallone Sequel films Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano Latviešu Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 23 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 July 2018 , at 10 : 33 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Rocky II: A 1979 American sports drama film directed by Sylvester Stallone. 2. Sequel to the 1976 film Rocky, with Stallone reprising his role as Rocky Balboa. 3. Plot revolves around Rocky's decision to come out of retirement for a rematch with Apollo Creed. 4. Film was a box office success, grossing over $200 million worldwide. 5. Soundtrack composed by Bill Conti, featuring the iconic theme song "Gonna Fly Now."

main events in percy jackson and the lightning thief

Percy Jackson & the Olympians : the Lightning Thief - wikipedia Percy Jackson & the Olympians : the Lightning Thief Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the film . For the novel , see The Lightning Thief . For the series , see Percy Jackson & the Olympians . <Th_colspan="2"> Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Chris Columbus Produced by Karen Rosenfelt Chris Columbus Michael Barnathan Mark Radcliffe Screenplay by Craig Titley Based on The Lightning Thief by Rick Riordan Starring Logan Lerman Brandon T. Jackson Alexandra Daddario Jake Abel Sean Bean Pierce Brosnan Steve Coogan Rosario Dawson Catherine Keener Kevin McKidd Joe Pantoliano Uma Thurman Music by Christophe Beck Cinematography Stephen Goldblatt Edited by Peter Honess Production company 1492 Pictures Sunswept Entertainment Dune Entertainment Distributed by 20th Century Fox Release date February 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) ( Canada ) February 12 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 12 ) ( United States ) Running time 119 minutes Country United Kingdom Australia Canada United States Language English Budget $95 million Box office $227 million Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( also known as Percy Jackson & the Lightning Thief ) is a 2010 fantasy film directed by Chris Columbus . The film is loosely based on The Lightning Thief , the first novel in the Percy Jackson & the Olympians series by Rick Riordan . It stars Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson alongside an ensemble cast that includes Brandon T. Jackson , Alexandra Daddario , Jake Abel , Rosario Dawson , Steve Coogan , Uma Thurman , Catherine Keener , Kevin McKidd , Sean Bean and Pierce Brosnan . It was released to theaters on February 12 , 2010 in the United States by 20th Century Fox . The film cost $95 million to make . In its opening weekend in North America , it ranked number two at the box office , making $38.8 million . The film , which received mixed reviews from critics , made $226,497,209 worldwide . The film was released on June 29 , 2010 on DVD and Blu - ray . A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11 , 2010 . A stand - alone sequel , Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters , was released on August 7 , 2013 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Box office 4.2 Critical response 4.3 Awards and nominations 5 Soundtrack 6 Video game 7 Home media 8 Stand - alone sequel 9 References 10 External links Plot ( edit ) In New York City , Zeus and Poseidon meet at the top of the Empire State Building , where Zeus reveals that his master lightning bolt has been stolen and accuses Poseidon 's demigod son , Percy Jackson , of the theft . Poseidon reminds him that Percy is unaware of his true identity , but Zeus declares that unless his master bolt is returned to Mount Olympus before the summer solstice , in two weeks ' time , war will be waged between all the gods . Percy is a 16 - year - old boy who appears to his peers to be dyslexic and has a unique ability to stay underwater for a long time . While on a school field trip to the local museum , Percy is attacked by Alecto , a Fury disguised as his substitute English teacher , Mrs. Dodds who demands the lightning bolt . Percy 's best friend , Grover Underwood , and his Latin teacher , Mr. Brunner -- both of whom appear disabled -- help Percy and scare off Alecto . Upon learning of Alecto 's reason for the attack , Brunner gives Percy a pen , claiming that it is a powerful weapon , and has Grover take Percy and his mother Sally to Camp Half - Blood , leaving behind Sally 's abusive husband , Gabe Ugliano . However , upon arriving at the camp , the three are attacked by the Minotaur , who appears to kill Sally , who is unable to enter the camp . Grover tells Percy to use the pen that he received from Brunner , and Percy discovers it is a sword . He uses his sword to fight the Minotaur , without initial success . Percy kills the Minotaur with his own horn , then faints from shock . Three days later , Percy wakes up in the camp . He learns he is the son of Poseidon , Grover is a disguised Satyr and his junior protector and Brunner is the Centaur , Chiron , also initially disguised . Chiron suggests that Percy go to Mount Olympus to convince Zeus of his innocence . Percy begins training to use his demigod powers , which include water manipulation and using water to heal . He also meets other demigods , including Annabeth Chase , daughter of Athena ; and Camp Leader Luke Castellan , son of Hermes . Percy is visited by a fiery apparition of his uncle Hades , who reveals that Sally is with him in the Underworld and that he will return her safely if Percy hands over the lightning bolt . Defying Chiron 's orders , Percy decides to go to the Underworld believing if he can convince Hades of his innocence , Hades will release his mother , joined by Grover and Annabeth . They visit Luke , who gives them a map showing the location of three pearls belonging to Hades ' wife , Persephone , which they can use to escape the Underworld . They are also given a pair of winged sneakers Luke stole from his father and a shield Luke describes as his favorite . The trio heads out , locating the first pearl at an old garden center before they suddenly encounter Medusa , who tries to kill them until she is decapitated by Percy ; they take her head with them for later use . They locate the second pearl in the Parthenon in Nashville ; Percy uses the winged shoes to take it from a statue of Athena . However , they are then confronted by the Hydra , which Grover turns to stone using Medusa 's head . The last pearl is located at the Lotus Casino in Las Vegas , where the three eat lotus flowers , which make them forget their reason for being there . They stay in the casino for five days until Poseidon speaks in Percy 's mind , helping Percy return to his senses . Percy frees Grover and Annabeth from the effects of the flowers and they flee , discovering that the casino is run by the Lotus - Eaters , and they had been keeping people captive since ancient times . With all three pearls , Percy , Grover , and Annabeth head into the Underworld , the portal to which is located in Hollywood . In the Underworld , they meet Hades and Persephone . Though Percy tells Hades that he does not have the lightning bolt , Hades finds it hidden inside Luke 's shield , revealing that Luke is the lightning thief . Persephone knocks Hades unconscious with the lightning bolt to get her revenge on him for imprisoning her for all eternity and hands the bolt to Percy . However , because they only have three pearls , Grover remains with Persephone to allow Percy 's mother to leave . Percy , Annabeth , and Sally teleport to the Empire State Building but are attacked by Luke , who wants to destroy Mount Olympus to secure the demigods ' place as the new rulers of Western Civilization . After a fight across Manhattan , Percy defeats and apparently kills Luke and returns the lightning bolt to Zeus , who forgives Percy and allows Poseidon to briefly speak with his son . The film ends with Percy and Annabeth reuniting with Grover , furloughed from Hades and sporting a new pair of small horns that designate his promotion to Percy 's senior protector . Percy and Annabeth are reunited , and they nearly kiss but Annabeth tricks Percy and they continue to train . In the post-credits scene , Ugliano is kicked out of the apartment by Sally . He decides to get a beer on his way out , but finds a note from Percy saying that he should not open the refrigerator . He breaks the lock anyway and is turned to stone and killed by Medusa 's head inside , on a serving plate . One of her snakes blurs the screen , revealing the movie 's end . The sound of Ugliano turning to stone is heard while the screen is black . Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Percy Jackson & the Olympians cast members Logan Lerman plays the titular character . Logan Lerman as Percy Jackson , the demigod son of Poseidon Brandon T. Jackson as Grover Underwood , Percy 's protector , a satyr Alexandra Daddario as Annabeth Chase , the demigod daughter of Athena , and Percy 's romantic foil Jake Abel as Luke Castellan , the demigod son of Hermes Sean Bean as Zeus , god of the sky , thunder , lightning , king of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus and brother of Poseidon and Hades . He blames Percy for stealing his bolt . Kevin McKidd as Poseidon , Percy 's father , god of the seas , earthquakes , horses and brother of Zeus and Hades Steve Coogan as Hades , god of the Underworld , the dead , riches and brother of Zeus and Poseidon Melina Kanakaredes as Athena , Annabeth 's mother , goddess of crafts , domestic arts , strategic warfare , peace and wisdom Rosario Dawson as Persephone , goddess of springtime and wife of Hades Dylan Neal as Hermes , Luke 's father , god of trade , thieves , travelers , sports , athletes , and messenger of the gods of Mount Olympus . Erica Cerra as Hera , goddess of birth , family , marriage , women and queen of the twelve gods of Mount Olympus , sister and wife of Zeus Stefanie von Pfetten as Demeter , goddess of agriculture , fertility , and the harvest , sister of Zeus and mother of Persephone Dimitri Lekkos as Apollo , god of the sun , light , knowledge , healing , plague and darkness , the arts , music , poetry , prophecy , archery , and twin brother of Artemis Ona Grauer as Artemis , goddess of the hunt , virginity , the moon , and all animals , and twin sister of Apollo Serinda Swan as Aphrodite , goddess of love , beauty , wife of Hephaestus and lover of Ares Conrad Coates as Hephaestus , god of fire , forge , blacksmiths , craftsmen and husband of Aphrodite Ray Winstone as Ares , god of war , lover of Aphrodite ( uncredited ) Luke Camilleri as Dionysus , god of wine , celebrations , ecstasy , and theatre Uma Thurman as Medusa , a gorgon cursed by Athena Pierce Brosnan as Chiron , also known as Mr. Brunner , a centaur who trains heroes at Camp Half - Blood , the immortal son of Kronos and brother of Zeus , Poseidon , Hades , Demeter , and Hera Maria Olsen as Mrs. Dodds / Alecto , a Fury , servant to Hades Julian Richings as Charon , ferryman of the River Styx , servant to Hades Catherine Keener as Sally Jackson , Percy 's mother Joe Pantoliano as Gabe Ugliano , Percy 's stepfather Production ( edit ) Chris Columbus is the film 's director and producer . In June 2004 , 20th Century Fox acquired feature film rights to the book . In April 2007 , director Chris Columbus was hired to helm the project . Filming began in April 2009 in Vancouver . Portions of the film were shot at the Parthenon in Nashville , Tennessee , that has a full - scale replica of the original Parthenon in Athens . Filming wrapped up on the morning of July 25 , 2009 , in Mission , British Columbia . Additional exterior scenes were filmed on location in Brooklyn , New York during the first week of August 2009 . Digital intermediate work began in San Francisco in November 2009 . Christophe Beck composed the score . Columbus has stated that the cast was chosen specifically with sequels in mind . `` I think with Percy Jackson it was a matter of finding the right cast to fit into these roles , sort of the perfect cast for these roles , because hopefully , God willing , we will go on to do other Percy Jackson films and you want the cast to grow with their characters '' . Reception ( edit ) Box office ( edit ) The film opened on February 12 , 2010 , in 3,356 theaters ; its opening weekend box - office results totaled $31,236,067 in the U.S. , finishing at # 3 below The Wolfman , which opened at # 2 with $31,479,235 and below Valentine 's Day , which opened at # 1 with $56,260,707 . The film had a strong opening weekend for its genre , posting the highest opening weekend for a fantasy film not from the Harry Potter , Chronicles of Narnia , or Lord of the Rings series . As of September 14 , 2010 , it grossed a domestic total of $88,768,303 with $137,728,906 elsewhere in the world , bringing it to $226,497,209 . Critical response ( edit ) The film received mixed reviews from critics . It holds a 49 % approval rating on review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes , based on 142 collected reviews , with an average score of 5.3 / 10 . The site 's consensus reads : `` Though it may seem like just another Harry Potter knockoff , Percy Jackson benefits from a strong supporting cast , a speedy plot , and plenty of fun with Greek mythology . '' It also holds a Metacritic score of 47 out of 100 , based on 31 sampled reviews , indicating `` mixed to average reviews . '' Kenneth Turan of the Los Angeles Times described the film as `` standard Hollywood product ... unadventurous and uninteresting '' . The reviewer for The Washington Post thought `` the movie suffers by taking itself a little too seriously . It 's not just that it 's a lot less funny than the book . It 's also a lot less fun '' . On BBC Radio 5 , Mark Kermode criticized the similarity of the film to director Chris Columbus 's Harry Potter films , likening it to a Harry Potter parody book and dubbing it Benjamin Sniddlegrass and the Cauldron of Penguins . This comment later sparked a satirical fan creation with precisely that title , narrated by Stephen Fry . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Award Category / Recipient ( s ) Result References 2010 MTV Movie Awards Breakthrough Performance Logan Lerman Nominated Best Fight Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel Nominated Teen Choice Awards 2010 Choice Movie Actress : Fantasy Rosario Dawson Nominated Choice : Breakout Female Alexandra Daddario Nominated Choice : Breakout Male Logan Lerman Nominated Choice : Fight Logan Lerman vs. Jake Abel Nominated 37th Saturn Awards Best Performance by a Younger Actor Logan Lerman Nominated 2010 Scream Awards Best Cameo `` Rosario Dawson '' Nominated Soundtrack ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Christophe Beck Released February 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) Genre Soundtrack Length 59 : 07 Label ABKCO Records All music composed by Christophe Beck . No . Title Length 1 . `` Prelude '' 2 : 29 2 . `` The Minotaur '' 5 : 09 3 . `` Chiron '' 2 : 02 4 . `` Victory '' 1 : 32 5 . `` The Fury '' 2 : 16 6 . `` Dyslexia '' 1 : 02 7 . `` The Hydra '' 6 : 54 8 . `` Medusa '' 2 : 43 9 . `` Son of Poseidon '' 1 : 57 10 . `` The Parthenon '' 3 : 42 11 . `` Hollywood '' 2 : 32 12 . `` Lost Souls '' 2 : 35 13 . `` Fighting Luke , Part 1 '' 3 : 54 14 . `` Fighting Luke , Part 2 '' 2 : 47 15 . `` Hades '' 2 : 47 16 . `` Mount Olympus '' 1 : 27 17 . `` Poseidon '' 3 : 07 18 . `` Homecoming '' 3 : 06 19 . `` End Credits '' 7 : 12 Songs featured in the film that were not included in the soundtrack : No . Title Music Length 1 . `` Highway to Hell '' AC / DC 3 : 28 2 . `` I 'll Pretend '' Dwight Yoakam 2 : 22 3 . `` A Little Less Conversation '' Elvis Presley 3 : 30 4 . `` Poker Face '' Lady Gaga 3 : 58 5 . `` Mama Told Me ( Not to Come ) '' Three Dog Night 2 : 58 6 . `` Tik Tok '' Kesha 3 : 21 Video game ( edit ) A video game based on the film developed by Activision was released for Nintendo DS on February 11 , 2010 . GameZone 's Michael Splechta gave it a 6 / 10 , saying `` Percy Jackson might not make a splash when it comes to movie tie - in games , but fans of turn - based combat might find some redeeming qualities in this otherwise bare - bones game . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the game has a score of 56 ( citing `` mixed or average reviews '' ) based on 6 reviews . Home media ( edit ) The film was released on June 29 , 2010 on DVD and Blu - ray . The movie itself charted at the top of the charts ( DVD sales ) with $13,985,047 in revenue in its first week . As of October 2011 , the movie had sold 2,087,368 DVDs with over $37 million in sales . Stand - alone sequel ( edit ) Main article : Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters In October 2011 , 20th Century Fox announced a stand - alone sequel based on the second book , The Sea of Monsters . The film was released on August 7 , 2013 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` PERCY JACKSON & THE LIGHTNING THIEF British Board of Film Classification '' . Bbfc.co.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Percy Jackson & The Olympians The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) BFI '' . Explore.bfi.org.uk . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` ' Valentine 's Day , ' ' Percy Jackson ' and ' Wolfman ' : The more they cost , the less they made '' . Los Angeles Times . Tribune Company . February 15 , 2010 . Retrieved February 16 , 2010 . The debut of `` Percy Jackson '' was good , but not great given its $95 - million production budget funded by 20th Century Fox , Dune Entertainment and Ingenious Film Partners . ^ Jump up to : Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief at Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Contact Information and FAQ : Rick Riordan '' . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 22 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Rick ( February 16 , 2010 ) . `` What does the ' Percy Jackson ' opening weekend mean for Logan Lerman 's ' Spider - man ' Chances ? '' . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2017 . Retrieved October 14 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : ASIN B003HARV3Y , Percy Jackson & The Olympians : The Lightning Thief ^ Jump up to : ASIN B002ZG98J6 , Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( Blu - ray ) ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( March 2 , 2009 ) . `` ' Percy Jackson ' finds lead actors '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Fernandez , Jay A. ( March 18 , 2009 ) . `` ' Lightning Thief ' finds female lead '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Siegel , Tatiana ( March 25 , 2009 ) . `` Fox 2000 bulks up ' Percy Jackson ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . ^ Jump up to : Hewitt , Chris ( May 7 , 2009 ) . `` Dawson And Coogan Join Percy Jackson '' . Empire . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Kit , Borys ( April 15 , 2009 ) . `` Catherine Keener joins ' Percy Jackson ' film '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Brodesser , Claude ( June 23 , 2004 ) . `` ' Lightning Thief ' strikes Maverick '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilstrap , Peter ( April 17 , 2007 ) . `` Columbus struck by ' Lightning ' '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2009 . Retrieved May 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Portions Of Movie To Be Shot At Parthenon '' . WSMV - TV . June 2 , 2009 . Archived from the original on June 25 , 2009 . Retrieved June 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Chris Columbus , Joe Pantoliano And Logan Lerman On Location For `` Percy Jackson & The Olympians : The Lightning Thief '' - August 1 , 2009 . Wireimage . Retrieved October 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Caranicas , Peter ( October 20 , 2009 ) . `` Goldblatt , Deakins follow similar path '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Knowles , Harry ( November 20 , 2009 ) . `` New trailer for Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief hits ... '' Ai n't It Cool News . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2009 . Retrieved December 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Roberts , Sheila ( February 8 , 2009 ) . `` Exclusive Chris Columbus Interview '' . Roll Credits . Retrieved February 8 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Valentine 's Day ( 2010 ) - Daily Box Office Results - Box Office Mojo Jump up ^ `` Weekend Report : ' Valentine 's Day ' Massacres Presidents ' Day Record '' . Box Office Mojo. 2010 - 02 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) '' . Flixster . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief '' . CBS Interactive Inc . Retrieved February 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Turan , Kenneth ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Review '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Critic Review for Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ Percy Jackson and the Lightning Thief reviewed by Mark Kermode on YouTube Jump up ^ `` Septemberfest '' . Mark Kermode and Simon Mayo 's Film Reviews . BBC Radio 5 live . 17 September 2010 . Retrieved 19 September 2010 . Jump up ^ MTV Movie Awards : When Twilight & Betty White Collide ! Jump up ^ `` First Wave of `` Teen Choice 2010 '' Nominees Announced `` . The Futon Critic . June 14 , 2010 . Retrieved June 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Winners of ' Teen Choice 2010 ' Awards Announced ; Teens Cast More Than 85 Million Votes '' . Jump up ^ 37th Annual Saturn Award Nominations Jump up ^ 2010 Scream Awards # Best TV Show Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson and the Olympians : The Lightning Thief for DS - Percy Jackson and the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Nintendo DS - Percy Jackson and the Olympians : The Lightning Thief DS Game '' . Gamespot.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 07 . Jump up ^ Splechta , Michael . `` Percy Jackson & The Olympians : The Lightning Thief Review '' . GameZone.com . Retrieved February 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson and the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Reviews , Ratings , Credits , and More at Metacritic '' . Metacritic . Retrieved July 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US DVD Sales Chart for Week Ending Jul 4 , 2010 '' . Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief - DVD Sales '' . Jump up ^ Weinstein , Joshua L. ( October 12 , 2011 ) . `` Fox Sets Valentines Day 2013 Release for Next ' Die Hard ' '' . Reuters . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jump up ^ `` Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Moved up to August 7 '' . comingsoon.net. 2013 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 04 - 21 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief on IMDb Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief at AllMovie Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief at Rotten Tomatoes Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief at Metacritic Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> The Camp Half - Blood Chronicles Percy Jackson & the Olympians Novels The Lightning Thief The Sea of Monsters The Titan 's Curse The Battle of the Labyrinth The Last Olympian The Demigod Files Films Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters Film cast members The Heroes of Olympus Novels The Lost Hero The Son of Neptune The Mark of Athena The House of Hades The Blood of Olympus The Demigod Diaries The Trials of Apollo Novels The Hidden Oracle The Dark Prophecy The Burning Maze Other Percy Jackson 's Greek Gods Percy Jackson 's Greek Heroes The Son of Sobek The Staff of Serapis The Crown of Ptolemy Characters Percy Jackson <Th_colspan="2"> Chris Columbus Directed Adventures in Babysitting ( 1987 ) Heartbreak Hotel ( 1988 ) Home Alone ( 1990 ) Only the Lonely ( 1991 ) Home Alone 2 : Lost in New York ( 1992 ) Mrs. Doubtfire ( 1993 ) Nine Months ( 1995 ) Stepmom ( 1998 ) Bicentennial Man ( 1999 ) Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets ( 2002 ) Rent ( 2005 ) I Love You , Beth Cooper ( 2009 ) Percy Jackson & the Olympians : The Lightning Thief ( 2010 ) Pixels ( 2015 ) Produced only Jingle All the Way ( 1996 ) Monkeybone ( 2001 ) Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban ( 2004 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Fantastic Four ( 2005 ) Night at the Museum ( 2006 ) Fantastic Four : Rise of the Silver Surfer ( 2007 ) Night at the Museum : Battle of the Smithsonian ( 2009 ) The Help ( 2011 ) Percy Jackson : Sea of Monsters ( 2013 ) Night at the Museum : Secret of the Tomb ( 2014 ) The Young Messiah ( 2016 ) I Kill Giants ( 2017 ) Written only Reckless ( 1984 ) Gremlins ( 1984 ) The Goonies ( 1985 ) Young Sherlock Holmes ( 1985 ) Little Nemo : Adventures in Slumberland ( 1989 ) Christmas with the Kranks ( 2004 ) Television Galaxy High ( 1986 , wrote ) See also 1492 Pictures House of Secrets Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Percy_Jackson_%26_the_Olympians:_The_Lightning_Thief&oldid=840923100 '' Categories : 2010 films English - language films 1492 Pictures films 2010s fantasy films 20th Century Fox films American fantasy adventure films American films Dune Entertainment films Empire State Building in fiction Films scored by Christophe Beck Films based on fantasy novels Films based on Greco - Roman mythology Films based on young adult literature Films directed by Chris Columbus Films produced by Michael Barnathan Films shot in Tennessee Films shot in Vancouver Percy Jackson & the Olympians Summer camps in films Teen adventure films Teen fantasy films Films produced by Karen Rosenfelt Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from July 2013 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 12 May 2018 , at 23 : 49 . 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1. Percy Jackson & the Olympians: The Lightning Thief 2. Film adaptation of The Lightning Thief novel 3. Cast and production of the movie 4. Box office performance and critical response 5. Soundtrack and video game based on the film

where is quebec located on a world map

Quebec - Wikipedia Quebec This article is about the Canadian province . For the province 's capital city , see Quebec City . For the historical province , see Province of Quebec ( 1763 -- 1791 ) . For other uses , see Quebec ( disambiguation ) . Place <Th_colspan="2"> Quebec Québec ( French ) <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Je me souviens ( French ) ( `` I remember '' ) <Td_colspan="2"> BC AB SK MB ON QC NB PE NS NL YT NT NU Confederation July 1 , 1867 ( 1st , with Ontario , Nova Scotia , New Brunswick ) Capital Quebec City Largest city Montreal Largest metro Greater Montreal <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Government Type Constitutional monarchy Lieutenant Governor J. Michel Doyon Premier Philippe Couillard ( Liberal ) Legislature National Assembly of Quebec Federal representation ( in Canadian Parliament ) House seats 78 of 338 ( 23.1 % ) Senate seats 24 of 105 ( 22.9 % ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 1,542,056 km ( 595,391 sq mi ) Land 1,365,128 km ( 527,079 sq mi ) Water 176,928 km ( 68,312 sq mi ) 11.5 % Area rank Ranked 2nd 15.4 % of Canada <Th_colspan="2"> Population ( 2016 ) Total 8,164,361 Estimate ( 2018 Q1 ) 8,439,925 Rank Ranked 2nd Density 5.98 / km ( 15.5 / sq mi ) Demonym ( s ) in English : Quebecer or Quebecker , in French : Québécois ( m ) Québécoise ( f ) Official languages French <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> GDP Rank 2nd Total ( 2015 ) C $380.972 billion Per capita C $46,126 ( 10th ) Time zone UTC − 5 , − 4 Postal abbr . QC Postal code prefix G , H , J ISO 3166 code CA - QC Flower Blue flag iris Tree Yellow birch Bird Snowy owl Website www.gouv.qc.ca <Td_colspan="2"> Rankings include all provinces and territories Quebec ( / k ( w ) ɪˈbɛk / ( listen ) ; French : Québec ( kebɛk ) ( listen ) ) is one of the thirteen provinces and territories of Canada . It is bordered to the west by the province of Ontario and the bodies of water James Bay and Hudson Bay ; to the north by Hudson Strait and Ungava Bay ; to the east by the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the province of Newfoundland and Labrador ; and to the south by the province of New Brunswick and the U.S. states of Maine , New Hampshire , Vermont , and New York . It also shares maritime borders with Nunavut , Prince Edward Island , and Nova Scotia . Quebec is Canada 's largest province by area and its second - largest administrative division ; only the territory of Nunavut is larger . It is historically and politically considered to be part of Central Canada ( with Ontario ) . Quebec is the second-most populous province of Canada , after Ontario . It is the only one to have a predominantly French - speaking population , with French as the sole provincial official language . Most inhabitants live in urban areas near the Saint Lawrence River between Montreal and Quebec City , the capital . Approximately half of Quebec residents live in the Greater Montreal Area , including the Island of Montreal . English - speaking communities and English - language institutions are concentrated in the west of the island of Montreal but are also significantly present in the Outaouais , Eastern Townships , and Gaspé regions . The Nord - du - Québec region , occupying the northern half of the province , is sparsely populated and inhabited primarily by Aboriginal peoples . The climate around the major cities is four - season continental with cold and snowy winters combined with warm to hot humid summers , but farther north long winter seasons dominate and as a result the northern areas of the province are marked by tundra conditions . Even in central Quebec , at comparatively southerly latitudes , winters are severe in inland areas . Quebec independence debates have played a large role in the politics of the province . Parti Québécois governments held referendums on sovereignty in 1980 and 1995 ; both were voted down by voters , the latter defeated by a very narrow margin . In 2006 , the House of Commons of Canada passed a symbolic motion recognizing the `` Québécois as a nation within a united Canada . '' While the province 's substantial natural resources have long been the mainstay of its economy , sectors of the knowledge economy such as aerospace , information and communication technologies , biotechnology , and the pharmaceutical industry also play leading roles . These many industries have all contributed to helping Quebec become an economically influential province within Canada , second only to Ontario in economic output . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology and boundary changes 2 Geography 2.1 Hydrography 2.2 Topography 2.3 Climate 2.4 Wildlife 2.5 Vegetation 3 History 3.1 Indigenous peoples and European exploration 3.2 New France 3.3 Seven Years ' War and capitulation of New France 3.4 Quebec Act 3.5 Effects of the American Revolution 3.5. 1 Separation of the Province of Quebec 3.6 Patriotes ' Rebellion in Lower Canada 3.7 Canadian Confederation 3.8 World War I and World War II 3.9 Quiet Revolution 3.9. 1 October Crisis 3.10 Parti Québécois and national unity 3.11 Statut particulier ( `` special status '' ) 4 Government and politics 4.1 Administrative subdivisions 5 Demographics 5.1 Religion 5.2 Language 5.3 Population centres 6 Economy 6.1 Natural resources 7 Science and technology 8 Infrastructure 8.1 Transportation 8.2 Energy 9 Culture 9.1 Society 9.2 Music and dance 9.3 Film , television , and radio 9.4 Literature and theatre 9.5 Fine arts 9.6 Circus and street art 9.7 Heritage 9.8 Cuisine 9.9 Sports 10 National symbols 10.1 Other official symbols 10.2 Fête nationale ( National Holiday ) 11 See also 12 References 12.1 Notes 12.2 Journals 13 Further reading 14 External links Etymology and boundary changes The arrival of Samuel de Champlain , the father of New France , on the site of Quebec City The name `` Québec '' , which comes from the Algonquin word kébec meaning `` where the river narrows '' , originally referred to the area around Quebec City where the Saint Lawrence River narrows to a cliff - lined gap . Early variations in the spelling of the name included Québecq ( Levasseur , 1601 ) and Kébec ( Lescarbot , 1609 ) . French explorer Samuel de Champlain chose the name Québec in 1608 for the colonial outpost he would use as the administrative seat for the French colony of New France . The province is sometimes referred to as `` La belle province '' ( `` The beautiful province '' ) . The Province of Quebec was founded in the Royal Proclamation of 1763 after the Treaty of Paris formally transferred the French colony of Canada to Britain after the Seven Years ' War . The proclamation restricted the province to an area along the banks of the Saint Lawrence River . The Quebec Act of 1774 expanded the territory of the province to include the Great Lakes and the Ohio River Valley and south of Rupert 's Land , more or less restoring the borders previously existing under French rule before the Conquest . The Treaty of Versailles ceded territories south of the Great Lakes to the United States . After the Constitutional Act of 1791 , the territory was divided between Lower Canada ( present - day Quebec ) and Upper Canada ( present - day Ontario ) , with each being granted an elected legislative assembly . In 1840 , these become Canada East and Canada West after the British Parliament unified Upper and Lower Canada into the Province of Canada . This territory was redivided into the Provinces of Quebec and Ontario at Confederation in 1867 . Each became one of the first four provinces . In 1870 , Canada purchased Rupert 's Land from the Hudson 's Bay Company and over the next few decades the Parliament of Canada transferred to Quebec portions of this territory that would more than triple the size of the province . In 1898 , the Canadian Parliament passed the first Quebec Boundary Extension Act that expanded the provincial boundaries northward to include the lands of the local aboriginal peoples . This was followed by the addition of the District of Ungava through the Quebec Boundaries Extension Act of 1912 that added the northernmost lands of the Inuit to create the modern Province of Quebec . In 1927 , the border between Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador was established by the British Judicial Committee of the Privy Council . Quebec officially disputes this boundary . Geography Main article : Geography of Quebec Map of Quebec Located in the eastern part of Canada , and ( from a historical and political perspective ) part of Central Canada , Quebec occupies a territory nearly three times the size of France or Texas , most of which is very sparsely populated . Its topography is very different from one region to another due to the varying composition of the ground , the climate ( latitude and altitude ) , and the proximity to water . The Saint Lawrence Lowland ( south ) and the Canadian Shield ( north ) are the two main topographic regions , and are radically different . Hydrography Quebec has one of the world 's largest reserves of fresh water , occupying 12 % of its surface . It has 3 % of the world 's renewable fresh water , whereas it has only 0.1 % of its population . More than half a million lakes , including 30 with an area greater than 250 square kilometres ( 97 sq mi ) , and 4,500 rivers pour their torrents into the Atlantic Ocean , through the Gulf of Saint Lawrence and the Arctic Ocean , by James , Hudson , and Ungava bays . The largest inland body of water is the Caniapiscau Reservoir , created in the realization of the James Bay Project to produce hydroelectric power . Lake Mistassini is the largest natural lake in Quebec . Michel 's falls on Ashuapmushuan River in Saint - Félicien , Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean The Saint Lawrence River has some of the world 's largest sustaining inland Atlantic ports at Montreal ( the province 's largest city ) , Trois - Rivières , and Quebec City ( the capital ) . Its access to the Atlantic Ocean and the interior of North America made it the base of early French exploration and settlement in the 17th and 18th centuries . Since 1959 , the Saint Lawrence Seaway has provided a navigable link between the Atlantic Ocean and the Great Lakes . Northeast of Quebec City , the river broadens into the world 's largest estuary , the feeding site of numerous species of whales , fish , and seabirds . The river empties into the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . This marine environment sustains fisheries and smaller ports in the Lower Saint Lawrence ( Bas - Saint - Laurent ) , Lower North Shore ( Côte - Nord ) , and Gaspé ( Gaspésie ) regions of the province . The Saint Lawrence River with its estuary forms the basis of Quebec 's development through the centuries . At the same time , many affluent rivers testify to the exploration of land , among them Ashuapmushuan , Chaudière , Gatineau , Manicouagan , Ottawa , Richelieu , Rupert , Saguenay , Saint - François , and Saint - Maurice . Topography Jacques - Cartier River Quebec 's highest point at 1,652 metres is Mont d'Iberville , known in English as Mount Caubvick , located on the border with Newfoundland and Labrador in the northeastern part of the province , in the Torngat Mountains . The most populous physiographic region is the Saint Lawrence Lowland . It extends northeastward from the southwestern portion of the province along the shores of the Saint Lawrence River to the Quebec City region , limited to the North by the Laurentian Mountains and to the South by the Appalachians . It mainly covers the areas of the Centre - du - Québec , Laval , Montérégie and Montreal , the southern regions of the Capitale - Nationale , Lanaudière , Laurentides , Mauricie and includes Anticosti Island , the Mingan Archipelago , and other small islands of the Gulf of St. Lawrence lowland forests ecoregion . Its landscape is low - lying and flat , except for isolated igneous outcrops near Montreal called the Monteregian Hills , formerly covered by the waters of Lake Champlain . The Oka hills also rise from the plain . Geologically , the lowlands formed as a rift valley about 100 million years ago and are prone to infrequent but significant earthquakes . The most recent layers of sedimentary rock were formed as the seabed of the ancient Champlain Sea at the end of the last ice age about 14,000 years ago . The combination of rich and easily arable soils and Quebec 's relatively warm climate makes this valley the most prolific agricultural area of Quebec province . Mixed forests provide most of Canada 's springtime maple syrup crop . The rural part of the landscape is divided into narrow rectangular tracts of land that extend from the river and date back to settlement patterns in 17th century New France . Autumn landscape of Haute - Gaspésie More than 95 % of Quebec 's territory lies within the Canadian Shield . It is generally a quite flat and exposed mountainous terrain interspersed with higher points such as the Laurentian Mountains in southern Quebec , the Otish Mountains in central Quebec and the Torngat Mountains near Ungava Bay . The topography of the Shield has been shaped by glaciers from the successive ice ages , which explains the glacial deposits of boulders , gravel and sand , and by sea water and post-glacial lakes that left behind thick deposits of clay in parts of the Shield . The Canadian Shield also has a complex hydrological network of perhaps a million lakes , bogs , streams and rivers . It is rich in the forestry , mineral and hydro - electric resources that are a mainstay of the Quebec economy . Primary industries sustain small cities in regions of Abitibi - Témiscamingue , Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean , and Côte - Nord . Mont Tremblant Resort , Laurentian Mountains The Labrador Peninsula is covered by the Laurentian Plateau ( or Canadian Shield ) , dotted with mountains such as Otish Mountains . The Ungava Peninsula is notably composed of D'Youville mountains , Puvirnituq mountains and Pingualuit crater . While low and medium altitude peak from western Quebec to the far north , high altitudes mountains emerge in the Capitale - Nationale region to the extreme east , along its longitude . In the Labrador Peninsula portion of the Shield , the far northern region of Nunavik includes the Ungava Peninsula and consists of flat Arctic tundra inhabited mostly by the Inuit . Further south lie the subarctic taiga of the Eastern Canadian Shield taiga ecoregion and the boreal forest of the Central Canadian Shield forests , where spruce , fir , and poplar trees provide raw materials for Quebec 's pulp and paper and lumber industries . Although the area is inhabited principally by the Cree , Naskapi , and Innu First Nations , thousands of temporary workers reside at Radisson to service the massive James Bay Hydroelectric Project on the La Grande and Eastmain rivers . The southern portion of the shield extends to the Laurentians , a mountain range just north of the Saint Lawrence Lowland , that attracts local and international tourists to ski hills and lakeside resorts . The Appalachian region of Quebec has a narrow strip of ancient mountains along the southeastern border of Quebec . The Appalachians are actually a huge chain that extends from Alabama to Newfoundland . In between , it covers in Quebec near 800 km ( 497 mi ) , from the Montérégie hills to the Gaspé Peninsula . In western Quebec , the average altitude is about 500 metres , while in the Gaspé Peninsula , the Appalachian peaks ( especially the Chic - Choc ) are among the highest in Quebec , exceeding 1000 metres . Climate Köppen climate types of Quebec Quebec has three main climate regions . Southern and western Quebec , including most of the major population centres , have a humid continental climate ( Köppen climate classification Dfb ) with four distinct seasons having warm to occasionally hot and humid summers and often very cold and snowy winters . The main climatic influences are from western and northern Canada and move eastward , and from the southern and central United States that move northward . Because of the influence of both storm systems from the core of North America and the Atlantic Ocean , precipitation is abundant throughout the year , with most areas receiving more than 1,000 millimetres ( 39 in ) of precipitation , including over 300 centimetres ( 120 in ) of snow in many areas . During the summer , severe weather patterns ( such as tornadoes and severe thunderstorms ) occur occasionally . Most of central Quebec has a subarctic climate ( Köppen Dfc ) . Winters are long , very cold , and snowy , and among the coldest in eastern Canada , while summers are warm but very short due to the higher latitude and the greater influence of Arctic air masses . Precipitation is also somewhat less than farther south , except at some of the higher elevations . The northern regions of Quebec have an arctic climate ( Köppen ET ) , with very cold winters and short , much cooler summers . The primary influences in this region are the Arctic Ocean currents ( such as the Labrador Current ) and continental air masses from the High Arctic . Baie - Saint - Paul during winter The four seasons in Quebec are spring , summer , autumn and winter , with conditions differing by region . They are then differentiated according to the insolation , temperature and precipitation of snow and rain . At Quebec City , the length of the daily sunshine varies from 8 : 37 hrs in December to 15 : 50 hrs in June ; the annual variation is much greater ( from 4 : 54 to 19 : 29 hrs ) at the northern tip of the province . From temperate zones to the northern territories of the Far North , the brightness varies with latitude , as well as the Northern Lights and midnight sun . Quebec is divided into four climatic zones : arctic , subarctic , humid continental and East maritime . From south to north , average temperatures range in summer between 25 and 5 ° C ( 77 and 41 ° F ) and , in winter , between − 10 and − 25 ° C ( 14 and − 13 ° F ) . In periods of intense heat and cold , temperatures can reach 35 ° C ( 95 ° F ) in the summer and − 40 ° C ( − 40 ° F ) during the Quebec winter , They may vary depending on the Humidex or Wind chill . The all - time record of the greatest precipitation in winter was established in winter 2007 -- 2008 , with more than five metres of snow in the area of Quebec City , while the average amount received per winter is around three metres . March 1971 , however , saw the `` Century 's Snowstorm '' with more than 40 centimetres ( 16 in ) in Montreal to 80 centimetres ( 31 in ) in Mont Apica of snow within 24 hours in many regions of southern Quebec . Also , the winter of 2010 was the warmest and driest recorded in more than 60 years . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected locations in Quebec Location July ( ° C ) July ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) Montreal 26 / 16 79 / 61 − 5 / − 14 22 / 7 Gatineau 26 / 15 79 / 60 − 6 / − 15 21 / 5 Quebec City 25 / 13 77 / 56 − 8 / − 18 17 / 0 Trois - Rivières 25 / 14 78 / 58 − 7 / − 17 19 / 1 Sherbrooke 24 / 11 76 / 53 − 6 / − 18 21 / 0 Saguenay 24 / 12 75 / 54 − 10 / − 21 14 / − 6 Matagami 23 / 9 73 / 48 − 13 / − 26 8 / − 16 Kuujjuaq 17 / 6 63 / 43 − 20 / − 29 − 4 / − 20 Inukjuak 13 / 5 56 / 42 − 21 / − 28 − 6 / − 19 Wildlife The large land wildlife is mainly composed of the white - tailed deer , the moose , the muskox , the caribou , the American black bear and the polar bear . The average land wildlife includes the cougar , the coyote , the eastern wolf , the bobcat ( wild cat ) , the Arctic fox , the fox , etc . The small animals seen most commonly include the eastern grey squirrel , the snowshoe hare , the groundhog , the skunk , the raccoon , the chipmunk and the Canadian beaver . Biodiversity of the estuary and gulf of Saint Lawrence River consists of an aquatic mammal wildlife , of which most goes upriver through the estuary and the Saguenay -- St. Lawrence Marine Park until the Île d'Orléans ( French for Orleans Island ) , such as the blue whale , the beluga , the minke whale and the harp seal ( earless seal ) . Among the Nordic marine animals , there are two particularly important to cite : the walrus and the narwhal . Snowy owl : official bird of Quebec Inland waters are populated by small to large fresh water fish , such as the largemouth bass , the American pickerel , the walleye , the Acipenser oxyrinchus , the muskellunge , the Atlantic cod , the Arctic char , the brook trout , the Microgadus tomcod ( tomcod ) , the Atlantic salmon , the rainbow trout , etc . Among the birds commonly seen in the southern inhabited part of Quebec , there are the American robin , the house sparrow , the red - winged blackbird , the mallard , the common grackle , the blue jay , the American crow , the black - capped chickadee , some warblers and swallows , the starling and the rock pigeon , the latter two having been introduced in Quebec and are found mainly in urban areas . Avian fauna includes birds of prey like the golden eagle , the peregrine falcon , the snowy owl and the bald eagle . Sea and semi-aquatic birds seen in Quebec are mostly the Canada goose , the double - crested cormorant , the northern gannet , the European herring gull , the great blue heron , the sandhill crane , the Atlantic puffin and the common loon . Many more species of land , maritime or avian wildlife are seen in Quebec , but most of the Quebec - specific species and the most commonly seen species are listed above . Some livestock have the title of `` Québec heritage breed '' , namely the Canadian horse , the Chantecler chicken and the Canadian cow . Moreover , in addition to food certified as `` organic '' , Charlevoix lamb is the first local Quebec product whose geographical indication is protected . Livestock production also includes the pig breeds Landrace , Duroc and Yorkshire and many breeds of sheep and cattle . The Wildlife Foundation of Quebec and the Data Centre on Natural Heritage of Quebec ( CDPNQ ) ( French acronym ) are the main agencies working with officers for wildlife conservation in Quebec . Vegetation Taiga forest in Gaspé , Québec , Canada Given the geology of the province and its different climates , there is an established number of large areas of vegetation in Quebec . These areas , listed in order from the northernmost to the southernmost are : the tundra , the taiga , the Canadian boreal forest ( coniferous ) , mixed forest and deciduous forest . On the edge of the Ungava Bay and Hudson Strait is the tundra , whose flora is limited to a low vegetation of lichen with only less than 50 growing days a year . The tundra vegetation survives an average annual temperature of − 8 ° C ( 18 ° F ) . The tundra covers more than 24 % of the area of Quebec . Further south , the climate is conducive to the growth of the Canadian boreal forest , bounded on the north by the taiga . The different forest areas of Quebec Not as arid as the tundra , the taiga is associated with the sub-Arctic regions of the Canadian Shield and is characterized by a greater number of both plant ( 600 ) and animal ( 206 ) species , many of which live there all year . The taiga covers about 20 % of the total area of Quebec . The Canadian boreal forest is the northernmost and most abundant of the three forest areas in Quebec that straddle the Canadian Shield and the upper lowlands of the province . Given a warmer climate , the diversity of organisms is also higher , since there are about 850 plant species and 280 vertebrates species . The Canadian boreal forest covers 27 % of the area of Quebec . The mixed forest is a transition zone between the Canadian boreal forest and deciduous forest . By virtue of its transient nature , this area contains a diversity of habitats resulting in large numbers of plant ( 1000 ) and vertebrates ( 350 ) species , despite relatively cool temperatures . The ecozone mixed forest covers 11.5 % of the area of Quebec and is characteristic of the Laurentians , the Appalachians and the eastern lowlands forests . The third most northern forest area is characterized by deciduous forests . Because of its climate ( average annual temperature of 7 ° C ( 45 ° F ) ) , it is in this area that one finds the greatest diversity of species , including more than 1600 vascular plants and 440 vertebrates . Its relatively long growing season lasts almost 200 days and its fertile soils make it the centre of agricultural activity and therefore of urbanization of Quebec . Most of Quebec 's population lives in this area of vegetation , almost entirely along the banks of the St. Lawrence . Deciduous forests cover approximately 6.6 % of the area of Quebec . The total forest area of Quebec is estimated at 750,300 square kilometres ( 289,700 sq mi ) . From the Abitibi - Témiscamingue to the North Shore , the forest is composed primarily of conifers such as the Abies balsamea , the jack pine , the white spruce , the black spruce and the tamarack . Some species of deciduous trees such as the yellow birch appear when the river is approached in the south . The deciduous forest of the Saint Lawrence Lowlands is mostly composed of deciduous species such as the sugar maple , the red maple , the white ash , the American beech , the butternut ( white walnut ) , the American elm , the basswood , the bitternut hickory and the northern red oak as well as some conifers such as the eastern white pine and the northern whitecedar . The distribution areas of the paper birch , the trembling aspen and the mountain ash cover more than half of Quebec territory . History Main article : History of Quebec Indigenous peoples and European exploration Glacial lakes Agassiz and Ojibway , 7,900 BPE . At the time of first European contact and later colonization , Algonquian , Iroquois and Inuit nations controlled what is now Quebec . Their lifestyles and cultures reflected the land on which they lived . Algonquians organized into seven political entities lived nomadic lives based on hunting , gathering , and fishing in the rugged terrain of the Canadian Shield ( James Bay Cree , Innu , Algonquins ) and Appalachian Mountains ( Mi'kmaq , Abenaki ) . St. Lawrence Iroquoians , a branch of the Iroquois , lived more settled lives , growing corn , beans and squash in the fertile soils of the St. Lawrence Valley . They appear to have been later supplanted by the Mohawk nation . The Inuit continue to fish and hunt whale and seal in the harsh Arctic climate along the coasts of Hudson and Ungava Bay . These people traded fur and food and sometimes warred with each other . New France Main article : New France A depiction of Jacques Cartier by Théophile Hamel , 1844 . No contemporary likeness of Cartier has been found to exist . Around 1522 -- 1523 , the Italian navigator Giovanni da Verrazzano persuaded King Francis I of France to commission an expedition to find a western route to Cathay ( China ) . In 1534 , Breton explorer Jacques Cartier planted a cross in the Gaspé Peninsula and claimed the land in the name of King Francis I. It was the first province of New France . However , initial French attempts at settling the region met with failure . French fishing fleets , however , continued to sail to the Atlantic coast and into the St. Lawrence River , making alliances with First Nations that would become important once France began to occupy the land . Three Huron - Wyandot chiefs from Wendake in Quebec . New France had largely peaceful relations with the indigenous people such as their allies the Huron . After the defeat of the Huron by their mutual enemies the Iroquois many fled from Ontario to Quebec . Samuel de Champlain was part of a 1603 expedition from France that travelled into the St. Lawrence River . In 1608 , he returned as head of an exploration party and founded Quebec City with the intention of making the area part of the French colonial empire . Champlain 's Habitation de Québec , built as a permanent fur trading outpost , was where he would forge a trading , and ultimately a military alliance , with the Algonquin and Huron nations . First Nations traded their furs for many French goods such as metal objects , guns , alcohol , and clothing . Coureurs des bois , voyageurs and Catholic missionaries used river canoes to explore the interior of the North American continent . They establishing fur trading forts on the Great Lakes ( Étienne Brûlé 1615 ) , Hudson Bay ( Radisson and Groseilliers 1659 -- 60 ) , Ohio River and Mississippi River ( La Salle 1682 ) , as well as the Saskatchewan River and Missouri River ( de la Verendrye 1734 -- 1738 ) . After 1627 , King Louis XIII of France allowed the Company of New France to introduced the seigneurial system and forbade settlement in New France by anyone other than Roman Catholics . In 1629 there was the surrender of Quebec , without battle , to English privateers led by David Kirke during the Anglo - French War . However , Samuel de Champlain argued that the English seizing of the lands was illegal as the war had already ended ; he worked to have the lands returned to France . As part of the ongoing negotiations of their exit from the Anglo - French War , in 1632 the English king Charles agreed to return the lands in exchange for Louis XIII paying his wife 's dowry . These terms were signed into law with the Treaty of Saint - Germain - en - Laye . The lands in Quebec and Acadia were returned to the French Company of One Hundred Associates . New France became a Royal Province in 1663 under King Louis XIV of France with a Sovereign Council that included intendant Jean Talon . The population grew slowly under French rule , thus remained relatively low as growth was largely achieved through natural births , rather than by immigration . To encourage population growth and to redress the severe imbalance between single men and women , King Louis XIV sponsored the passage of approximately 800 young French women ( known as les filles du roi ) to the colony . Most of the French were farmers ( `` Canadiens '' or `` Habitants '' ) , and the rate of population growth among the settlers themselves was very high . Seven years ' War and capitulation of New France Main article : Seven Years ' War Authorities in New France became more aggressive in their efforts to expel British traders and colonists from the Ohio Valley . They began construction of a series of fortifications to protect the area . In 1754 , George Washington launched a surprise attack on a group of Canadien soldiers sleeping in the early morning hours . It came at a time when no declaration of war had been issued by either country . This frontier aggression known as the Jumonville affair set the stage for the French and Indian War ( a US designation ; in Canada it is usually referred to as the Seven Years ' War , although French Canadians often call it La guerre de la Conquête ( `` The War of Conquest '' ) ) in North America . By 1756 , France and Britain were battling the Seven Years ' War worldwide . In 1758 , the British mounted an attack on New France by sea and took the French fort at Louisbourg . On September 13 , 1759 , the British forces of General James Wolfe defeated those of French General Louis - Joseph de Montcalm on the Plains of Abraham outside Quebec City . With the exception of the small islands of Saint Pierre and Miquelon , located off the coast of Newfoundland , France ceded its North American possessions to Great Britain through the Treaty of Paris ( 1763 ) in favour of gaining the island of Guadeloupe for its then - lucrative sugar cane industry . The British Royal Proclamation of 1763 renamed Canada ( part of New France ) as the Province of Quebec . Quebec Act Main article : Quebec Act The Province of Quebec in 1774 With unrest growing in the colonies to the south , which would one day grow into the American Revolution , the British were worried that the French - speaking Canadians might also support the growing rebellion . At that time , French - speaking Canadians formed the vast majority of the population of the province of Quebec ( more than 99 % ) and British immigration was not going well . To secure the allegiance of the approximately 90,000 French - speaking Canadians to the British crown , first Governor James Murray and later Governor Guy Carleton promoted the need for change . There was also a need to compromise between the conflicting demands of the French - speaking Canadian subjects and those of newly arrived British subjects . These efforts by the colonial governors eventually resulted in enactment of the Quebec Act of 1774 . The Quebec Act provided the people of Quebec their first Charter of Rights and paved the way to later official recognition of the French language and French culture . The act also allowed Canadiens to maintain French civil law and sanctioned freedom of religion , allowing the Roman Catholic Church to remain , one of the first cases in history of state - sanctioned freedom of religious practice . Effects of the American Revolution Although the Quebec Act was unrelated to the events in Boston of 1773 , and was not regarded as one of the Coercive Acts , the timing of its passage led British colonists to the south to believe that it was part of the program to punish them . The Quebec Act offended a variety of interest groups in the British colonies . Land speculators and settlers objected to the transfer of western lands previously claimed by the colonies to a non-representative government . Many feared the establishment of Catholicism in Quebec , and that the French Canadians were being courted to help oppress British Americans . Defending Quebec from an American attack during the Battle of Quebec in December 1775 On June 27 , 1775 , General George Washington decided to attempt an invasion of Canada by the American Continental Army to wrest Quebec and the St. Lawrence River from the British . the invasion failed when British reinforcements came down the St. Lawrence in May 1776 and the Battle of Trois - Rivières turned into a disaster for the Americans . The army withdrew to Ticonderoga . Although some help was given to the Americans by the locals , Governor Carleton punished American sympathizers and public support of the American cause came to an end . In 1778 , Frederick Haldimand took over for Guy Carleton as governor of Quebec . The arrival of 10,000 Loyalists at Quebec in 1784 destroyed the political balance that Haldimand ( and Carleton before him ) had worked so hard to achieve . The swelling numbers of English encouraged them to make greater demands for recognition with the colonial government . To restore stability to his largest remaining North American colony , King George III sent Carleton back to Quebec to remedy the situation . In ten years , Quebec had undergone a dramatic change . What worked for Carleton in 1774 was not likely to succeed in 1784 . Specifically , there was no possibility of restoring the previous political balance -- there were simply too many English people unwilling to reach a compromise with the 145,000 Canadiens or their colonial governor . The situation called for a more creative approach to problem solving . Separation of the province of Quebec A Plan of the Inhabited Part of the Province of Quebec , c. 1785 by James Peachey . Peter Winkworth Collection . Library and Archives Canada , e000756679 Loyalists soon petitioned the government to be allowed to use the British legal system they were used to in the American colonies . The creation of Upper and Lower Canada in 1791 allowed most Loyalists to live under British laws and institutions , while the French - speaking population of Lower Canada could maintain their familiar French civil law and the Catholic religion . Therefore , Governor Haldimand ( at the suggestion of Carleton ) drew Loyalists away from Quebec City and Montreal by offering free land on the northern shore of Lake Ontario to anyone willing to swear allegiance to George III . The Loyalists were thus given land grants of 200 acres ( 81 ha ) per person . Basically , this approach was designed with the intent of keeping French and English as far apart as possible . Therefore , after the separation of the Province of Quebec , Lower Canada and Upper Canada were formed , each with its own government . Patriotes ' rebellion in Lower Canada Main article : Lower Canada Rebellion The burning of the Parliament Buildings in Montreal occurred on the night of April 25 , 1849 . In 1837 , residents of Lower Canada -- led by Louis - Joseph Papineau and Robert Nelson -- formed an armed resistance group to seek an end to the unilateral control of the British governors . They made a Declaration of Rights with equality for all citizens without discrimination and a Declaration of Independence of Lower - Canada in 1838 . Their actions resulted in rebellions in both Lower and Upper Canada . An unprepared British Army had to raise militia force ; the rebel forces scored a victory in Saint - Denis but were soon defeated . After the rebellions , Lord Durham was asked to undertake a study and prepare a report on the matter and to offer a solution for the British Parliament to assess . Following Durham 's report , the British government merged the two colonial provinces into one Province of Canada in 1840 with the Act of Union . The two colonies remained distinct in administration , election , and law . In 1848 , Baldwin and LaFontaine , allies and leaders of the Reformist party , were asked by Lord Elgin to form an administration together under the new policy of responsible government . The French language subsequently regained legal status in the Legislature . Canadian Confederation Main article : Canadian Confederation In the 1860s , the delegates from the colonies of British North America ( Canada , New Brunswick , Nova Scotia , Prince Edward Island , and Newfoundland ) met in a series of conferences to discuss self - governing status for a new confederation . The first Charlottetown Conference took place in Charlottetown , Prince Edward Island , followed by the Quebec Conference in Quebec City which led to a delegation going to London , Britain , to put forth a proposal for a national union . As a result of those deliberations , in 1867 the Parliament of the United Kingdom passed the British North America Acts , providing for the Confederation of most of these provinces . The former Province of Canada was divided into its two previous parts as the provinces of Ontario ( Upper Canada ) and Quebec ( Lower Canada ) . New Brunswick and Nova Scotia joined Ontario and Quebec in the new Dominion of Canada . The other provinces then joined the Confederation , one after the other : Manitoba and the Northwest Territories in 1870 , British Columbia in 1871 , Prince Edward Island in 1873 , Yukon in 1898 , Alberta and Saskatchewan in 1905 , Newfoundland in 1949 and finally Nunavut in 1999 . Winston Churchill in Québec City in 1943 World War I and world War II When the United Kingdom declared war on August 4 , 1914 , Canada was automatically involved as a dominion . About 6,000 volunteers from Quebec participated on the European front . Although reaction to conscription was favourable in English Canada the idea was deeply unpopular in Quebec . The Conscription Crisis of 1917 did much to highlight the divisions between French and English - speaking Canadians in Canada . During World War II , the participation of Quebec was more important but led to the Conscription Crisis of 1944 and opposition . Many Quebecers fought against the axis power between 1939 to 1945 with the involvement of many francophone regiments such as Les Fusiliers Mont - Royal , le Régiment de la Chaudière and many more . Quiet Revolution Main article : Quiet Revolution Adélard Godbout implemented a program of progressive legislation that laid the groundwork for the Quiet Revolution The conservative government of Maurice Duplessis and his Union Nationale dominated Quebec politics from 1944 to 1959 with the support of the Catholic Church . Pierre Trudeau and other liberals formed an intellectual opposition to Duplessis 's regime , setting the groundwork for the Quiet Revolution under Jean Lesage 's Liberals . The Quiet Revolution was a period of dramatic social and political change that saw the decline of Anglo supremacy in the Quebec economy , the decline of the Roman Catholic Church 's influence , the formation of hydroelectric companies under Hydro - Québec and the emergence of a pro-sovereignty movement under former Liberal minister René Lévesque . October Crisis Main articles : October Crisis and Front de libération du Québec Beginning in 1963 , a paramilitary group that became known as the Front de libération du Québec ( FLQ ) launched a decade - long series of propaganda and terrorism that included bombings , robberies and attacks directed primarily at English institutions , resulting in at least five deaths . In 1970 , their activities culminated in events referred to as the October Crisis when James Cross , the British trade commissioner to Canada , was kidnapped along with Pierre Laporte , a provincial minister and Vice-Premier . Laporte was strangled with his own rosary beads a few days later . In their published Manifesto , the militants stated : `` In the coming year Bourassa will have to face reality ; 100,000 revolutionary workers , armed and organized . '' At the request of Premier Robert Bourassa , Prime Minister Pierre Trudeau invoked the War Measures Act . Parti Québécois and National unity Main articles : Parti Québécois and Quebec sovereignty movement In 1977 , the newly elected Parti Québécois government of René Lévesque introduced the Charter of the French Language . Often known as Bill 101 , it defined French as the only official language of Quebec in areas of provincial jurisdiction . Lévesque and his party had run in the 1970 and 1973 Quebec elections under a platform of separating Quebec from the rest of Canada . The party failed to win control of Quebec 's National Assembly both times -- though its share of the vote increased from 23 percent to 30 percent -- and Lévesque was defeated both times in the riding he contested . In the 1976 election , he softened his message by promising a referendum ( plebiscite ) on sovereignty - association rather than outright separation , by which Quebec would have independence in most government functions but share some other ones , such as a common currency , with Canada . On November 15 , 1976 , Lévesque and the Parti Québécois won control of the provincial government for the first time . The question of sovereignty - association was placed before the voters in the 1980 Quebec referendum . During the campaign , Pierre Trudeau promised that a vote for the `` no '' side was a vote for reforming Canada . Trudeau advocated the patriation of Canada 's Constitution from the United Kingdom . The existing constitutional document , the British North America Act , could only be amended by the United Kingdom Parliament upon a request by the Canadian parliament . René Lévesque in Paul Sauvé arena , Montreal , on the 1973 election night Sixty percent of the Quebec electorate voted against the proposition for sovereignty - association . Polls showed that the overwhelming majority of English and immigrant Quebecers voted against , and that French Quebecers were almost equally divided , with older voters less in favour and younger voters more in favour . After his loss in the referendum , Lévesque went back to Ottawa to start negotiating a new constitution with Trudeau , his minister of Justice Jean Chrétien and the nine other provincial premiers . Lévesque insisted Quebec be able to veto any future constitutional amendments . The negotiations quickly reached a stand - still . Quebec is the only province not to have assented to the patriation of the Canadian constitution in 1982 . In subsequent years , two attempts were made to gain Quebec 's approval of the constitution . The first was the Meech Lake Accord of 1987 , which was finally abandoned in 1990 when the province of Manitoba did not pass it within the established deadline . ( Newfoundland premier Clyde Wells had expressed his opposition to the accord , but , with the failure in Manitoba , the vote for or against Meech never took place in his province . ) This led to the formation of the sovereigntist Bloc Québécois party in Ottawa under the leadership of Lucien Bouchard , who had resigned from the federal cabinet . The second attempt , the Charlottetown Accord of 1992 , also failed to gain traction . This result caused a split in the Quebec Liberal Party that led to the formation of the new Action démocratique ( Democratic Action ) party led by Mario Dumont and Jean Allaire . The results of the 1995 Quebec referendum per circonscription . Dark brown means high no % ; dark blue means high yes % On October 30 , 1995 , with the Parti Québécois back in power since 1994 , a second referendum on sovereignty took place . This time , it was rejected by a slim majority ( 50.6 percent NO to 49.4 percent YES ) . Statut particulier ( `` Special status '' ) Given the province 's heritage and the preponderance of French ( unique among the Canadian provinces ) , there has been debate in Canada regarding the unique status ( statut particulier ) of Quebec and its people , wholly or partially . Prior attempts to amend the Canadian constitution to acknowledge Quebec as a `` distinct society '' -- referring to the province 's uniqueness within Canada regarding law , language , and culture -- have been unsuccessful ; however , the federal government under Prime Minister Jean Chrétien would later endorse recognition of Quebec as a distinct society . On October 30 , 2003 , the National Assembly of Quebec voted unanimously to affirm `` that the people of Québec form a nation . '' On November 27 , 2006 , the House of Commons passed a symbolic motion moved by Prime Minister Stephen Harper declaring `` that this House recognize that the Québécois form a nation within a united Canada . '' However , there is considerable debate and uncertainty over what this means . Government and politics Main articles : Politics of Quebec , Monarchy in Quebec , and Government of Quebec The Parliament Building in Quebec City The Lieutenant Governor represents the Queen of Canada and acts as the province 's head of state . The head of government is the premier ( called premier ministre in French ) who leads the largest party in the unicameral National Assembly , or Assemblée Nationale , from which the Executive Council of Quebec is appointed . Until 1968 , the Quebec legislature was bicameral , consisting of the Legislative Council and the Legislative Assembly . In that year , the Legislative Council was abolished and the Legislative Assembly was renamed the National Assembly . Quebec was the last province to abolish its legislative council . The government of Quebec awards an order of merit called the National Order of Quebec . It is inspired in part by the French Legion of Honour . It is conferred upon men and women born or living in Quebec ( but non-Quebecers can be inducted as well ) for outstanding achievements . The government of Quebec takes the majority of its revenue through a progressive income tax , a 9.975 % sales tax and various other taxes ( such as carbon , corporate and capital gains taxes ) , equalization payments from the federal government , transfer payments from other provinces and direct payments . By some measures Quebec is the highest taxed province ; a 2012 study indicated that `` Quebec companies pay 26 per cent more in taxes than the Canadian average '' . A 2014 report by the Fraser Institute indicated that `` Relative to its size , Quebec is the most indebted province in Canada by a wide margin '' . Administrative subdivisions Main article : Administrative subdivisions of Quebec Quebec has subdivisions at the regional , supralocal and local levels . Excluding administrative units reserved for Aboriginal lands , the primary types of subdivision are : At the regional level : 17 administrative regions . At the supralocal level : 86 regional county municipalities or RCMs ( municipalités régionales de comté , MRC ) ; 2 metropolitan communities ( communautés métropolitaines ) . At the local level : 1,117 local municipalities of various types ; 11 agglomerations ( agglomérations ) grouping 42 of these local municipalities ; within 8 local municipalities , 45 boroughs ( arrondissements ) . Demographics Main articles : Demographics of Quebec and French Canadian <Th_colspan="3"> Historical populations Year Pop . ± % 1851 892,061 -- 1861 1,111,566 + 24.6 % 1871 1,191,516 + 7.2 % 1881 1,359,027 + 14.1 % 1891 1,488,535 + 9.5 % 1901 1,648,898 + 10.8 % 1911 2,005,776 + 21.6 % 1921 2,360,665 + 17.7 % 1931 2,874,255 + 21.8 % 1941 3,331,882 + 15.9 % 1951 4,055,681 + 21.7 % 1956 4,628,378 + 14.1 % 1961 5,259,211 + 13.6 % 1966 5,780,845 + 9.9 % 1971 6,027,765 + 4.3 % 1976 6,234,445 + 3.4 % 1981 6,438,403 + 3.3 % 1986 6,532,460 + 1.5 % 1991 6,895,963 + 5.6 % 7,138,795 + 3.5 % 7,237,479 + 1.4 % 2006 7,546,131 + 4.3 % 2011 7,903,001 + 4.7 % 2016 8,164,361 + 3.3 % <Td_colspan="3"> Source : Statistics Canada In the 2016 census , Quebec had a population of 8,164,361 living in 3,531,663 of its 3,858,943 total dwellings , a 3.3 % change from its 2011 population of 7,903,001 . With a land area of 1,356,625.27 km ( 523,795.95 sq mi ) , it had a population density of 6.0 / km ( 15.6 / sq mi ) in 2016 . In 2013 , Statistics Canada estimated the province 's population to be 8,155,334 . At 1.69 children per woman , Quebec 's 2011 fertility rate is above the Canada - wide rate of 1.61 , and is higher than it was at the turn of the 21st century . However , it is still below the replacement fertility rate of 2.1 . This contrasts with its fertility rates before 1960 , which were among the highest of any industrialized society . Although Quebec is home to only 24 % of the population of Canada , the number of international adoptions in Quebec is the highest of all provinces of Canada . In 2001 , 42 % of international adoptions in Canada were carried out in Quebec . By 2012 , the population of Quebec reached 8 million , and it is projected to reach 9.2 million in 2056 . Life expectancy in Quebec reached a new high in 2011 , with an expectancy of 78.6 years for men and 83.2 years for women ; this ranked as the third - longest life expectancy among Canadian provinces , behind those of British Columbia and Ontario . All the tables in the following section have been reduced from their original size , for full tables see main article Demographics of Quebec . Origins in this table are self - reported and respondents were allowed to give more than one answer . Ethnic origin ( 2006 ) Ethnic origin Population Percent Canadian ( Canadiens ) 4,474,115 60 % French 2,151,655 29 % Irish 406,085 5.5 % Italian 299,655 4 % English 245,155 3.3 % First Nations 219,815 3 % Scottish 202,515 2.7 % Québécois 140,075 2 % German 131,795 1.8 % Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents ( 7,435,905 ) and may total more than 100 percent due to dual responses . Only groups with 1.5 percent or more of respondents are shown . The 2006 census counted a total aboriginal population of 108,425 ( 1.5 percent ) including 65,085 North American Indians ( 0.9 percent ) , 27,985 Métis ( 0.4 percent ) , and 10,950 Inuit ( 0.15 percent ) . It should be noted however , that there is a significant undercount , as many of the biggest Indian bands regularly refuse to participate in Canadian censuses for political reasons regarding the question of aboriginal sovereignty . In particular , the largest Mohawk Iroquois reserves ( Kahnawake , Akwesasne and Kanesatake ) were not counted . Nearly 9 % of the population of Quebec belongs to a visible minority group . This is a lower percentage than that of British Columbia , Ontario , Alberta , and Manitoba but higher than that of the other five provinces . Most visible minorities in Quebec live in or near Montreal . Visible minorities in Quebec Visible minorities ( 2006 ) Visible minority Population Percentage Total visible minority population 654,355 8.8 % Haitian 188,070 2.5 % Arab 109,020 1.5 % Latin American 89,505 1.2 % Chinese 79,830 1.1 % South Asian 72,845 1.0 % Southeast Asian 50,455 0.7 % Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents ( 7,435,905 ) . Only groups with more than 0.5 percent of respondents are shown . Religion Religion in Quebec ( 2011 National Household Survey ) Roman Catholicism ( 74.7 % ) Other Christian ( 7.5 % ) Non-religious ( 12.1 % ) Islam ( 3.1 % ) Hinduism ( 0.4 % ) Sikhism ( 0.1 % ) Buddhism ( 0.7 % ) Judaism ( 1.1 % ) Other religions ( 0.3 % ) Quebec is unique among the provinces in its overwhelmingly Roman Catholic population , though recently with a low church attendance . This is a legacy of colonial times when only Roman Catholics were permitted to settle in New France . The 2001 census showed the population to be 90.3 percent Christian ( in contrast to 77 percent for the whole country ) with 83.4 percent Catholic Christian ( including 83.2 percent Roman Catholic ) ; 4.7 percent Protestant Christian ( including 1.2 percent Anglican , 0.7 percent United Church ; and 0.5 percent Baptist ) ; 1.4 percent Orthodox Christian ( including 0.7 percent Greek Orthodox ) ; and 0.8 percent other Christian ; as well as 1.5 percent Muslim ; 1.3 percent Jewish ; 0.6 percent Buddhist ; 0.3 percent Hindu ; and 0.1 percent Sikh . An additional 5.8 percent of the population said they had no religious affiliation ( including 5.6 percent who stated that they had no religion at all ) . Percentages are calculated as a proportion of the total number of respondents ( 7,125,580 ) Language Main article : Language demographics of Quebec This image shows the painting Débat sur les langues lors de la première Assemblée législative du Bas - Canada le 21 janvier 1793 ( Debate on languages during the first Legislative Assembly of Lower Canada , January 21 , 1793 ) , by Charles Huot . Linguistic map of the province of Quebec ( source : Statistics Canada , 2006 census ) Francophone majority , less than 33 % Anglophone Francophone majority , more than 33 % Anglophone Anglophone majority , less than 33 % Francophone Anglophone majority , more than 33 % Francophone Allophone majority ( indigenous ) Data not available The official language of Quebec is French . Quebec is the only Canadian province whose population is mainly Francophone ; 6,102,210 people ( 78.1 percent of the population ) recorded it as their sole native language in the 2011 Census , and 6,249,085 ( 80.0 % ) recorded that they spoke it most often at home . Knowledge of French is widespread even among those who do not speak it natively ; in 2011 , about 94.4 percent of the total population reported being able to speak French , alone or in combination with other languages , while 47.3 % reported being able to speak English . In 2011 , 599,230 people ( 7.7 percent of the population ) people in Quebec declared English to be their mother tongue , and 767,415 ( 9.8 percent ) used it most often as their home language The English - speaking community or Anglophones are entitled to services in English in the areas of justice , health , and education ; services in English are offered in municipalities in which more than half the residents have English as their mother tongue . Allophones , people whose mother tongue is neither French nor English , made up 12.3 percent ( 961,700 ) of the population , according to the 2011 census , though a smaller figure -- 554,400 ( 7.1 percent ) -- actually used these languages most often in the home . A considerable number of Quebec residents consider themselves to be bilingual in French and English . In Quebec , about 42.6 percent of the population ( 3,328,725 people ) report knowing both languages ; this is the highest proportion of bilinguals of any Canadian province . One specific area in the Bilingual Belt called the West Island of Montreal , represented by the federal electoral district of Lac - Saint - Louis , is the most bilingual area in the province : 72.8 % of its residents claim to know English and French according to the most recent census . In contrast , in the rest of Canada , in 2006 only about 10.2 percent ( 2,430,990 ) of the population had a knowledge of both of the country 's official languages . Altogether , 17.5 % of Canadians are bilingual in French and English . In 2011 , the most common mother tongue languages in the province were as follows : ( Figures shown are for single - language responses only . ) Mother tongue language ( 2011 ) Language Number of native speakers Percentage of singular responses French 6,102,210 78 % English 599,230 7.7 % Arabic 164,390 2 % Spanish 141,000 1.8 % Italian 121,720 1.6 % Following were Creoles ( 0.8 % ) , Chinese ( 0.6 % ) , Greek ( 0.5 % ) , Portuguese ( 0.5 % ) , Romanian ( 0.4 % ) , Vietnamese ( 0.3 % ) , and Russian ( 0.3 % ) . In addition , 152,820 ( 2.0 % ) reported having more than one native language . English is not designated an official language by Quebec law . However , both English and French are required by the Constitution Act , 1867 for the enactment of laws and regulations and any person may use English or French in the National Assembly and the courts of Quebec . The books and records of the National Assembly must also be kept in both languages . Until 1969 , Quebec was the only officially bilingual province in Canada and most public institutions functioned in both languages . English was also used in the legislature , government commissions and courts . Since the 1970s , languages other than French on commercial signs have been permitted only if French is given marked prominence . This law has been the subject of periodic controversy since its inception . The written forms of French place - names in Canada retain their diacritics such as accent marks over vowels in English text . Legitimate exceptions are Montreal and Quebec . However , the accented forms are increasingly evident in some publications . The Canadian Style states that Montréal and Québec ( the city ) must retain their accents in English federal documents . Population centres Main article : List of population centres in Quebec <Th_colspan="12"> Largest Metropolitan Areas in Quebec Rank Core City Administrative Region Pop . Rank Core City Administrative Region Pop . view talk Montreal Quebec City Gatineau Montreal Montréal 3,824,221 16 Rouyn - Noranda Abitibi - Témiscamingue 41,798 Quebec City Capitale - Nationale 765,706 17 Salaberry - de-Valleyfield Montérégie 40,077 Gatineau Outaouais 314,501 18 Saint - Georges Chaudière - Appalaches 34,642 Sherbrooke Estrie 201,890 19 Val - d'Or Abitibi - Témiscamingue 33,265 5 Saguenay Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean 157,790 20 Alma Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean 33,018 6 Trois - Rivières Mauricie 151,773 21 Baie - Comeau Côte - Nord 28,789 7 Saint - Jean - sur - Richelieu Montérégie 92,394 22 Sept - Îles Côte - Nord 28,487 8 Drummondville Centre - du - Québec 88,480 23 Thetford Mines Chaudière - Appalaches 27,968 9 Granby Montérégie 77,077 24 Rivière - du - Loup Bas - Saint - Laurent 27,734 10 Saint - Hyacinthe Montérégie 56,794 25 Matane Bas - Saint - Laurent 18,368 11 Shawinigan Mauricie 55,009 26 Amos Abitibi - Témiscamingue 17,090 12 Rimouski Bas - Saint - Laurent 50,912 27 Dolbeau - Mistassini Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean 16,019 13 Sorel - Tracy Montérégie 47,772 28 La Tuque Mauricie 15,130 14 Joliette Lanaudière 46,932 29 Lachute Laurentides 12,551 15 Victoriaville Centre - du - Québec 46,354 30 Cowansville Montérégie 12,489 <Td_colspan="11"> Canada 2011 Census Economy Main article : Economy of Quebec Quebec has an advanced , market - based , and open economy . In 2009 , its gross domestic product ( GDP ) of US $32,408 per capita at purchasing power parity puts the province at par with Japan , Italy and Spain , but remains lower than the Canadian average of US $37,830 per capita . The economy of Quebec is ranked the 37th largest economy in the world just behind Greece and 28th for the gross domestic product ( GDP ) per capita . View of Montreal from the Mont - Royal belvedere The economy of Quebec represents 20.36 % of the total GDP of Canada . Like most industrialized countries , the economy of Quebec is based mainly on the services sector . Quebec 's economy has traditionally been fuelled by abundant natural resources , a well - developed infrastructure , and average productivity . The provincial GDP in 2010 was C $319,348 billion , which makes Quebec the second largest economy in Canada . The provincial debt - to - GDP ratio peaked at 50 % in fiscal year 2014 - 2015 , and is projected to decline to 40 % in 2021 - 2022 . The credit rating of Quebec is currently Aa2 according to the Moody 's agency . In June 2017 S&P rated Quebec as an AA - credit risk , surpassing Ontario for the first time . The Institut national de la recherche scientifique helping to advance scientific knowledge and to train a new generation of students in various scientific and technological sectors . More than one million Quebecers work in the field of science and technology which represents more than 30 % of Quebec 's GDP . Quebec 's economy has undergone tremendous changes over the last decade . Firmly grounded in the knowledge economy , Quebec has one of the highest growth rate of gross domestic product ( GDP ) in Canada . The knowledge sector represents about 30.9 % of Quebec 's GDP . Quebec is experiencing faster growth of its R&D spending than other Canadian provinces . Quebec 's spending in R&D in 2011 was equal to 2.63 % of GDP , above the European Union average of 1.84 % and will have to reaches the target of devoting 3 % of GDP to research and development activities in 2013 according to the Lisbon Strategy . The percentage spent on research and technology ( R&D ) is the highest in Canada and higher than the averages for the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development and the G7 countries . Approximately 1.1 million Quebecers work in the field of science and technology . A mockup of a Bombardier CSeries being developed by Bombardier Aerospace . Since 1856 , Quebec has established itself as a pioneer of modern aerospace industry . Quebec has over 260 companies which employ about 43,000 people . Approximately 62 % of the Canadian aerospace industry is based in Quebec . Quebec is also a major player in several leading - edge industries including aerospace , information technologies and software and multimedia . Approximately 60 % of the production of the Canadian aerospace industry are from Quebec , where sales totalled C $12.4 billion in 2009 . Quebec is one of North America 's leading high - tech player . This vast sector encompassing approximately 7,300 businesses and employ more than 145,000 people . Pauline Marois has recently unveiled a two billion dollar budget for the period between 2013 to 2017 to create about 115,000 new jobs in knowledge and innovation sectors . The government promises to provide about 3 % of Quebec 's GDP in research and development ( R&D ) . Approximately 180 000 Quebeckers are currently working in different field of information technology . Approximately 52 % of Canadian companies in these sectors are based in Quebec , mainly in Montreal and Quebec City . There are currently approximately 115 telecommunications companies established in the province , such as Motorola and Ericsson . About 60 000 people currently working in computer software development . Approximately 12 900 people working in over 110 companies such as IBM , CMC , and Matrox . The multimedia sector is also dominated by the province of Quebec . Several companies , such as Ubisoft settled in Quebec since the late 1990s . The mining industry accounted for approximately 6.3 % of Quebec 's GDP . It employs approximately 50,000 people in 158 different companies . The pulp and paper industries generate annual shipments valued at more than $14 billion . The forest products industry ranks second in exports , with shipments valued at almost $11 billion . It is also the main , and in some circumstances only , source of manufacturing activity in more than 250 municipalities in the province . The forest industry has slowed in recent years because of the softwood lumber dispute . This industry employs 68,000 people in several regions of Quebec . This industry accounted for 3.1 % of Quebec 's GDP . Agri - food industry plays an important role in the economy of Quebec . It accounts for 8 % of the Quebec 's GDP and generate $19.2 billion . This industry generated 487,000 jobs in agriculture , fisheries , manufacturing of food , beverages and tobacco and food distribution . Natural resources Mining town of Fermont , North Shore , the beginning of the road of iron . The abundance of natural resources gives Quebec an advantageous position on the world market . Quebec stands out particularly in the mining sector , ranking among the top ten areas to do business in mining . It also stands for the exploitation of its forest resources . Quebec is remarkable for the natural resources of its vast territory . It has about 30 mines , 158 exploration companies and fifteen primary processing industries . Many metallic minerals are exploited , the principals are gold , iron , copper and zinc . Many other substances are extracted including titanium , asbestos , silver , magnesium , nickel and many other metals and industrial minerals . However , only 40 % of the mineral potential of Quebec is currently known . In 2003 , the value of mineral exploitation reached Quebec 3.7 billion Canadian dollars . Moreover , as a major centre of exploration for diamonds , Quebec has seen , since 2002 , an increase in its mineral explorations , particularly in the Northwest as well as in the Otish Mountains and the Torngat Mountains . The vast majority ( 90.5 % ) of Quebec 's forests are publicly owned . Forests cover more than half of Quebec 's territory , for a total area of nearly 761,100 square kilometres ( 293,900 sq mi ) . The Quebec forest area covers seven degrees of latitude . More than a million lakes and rivers cover Quebec , occupying 21 % of the total area of its territory . The aquatic environment is composed of 12.1 % of fresh water and 9.2 % of saltwater ( percentage of total QC area ) . Science and technology Rudolph A. Marcus , chemist and Nobel Prize in Chemistry laureate . In 1969 , Héroux - Devtek designed and manufactured the undercarriage of Apollo Lunar Module The government of Quebec has launched the Stratégie québécoise de la recherche et de l'innovation ( SQRI ) in 2007 which aims to promote development through research , science and technology . The government hopes to create a strong culture of innovation in Quebec for the next decades and to create a sustainable economy . The spending on research and development reached some 7.824 billion dollars in 2007 , roughly the equivalent of 2.63 % of Quebec 's GDP . Quebec is ranked , as of March 2011 , 13th in the world in terms of investment in research and development . The research and development expenditures will be more than 3 % of the province 's GDP in 2013 . The R&D expenditure in Quebec is higher than the average G7 and OECD countries . Science and technology are key factors in the economic position of Quebec . More than one million people in Quebec are employed in the science and technology sector . Quebec is considered as one of world leaders in fundamental scientific research , having produced ten Nobel laureates in either physics , chemistry , or medicine . It is also considered as one of the world leaders in sectors such as aerospace , information technology , biotechnology and pharmaceuticals , and therefore plays a significant role in the world 's scientific and technological communities . Quebec is also active in the development of its energy industries , including renewable energy such as hydropower and wind power . Quebec has had over 9,469 scientific publications in the sector of medicine , biomedical research and engineering since the year 2000 . Overall , the province of Quebec count about 125 scientific publications per 100,000 inhabitants in 2009 . The contribution of Quebec in science and technology represent approximately 1 % of the researches worldwide since the 1980s to 2009 . Between 1991 to 2000 , Quebec produced more scientific papers per 100,000 inhabitants than the United States and Germany . The Canadian Space Agency was established in Quebec due to its major role in this research field . A total of three Quebecers have been in space since the creation of the CSA : Marc Garneau , Julie Payette and Guy Laliberté . Quebec has also contributed to the creation of some Canadian artificial satellites including SCISAT - 1 , ISIS , Radarsat - 1 and Radarsat - 2 . The province is one of the world leaders in the field of space science and contributed to important discoveries in this field . One of the most recent is the discovery of the complex extrasolar planets system HR 8799 . HR 8799 is the first direct observation of an exoplanet in history . Olivier Daigle and Claude Carignan , astrophysicists from Université de Montréal have invented an astronomical camera approximately 500 times more powerful than those currently on the market . It is therefore considered as the most sensitive camera in the world . The Mont Mégantic Observatory was recently equipped with this camera . Quebec ranks among the world leaders in the field of life science . William Osler , Wilder Penfield , Donald Hebb , Brenda Milner , and others made significant discoveries in medicine , neuroscience and psychology while working at McGill University in Montreal . Quebec has more than 450 biotechnology and pharmaceutical companies which together employ more than 25,000 people and 10,000 highly qualified researchers . Montreal is ranked 4th in North America for the number of jobs in the pharmaceutical sector . Infrastructure Transportation The ferry N.M. Camille - Marcoux , of the Société des traversiers du Québec , ensuring liaison Baie - Comeau -- Matane and Godbout -- Matane . Development and security of land transportation in Canada are provided by the ministère des Transports du Québec . Other organizations , such as the Canadian Coast Guard and Nav Canada , provide the same service for the sea and air transportation . The Commission des transports du Québec works with the freight carriers and the public transport . The réseau routier québécois ( Quebec road network ) is managed by the Société de l'assurance automobile du Québec ( SAAQ ) ( Quebec Automobile Insurance Corporation ) and consists of about 185,000 kilometres ( 115,000 mi ) of highways and national , regional , local , collector and forest roads . In addition , Quebec has almost 12,000 bridges , tunnels , retaining walls , culverts and other structures such as the Quebec Bridge , the Laviolette Bridge and the Louis - Hippolyte Lafontaine Bridge - Tunnel . In the waters of the St. Lawrence there are eight deep - water ports for the transhipment of goods . In 2003 , 3886 cargo and 9.7 million tonnes of goods transited the Quebec portion of the St. Lawrence Seaway . Concerning rail transport , Quebec has 6,678 kilometres ( 4,150 mi ) of railways integrated in the large North American network . Although primarily intended for the transport of goods through companies such as the Canadian National ( CN ) and the Canadian Pacific ( CP ) , the Quebec railway network is also used by inter-city passengers via Via Rail Canada and Amtrak . In April 2012 , plans were unveiled for the construction of an 800 km ( 497 mi ) railway running north from Sept - Îles , to support mining and other resource extraction in the Labrador Trough . The upper air network includes 43 airports that offer scheduled services on a daily basis . In addition , the Government of Quebec owns airports and heliports to increase the accessibility of local services to communities in the Basse - Côte - Nord and northern regions . Various other transport networks crisscross the province of Quebec , including hiking trails , snowmobile trails and bike paths ; the Green Road being the largest with nearly 4,000 kilometres ( 2,500 mi ) in length . Energy See also : List of generating stations in Quebec and Hydro - Québec Quebec has been described as a potential clean energy superpower . The energy balance of Quebec has undergone a large shift over the past 30 years . In 2008 , electricity ranked as the main form of energy used in Quebec ( 41.6 % ) , followed by oil ( 38.2 % ) and natural gas ( 10.7 % ) . Quebec is the fourth largest producer of hydroelectricity in the world after China , Brazil and the United States and relies almost exclusively ( 96 % in 2008 ) on this source of renewable energy for its electricity needs . Culture Main article : Culture of Quebec Quebec is at the centre of French - speaking culture in North America . Its culture is a symbol of a distinct perspective . Quebec nationalism has been one expression of this perspective . Quebec 's culture blends its historic roots with its aboriginal heritage and the contributions of recent immigrants , as well as receiving a strong influence from English - speaking North America . Montreal 's cabarets rose to the forefront of the city 's cultural life during the Prohibition era of Canada and the United States in the 1920s . The cabarets radically transformed the artistic scene , greatly influencing the live entertainment industry of Quebec . The Quartier Latin ( English : Latin Quarter ) of Montreal , and Vieux - Québec ( English : Old Quebec ) in Quebec City , are two hubs of activity for today 's artists . Life in the cafés and `` terrasses '' ( outdoor restaurant terraces ) reveals a Latin influence in Quebec 's culture , with the théâtre Saint - Denis in Montréal and the Capitole de Québec theatre in Quebec City being among the principal attractions . A number of governmental and non-government organizations support cultural activity in Quebec . The Conseil des arts et des lettres du Québec ( CALQ ) is an initiative of the Ministry of Culture and Communications ( Quebec ) . It supports creation , innovation , production , and international exhibits for all cultural fields of Quebec . The Société de développement des entreprises culturelles ( SODEC ) works to promote and fund individuals working in the cultural industry . The Prix du Québec is an award given by the government to confer the highest distinction and honour to individuals demonstrating exceptional achievement in their respective cultural field . Society On February 8 , 2007 , Quebec Premier Jean Charest announced the setting up of a Commission tasked with consulting Quebec Society on the matter of arrangements regarding cultural diversity . The Premier 's press release reasserted the three fundamental values of Quebec society : Equality between men and women , primacy of the French language , and separation of church and state constitute the fundamental values . They are not subject to any arrangement . They can not be subordinated by any other principle . Furthermore , Quebec is a free and democratic society that abides by the rule of law . Quebec society bases its cohesion and specificity on a set of statements , a few notable examples of which include : The Quebec Charter of Human Rights and Freedoms The Charter of the French Language The Civil Code of Quebec Music and dance Main articles : Music of Quebec and Dance of Quebec Traditional music is imbued with many dances , such as the jig , the quadrille , the reel and line dancing , which developed in the festivities since the early days of colonization . Various instruments are more popular in Quebec 's culture : harmonica ( music - of - mouth or lip - destruction ) , fiddle , spoons , jaw harp and accordion . The podorythmie is a characteristic of traditional Quebec music and means giving the rhythm with the feet . Quebec traditional music is currently provided by various contemporary groups seen mostly during Christmas and New Year 's Eve celebrations , Quebec National Holiday and many local festivals . Being a modern cosmopolitan society , today , all types of music can be found in Quebec . From folk music to hip - hop , music has always played an important role in Quebercers culture . From La Bolduc in the 1920s -- 1930s to the contemporary artists , the music in Quebec has announced multiple songwriters and performers , pop singers and crooners , music groups and many more . Quebec 's most popular artists of the last century include the singers Félix Leclerc ( 1950s ) , Gilles Vigneault ( 1960s -- present ) , Kate and Anna McGarrigle ( 1970s -- present ) and Céline Dion ( 1980s -- present ) . The First Nations and the Inuit of Quebec also have their own traditional music . From Quebec 's musical repertoire , the song A La Claire Fontaine was the anthem of the New France , Patriots and French Canadian , then replaced by O Canada . Currently , the song Gens du pays is by far preferred by many Quebecers to be the national anthem of Quebec . The Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque , du spectacle et de la vidéo ( ADISQ ) was created in 1978 to promote the music industry in Quebec . The Orchestre symphonique de Québec and the Orchestre symphonique de Montréal are respectively associated with the Opéra de Québec and the Opéra de Montreal whose performances are presented at the Grand Théâtre de Québec and at Place des Arts . The Ballets Jazz de Montreal , the Grands Ballets and La La La Human Steps are three important professional troupes of contemporary dance . Film , television , and Radio Main articles : Cinema of Quebec and Television in Quebec The Cinémathèque québécoise has a mandate to promote the film and television heritage of Quebec . Similarly , the National Film Board of Canada ( NFB ) , a federal Crown corporation , provides for the same mission in Canada . In a similar way , the Association of Film and Television in Quebec ( APFTQ ) promotes independent production in film and television . While the Association of Producers and Directors of Quebec ( APDQ ) represents the business of filmmaking and television , the Association of Community Radio Broadcasters of Quebec ( ARCQ ) ( French acronym ) represents the independent radio stations . Several movie theatres across Quebec ensure the dissemination of Quebec cinema . With its cinematic installations , such as the Cité du cinéma and Mel 's studios , the city of Montreal is home to the filming of various productions . The State corporation Télé - Québec , the federal Crown corporation CBC , general and specialized private channels , networks , independent and community radio stations broadcast the various Quebec téléromans , the national and regional news , interactive and spoken programmations , etc . Les Rendez - vous du cinéma québécois is a festival surrounding the ceremony of the Jutra Awards Night that rewards work and personalities of Quebec cinema . The Artis and the Gemini Awards gala recognize the personalities of television and radio industry in Quebec and French Canada . The Film Festival of the 3 Americas , Quebec City , the Festival of International Short Film , Saguenay , the World Film Festival and the Festival of New Cinema , Montreal , are other annual events surrounding the film industry in Quebec . Literature and Théâtre Main article : Literature of Quebec From New France , Quebec literature was first developed in the travel accounts of explorers such as Jacques Cartier , Jean de Brébeuf , the Baron de La Hontan and Nicolas Perrot , describing their relations with indigenous peoples . The Moulin à paroles traces the great texts that have shaped the history of Quebec since its foundation in 1534 until the era of modernity . The first to write the history of Quebec , since its discovery , was the historian François - Xavier Garneau . This author will be part of the current of patriotic literature ( also known as the `` poets of the country '' and literary identity ) that will arise after the Patriots Rebellion of 1837 -- 1838 . Various tales and stories are told through oral tradition , such as , among many more , the legends of the Bogeyman , the Chasse - galerie , the Black Horse of Trois - Pistoles , the Complainte de Cadieux , the Corriveau , the dancing devil of Saint - Ambroise , the Giant Beaupré , the monsters of the lakes Pohénégamook and Memphremagog , of Quebec Bridge ( called the Devil 's Bridge ) , the Rocher Percé and of Rose Latulipe , for example . Many Quebec poets and prominent authors marked their era and today remain anchored in the collective imagination , like , among others , Philippe Aubert de Gaspé , Octave Crémazie , Honoré Beaugrand , Émile Nelligan , Lionel Groulx , Gabrielle Roy , Hubert Aquin , Michel Tremblay , Marie Laberge , Fred Pellerin and Gaston Miron . The regional novel from Quebec is called Terroir novel and is a literary tradition specific to the province . It includes such works as The Old Canadians , Maria Chapdelaine , Un homme et son péché , Le Survenant , etc . There are also many successful plays from this literary category , such as Les Belles - sœurs and Broue ( Brew ) . Among the theatre troupes are the Compagnie Jean - Duceppe , the Théâtre La Rubrique at the Pierrette - Gaudreault venue of the Institut of arts in Saguenay , the Théâtre Le Grenier , etc . In addition to the network of cultural centres in Quebec , the venues include the Monument - National and the Rideau Vert ( green curtain ) Theatre in Montreal , the Trident Theatre in Quebec City , etc . The National Theatre School of Canada and the Conservatoire de musique et d'art dramatique du Québec form the future players . Popular French - language contemporary writers include Louis Caron , Suzanne Jacob , Yves Beauchemin , and Gilles Archambault . Mavis Gallant , born in Quebec , lived in Paris from the 1950s onward . Well - known English - language writers from Quebec include Leonard Cohen , Mordecai Richler , and Neil Bissoondath . Henri Julien , La Chasse - galerie Émile Nelligan , Quebec poet , famous for his poem Winter evening Fine arts Charles Daudelin , La Cavalière , 1963 , Sculpture installed in front of the pavilion Gérard Morisset of the Quebec National Museum of Fine Arts in Quebec City First influenced since the days of New France by Catholicism , with works from Frère Luc ( Brother Luke ) and more recently from Ozias Leduc and Guido Nincheri , art of Quebec has developed around the specific characteristics of its landscapes and cultural , historical , social and political representations . Thus , the development of Quebec masterpieces in painting , printmaking and sculpture is marked by the contribution of artists such as Louis - Philippe Hébert , Cornelius Krieghoff , Alfred Laliberté , Marc - Aurèle Fortin , Marc - Aurèle de Foy Suzor - Coté , Jean Paul Lemieux , Clarence Gagnon , Adrien Dufresne , Alfred Pellan , Jean - Philippe Dallaire , Charles Daudelin , Arthur Villeneuve , Jean - Paul Riopelle , Paul - Émile Borduas and Marcelle Ferron . The Fine arts of Quebec are displayed at the Quebec National Museum of Fine Arts , the Montreal Museum of Contemporary Art , the Montreal Museum of Fine Arts , the Quebec Salon des métiers d'art and in many art galleries . While many works decorate the public areas of Quebec , others are displayed in foreign countries such as the sculpture Embâcle ( Jam ) by Charles Daudelin on Québec Place in Paris and the statue Québec Libre ! ( free Quebec ! ) by Armand Vaillancourt in San Francisco . The Montreal School of Fine Arts forms the painters , printmakers and sculptors of Quebec . Various buildings reflect the architectural heritage that characterizes Quebec , such as religious buildings , city halls , houses of large estates , and other locations throughout the province . Circus and street art The show Dralion , Cirque du Soleil , introduced in 2004 Several circus troupes were created in recent decades , the most important being without any doubt the Cirque du Soleil . Among these troops are contemporary , travelling and on - horseback circuses , such as Les 7 Doigts de la Main , Cirque Éloize , Cavalia , Kosmogonia , Saka and Cirque Akya . Presented outdoors under a tent or in venues similar to the Montreal Casino , the circuses attract large crowds both in Quebec and abroad . In the manner of touring companies of the Renaissance , the clowns , street performers , minstrels , or troubadours travel from city to city to play their comedies . Although they may appear randomly from time to time during the year , they are always visible in the cultural events such as the Winterlude in Gatineau , the Quebec Winter Carnival , the Gatineau Hot Air Balloon Festival , the Quebec City Summer Festival , the Just for Laughs Festival in Montreal and the Festival of New France in Quebec . The National Circus School and the École de cirque de Québec were created to train future Contemporary circus artists . For its part , Tohu , la Cité des Arts du Cirque was founded in 2004 to disseminate the circus arts . Heritage Main articles : Répertoire du patrimoine culturel du Québec and Bibliothèque et Archives nationales du Québec The school and the convent of the Congregation of Our Lady of Good Council , the ghost town of Val - Jalbert , Saguenay - Lac - Saint - Jean The Cultural Heritage Fund is a program of the Quebec government for the conservation and development of Quebec 's heritage , together with various laws . Several organizations ensure that same mission , both in the social and cultural traditions in the countryside and heritage buildings , including the Commission des biens culturels du Québec , the Quebec Heritage Fondation , the Conservation Centre of Quebec , the Centre for development of living heritage , the Quebec Council of living heri tage , the Quebec Association of heritage interpretation , etc . Several sites , houses and historical works reflect the cultural heritage of Quebec , such as the Village Québécois d'Antan , the historical village of Val - Jalbert , the Fort Chambly , the national home of the Patriots , the Chicoutimi pulp mill ( Pulperie de Chicoutimi ) , the Lachine Canal and the Victoria Bridge . Strongly influenced by the presence of the Catholic Church , the development of the religious history of Quebec is provided by organizations like the Council of the religious heritage of Quebec . Since 2007 , the government promotes , with the various players in the field , the conclusion of agreements on the use of property belonging to episcopal factories and corporations to establish `` partnerships in financing the restoration and renovation of religious buildings '' . As of December 2011 , there are 190 National Historic Sites of Canada in Quebec . These sites were designated as being of national historic significance . Various museums tell the cultural history of Quebec , like the Museum of Civilization , the Museum of French America , the McCord Museum or the Montreal Museum of Archaeology and History in Pointe - à - Callière , displaying artifacts , paintings and other remains from the past of Quebec . Many literary works reproduce the daily lives of the past , following the social and cultural traditions of Quebec television series reproducing the old days such as the trilogy of Pierre Gauvreau ( Le Temps d'une paix , Cormoran and Le Volcan tranquille ) , La Famille Plouffe , Les Belles Histoires des Pays - d'en - Haut , La Petite Patrie , Entre chien et loup , Les Filles de Caleb , Blanche , Au nom du père et du fils , Marguerite Volant , Nos Étés or Musée Éden , among others . Cuisine Main article : Cuisine of Quebec A classic poutine from La Banquise in Montreal . Montreal - style smoked meat from Schwartz 's in Montreal . The historical context of ' traditional ' Quebec cuisine is from the fur trade period and many dishes have a high fat or lard content . From the early 17th century , French settlers populating North America were interested in a new cuisine to confront the climate and the needs arising from the work of colonization . Mindful of the same nutritional needs as settlers from Acadia , it has many similarities with Acadian cuisine . Quebec 's cuisine has a strong French and Irish influence , although many aspects of Canadian aboriginal cuisine have also had a significant impact on Quebec cuisine . Quebec is most famous for its Tourtière , Pâté Chinois , Poutine , St. Catherine 's taffy among others . The temps des sucres ( sugar season ) is one of the oldest of Quebec culinary traditions . During springtime , many Quebecers go to the cabane à sucre ( sugar house ) for a traditional meal . The Jewish community of Montreal has contributed Montreal - style bagels and smoked meat which is similar to pastrami . Quebec has produced beer since the beginning of colonization especially with the emergence of spruce beer . In 1668 , Jean Talon founded a brewery in Quebec City , but it closed a decade later . Although many people tried to produce a beer between the 17th and 18th centuries , it is only since the 1980s that the industries had produced on a larger scale . Today there are nearly a hundred breweries and companies , including Unibroue , Molson Coors , Labatt and many others . Quebec also produces wine , ice wine and ice cider . Quebec has produced cheese for centuries . The first cheese - making school in North America was established in Saint - Denis - de-Kamouraska in 1893 . It was at this moment that the monks of La Trappe of Oka began to produce the famous Oka cheese . Today there are over 300 different cheeses in Quebec . Sports Montreal Canadiens at the Bell Centre Sports in Quebec constitutes an essential dimension of Quebec culture . The practice of sports and outdoor activities in Quebec was influenced largely by its geography and climate . Ice hockey remains the national sport . This sport , which was played for the first time on March 3 , 1875 , at the Victoria Skating Rink in Montreal and promoted over the years by numerous achievements of the centenary of the Montreal Canadiens , still raises passions . Other major sports include Canadian Football with the Montreal Alouettes , soccer with the Montreal Impact , the Grand Prix du Canada Formula 1 racing with drivers such as Gilles Villeneuve and Jacques Villeneuve , and professional baseball with the former Montreal Expos . During its history , Quebec has hosted several major sporting events ; including the 1976 Summer Olympics , the Fencing World Championships in 1967 , track cycling in 1974 , and the Transat Québec - Saint - Malo race created for the first time in 1984 . Québec athletes have performed well at the Winter Olympics over recent years . They won 12 of Canada 's 29 medals at the most recent Winter Olympics in Pyeongchang ( 2018 ) ; they won 12 of the 27 Canadian medals in Sochi ( 2014 ) ; and 9 of the 26 Canadian medals in Vancouver ( 2010 ) . National symbols Main article : Symbols of Quebec Fleur - de-lys In 1939 , the government of Quebec unilaterally ratified its coat of arms to reflect Quebec 's political history : French rule ( gold lily on blue background ) , British rule ( lion on red background ) and Canadian rule ( maple leaves ) and with Quebec 's motto below `` Je me souviens '' . Je me souviens ( `` I remember '' ) was first carved under the coat of arms of Quebec 's Parliament Building façade in 1883 . It is an official part of the coat of arms and has been the official licence plate motto since 1978 , replacing `` La belle province '' ( the beautiful province ) . The expression La belle province is still used mostly in tourism as a nickname for the province . The Fleurdelisé flying at Place d'Armes in Montreal . The fleur - de-lis , the ancient symbol of the French monarchy , first arrived on the shores of the Gaspésie in 1534 with Jacques Cartier on his first voyage . When Samuel de Champlain founded Québec City in 1608 , his ship hoisted the merchant flag of a white cross on a blue background . By 1758 at the Battle of Carillon , the Flag of Carillon would become the basis of Quebec 's desire to have its own flag . By 1903 , the parent of today 's flag had taken shape , known as the `` Fleurdelisé '' . The flag in its present form with its 4 white `` fleur - de-lis '' lilies on a blue background with a white cross replaced the Union Jack on Quebec 's Parliament Building on January 21 , 1948 . Other official symbols The floral emblem of Quebec is the Iris versicolor . Since 1987 the avian emblem of Quebec has been the snowy owl . An official tree , the yellow birch ( bouleau jaune , merisier ) , symbolizes the importance Quebecers give to the forests . The tree is known for the variety of its uses and commercial value , as well as its autumn colours . In 1998 the Montreal Insectarium sponsored a poll to choose an official insect . The white admiral butterfly ( Limenitis arthemis ) won with 32 % of the 230 660 votes against the spotted lady beetle ( Coleomegilla maculata lengi ) , the ebony jewelwing damselfly ( Calopteryx maculata ) , a species of bumble bee ( Bombus impatiens ) and the six - spotted tiger beetle ( Cicindela sexguttata sexguttata ) . Fête Nationale ( National Holiday ) Main article : National Holiday ( Quebec ) In 1977 , the Quebec Parliament declared June 24 to be Quebec 's National Holiday . Historically June 24 was a holiday honouring French Canada 's patron saint , St. John the Baptist , which is why it is commonly known as La Saint - Jean - Baptiste ( often shortened to La St - Jean ) . On this day , the song `` Gens du pays '' by Gilles Vigneault is often heard and commonly regarded as Quebec 's unofficial anthem . The festivities occur on June 23 and 24 and are celebrated all over Quebec . In cities like Québec and Montréal , great shows are organized in the main public places ( such as the Abraham plains , Québec , or Maisonneuve Park , Montréal ) where several of the most popular Quebec artists relay each others until late at night . See also Index of Quebec - related articles Outline of Quebec Quebec portal Estrie portal Laurentides portal Montreal portal Quebec City portal Saguenay -- Lac - Saint - Jean portal References Notes ^ Jump up to : `` Population and dwelling counts , for Canada , provinces and territories , 2016 and 2011 censuses '' . Statistics Canada . February 8 , 2017 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2017 . Retrieved February 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Population by year of Canada of Canada and territories '' . Statistics Canada . September 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : The term Québécois ( feminine : Québécoise ) , which is usually reserved for francophone Quebecers , may be rendered in English without both e-acute ( é ) : Quebecois ( fem. : Quebecoise ) . ( Oxford Guide to Canadian English Usage ; ISBN 0 - 19 - 541619 - 8 ; p. 335 ) Jump up ^ Office Québécois de la langue francaise . `` Status of the French language '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2011 . Retrieved November 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Gross domestic product , expenditure - based , by province and territory ( 2015 ) '' . Statistics Canada . November 9 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 16 , 2012 . Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Canada Post ( January 17 , 2011 ) . `` Addressing Guidelines '' . Canada Post Corporation . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2008 . 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Le Journal de Montréal . Archived from the original on August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Commission de toponymie du Québec . `` Réservoir de Caniapiscau '' ( in French ) . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on September 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Saguenay - St. Lawrence National Park '' . Digital Wizards ( Ontario ) Inc . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2011 . Retrieved July 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mont D'Iberville , Québec / Newfoundland '' . PeakBagger . November 1 , 2004 . Archived from the original on August 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Parks Canada ( May 2 , 2008 ) . `` Mingan Archipelago National Park Reserve of Canada '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2007 . Retrieved May 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada ( October 25 , 2006 ) . `` Borderlands / St. Lawrence Lowlands '' . The Atlas of Canada . Government of Canada . 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Jump up ^ Conseil des appellations réservées et des termes valorisants . `` Register of Quebec Recognized Reserved Designations '' . Ministère de l'Agriculture , des Pêcheries et de l'Alimentation du Québec . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2012 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Welfare '' . Fédération des producteurs de porcs du Québec . Archived from the original on January 25 , 2012 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fédération des producteurs d'agneaux et moutons du Québec '' . Agneauduquebec.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ CDPNQ ( September 23 , 2010 ) . `` Le Centre de données sur le patrimoine naturel du Québec ( CDPNQ ) '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Types de végétations du Québec '' . Types of vegetation and climatic zones of Quebec ( in French ) . Government of Quebec . 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North America : The Historical Geography of a Changing Continent . Rowman & Littlefield Publishers . p. 72 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4616 - 3960 - 2 . Jump up ^ O'Meara , pp. 15 -- 19 Jump up ^ Eccles , W.J. `` Seven Years ' War '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canadian National Battlefields Commission . `` The Siege of Québec : An episode of the Seven Years ' War '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hunter 1999 , p. 505 - 506 . Jump up ^ BROWN FOULDS , NANCY . `` The Quebec Act '' . Effects and Consequences . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on June 8 , 2011 . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ W.J. Eccles France in America p. 233 - 34 Jump up ^ Ammerman , In the Common Cause , 11 -- 12 . Jump up ^ Lefkowitz 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Canada '' . Berkley Center for Religion , Peace , and World Affairs . 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IQ Investquebec . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tout pour réussir . `` HISTOIRE DE L'AÉRONAUTIQUE AU QUÉBEC '' ( in French ) . Gouvernement du Québec . Archived from the original on August 28 , 2011 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Hélène SÉGUINOTTE . `` Les raisons d'une implantation multiple dans un pays clé de l'aéronautique mondial '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . SAFRAN au Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 28 , 2012 . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ministère du Développement économique , de l'Innovation et de l'Exportatio . `` Stratégie de développement de l'industrie aéronautique québécoise '' ( PDF ) ( in French ) . Ministère du Développement économique , de l'Innovation et de l'Exportatio . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on February 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Aérospatiale '' ( in French ) . Investissement Québec . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2011 . 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Archived from the original on January 11 , 2010 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Prize in Chemistry 1992 Rudolph A. Marcus '' . Nobel Prize . July 21 , 2011 . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stratégie québécoise de la recherche et de l'innovation ( SQRI ) 2010 -- 2013 '' ( in French ) . Gouvernement du Québec . Archived from the original on May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved January 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Institut de la statistique du Québec . `` Comparaisons économiques internationales '' ( PDF ) . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on December 29 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Perreault , Mathieu . `` Dix Nobel au Québec '' ( in French ) . Cyberpresse.ca . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Government of Quebec . `` Science and Technology : Portal of the government of Québec '' . Gouv.qc.ca . Archived from the original on December 17 , 2010 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Institut de la statistique du Québec . `` Québec had 195 triadic inventions patented '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on June 12 , 2011 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Institut de la statistique du Québec . `` ombre de publications scientifiques en sciences naturelles et génie par 100,000 habitants , provinces et territoires , 1980 à 2009 '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Institut de la statistique du Québec . `` Nombre de publications scientifiques en sciences naturelles et génie , Québec , Ontario , pays du G8 , pays nordiques , certains pays émergents et monde , et part dans le total mondial , 1980 à 2009 '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Institut de la statistique du Québec . `` Les publications scientifiques québécoises de 1991 à 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 2 , 2012 . Retrieved October 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canadian Space Agency ( May 7 , 2001 ) . `` RADARSAT - 1 Climate Change '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canadian Space Agency . `` Construction and cost '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canadian Space Agency . `` SCISAT Team and partners '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on August 26 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Investissement Québec ( 2010 ) . `` Aerospace in Quebec '' ( PDF ) . IQ InvestQuebec . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Radio - Canada ( December 9 , 2010 ) . `` A fourth planet around the star HR 8799 '' ( in French ) . CBC news -- Radio - Canada . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Radio - Canada ( January 21 , 2009 ) . `` A trio of astronomers awarded '' ( in French ) . CBC news -- Radio - Canada . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Radio - Canada ( September 29 , 2009 ) . `` NASA the first client '' ( in French ) . CBC news -- Radio - Canada . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2014 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ University of Montreal ( May 18 , 2010 ) . `` Olivier Daigle named La Presse Personality of the week -- Radio - Canada '' ( in French ) . University of Montreal . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Baril , Daniel ( September 28 , 2009 ) . `` La NASA acquiert une caméra conçue à l'UdeM '' ( in French ) . University of Montreal . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gazaille , Julie ( April 26 , 2010 ) . `` Québec Science remet le Prix du public Découverte de l'année 2009 à un chercheur d'étoiles '' ( in French ) . University of Montreal . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Cliche , Jean - François ( October 6 , 2009 ) . `` Un oeil de lynx pour la NASA grâce à un Lévisien '' ( in French ) . Cyberpresse Le Soleil . Archived from the original on January 13 , 2010 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : La Presse ( November 30 , 2005 ) . `` La recherche et le développement au Québec '' ( in French ) . EMERGEX . Retrieved September 22 , 2005 . Jump up ^ Investissement Québec . `` Life sciences '' ( PDF ) . IQ InvestQuebec . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on May 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ministère des Transports du Québec ( MTQ ) . `` MISSION , RÔLE ET MANDAT '' ( PDF ) . Role of the Department of Transportation of Quebec . Government of Quebec . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on March 26 , 2012 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ministère des Transports du Québec ( 2007 ) . `` Quebec road network '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2008 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Québec ( 2007 ) . `` Quebec Portal : Transport '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Institut de la statistique du Québec ( 2007 ) . `` Le Québec , chiffres en main : Transport '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved August 16 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Railway Gazette : Railway could tap Québec 's northern wealth '' . Railway Gazette International . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ministère des Transports du Québec . `` Quebec air transport '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on August 15 , 2011 . Retrieved December 10 , 2009 . Jump up ^ La Route verte . `` The Route verte puts all of Quebec within reach of your handlebars ! '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Séguin , Hugo ( April 13 , 2010 ) . `` Le Québec , la puissance énergétique verte du continent ? '' ( in French ) . Équiterre . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Natural Resources Canada ( September 14 , 2010 ) . `` Government of Canada Helps Boost Biofuel Industry '' . Government of Canada . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2012 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife . `` Consommation d'énergie par forme '' ( in French ) . Quebec Government . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved April 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quebec Ministry of Natural Resources and Wildlife . `` Gros plan sur l'énergie : Production d'électricité '' ( in French ) . Quebec Government . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved April 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bourassa , A.G. and J.M. Larrue , ( 1993 ) . Les nuits de la Main : Cent ans de spectacles sur le boulevard St - Laurent ( 1891 -- 1991 ) . Montréal , Éditions VLB . p. 118 . ISBN 2890055132 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Office of the Premier ( February 8 , 2007 ) . `` Le premier ministre énonce sa vision et crée une commission spéciale d'étude '' ( in French ) . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on August 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quebec Portal ( August 5 , 2009 ) . `` The Rule of Law '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Justice of Quebec ( December 1 , 2009 ) . `` CHARTER OF HUMAN RIGHTS AND FREEDOM '' ( PDF ) . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on June 13 , 2011 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Office québécois de la langue francaise ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` CHARTER OF THE FRENCH LANGUAGE '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on May 2 , 2003 . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Ministry of Justice of Quebec ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Civil Code of Quebec '' . Government of Quebec . Retrieved July 7 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Folk Song and Music in Quebec : a Brief Introduction , by Stephen D. Winick , Ph. D. : Expanded Liner Notes ( Le temps des Fetes , Washington Revels , revelsdc.org/canadiancd ) '' . revelsdc.org . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Donald Loignon . `` Répertoire des artistes québécois '' ( in French ) . DLP multimédia . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Plouffe , Hélène . `` À la claire fontaine '' . The Canadian Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on August 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 6 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ADISQ . `` Notre raison d'être , c'est la musique de votre quotidien '' . Association québécoise de l'industrie du disque , du spectacle et de la vidéo . Archived from the original on July 18 , 2011 . Retrieved June 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` L'Association des producteurs de films et de télévision du Québec '' . APFTQ . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ ARCQ . `` L'Association des radiodiffuseurs communautaires du Québec , historique '' ( in French ) . RadioVision . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ La Cité du cinéma . `` La Cité du Cinéma '' . Mel 's Cité du cinéma . Archived from the original on October 1 , 2003 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Mission Télé - Québec '' ( in French ) . Télé - Québec . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` About CBC / Radio - Canada '' . CBC corporation . Archived from the original on July 9 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ La soirée des Jutra . `` La soirée des Jutra -- À propos de nous '' ( in French ) . Radio - Canada . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Littérature patriotique du Québec '' ( in French ) . Litterature-quebecoise.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved June 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Dupont 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Littérature du terroir québécois '' ( in French ) . Litterature-quebecoise.org . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Centres culturels au Québec '' ( in French ) . Quebecvacances.com . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Art History in Quebec , La collection du Musée national des beaux - arts du Québec , 2004 , 268 pages . Jump up ^ Cirque du Soleil . `` Cirque du Soleil Inc '' . Company history . Funding Universe . Archived from the original on August 23 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Tellier , Chantal . `` Le fabuleux destin du cirque québécois '' ( in French ) . ELLE Québec . Archived from the original on September 12 , 2011 . Retrieved July 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Tohu '' . Tohu -- Historic and mission . Tohu , La cité des arts et du cirque . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Portal of Quebec . `` Culture of Quebec '' . Culture and Heritage . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2011 . Retrieved June 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Law on Archives , Law on Cultural Property and Law on art , literary and scientific contests Jump up ^ Ministère de la Culture , de la Communication et de la Condition féminine ( April 11 , 2011 ) . `` Agreement on the usage of Churches in Quebec '' . Government of Quebec . Archived from the original on July 6 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Quebec . Directory of Designations of National Historic Significance of Canada . Parks Canada . Jump up ^ Historic Sites & Monuments Board of Canada . `` About the Historic Sites and Monuments Board of Canada -- Duties '' . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved August 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GAUTHIER , Serge . ' ' La fin des téléromans à l'ancienne ? ' ' , Bibliothèque et Archives nationales , mai 2005 '' ( PDF ) . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on February 23 , 2011 . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Canoe inc . ( September 20 , 2013 ) . `` Un anniversaire douloureux '' . Fr.canoe.ca . 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Demeule , M. , Michel ; Poirier , J. , Julie ; Jodoin , J. , Julie ; Bertrand , Y. , Yanick ; Desrosiers , R.R. , Richard R. ; Dagenais , C. , Claude ; Nguyen , T. , Tran ; Lanthier , J. , Julie ; Gabathuler , R. , Reinhard ( 2002 ) . `` High transcytosis of melanotransferrin ( P97 ) across the blood -- brain barrier '' . Journal of Neurochemistry. 83 ( 4 ) : 924 -- 33 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1471 - 4159.2002. 01201. x . PMID 12421365 . Casino , Joseph J. ( 1981 ) . `` Anti-Popery in Colonial Pennsylvania '' . Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. 105 ( 3 ) : 279 -- 309 . JSTOR 20091589 . Further reading English Anderson , Fred ( 2000 ) . Crucible of Wars : The Seven Years ' War and the Fate of Empire in British North America , 1754 -- 1766 . New York : Knopf . ISBN 0 - 375 - 40642 - 5 . Bergeron , Léandre ( 1975 ) . The History of Québec : a Patriote 's ( sic ) Handbook , trans . from the 5th French ed. by Baila Markus and rev . by the author . Updated ed . New Canada Publications . ISBN 0 - 9196 - 0035 - 2 Bergeron , Léandre ( 1974 ) . Why There Must Be a Revolution in Québec . Toronto : New Canada Publications . 0 - 919600 - 16 - 6 Cave , Alfred A. ( 2004 ) . The French and Indian War . Westport , Connecticut -- London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 32168 - X . Courville , Serge ; Richard Howard ( 2009 ) . Quebec : A Historical Geography . Univ of British Columbia Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7748 - 1426 - 3 . Dickinson , John Alexander ; Brian J. Young ( 2003 ) . A short history of Quebec . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2393 - 6 . Gairdner , William D. Constitutional Crack - up : Canada and the Coming Showdown with Québec . London : Stoddart Publishing Co. , 1994 . N.B. : On verso of t.p. : `` A brief version ... appeared in the revised edition of the author 's The Trouble with Canada . '' ISBN 0 - 7737 - 5658 - 2 Gauvreau , Michael ( 2005 ) . The Catholic origins of Quebec 's Quiet Revolution , 1931 -- 1970 . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2874 - 1 . Grenon , Jean - Yves ( 2000 ) . Pierre Dugua De Mons : Founder of Acadie ( 1604 -- 5 ) , Co-Founder of Quebec ( 1608 ) . Annapolis Royal , NS : Peninsular Press . ISBN 0 - 9682016 - 2 - 8 Translated by Phil Roberts Hunter , William A. ( 1999 ) . Forts on the Pennsylvania Frontier , 1753 -- 1758 . Wennawoods . ISBN 1 - 889037 - 20 - 6 . Kokker , Steve ( 2002 ) . Québec . Lonely Planet . ISBN 1 - 74059 - 024 - 4 . Lefkowitz , Arthur S. ( 2008 ) . Benedict Arnold 's Army : The 1775 American Invasion of Canada during the Revolutionary War . El Dorado Hills , California : Savas Beatie . ISBN 1 - 932714 - 03 - 0 . Maclure , Jocelyn ( 2003 ) . Quebec identity : the challenge of pluralism . McGill - Queen 's University Press . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 2553 - X . McRoberts , Kenneth , and Dale Posgate ( 1984 ) . Québec : Social Change and Political Crisis . Toronto , Ont. : McClelland and Stewart . Rev. and updated , including a post-Referendum epilogue , 1984 , cop . 1980 . x , 325 p . N.B. : The revision statement is from the front cover of the book . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 7185 - X Merriam ; Webster ( 2003 ) . Merriam - Webster 's Collegiate Dictionary . New York : Merriam - Webster , Inc . ISBN 0 - 87779 - 809 - 5 11th ed . Riendeau , Roger E. ( 2007 ) . A brief history of Canada . New York , NY : Infobase Publishing . ISBN 0 - 8160 - 6335 - 4 . Retrieved July 12 , 2011 . Roussopoulos , Dimitrios I , compiler ( 1974 ) . Québec and Radical Social Change . First ed . Montréal , Qué. : Black Rose Books . ISBN 0 - 919618 - 51 - 0 pbk . Scott , Colin ( 2001 ) . Aboriginal autonomy and development in northern Quebec and Labrador . UBC Press . ISBN 0 - 7748 - 0844 - 6 . Taucar , Christopher Edward ( 2002 ) . Canadian Federalism and Quebec Sovereignty . Peter Lang . ISBN 0 - 8204 - 6242 - X . Webb Hodge , Frederick ( 1912 ) . American Indians North of Mexico , Volume 4 , Smithsonian Institution Bureau of American Ethnology Handbook . Scituate , MA : Digital Scanning Inc . ISBN 1 - 58218 - 751 - 7 Scanned in 2003 French Armony , Victor ( 2007 ) . Le Québec expliqué aux immigrants . Montréal : VLB Éditeur . ISBN 978 - 2 - 89005 - 985 - 6 . Babin , Andrée ( 1986 ) . L'interatlas : Ressources du Québec et du Canada . Montréal : Centre éducatif et culturel . ISBN 2 - 7617 - 0317 - 0 . Bergeron , Léandre ( 1970 ) . Petit manuel d'histoire du Québec . ( Montréal ) : Éditions Québécoises . Without ISBN Bergeron , Léandre and Pierre Landry ( 2008 ) . Petit manuel d'histoire du Québec , 1534 -- 2008 . Trois - Pistoles , Qué. : Éditions Trois - Pistoles . N.B. : This ed. is a major revision , very considerably enlarged , rewritten this time in collaboration , and updated , of the 1970 text of the work , thus constituting essentially almost a different work than the original . ISBN 978 - 2 - 89583 - 183 - 9 Binot , Guy ( 2004 ) . Pierre Dugua de Mons : gentilhomme royannais , premier colonisateur du Canada , lieutenant général de la Nouvelle - France de 1603 à 1612 . Vaux - sur - Mer : Bonne anse . ISBN 2 - 914463 - 13 - 8 . Brûlotte , Suzanne ( 2009 ) . Les oiseaux du Québec . Boucherville : Éditions Broquet . ISBN 2 - 89654 - 075 - X . Comeau , Robert , ed. ( 1969 ) . Économie québécoise , in series , Les Cahiers de l'Université du Québec . Sillery , Qué. : Presses de l'Université du Québec. 495 p . Commission politique et constitutionnelle ( 1967 ) . États généraux du Canada français : exposés de base et documents de travail . Montréal : Éditions de l'Action nationale . Desautels , Guy , et al. ( 1978 ) . Pour l'autodétermination du Québec : plaidoyer marxiste . Éditions Nouvelles frontières . Sans ISBN Duguay , Raoul ( 1971 ) . Musiciens du Québec . Montréal : Éditions du Jour. 331 p . N.B. : The emphasis is on `` classical '' then - contemporary composers and on those of `` musique actuelle '' . Dupont , Jean - Claude ( 2008 ) . Légendes du Québec -- Un héritage culturel . Sainte - Foy : Les éditions GID . ISBN 978 - 2 - 89634 - 023 - 1 . Les Écossais du Québec . Montréal : Conseil québécois du Chardon , ( 1999 ) . N.B. : This is primarily a descriptive cultural and commercial directory of the Scottish community of Québec . Gagnon , Henri ( 1979 ) . Fermatures d'usines , ou bien liberation nationale . Saint - Lambert , Qué. : ( s.n. ) : Presses de Payette et Simms , imprim ( eur ) ; distribution , Éditions Héritage . Without ISBN Institut de la statistique du Québec ( 2010 ) . Le Québec chiffres en main ( PDF ) . Government of Quebec . ISBN 978 - 2 - 550 - 49444 - 7 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 27 , 2010 . Lacoursière , Jacques ; Provencher , Jean ; Vaugeois , Denis ( 2000 ) . Canada - Québec 1534 -- 2000 . Sillery : Septentrion . ISBN 2 - 89448 - 156 - X . Lacoursière , Jacques ( 2005 ) . Histoire du Québec , Des origines à nos jours . Paris : Édition Nouveau Monde . ISBN 2 - 84736 - 113 - 8 . La Rochelle , Louis ( 1982 ) . En flagrant délit de pouvoir : chroniques des événements poliltiques , de Maurice Duplessis à René Lévesque . Montréal , Qué : Boreal Express . ISBN 2 - 89052 - 058 - 7 Liebel , Jean ( 1999 ) . Pierre Dugua , sieur de Mons , fondateur de Québec . Paris : Le Croît vif . ISBN 2 - 907967 - 48 - 7 . Linteau , Paul - André ( 1989 ) . Histoire du Québec contemporain ; Volume 1 ; De la Confédération à la crise ( 1867 -- 1929 ) . Montréal : Les Éditions du Boréal . ISBN 978 - 2 - 89052 - 297 - 8 . Linteau , Paul - André ( 1989 ) . Histoire du Québec contemporain ; Volume 2 ; Le Québec depuis 1930 . Montréal : Les Éditions du Boréal . ISBN 978 - 2 - 89052 - 298 - 5 . Ministry of Environment of Quebec ( 2002 ) . Water . Life . Future . National Policy on water ( PDF ) . Government of Quebec . ISBN 2 - 550 - 40074 - 7 . Morf , Gustave ( 1970 ) . Le Terrorisme québécois . Montréal , Éditions de l'Homme. 219 , ( 3 ) p . Parizeau , Jacques ( 1997 ) . Pour un Québec souverain . ( Montréal ) : V.L.B. éditeur . ISBN 2 - 89005 - 655 - 4 Pelletier , Réal , ed . Une Certaine Révolution tranquille : 22 juin ( 19 ) 60 - ( 19 ) 75 . Montréal : La Presse , 1975 . 337 p. , ill . chiefly with b&w port . photos . Without ISBN Pilon , Robert , Isabelle Lamoureux , and Gilles Turcotte ( 1991 ) . Le Marché de la radio au Québec : document de reference . ( Montréal ) : Association québécoise de l'industrie du dique , du spectacle et de la video . unpaged . N.B. : Comprises : Robert Pilon 's and Isabelle Lamoureux ' Profil du marché de radio au Québec : un analyse de Média - culture . -- Gilles Turcotte 's Analyse comparative de l'écoute des principals stations de Montréal : prepare par Info Cible . Rivière , Sylvain ( 2007 ) . Léandre Bergeron , né en exil . Trois - Pistoles , Qué. : Éditions Trois - Pistoles . N.B. : Collection of essays on various Québec subjects , including a biography of L. Bergeron . ISBN 978 - 2 - 89583 - 165 - 5 Trudel , Jean ( 1969 ) . Profil de la sculpture québécoise , XVIIe - XIXe siècle ( s ) . Québec , QC. : Ministère des affaires culturelles , Musée du Québec. 140 p. , ill . with photos , mostly b&w . Without ISBN or SBN Venne , Michel ( 2006 ) . L'annuaire du Québec 2007 . Montréal : Fides . ISBN 2 - 7621 - 2746 - 7 . External links Find more aboutQuebecat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons News from Wikinews Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Travel guide from Wikivoyage Learning resources from Wikiversity Government of Quebec ( in English ) Government of Quebec ( in French ) Bonjour Québec , Quebec government official tourist site CBC Digital Archives -- Quebec Elections : 1960 -- 1998 <Th_colspan="2"> Places adjacent to Quebec <Td_colspan="2"> Nunavut Hudson Bay Nunavut Hudson Strait Newfoundland and Labrador Hudson Bay Nunavut Quebec Gulf of St Lawrence Ontario New York , United States Vermont , United States New Hampshire , United States New Brunswick Maine , United States <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Quebec articles History Timeline Prehistory to 1533 1534 -- 1607 1608 -- 62 1663 -- 1759 1760 -- 90 1791 -- 1840 1841 -- 66 1867 -- 99 1900 -- 30 1931 -- 59 1960 -- 81 1982 -- present Historic identities Colony of Canada Colony of Quebec Lower Canada Canada East Province of Quebec Geography <Td_colspan="2"> National Parks Provincial parks Rivers Politics <Td_colspan="2"> Electoral districts Executive Council ( cabinet ) General elections Lieutenant Governors Leaders of the Opposition Monarchy National Assembly ( parliament ) Political parties Premiers Quebec Act Regions ( administrative ) Economy <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Tourism Transportation airports highways railways Culture <Td_colspan="2"> Architecture Cinema Comics Cuisine Dance Heritage Historic Sites Identity Literature Music Nationalism Public holidays Racism Demographics Aboriginal peoples Census divisions Communities Demographic history Education Language demographics Quebecers French - 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how many episodes does ten days in the valley have

Ten Days in the Valley - wikipedia Ten Days in the Valley Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Ten Days in the Valley <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Drama Created by Tassie Cameron Starring Kyra Sedgwick Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje Erika Christensen Kick Gurry Josh Randall Malcolm - Jamal Warner Abigail Pniowsky Francois Battiste Felix Solis Composer ( s ) W.G. Snuffy Walden Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons No. of episodes 10 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Kyra Sedgwick Tassie Cameron Jill Littman David Ellison Dana Goldberg Marcy Ross Regina Corrado Alysia Reiner Sarah Meghan Thomas Location ( s ) Hollywood , California Running time 43 minutes Production company ( s ) Pentimento Productions Cameron Pictures Uncharted Distributor Skydance Media <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) -- January 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Ten Days in the Valley is an American drama television series that aired on ABC from October 1 , 2017 , through January 6 , 2018 . The series , starring Kyra Sedgwick , was ordered direct - to - series on August 4 , 2016 . After airing four episodes , ABC announced that they were pulling the series from their schedule but would air the rest of the episodes beginning December 16 , 2017 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Premise 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 3 Episodes 4 Production 5 Critical reception 6 References 7 External links Premise ( edit ) A television producer 's life gets complicated after her young daughter disappears in the middle of the night and the two worlds she tries to navigate violently collide . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Kyra Sedgwick as Jane Sadler Adewale Akinnuoye - Agbaje as Detective John Bird Kick Gurry as Pete Greene Erika Christensen as Ali Petrovich Josh Randall as Tom Petrovich Felix Solis as Commander Elliot Gomez Francois Battiste as Gus Tremblay Malcolm - Jamal Warner as Matt Walker Abigail Pniowsky as Lake Sadler - Greene Recurring ( edit ) Emily Kinney as Casey Ali Liebert as Detective Nickole Bilson Ella Thomas as Detective Isabel Knight Marisol Ramirez as Beatriz Currie Graham as Henry Vega Episodes ( edit ) No . Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Day 1 : Fade In '' Carl Franklin Tassie Cameron October 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 01 ) 3.44 <Td_colspan="6"> Although exhausted from working on her crime drama , Jane Sadler must leave her sleeping daughter , Lake , to brainstorm rewrites in her converted office behind her house . Six hours later , she returns to the house , only to discover it locked and Lake missing . Both Jane and her sister , Ali , suspect that Jane 's ex-husband , Pete , has taken Lake . Jane immerses herself in her series , expecting Lake to be found soon . However , Pete has an alibi , Jane 's assistant , Casey , despite Casey leaving him early within the timeframe of Lake 's disappearance . Lake is then seen being read a bedtime story by an unknown man . `` Day 2 : Cutting Room Floor '' Colin Bucksey Sherry White October 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 08 ) 2.59 `` Day 3 : Day Out of Days '' Sarah Pia Anderson Aubrey Nealon October 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 15 ) 2.62 `` Day 4 : Below the Line '' Jessica Yu Chris Roberts October 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 22 ) 2.20 5 `` Day 5 : Back to Ones '' Christopher Misiano Marsha Greene December 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 16 ) 1.54 6 `` Day 6 : Down Day '' Steve Robin Tassie Cameron & Sherry White December 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 16 ) 1.36 7 `` Day 7 : Breaking the Story '' Constantine Makris Aubrey Nealon & Bryan Garcia December 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 23 ) 1.56 8 `` Day 8 : Against Type '' Bethany Rooney Marsha Greene & Chris Roberts December 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 30 ) 1.44 9 `` Day 9 : Re-Cast '' Hanelle Culpepper Sherry White & Aubrey Nealon January 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) 2.55 10 `` Day 10 : Fade Out '' Steve Robin Tassie Cameron January 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 06 ) 2.24 Production ( edit ) The series began development in early 2016 with Demi Moore set to star . She left the project for unknown reasons , and was replaced by Kyra Sedgwick . Critical reception ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 61 % approval rating with an average rating of 7.45 / 10 based on 18 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` Ten Days in the Valley 's instantly tense delivery of familiar material leads to an intriguing character study and engrossing mystery despite naggingly untapped potential . '' Metacritic , which uses a weighted average , assigned a score of 63 out of 100 based on 12 critics , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Orders Drama Series ' Ten Days in the Valley ' Starring Kyra Sedgwick '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( July 24 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall 2017 Premiere Dates For TGIT , ' Black - ish ' , ' The Good Doctor ' & ' The Gospel Of Kevin ' , Which Gets New Title '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved July 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ten Days In The Valley ' Sent To Saturday By ABC After Low - Rated Sunday Run '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Kyra Sedgwick to Star in ABC Drama Picked Up Straight to Series '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( January 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ten Days In The Valley ' : Ella Thomas , Josh Randall , Eight More Round Out Cast '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 29 , 2016 ) . `` Erika Christensen Among Trio Cast In ABC Drama Series ' Ten Days In The Valley ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 20 , 2017 ) . `` Malcolm - Jamal Warner Joins ABC Drama Series ' Ten Days In The Valley ' '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( January 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Ten Days In The Valley ' Casts ' Conviction 's Emily Kinney ; ' Libby & Malcolm ' Pilot Adds Sayeed Shahidi '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved January 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' 60 Minutes ' adjust up , ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' and ' Ten Days in the Valley ' down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` NFL adjusts up , all others unchanged : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Madam Secretary ' and ' Wisdom of the Crowd ' adjust down , ' 60 Minutes , ' AFV ' and NFL up : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS : LA ' and ' Shark Tank ' adjust up , ' Madam Secretary ' adjusts down : Sunday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( December 19 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.16. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( December 27 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.23. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved December 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Mitch ( January 3 , 2017 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 12.30. 2017 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Metcalf , Mitch ( January 9 , 2018 ) . `` Updated : ShowBuzzDaily 's Top 150 Saturday Cable Originals & Network Finals : 1.6. 2018 '' . Showbuzz Daily . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Demi Moore To Star In Drama TV Series From ' Rookie Blue ' Co-Creator '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved February 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( February 23 , 2016 ) . `` Demi Moore Returning to TV in Drama From ' Rookie Blue ' Co-Creator '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Jump up ^ `` Ten Days in the Valley : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ten Days in the Valley - Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 9 , 2017 . External links ( edit ) Ten Days in the Valley on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ten_Days_in_the_Valley&oldid=833104494 '' Categories : 2017 American television series debuts 2018 American television series endings American Broadcasting Company network shows 2010s American crime television series 2010s American drama television series Television shows set in Los Angeles English - language television programs Television series about missing people Television series about television Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Polski Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 18 : 03 . About Wikipedia

1. Ten Days in the Valley - American drama television series 2. Kyra Sedgwick - starring actress 3. Missing child - central premise of the show 4. ABC - network that aired the series 5. Critical reception - reviews and ratings of the show

because of the pluralistic nature of american democracy making important changes in the system

Pluralism ( political theory ) - wikipedia Pluralism ( political theory ) Jump to : navigation , search This article is about a political theory called `` pluralism '' . For the idea of `` pluralism '' in politics as acknowledgment of diversity , see Pluralism ( political philosophy ) . For other uses , see Pluralism ( disambiguation ) . Classical pluralism is the view that politics and decision making are located mostly in the framework of government , but that many non-governmental groups use their resources to exert influence . The central question for classical pluralism is how power and influence are distributed in a political process . Groups of individuals try to maximize their interests . Lines of conflict are multiple and shifting as power is a continuous bargaining process between competing groups . There may be inequalities but they tend to be distributed and evened out by the various forms and distributions of resources throughout a population . Any change under this view will be slow and incremental , as groups have different interests and may act as `` veto groups '' to destroy legislation . The existence of diverse and competing interests is the basis for a democratic equilibrium , and is crucial for the obtaining of goals by individuals . A polyarchy -- a situation of open competition for electoral support within a significant part of the adult population -- ensures competition of group interests and relative equality . Pluralists stress civil rights , such as freedom of expression and organization , and an electoral system with at least two parties . On the other hand , since the participants in this process constitute only a tiny fraction of the populace , the public acts mainly as bystanders . This is not necessarily undesirable for two reasons : ( 1 ) it may be representative of a population content with the political happenings , or ( 2 ) political issues require continuous and expert attention , which the average citizen may not have . Important theorists of pluralism include Robert A. Dahl ( who wrote the seminal pluralist work , Who Governs ? ) , David Truman , and Seymour Martin Lipset . Contents ( hide ) 1 Pluralist conception of power 2 Elite pluralism 3 Neo-pluralism 3.1 Charles Lindblom 3.2 Corporatism 4 In foreign policy 5 See also 6 Notes 7 References Pluralist conception of power ( edit ) The list of possibilities is virtually endless : legal authority , money , prestige , skill , knowledge , charisma , legitimacy , free time , and experience . Pluralists also stress the differences between potential and actual power as it stands . Actual power means the ability to compel someone to do something and is the view of power as a causation . Dahl describes power as a `` realistic relationship , such as A 's capacity for acting in such a manner as to control B 's responses '' ( A Preface to Democratic Theory ) . Potential power refers to the possibility of turning resources into actual power . Cash , one of many resources , is only a stack of bills until it is put to work . Malcolm X , for example , was certainly not a rich person . But by using resources such as his forceful personality and organizational skills , he had a greater impact on American politics than most wealthy people . A particular resource like money can not automatically be equated with power because the resource can be used skillfully or clumsily , fully or partially , or not at all . The pluralist approach to the study of power , states that nothing categorical about power can be assumed in any community . The question then is not who runs a community , but if any group in fact does . To determine this , pluralists study specific outcomes . The reason for this is that they believe human behavior is governed in large part by inertia . That said , actual involvement in overt activity is a more valid marker of leadership than simply a reputation . Pluralists also believe that there is no one particular issue or point in time at which any group must assert itself to stay true to its own expressed values , but rather that there are a variety of issues and points at which this is possible . There are also costs involved in taking action at all -- not only losing , but expenditure of time and effort . While a structuralist may argue that power distributions have a rather permanent nature , this rationale says that power may in fact be tied to issues , which vary widely in duration . Also , instead of focusing on actors within a system , the emphasis is on the leadership roles itself . By studying these , it can be determined to what extent there is a power structure present in a society . Three of the major tenets of the pluralist school are ( 1 ) resources and hence potential power are widely scattered throughout society ; ( 2 ) at least some resources are available to nearly everyone ; and ( 3 ) at any time the amount of potential power exceeds the amount of actual power . Finally , and perhaps most important , no one is all - powerful unless proven so through empirical observation . An individual or group that is influential in one realm may be weak in another . Large military contractors certainly throw their weight around on defense matters , but how much sway do they have on agricultural or health policies ? A measure of power , therefore , is its scope , or the range of areas where it is successfully applied as observed by a researcher . Pluralists believe that with few exceptions power holders usually have a relatively limited scope of influence . Pluralism does leave room for an elitist situation - Should a group A continuously exert power over multiple groups . For a pluralist to accept this notion , it must be empirically observed and not assumed so by definition . For all these reasons power can not be taken for granted . One has to observe it empirically in order to know who really governs . The best way to do this , pluralists believe , is to examine a wide range of specific decisions , noting who took which side and who ultimately won and lost . Only by keeping score on a variety of controversies can one begin to identify actual power holders . Pluralism was associated with behavioralism . A contradiction to pluralist power is often cited from the origin of one 's power . Although certain groups may share power , people within those groups set agendas , decide issues , and take on leadership roles through their own qualities . Some theorists argue that these qualities can not be transferred , thus creating a system where elitism still exists . What this theory fails to take into account is the prospect of overcoming these qualities by garnering support from other groups . By aggregating power with other organizations , interest groups can over-power these non-transferable qualities . In this sense , political pluralism still applies to these aspects . Elite pluralism ( edit ) Elite pluralists agree with classical pluralists that there is `` plurality '' of power ; however , this plurality is not `` pure '' as some people and groups have more power than others . For example , some people have more money than others , so they can pay to have their opinion put across better ( i.e. more advertising ) than the working class can . This inequality is because society has `` elites '' ; people who have more power , perhaps through money , inheritance or social tradition than others . Basically , it claims that elites play a big role in decision making . The idea behind reads as follow : in democracies the people participate in electing the elites who will represent them and , at the end , the ones who are going to make the laws . As Davita S. Glasberg and Deric Shannon highlights , `` political elites are not a monoholitic , unified interest group representing their own narrow group of interests but rather are divers , competitive elites representing a wide range of interests '' . They have to compete in `` the political market place '' in order to gain voters being the power equally distributed between all the potential voters . Moreover , the stability in the system is achieved through this competition among the elites due to they have to negotiate in order to pass a bill . And , sometimes , they have to change their positions and points of view in order to reach a common point . Elites respect and follow the policy - making procedures because they are accountable of their acts and they can be replaced through legal procedures of through new elections . Neo-pluralism ( edit ) While Pluralism as a political theory of the state and policy formation gained its most traction during the 1950s and 1960s in America , some scholars argued that the theory was too simplistic ( see Connolly ( 1969 ) The Challenge to Pluralist Theory ) -- leading to the formulation of neo-pluralism . Views differed about the division of power in democratic society . Although neo-pluralism sees multiple pressure groups competing over political influence , the political agenda is biased towards corporate power . Neo-pluralism no longer sees the state as an umpire mediating and adjudicating between the demands of different interest groups , but as a relatively autonomous actor ( with different departments ) that forges and looks after its own ( sectional ) interests . Constitutional rules , which in pluralism are embedded in a supportive political culture , should be seen in the context of a diverse , and not necessarily supportive , political culture and a system of radically uneven economic sources . This diverse culture exists because of an uneven distribution of socioeconomic power . This creates possibilities for some groups -- while limiting others -- in their political options . In the international realm , order is distorted by powerful multinational interests and dominant states , while in classical pluralism emphasis is put on stability by a framework of pluralist rules and free market society . There are two significant theoretical critiques on pluralism : Corporatism and Neo-Marxism . Charles Lindblom ( edit ) Charles E. Lindblom , who is seen as positing a strong neo-pluralist argument , still attributed primacy to the competition between interest groups in the policy process but recognized the disproportionate influence business interests have in the policy process . Corporatism ( edit ) Classical pluralism was criticized as it did not seem to apply to Westminster - style democracies or the European context . This led to the development of corporatist theories . Corporatism is the idea that a few select interest groups are actually ( often formally ) involved in the policy formulation process , to the exclusion of the myriad other ' interest groups ' . For example , trade unions and major sectoral business associations are often consulted about ( if not the drivers of ) specific policies . These policies often concern tripartite relations between workers , employers and the state , with a coordinating role for the latter . The state constructs a framework in which it can address the political and economic issues with these organized and centralized groups . In this view , parliament and party politics lose influence in the policy forming process . In foreign policy ( edit ) From the political aspect , ' pluralism ' has a huge effect on the process and decision - making in formulating policy . In international security , during the policy making process , different parties may have a chance to take part in decision making . The one who has more power , the more opportunity that it gains and the higher possibility to get what it wants . According to M. Frances ( 1991 ) , `` decision making appears to be a maze of influence and power . '' See also ( edit ) Distributism Elite theory New institutionalism Marxism Legitimation Crisis Agonism Salad Bowl ( cultural idea ) Decision - making Foreign Policy International relations Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Held , David , Models of Democracy Jump up ^ Pluralism Jump up ^ Schattschneider , E.E. 1960 . The Semi-Sovereign People . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston , p. 35 . ^ Jump up to : Deric. , Shannon , ( 2011 - 01 - 01 ) . Political sociology : oppression , resistance , and the state . Pine Forge Press . ISBN 9781412980401 . OCLC 746832550 . References ( edit ) Ankerl Guy ( 2000 ) Coexisting Contemporary Civilizations . Geneva : INUPress . Socialstudieshelp.com , Pluralism . Accessed 13 February 2007 . Elmer Eric Schattschneider ( 1960 ) The Semi-Sovereign People . New York : Holt , Rinehart and Winston . Gad Barzilai ( 2003 ) Communities and Law : Politics and Cultures of Legal Identities . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Polsby , Nelson W. ( 1960 ) How to Study Community Power : The Pluralist Alternative . The Journal of Politics , ( 22 ) 3 , 474 - 484 William E. Connolly : The Ethos of Pluralization . University of Minnesota Press , 1995 . C. Alden ( 2011 ) . Foreign policy analysis . London : University of London . M. Frances Klein ( 1991 ) . The Politics of Curriculum Decision - Making : Issues in Centralizing the Curriculum . New York : SUNY Press . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pluralism_(political_theory)&oldid=811661881 '' Categories : Political science theories Pluralism ( philosophy ) Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2010 Use dmy dates from September 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Català Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Français Hrvatski Lietuvių 日本 語 پښتو Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 23 November 2017 , at 02 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Classical pluralism in political theory 2. Distribution of power and influence in politics 3. Role of non-governmental groups in decision making 4. Democratic equilibrium and competing interests 5. Elite pluralism and the role of elites in decision making

the forms and composition of titian's venus of urbino were evolved primarily from ____

Venus of Urbino - wikipedia Venus of Urbino Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Venus of Urbino <Td_colspan="2"> Artist Titian Year 1534 ( 1534 ) Medium Oil on canvas 119 cm × 165 cm ( 47 in × 65 in ) Location Uffizi , Florence Dresden Venus ( c. 1510 - 11 ) , traditionally attributed to Giorgione but for which Titian at least completed the landscape , and perhaps painted the figure . The Venus of Urbino ( also known as Reclining Venus ) is an oil painting by the Italian painter Titian , which seems to have been begun in 1532 or 1534 , and was perhaps completed in 1534 , but not sold until 1538 . It depicts a nude young woman , traditionally identified with the goddess Venus , reclining on a couch or bed in the sumptuous surroundings of a Renaissance palace . It is now in the Galleria degli Uffizi in Florence . The figure 's pose is based on the Dresden Venus , traditionally attributed to Giorgione but which Titian at least completed . In this depiction , Titian has domesticated Venus by moving her to an indoor setting , engaging her with the viewer , and making her sensuality explicit . Devoid as it is of any classical or allegorical trappings -- Venus displays none of the attributes of the goddess she is supposed to represent -- the painting is sensual and unapologetically erotic . Interpretations of the painting fall into two groups . Both agree that the painting has a powerful erotic charge , but beyond that it is seen either as a portrait of a courtesan , perhaps Zaffetta , or as a painting celebrating the marriage of its first owner ( who according to some may not have commissioned it ) . This disagreement forms part of a wider debate on the meaning of the mainly Venetian tradition of the reclining female nude , which Titian had created , or helped to create , some 25 years before with the Dresden Venus of around 1510 - 11 . For Charles Hope , `` It has yet to be shown that the most famous example of this genre , Titian 's Venus of Urbino , is anything other than a representation of a beautiful nude woman on a bed , devoid of classical or even allegorical content . '' Even the indefatigable finder of allegories drawing on Renaissance Neoplatonism , Edgar Wind , had to admit that in this case `` an undisguised hedonism had at last dispelled the Platonic metaphors '' . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Later history 2 Notes 3 References 4 Further reading 5 External links Description ( edit ) The Venus stares straight at the viewer , unconcerned with her nudity . In her right hand she holds a posy of roses whilst she holds her other hand over her genitals . In the near background is a dog , often a symbol of fidelity . In a different space in the background two maids are shown rummaging through a cassone chest , where clothes were kept . The detailed depiction of the interior setting is unusual , perhaps unique , in Titian . Titian contr32 for the 21 year old Ippolito de ' Medici , reluctantly made a cardinal ( though not a priest ) , by his uncle , Pope Clement VII . He was trying to pursue a military career , and was a papal diplomat . On 20 October 1532 he spent the night in Venice with Angela del Moro , or Angela Zaffetta , a leading courtesan in Venice and sometimes a dining companion of Titian and Aretino , the latter a friend of the cardinal . Titian painted Ippolito 's portrait , and it seems likely that he was asked to add a nude portrait of Angela Zaffetta , or that Titian decided to paint one in the hope he would like it . Johan Zoffany , The Tribuna of the Uffizi , 1770s On 20 December 1534 Titian wrote to Ippolito 's chamberlain in Rome saying that he had been working on a painting of a woman for the cardinal . Ippolito died in August 1535 , and apparently never saw the painting , which was still Titian 's studio when Guidobaldo II della Rovere , the 24 - year - old son of the Duke of Urbino came in January 1538 to sit for a portrait . As letters from him and his mother show , he was extremely keen to buy it , and did so some months later ; he refers to it simply as `` the nude woman '' , and was worried Titian would sell it to someone else . Later that year he inherited the Duchy of Urbino on the death of his father , hence the painting acquired the name by which it is usually known , although it seems it was mostly kept in Pesaro from early on . Alternatively , the painting may have been commissioned by Guidobaldo , possibly to celebrate his marriage in 1534 to the 10 year - old Giulia Varano , which made him Duke of Camerino , or its consummation , which was probably a few years later . Some critics have seen references to marriage in details such as the maids at the cassone , where the corredo or trousseau of clothes generally given to the bride by her husband 's family were stored . Rona Goffen sees Venus 's hand `` caressing '' her genitals as such a reference , as it was believed at the time that a female `` emission '' or orgasm was necessary for conception to take place , and female masturbation was therefore allowed only in cases where the male had ejaculated and withdrawn . The production of heirs was of great concern in elite marriages . Even the little dog on the bed has been brought into the argument ; an identical dog is shown in Titian 's portrait of the duke 's mother Eleonora Gonzaga , the reasoning being that the dog identifies the house as a della Rovere home , and that it remains quiet indicates that the viewer is the husband of the woman . Édouard Manet 's Olympia , 1863 Later history ( edit ) In 1624 , as the Papacy moved to fully annex the duchy to the Papal States , the della Rovere court moved to Pesaro , where the painting hung in the Villa Imperiale . It joined the Medici family collections in 1633 when the last della Rovere , Vittoria della Rovere , married Ferdinando II de ' Medici , Grand Duke of Tuscany . It was moved to the Uffizi in 1736 , and has remained there ever since , apart from visits to exhibitions which in the 21st century have included Madrid , Brussels , Tokyo , Venice and Urbino . It has long been famous , as is shown by its prominent placing at the front of the gallery group portrait by Johan Zoffany of the Tribuna of the Uffizi of the 1770s . In his 1880 travelogue A Tramp Abroad , Mark Twain called the Venus of Urbino `` the foulest , the vilest , the obscenest picture the world possesses '' . He proposed that `` it was painted for a bagnio ( brothel ) , and it was probably refused because it was a trifle too strong '' , adding humorously that `` in truth , it is a trifle too strong for any place but a public art gallery '' . Twain does this to juxtapose the artistic license ( for nudity , for example ) allowed in painting , as opposed to the restrictions and Victorian morality imposed on literature in the `` last eighty or ninety years '' . In the same passage , Twain also mocks the fig leaves placed in the 19th century on nude statues in Rome , which had `` stood in innocent nakedness for ages . '' External video <Td_colspan="2"> Titian 's Venus of Urbino , Smarthistory The Venus of Urbino was one of the inspirations for Édouard Manet 's 1863 Olympia , in which the figure of Venus is replaced with the model Victorine Meurent . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haegen , Anne Mueller von der ; Strasser , Ruth F. ( 2013 ) . `` Galleria degli Uffizi '' . Art & Architecture : Tuscany . Potsdam : H.F. Ullmann Publishing . p. 198 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 8480 - 0321 - 1 . Jump up ^ Hope , 56 Jump up ^ Wind , 141 Jump up ^ Goffen ( 1997a ) , 83 - 84 Jump up ^ Hale , 337 - 341 Jump up ^ Hale , 341 - 345 Jump up ^ Goffen ( 1997a ) , 81 Jump up ^ Goffen ( 1997b ) , 151 - 152 ; Sheila Hale finds talk of the dog `` absurd '' , 762 , note 5 Jump up ^ `` Titian masterpiece temporarily returns to Urbino '' by Mary Gray , The Florentine , 2 August 2016 Jump up ^ Honour , H. and Fleming , J. ( 2009 ) A World History of Art . 7th edn . London : Laurence King Publishing , p. 709 . ISBN 9781856695848 Jump up ^ Goffen ( 1997a ) , 71 References ( edit ) Goffen , Rona ( 1997a ) , `` Sex , Space and Social History in Titian 's Venus of Urbino '' , in Goffen , Rona ( ed ) , Titian 's `` Venus of Urbino '' , 1997 , Cambridge University Press Goffen , Rona ( 1997b ) , Titian 's Women , 1997 , Yale University Press , relevant excerpts Hale , Sheila , Titian , His Life , 2012 , Harper Press , ISBN 978 - 0 - 00717582 - 6 Hope , Charles ( 1994 ) , `` Classical antiquity in Venetian Renaissance subject matter '' , in Francis Ames - Lewis ( ed ) , New Interpretations of Venetian Renaissance Painting , 1994 , Birkbeck College History of Art ISBN 9780907904809 Wind , Edgar , Pagan Mysteries in the Renaissance , 1967 edn. , Peregrine Books Further reading ( edit ) Goffen , Rona ( ed ) , Titian 's `` Venus of Urbino '' , 1997 , Cambridge University Press ( Masterpieces of Western Painting ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Venus of Urbino . Titian 's Venus of Urbino - critical review of the painting <Th_colspan="3"> Titian <Td_colspan="3"> List of works Portraits Jacopo Pesaro being presented by Pope Alexander VI to Saint Peter ( 1503 -- 06 ) A Man with a Quilted Sleeve ( c. 1509 ) La Schiavona ( 1510 -- 12 ) Of a Man ( 1512 ) Vincenzo Mosti ( c. 1520 ) Young Woman in a Black Dress ( c. 1520 ) Man with a Glove ( c. 1520 ) Laura Dianti ( c. 1520 -- 25 ) Federico II Gonzaga ( c. 1529 ) Charles V with a Dog ( 1533 ) Ippolito de ' Medici ( 1533 ) Giacomo Doria ( 1533 -- 35 ) Isabella d'Este ( 1534 -- 36 ) La Bella ( c. 1536 ) Girl in a Fur ( 1536 - 38 ) A Young Englishman ( 1540 -- 45 ) Clarissa Strozzi ( 1542 ) The Vendramin Family ( 1543 -- 47 ) Pietro Aretino ( 1545 ) Lavinia Vecellio ( c. 1545 ) Pope Paul III ( 1545 -- 46 ) Pope Paul III and His Grandsons ( 1545 -- 46 ) Equestrian Portrait of Charles V ( 1548 ) Charles V ( seated ) ( 1548 ) Isabella of Portugal ( 1548 ) Philip II in Armour ( 1550 ) Christina of Denmark ( 1555 -- 56 ) Jacopo Strada ( 1567 -- 68 ) Self portraits Self - Portrait ( 1546 -- 47 ) Self - Portrait ( c. 1560 ) Secular Pastoral Concert ( c. 1509 -- also attributed to Giorgione ) Dresden Venus ( with Giorgione , c. 1510 ) Miracle of the Jealous Husband ( 1511 ) The Three Ages of Man ( c. 1512 -- 14 ) Sacred and Profane Love ( c. 1514 ) The Feast of the Gods ( 1514 ) Lucretia and her Husband ( 1515 ) The Bravo ( c. 1515 ) Flora ( c. 1515 ) Salome ( c. 1515 ) Vanity ( c. 1515 ) Violante ( c. 1515 ) Woman with a Mirror ( c. 1515 ) The Worship of Venus ( 1518 -- 19 ) Venus Anadyomene ( c. 1520 ) Bacchus and Ariadne ( 1520 -- 23 ) The Bacchanal of the Andrians ( 1523 -- 26 ) Eleven Caesars ( 1536 - 40 ) Venus of Urbino ( 1538 ) Alfonso d'Avalos Addressing his Troops ( 1540 ) Venus and Musician ( 1540s on , series ) The Punishment of Tythus ( 1549 ) Danaë ( series ) ( 1543 -- 65 ) Venus and Adonis ( several versions ) Pardo Venus ( 1551 ) Venus with a Mirror ( 1555 ) Perseus and Andromeda ( 1554 - 56 ) Diana and Actaeon ( 1556 -- 59 ) Diana and Callisto ( 1556 -- 59 ) The Death of Actaeon ( c. 1559 -- 75 ) The Rape of Europa ( c. 1560 -- 62 ) Venus Blindfolding Cupid ( c. 1565 ) Allegory of Prudence ( c. 1565 -- 70 ) Tarquin and Lucretia ( comp. 1571 ) Flaying of Marsyas ( 1570 -- 76 ) Religious Christ Carrying the Cross ( c. 1505 -- also attributed to Giorgione ) Bache Madonna ( c. 1508 ) St. Mark Enthroned ( c. 1510 ) The Gypsy Madonna ( c. 1510 ) Balbi Holy Conversation ( c. 1513 ) Noli me tangere ( c. 1514 ) Madonna of the Cherries ( 1515 ) The Tribute Money ( c. 1516 ) Assumption of the Virgin ( 1516 -- 18 ) Pesaro Madonna ( 1519 -- 26 ) Gozzi Altarpiece ( 1520 ) Malchiostro Annunciation ( c. 1520 ) The Entombment of Christ ( c. 1520 ) Averoldi Polyptych ( 1520 -- 22 ) The Aldobrandini Madonna ( 1530 ) The Madonna of the Rabbit ( 1530 ) Penitent Magdalene ( 1533 ) The Presentation of the Virgin at the Temple ( 1534 - 38 ) Saint John the Baptist ( 1540 ) The Crowning with Thorns ( 1542 -- 43 ) The Fall of Man ( c. 1550 ) Saint Jerome in Penitence ( 1552 ) The Martyrdom of Saint Lawrence ( c. 1548 -- 59 ) La Gloria ( 1554 ) Mater Dolorosa ( c. 1555 ) Saint Jerome in Penitence ( 1575 ) Crucifixion ( 1558 ) The Entombment ( 1559 ) St Margaret and the Dragon ( c. 1559 ) Annunciation ( 1559 -- 64 ) Madonna and Child with Saints Luke and Catherine of Alexandria ( c. 1560 ) Penitent Magdalene ( 1565 ) Saint Sebastian ( c. 1575 ) The Crowning with Thorns ( 1576 ) Pietà ( 1576 ) VIAF : 186016342 LCCN : n98093044 GND : 4467404 - 1 SUDOC : 035309180 BNF : cb13180791g ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Venus_of_Urbino&oldid=833062437 '' Categories : 1538 paintings Paintings of the Uffizi Erotic art Paintings by Titian Paintings of Venus Nude art Dogs in paintings by Titian Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from December 2017 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Español Français Galego Հայերեն Italiano עברית Latina Lietuvių Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Polski Português Русский Slovenčina Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 21 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 March 2018 , at 13 : 24 . 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1. Venus of Urbino - Titian's famous oil painting 2. Reclining Venus - depiction of a nude young woman 3. Sensual and erotic artwork 4. Debate on the meaning and interpretation of the painting 5. Historical background and ownership of the artwork

how to use kensington lock slot in hp laptop

Kensington Security slot - wikipedia Kensington Security slot Jump to : navigation , search Rightmost opening on the side of this PowerBook G4 laptop computer is a Kensington Security Slot A Kensington Security Slot ( also called a K - Slot or Kensington lock ) is part of an anti-theft system designed and patented by Kryptonite in 1999 - 2000 , assigned to Schlage in 2002 , and since 2005 owned and marketed by Kensington Computer Products Group , a division of ACCO Brands . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Security 3 Alternatives 4 References 5 External links Description ( edit ) Kensington Security Slot on this portable hard disk drive is marked with a small padlock symbol The system consists of a small , metal - reinforced hole found commonly on small or portable computers and electronics equipment such as laptops , computer monitors , desktop computers , gaming consoles , and video projectors , combined with a metal anchor attached to a rubberized metal cable secured with a key or combination lock . The end of the cable has a small loop that allows the cable to be looped around a permanent object , such as a heavy table or other similar equipment . The hole is found in most laptops , although a lock for it is typically not included . Occasionally , the slot is located so that installing a lock will also prevent the removal of a valuable subcomponent , such as a rechargeable battery or a memory module . The Kensington slot may be marked with a small icon that looks like a padlock with a capital `` K '' , or the slot may be unlabelled . Security ( edit ) A security cable attached to a Kensington Security Slot on the side of a PowerBook G4 Kensington locks are not designed to be an impervious protection measure . Because most computer equipment cases are generally made of plastic or thin metal , the lock can be torn out , though not without doing significant visible damage to the case . The cable itself can be cut if an individual has a wire cutter or bolt cutter sufficiently strong to cut through the cable material , which will vary between different brands of cable . The Kensington type locks are useful to discourage quick grab - and - run thefts of equipment from casually supervised locations such as coffee shops , but can not prevent the removal of equipment secured in an unattended location . The key is often a cylindrical type , but there are versions which use a traditional flat key . There are also versions of the lock that use a numeric combination instead of a key . Alternatives ( edit ) Several manufacturers offer similar locking mechanisms that do not require a special lock hole . They attach to a popular port , such as the VGA or printer port , and have special screws to secure locks in place . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Security anchor / tether assemblage for portable articles : U.S. Patent 6,081,974 6,317,936 and 6,360,405 ( Cornelius McDaid , John Ristuccia , Kryptonite Corporation - priority date : 1999 - 06 - 21 ) ^ Jump up to : `` Kensington SAFE Security Ratings '' . Archived from the original on 2011 - 09 - 03 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` PA496U : Targus DEFCON ® VPKL - Video Port Key Lock '' . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 27 . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 12 . External links ( edit ) Official website Wikimedia Commons has media related to Kensington lock . Official Kensington Locks page Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kensington_Security_Slot&oldid=792918564 '' Categories : Locks ( security device ) ACCO Brands Hidden categories : All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from October 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français Italiano Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 29 July 2017 , at 15 : 25 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Kensington Security Slot 2. Anti-theft system 3. Metal anchor and cable 4. Security measures 5. Locking mechanisms

el dorado the lost city of gold movie

El Dorado - wikipedia El Dorado Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the mythical city of gold . For other uses , see El Dorado ( disambiguation ) . The zipa used to cover his body in gold dust and , from his raft , he offered treasures to the Guatavita goddess in the middle of the sacred lake . This old Muisca tradition became the origin of the El Dorado legend . This Muisca raft figure is on display in the Gold Museum , Bogotá , Colombia El Dorado ( pronounced ( el doˈɾaðo ) , English : / ˌɛl dəˈrɑːdoʊ / ; Spanish for `` the golden one '' ) , originally El Hombre Dorado ( the golden man ) , or El Rey Dorado ( the golden king ) , was the term used by the Spanish Empire to describe a mythical tribal chief ( zipa ) of the Muisca native people of Colombia , who , as an initiation rite , covered himself with gold dust and submerged in Lake Guatavita . The legends surrounding El Dorado changed over time , as it went from being a man , to a city , to a kingdom , and then finally an empire . A second location for El Dorado was inferred from rumors , which inspired several unsuccessful expeditions in the late 1500s in search of a city called Manõa on the shores of Lake Parime . Two of the most famous of these expeditions were led by Sir Walter Raleigh . In pursuit of the legend , Spanish conquistadors and numerous others searched Colombia , Venezuela , and parts of Guyana and northern Brazil for the city and its fabulous king . In the course of these explorations , much of northern South America , including the Amazon River , was mapped . By the beginning of the 19th century most people dismissed the existence of the city as a myth . Contents ( hide ) 1 Muisca 1.1 The tribal ceremony 2 From ritual to myth and metaphor 3 Gold and greed 4 The search for El Dorado 4.1 Quesada brothers ' expeditions 4.2 Pizarro and Orellana 's discovery of the Amazon 4.3 Expeditions of Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre 4.4 Lake Guatavita gold 4.5 Antonio de Berrio 's expeditions 4.6 Walter Raleigh 4.7 Post-Elizabethan expeditions 5 Gold strikes and the extractive wealth of the rainforest 6 Recent research 6.1 Evidence for the existence of Lake Parime 7 El Dorado in popular culture 7.1 Music 7.2 Concert Tours 7.3 Games 7.3. 1 Pinball 7.3. 2 Video games 7.3. 3 Mobile games 7.4 Movies 7.5 Television 7.6 Comics 7.7 Poems 7.8 Literature 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 10.1 Bibliography 11 Further reading 12 External links Muisca ( edit ) Main articles : Muisca people and Muisca mythology The Muisca occupied the highlands of Cundinamarca and Boyacá departments of Colombia in two migrations from outlying lowland areas , one starting c. 1270 BCE , and a second between 800 BCE and 500 BCE . At those times , other more ancient civilizations also flourished in the highlands . The Muisca Confederation was as advanced as the Aztec , Maya and Inca civilizations . In the mythology of the Muisca , Mnya the Gold or golden color , represents the energy contained in the trinity of Chiminigagua , which constitutes the creative power of everything that exists . Chiminigagua is related to Bachué , Cuza , Chibchacum , Bochica , and Nencatacoa . The tribal ceremony ( edit ) The original narrative can be found in the rambling chronicle El Carnero of Juan Rodriguez Freyle . According to Freyle , zipa of the Muisca , in a ritual at Lake Guatavita near present - day Bogotá , was said to be covered with gold dust , which he then washed off in the lake while his attendants threw trinkets made of gold , emeralds , and precious stones into the lake . In 1638 , Freyle wrote this account of the ceremony , addressed to the cacique or governor of Guatavita : The ceremony took place on the appointment of a new ruler . Before taking office , he spent some time secluded in a cave , without women , forbidden to eat salt , or to go out during daylight . The first journey he had to make was to go to the great lagoon of Guatavita , to make offerings and sacrifices to the demon which they worshipped as their god and lord . During the ceremony which took place at the lagoon , they made a raft of rushes , embellishing and decorating it with the most attractive things they had . They put on it four lighted braziers in which they burned much moque , which is the incense of these natives , and also resin and many other perfumes . The lagoon was large and deep , so that a ship with high sides could sail on it , all loaded with an infinity of men and women dressed in fine plumes , golden plaques and crowns ... As soon as those on the raft began to burn incense , they also lit braziers on the shore , so that the smoke hid the light of day . At this time , they stripped the heir to his skin , and anointed him with a sticky earth on which they placed gold dust so that he was completely covered with this metal . They placed him on the raft ... and at his feet they placed a great heap of gold and emeralds for him to offer to his god . In the raft with him went four principal subject chiefs , decked in plumes , crowns , bracelets , pendants and ear rings all of gold . They , too , were naked , and each one carried his offering ... when the raft reached the centre of the lagoon , they raised a banner as a signal for silence . The gilded Indian then ... ( threw ) out all the pile of gold into the middle of the lake , and the chiefs who had accompanied him did the same on their own accounts ... After this they lowered the flag , which had remained up during the whole time of offering , and , as the raft moved towards the shore , the shouting began again , with pipes , flutes and large teams of singers and dancers . With this ceremony the new ruler was received , and was recognised as lord and king . This is the ceremony that became the famous El Dorado , which has taken so many lives and fortunes . There is also an account , titled The Quest of El Dorado , by poet - priest and historian of the Conquest Juan de Castellanos , who had served under Jiménez de Quesada in his campaign against the Muisca , written in the mid-16th century but not published until 1850 : An alien Indian , hailing from afar , Who in the town of Quito did abide . And neighbor claimed to be of Bogata , There having come , I know not by what way , Did with him speak and solemnly announce A country rich in emeralds and gold . Also , among the things which them engaged , A certain king he told of who , disrobed , Upon a lake was wont , aboard a raft , To make oblations , as himself had seen , His regal form overspread with fragrant oil On which was laid a coat of powdered gold From sole of foot unto his highest brow , Resplendent as the beaming of the sun . Arrivals without end , he further said , Were there to make rich votive offerings Of golden trinkets and of emeralds rare And divers other of their ornaments ; And worthy credence these things he affirmed ; The soldiers , light of heart and well content , Then dubbed him El Dorado , and the name By countless ways was spread throughout the world . According to Spanish historian Gonzalo Fernández de Oviedo ( 1478 -- 1557 ) : He went about all covered with powdered gold , as casually as if it were powdered salt . For it seemed to him that to wear any other finery was less beautiful , and that to put on ornaments or arms made of gold worked by hammering , stamping , or by other means , was a vulgar and common thing . In the Muisca territories , there were a number of natural locations considered sacred , including lakes , rivers , forests and large rocks . People gathered here to perform rituals and sacrifices mostly with gold and emeralds . Important lakes were Lake Guatavita , Lake Iguaque , Lake Fúquene , Lake Tota , the Siecha Lakes , Lake Teusacá and Lake Ubaque . From ritual to myth and metaphor ( edit ) El Dorado is applied to a legendary story in which precious stones were found in fabulous abundance along with gold coins . The concept of El Dorado underwent several transformations , and eventually accounts of the previous myth were also combined with those of a legendary lost city . The resulting El Dorado myth enticed European explorers for two centuries . Among the earliest stories was the one told on his deathbed by Juan Martinez , a captain of munitions for Spanish adventurer Diego de Ordaz , who claimed to have visited the city of Manoa . Martinez had allowed a store of gunpowder to catch fire and was condemned to death , however his friends let him escape downriver in a canoe . Martinez then met with some local people who took him to the city : The canoa was carried down the stream , and certain of the Guianians met it the same evening ; and , having not at any time seen any Christian nor any man of that colour , they carried Martinez into the land to be wondered at , and so from town to town , until he came to the great city of Manoa , the seat and residence of Inga the emperor . The emperor , after he had beheld him , knew him to be a Christian , and caused him to be lodged in his palace , and well entertained . He was brought thither all the way blindfold , led by the Indians , until he came to the entrance of Manoa itself , and was fourteen or fifteen days in the passage . He avowed at his death that he entered the city at noon , and then they uncovered his face ; and that he traveled all that day till night through the city , and the next day from sun rising to sun setting , ere he came to the palace of Inga . After that Martinez had lived seven months in Manoa , and began to understand the language of the country , Inga asked him whether he desired to return into his own country , or would willingly abide with him . But Martinez , not desirous to stay , obtained the favour of Inga to depart . The fable of Juan Martinez was founded on the adventures of Juan Martin de Albujar , well known to the Spanish historians of the Conquest ; and who , in the expedition of Pedro de Silva ( 1570 ) , fell into the hands of the Caribs of the Lower Orinoco . During the 16th and 17th centuries , Europeans , still fascinated by the New World , believed that a hidden city of immense wealth existed . Numerous expeditions were mounted to search for this treasure , all of which ended in failure . The illustration of El Dorado 's location on maps only made matters worse , as it made some people think that the city of El Dorado 's existence had been confirmed . The mythical city of El Dorado on Lake Parime was marked on numerous maps until its existence was disproved by Alexander von Humboldt during his Latin America expedition ( 1799 -- 1804 ) . Meanwhile , the name of El Dorado came to be used metaphorically of any place where wealth could be rapidly acquired . It was given to El Dorado County , California , and to towns and cities in various states . It has also been anglicized to the single word Eldorado , and is sometimes used in product titles to suggest great wealth and fortune , such as the Cadillac Eldorado line of luxury automobiles . Nieuwe caerte van het Wonderbaer ende Goudrjcke Landt Guiana by Jodocus Hondius ( 1598 ) shows the city of Manoa on the northeastern shore of Lake Parime El Dorado is also sometimes used as a metaphor to represent an ultimate prize or `` Holy Grail '' that one might spend one 's life seeking . It could represent true love , heaven , happiness , or success . It is used sometimes as a figure of speech to represent something much sought after that may not even exist , or , at least , may not ever be found . Such use is evident in Edgar Alan Poe 's poem `` El Dorado '' . In this context , El Dorado bears similarity to other myths such as the Fountain of Youth and Shangri - la . The other side of the ideal quest metaphor may be represented by Helldorado , a satirical nickname given to Tombstone , Arizona ( United States ) in the 1880s by a disgruntled miner who complained that many of his profession had traveled far to find El Dorado , only to wind up washing dishes in restaurants . The South African city Johannesburg is commonly interpreted as a modern - day El Dorado , due to the extremely large gold deposit found along the Witwatersrand on which it is situated . Gold and greed ( edit ) Spanish conquistadores had noticed the native people 's fine artifacts of gold and silver long before any legend of `` golden men '' or `` lost cities '' had appeared . The prevalence of such valuable artifacts , and the natives ' apparent ignorance of their value , inspired speculation as to a plentiful source for them . Prior to the time of Spanish conquest of the Muisca and discovery of Lake Guatavita , a handful of expeditions had set out to explore the lowlands to the east of the Andes in search of gold , cinnamon , precious stones , and anything else of value . During the Klein - Venedig period in Venezuela ( 1528 -- 1546 ) , agents of the German Welser banking family ( which had received a concession from Charles I of Spain ) launched repeated expeditions into the interior of the country in search of gold , starting with Ambrosius Ehinger 's first expedition in July 1529 . Spanish explorer Diego de Ordaz , then governor of the eastern part of Venezuela known as Paria ( named after Paria Peninsula ) , was the first European to explore the Orinoco river in 1531 -- 32 in search of gold . A veteran of Hernán Cortés 's campaign in Mexico , Ordaz followed the Orinoco beyond the mouth of the Meta River but was blocked by the rapids at Atures . After his return he died , possibly poisoned , on a voyage back to Spain . After the death of Ordaz while returning from his expedition , the Crown appointed a new Governor of Paria , Jerónimo de Ortal , who diligently explored the interior along the Meta River between 1532 and 1537 . In 1535 , he ordered captain Alonso de Herrera to move inland by the waters of the Uyapari River ( today the town of Barrancas del Orinoco ) . Herrera , who had accompanied Ordaz three years before , explored the Meta River but was killed by the indigenous Achagua near its banks , while waiting out the winter rains in Casanare . The search for El Dorado ( edit ) The earliest reference to the name El Dorado was in 1535 or 1536 , before Spanish contact with the Muisca people . Inspection of the Welser army by Georg von Speyer ( right ) and Philipp von Hutten ( center ) at Sanlúcar de Barrameda . Between 1531 and 1538 , the German conquistadors Nikolaus Federmann and Georg von Speyer searched the Venezuelan lowlands , Colombian plateaus , Orinoco Basin and Llanos Orientales for El Dorado . Subsequently , Philipp von Hutten accompanied Von Speyer on a journey ( 1536 -- 38 ) in which they reached the headwaters of the Rio Japura , near the equator . In 1541 Hutten led an exploring party of about 150 men , mostly horsemen , from Coro on the coast of Venezuela in search of the Golden City . After several years of wandering , harassed by the natives and weakened by hunger and fever , he crossed the Rio Bermejo , and went on with a small group of around 40 men on horseback into Los Llanos , where they engaged in battle with a large number of Omaguas and Hutten was severely wounded . He led those of his followers who survived back to Coro in 1546 . On Hutten 's return , he and a traveling companion , Bartholomeus VI . Welser , were executed in El Tocuyo by the Spanish authorities . In 1535 , Captains Anasco and Ampudia were dispatched by Spanish conquistador Sebastián de Belalcázar , one of Francisco Pizarro 's chief lieutenants , to discover the valley of Dorado in pursuit of the splendid riches of the Zaque , or chieftain of Cundinamarca , described by a wandering Indian of Tacumga . In 1536 Gonzalo Díaz de Pineda had led an expedition to the lowlands to the east of Quito and had found cinnamon trees but no rich empire . Quesada brothers ' expeditions ( edit ) Main article : Spanish conquest of the Muisca In 1536 , stories of El Dorado drew the Spanish conquistador Gonzalo Jimenez de Quesada and his army of 800 men away from their mission to find an overland route to Peru and up into the Andean homeland of the Muisca for the first time . The southern Muisca settlements and their treasures quickly fell to the conquistadors in 1537 and 1538 . On the Bogotá savanna , the Spanish received reports about El Dorado from captured natives , and of the initiation rite of the new zipa , which used to take place in Lake Guatavita . The Spanish captured large amounts of gold from the Muisca , which led them to spread the word that El Dorado was near . After his brother Gonzalo had left for Spain in May 1539 , Spanish conquistador Hernán Pérez de Quesada set out a new expedition in September 1540 , leaving with 270 Spanish soldiers and countless indigenous porters to explore the Llanos Orientales . One of his main captains on this journey was Baltasar Maldonado . Their expedition was unsuccessful and after reaching Quito , the troops returned to Santafe de Bogotá . Pizarro and Orellana 's discovery of the Amazon ( edit ) See also : Amazon River § History In 1540 , Gonzalo Pizarro , the younger half - brother of Francisco Pizarro , the Spanish conquistador who toppled the Incan Empire in Peru , was made the governor of the province of Quito in northern Ecuador . Shortly after taking lead in Quito , Gonzalo learned from many of the natives of a valley far to the east rich in both cinnamon and gold . He banded together 340 soldiers and about 4000 natives in 1541 and led them eastward down the Rio Coca and Rio Napo . Francisco de Orellana accompanied Pizarro on the expedition as his lieutenant . Gonzalo quit after many of the soldiers and natives had died from hunger , disease , and periodic attacks by hostile natives . He ordered Orellana to continue downstream , where he eventually made it to the Atlantic Ocean . The expedition found neither cinnamon nor gold , but Orellana is credited with discovering the Amazon River ( so named because of a tribe of female warriors that attacked Orellana 's men while on their voyage ) . Expeditions of Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre ( edit ) In 1560 , Basque conquistadors Pedro de Ursúa and Lope de Aguirre journeyed down the Marañón and Amazon Rivers , in search of El Dorado , with 300 Spaniards and hundreds of natives ; the actual goal of Ursúa was to send idle veterans from the Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire away , to keep them from trouble - making , using the El Dorado myth as a lure . A year later , Aguirre participated in the overthrow and killing of Ursúa and his successor , Fernando de Guzmán , whom he ultimately succeeded . He and his men reached the Atlantic ( probably by the Orinoco River ) , destroying native villages on the way . Lake Guatavita gold ( edit ) While the existence of a sacred lake in the Eastern Ranges of the Andes , associated with Indian rituals involving gold , was known to the Spaniards possibly as early as 1531 , its location was only discovered in 1537 by conquistador Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada while on an expedition to the highlands of the Eastern Ranges of the Andes in search of gold . Conquistadores Lázaro Fonte and Hernán Perez de Quesada attempted ( unsuccessfully ) to drain the lake in 1545 using a `` bucket chain '' of labourers . After 3 months , the water level had been reduced by 3 metres , and only a small amount of gold was recovered , with a value of 3000 -- 4000 pesos ( approx . US $100,000 today ; a peso or piece of eight of the 15th century weighs 0.88 oz of 93 % pure silver ) . A later more industrious attempt was made in 1580 , by Bogotá business entrepreneur Antonio de Sepúlveda . A notch was cut deep into the rim of the lake , which managed to reduce the water level by 20 metres , before collapsing and killing many of the labourers . A share of the findings -- consisting of various golden ornaments , jewellery and armour -- was sent to King Philip II of Spain . Sepúlveda 's discovery came to approximately 12,000 pesos . He died a poor man , and is buried at the church in the small town of Guatavita . In 1801 , Alexander von Humboldt made a visit to Guatavita , and on his return to Paris , calculated from the findings of Sepúlveda 's efforts that Guatavita could offer up as much as $300 million worth of gold . In 1898 , the Company for the Exploitation of the Lagoon of Guatavita was formed and taken over by Contractors Ltd. of London , in a deal brokered by British expatriate Hartley Knowles . The lake was drained by a tunnel that emerged in the centre of the lake . The water was drained to a depth of about 4 feet of mud and slime . This made it impossible to explore , and when the mud had dried in the sun , it had set like concrete . Artifacts worth only about £ 500 were found , and auctioned at Sotheby 's of London . Some of these were donated to the British Museum . The company filed for bankruptcy and ceased activities in 1929 . In 1965 , the Colombian government designated the lake as a protected area . Private salvage operations , including attempts to drain the lake , are now illegal . Antonio de Berrio 's expeditions ( edit ) The Spanish Governor of Trinidad , Antonio de Berrio ( nephew of Gonzalo Jiménez de Quesada ) , made three failed expeditions to look for El Dorado . Between 1583 and 1589 he carried out his first two expeditions , going through the wild regions of the Colombian plains and the Upper Orinoco . In 1590 he began his third expedition , ascending the Orinoco to reach the Caroní River with his own expeditionaries and another 470 men under command of Domingo de Vera . In March 1591 , while he was waiting for supplies on Margarita Island , his entire force was taken captive by Walter Raleigh , who proceeded up the Orinoco in search of El Dorado , with Berrio as a guide . Berrio took them to the territories he had previously explored by himself years before . After several months Raleigh 's expedition returned to Trinidad , and he released Berrio at the end of June 1595 on the coast of Cumaná in exchange for some English prisoners . His son Fernando de Berrío y Ourña ( 1577 -- 1622 ) also made numerous expeditions in search of El Dorado . Trinidad and Tobago stamp featuring the ' Discovery of Lake Asphalt by Raleigh , 1595 ' Walter Raleigh ( edit ) Lake Parime ( Parime Lacus ) on a map by Hessel Gerritsz ( 1625 ) . Situated at the west coast of the lake , the city of Manõa or El Dorado . Further information : Raleigh 's El Dorado Expedition Walter Raleigh 's 1595 journey with Antonio de Berrio had aimed to reach Lake Parime in the highlands of Guyana ( the supposed location of El Dorado at the time ) . He was encouraged by the account of Juan Martinez , believed to be Juan Martin de Albujar , who had taken part in Pedro de Silva 's expedition of the area in 1570 , only to fall into the hands of the Caribs of the Lower Orinoco . Martinez claimed that he was taken to the golden city in blindfold , was entertained by the natives , and then left the city and could n't remember how to return . Raleigh had set many goals for his expedition , and believed he had a genuine chance at finding the so - called city of gold . First , he wanted to find the mythical city of El Dorado , which he suspected to be an actual Indian city named Manõa . Second , he hoped to establish an English presence in the Southern Hemisphere that could compete with that of the Spanish . His third goal was to create an English settlement in the land called Guyana , and to try to reduce commerce between the natives and Spaniards . In 1596 Raleigh sent his lieutenant , Lawrence Kemys , back to Guyana in the area of the Orinoco River , to gather more information about the lake and the golden city . During his exploration of the coast between the Amazon and the Orinoco , Kemys mapped the location of Amerindian tribes and prepared geographical , geological and botanical reports of the country . Kemys described the coast of Guiana in detail in his Relation of the Second Voyage to Guiana ( 1596 ) and wrote that indigenous people of Guiana traveled inland by canoe and land passages towards a large body of water on the shores of which he supposed was located Manoa , Golden City of El Dorado . Though Raleigh never found El Dorado , he was convinced that there was some fantastic city whose riches could be discovered . Finding gold on the riverbanks and in villages only strengthened his resolve . In 1617 , he returned to the New World on a second expedition , this time with Kemys and his son , Watt Raleigh , to continue his quest for El Dorado . However , Raleigh , by now an old man , stayed behind in a camp on the island of Trinidad . Watt Raleigh was killed in a battle with Spaniards and Kemys subsequently committed suicide . Upon Raleigh 's return to England , King James ordered him to be beheaded for disobeying orders to avoid conflict with the Spanish . He was executed in 1618 . Post-elizabethan expeditions ( edit ) In early 1611 Sir Thomas Roe , on a mission to the West Indies for Henry Frederick , Prince of Wales , sailed his 200 - ton ship , the Lion 's Claw , some 320 kilometres ( 200 mi ) up the Amazon , then took a party of canoes up the Waipoco ( probably the Oyapock River ) in search of Lake Parime , negotiating thirty - two rapids and traveling about one hundred miles before they ran out of food and had to turn back . In 1637 - 38 , two monks , Acana and Fritz , undertook several journeys to the lands of the Manoas , indigenous peoples living in western Guyana and what is now Roraima in northeastern Brazil . Although they found no evidence of El Dorado , their published accounts were intended to inspire further exploration . In November 1739 , Nicholas Horstman , a German surgeon commissioned by the Dutch Governor of Guiana , traveled up the Essequibo River accompanied by two Dutch soldiers and four Indian guides . In April 1741 one of the Indian guides returned reporting that in 1740 Horstman had crossed over to the Rio Branco and descended it to its confluence with the Rio Negro . Horstman discovered Lake Amucu on the North Rupununi but found neither gold nor any evidence of a city . In 1740 , Don Manuel Centurion , Governor of Santo Tomé de Guayana de Angostura del Orinoco in Venezuela , hearing a report from an Indian about Lake Parima , embarked on a journey up the Caura River and the Paragua River , causing the deaths of several hundred persons . His survey of the local geography , however , provided the basis for other expeditions starting in 1775 . From 1775 to 1780 , Nicholas Rodriguez and Antonio Santos , two entrepreneurs employed by the Spanish Governors , set out on foot and Santos , proceeding by the Caroní River , the Paragua River , and the Pacaraima Mountains , reached the Uraricoera River and Rio Branco , but found nothing . Between 1799 and 1804 , Alexander von Humboldt conducted an extensive and scientific survey of the Guyana river basins and lakes , concluding that a seasonally - flooded confluence of rivers may be what inspired the notion of a mythical Lake Parime , and of the supposed golden city on the shore , nothing was found . Further exploration by Charles Waterton ( 1812 ) and Robert Schomburgk ( 1840 ) confirmed Humboldt 's findings . Gold strikes and the extractive wealth of the Rainforest ( edit ) By the mid-1570s , the Spanish silver strike at Potosí in Upper Peru ( modern Bolivia ) was producing unprecedented real wealth . In 1603 , Queen Elizabeth I of England died , bringing to an end the era of Elizabethan adventurism . A bit later , in 1618 , Sir Walter Raleigh , the great inspirer , was beheaded for insubordination and treason . In 1695 , bandeirantes in the south struck gold along a tributary of the São Francisco River in the highlands of State of Minas Gerais , Brazil . The prospect of real gold overshadowed the illusory promise of `` gold men '' and `` lost cities '' in the vast interior of the north . It appears today that the Muisca obtained their gold in trade , and while they possessed large quantities of it over time , no great store of the metal was ever accumulated . Recent research ( edit ) See also : List of Muisca research institutes In 1987 -- 1988 , an expedition led by John Hemming of the Royal Geographical Society of London failed to uncover any evidence of the ancient city of Manoa on the island of Maracá in north - central Roraima . Members of the expedition were accused of looting historic artifacts but an official report of the expedition described it as `` an ecological survey . '' Evidence for the existence of lake Parime ( edit ) Main article : Lake Parime Although it was dismissed in the 19th century as a myth , some evidence for the existence of a lake in northern Brazil has been uncovered . In 1977 Brazilian geologists Gert Woeltje and Frederico Guimarães Cruz along with Roland Stevenson , found that on all the surrounding hillsides a horizontal line appears at a uniform level approximately 120 metres ( 390 ft ) above sea level . This line registers the water level of an extinct lake which existed until relatively recent times . Researchers who studied it found that the lake 's previous diameter measured 400 kilometres ( 250 mi ) and its area was about 80,000 square kilometres ( 31,000 sq mi ) . About 700 years ago this giant lake began to drain due to tectonic movement . In June 1690 , a massive earthquake opened a bedrock fault , forming a rift or a graben that permitted the water to flow into the Rio Branco . By the early 19th century it had dried up completely . Roraima 's well - known Pedra Pintada is the site of numerous pictographs dating to the pre-Columbian era . Designs on the sheer exterior face of the rock were most likely painted by people standing in canoes on the surface of the now - vanished lake . Gold , which was reported to be washed up on the shores of the lake , was most likely carried by streams and rivers out of the mountains where it can be found today . El Dorado in popular culture ( edit ) Music ( edit ) El Dorado , album by Shakira ( 2017 ) El Dorado , by Marillion ( 2016 ) El Dorado , by Exo ( band ) ( 2015 ) El Dorado , by Death Cab for Cutie ( 2015 ) El Dorado , by Two Steps From Hell ( 2012 ) El Dorado , by Iron Maiden ( 2010 ) El Dorado , by Aterciopelados ( 1995 ) Eldorado , by The Tragically Hip ( 1992 ) Eldorado , by Patrick O'Hearn ( 1989 ) El Dorado , by Agent Orange ( band ) ( 1981 ) Eldorado , by Goombay Dance Band ( 1980 ) Eldorado , album by Electric Light Orchestra ( 1974 ) Concert Tours ( edit ) El Dorado World Tour , concert tour by Shakira ( 2018 ) Games ( edit ) Pinball ( edit ) El Dorado City of Gold ( pinball ) ( 1984 ) Video games ( edit ) Europa Universalis IV - El Dorado DLC ( 2015 ) Age of Empires II : The Forgotten HD ( 2013 ) Pirate101 ( 2012 ) Sid Meier 's Civilization V ( 2010 ) Uncharted : Drake 's Fortune ( 2007 ) Pitfall : The Lost Expedition ( 2004 ) The Journeyman Project 3 : Legacy of Time ( 1998 ) Mobile games ( edit ) Monster Strike ( 2013 ) Movies ( edit ) Indiana Jones and the Kingdom of the Crystal Skull ( 2008 ) The Road to El Dorado ( 2000 ) El Dorado ( 1988 ) Aguirre , the Wrath of God ( 1972 ) The Mask of Zorro ( 1998 ) Black Panther ( 2018 ) The Lost City of Z ( 2016 ) Amazon Obhijaan Television ( edit ) The Mysterious Cities of Gold ( 1982 ) Eldorado ( 1992 - 3 ) Comics ( edit ) The Last Lord of Eldorado ( 1998 ) Poems ( edit ) Eldorado ( 1849 ) Literature ( edit ) Voltaire 's 1759 satire Candide describes a place called El Dorado , a geographically isolated utopia where the streets are covered with precious stones , there exist no priests , and all of the king 's jokes are funny . See also ( edit ) Colombia portal Mythology portal Spanish conquest of the Muisca , the main expedition in the quest for El Dorado Darkness in El Dorado Liborio Zerda Lake Parime List of mythological places Lost City of Z Montezuma 's treasure , a somewhat similar Mexican / southwestern American legend Paititi Seven Cities of Gold , mythological locations in New Mexico , United States ( some accounts call El Dorado one of the seven ) The Narrative of Robert Adams ( 1816 ) , which dispelled a then - prevalent European misconception that Timbuktu was an African El Dorado Witwatersrand Gold Rush Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Era costumbre entre estos naturales que el que había de ser sucesor y heredero del señorío o cacicazgo de su tío , a quien heredaba , había de ayunar seis años metido en una cueva que tenían dedicada y señalada par esto , y que en todo este tiempo no había de tener parte con mujeres , ni comer carne , sal ni ají y otras cosas que les vedaban ; y entre ellas que durante el ayuno no habían de ver el sol , sólo de noche tenían licencia para salir de la cueva y ver la luna y estrellas y recogerse antes que el sol los viese . Y cumplido este ayuno y ceremonias se metían en posesión del cacicazgo o señorío , y la primera jornada que habían de hacer era ir a la gran laguna de Guatavita a ofrecer y sacrificar al demonio ( sic ) que tenían por su dios y señor . La ceremonia que en esto había era que en aquella laguna se hacía una gran balsa de juncos , aderezábanla y adornábanla todo lo más vistoso que podían , metían en ella cuatro braseros encendidos en que desde luego quemaban mucho moque , que es el sahumerio de estos naturales , y trementina , con otros muchos y diversos perfumes . Estaba a este tiempo toda la laguna en redondo , con ser muy grande , y hondable de tal manera que puede navegar en ella un navío de alto bordo , la cual estaba toda coronada de infinidad de indios e indias , con mucha plumería , chagualas y coronas de oro , con infinitos fuegos a la redonda ; y luego que en la balsa comenzaba el sahumerio lo encendían en tierra , en tal manera , que el humo impedía la luz del día . A este tiempo desnudaban al heredero en carnes vivas y lo untaban con una tierra pegajosa y lo espolvoreaban con oro en polvo y molido , de tal manera que iba cubierto todo de este metal . Metíanle en la balsa , en la cual iba parado , ya los pies le ponían un gran montón de oro y esmeraldas para que ofreciese a su dios . Entraban con él en la balsa cuatro caciques , los más principales , sus sujetos , muy aderezados de plumería , coronas de oro , brazales y chagualas y orejeras de oro , también desnudos , y cada cual llevaba su ofrecimiento . En partiendo la balsa de tierra comenzaban los instrumentos , cornetas , fotutos y otros instrumentos , y con esto una gran vocería que atronaba montes y valles y duraba hasta que la balsa llegaba al medio de la laguna , de donde , con una bandera , se hacía señal para el silencio . Hacía el indio dorado su ofrecimiento echando todo el oro que llevaba a los pies en el medio de la laguna , y los demás caciques que iban con él y le acompañaban hacían lo propio , lo cual acabado abatían la bandera , que en todo el tiempo que gastaban en el ofrecimiento la tenían levantada , y partiendo la balsa a tierra comenzaba la grita , gaitas y fotutos con muy largos corros de bailes y danzas a su modo , con la cual ceremonia recibían al nuevo electo y quedaba conocido por señor y príncipe . De esta ceremonia se tomó aquel nombre tan celebrado del Dorado , que tantas vidas ha costado . '' References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Humboldt , Alexander von , Personal Narrative of Travels to the Equinoctial Regions of America During the Years 1799 - 1804 , ( chapter 25 ) . Henry G. Bohn , London , 1853 . ^ Jump up to : Ocampo López , Javier. 2007 . Grandes culturas indígenas de América ( Great indigenous cultures of the Americas ) , Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A. . Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Chiminichagua , o el ser supremo Jump up ^ Freyle , Juan Rodríguez ( 1636 ) . Conquista y descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada ( El Carnero ) . Jump up ^ Castellanos , Juan de ( 1850 ) . `` Parte III , Canto II '' . Elejias de Varones Ilustres de Indias . Madrid . Jump up ^ Sir Walter Raleigh , The Discoverie of the Large , Rich , and Bewtiful Empyre of Guiana ( 1596 ; repr. , Amsterdam : Theatrum Orbis Terrarum , 1968 ) ^ Jump up to : John Hemming , Red Gold : The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians , 1500 - 1760 , Harvard University Press , 1978 . ISBN 0674751078 Jump up ^ Wilson , James Grant ; Fiske , John , eds. ( 1900 ) . `` Spire , Georg von '' . in Appletons ' Cyclopædia of American Biography . New York : D. Appleton . Jump up ^ `` Hutten , Philipp ( Felipe Dutre , de Utre , de Ure ) , Conquistador , 1511 - 24.4. 1546 in Venezuela . '' Deutsche Biographie Jump up ^ Beatriz Pastor ; Sergio Callau ( 1 January 2011 ) . Lope de Aguirre y la rebelión de los marañones . Parkstone International . pp. 1524 -- 1525 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 9740 - 535 - 5 . Jump up ^ William A. Douglass ; Jon Bilbao ( 2005 ) . Amerikanuak : Basques in the New World . University of Nevada Press . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 87417 - 625 - 4 . Jump up ^ Elena Mampel González ; Neus Escandell Tur ( 1 January 1981 ) . Lope de Aguirre : Crónicas , 1559 - 1561 . Edicions Universitat Barcelona . p. 132 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 85411 - 51 - 1 . Jump up ^ Gabriel Sánchez Sorondo ( 1 January 2010 ) . Historia oculta de la conquista de América . Ediciones Nowtilus S.L. p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 84 - 9763 - 601 - 8 . Jump up ^ John Hemming , `` The Draining of Lake Guatavita . '' Jump up ^ British Museum Collection Jump up ^ Bell , Robert ( 1837 ) . Lives of the British Admirals : Robert Devereux . Sir Walter Raleigh Volume 4 . Longman , . pp. 330 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Sir Walter Ralegh 's Discoverie of Guiana , Hakluyt Society , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 2006 . ISBN 0904180875 Jump up ^ Eliane Dotson , `` Lake Parime and the Golden City . '' Jump up ^ `` Raleigh 's Second Expedition to Guiana . '' ^ Jump up to : John Knox Laughton , `` Kemys , Lawrence '' Dictionary of National Biography , 1885 - 1900 , Volume 30 . Jump up ^ Sir Walter Raleigh . Jump up ^ Drye , Willie . National Geographic . El Dorado Legend Snared Sir Walter Raleigh . Jump up ^ Alírio Cardoso , `` The conquest of Maranhão and Atlantic disputes in the geopolitics of the Iberian Union ( 1596 - 1626 ) , '' Rev. Bras . Hist . vol. 31 no. 61 , São Paulo , 2011 . Jump up ^ James Seay Dean , Tropics Bound : Elizabeth 's Seadogs on the Spanish Main , The History Press , 2013 . ISBN 0752496689 Jump up ^ James Alexander Williamson , English colonies in Guiana and on the Amazon , 1604 - 1668 , Oxford , 1923 ; p. 54 . Jump up ^ Roe , Thomas Jump up ^ Michael J. Brown , Itinerant Ambassador : The Life of Sir Thomas Roe , University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ; p. 15 . ISBN 0813162270 Jump up ^ Francis Alexander Durivage , A popular cyclopedia of history : ancient and modern , forming a copious historical dictionary of celebrated institutions , persons , places and things ... Case , Tiffany and Burnham , 1847 , Princeton University Jump up ^ C.A. Harris and John Abraham Jacob De Villiers , Storm Van 's Gravesande : The Rise of British Guiana , Compiled from his Works , Hakluyt Society , 1911 ; University of Michigan . Jump up ^ Edward M. Pierce , The Cottage Cyclopedia of History and Biography : A Copious Dictionary of Memorable Persons , Events , Places and Things , with Notices of the Present State of the Principal Countries and Nations of the Known World , and a Chronological View of American History , Case , Lockwood , 1867 , Harvard University Jump up ^ Charles Waterton , Wanderings in South America , Cassell & Co , Ltd : London , Paris & Melbourne . 1891 . Jump up ^ Peter Rivière , ed . The Guiana Travels of Robert Schomburgk , 1835 - 1844 : Explorations on behalf of the Royal Geographical Society , 1835 - 1839 , Ashgate Publishing , Ltd. , 2006 ; p. 274 . ISBN 0904180867 Jump up ^ ( in Spanish ) Rafael Videla , `` El Dorado : El Gran Descubrimiento de Roland Stevenson '' Jump up ^ John Hemming , Steve Bowles , and Fiona Watson . `` Maracá Rainforest Project Brazil 1987 - 1988 , '' Royal Geographic Society , 1988 . Jump up ^ Roland Stevenson , `` Parime : Finding the Legendary Lake '' Jump up ^ ( in Portuguese ) Dalton Delfini Maziero , `` El Dorado Em busca dos antigos mistérios Amazônicos , '' Arqueologiamericana Jump up ^ Alberto V. Veloso , `` On the footprints of a major Brazilian Amazon earthquake , '' An . Acad. Bras . Ciênc. , vol. 86 no. 3 Rio de Janeiro Sept. 2014 Jump up ^ Jeff Shea , The March 2013 Paragua River Expedition : Penetration into The Meseta de Ichún of Venezuela , Explorers Club Report # 60 Jump up ^ J.A. Fonseca , `` A Misteriosa Pedra Pintada ( Roraima ) '' Jump up ^ `` Significant gold deposits in Roraima Basin -- study , '' March 22 , 2009 Bibliography ( edit ) Ocampo López , Javier. 2007 . Grandes culturas indígenas de América - Great indigenous cultures of the Americas , 1 -- 238 . Plaza & Janes Editores Colombia S.A. . Further reading ( edit ) Hemming , John . 1978 . Red Gold : The Conquest of the Brazilian Indians , 1500 - 1760 . Harvard University Press . Accessed 2016 - 07 - 12 . Bandelier , A.F.A.. 1893 . The Gilded Man , El Dorado . Fernandez de Oviedo , Gonzalo. 1851 . Historia General y Natural de las India , islas y Tierra - Firme del Mar Oceano. Real Academia de la Historia . Rodriguez Freyle , Juan . 1859 . El Carnero : Conquista y descubrimiento del Nuevo Reino de Granada . Hagen , Victor Wolfgang von . 1968 . The Gold of El Dorado : The Quest for the Golden Man . Naipaul , V.S.. 1969 . The Loss of El Dorado . André Deutsch . Nicholl , Charles . 1995 . The Creature in the Map : A Journey to El Dorado . Zerda , Liborio. 1947 ( 1883 ) . El Dorado . Accessed 2017 - 03 - 23 . External links ( edit ) ( in Spanish ) Analysis of maps from 1570 to 1842 , showing El Dorado in various locations around South America El Dorado raft - Gold Museum , Bogotá , Colombia El Dorado - Ancient History Encyclopedia The Legend of El Dorado - Tairona Heritage Trust <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Muisca <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Topics <Td_colspan="2"> General Agriculture Architecture Art Astronomy Calendar Cuisine Economy Mummification Music Muysccubun Mythology Numerals Religion Society Toponyms Warfare Women Specific Battle of Pasca ( ~ 1470 ) Battle of Chocontá ( ~ 1490 ) Chicha Duit Emeralds Muisca raft Ruana Tejo Tunjo Zoratama The Salt People Zipaquirá Nemocón Tausa Sesquilé <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Geography and history <Td_colspan="2"> Altiplano Cundiboyacense Bogotá River Frío Fucha Juan Amarillo Soacha Teusacá Torca Tunjuelo Bogotá savanna Suba Hills Wetlands Eastern Hills Flora & fauna Suárez River Ubaté - Chiquinquirá Valley Neighbouring areas Ocetá Páramo Tenza Valley History Prehistory ( < 10,000 BP ) Lake Humboldt El Abra Tibitó Sueva Tequendama Lithic ( 10,000 - 2800 BP ) Piedras del Tunjo Checua Galindo Nemocón Sáchica Aguazuque Lake Herrera El Infiernito Ceramic ( > 800 BC ) Herrera ( 800 BC - 800 ) Early Muisca ( 800 - 1200 ) Muisca Confederation ( ~ 1450 - 1540 ) Cabildo Mayor ( > 2002 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Religion and mythology <Td_colspan="2"> Deities Chiminigagua Bachué Chía Sué Bochica Huitaca Chibchacum Cuchavira Nencatacoa Chaquén Chibafruime Guahaioque Sacred sites Built Sun Temple Moon Temple Cojines del Zaque Goranchacha Temple Hunzahúa Well Natural Fúquene Guasca Guatavita Iguaque Siecha Suesca Tota Ubaque Tequendama Falls Mythology Myths El Dorado Monster of Lake Tota Mythological figures Goranchacha Idacansás Pacanchique Thomagata <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Caciques and neighbours <Td_colspan="2"> Northern caciques zaque of Hunza Hunzahúa Michuá Quemuenchatocha Aquiminzaque iraca of Suamox Nompanim Sugamuxi cacique of Tundama Tundama Southern caciques zipa of Bacatá Meicuchuca Saguamanchica Nemequene Tisquesusa Sagipa cacique of Turmequé Diego de Torres y Moyachoque Neighbours Chibcha - speaking U'wa Sutagao Guane Lache Arawak - speaking Achagua Tegua Guayupe Cariban - speaking Panche Muzo Yarigui <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Spanish conquest <Td_colspan="2"> Conquistadors Major Gonzalo de Quesada Hernán de Quesada Baltasar Maldonado Gonzalo Suárez Rendón Juan de Céspedes Juan de San Martín Minor Antonio Díaz de Cardoso Antonio de Lebrija Bartolomé Camacho Zambrano Gonzalo García Zorro Gonzalo Macías Hernán Venegas Carrillo Juan de Albarracín Juan del Junco Juan Tafur Lázaro Fonte Luis Lanchero Martín Galeano Martín Yañéz Tafur Miguel Holguín y Figueroa Ortún Velázquez de Velasco Pedro Fernández de Valenzuela Pedro Ruíz Corredor Neighbouring conquests Conquest of the Chibchan Nations Conquest of the Muzo Conquest of the Panche Battle of Tocarema ( 1538 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Research and collections <Td_colspan="2"> Scholars Acosta Acosta Samper De Aguado Arango Broadbent De Castellanos Celis Correal Duquesne Freyle Friede Gamboa Groot Hammen Humboldt Izquierdo Langebaek De Lugo Ocampo De Piedrahita De Quesada Reichel - Dolmatoff Schrimpff Simón Triana Uricoechea Zerda Publications Elegías ( 1589 ) El Carnero ( 1638 ) Epítome ( 1889 ) Research institutes ICANH Universidad Nacional Universidad de los Andes Universidad La Javeriana University of Pittsburgh UPTC Collections Museo del Oro Archaeology Museum of Sogamoso Archaeology Museum of Pasca Metropolitan Museum of Art <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Images VIAF : 313029272 GND : 4092479 - 8 NDL : 00562039 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=El_Dorado&oldid=821602758 '' Categories : Exploration of South America Gold History of South America Muisca mythology and religion Pre-Columbian mythology and religion Mythical lost cities and towns Mythological kingdoms , empires , and countries Utopias Hidden categories : Articles with Spanish - language external links Articles with Portuguese - language external links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2014 Articles needing more detailed references Articles with unsourced statements from July 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2015 Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Bân - lâm - gú Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano ಕನ್ನಡ Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan پنجابی Polski Português Română Русский Simple English کوردی Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 21 January 2018 , at 14 : 03 . 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1. El Dorado - mythical city of gold 2. Muisca - native people of Colombia 3. Lake Guatavita - where the zipa covered himself in gold dust 4. Expeditions in search of El Dorado 5. Gold and greed - Spanish conquistadors and their search for wealth

who counts first in crib at the end

Rules of cribbage - wikipedia Rules of cribbage Over the 400 or so years that the game of cribbage has been around , variations and rules have evolved . House rules , preferences and even misunderstandings have been passed from one player to another . However , the core of the rules remains constant , and should be familiar to most players . The rules here apply to the standard two - , three - or four - player games , with details of variations being listed below . Contents 1 The deal 2 The crib 2.1 Example cribs 2.1. 1 Two players 2.1. 2 Three players 3 The starter 4 The play 4.1 Example plays 4.1. 1 Two players 4.1. 2 Three players 5 The show 5.1 Example scores 5.1. 1 Two players 5.1. 2 Three players 6 The end 7 Match 7.1 Two player game 7.2 Three player game 7.2. 1 Winner takes all 7.2. 2 Continued play 8 Variations 9 References 10 External links The deal ( edit ) Cribbage uses a standard 52 - card deck of cards . The jokers are removed ; the suits are equal in status . The players cut for first deal , with the player cutting the lowest card ( the ace counts as one , and is the lowest card ) dealing first . If the cutters tie , the cards are re-shuffled and re-cut . The dealer shuffles , offers the deck to the player on his or her right to cut ( required in tournament play ) , and deals cards singly to each player , starting with the player on the dealer 's left . During the deal , if any card is exposed by the dealer or found face - up in the deck , cards must be redealt . Cards must be dealt so that each player ends up with four cards after the crib is formed , and the crib should also have four cards . For two players , each is dealt six cards ( though some play with five cards dealt to each player and two to the crib ) . For three or four players , each is dealt five cards . In the case of three players , a single card is dealt face down in front of the dealer to start the crib . # of Players # cards dealt to each player # cards dealt to crib # cards discarded by each player to crib 2 ( standard ) 6 0 2 ( alternate ) 5 5 5 0 The crib ( edit ) Once the cards have been dealt , each player chooses four cards to retain , discarding the other one or two face - down to form the `` crib '' that will be used later by the dealer . At this point , each player 's hand and the crib will contain exactly four cards . Example cribs ( edit ) Two players ( edit ) Player Cards dealt Discarded Hand Alice ( dealer ) Bob Crib <Td_colspan="3"> Three players ( edit ) Player Cards dealt Discarded Hand Claire ( dealer ) David Eve Crib <Td_colspan="2"> The starter ( edit ) The player on the dealer 's left cuts the undealt portion of the deck ( leaving at least 4 cards ) , and the dealer reveals the top card , called the `` starter '' or the `` cut '' , placing it on top of the deck face up . ( It is illegal to peek at any other cards in the deck during this process . ) If this card is a Jack , the dealer scores two points for `` his heels '' , also known as `` his nibs '' , or simply `` nibs '' . The game can end on a cut of a Jack for the dealer . The play ( edit ) The play ( often called pegging ) starts with the player on the dealer 's left and continues clockwise . Each player lays one card in turn onto the table so that it is visible , stating the cumulative value of the cards played . ( For example , the first player lays a 4 and says `` four '' , the next lays a 7 and says `` eleven '' , and so on ) . Face cards are worth ten ; Aces are worth one . Play must not exceed 31 , so a player who can not lay a card without bringing the total above 31 passes by saying `` Go '' . The other players continue to lay cards in turn without exceeding 31 until no cards can be played . If a player can lay a card they must do so . The last player to lay a card scores two points if 31 is reached exactly ( `` 31 for two '' ) ; otherwise one point is scored , e.g. , `` 29 for one '' , or `` 30 for one '' , etc . The one - point score is known as `` One for the go '' , or simply the `` Go '' . The count is then reset to zero and play resumes , starting with the player to the left of the last card played . Players with cards remaining repeat this process until all players ' cards have been played . In addition to scoring one or two points for the last card , players score points according to the following rules : fifteen - twos two points for a cumulative total of exactly fifteen ( `` fifteen two '' ) runs three points for completing a run of three cards , regardless of the order in which they are laid ( a 6 , then a 4 , then a 5 is a run of three even though they were not laid in order ) four points for completing a run of four five points for completing a run of five six points for completing a run of six seven points for completing the run of seven ; e.g. playing 2 , 4 , 6 , A , 3 , 5 and 7 pairs two points for laying a card of the same rank as the previous card , thus completing a pair six points for laying a third card of the same rank ( a `` pair royal '' or `` trips '' ) twelve points for laying a fourth card of the same rank ( a `` double pair royal '' or `` quad '' ) If a card completes more than one scoring combination , then all combinations are scored . For example , if the first three cards played are 5s , the third one scores eight points : two for making 15 , and six for a pair royal . Card combinations can not span a reset ; once the total reaches 31 ( or a Go has been scored ) and counting has restarted at zero , cards already played can not contribute to runs or pairs . During this phase of play run combinations can not span a pair ; in a play of 2 , 3 , 3 , 4 the pair interrupts the run so only the pair is counted for points . Players choose when to lay each card in order to maximise their score according to the scheme shown below . The first player to reach 121 wins the game . Example plays ( edit ) Two players ( edit ) Alice ( dealer ) Bob Player Card Cumulative Score Announced Bob 10 `` ten '' Alice 15 2 points ( fifteen exactly ) `` fifteen for two '' Bob 22 `` twenty - two '' Alice 28 3 points ( run : 5 , 6 , 7 ) `` twenty - eight for three '' Bob `` go '' Alice 30 1 point `` thirty for one '' Bob 6 `` six '' Alice 10 `` ten '' Bob 14 3 points ( pair , last card ) `` fourteen for three '' Three players ( edit ) Claire ( dealer ) David Eve Player Card Cumulative Score Announced David 7 `` seven '' Eve 14 2 points ( pair ) `` fourteen for two '' Claire 21 6 points ( three - of - a-kind ) `` twenty - one for six '' David 26 `` twenty - six '' Eve 31 4 points ( pair , 31 exactly ) `` thirty - one for four '' Claire 8 `` eight '' David 18 `` eighteen '' Eve 28 2 points ( pair ) `` twenty - eight for two '' Claire `` go '' David `` go '' Eve 31 2 points ( 31 exactly ) `` thirty - one for two '' Claire 10 `` ten '' David 14 `` fourteen '' Claire 23 1 point ( last card ) `` twenty - three for one '' The show ( edit ) Once the play is complete , each player in turn receives points based on the content of their hand . Starting with the player on the dealer 's left , players spread out their cards on the playing surface and calculate their score based on these four cards and the starter card : fifteen - twos two points for each separate combination of two or more cards totalling exactly fifteen runs three points for a run of three consecutive cards ( regardless of suit ) four points for completing a run of four five points for completing a run of five pairs two points for a pair of cards of a kind six points for three cards of a kind ( known as a `` pair royal '' , comprising three distinct pairs ) twelve points for four cards of a kind ( a `` double pair royal '' , comprising six distinct pairs ) flush four points for a flush , where all four cards in the hand are of the same suit , with an additional point if the starter card is also of that suit . one point for holding the Jack of the same suit as the starter card ( `` one for his nob '' or `` ... his nobs '' ) Common combinations are often scored as a group . For example , a run of three cards with an additional card matching one of the three in value , e.g. , 2 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 , is termed a `` double run '' , and scores eight according to the above rules , three for each of the runs and two for the pair . Even more valuable are `` triple runs '' ( three three - card straights including a three - of - a-kind , e.g. , 2 -- 2 -- 2 -- 3 -- 4 , that score fifteen ) and `` double - double runs '' ( four three - card straights including pairs , e.g. , 2 -- 3 -- 3 -- 4 -- 4 , that score sixteen ) . Combined runs may also include fifteen - twos . A 24 hand , the largest commonly seen , comprises a double - double run and four fifteen - twos . Two examples are 4 -- 4 -- 5 -- 5 -- 6 and 6 -- 7 -- 7 -- 8 -- 8 . The dealer scores his hand last and then turns the cards in the crib face up . These cards , in conjunction with the starter card , are scored by the dealer as an additional hand . The rules for scoring the crib are the same as scoring a hand , with the exception of the flush ; a four - card flush in the crib is scored only if it is the same suit as the starter card ( for a total of five points ) . The highest possible score for a hand is 29 points : a starter card of a 5 , and a hand of 5 , 5 , 5 , J with the Jack being the same suit as the starter card . The score might be announced thus : Fifteen two , fifteen four , fifteen six , fifteen eight , ( four J - 5 combinations ) fifteen ten , fifteen twelve , fifteen fourteen , fifteen sixteen , ( four 5 -- 5 -- 5 combinations ) twelve for pairs ( four 5s ) is twenty - eight , and nobs makes twenty - nine . Scores between 0 and 29 are all possible , with the exception of 19 , 25 , 26 and 27 . Players may colloquially refer to a blank hand ( one scoring no points ) as a `` nineteen hand '' . Example scores ( edit ) Two players ( edit ) Starter card Alice ( dealer ) Bob Crib Player Cards Score Announced Bob `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' `` four for a run '' `` and one for his nob '' Total 9 Alice `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' 8 `` and eight for a double run '' Total 12 Alice ( crib ) `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' `` and two for a pair '' Total 6 Three players ( edit ) Starter card Claire ( dealer ) David Eve Crib Player Cards Score Announced David `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' `` and three for a run '' Total 7 Eve `` fifteen two '' `` fifteen four '' `` fifteen six '' `` and two for a pair '' Total 8 Claire `` fifteen two '' `` and three for a run '' Total 5 Claire ( crib ) `` fifteen two '' `` and three for a run '' Total 5 The end ( edit ) After the dealer has scored the crib , all cards are collected and the deal passes to the player on the dealer 's left . The next round starts with the deal . Although the rules of cribbage do not require it ( except in tournament play ) , the traditional method of keeping score is to use a cribbage board . This is a flat board , usually made of wood , with separate series of holes that record each player 's score . It is usually arranged in five hole sections for easier scoring . Players each have two pegs that mark their current and previous scores , and all scoring is done by moving the back peg ahead of the front peg . When a player reaches the target score for the game ( usually 121 ) , the game ends with that player the winner . Match ( edit ) A match ( much like tennis ) consists of more than one game , often an odd number ( 3 games , 5 games , 7 games etc . ) . The match points are scored on the cribbage board using the holes reserved for match points . On a spiral board , these are often at the bottom of the board in a line with 5 or 7 holes . On a traditional board , they are often placed in the middle of the board or at the top / bottom . Two player game ( edit ) In a two player game of cribbage a player scores one match point for each game won . Their opponent will begin the next game as first dealer . If a player skunks their opponent ( reaches 121 points before their opponent scores 91 points ) then that player scores one extra match point for that game ( two match points in total ) . If a player double skunks their opponent ( reaches 121 points before their opponent reaches 61 ) , then they score two extra match points for the game ( four match points in total ) . If a player triple skunks their opponent ( reaches 121 points before their opponent reaches 31 points ) , they automatically win the match regardless of how many match points are needed to win . Double and triple skunks are not included in the official rules of cribbage play and are optional . There are several different formats for scoring match points . Match point scoring Scoring Variation Points for a normal win Points for skunking opponent Points for double skunking opponent Points for triple skunking opponent Official Tournament rules 2 points 3 points no extra points no extra points Variation of Tournament rules 2 points 3 points 4 points no extra points Free play rules 1 point 2 points 4 points no extra points Free play rules with triple skunk 1 points 2 points 4 points Automatic win of match Three player game ( edit ) Winner takes all ( edit ) When playing a three player match in a winner takes all format , the winner scores two match points ( just like in two - way cribbage ) for each game won . If he / she skunks just the third opponent , they score an additional match point ( 3 total ) with second place receiving one point . If he / she double skunks both opponents , he / she still scores three match points but second place would not receive any points at all . Continued play ( edit ) In continued play format , the winner of the match earns two match points for three player cribbage and four match points for five player cribbage ( plus applicable match points if the player has skunked / double skunked their opponents ) . The remaining players play until there is a second winner , who scores one match point for three player cribbage and two match points for five player cribbage ( with no extra points for skunking opponents ) . In five player cribbage , the remaining three players play until there is a third winner , who scores one match point ( with no extra points for skunking opponents ) . Variations ( edit ) Three players : Five cards are dealt to each player and one card directly to the crib , and each player then discards one card to the crib , as shown in the examples above . Three players can score individually , with the winner the first to reach 121 , or in a `` two against one '' team format , where the two - player team must score 121 to win before the lone player reaches 61 . Another variation of the `` two against one '' team format , is that prior to the cut , the lone player picks up the crib , examines all 8 cards , and then discards 4 cards to the crib . Both the team and lone player need to reach 121 to win . Four players : Five cards are dealt to each player , each of whom discards one to the crib . The players can play as individuals or as two sets of partners . Five - card cribbage ( called the `` old game '' ) : Each of two players is dealt five cards , two of which are discarded into the crib . The crib thus consists of four cards but each hand only three . The non-dealer is given a three - point start and play is to 61 . Five players : Five cards are dealt to each player except the dealer , who has only four cards . The four non-dealers each discard one card to the crib . Muggins : This is a scoring variant in which a player who fails to count all the points to which he is entitled in the play or the show loses the unclaimed points to an opponent who calls `` muggins '' or `` cut throat '' . Lowball ( or `` Loser 's Crib '' ) : This is a misère variant in which the normal rules apply but the aim is to avoid scoring . The loser is the first to 121 . Jokers : Jokers are fully wild , with their rank and suit decided only at the moment of play . The choice of card may even replicate a card already in play , allowing for 5 of a kind ( 20 points ) , 6 of a kind ( 30 points ) , etc . When a joker is cut as the starter , the dealer scores 2 for heels and each player may choose a different rank and suit for the joker when hands are scored . Toss Fives : This is a variant in which players must discard any 5s they may have into the crib ( even an opponent 's crib ) . Auction Cribbage : In Auction Cribbage , any player may bid for the points in the box after the cards are dealt . Bidding continues in turn until no further bids are offered ; the winning bidder then immediately deducts that number of points from their hand ; the crib is scored at the usual time and its points awarded to the winning bidder for that round . If no bid is placed , the dealer retains the crib . Null point penalty : When a player scores zero points during `` the show '' , their opponent scores one point . This applies to both players hands as well as in the crib . Back 10 ( Backup Ten ) : The hand and the crib must contain points . If either hand does not , the owner of the hand must go back ten points . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Cribbage Official Tournament Rules '' ( PDF ) . 4.3 Exposed Cards . American Cribbage Congress . August 2010 . p. 13 . Retrieved April 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Parlett , David ( October 1987 ) . The Penguin Book of Card Games . Treasure Press . ISBN 1 - 85051 - 221 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` The Mechanics of Playing Cribbage '' . The American Cribbage Congress . 2004 - 10 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Cribbage Rules '' . Cribbage Corner. 2008 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 05 . Jump up ^ Block , Mike ; et al. `` Six Card Cribbage '' . Card Games . Pagat.com . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Rule 1 . The Mechanics of Playing Cribbage : Definitions '' . Cribbage Official Tournament Rules . American Cribbage Congress . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Steven S. Lumetta ( 2007 - 05 - 15 ) . `` Amusing Cribbage Facts '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 05 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 03 . Jump up ^ http://www.poker.tj/games-encyclopedia/strategy-cribbage-poker.html . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://www.ecribbage.com External links ( edit ) Cribbage rules from Cribbage Corner Official tournament rules of the American Cribbage Congress Cribbage Scoring Chart Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rules_of_cribbage&oldid=853433541 '' Categories : Cribbage Four - player card games Anglo - American playing card games Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Esperanto Français Nederlands Русский Svenska Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 4 August 2018 , at 19 : 25 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Cribbage rules and variations 2. Dealing and discarding in cribbage 3. Scoring points in cribbage 4. Cribbage match and tournament rules 5. Variations of cribbage gameplay

information about solar system and its 8 planets in hindi

Planet - wikipedia Planet Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the astronomical object . For other uses , see Planet ( disambiguation ) . The eight known planets of the Solar System The terrestrial planets Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars The giant planets Jupiter and Saturn ( gas giants ) Uranus and Neptune ( ice giants ) Shown in order from the Sun and in true color . Sizes are not to scale . A planet is an astronomical body orbiting a star or stellar remnant that is massive enough to be rounded by its own gravity , is not massive enough to cause thermonuclear fusion , and has cleared its neighbouring region of planetesimals . The term planet is ancient , with ties to history , astrology , science , mythology , and religion . Several planets in the Solar System can be seen with the naked eye . These were regarded by many early cultures as divine , or as emissaries of deities . As scientific knowledge advanced , human perception of the planets changed , incorporating a number of disparate objects . In 2006 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) officially adopted a resolution defining planets within the Solar System . This definition is controversial because it excludes many objects of planetary mass based on where or what they orbit . Although eight of the planetary bodies discovered before 1950 remain `` planets '' under the modern definition , some celestial bodies , such as Ceres , Pallas , Juno and Vesta ( each an object in the solar asteroid belt ) , and Pluto ( the first trans - Neptunian object discovered ) , that were once considered planets by the scientific community , are no longer viewed as such . The planets were thought by Ptolemy to orbit Earth in deferent and epicycle motions . Although the idea that the planets orbited the Sun had been suggested many times , it was not until the 17th century that this view was supported by evidence from the first telescopic astronomical observations , performed by Galileo Galilei . At about the same time , by careful analysis of pre-telescopic observation data collected by Tycho Brahe , Johannes Kepler found the planets ' orbits were not circular but elliptical . As observational tools improved , astronomers saw that , like Earth , the planets rotated around tilted axes , and some shared such features as ice caps and seasons . Since the dawn of the Space Age , close observation by space probes has found that Earth and the other planets share characteristics such as volcanism , hurricanes , tectonics , and even hydrology . Planets are generally divided into two main types : large low - density giant planets , and smaller rocky terrestrials . Under IAU definitions , there are eight planets in the Solar System . In order of increasing distance from the Sun , they are the four terrestrials , Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars , then the four giant planets , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Six of the planets are orbited by one or more natural satellites . Several thousands of planets around other stars ( `` extrasolar planets '' or `` exoplanets '' ) have been discovered in the Milky Way . As of 1 May 2018 , 3,767 known extrasolar planets in 2,816 planetary systems ( including 628 multiple planetary systems ) , ranging in size from just above the size of the Moon to gas giants about twice as large as Jupiter have been discovered , out of which more than 100 planets are the same size as Earth , nine of which are at the same relative distance from their star as Earth from the Sun , i.e. in the habitable zone . On December 20 , 2011 , the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth - sized extrasolar planets , Kepler - 20e and Kepler - 20f , orbiting a Sun - like star , Kepler - 20 . A 2012 study , analyzing gravitational microlensing data , estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way . Around one in five Sun - like stars is thought to have an Earth - sized planet in its habitable zone . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Babylon 1.2 Greco - Roman astronomy 1.3 India 1.4 Medieval Muslim astronomy 1.5 European Renaissance 1.6 19th century 1.7 20th century 1.8 21st century 1.8. 1 Extrasolar planets 1.8. 2 2006 IAU definition of planet 1.9 Objects formerly considered planets 2 Mythology and naming 3 Formation 4 Solar System 4.1 Planetary attributes 5 Exoplanets 6 Planetary - mass objects 6.1 Rogue planets 6.2 Sub-brown dwarfs 6.3 Former stars 6.4 Satellite planets and belt planets 6.5 Captured planets 7 Attributes 7.1 Dynamic characteristics 7.1. 1 Orbit 7.1. 2 Axial tilt 7.1. 3 Rotation 7.1. 4 Orbital clearing 7.2 Physical characteristics 7.2. 1 Mass 7.2. 2 Internal differentiation 7.2. 3 Atmosphere 7.2. 4 Magnetosphere 7.3 Secondary characteristics 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links History Further information : History of astronomy , Definition of planet , and Timeline of Solar System astronomy Printed rendition of a geocentric cosmological model from Cosmographia , Antwerp , 1539 The idea of planets has evolved over its history , from the divine lights of antiquity to the earthly objects of the scientific age . The concept has expanded to include worlds not only in the Solar System , but in hundreds of other extrasolar systems . The ambiguities inherent in defining planets have led to much scientific controversy . The five classical planets , being visible to the naked eye , have been known since ancient times and have had a significant impact on mythology , religious cosmology , and ancient astronomy . In ancient times , astronomers noted how certain lights moved across the sky , as opposed to the `` fixed stars '' , which maintained a constant relative position in the sky . Ancient Greeks called these lights πλάνητες ἀστέρες ( planētes asteres , `` wandering stars '' ) or simply πλανῆται ( planētai , `` wanderers '' ) , from which today 's word `` planet '' was derived . In ancient Greece , China , Babylon , and indeed all pre-modern civilizations , it was almost universally believed that Earth was the center of the Universe and that all the `` planets '' circled Earth . The reasons for this perception were that stars and planets appeared to revolve around Earth each day and the apparently common - sense perceptions that Earth was solid and stable and that it was not moving but at rest . Babylon Main article : Babylonian astronomy The first civilization known to have a functional theory of the planets were the Babylonians , who lived in Mesopotamia in the first and second millennia BC . The oldest surviving planetary astronomical text is the Babylonian Venus tablet of Ammisaduqa , a 7th - century BC copy of a list of observations of the motions of the planet Venus , that probably dates as early as the second millennium BC . The MUL. APIN is a pair of cuneiform tablets dating from the 7th century BC that lays out the motions of the Sun , Moon , and planets over the course of the year . The Babylonian astrologers also laid the foundations of what would eventually become Western astrology . The Enuma anu enlil , written during the Neo-Assyrian period in the 7th century BC , comprises a list of omens and their relationships with various celestial phenomena including the motions of the planets . Venus , Mercury , and the outer planets Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn were all identified by Babylonian astronomers . These would remain the only known planets until the invention of the telescope in early modern times . Greco - Roman Astronomy See also : Greek astronomy Ptolemy 's 7 planetary spheres Moon Mercury Venus Sun 5 Mars 6 Jupiter 7 Saturn The ancient Greeks initially did not attach as much significance to the planets as the Babylonians . The Pythagoreans , in the 6th and 5th centuries BC appear to have developed their own independent planetary theory , which consisted of the Earth , Sun , Moon , and planets revolving around a `` Central Fire '' at the center of the Universe . Pythagoras or Parmenides is said to have been the first to identify the evening star ( Hesperos ) and morning star ( Phosphoros ) as one and the same ( Aphrodite , Greek corresponding to Latin Venus ) . In the 3rd century BC , Aristarchus of Samos proposed a heliocentric system , according to which Earth and the planets revolved around the Sun . The geocentric system remained dominant until the Scientific Revolution . By the 1st century BC , during the Hellenistic period , the Greeks had begun to develop their own mathematical schemes for predicting the positions of the planets . These schemes , which were based on geometry rather than the arithmetic of the Babylonians , would eventually eclipse the Babylonians ' theories in complexity and comprehensiveness , and account for most of the astronomical movements observed from Earth with the naked eye . These theories would reach their fullest expression in the Almagest written by Ptolemy in the 2nd century CE . So complete was the domination of Ptolemy 's model that it superseded all previous works on astronomy and remained the definitive astronomical text in the Western world for 13 centuries . To the Greeks and Romans there were seven known planets , each presumed to be circling Earth according to the complex laws laid out by Ptolemy . They were , in increasing order from Earth ( in Ptolemy 's order ) : the Moon , Mercury , Venus , the Sun , Mars , Jupiter , and Saturn . India Main articles : Indian astronomy and Hindu cosmology In 499 CE , the Indian astronomer Aryabhata propounded a planetary model that explicitly incorporated Earth 's rotation about its axis , which he explains as the cause of what appears to be an apparent westward motion of the stars . He also believed that the orbits of planets are elliptical . Aryabhata 's followers were particularly strong in South India , where his principles of the diurnal rotation of Earth , among others , were followed and a number of secondary works were based on them . In 1500 , Nilakantha Somayaji of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics , in his Tantrasangraha , revised Aryabhata 's model . In his Aryabhatiyabhasya , a commentary on Aryabhata 's Aryabhatiya , he developed a planetary model where Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter and Saturn orbit the Sun , which in turn orbits Earth , similar to the Tychonic system later proposed by Tycho Brahe in the late 16th century . Most astronomers of the Kerala school who followed him accepted his planetary model . Medieval muslim Astronomy Main articles : Astronomy in the medieval Islamic world and Cosmology in medieval Islam In the 11th century , the transit of Venus was observed by Avicenna , who established that Venus was , at least sometimes , below the Sun . In the 12th century , Ibn Bajjah observed `` two planets as black spots on the face of the Sun '' , which was later identified as a transit of Mercury and Venus by the Maragha astronomer Qotb al - Din Shirazi in the 13th century . Ibn Bajjah could not have observed a transit of Venus , because none occurred in his lifetime . European renaissance Renaissance planets , c. 1543 to 1610 and c. 1680 to 1781 Mercury Venus Earth Mars 5 Jupiter 6 Saturn See also : Heliocentrism With the advent of the Scientific Revolution , use of the term `` planet '' changed from something that moved across the sky ( in relation to the star field ) ; to a body that orbited Earth ( or that was believed to do so at the time ) ; and by the 18th century to something that directly orbited the Sun when the heliocentric model of Copernicus , Galileo and Kepler gained sway . Thus , Earth became included in the list of planets , whereas the Sun and Moon were excluded . At first , when the first satellites of Jupiter and Saturn were discovered in the 17th century , the terms `` planet '' and `` satellite '' were used interchangeably -- although the latter would gradually become more prevalent in the following century . Until the mid-19th century , the number of `` planets '' rose rapidly because any newly discovered object directly orbiting the Sun was listed as a planet by the scientific community . 19th century Eleven planets , 1807 -- 1845 Mercury Venus Earth Mars 5 Vesta 6 Juno 7 Ceres 8 Pallas 9 Jupiter 10 Saturn 11 Uranus In the 19th century astronomers began to realize that recently discovered bodies that had been classified as planets for almost half a century ( such as Ceres , Pallas , Juno , and Vesta ) were very different from the traditional ones . These bodies shared the same region of space between Mars and Jupiter ( the asteroid belt ) , and had a much smaller mass ; as a result they were reclassified as `` asteroids '' . In the absence of any formal definition , a `` planet '' came to be understood as any `` large '' body that orbited the Sun . Because there was a dramatic size gap between the asteroids and the planets , and the spate of new discoveries seemed to have ended after the discovery of Neptune in 1846 , there was no apparent need to have a formal definition . 20th century Planets 1854 -- 1930 , Solar planets 2006 -- present Mercury Venus Earth Mars 5 Jupiter 6 Saturn 7 Uranus 8 Neptune In the 20th century , Pluto was discovered . After initial observations led to the belief that it was larger than Earth , the object was immediately accepted as the ninth planet . Further monitoring found the body was actually much smaller : in 1936 , Ray Lyttleton suggested that Pluto may be an escaped satellite of Neptune , and Fred Whipple suggested in 1964 that Pluto may be a comet . As it was still larger than all known asteroids and seemingly did not exist within a larger population , it kept its status until 2006 . ( Solar ) planets 1930 -- 2006 Mercury Venus Earth Mars 5 Jupiter 6 Saturn 7 Uranus 8 Neptune 9 Pluto In 1992 , astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of planets around a pulsar , PSR B1257 + 12 . This discovery is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of a planetary system around another star . Then , on October 6 , 1995 , Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the Geneva Observatory announced the first definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting an ordinary main - sequence star ( 51 Pegasi ) . The discovery of extrasolar planets led to another ambiguity in defining a planet : the point at which a planet becomes a star . Many known extrasolar planets are many times the mass of Jupiter , approaching that of stellar objects known as brown dwarfs . Brown dwarfs are generally considered stars due to their ability to fuse deuterium , a heavier isotope of hydrogen . Although objects more massive than 75 times that of Jupiter fuse hydrogen , objects of only 13 Jupiter masses can fuse deuterium . Deuterium is quite rare , and most brown dwarfs would have ceased fusing deuterium long before their discovery , making them effectively indistinguishable from supermassive planets . 21st century With the discovery during the latter half of the 20th century of more objects within the Solar System and large objects around other stars , disputes arose over what should constitute a planet . There were particular disagreements over whether an object should be considered a planet if it was part of a distinct population such as a belt , or if it was large enough to generate energy by the thermonuclear fusion of deuterium . A growing number of astronomers argued for Pluto to be declassified as a planet , because many similar objects approaching its size had been found in the same region of the Solar System ( the Kuiper belt ) during the 1990s and early 2000s . Pluto was found to be just one small body in a population of thousands . Some of them , such as Quaoar , Sedna , and Eris , were heralded in the popular press as the tenth planet , failing to receive widespread scientific recognition . The announcement of Eris in 2005 , an object then thought of as 27 % more massive than Pluto , created the necessity and public desire for an official definition of a planet . Acknowledging the problem , the IAU set about creating the definition of planet , and produced one in August 2006 . The number of planets dropped to the eight significantly larger bodies that had cleared their orbit ( Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune ) , and a new class of dwarf planets was created , initially containing three objects ( Ceres , Pluto and Eris ) . Extrasolar planets There is no official definition of extrasolar planets . In 2003 , the International Astronomical Union ( IAU ) Working Group on Extrasolar Planets issued a position statement , but this position statement was never proposed as an official IAU resolution and was never voted on by IAU members . The positions statement incorporates the following guidelines , mostly focused upon the boundary between planets and brown dwarfs : Objects with true masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium ( currently calculated to be 13 times the mass of Jupiter for objects with the same isotopic abundance as the Sun ) that orbit stars or stellar remnants are `` planets '' ( no matter how they formed ) . The minimum mass and size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in the Solar System . Substellar objects with true masses above the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are `` brown dwarfs '' , no matter how they formed or where they are located . Free - floating objects in young star clusters with masses below the limiting mass for thermonuclear fusion of deuterium are not `` planets '' , but are `` sub-brown dwarfs '' ( or whatever name is most appropriate ) . This working definition has since been widely used by astronomers when publishing discoveries of exoplanets in academic journals . Although temporary , it remains an effective working definition until a more permanent one is formally adopted . It does not address the dispute over the lower mass limit , and so it steered clear of the controversy regarding objects within the Solar System . This definition also makes no comment on the planetary status of objects orbiting brown dwarfs , such as 2M1207b . One definition of a sub-brown dwarf is a planet - mass object that formed through cloud collapse rather than accretion . This formation distinction between a sub-brown dwarf and a planet is not universally agreed upon ; astronomers are divided into two camps as whether to consider the formation process of a planet as part of its division in classification . One reason for the dissent is that often it may not be possible to determine the formation process . For example , a planet formed by accretion around a star may get ejected from the system to become free - floating , and likewise a sub-brown dwarf that formed on its own in a star cluster through cloud collapse may get captured into orbit around a star . The 13 Jupiter - mass cutoff represents an average mass rather than a precise threshold value . Large objects will fuse most of their deuterium and smaller ones will fuse only a little , and the 13 M value is somewhere in between . In fact , calculations show that an object fuses 50 % of its initial deuterium content when the total mass ranges between 12 and 14 M . The amount of deuterium fused depends not only on mass but also on the composition of the object , on the amount of helium and deuterium present . The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 25 Jupiter masses , saying , `` The fact that there is no special feature around 13 M in the observed mass spectrum reinforces the choice to forget this mass limit . '' The Exoplanet Data Explorer includes objects up to 24 Jupiter masses with the advisory : `` The 13 Jupiter - mass distinction by the IAU Working Group is physically unmotivated for planets with rocky cores , and observationally problematic due to the sin i ambiguity . '' The NASA Exoplanet Archive includes objects with a mass ( or minimum mass ) equal to or less than 30 Jupiter masses . Another criterion for separating planets and brown dwarfs , rather than deuterium fusion , formation process or location , is whether the core pressure is dominated by coulomb pressure or electron degeneracy pressure . 2006 IAU definition of planet Main article : IAU definition of planet Euler diagram showing the types of bodies in the Solar System . The matter of the lower limit was addressed during the 2006 meeting of the IAU 's General Assembly . After much debate and one failed proposal , 232 members of the 10,000 member assembly , who nevertheless constituted a large majority of those remaining at the meeting , voted to pass a resolution . The 2006 resolution defines planets within the Solar System as follows : A `` planet '' ( 1 ) is a celestial body that ( a ) is in orbit around the Sun , ( b ) has sufficient mass for its self - gravity to overcome rigid body forces so that it assumes a hydrostatic equilibrium ( nearly round ) shape , and ( c ) has cleared the neighbourhood around its orbit . ( 1 ) The eight planets are : Mercury , Venus , Earth , Mars , Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune . Under this definition , the Solar System is considered to have eight planets . Bodies that fulfill the first two conditions but not the third ( such as Ceres , Pluto , and Eris ) are classified as dwarf planets , provided they are not also natural satellites of other planets . Originally an IAU committee had proposed a definition that would have included a much larger number of planets as it did not include ( c ) as a criterion . After much discussion , it was decided via a vote that those bodies should instead be classified as dwarf planets . This definition is based in theories of planetary formation , in which planetary embryos initially clear their orbital neighborhood of other smaller objects . As described by astronomer Steven Soter : `` The end product of secondary disk accretion is a small number of relatively large bodies ( planets ) in either non-intersecting or resonant orbits , which prevent collisions between them . Minor planets and comets , including KBOs ( Kuiper belt objects ) , differ from planets in that they can collide with each other and with planets . '' The 2006 IAU definition presents some challenges for exoplanets because the language is specific to the Solar System and because the criteria of roundness and orbital zone clearance are not presently observable . Astronomer Jean - Luc Margot proposed a mathematical criterion that determines whether an object can clear its orbit during the lifetime of its host star , based on the mass of the planet , its semimajor axis , and the mass of its host star . This formula produces a value π that is greater than 1 for planets . The eight known planets and all known exoplanets have π values above 100 , while Ceres , Pluto , and Eris have π values of 0.1 or less . Objects with π values of 1 or more are also expected to be approximately spherical , so that objects that fulfill the orbital zone clearance requirement automatically fulfill the roundness requirement . Objects formerly considered planets The table below lists Solar System bodies once considered to be planets . Body Current classification Notes Sun Star <Td_colspan="2"> Classified as classical planets ( Ancient Greek πλανῆται , wanderers ) in classical antiquity and medieval Europe , in accordance with the now - disproved geocentric model . Moon Natural satellite Io , Europa , Ganymede , and Callisto Natural satellites The four largest moons of Jupiter , known as the Galilean moons after their discoverer Galileo Galilei . He referred to them as the `` Medicean Planets '' in honor of his patron , the Medici family . They were known as secondary planets . Titan , Iapetus , Rhea , Tethys , and Dione Natural satellites Five of Saturn 's larger moons , discovered by Christiaan Huygens and Giovanni Domenico Cassini . As with Jupiter 's major moons , they were known as secondary planets . Pallas , Juno , and Vesta Asteroids <Td_colspan="2"> Regarded as planets from their discoveries between 1801 and 1807 until they were reclassified as asteroids during the 1850s . Ceres was subsequently classified as a dwarf planet in 2006 . Ceres Dwarf planet and asteroid Astraea , Hebe , Iris , Flora , Metis , Hygiea , Parthenope , Victoria , Egeria , Irene , Eunomia Asteroids More asteroids , discovered between 1845 and 1851 . The rapidly expanding list of bodies between Mars and Jupiter prompted their reclassification as asteroids , which was widely accepted by 1854 . Pluto Dwarf planet and Kuiper belt object The first known trans - Neptunian object ( i.e. minor planet with a semi-major axis beyond Neptune ) . Regarded as a planet from its discovery in 1930 until it was reclassified as a dwarf planet in 2006 . Beyond the scientific community , Pluto still holds cultural significance for many in the general public due to its historical classification as a planet from 1930 to 2006 . A few astronomers , such as Alan Stern , consider dwarf planets and the larger moons to be planets , based on a purely geophysical definition of planet . Mythology and naming See also : Weekday names and Naked - eye planet The Greek gods of Olympus , after whom the Solar System 's Roman names of the planets are derived The names for the planets in the Western world are derived from the naming practices of the Romans , which ultimately derive from those of the Greeks and the Babylonians . In ancient Greece , the two great luminaries the Sun and the Moon were called Helios and Selene ; the farthest planet ( Saturn ) was called Phainon , the shiner ; followed by Phaethon ( Jupiter ) , `` bright '' ; the red planet ( Mars ) was known as Pyroeis , the `` fiery '' ; the brightest ( Venus ) was known as Phosphoros , the light bringer ; and the fleeting final planet ( Mercury ) was called Stilbon , the gleamer . The Greeks also made each planet sacred to one among their pantheon of gods , the Olympians : Helios and Selene were the names of both planets and gods ; Phainon was sacred to Cronus , the Titan who fathered the Olympians ; Phaethon was sacred to Zeus , Cronus 's son who deposed him as king ; Pyroeis was given to Ares , son of Zeus and god of war ; Phosphoros was ruled by Aphrodite , the goddess of love ; and Hermes , messenger of the gods and god of learning and wit , ruled over Stilbon . The Greek practice of grafting of their gods ' names onto the planets was almost certainly borrowed from the Babylonians . The Babylonians named Phosphoros after their goddess of love , Ishtar ; Pyroeis after their god of war , Nergal , Stilbon after their god of wisdom Nabu , and Phaethon after their chief god , Marduk . There are too many concordances between Greek and Babylonian naming conventions for them to have arisen separately . The translation was not perfect . For instance , the Babylonian Nergal was a god of war , and thus the Greeks identified him with Ares . Unlike Ares , Nergal was also god of pestilence and the underworld . Today , most people in the western world know the planets by names derived from the Olympian pantheon of gods . Although modern Greeks still use their ancient names for the planets , other European languages , because of the influence of the Roman Empire and , later , the Catholic Church , use the Roman ( Latin ) names rather than the Greek ones . The Romans , who , like the Greeks , were Indo - Europeans , shared with them a common pantheon under different names but lacked the rich narrative traditions that Greek poetic culture had given their gods . During the later period of the Roman Republic , Roman writers borrowed much of the Greek narratives and applied them to their own pantheon , to the point where they became virtually indistinguishable . When the Romans studied Greek astronomy , they gave the planets their own gods ' names : Mercurius ( for Hermes ) , Venus ( Aphrodite ) , Mars ( Ares ) , Iuppiter ( Zeus ) and Saturnus ( Cronus ) . When subsequent planets were discovered in the 18th and 19th centuries , the naming practice was retained with Neptūnus ( Poseidon ) . Uranus is unique in that it is named for a Greek deity rather than his Roman counterpart . Some Romans , following a belief possibly originating in Mesopotamia but developed in Hellenistic Egypt , believed that the seven gods after whom the planets were named took hourly shifts in looking after affairs on Earth . The order of shifts went Saturn , Jupiter , Mars , Sun , Venus , Mercury , Moon ( from the farthest to the closest planet ) . Therefore , the first day was started by Saturn ( 1st hour ) , second day by Sun ( 25th hour ) , followed by Moon ( 49th hour ) , Mars , Mercury , Jupiter and Venus . Because each day was named by the god that started it , this is also the order of the days of the week in the Roman calendar after the Nundinal cycle was rejected -- and still preserved in many modern languages . In English , Saturday , Sunday , and Monday are straightforward translations of these Roman names . The other days were renamed after Tiw ( Tuesday ) , Wóden ( Wednesday ) , Thunor ( Thursday ) , and Fríge ( Friday ) , the Anglo - Saxon gods considered similar or equivalent to Mars , Mercury , Jupiter , and Venus , respectively . Earth is the only planet whose name in English is not derived from Greco - Roman mythology . Because it was only generally accepted as a planet in the 17th century , there is no tradition of naming it after a god . ( The same is true , in English at least , of the Sun and the Moon , though they are no longer generally considered planets . ) The name originates from the 8th century Anglo - Saxon word erda , which means ground or soil and was first used in writing as the name of the sphere of Earth perhaps around 1300 . As with its equivalents in the other Germanic languages , it derives ultimately from the Proto - Germanic word ertho , `` ground '' , as can be seen in the English earth , the German Erde , the Dutch aarde , and the Scandinavian jord . Many of the Romance languages retain the old Roman word terra ( or some variation of it ) that was used with the meaning of `` dry land '' as opposed to `` sea '' . The non-Romance languages use their own native words . The Greeks retain their original name , Γή ( Ge ) . Non-European cultures use other planetary - naming systems . India uses a system based on the Navagraha , which incorporates the seven traditional planets ( Surya for the Sun , Chandra for the Moon , and Budha , Shukra , Mangala , Bṛhaspati and Shani for Mercury , Venus , Mars , Jupiter and Saturn ) and the ascending and descending lunar nodes Rahu and Ketu . China and the countries of eastern Asia historically subject to Chinese cultural influence ( such as Japan , Korea and Vietnam ) use a naming system based on the five Chinese elements : water ( Mercury ) , metal ( Venus ) , fire ( Mars ) , wood ( Jupiter ) and earth ( Saturn ) . In traditional Hebrew astronomy , the seven traditional planets have ( for the most part ) descriptive names - the Sun is חמה Ḥammah or `` the hot one , '' the Moon is לבנה Levanah or `` the white one , '' Venus is כוכב נוגה Kokhav Nogah or `` the bright planet , '' Mercury is כוכב Kokhav or `` the planet '' ( given its lack of distinguishing features ) , Mars is מאדים Ma'adim or `` the red one , '' and Saturn is שבתאי Shabbatai or `` the resting one '' ( in reference to its slow movement compared to the other visible planets ) . The odd one out is Jupiter , called צדק Tzedeq or `` justice . '' Steiglitz suggests that this may be a euphemism for the original name of כוכב בעל Kokhav Ba'al or `` Baal 's planet , '' seen as idolatrous and euphemized in a similar manner to Ishbosheth from II Samuel . Formation Main article : Nebular hypothesis An artist 's impression of protoplanetary disk It is not known with certainty how planets are formed . The prevailing theory is that they are formed during the collapse of a nebula into a thin disk of gas and dust . A protostar forms at the core , surrounded by a rotating protoplanetary disk . Through accretion ( a process of sticky collision ) dust particles in the disk steadily accumulate mass to form ever - larger bodies . Local concentrations of mass known as planetesimals form , and these accelerate the accretion process by drawing in additional material by their gravitational attraction . These concentrations become ever denser until they collapse inward under gravity to form protoplanets . After a planet reaches a mass somewhat larger than Mars ' mass , it begins to accumulate an extended atmosphere , greatly increasing the capture rate of the planetesimals by means of atmospheric drag . Depending on the accretion history of solids and gas , a giant planet , an ice giant , or a terrestrial planet may result . Asteroid collision - building planets ( artist concept ) . When the protostar has grown such that it ignites to form a star , the surviving disk is removed from the inside outward by photoevaporation , the solar wind , Poynting -- Robertson drag and other effects . Thereafter there still may be many protoplanets orbiting the star or each other , but over time many will collide , either to form a single larger planet or release material for other larger protoplanets or planets to absorb . Those objects that have become massive enough will capture most matter in their orbital neighbourhoods to become planets . Protoplanets that have avoided collisions may become natural satellites of planets through a process of gravitational capture , or remain in belts of other objects to become either dwarf planets or small bodies . The energetic impacts of the smaller planetesimals ( as well as radioactive decay ) will heat up the growing planet , causing it to at least partially melt . The interior of the planet begins to differentiate by mass , developing a denser core . Smaller terrestrial planets lose most of their atmospheres because of this accretion , but the lost gases can be replaced by outgassing from the mantle and from the subsequent impact of comets . ( Smaller planets will lose any atmosphere they gain through various escape mechanisms . ) With the discovery and observation of planetary systems around stars other than the Sun , it is becoming possible to elaborate , revise or even replace this account . The level of metallicity -- an astronomical term describing the abundance of chemical elements with an atomic number greater than 2 ( helium ) -- is now thought to determine the likelihood that a star will have planets . Hence , it is thought that a metal - rich population I star will likely have a more substantial planetary system than a metal - poor , population II star . Supernova remnant ejecta producing planet - forming material . Solar System Solar System -- sizes but not distances are to scale The Sun and the eight planets of the Solar System The inner planets , Mercury , Venus , Earth , and Mars The four giant planets Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , and Neptune against the Sun and some sunspots Main article : Solar System See also : List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System There are eight planets in the Solar System , which are in increasing distance from the Sun : Mercury Venus Earth Mars Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Jupiter is the largest , at 318 Earth masses , whereas Mercury is the smallest , at 0.055 Earth masses . The planets of the Solar System can be divided into categories based on their composition : Terrestrials : Planets that are similar to Earth , with bodies largely composed of rock : Mercury , Venus , Earth and Mars . At 0.055 Earth masses , Mercury is the smallest terrestrial planet ( and smallest planet ) in the Solar System . Earth is the largest terrestrial planet . Giant planets ( Jovians ) : Massive planets significantly more massive than the terrestrials : Jupiter , Saturn , Uranus , Neptune . Gas giants , Jupiter and Saturn , are giant planets primarily composed of hydrogen and helium and are the most massive planets in the Solar System . Jupiter , at 318 Earth masses , is the largest planet in the Solar System , and Saturn is one third as massive , at 95 Earth masses . Ice giants , Uranus and Neptune , are primarily composed of low - boiling - point materials such as water , methane , and ammonia , with thick atmospheres of hydrogen and helium . They have a significantly lower mass than the gas giants ( only 14 and 17 Earth masses ) . Planetary attributes Name Equatorial diameter Mass Semi-major axis ( AU ) Orbital period ( years ) Inclination to Sun 's equator ( ° ) Orbital eccentricity Rotation period ( days ) Confirmed moons Axial tilt ( ° ) Rings Atmosphere 1 . Mercury 0.382 0.06 0.39 0.24 3.38 0.206 58.64 0 0.04 no minimal 2 . Venus 0.949 0.82 0.72 0.62 3.86 0.007 − 243.02 0 177.36 no CO , N 3 . Earth 1.00 1.00 1.00 1.00 7.25 0.017 1.00 23.44 no N , O , Ar 4 . Mars 0.532 0.11 1.52 1.88 5.65 0.093 1.03 25.19 no CO , N , Ar 5 . Jupiter 11.209 317.8 5.20 11.86 6.09 0.048 0.41 69 3.13 yes H , He 6 . Saturn 9.449 95.2 9.54 29.46 5.51 0.054 0.43 62 26.73 yes H , He 7 . Uranus 4.007 14.6 19.22 84.01 6.48 0.047 − 0.72 27 97.77 yes H , He , CH 8 . Neptune 3.883 17.2 30.06 164.8 6.43 0.009 0.67 14 28.32 yes H , He , CH <Th_colspan="13"> Color legend : terrestrial planets gas giants ice giants ( both are giant planets ) . Find absolute values in article Earth Exoplanets Main article : Exoplanet Exoplanets , by year of discovery , through September 2014 . An exoplanet ( extrasolar planet ) is a planet outside the Solar System . As of 1 May 2018 , there are 3,767 confirmed planets in 2,816 systems , with 628 systems having more than one planet . In early 1992 , radio astronomers Aleksander Wolszczan and Dale Frail announced the discovery of two planets orbiting the pulsar PSR 1257 + 12 . This discovery was confirmed , and is generally considered to be the first definitive detection of exoplanets . These pulsar planets are believed to have formed from the unusual remnants of the supernova that produced the pulsar , in a second round of planet formation , or else to be the remaining rocky cores of giant planets that survived the supernova and then decayed into their current orbits . Sizes of Kepler Planet Candidates -- based on 2,740 candidates orbiting 2,036 stars as of 4 November 2013 ( NASA ) . The first confirmed discovery of an extrasolar planet orbiting an ordinary main - sequence star occurred on 6 October 1995 , when Michel Mayor and Didier Queloz of the University of Geneva announced the detection of an exoplanet around 51 Pegasi . From then until the Kepler mission most known extrasolar planets were gas giants comparable in mass to Jupiter or larger as they were more easily detected . The catalog of Kepler candidate planets consists mostly of planets the size of Neptune and smaller , down to smaller than Mercury . There are types of planets that do not exist in the Solar System : super-Earths and mini-Neptunes , which could be rocky like Earth or a mixture of volatiles and gas like Neptune -- a radius of 1.75 times that of Earth is a possible dividing line between the two types of planet . There are hot Jupiters that orbit very close to their star and may evaporate to become chthonian planets , which are the leftover cores . Another possible type of planet is carbon planets , which form in systems with a higher proportion of carbon than in the Solar System . A 2012 study , analyzing gravitational microlensing data , estimates an average of at least 1.6 bound planets for every star in the Milky Way . On December 20 , 2011 , the Kepler Space Telescope team reported the discovery of the first Earth - size exoplanets , Kepler - 20e and Kepler - 20f , orbiting a Sun - like star , Kepler - 20 . Around 1 in 5 Sun - like stars have an `` Earth - sized '' planet in the habitable zone , so the nearest would be expected to be within 12 light - years distance from Earth . The frequency of occurrence of such terrestrial planets is one of the variables in the Drake equation , which estimates the number of intelligent , communicating civilizations that exist in the Milky Way . There are exoplanets that are much closer to their parent star than any planet in the Solar System is to the Sun , and there are also exoplanets that are much farther from their star . Mercury , the closest planet to the Sun at 0.4 AU , takes 88 days for an orbit , but the shortest known orbits for exoplanets take only a few hours , e.g. Kepler - 70b . The Kepler - 11 system has five of its planets in shorter orbits than Mercury 's , all of them much more massive than Mercury . Neptune is 30 AU from the Sun and takes 165 years to orbit , but there are exoplanets that are hundreds of AU from their star and take more than a thousand years to orbit , e.g. 1RXS1609 b . The next few space telescopes to study exoplanets are expected to be Gaia launched in December 2013 , CHEOPS in 2018 , TESS in 2018 , and the James Webb Space Telescope in 2019 . Planetary - mass objects Artist 's impression of a super-Jupiter around the brown dwarf 2M1207 . See also : List of gravitationally rounded objects of the Solar System A planetary - mass object ( PMO ) , planemo , or planetary body is a celestial object with a mass that falls within the range of the definition of a planet : massive enough to achieve hydrostatic equilibrium ( to be rounded under its own gravity ) , but not enough to sustain core fusion like a star . By definition , all planets are planetary - mass objects , but the purpose of this term is to refer to objects that do not conform to typical expectations for a planet . These include dwarf planets , which are rounded by their own gravity but not massive enough to clear their own orbit , the larger moons , and free - floating planemos , which may have been ejected from a system ( rogue planets ) or formed through cloud - collapse rather than accretion ( sometimes called sub-brown dwarfs ) . Rogue planets Main article : Rogue planet See also : Five - planet Nice model Several computer simulations of stellar and planetary system formation have suggested that some objects of planetary mass would be ejected into interstellar space . Some scientists have argued that such objects found roaming in deep space should be classed as `` planets '' , although others have suggested that they should be called low - mass brown dwarfs . Sub-brown dwarfs Main article : Sub-brown dwarf Stars form via the gravitational collapse of gas clouds , but smaller objects can also form via cloud - collapse . Planetary - mass objects formed this way are sometimes called sub-brown dwarfs . Sub-brown dwarfs may be free - floating such as Cha 110913 - 773444 and OTS 44 , or orbiting a larger object such as 2MASS J04414489 + 2301513 . Binary systems of sub-brown dwarfs are theoretically possible ; Oph 162225 - 240515 was initially thought to be a binary system of a brown dwarf of 14 Jupiter masses and a sub-brown dwarf of 7 Jupiter masses , but further observations revised the estimated masses upwards to greater than 13 Jupiter masses , making them brown dwarfs according to the IAU working definitions . Former stars In close binary star systems one of the stars can lose mass to a heavier companion . Accretion - powered pulsars may drive mass loss . The shrinking star can then become a planetary - mass object . An example is a Jupiter - mass object orbiting the pulsar PSR J1719 - 1438 . These shrunken white dwarfs may become a helium planet or carbon planet . Satellite planets and belt planets Some large satellites are of similar size or larger than the planet Mercury , e.g. Jupiter 's Galilean moons and Titan . Alan Stern has argued that location should not matter and that only geophysical attributes should be taken into account in the definition of a planet , and proposes the term satellite planet for a planet - sized satellite . Likewise , dwarf planets in the asteroid belt and Kuiper belt should be considered planets according to Stern . Captured planets Free - floating planets in stellar clusters have similar velocities to the stars and so can be recaptured . They are typically captured into wide orbits between 100 and 10 AU . The capture efficiency decreases with increasing cluster volume , and for a given cluster size it increases with the host / primary mass . It is almost independent of the planetary mass . Single and multiple planets could be captured into arbitrary unaligned orbits , non-coplanar with each other or with the stellar host spin , or pre-existing planetary system . Attributes Although each planet has unique physical characteristics , a number of broad commonalities do exist among them . Some of these characteristics , such as rings or natural satellites , have only as yet been observed in planets in the Solar System , whereas others are also commonly observed in extrasolar planets . Dynamic characteristics Orbit Main articles : Orbit and Orbital elements See also : Kepler 's laws of planetary motion The orbit of the planet Neptune compared to that of Pluto . Note the elongation of Pluto 's orbit in relation to Neptune 's ( eccentricity ) , as well as its large angle to the ecliptic ( inclination ) . According to current definitions , all planets must revolve around stars ; thus , any potential `` rogue planets '' are excluded . In the Solar System , all the planets orbit the Sun in the same direction as the Sun rotates ( counter-clockwise as seen from above the Sun 's north pole ) . At least one extrasolar planet , WASP - 17b , has been found to orbit in the opposite direction to its star 's rotation . The period of one revolution of a planet 's orbit is known as its sidereal period or year . A planet 's year depends on its distance from its star ; the farther a planet is from its star , not only the longer the distance it must travel , but also the slower its speed , because it is less affected by its star 's gravity . No planet 's orbit is perfectly circular , and hence the distance of each varies over the course of its year . The closest approach to its star is called its periastron ( perihelion in the Solar System ) , whereas its farthest separation from the star is called its apastron ( aphelion ) . As a planet approaches periastron , its speed increases as it trades gravitational potential energy for kinetic energy , just as a falling object on Earth accelerates as it falls ; as the planet reaches apastron , its speed decreases , just as an object thrown upwards on Earth slows down as it reaches the apex of its trajectory . Each planet 's orbit is delineated by a set of elements : The eccentricity of an orbit describes how elongated a planet 's orbit is . Planets with low eccentricities have more circular orbits , whereas planets with high eccentricities have more elliptical orbits . The planets in the Solar System have very low eccentricities , and thus nearly circular orbits . Comets and Kuiper belt objects ( as well as several extrasolar planets ) have very high eccentricities , and thus exceedingly elliptical orbits . Illustration of the semi-major axis The semi-major axis is the distance from a planet to the half - way point along the longest diameter of its elliptical orbit ( see image ) . This distance is not the same as its apastron , because no planet 's orbit has its star at its exact centre . The inclination of a planet tells how far above or below an established reference plane its orbit lies . In the Solar System , the reference plane is the plane of Earth 's orbit , called the ecliptic . For extrasolar planets , the plane , known as the sky plane or plane of the sky , is the plane perpendicular to the observer 's line of sight from Earth . The eight planets of the Solar System all lie very close to the ecliptic ; comets and Kuiper belt objects like Pluto are at far more extreme angles to it . The points at which a planet crosses above and below its reference plane are called its ascending and descending nodes . The longitude of the ascending node is the angle between the reference plane 's 0 longitude and the planet 's ascending node . The argument of periapsis ( or perihelion in the Solar System ) is the angle between a planet 's ascending node and its closest approach to its star . Axial tilt Main article : Axial tilt Earth 's axial tilt is about 23.4 ° . It oscillates between 22.1 ° and 24.5 ° on a 41,000 - year cycle and is currently decreasing . Planets also have varying degrees of axial tilt ; they lie at an angle to the plane of their stars ' equators . This causes the amount of light received by each hemisphere to vary over the course of its year ; when the northern hemisphere points away from its star , the southern hemisphere points towards it , and vice versa . Each planet therefore has seasons , changes to the climate over the course of its year . The time at which each hemisphere points farthest or nearest from its star is known as its solstice . Each planet has two in the course of its orbit ; when one hemisphere has its summer solstice , when its day is longest , the other has its winter solstice , when its day is shortest . The varying amount of light and heat received by each hemisphere creates annual changes in weather patterns for each half of the planet . Jupiter 's axial tilt is very small , so its seasonal variation is minimal ; Uranus , on the other hand , has an axial tilt so extreme it is virtually on its side , which means that its hemispheres are either perpetually in sunlight or perpetually in darkness around the time of its solstices . Among extrasolar planets , axial tilts are not known for certain , though most hot Jupiters are believed to have negligible to no axial tilt as a result of their proximity to their stars . Rotation The planets rotate around invisible axes through their centres . A planet 's rotation period is known as a stellar day . Most of the planets in the Solar System rotate in the same direction as they orbit the Sun , which is counter-clockwise as seen from above the Sun 's north pole , the exceptions being Venus and Uranus , which rotate clockwise , though Uranus 's extreme axial tilt means there are differing conventions on which of its poles is `` north '' , and therefore whether it is rotating clockwise or anti-clockwise . Regardless of which convention is used , Uranus has a retrograde rotation relative to its orbit . The rotation of a planet can be induced by several factors during formation . A net angular momentum can be induced by the individual angular momentum contributions of accreted objects . The accretion of gas by the giant planets can also contribute to the angular momentum . Finally , during the last stages of planet building , a stochastic process of protoplanetary accretion can randomly alter the spin axis of the planet . There is great variation in the length of day between the planets , with Venus taking 243 days to rotate , and the giant planets only a few hours . The rotational periods of extrasolar planets are not known . However , for `` hot '' Jupiters , their proximity to their stars means that they are tidally locked ( i.e. , their orbits are in sync with their rotations ) . This means , they always show one face to their stars , with one side in perpetual day , the other in perpetual night . Orbital clearing Main article : Clearing the neighbourhood The defining dynamic characteristic of a planet is that it has cleared its neighborhood . A planet that has cleared its neighborhood has accumulated enough mass to gather up or sweep away all the planetesimals in its orbit . In effect , it orbits its star in isolation , as opposed to sharing its orbit with a multitude of similar - sized objects . This characteristic was mandated as part of the IAU 's official definition of a planet in August , 2006 . This criterion excludes such planetary bodies as Pluto , Eris and Ceres from full - fledged planethood , making them instead dwarf planets . Although to date this criterion only applies to the Solar System , a number of young extrasolar systems have been found in which evidence suggests orbital clearing is taking place within their circumstellar discs . Physical characteristics Mass Main article : Planetary mass A planet 's defining physical characteristic is that it is massive enough for the force of its own gravity to dominate over the electromagnetic forces binding its physical structure , leading to a state of hydrostatic equilibrium . This effectively means that all planets are spherical or spheroidal . Up to a certain mass , an object can be irregular in shape , but beyond that point , which varies depending on the chemical makeup of the object , gravity begins to pull an object towards its own centre of mass until the object collapses into a sphere . Mass is also the prime attribute by which planets are distinguished from stars . The upper mass limit for planethood is roughly 13 times Jupiter 's mass for objects with solar - type isotopic abundance , beyond which it achieves conditions suitable for nuclear fusion . Other than the Sun , no objects of such mass exist in the Solar System ; but there are exoplanets of this size . The 13 - Jupiter - mass limit is not universally agreed upon and the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia includes objects up to 20 Jupiter masses , and the Exoplanet Data Explorer up to 24 Jupiter masses . The smallest known planet is PSR B1257 + 12A , one of the first extrasolar planets discovered , which was found in 1992 in orbit around a pulsar . Its mass is roughly half that of the planet Mercury . The smallest known planet orbiting a main - sequence star other than the Sun is Kepler - 37b , with a mass ( and radius ) slightly higher than that of the Moon . Internal differentiation Main article : Planetary differentiation Illustration of the interior of Jupiter , with a rocky core overlaid by a deep layer of metallic hydrogen Every planet began its existence in an entirely fluid state ; in early formation , the denser , heavier materials sank to the centre , leaving the lighter materials near the surface . Each therefore has a differentiated interior consisting of a dense planetary core surrounded by a mantle that either is or was a fluid . The terrestrial planets are sealed within hard crusts , but in the giant planets the mantle simply blends into the upper cloud layers . The terrestrial planets have cores of elements such as iron and nickel , and mantles of silicates . Jupiter and Saturn are believed to have cores of rock and metal surrounded by mantles of metallic hydrogen . Uranus and Neptune , which are smaller , have rocky cores surrounded by mantles of water , ammonia , methane and other ices . The fluid action within these planets ' cores creates a geodynamo that generates a magnetic field . Atmosphere Main articles : Atmosphere and Extraterrestrial atmospheres See also : Extraterrestrial skies Earth 's atmosphere All of the Solar System planets except Mercury have substantial atmospheres because their gravity is strong enough to keep gases close to the surface . The larger giant planets are massive enough to keep large amounts of the light gases hydrogen and helium , whereas the smaller planets lose these gases into space . The composition of Earth 's atmosphere is different from the other planets because the various life processes that have transpired on the planet have introduced free molecular oxygen . Planetary atmospheres are affected by the varying insolation or internal energy , leading to the formation of dynamic weather systems such as hurricanes , ( on Earth ) , planet - wide dust storms ( on Mars ) , a greater - than - Earth - sized anticyclone on Jupiter ( called the Great Red Spot ) , and holes in the atmosphere ( on Neptune ) . At least one extrasolar planet , HD 189733 b , has been claimed to have such a weather system , similar to the Great Red Spot but twice as large . Hot Jupiters , due to their extreme proximities to their host stars , have been shown to be losing their atmospheres into space due to stellar radiation , much like the tails of comets . These planets may have vast differences in temperature between their day and night sides that produce supersonic winds , although the day and night sides of HD 189733 b appear to have very similar temperatures , indicating that that planet 's atmosphere effectively redistributes the star 's energy around the planet . Magnetosphere Main article : Magnetosphere Earth 's magnetosphere ( diagram ) One important characteristic of the planets is their intrinsic magnetic moments , which in turn give rise to magnetospheres . The presence of a magnetic field indicates that the planet is still geologically alive . In other words , magnetized planets have flows of electrically conducting material in their interiors , which generate their magnetic fields . These fields significantly change the interaction of the planet and solar wind . A magnetized planet creates a cavity in the solar wind around itself called the magnetosphere , which the wind can not penetrate . The magnetosphere can be much larger than the planet itself . In contrast , non-magnetized planets have only small magnetospheres induced by interaction of the ionosphere with the solar wind , which can not effectively protect the planet . Of the eight planets in the Solar System , only Venus and Mars lack such a magnetic field . In addition , the moon of Jupiter Ganymede also has one . Of the magnetized planets the magnetic field of Mercury is the weakest , and is barely able to deflect the solar wind . Ganymede 's magnetic field is several times larger , and Jupiter 's is the strongest in the Solar System ( so strong in fact that it poses a serious health risk to future manned missions to its moons ) . The magnetic fields of the other giant planets are roughly similar in strength to that of Earth , but their magnetic moments are significantly larger . The magnetic fields of Uranus and Neptune are strongly tilted relative the rotational axis and displaced from the centre of the planet . In 2004 , a team of astronomers in Hawaii observed an extrasolar planet around the star HD 179949 , which appeared to be creating a sunspot on the surface of its parent star . The team hypothesized that the planet 's magnetosphere was transferring energy onto the star 's surface , increasing its already high 7,760 ° C temperature by an additional 400 ° C . Secondary characteristics Main articles : Natural satellite and Planetary ring The rings of Saturn Several planets or dwarf planets in the Solar System ( such as Neptune and Pluto ) have orbital periods that are in resonance with each other or with smaller bodies ( this is also common in satellite systems ) . All except Mercury and Venus have natural satellites , often called `` moons '' . Earth has one , Mars has two , and the giant planets have numerous moons in complex planetary - type systems . Many moons of the giant planets have features similar to those on the terrestrial planets and dwarf planets , and some have been studied as possible abodes of life ( especially Europa ) . The four giant planets are also orbited by planetary rings of varying size and complexity . The rings are composed primarily of dust or particulate matter , but can host tiny ' moonlets ' whose gravity shapes and maintains their structure . Although the origins of planetary rings is not precisely known , they are believed to be the result of natural satellites that fell below their parent planet 's Roche limit and were torn apart by tidal forces . No secondary characteristics have been observed around extrasolar planets . The sub-brown dwarf Cha 110913 - 773444 , which has been described as a rogue planet , is believed to be orbited by a tiny protoplanetary disc and the sub-brown dwarf OTS 44 was shown to be surrounded by a substantial protoplanetary disk of at least 10 Earth masses . See also Astronomy portal Solar System portal Space portal Double planet -- Two planetary mass objects orbiting each other List of exoplanets List of hypothetical Solar System objects List of landings on extraterrestrial bodies Lists of planets -- A list of lists of planets sorted by diverse attributes Mesoplanet -- A celestial body smaller than Mercury but larger than Ceres Minor planet -- A celestial body smaller than a planet Planetary habitability -- The measure of a planet 's ability to sustain life Planetary mnemonic -- A phrase used to remember the names of the planets Planetary science -- The scientific study of planets Planets in astrology Planets in science fiction Theoretical planetology Notes Jump up ^ This definition is drawn from two separate IAU declarations ; a formal definition agreed by the IAU in 2006 , and an informal working definition established by the IAU in 2001 / 2003 for objects outside of the Solar System . The official 2006 definition applies only to the Solar System , whereas the 2003 definition applies to planets around other stars . The extrasolar planet issue was deemed too complex to resolve at the 2006 IAU conference . ^ Jump up to : For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , `` Sun - like '' means G - type star . Data for Sun - like stars was n't available so this statistic is an extrapolation from data about K - type stars ^ Jump up to : For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , Earth - sized means 1 -- 2 Earth radii ^ Jump up to : For the purpose of this 1 in 5 statistic , `` habitable zone '' means the region with 0.25 to 4 times Earth 's stellar flux ( corresponding to 0.5 -- 2 AU for the Sun ) . Jump up ^ Referred to by Huygens as a Planetes novus ( `` new planet '' ) in his Systema Saturnium ^ Jump up to : Both labelled nouvelles planètes ( new planets ) by Cassini in his Découverte de deux nouvelles planetes autour de Saturne ^ Jump up to : Both once referred to as `` planets '' by Cassini in his An Extract of the Journal Des Scavans ... The term `` satellite '' had already begun to be used to distinguish such bodies from those around which they orbited ( `` primary planets '' ) . ^ Jump up to : Measured relative to Earth . Jump up ^ Jupiter has the most verified satellites ( 69 ) in the Solar System . References ^ Jump up to : `` IAU 2006 General Assembly : Result of the IAU Resolution votes '' . International Astronomical Union . 2006 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 30 . ^ Jump up to : `` Working Group on Extrasolar Planets ( WGESP ) of the International Astronomical Union '' . IAU . 2001 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 09 - 16 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NASA discovery doubles the number of known planets '' . USA TODAY. 10 May 2016 . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Schneider , Jean ( 16 January 2013 ) . `` Interactive Extra-solar Planets Catalog '' . The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia . Retrieved 2013 - 01 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : NASA Staff ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Kepler : A Search For Habitable Planets -- Kepler - 20e '' . NASA . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : NASA Staff ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Kepler : A Search For Habitable Planets -- Kepler - 20f '' . NASA . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Michele ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` NASA Discovers First Earth - size Planets Beyond Our Solar System '' . NASA . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 20 . ^ Jump up to : Hand , Eric ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Kepler discovers first Earth - sized exoplanets '' . Nature . doi : 10.1038 / nature. 2011.9688 . ^ Jump up to : Overbye , Dennis ( 20 December 2011 ) . `` Two Earth - Size Planets Are Discovered '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : Cassan , Arnaud ; D. Kubas ; J. - P. Beaulieu ; M. Dominik ; et al. ( 12 January 2012 ) . `` One or more bound planets per Milky Way star from microlensing observations '' . Nature . 481 ( 7380 ) : 167 -- 169 . arXiv : 1202.0903 . Bibcode : 2012Natur. 481 ... 167C . doi : 10.1038 / nature10684 . PMID 22237108 . Retrieved 11 January 2012 . CS1 maint : Explicit use of et al. ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Ancient Greek Astronomy and Cosmology '' . The Library of Congress . Retrieved 2016 - 05 - 19 . Jump up ^ πλανήτης , H.G. Liddell and R. Scott , A Greek -- English Lexicon , ninth edition , ( Oxford : Clarendon Press , 1940 ) . Jump up ^ `` Definition of planet '' . Merriam - Webster OnLine . Retrieved 2007 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Planet Etymology '' . dictionary.com . Retrieved 29 June 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` planet , n '' . Oxford English Dictionary . 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 02 - 07 . 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ISBN 0 - 8160 - 5196 - 8 . Jump up ^ Podolak , M. ; Weizman , A. ; Marley , M. ( December 1995 ) . `` Comparative models of Uranus and Neptune '' . Planetary and Space Science . 43 ( 12 ) : 1517 -- 1522 . Bibcode : 1995P&SS ... 43.1517 P . doi : 10.1016 / 0032 - 0633 ( 95 ) 00061 - 5 . Jump up ^ Hunten D.M. , Shemansky D.E. , Morgan T.H. ( 1988 ) , The Mercury atmosphere , In : Mercury ( A89 - 43751 19 -- 91 ) . University of Arizona Press , pp. 562 -- 612 Jump up ^ Sheppard , S.S. ; Jewitt , D. ; Kleyna , J. ( 2005 ) . `` An Ultradeep Survey for Irregular Satellites of Uranus : Limits to Completeness '' . The Astronomical Journal . 129 : 518 -- 525 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0410059 . Bibcode : 2005AJ ... 129 ... 518S . doi : 10.1086 / 426329 . Jump up ^ Zeilik , Michael A. ; Gregory , Stephan A. ( 1998 ) . Introductory Astronomy & Astrophysics ( 4th ed . ) . Saunders College Publishing . p. 67 . ISBN 0 - 03 - 006228 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Knutson , Heather A. ; Charbonneau , David ; Allen , Lori E. ; Fortney , Jonathan J. ( 2007 ) . `` A map of the day - night contrast of the extrasolar planet HD 189733 b '' . Nature . 447 ( 7141 ) : 183 -- 6 . arXiv : 0705.0993 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 447 ... 183K . doi : 10.1038 / nature05782 . PMID 17495920 . Lay summary -- Center for Astrophysics press release ( 2007 - 05 - 09 ) . Jump up ^ Weaver , Donna ; Villard , Ray ( 2007 - 01 - 31 ) . `` Hubble Probes Layer - cake Structure of Alien World 's Atmosphere '' ( Press release ) . Space Telescope Science Institute . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Ballester , Gilda E. ; Sing , David K. ; Herbert , Floyd ( 2007 ) . `` The signature of hot hydrogen in the atmosphere of the extrasolar planet HD 209458b '' . Nature . 445 ( 7127 ) : 511 -- 4 . Bibcode : 2007Natur. 445 ... 511B . doi : 10.1038 / nature05525 . PMID 17268463 . Jump up ^ Harrington , Jason ; Hansen , Brad M. ; Luszcz , Statia H. ; Seager , Sara ( 2006 ) . `` The phase - dependent infrared brightness of the extrasolar planet Andromeda b '' . Science . 314 ( 5799 ) : 623 -- 6 . arXiv : astro - ph / 0610491 . Bibcode : 2006Sci ... 314 ... 623H . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1133904 . PMID 17038587 . Lay summary -- NASA press release ( 2006 - 10 - 12 ) . ^ Jump up to : Kivelson , Margaret Galland ; Bagenal , Fran ( 2007 ) . `` Planetary Magnetospheres '' . In Lucyann Mcfadden ; Paul Weissman ; Torrence Johnson . Encyclopedia of the Solar System . Academic Press . p. 519 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 12 - 088589 - 3 . Jump up ^ Gefter , Amanda ( 2004 - 01 - 17 ) . `` Magnetic planet '' . Astronomy . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 29 . Jump up ^ Grasset , O. ; Sotin C. ; Deschamps F. ( 2000 ) . `` On the internal structure and dynamic of Titan '' . Planetary and Space Science . 48 ( 7 -- 8 ) : 617 -- 636 . Bibcode : 2000P&SS ... 48 ... 617G . doi : 10.1016 / S0032 - 0633 ( 00 ) 00039 - 8 . Jump up ^ Fortes , A.D. ( 2000 ) . `` Exobiological implications of a possible ammonia - water ocean inside Titan '' . Icarus . 146 ( 2 ) : 444 -- 452 . Bibcode : 2000Icar ... 146 ... 444F . doi : 10.1006 / icar. 2000.6400 . Jump up ^ Jones , Nicola ( 2001 - 12 - 11 ) . `` Bacterial explanation for Europa 's rosy glow '' . New Scientist Print Edition . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 23 . Jump up ^ Molnar , L.A. ; Dunn , D.E. ( 1996 ) . `` On the Formation of Planetary Rings '' . Bulletin of the American Astronomical Society . 28 : 77 -- 115 . Bibcode : 1996DPS ... 28.1815 M . Jump up ^ Thérèse , Encrenaz ( 2004 ) . The Solar System ( Third ed . ) . Springer . pp. 388 -- 390 . ISBN 3 - 540 - 00241 - 3 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Planets . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Planet Look up planet in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . International Astronomical Union website Photojournal NASA NASA Planet Quest -- Exoplanet Exploration Illustration comparing the sizes of the planets with each other , the Sun , and other stars `` IAU Press Releases since 1999 `` The status of Pluto : A Clarification '' `` . Archived from the original on 2007 - 12 - 14 . `` Regarding the criteria for planethood and proposed planetary classification schemes . '' article by Stern and Levinson Planetary Science Research Discoveries ( educational site with illustrated articles ) The Planets , BBC Radio 4 discussion with Paul Murdin , Hugh Jones & Carolin Crawford ( In Our Time , May 27 , 2004 ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Solar System <Td_colspan="2"> The Sun Mercury Venus Earth Mars Ceres Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Planets Terrestrial planets Mercury Venus Earth Mars Giant planets Jupiter Saturn Uranus Neptune Dwarf planets Ceres Pluto Haumea Makemake Eris Rings Jovian Saturnian ( Rhean ) Charikloan Chironean Uranian Neptunian Haumean Moons Terrestrial Moon other near - Earth objects Martian Phobos Deimos Jovian Ganymede Callisto Io Europa all 69 Saturnian Titan Rhea Iapetus Dione Tethys Enceladus Mimas Hyperion Phoebe all 62 Uranian Titania Oberon Umbriel Ariel Miranda all 27 Neptunian Triton Proteus Nereid all 14 Plutonian Charon Nix Hydra Kerberos Styx Haumean Hiʻiaka Namaka Makemakean S / 2015 ( 136472 ) 1 Eridian Dysnomia Lists Solar System objects By size By discovery date Minor planets Gravitationally rounded objects Possible dwarf planets Natural satellites Comets Small Solar System bodies Meteoroids Minor planets moons Comets Damocloids Mercury - 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who plays patrick in perks of being a wallflower

The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( film ) - wikipedia The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( film ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Perks of Being a Wallflower <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Stephen Chbosky Produced by Lianne Halfon Russell Smith John Malkovich Screenplay by Stephen Chbosky Based on The Perks of Being a Wallflower by Stephen Chbosky Starring Logan Lerman Emma Watson Ezra Miller Mae Whitman Kate Walsh Dylan McDermott Joan Cusack Paul Rudd Music by Michael Brook Cinematography Andrew Dunn Edited by Mary Jo Markey Production company Mr. Mudd Distributed by Summit Entertainment Release date September 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 08 ) ( TIFF ) September 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 21 ) ( United States ) Running time 103 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $13 million Box office $33.4 million The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a 2012 American coming - of - age drama film . An adaptation of the 1999 epistolary novel of the same name , it was written and directed by the novel 's author , Stephen Chbosky . Filmed in Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania , the film was released on September 21 , 2012 , to positive critical response and commercial success , earning $33.4 million to a budget of $13 million . The film stars Logan Lerman , Emma Watson and Ezra Miller . Two or three years after the release of film , Chbosky began to speak more openly concerning the mental health care aspects of the film which were of significance to him in the original writing of the book and the production of the film as he conceived it . This is one of the three films from John Malkovich , Lianne Halfon and Russell Smith 's Mr. Mudd Productions that feature struggling teenagers ; the other two are Ghost World and Juno . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Development 3.1 Filming 4 Music 4.1 Soundtrack 4.2 Soundtrack Song List 4.3 Advertisement and Marketing 4.4 Score 5 Release 5.1 Rating 5.2 Box office 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Accolades 7 References 8 External links Plot The film is set against the background of a young student , Charlie ( Logan Lerman ) , who has been suffering from clinical depression from childhood setbacks and has recently been discharged from a mental health care institution to begin his adaptation to a normal lifestyle as a young high school student . Charlie is uneasy about beginning his freshman year of high school ; he is shy and finds difficulty in making friends , but he connects with his English teacher , Mr. Anderson ( Paul Rudd ) . When he sits with two seniors , Sam ( Emma Watson ) and her stepbrother Patrick ( Ezra Miller ) , at a football game , they invite him to tag along to several social activities with them . At a party , Charlie unwittingly eats a cannabis brownie , gets high and discloses to Sam that the year before , his best friend committed suicide . He also walks in on Patrick and Brad ( Johnny Simmons ) , a popular athlete , kissing . Sam realizes that Charlie has no other friends so she and Patrick make a special effort to bring Charlie into their group . Sam needs to improve her SAT scores to be accepted to Pennsylvania State University , so Charlie offers to tutor her . On the way home from the party , when the three hear a song with which they are unfamiliar , Sam instructs Patrick to drive through a tunnel so she can stand up in the back of the pickup while the music blasts . At Christmas , Sam gives Charlie a vintage typewriter to help his aspirations of being a writer . The two discuss relationships , and Charlie reveals he has never been kissed . Sam , though already involved with someone else , tells Charlie she wants his first kiss to be from someone who loves him , and kisses him . Charlie , in love with Sam , begins to try to find ways to show her how he feels . At a regular Rocky Horror Picture Show performance , Charlie is asked to fill in for Sam 's boyfriend Craig , who is unavailable . Their friend Mary Elizabeth ( Mae Whitman ) is impressed and asks Charlie to the Sadie Hawkins dance . The two enter into a desultory relationship . Finally , at a party , when Charlie is dared to kiss the most beautiful girl in the room , he chooses Sam , upsetting both her and Mary Elizabeth . Patrick recommends Charlie stay away from the group for a while , and the isolation causes him to sink back into depression . He experiences flashbacks of his Aunt Helen ( Melanie Lynskey ) , who died in a car accident when he was seven years old . When Brad shows up at school with a black eye having been caught by his father having sex with Patrick , he lies , saying that he was jumped and beaten up . Brad distances himself from Patrick , calling him a `` faggot '' . Brad 's friends begin beating Patrick , but Charlie forcefully intervenes , then blacks out . He recovers to find he has bruised knuckles and Brad 's friends are on the floor , incapacitated . Charlie threatens , `` Touch my friends again , and I 'll blind you , '' then leaves . Sam and Patrick express their gratitude to Charlie , and the three become friends again . Sam is accepted into Penn State , and breaks up with Craig on prom night after learning he has been cheating on her . The night before she departs , she brings Charlie to her room and asks him `` Why do I and everyone I love pick people who treat us like we 're nothing ? '' to which he repeats advice he received from Mr. Anderson , `` We accept the love we think we deserve . '' They confide in each other and kiss , but when Sam touches Charlie 's thigh , he experiences a momentary flashback of his Aunt Helen , which he passes off as nothing , and they continue to kiss . After she leaves for college , though , his emotional state deteriorates and his flashbacks worsen . He calls his sister blaming himself for Helen 's death , and admits he may have wished it upon her . His sister realizes he is in trouble and calls the police . Charlie passes out as they burst through the door and wakes up in a hospital , where psychiatrist Dr. Burton ( Joan Cusack ) manages to bring out Charlie 's repressed memories of his aunt sexually abusing him . Charlie then is later visited by Sam and Patrick . Sam explains what college life is like , and how she has found `` The Tunnel Song '' -- `` Heroes '' by David Bowie . The three revisit the tunnel , where Charlie kisses Sam again and stands up in the back of the truck . Charlie acknowledges that he feels alive and in that moment -- `` We are infinite . '' Cast Logan Lerman as Charlie Kelmeckis Emma Watson as Sam Ezra Miller as Patrick Mae Whitman as Mary Elizabeth Paul Rudd as Mr. Anderson , Charlie 's English teacher Nina Dobrev as Candace Kelmeckis , Charlie 's sister Johnny Simmons as Brad Erin Wilhelmi as Alice Adam Hagenbuch as Bob Kate Walsh as Mrs. Kelmeckis Dylan McDermott as Mr. Kelmeckis Melanie Lynskey as Aunt Helen Joan Cusack as Dr. Burton Zane Holtz as Chris Kelmeckis , Charlie 's older brother Reece Thompson as Craig , Sam 's college boyfriend Nicholas Braun as Ponytail Derek , Candace 's boyfriend Landon Pigg as Peter Tom Savini as Mr. Callahan Julia Garner as Susan Development John Hughes read the novel and attempted to write a screenplay after he got the rights from Chbosky ; however , he never finished this screenplay . Hughes was going to use the project as a directorial comeback with more of a black comedy style . He had in mind particular actors while writing the screenplay , namely , Shia LaBeouf as Charlie ; Kirsten Dunst ( The Virgin Suicides ) as Sam ; and Patrick Fugit ( Almost Famous ) as Patrick . Other filmmakers who were interested in the project were Ron Howard , Richard Linklater , Josh Schwartz , McG , Joel Schumacher , Ryan Murphy and British filmmaker Danny Boyle . Mr. Mudd Productions ( producers of Juno ) became interested in the project and wanted Chbosky to adapt the film . The producers -- John Malkovich , Lianne Halfon , and Russell Smith -- hired Chbosky to write a screenplay adaptation ( instead of Hughes ) and to direct the film . Chbosky found value in half of Hughes ' screenplay , so he negotiated for the rights from Hughes ' heirs and added his own touches . In January 2011 , Summit acquired distribution rights . The following month , Summit sought a buyer for the project at the European Film Market held simultaneously with the Berlin International Film Festival . In May 2010 , actors Logan Lerman and Emma Watson were reported as in talks for the project and confirmed the following year . In April 2011 , Mae Whitman signed on as Mary Elizabeth and Nina Dobrev was cast as Candace . Paul Rudd was cast as Mr Anderson later that month . On May 9 , 2011 , Kate Walsh announced that she was cast in the film as Charlie 's mother and had begun filming . Filming The film was shot in the Pittsburgh metropolitan area from May 9 to June 29 , 2011 . Initial filming began in Pittsburgh 's South Hills , including South Park , Upper St. Clair , and Peters Township High School . The Rocky Horror Picture Show scenes were filmed at The Hollywood Theater in Dormont after Chbosky learned that the theater was re-opening ; he had seen The Rocky Horror Picture Show there when younger . The film also has scenes within Pittsburgh city limits inside the Fort Pitt Tunnel , Fort Pitt Bridge on Interstate 376 and on Mount Washington . Music Soundtrack <Th_colspan="2"> The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Various Artists Released August 1 , 2012 Genre Alternative rock , dream pop , new wave , jangle pop , pop rock , folk rock Length 51 : 58 Label Atlantic Records The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( Soundtrack ) is the official music for the book turned film , The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) . The soundtrack was selected by music supervisor , Alexandra Patsavas and the score was composed Michael Brook . The film itself follows the main characters Charlie , and step brother and sister combo Patrick and Sam , as they grow throughout high school . Screenwriter and director Stephen Chbosky writes in the album 's liner notes . `` I 've shared them with friends . And they have shared their favourites with me . Some of the songs are popular . Some of them are not known by a whole lot of people . But they are all great in their own way . And since these songs have meant a lot to me , I just wanted you to have them as a soundtrack for whatever you need them to be for your life . '' Soundtrack song List Song Title Artist Song Length When it appears in the film Could it Be Another The Samples 3 : 28 Opening Credits Come on Eileen Dexys Midnight Runners 4 : 47 Sam , Patrick and Charlie dance at homecoming Tugboat Galaxie 500 3 : 54 Sam makes a milkshake for Charlie Temptation New Order 5 : 24 Charlie goes to a party after seeing the Rocky Horror Picture Show Evensong The Innocence Mission 3 : 40 Sam and Charlie talk at the Sadie Hawkins dance Asleep The Smiths 4 : 10 The first song that plays when Charlie listens to ponytail Derek 's mixtape . Low Cracker 4 : 36 Charlie unknowingly eats a magic brownie Teen Age Riot Sonic Youth 6 : 58 Patrick and Sam drop Charlie off at home Dear God XTC 3 : 37 Charlie talks about the relationship between Brad and Patrick Pearly - Dewdrops ' Drops ' Cocteau Twins 4 : 11 Montage of the last day of school and graduation Charlie 's Last Letter Micheal Brook 1 : 48 Charlie , Sam and Patrick drive through a tunnel Heroes David Bowie 6 : 10 Sam stands up in the back of the pick - up truck , into ending credits Chart Performance Chart Weeks spent on Charts Peak Number Peak Date US Billboards 16 weeks # 7 October 27 , 2012 US Top Rock Albums 2 weeks # 40 March 9 , 2013 Advertisement and marketing The soundtrack , with a run time of 1hr and 48mins , was released Aug 1st , 2012 by Atlantic Records . The cover of the soundtrack shows the three main characters with a green backdrop behind them . The character Sam ( Emma Watson ) is leaning her head on the main character Charlie 's ( Logan Lerman ) shoulder . The third member of the famous trio , Patrick ( Ezra Miller ) , stands on the other side of Sam looking straight forward . Written above their heads are the words , `` The Perks of being a Wallflower : The Original Motion Picture Soundtrack '' . Helping the film in its advertisement was the song It 's Time by the Las Vegas native band Imagine Dragons . This song found its way on the trailer for the movie , however , it was not in the film itself . Score <Th_colspan="2"> The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( Original Motion Picture Score ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Soundtrack album by Michael Brook Released September 25 , 2012 Genre Score Length 23 : 41 Label Lionsgate Records The score was composed by Michael Brook and released Sep 25 , 2012 . The official time of the score in its entirety is 23 : 41 minutes long . The cover shows five people on the border of a bridge looking out , with two characters having their arms up cheerfully . Song Title Length on Film First Day 2 : 32 Home Again 1 : 40 Charlie Speaks 2 : 03 Candace 1 : 46 Charlie 's Gift 0 : 55 Kiss Breakdown 5 : 12 Acid 3 : 13 Charlie 's First Kiss 3 : 34 Shard 2 : 47 Release The film was scheduled to be released on September 14 , 2012 , but it was announced in August 2012 that it would be released a week later , on September 21 , 2012 , in selected cities . The film continued to expand on September 28 , 2012 , with a nationwide release on October 12 , 2012 . The UK premiere was on September 23 at the Cambridge Film Festival . Rating The film originally received an R rating for `` teen drug and alcohol use , and some sexual references '' . The filmmakers appealed and the MPAA changed it to PG - 13 for `` mature thematic material , drug and alcohol use , sexual content including references , and a fight -- all involving teens '' . Box Office The Perks of Being a Wallflower received a limited release of four theaters in the United States on September 21 , 2012 , and grossed $228,359 on its limited opening weekend , averaging $57,089 per theater . The film earned $17,742,948 in North America and $15,641,179 in other countries , for a worldwide total of $33,384,127 . Reception Critical response The film received mainly positive reviews . Review aggregation website Rotten Tomatoes gives the film a `` Certified Fresh '' score of 86 % , based on reviews from 151 critics , with an average score of 7.4 / 10 . The site 's consensus states : `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower is a heartfelt and sincere adaptation that 's bolstered by strong lead performances . '' On Metacritic , which assigns a normalised rating out of 100 based on reviews from critics , the film has a score of 67 based on 36 reviews , indicating `` generally favorable reviews '' . The lead cast also received positive notices . Ian Buckwalter of The Atlantic said `` The primary trio of actors delivers outstanding performances , starting with Watson , who sheds the memory of a decade playing Hermione in the Harry Potter series with an about - face as a flirtatious but insecure free spirit . Miller also plays against his most recent performance , which was as the tightly wound eponymous teenage psychopath in We Need to Talk About Kevin , to deliver a giddy , scene - stealing turn as Patrick . Lerman , best known from the Percy Jackson series , shines as Charlie , a role that demands he be immediately likeable while still holding onto some deep darkness that ca n't be fully revealed until the end . '' John Anderson of Newsday also praised the cast saying `` As Sam , the quasi-bad girl trying to reinvent herself before college , she ( Emma Watson ) brings honesty and a lack of cliche to a character who might have been a standard - issue student . But equally fine are her co-stars : Ezra Miller , who plays the gay character Patrick as something messy and unusual ; Paul Rudd , as their English teacher , is refreshingly thoughtful . And Charlie is portrayed by Lerman as quietly observant , yearning and delicate in a way that will click with audiences regardless of age '' . Allison M. Lyzenga of My Film Habit praised the film saying `` This movie especially recognizes that even while high - school can be a battlefield of insecurity and bullying , you can find allies to help you through the struggle . It also shows that we all have a brighter future ahead if we let ourselves reach for it . '' Some critics had a less positive response to the film , with the main criticism being that the portrayal of teenage issues is idealized and the casting uninspired . The Miami Herald critic Connie Ogle notes that `` the suicide of Charlie 's best friend , which takes place before the film opens , seems glossed over too quickly '' despite the event being Charlie 's main character motivation in the film . Jack Wilson of The Age writes , `` the script is transparently fake at almost every moment , congratulating the gang on their non-conformity while soft - pedalling any aspect of adolescent behaviour -- drug use , sex , profanity -- that might upset the American mainstream . '' Richard Corliss of Time criticized the casting of actors in their twenties to play teenagers , unlike the film Heathers where the cast were actually teenagers . MTV , Us Weekly and Complex named The Perks of Being a Wallflower one of the best films of the year . Accolades Year Award Recipient Result 2012 Boston Society of Film Critics Awards Best Supporting Actor Ezra Miller Won Best Supporting Actress Emma Watson Nominated Chicago Film Critics Association Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Stephen Chbosky Nominated Most Promising Filmmaker Nominated Detroit Film Critics Society Awards Breakthrough Performance Nominated Best Screenplay Nominated Best Supporting Actor Ezra Miller Nominated Hollywood Film Festival Spotlight Award Won Indiana Film Critics Association Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Stephen Chbosky Won National Board of Review Awards Top Films The Perks of Being a Wallflower Won Phoenix Film Critics Society Awards Best Supporting Actor Ezra Miller Nominated Best Supporting Actress Emma Watson Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Stephen Chbosky Nominated Most Overlooked Film The Perks of Being a Wallflower Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Behind the Camera Stephen Chbosky Nominated San Diego Film Critics Society Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated Best Supporting Actress Emma Watson Won Best Ensemble Performance Cast Won St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Awards Best Supporting Actress Emma Watson Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Stephen Chbosky Nominated Utah Film Critics Association Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Won Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Nominated Best Youth Performance Logan Lerman Nominated 2013 Broadcast Film Critics Association Awards Best Young Performer Nominated Best Adapted Screenplay Stephen Chbosky Nominated GLAAD Media Awards Outstanding Film - Wide Release The Perks of Being a Wallflower Won Independent Spirit Awards Best First Feature Stephen Chbosky Won MTV Movie Awards Best Female Performance Emma Watson Nominated Best Kiss Emma Watson and Logan Lerman Nominated Best Breakthrough Performance Ezra Miller Nominated Best Musical Moment Emma Watson , Logan Lerman and Ezra Miller Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite Drama Movie The Perks of Being a Wallflower Won Favorite Dramatic Movie Actress Emma Watson Won Writers Guild of America Awards Best Adapted Screenplay Stephen Chbosky Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Movie : Drama The Perks of Being a Wallflower Won Choice Movie Actor : Drama Logan Lerman Won Choice Movie Actress : Drama Emma Watson Won Choice Movie Breakout : Actor Ezra Miller Nominated Choice Movie Liplock Logan Lerman and Emma Watson Nominated References Jump up ^ `` THE PERKS OF BEING A WALLFLOWER ( 12A ) '' . British Board of Film Classification . 2012 - 07 - 27 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 18 . ^ Jump up to : Mark Olsen ( November 1 , 2012 ) . `` ' The Perks of Being a Wallflower ' steadily blossoms '' . Los Angeles Times . ^ Jump up to : `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( film ) '' . Box Office Mojo . IMDB . Retrieved April 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Jana Kasperkevic. `` The cost of mental health '' . The Guardian , 17 Dec 2014. ( 1 ) Jump up ^ `` Catching Up With The Perks of Being A Wallflower '' . Paste.com . Retrieved September 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' updates plus filming locations in Pittsburgh May 9 -- 13 '' . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` A message from Emma '' . EmmaWatson.com . Retrieved May 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( January 25 , 2011 ) . `` Summit circles ' Wallflower ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Kay , Jeremy ( February 17 , 2011 ) . `` Buyers leave EFM with deals despite slow festival '' . Screen Daily . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( May 19 , 2010 ) . `` Watson , Lerman in talks for ' Perks ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Emma Watson to star in ' Wallflower ' '' . Variety . Jump up ^ Finke , Nikki ( April 15 , 2011 ) . `` Nina Dobrev Goes From ' Vampire Diaries ' To ' The Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' '' . Retrieved April 17 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Wilkinson , Amy ( May 10 , 2011 ) . `` Kate Walsh Signs On For ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' '' . MTV . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Filming In Pittsburgh Wants To Make Your Car A Star '' . WPXI. April 27 , 2011 . Retrieved May 13 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Movie Begins Filming in Upper St. Clair '' . Upper St. Clair Patch . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Emmers , Becky ( May 19 , 2011 ) . `` Kings Restaurant Closing for ' Perks ' Movie Shoot '' . Peters Patch . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vancheri , Barbara ( April 21 , 2011 ) . `` Film Notes : Newly resurrected Hollywood Theater to appear in film '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` USC Native to Film Scenes for Movie at Dormont 's Hollywood Theater '' . Dormont - Brookline Patch. April 25 , 2011 . Retrieved May 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Anya Sostek ( September 28 , 2012 ) . `` The ' Perks ' Fort Pitt Tunnel stunt : Do n't try it '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Jump up ^ The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 Jump up ^ `` ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' Soundtrack Tracklist Revealed ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Huffington Post . 2012 - 08 - 17 . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ Various artists , The Perks Of Being A Wallflower , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 Jump up ^ Handy , Bruce . `` Q&A : Perks of Being a Wallflower 's Stephen Chbosky on Emma Watson 's Casting , High School Yearning , and `` Heroes '' `` . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack The Perks Of Being A Wallflower Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Soundtrack The Perks Of Being A Wallflower Chart History '' . Billboard . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 Jump up ^ `` '' The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( Original Motion Picture Soundtrack ) '' by Various Artists on iTunes `` . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` ' Perks Of Being A Wallflower ' Trailer : What 's That Song ? '' . MTV News . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( Original Motion Picture Score ) by Michael Brook on Apple Music '' . itunes.apple.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ FullSoundtrack ( 2016 - 12 - 04 ) , The Perks of Being a Wallflower - Full soundtrack ( Score by Michael Brook ) , retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower : Original Motion Picture Score - Michael Brook -- Listen and discover music at Last.fm '' . Last.fm . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Release Date Round - Up : ' Oblivion ' and ' Perks ' Get Pushed , ' Rush ' and ' Mama ' Get Dated '' . FilmSchoolRejects . Retrieved 12 August 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Cambridge Film Festival -- Programme for Sunday 23rd of September ' '' . Jump up ^ `` MPAA Grants ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' PG - 13 Rating '' . The Wrap . Sharon Waxman . 2012 - 03 - 08 . Retrieved 2012 - 04 - 07 . Jump up ^ Deadline , The ( September 23 , 2012 ) . `` Indie Box Office - Perks Of Being A Wallflower , Diana Vreeland , The Master '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` Box Office : Jake Gyllenhaal Tops Jennifer Lawrence ; Dredd 3D Bombs E ! Online '' . Ca.eonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS Interactive . Retrieved 2013 - 02 - 26 . Jump up ^ Buckwalter , Ian . `` How ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' Breaks an Old Filmmaking Curse '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 7 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Anderson , John . `` ' Perks of Being a Wallflower ' review : Life in high school '' . Retrieved 12 December 2012 . Jump up ^ Lyzenga , Allison M. ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower - High School Hell '' . My Film Habit . Jump up ^ Ogle , Connie . `` ' The Perks of Being a Wallflower ' ( PG - 13 '' . The Miami Herald . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 27 . Jump up ^ Wilson , Jack . `` Bohemian fantasy shies away from adolescent truths '' . Melbourne : theage.com.au . Retrieved November 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Corliss , Richard ( September 13 , 2012 ) . `` The Perks of Being a Wallflower : A Teen Angel 's Dreamy Angst '' . Time Entertainment . Jump up ^ `` Best Movies Of 2012 '' . MTV . Retrieved December 16 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Top Ten Movies of 2012 '' . US Weekly . Retrieved January 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The 25 Best Movies of 2012 '' . Complex . Retrieved February 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Megan Townsend ( April 20 , 2013 ) . `` The New Normal , The Perks of Being a Wallflower among GLAAD Media Award Recipients in Los Angeles '' . GLAAD.org . Jump up ^ `` Independent Spirit Awards 2013 : Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter. 23 February 2013 . Retrieved 23 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2013 MTV Movie Awards Winners '' . MTV.com. April 14 , 2013 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( film ) Official website The Perks of Being a Wallflower on IMDb The Perks of Being a Wallflower at AllMovie The Perks of Being a Wallflower at Rotten Tomatoes The Perks of Being a Wallflower at Metacritic The Perks of Being a Wallflower at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> GLAAD Media Award for Outstanding Film -- Wide Release <Td_colspan="2"> Longtime Companion / The Handmaid 's Tale ( 1991 ) Fried Green Tomatoes / Frankie and Johnny ( 1992 ) Philadelphia ( 1994 ) Go Fish / The Adventures of Priscilla , Queen of the Desert ( 1995 ) Boys on the Side ( 1996 ) Bound ( 1997 ) In & Out ( 1998 ) Gods and Monsters ( 1999 ) Being John Malkovich ( 2000 ) Billy Elliot ( 2001 ) The Mexican ( 2002 ) The Hours ( 2003 ) Bend It Like Beckham ( 2004 ) Kinsey ( 2005 ) Brokeback Mountain ( 2006 ) Little Miss Sunshine ( 2007 ) Stardust ( 2008 ) Milk ( 2009 ) A Single Man ( 2010 ) The Kids Are All Right ( 2011 ) Beginners ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) Philomena ( 2014 ) The Imitation Game ( 2015 ) Carol ( 2016 ) Moonlight ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Teen Choice Award for Choice Movie -- Drama <Td_colspan="2"> Cruel Intentions ( 1999 ) The Sixth Sense ( 2000 ) Pearl Harbor ( 2001 ) Spider - Man ( 2002 ) None ( 2003 ) None ( 2004 ) The Notebook ( 2005 ) Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire ( 2006 ) The Pursuit of Happyness ( 2007 ) Step Up 2 : The Streets ( 2008 ) Twilight ( 2009 ) The Blind Side ( 2010 ) Black Swan ( 2011 ) The Lucky One ( 2012 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2013 ) The Fault in Our Stars ( 2014 ) If I Stay ( 2015 ) Miracles from Heaven ( 2016 ) Everything , Everything ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Films by Stephen Chbosky Screenplay and directed The Four Corners of Nowhere ( 1995 ) The Perks of Being a Wallflower ( 2012 ) Wonder ( 2017 ) Screenplay only Rent ( 2005 ) Beauty and the Beast ( 2017 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Perks_of_Being_a_Wallflower_(film)&oldid=814926555 '' Categories : 2012 films English - language films 2010s coming - of - age films 2010s romantic drama films 2010s independent films 2010s LGBT - related films 2010s teen drama films 2010s teen romance films American films American coming - of - age films American high school films American independent films American LGBT - related films American romantic drama films American teen drama films American teen LGBT - related films American teen romance films Coming - of - age drama films Coming - of - age romance films Films scored by Michael Brook Films about amnesia Films about child sexual abuse Films about depression Films about drugs Films about infidelity Films about psychiatry Films about suicide Films based on American novels Films directed by Stephen Chbosky Films set in Pittsburgh Films set in psychiatric hospitals Films shot in Pennsylvania Incest in film LGBT - related drama films Mr. Mudd films Proms in films Summit Entertainment films Screenplays by Stephen Chbosky Hidden categories : Wikipedia semi-protected pages Use mdy dates from August 2012 Articles with hAudio microformats Album infoboxes lacking a cover Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Беларуская Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Қазақша Magyar Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 December 2017 , at 18 : 45 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Perks of Being a Wallflower film 2. Coming-of-age drama 3. Logan Lerman, Emma Watson, Ezra Miller 4. Mental health care aspects 5. Positive critical response and commercial success

where is the american conference tournament being played

2018 American Athletic conference Men 's Basketball tournament - wikipedia 2018 American Athletic conference Men 's Basketball tournament <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament Classification Division I Season 2017 -- 18 Teams 12 Site Amway Center Orlando , Florida Champions Cincinnati ( 1st title ) Winning coach Mick Cronin ( 1st title ) MVP Gary Clark ( Cincinnati ) Attendance 50,259 Television CBS , ESPNU , ESPN2 <Td_colspan="2"> American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournaments ← 2017 2019 → <Th_colspan="99"> 2017 -- 18 American Athletic Conference men 's basketball standings <Th_colspan="5"> Conf <Th_colspan="5"> Overall Team PCT PCT No. 6 Cincinnati † 16 -- . 889 31 -- 5 . 861 No. 21 Houston 14 -- . 778 27 -- 8 . 771 No. 16 Wichita State 14 -- . 778 25 -- 8 . 758 Tulsa 12 -- 6 . 667 19 -- 12 . 613 Memphis 10 -- 8 . 556 21 -- 13 . 618 UCF 9 -- 9 . 500 19 -- 13 . 594 Temple 8 -- 10 . 444 17 -- 16 . 515 Connecticut 7 -- 11 . 389 14 -- 18 . 438 SMU 6 -- 12 . 333 17 -- 16 . 515 Tulane 5 -- 13 . 278 14 -- 17 . 452 East Carolina -- 14 . 222 10 -- 20 . 333 South Florida -- 15 . 167 10 -- 22 . 313 <Td_colspan="99"> <Td_colspan="99"> † 2018 AAC Tournament winner Rankings from AP Poll The 2018 American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament ended the 2017 -- 18 season of the American Athletic Conference . It was held from March 8 through March 11 , 2018 at the Amway Center in Orlando , Florida . Regular - season champion Cincinnati won the tournament and with it the league 's automatic bid to the NCAA Tournament . Contents ( hide ) 1 Seeds 2 Schedule 3 Bracket 4 References Seeds ( edit ) All 12 conference teams participated in the conference tournament . The top four teams received a bye into the quarterfinals . Teams were seeded by record within the conference , with a tiebreaker system to seed teams with identical conference records . Tiebreakers : win / loss record , head - to - head record , record against the highest ranked team outside of the tied teams , record against the second highest ranked team outside of the tied teams , etc . Seed School Conference Tiebreaker Cincinnati 16 -- 2 Wichita State 14 -- 4 1 -- 0 vs. Memphis Houston 14 -- 4 0 -- 1 vs. Memphis Tulsa 12 -- 6 5 Memphis 10 -- 8 6 UCF 9 -- 9 7 Temple 8 -- 10 8 Connecticut 7 -- 11 9 SMU 6 -- 12 10 Tulane 5 -- 13 1 -- 1 vs. Houston 11 East Carolina 5 -- 13 0 -- 2 vs. Houston 12 South Florida 3 -- 15 Schedule ( edit ) Game Time Matchup Score Television Attendance <Th_colspan="6"> First round -- Thursday , March 8 Noon No. 8 Connecticut vs No. 9 SMU 73 -- 80 ESPNU 7,856 2 : 30 pm No. 5 Memphis vs No. 12 South Florida 79 -- 77 7 : 00 pm No. 7 Temple vs No. 10 Tulane 82 -- 77 7,918 9 : 30 pm No. 6 UCF vs No. 11 East Carolina 66 -- 52 <Th_colspan="6"> Quarterfinals -- Friday , March 9 5 Noon No. 1 Cincinnati vs No. 9 SMU 61 -- 51 ESPN2 8,491 6 2 : 30 pm No. 4 Tulsa vs No. 5 Memphis 64 -- 67 7 7 : 00 pm No. 2 Wichita State vs No. 7 Temple 89 -- 81 ESPNU 8,680 8 9 : 30 pm No. 3 Houston vs No. 6 UCF 84 -- 56 <Th_colspan="6"> Semifinals -- Saturday , March 10 9 1 : 00 pm No. 1 Cincinnati vs. No. 5 Memphis 70 -- 60 CBS 8,644 10 3 : 30 pm No. 2 Wichita State vs. No. 3 Houston 74 - 77 <Th_colspan="6"> Championship -- Sunday , March 11 11 3 : 00 pm No. 1 Cincinnati vs. No. 3 Houston 56 -- 55 CBS 8,670 <Td_colspan="6"> Game times in ET . Rankings denote tournament seeding . Bracket ( edit ) <Td_colspan="3"> First round Thursday , March 8 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Quarterfinals Friday , March 9 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Semifinals Saturday , March 10 <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Championship Sunday , March 11 Cincinnati 61 <Td_colspan="3"> 9 SMU 51 8 Connecticut 73 9 SMU 80 <Td_colspan="5"> Cincinnati 70 <Td_colspan="8"> 5 Memphis 60 Tulsa 64 <Td_colspan="3"> 5 Memphis 67 5 Memphis 79 12 South Florida 77 <Td_colspan="10"> Cincinnati 56 <Td_colspan="13"> Houston 55 Wichita State 89 <Td_colspan="3"> 7 Temple 81 7 Temple 82 10 Tulane 77 <Td_colspan="5"> Wichita State 74 <Td_colspan="8"> Houston 77 Houston 84 <Td_colspan="3"> 6 UCF 56 6 UCF 66 11 East Carolina 52 References ( edit ) College basketball portal Jump up ^ `` American Men 's Basketball Semifinals , Championship to be Broadcast on CBS in 2018 '' . Jump up ^ http://sidearm.sites.s3.amazonaws.com/theamerican.sidearmsports.com/documents/2018/3/4/2018_MBB_Championship_Bracket_Final_.pdf?id=1650 <Th_colspan="2"> hide 2018 NCAA Division I men 's basketball tournaments Conference ACC America East American Atlantic 10 Atlantic Sun Big 12 Big East Big Sky Big South Big Ten Big West CAA Conference USA Horizon Ivy MAAC MEAC Mid-American Missouri Valley Mountain West Northeast Ohio Valley Pac - 12 Patriot SEC Southern Southland Summit Sun Belt SWAC WAC West Coast Postseason NCAA NIT CBI CIT <Th_colspan="2"> hide American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament <Td_colspan="2"> 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> Broadcasters Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=2018_American_Athletic_Conference_Men%27s_Basketball_Tournament&oldid=830288984 '' Categories : American Athletic Conference Men 's Basketball Tournament 2017 -- 18 American Athletic Conference men 's basketball season Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 22 : 33 . About Wikipedia

1. 2018 American Athletic Conference Men's Basketball Tournament 2. Cincinnati wins first title in the tournament 3. Tournament held at Amway Center in Orlando, Florida 4. Cincinnati earns automatic bid to NCAA Tournament 5. Gary Clark named tournament MVP

which movie has the most views on youtube

List of most - viewed YouTube videos - wikipedia List of most - viewed YouTube videos Jump to : navigation , search `` Despacito '' by Luis Fonsi ( left ) featuring Daddy Yankee ( right ) is the most viewed video on YouTube , with over 5 billion views as of April 2018 . YouTube is an American video - sharing website headquartered in San Bruno , California . Since its establishment in 2005 , the website has featured a `` most viewed '' section , which lists the most viewed videos on the site . Although the most viewed videos were initially viral videos , such as Evolution of Dance and Charlie Bit My Finger , the most viewed videos were increasingly related to music videos . In fact , since Lady Gaga 's `` Bad Romance '' , every video that has reached the top of the `` most viewed YouTube videos '' list has been a music video . Although the most viewed videos are no longer listed on the site , reaching the top of the list is still considered a tremendous feat . By June 21 , 2015 , only two videos , `` Gangnam Style '' and `` Baby '' , had exceeded one billion views . However , three and a half months later , on October 7 , ten videos had done so . As of April 2018 , all the videos on the list of the 100 most - viewed have exceeded one billion views , with 21 of them exceeding two billion views ; five of which exceed three billion views and one of which exceeds four billion views . `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach three billion views on August 4 , 2017 , followed by `` See You Again '' on August 6 , 2017 , and then on November 25 , 2017 , `` Gangnam Style '' became the third video to hit three billion views , followed by `` Shape of You '' on January 7 , 2018 , doing so in 343 days ; on March 31 , 2018 , `` Uptown Funk '' became the fifth video to reach three billion views . `` Despacito '' also became the first video to reach four billion views on October 11 , 2017 , and then on April 5 , 2018 , became the first video to hit five billion views . As of April 2018 , the five fastest videos to reach the one billion view mark are `` Hello '' ( 87 days ) , `` Despacito '' ( 96 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 97 days ) , `` Mi Gente '' ( 103 days ) and `` Échame la Culpa '' ( 111 days ) . The five fastest videos to reach two billion views are `` Despacito '' ( 154 days ) , `` Shape of You '' ( 187 days ) , `` Chantaje '' ( 379 days ) , `` Sorry '' ( 394 days ) and `` See You Again '' ( 515 days ) . As of April 2018 , Justin Bieber is the only artist to have five videos exceeding one billion views , while Katy Perry has four . Taylor Swift , Calvin Harris , Shakira , Ariana Grande , Bruno Mars , Nicky Jam , Adele and The Chainsmokers each have three , and Fifth Harmony , Psy , Ellie Goulding , The Weeknd , Ed Sheeran , Eminem , Maluma , J Balvin , Ricky Martin , channel Get Movies , Sia and Luis Fonsi each have two . Swift , Perry and Sheeran are the only artists to have two videos exceeding two billion views . Contents ( hide ) 1 Top videos 2 By year of release 3 Historical most viewed videos 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References Top videos The following table lists the top 100 most viewed videos on YouTube , with each total rounded to the nearest 10 million views , as well as the creator and date of publication to YouTube . -- This indicates the upload is not a music video Rank Video name Uploader / artist Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 1 . `` Despacito '' Luis Fonsi featuring Daddy Yankee 5.00 January 12 , 2017 2 . `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa featuring Charlie Puth 3.49 April 6 , 2015 3 . `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 3.42 January 30 , 2017 4 . `` Gangnam Style '' Psy 3.13 July 15 , 2012 5 . `` Uptown Funk '' Mark Ronson featuring Bruno Mars 3.00 November 19 , 2014 6 . `` Masha and the Bear : Recipe for Disaster '' Get Movies 2.94 January 31 , 2012 7 . `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 2.91 October 22 , 2015 8 . `` Sugar '' Maroon 5 2.54 January 14 , 2015 9 . `` Shake It Off '' Taylor Swift 2.53 August 18 , 2014 10 . `` Bailando '' Enrique Iglesias featuring Descemer Bueno and Gente De Zona 2.49 April 11 , 2014 11 . `` Roar '' Katy Perry 2.46 September 5 , 2013 12 . `` Lean On '' Major Lazer and DJ Snake featuring MØ 2.29 March 22 , 2015 13 . `` Hello '' Adele 2.28 October 22 , 2015 14 . `` Dark Horse '' Katy Perry featuring Juicy J 2.28 February 20 , 2014 15 . `` Blank Space '' Taylor Swift 2.28 November 10 , 2014 16 . `` Thinking Out Loud '' Ed Sheeran 2.22 October 7 , 2014 17 . `` All About That Bass '' Meghan Trainor 2.18 June 11 , 2014 18 . `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublic 2.18 May 31 , 2013 19 . `` Chantaje '' Shakira featuring Maluma 2.14 November 18 , 2016 20 . `` Wheels on the Bus '' LittleBabyBum 2.10 August 9 , 2014 21 . `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers featuring Halsey 2.06 July 29 , 2016 22 . `` This Is What You Came For '' Calvin Harris featuring Rihanna 1.96 June 16 , 2016 23 . `` What Do You Mean ? '' Justin Bieber 1.89 August 30 , 2015 24 . `` Baby '' Justin Bieber featuring Ludacris 1.86 February 19 , 2010 25 . `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 1.83 July 25 , 2012 26 . `` Chandelier '' Sia 1.82 May 6 , 2014 27 . `` Work from Home '' Fifth Harmony featuring Ty Dolla $ ign 1.81 February 26 , 2016 28 . `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit featuring Sean Paul & Anne - Marie 1.80 October 21 , 2016 29 . `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' Shakira featuring Freshlyground 1.78 June 4 , 2010 30 . `` We Do n't Talk Anymore '' Charlie Puth featuring Selena Gomez 1.74 August 2 , 2016 31 . `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin and Willy William 1.72 June 29 , 2017 32 . `` Love Me Like You Do '' Ellie Goulding 1.71 January 22 , 2015 33 . `` Faded '' Alan Walker 1.63 December 3 , 2015 34 . `` Treat You Better '' Shawn Mendes 1.55 July 12 , 2016 35 . `` Worth It '' Fifth Harmony featuring Kid Ink 1.55 March 28 , 2015 36 . `` Love the Way You Lie '' Eminem featuring Rihanna 1.52 August 5 , 2010 37 . `` Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) '' Silentó 1.49 June 25 , 2015 38 . `` Rude '' Magic ! 1.48 December 5 , 2013 39 . `` Wake Me Up '' Avicii featuring Aloe Blacc 1.47 July 29 , 2013 40 . `` Ay Vamos '' J Balvin 1.47 August 29 , 2014 41 . `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAO featuring Lauren Bennett and GoonRock 1.44 March 8 , 2011 42 . `` Let It Go '' Idina Menzel 1.43 January 30 , 2014 43 . `` Johny Johny Yes Papa '' ChuChu TV 1.43 November 14 , 2014 44 . `` Vente Pa ' Ca '' Ricky Martin featuring Maluma 1.38 September 22 , 2016 45 . `` Hotline Bling '' Drake 1.37 October 26 , 2015 46 . `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.35 April 15 , 2011 47 . `` Propuesta Indecente '' Romeo Santos 1.34 September 9 , 2013 48 . `` Starboy '' The Weeknd featuring Daft Punk 1.33 September 28 , 2016 49 . `` Love Yourself '' Justin Bieber 1.33 November 14 , 2015 50 . `` Felices los 4 '' Maluma 1.31 April 21 , 2017 51 . `` Rolling in the Deep '' Adele 1.31 November 30 , 2010 52 . `` Stressed Out '' Twenty One Pilots 1.30 April 27 , 2015 53 . `` All of Me '' John Legend 1.30 October 2 , 2013 54 . `` Hasta el Amanecer '' Nicky Jam 1.29 January 14 , 2016 55 . `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.29 October 9 , 2007 56 . `` Side to Side '' Ariana Grande featuring Nicki Minaj 1.29 August 29 , 2016 57 . `` Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' CNCO 1.27 October 7 , 2016 58 . `` Criminal '' Natti Natasha featuring Ozuna 1.25 August 18 , 2017 59 . `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge '' Ryan ToysReview 1.22 April 13 , 2016 60 . `` Burn '' Ellie Goulding 1.22 July 7 , 2013 61 . `` That 's What I Like '' Bruno Mars 1.22 March 2 , 2017 62 . `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Calvin Harris featuring Disciples 1.20 August 6 , 2015 63 . `` Hey Mama '' David Guetta featuring Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha and Afrojack 1.20 May 19 , 2015 64 . `` Summer '' Calvin Harris 1.20 April 6 , 2014 65 . `` On the Floor '' Jennifer Lopez featuring Pitbull 1.20 March 3 , 2011 66 . `` The Hills '' The Weeknd 1.20 May 27 , 2015 67 . `` Bad Blood '' Taylor Swift featuring Kendrick Lamar 1.19 May 17 , 2015 68 . `` Andas en Mi Cabeza '' Chino & Nacho featuring Daddy Yankee 1.18 April 20 , 2016 69 . `` Picky '' Joey Montana 1.18 June 29 , 2015 70 . `` Shaky Shaky '' Daddy Yankee 1.18 July 14 , 2016 71 . `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore & Ryan Lewis featuring Wanz 1.17 August 29 , 2012 72 . `` Baby Shark Dance '' Pinkfong ! Kids ' Songs & Stories 1.16 June 17 , 2016 73 . `` Gentleman '' Psy 1.16 April 13 , 2013 74 . `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.16 November 8 , 2012 75 . `` Échame la Culpa '' Luis Fonsi and Demi Lovato 1.15 November 16 , 2017 76 . `` Animals '' Martin Garrix 1.14 June 17 , 2013 77 . `` Bang Bang '' Jessie J , Ariana Grande and Nicki Minaj 1.14 August 25 , 2014 78 . `` New Rules '' Dua Lipa 1.13 July 7 , 2017 79 . `` El Perdón '' Nicky Jam featuring Enrique Iglesias 1.12 March 23 , 2015 80 . `` La Bicicleta '' Carlos Vives and Shakira 1.12 July 8 , 2016 81 . `` El Pollito Pio '' pulcinopiotv 1.12 November 29 , 2012 82 . `` Axel F '' Crazy Frog 1.11 June 16 , 2009 83 . `` El Perdedor '' Maluma 1.11 April 22 , 2016 84 . `` Mayores '' Becky G and Bad Bunny 1.11 July 13 , 2017 85 . `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.10 September 8 , 2010 86 . `` Problem '' Ariana Grande featuring Iggy Azalea 1.09 May 30 , 2014 87 . `` Firework '' Katy Perry 1.09 October 28 , 2010 88 . `` Me Rehúso '' Danny Ocean 1.09 September 18 , 2016 89 . `` El Amante '' Nicky Jam 1.08 January 15 , 2017 90 . `` Ahora Dice '' Chris Jeday featuring J Balvin , Ozuna and Arcángel 1.08 March 19 , 2017 91 . `` Not Afraid '' Eminem 1.08 June 5 , 2010 92 . `` Masha and the Bear : Bon appétit ! '' Get Movies 1.07 September 21 , 2012 93 . `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' Katy Perry 1.06 June 12 , 2011 94 . `` Swalla '' Jason Derulo featuring Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla Sign 1.06 March 17 , 2017 95 . `` Someone like You '' Adele 1.06 September 29 , 2011 96 . `` Somebody That I Used to Know '' Gotye featuring Kimbra 1.05 July 5 , 2011 97 . `` Something Just like This ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers and Coldplay 1.05 February 22 , 2017 98 . `` La Mordidita '' Ricky Martin featuring Yotuel 1.04 June 12 , 2015 99 . `` Call Me Maybe '' Carly Rae Jepsen 1.04 March 1 , 2012 100 . `` Cheap Thrills ( Lyric video ) '' Sia featuring Sean Paul 1.04 February 11 , 2016 <Th_colspan="7"> As of April 5 , 2018 By year of release The following table lists the current top 5 most viewed YouTube videos uploaded in each year , with each total rounded to the nearest ten million views , as well as the uploader and date of publication to YouTube . As of April 2018 , Katy Perry has the most appearances on the list with four , while Taylor Swift , Adele and Bruno Mars have three . Only Linkin Park ( 2007 ) , Gummibär / icanrockyourworld ( 2007 ) and Taylor Swift ( 2014 ) have two videos in the top 5 of a single year , with both the English and French versions of Gummibär 's The Gummy Bear Song being in the top five videos of 2007 . Only three videos on the list are not music videos . -- This indicates the upload is not a music video Year Video name Uploader Views ( billions ) Upload date Notes 2005 `` Life Goes On '' fhearnoiz 0.10 September 22 , 2005 `` guitar '' guitar90 0.09 December 20 , 2005 `` Hurt '' beachbuggy 0.08 December 12 , 2005 `` Tarzan Boy '' nailofgilead 0.07 November 2 , 2005 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Frozentoast 0.06 September 18 , 2005 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2005 ) 0.40 <Th_colspan="2"> 2006 `` Galinha Pintadinha - videoclip infantil animado '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.49 December 28 , 2006 `` Ella y Yo '' JosephIngma 0.33 April 27 , 2006 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 0.30 April 6 , 2006 `` I Write Sins Not Tragedies '' Fueled By Ramen 0.23 July 18 , 2006 `` If you are happy '' Alicia Kids ! 0.18 September 5 , 2006 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2006 ) 1.53 <Th_colspan="2"> 2007 `` The Gummy Bear Song '' icanrockyourworld 1.27 October 9 , 2007 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 0.86 May 22 , 2007 `` Numb '' Linkin Park 0.81 March 4 , 2007 `` Je m'appelle Funny Bear '' icanrockyourworld 0.35 October 15 , 2007 `` What I 've Done '' Linkin Park 0.35 April 3 , 2007 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2007 ) 3.64 <Th_colspan="2"> 2008 `` Hot n Cold '' KatyPerryVEVO 0.78 October 13 , 2008 `` Pintinho Amarelinho - DVD Galena Pintadinha '' Galinha Pintadinha 0.53 September 15 , 2008 `` Bohemian Rhapsody '' Queen Official 0.52 August 1 , 2008 `` Viva la Vida '' Coldplay Official 0.48 August 4 , 2008 `` Colgando en tus manos '' Carlos Baute 0.38 October 29 , 2008 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2008 ) 2.69 <Th_colspan="2"> 2009 `` Axel F '' CrazyFrogVEVO 1.10 June 16 , 2009 `` November Rain '' GunsNRosesVEVO 0.97 December 24 , 2009 `` Bad Romance '' Lady Gaga 0.91 November 23 , 2009 `` You Belong with Me '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 0.82 June 16 , 2009 `` Zombie '' TheCranberriesVEVO 0.70 June 16 , 2009 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2009 ) 4.50 <Th_colspan="2"> `` Baby '' Justin Bieber 1.85 February 19 , 2010 `` Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) '' shakiraVEVO 1.77 June 4 , 2010 `` Love the Way You Lie '' EminemVEVO 1.51 August 5 , 2010 `` Rolling in the Deep '' AdeleVEVO 1.30 November 30 , 2010 `` Just the Way You Are '' Bruno Mars 1.09 September 8 , 2010 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2010 ) 7.52 <Th_colspan="2"> 2011 `` Party Rock Anthem '' LMFAOVEVO 1.44 March 8 , 2011 `` The Lazy Song '' Bruno Mars 1.34 April 15 , 2011 `` On the Floor '' JenniferLopezVEVO 1.19 March 3 , 2011 `` Last Friday Night ( T.G.I.F. ) '' KatyPerryVEVO 1.06 June 12 , 2011 `` Someone like You '' AdeleVEVO 1.05 September 29 , 2011 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2011 ) 6.08 <Th_colspan="2"> 2012 `` Gangnam Style '' officialpsy 3.13 July 15 , 2012 `` Маша и Медведь - Маша плюс каша '' Get Movies 2.93 January 31 , 2012 `` Let Her Go '' Passenger 1.82 July 25 , 2012 `` Thrift Shop '' Macklemore LCC 1.17 August 29 , 2012 `` Diamonds '' Rihanna 1.15 November 8 , 2012 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2012 ) 10.20 <Th_colspan="2"> 2013 `` Roar '' KatyPerryVEVO 2.46 September 5 , 2013 `` Counting Stars '' OneRepublicVEVO 2.18 May 31 , 2013 `` Rude '' ournameismagicVEVO 1.47 December 5 , 2013 `` Wake Me Up '' AviciiOfficialVEVO 1.46 July 29 , 2013 `` Propuesta Indecente '' RomeoSantosVEVO 1.34 September 9 , 2013 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2013 ) 8.91 <Th_colspan="2"> 2014 `` Uptown Funk '' MarkRonsonVEVO 3.00 November 19 , 2014 `` Shake It Off '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 2.53 August 18 , 2014 `` Bailando '' EnriqueIglesiasVEVO 2.49 April 11 , 2014 `` Blank Space '' TaylorSwiftVEVO 2.27 November 10 , 2014 `` Dark Horse '' KatyPerryVEVO 2.27 February 20 , 2014 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2014 ) 12.56 <Th_colspan="2"> 2015 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 3.49 April 6 , 2015 `` Sorry '' Justin Bieber 2.91 October 22 , 2015 `` Sugar '' Maroon5VEVO 2.54 January 14 , 2015 `` Lean On '' majorlazer 2.29 March 22 , 2015 `` Hello '' AdeleVEVO 2.27 October 22 , 2015 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2015 ) 13.50 <Th_colspan="2"> 2016 `` Chantaje '' shakiraVEVO 2.14 November 18 , 2016 `` Closer ( Lyric video ) '' The Chainsmokers 2.06 July 29 , 2016 `` This Is What You Came For '' CalvinHarrisVEVO 1.96 June 16 , 2016 `` Work from Home '' FifthHarmonyVEVO 1.81 February 26 , 2016 `` Rockabye '' Clean Bandit 1.80 October 21 , 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2016 ) 9.77 <Th_colspan="2"> 2017 `` Despacito '' LuisFonsiVEVO 5.00 January 12 , 2017 `` Shape of You '' Ed Sheeran 3.42 January 30 , 2017 `` Mi Gente '' J Balvin 1.72 June 29 , 2017 `` Felices los 4 '' MalumaVEVO 1.31 April 21 , 2017 `` Criminal '' Pina Records 1.25 August 18 , 2017 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2017 ) 12.70 <Th_colspan="2"> 2018 `` Dura '' Daddy Yankee 0.57 January 18 , 2018 `` El Farsante ( Remix ) '' Ozuna 0.52 January 30 , 2018 `` X ( Equis ) '' NickyJamTV 0.41 March 1 , 2018 `` Amorfoda '' Bad Bunny 0.40 February 14 , 2018 `` Finesse '' Bruno Mars 0.36 January 3 , 2018 <Th_colspan="2"> Combined views ( 2018 ) 2.26 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="6"> As of March 27 , 2018 Historical most viewed videos The following table lists the last 15 videos to become YouTube 's most viewed video , from October 2005 to the present . Current record Former record Indicates the video has since been removed from YouTube Video name Uploader Views * Upload date Date achieved Days held Ref ( s ) Notes `` Despacito '' LuisFonsiVEVO 2,993,700,000 Jan 12 , 2017 Aug 4 , 2017 245 `` See You Again '' Wiz Khalifa 2,894,000,000 Apr 6 , 2015 Jul 10 , 2017 25 `` Gangnam Style '' officialpsy 803,700,000 Jul 15 , 2012 Nov 24 , 2012 1,689 `` Baby '' Justin Bieber 245,400,000 Feb 19 , 2010 Jul 16 , 2010 862 `` Bad Romance '' Lady Gaga 178,400,000 Nov 23 , 2009 Apr 14 , 2010 93 `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' HDCYT 128,900,000 May 22 , 2007 Oct 25 , 2009 171 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 118,900,000 Apr 6 , 2006 May 2 , 2009 176 `` Girlfriend '' RCARecords 92,600,000 Feb 27 , 2007 Jul 17 , 2008 289 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 78,400,000 Apr 6 , 2006 Mar 15 , 2008 124 `` Music Is My Hot Hot Sex '' CLARUSBARTEL72 76,600,000 Apr 9 , 2007 Feb 29 , 2008 15 `` Evolution of Dance '' Judson Laipply 10,600,000 Apr 6 , 2006 May 19 , 2006 651 `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' Smosh 4,300,000 Nov 28 , 2005 Mar 12 , 2006 68 `` Myspace - The Movie '' eggtea 2,700,000 Jan 31 , 2006 Feb 18 , 2006 22 `` Phony Photo Booth '' mugenized 3,400,000 Dec 1 , 2005 Jan 21 , 2006 28 `` The Chronic of Narnia Rap '' youtubedude 2,300,000 Dec 18 , 2005 Jan 9 , 2006 12 `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' Nikesoccer 255,000 Oct 21 , 2005 Oct 31 , 2005 70 `` I / O Brush '' larfus 247,000 Oct 5 , 2005 Oct 29 , 2005 <Th_colspan="8"> As of April 6 , 2018 * The approximate number of views each video had when it became YouTube 's most viewed video . Charts Timeline of Most Viewed Videos ( Oct 2005 - Apr 2018 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2005 - Jun 2006 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Apr 2006 - Jan 2010 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Oct 2009 - Jan 2013 ) No 1 Most Viewed Video ( Jan 2012 - Apr 2018 ) See also List of most - viewed Vevo videos List of most - disliked YouTube videos List of most - liked YouTube videos List of most - subscribed YouTube channels List of most viewed online videos in the first 24 hours List of most viewed online trailers in the first 24 hours List of viral music videos Notes Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the fifty - fourth video to reach 1 billion views on April 20 , 2017 , doing so in 96 days ; twelfth video to reach 2 billion views on June 16 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 154 days ; first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 , doing so in the fastest time -- 204 days ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 ; first and only video to reach 5 billion views on April 5 , 2018 ; currently Vevo 's most viewed video with over 5 billion views and YouTube 's most liked video with over 26.9 million likes as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' surpassed `` Gangnam Style '' as the most viewed video on July 10 , 2017 ; tenth video to reach 1 billion views on October 7 , 2015 ; second video to reach 2 billion views on September 3 , 2016 , doing so in 515 days ; second video to reach 3 billion views on August 6 , 2017 , doing so in 853 days ; currently YouTube 's second most liked video with over 19.5 million likes as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shape of You '' is the fourth video to reach 3 billion views on January 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' surpassed `` Baby '' as the most viewed video on November 24 , 2012 ; first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 ; third video to reach 3 billion views on November 25 , 2017 ; currently holds the record for the longest reign as YouTube 's most viewed video with 1,689 days . Jump up ^ `` Uptown Funk '' is the fifth video to reach 3 billion views on March 31 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Recipe for Disaster '' is the most viewed non-music video of all time , as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ As of April 2018 , `` Hello '' is the fastest video to reach one billion views , doing so in 87 days . Jump up ^ `` Closer '' is the most viewed lyric video of all time , as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' surpassed `` Bad Romance '' as the most viewed video on July 16 , 2010 ; second video to reach 1 billion views on March 4 , 2014 ; currently YouTube 's most disliked video with over 8.8 million dislikes as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ This is a sing - along version of the song Let It Go , entitled `` Let It Go Sing Along '' , posted by `` Disney UK '' . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny , Yes Papa '' is a nursery rhyme originating in Kenya . Jump up ^ `` The Gummy Bear Song '' is the oldest YouTube video to exceed one billion views , as of April 2018 . Jump up ^ Some videos may not be available worldwide due to regional restrictions in certain countries . Jump up ^ 2006 A video titled `` The Sneezing Baby Panda '' was published on November 6 , 2006 and gained over 221 million views . It was deleted in March 2017 and is the sixth most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . A video titled `` Hahaha '' was published on November 1 , 2006 , and gained over 208 million views . It peaked at number 12 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in May 2011 and was deleted in November 2011 . It is the seventh most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fifth most viewed video of 2006 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video on three separate occasions : May 19 , 2006 -- February 29 , 2008 , March 15 , 2008 -- July 17 , 2008 , and May 2 , 2009 -- October 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ 2007 A video titled `` Parto in un letto '' was published on May 9 , 2007 , and gained over 325 million views . It peaked at number 8 on the list of most viewed YouTube videos in November 2011 and was deleted in January 2012 for violating YouTube Community Guidelines . It is currently the most viewed deleted YouTube video . Its view count would place it as the fourth most viewed video of 2007 , had it not been removed . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Bit My Finger '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from October 24 , 2009 to April 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from April 14 , 2010 to July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 16 , 2010 to November 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from November 24 , 2012 to July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again '' previously held the title of YouTube 's most viewed video from July 10 , 2017 to August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' currently holds the title of YouTube 's most viewed video . Jump up ^ `` Despacito '' became the first video to reach 3 billion views on August 4 , 2017 ; first video to reach 4 billion views on October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gangnam Style '' became the first video to reach 1 billion views on December 21 , 2012 ; first video to reach 2 billion views on May 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baby '' became to first video to reach 500 million views on March 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance '' became the first video to reach 200 million views on May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' became the first video to reach 100 million views on March 11 , 2008 . The uploader then deleted the video four days later . Jump up ^ `` Evolution of Dance '' became the first video to reach 20 million views on June 5 , 2006 ; first video to reach 50 million views on June 7 , 2007 . It is the only video on this list to hold the No. 1 spot on more than one separate occasion . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' became the first video to reach 10 million views on May 6 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube in June 2007 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Phony Photo Booth '' became the first video to reach 5 million views on February 8 , 2006 . It was removed from YouTube on February 18 , 2006 for copyright infringement . Jump up ^ `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold '' became the first video to reach 500,000 views on November 3 , 2005 ; first video to reach 1 million views on November 11 , 2005 ; first video to reach 2 million views on December 12 , 2005 . References Jump up ^ Spanos , Brittany ( October 13 , 2015 ) . `` The Billion View Club : YouTube 's 10 Most Watched Videos '' . Rolling Stone . Retrieved December 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schneider , Marc ( January 12 , 2016 ) . `` A Billion Views on YouTube ? Once Exclusive Club Is Getting Crowded '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is The First Video To Reach 4 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( April 4 , 2018 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become The First Video To Reach 5 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 1 billion '' . Kworb . October 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fastest to 2 billion '' . Kworb . September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Luis Fonsi - Despacito ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Flores , Griselda ( April 20 , 2017 ) . `` Luis Fonsi 's ' Despacito ' With Daddy Yankee Reaches 1 Billion Views on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 20 : 45 : 42 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Despacito on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on June 16 , 2017 , 23 : 27 : 11 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . June 16 , 2017 . Archived from the original on June 16 , 2017 . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , Brandon ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Is Now The Most Viewed Video In Youtube History '' . UPROXX . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wiz Khalifa - See You Again ft . Charlie Puth ( Official Video ) Furious 7 Soundtrack '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Atkinson , Claire ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Gangnam Style ' is no longer YouTube 's most - watched video '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ France , Lisa Respers ( July 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' See You Again ' takes YouTube top spot '' . CNN . Retrieved July 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lee , Ben ( October 8 , 2015 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa and Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' hits 1 billion views on YouTube '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved October 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 3 , 2016 , 19 : 07 : 21 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ `` See You Again on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on September 4 , 2016 , 18 : 08 : 34 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . September 4 , 2016 . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 18 , 2016 . CS1 maint : BOT : original - url status unknown ( link ) Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wiz Khalifa & Charlie Puth 's ' See You Again ' Has Now Hit Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Ed Sheeran - Shape of You ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` PSY - GANGNAM STYLE ( 강남 스타일 ) M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kosner , Anthony Wing ( November 24 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's Gangnam Style Tops Bieber 's Baby To Become Most Viewed YouTube Video Ever '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 8 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Gruger , William ( December 21 , 2012 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Video Hits 1 Billion Views , Unprecedented Milestone '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jess ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved June 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( November 25 , 2017 ) . `` Psy 's ' Gangnam Style ' Finally Reaches 3 Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mark Ronson - Uptown Funk ft . Bruno Mars '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Маша и Медведь ( Masha and The Bear ) - Маша плюс каша ( 17 Серия ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Sorry ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maroon 5 - Sugar '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Shake It Off '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Enrique Iglesias - Bailando ( Español ) ft . Descemer Bueno , Gente De Zona '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Roar ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Major Lazer & DJ Snake - Lean On ( feat . MØ ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Hello '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Kaufman , Gil ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` Crunching the Numbers Behind ' Despacito 's Rise to the No. 1 All - Time Spot on YouTube '' . Billboard . Retrieved September 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Katy Perry - Dark Horse ( Official ) ft . Juicy J '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Taylor Swift - Blank Space '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ed Sheeran - Thinking Out Loud ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Meghan Trainor - All About That Bass '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` OneRepublic - Counting Stars '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Chantaje ( Official video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Wheels On The Bus Plus Lots More Nursery Rhymes 54 Minutes Compilation from LittleBabyBum ! '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Chainsmokers - Closer ( Lyric ) ft . Halsey '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Calvin Harris - This Is What You Came For ( Official Video ) ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - What Do You Mean ? '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Justin Bieber - Baby ft . Ludacris '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Kaufman , Gil ( July 16 , 2010 ) . `` Justin Bieber Beats Lady Gaga In YouTube Video Popularity -- For Now '' . MTV News . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Wooton , Christopher ( February 24 , 2014 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's Baby just hit a billion views on VEVO '' . The Independent . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Passenger Let Her Go ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Chandelier ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fifth Harmony - Work From Home ft . Ty Dolla $ ign '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Clean Bandit - Rockabye ft . Sean Paul & Anne - Marie ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Shakira - Waka Waka ( This Time for Africa ) ( The Official 2010 FIFA World Cup TM Song ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Charlie Puth - We Do n't Talk Anymore ( feat . Selena Gomez ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` J. Balvin , Willy William - Mi Gente ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Love Me Like You Do ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Alan Walker - Faded '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shawn Mendes - Treat You Better '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Fifth Harmony - Worth It ft . Kid Ink '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem - Love the Way You Lie ft . Rihanna '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Silentó - Watch Me ( Whip / Nae Nae ) ( Official ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` MAGIC ! - Rude ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Avicii - Wake Me Up ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` J. Balvin - Ay Vamos '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` LMFAO - Party Rock Anthem ft . Lauren Bennett , GoonRock '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` FROZEN - Let It Go Sing - along Official Disney HD '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Brown , Kat ( November 18 , 2014 ) . `` Frozen Sing - Along , Royal Albert Hall review - ' pure , sparkly joy ' '' . Telegraph.co.uk . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Johny Johny Yes Papa and Many More Videos Popular Nursery Rhymes Collection by ChuChu TV '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Butler , Francelia ( January 1 , 1989 ) . Skipping around the World : The Ritual Nature of Folk Rhymes . University of Michigan : Library Professional Publications . pp. 165 -- 166 . ISBN 9780208021946 . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - Vente Pa ' Ca ( Official Video ) ft . Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Drake - Hotline Bling '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Bruno Mars - The Lazy Song ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Romeo Santos - Propuesta Indecente '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - Starboy ft . Daft Punk '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Justin Bieber - Love Yourself ( PURPOSE : The Movement ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Maluma - Felices los 4 ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Rolling in the Deep '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` twenty one pilots : Stressed Out ( OFFICIAL VIDEO ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` John Legend - All of Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Hasta el Amanecer - Nicky Jam Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Gummy Bear Song - Long English Version '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ariana Grande - Side To Side ft . Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` CNCO - Reggaetón Lento ( Bailemos ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Natti Natasha ❌ Ozuna - Criminal ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Huge Eggs Surprise Toys Challenge Inflatable water slide Disney Cars Toys Paw Patrol Spiderman '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ellie Goulding - Burn '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars - That 's What I Like ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris & Disciples - How Deep Is Your Love '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` David Guetta - Hey Mama ( Official Video ) ft Nicki Minaj , Bebe Rexha & Afrojack '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Calvin Harris - Summer '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jennifer Lopez - On The Floor ft . Pitbull '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Weeknd - The Hills '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - Bad Blood ft . Kendrick Lamar '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chino y Nacho - Andas En Mi Cabeza ft . Daddy Yankee '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Joey Montana - Picky '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Daddy Yankee - Shaky Shaky Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Macklemore & Ryan Lewis - Thrift Shop feat . Wanz ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Baby Shark Dance Sing and Dance ! Animal Songs PINKFONG Songs for Children '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PSY - GENTLEMAN M / V '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Rihanna - Diamonds '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Luis Fonsi , Demi Lovato - Échame La Culpa '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Martin Garrix - Animals ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Jessie J , Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj - Bang Bang ft . Ariana Grande , Nicki Minaj '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dua Lipa - New Rules ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 21 . El Perdón - Nicky Jam y Enrique Iglesias ( Official Music Video YTMAs ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carlos Vives , Shakira - La Bicicleta ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PULCINO PIO - El Pollito Pio ( Official video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Crazy Frog - Axel F '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` El Perdedor - Maluma '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Becky G , Bad Bunny - Mayores ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . 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Jump up ^ `` Jason Derulo - Swalla ( feat . Nicki Minaj & Ty Dolla $ ign ) ( Official Music Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Adele - Someone Like You '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gotye - Somebody That I Used To Know ( feat . Kimbra ) - official video '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Chainsmokers & Coldplay - Something Just Like This ( Lyric ) '' . Youtube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ricky Martin - La Mordidita ( Official Video ) ft . Yotuel '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Carly Rae Jepsen - Call Me Maybe '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sia - Cheap Thrills ( Lyric Video ) ft . Sean Paul '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Life Goes On - Tupac '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` guitar '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Johnny Cash Hurt '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . 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Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guns N ' Roses - November Rain '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Lady Gaga - Bad Romance '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Taylor Swift - You Belong with Me '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Cranberries - Zombie '' . YouTube . Retrieved March 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dura - Daddy Yankee ( Video Oficial ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Ozuna x Romeo Santos - El Farsante Remix '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Nicky Jam x J. Balvin - X ( EQUIS ) Video Oficial Prod . Afro Bros & Jeon '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Bunny - Amorfoda Video Oficial '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Bruno Mars - Finesse ( Remix ) ( Feat . Cardi B ) ( Official Video ) '' . YouTube . Retrieved April 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh . `` ' Despacito ' Has Just Become the Most Popular Video of All Time on YouTube '' . Forbes . Forbes Media . Retrieved 4 August 2017 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( August 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Despacito ' Just Became The First Video To Reach Three Billion Views On YouTube '' . Forbes . Retrieved August 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dresdale , Andrea . `` ' See You Again ' Breaks Record for Most - Viewed YouTube Video of All Time '' . ABC News . ABC News Internet Ventures . Archived from the original on 12 July 2017 . Retrieved 30 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Benjamin , Jeff ( May 30 , 2014 ) . `` PSY 's ' Gangnam Style ' Hits 2 Billion YouTube Views '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kirkpatrick , Marshall ( March 27 , 2011 ) . `` Bieber 's ' Baby ' Will Hit 500m Views Today ; It 's Also The Most Hated Video on YouTube ( For Now ) '' . readwrite . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sciarretto , Amy ( March 28 , 2011 ) . `` Justin Bieber 's ' Baby ' Viewed 500 Million Times On YouTube '' . Pop Crush . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ O'Neill , Megan ( April 14 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's Bad Romance Is Officially The Most Viewed Video On YouTube Ever '' . SocialTimes . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Wei , Will ( May 7 , 2010 ) . `` Lady Gaga 's ' Bad Romance ' Will Be YouTube 's First Video To Hit 200 Million Views '' . Business Insider . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bad Romance By Lady Gaga Becomes First YouTube Video To Hit 200 Million Views '' . Pulse 2.0 . May 9 , 2010 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : Hutcheon , Stephen ( November 4 , 2009 ) . `` Once bitten , now watched by millions on YouTube '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on July 8 , 2009 , 22 : 33 : 57 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . July 8 , 2009 . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2009 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Avril Lavigne - Girlfriend '' . YouTube . Retrieved November 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ References : Gannes , Liz ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Avril Ascends , But YouTube Withholds Her Crown '' . Gigaom . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Van Buskirk , Eliot ( July 18 , 2008 ) . `` Avril Lavigne Expects $2 Million From YouTube Despite Gamed Play Count '' . Wired . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CANSEI DE SER SEXY Music is My Hot Hot Sex '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Dover , Danny ( March 8 , 2008 ) . `` YouTube 's New # 1 Video : The Unprecedented Rise and the Mobocracy that Led to its Fall '' . Moz . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 23 , 2008 ) . `` YouTube yobs chase top video off the charts '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hutcheon , Stephen ( March 17 , 2008 ) . `` Mystery over zapped Hot Hot Sex YouTube clip '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` Judson Laipply ( featured in the # 1 most viewed video on youtube ) '' . The Speakers Group . May 30 , 2008 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pokemon Theme Music Video '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Most Viewed Chart on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on March 14 , 2006 , 12 : 07 : 24 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . March 14 , 2006 . Archived from the original on March 14 , 2006 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Heffernan , Virginia ( April 4 , 2006 ) . `` Comic shorts , home on the Web '' . The New York Times . 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Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . `` Ronaldinho : Touch of Gold on YouTube on the Wayback Machine on November 2 , 2005 , 10 : 21 : 32 ( UTC ) '' . Wayback Machine . October 21 , 2005 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2005 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Medina , Martín ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` What was the first video to hit one million YouTube views ? How long did it take for it to reach one million views ? '' . Quora . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Celebrating ten years since Ronaldinho broke the Internet with the first YouTube video to reach 1 million views '' . Nike Soccer Twitter . August 24 , 2015 . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` I / O Brush '' . YouTube . Retrieved August 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ References : `` History of the Most Viewed YouTube Video '' . Google Sheets and The Wayback Machine . 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1. Most viewed YouTube videos 2. Despacito by Luis Fonsi and Daddy Yankee 3. Music videos on YouTube 4. Fastest videos to reach one billion views 5. Artists with the most videos exceeding one billion views

when does the new silicon valley come out

Silicon Valley ( TV series ) - wikipedia Silicon Valley ( TV series ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Silicon Valley <Td_colspan="2"> Season 1 intertitle Genre Comedy Created by Mike Judge John Altschuler Dave Krinsky Starring Thomas Middleditch T.J. Miller Josh Brener Martin Starr Kumail Nanjiani Christopher Evan Welch Amanda Crew Zach Woods Matt Ross Suzanne Cryer Jimmy O. Yang Stephen Tobolowsky Chris Diamantopoulos Opening theme `` Stretch Your Face '' by Tobacco Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 5 No. of episodes 46 ( list of episodes ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Mike Judge Alec Berg John Altschuler Dave Krinsky Michael Rotenberg Tom Lassally Producer ( s ) Jim Kleverweis Camera setup Single - camera Running time 28 -- 30 minutes Production company ( s ) Judgmental Films Altschuler Krinsky Works Alec Berg Inc . 3 Arts Entertainment HBO Entertainment Distributor Warner Bros. Television Distribution <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network HBO Picture format HDTV ( 1080i ) Original release April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Silicon Valley is an American comedy television series created by Mike Judge , John Altschuler and Dave Krinsky . The series focuses on five young men who founded a startup company in Silicon Valley . The series premiered on April 6 , 2014 on HBO , and the fifth season premiered on March 25 , 2018 . On April 12 , 2018 , it was announced that HBO had renewed the series for a sixth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast 1.1 Main 1.2 Recurring 2 Plot 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 2.3 Season 3 2.4 Season 4 2.5 Season 5 3 Production 4 Reception 4.1 Critical response 4.2 Other reactions 4.3 Accolades 5 Home media 6 Broadcast 7 References 8 External links Cast ( edit ) Main ( edit ) Thomas Middleditch as Richard Hendricks , a college dropout and ex-coder at tech giant Hooli , Richard quits his job to pursue his Pied Piper compression application . The company initially starts out as a simple data compression platform , but when this , and a videochat that Dinesh created with the algorithm fails , Richard pivots toward creating a new , decentralized internet , called Pipernet . For the most part , Richard is timid and quiet , and does not have much of a temper , but when he finally reaches his limit , is prone to extreme explosions of anger . Richard is constantly struggling with the demands of the business world , preferring instead to disappear into the coding of his application , but realizes that as CEO he must do more . Throughout most of the series , Richard is determined to make Pied Piper a company different from the soulless Hooli and the narcissistic , megalomaniac Gavin Belson , but as the series progresses , it becomes clear that the many trials and tribulations of trying to get his business to succeed have made him bitter , petty and ruthless , in much the same vein as the man he once sought to distinguish himself from . This is exemplified in the season 5 premiere , wherein Richard uses Gavin 's tactic of spending large amounts of company money and resources to bankrupt two weaker , recently merged companies , not just to acquire their coders , but primarily to get petty vengeance on the two CEOs , who had tried to screw him over . Richard has also grown more impatient and disrespectful towards his friends , even dismissing Gilfoyle without fear . However , Richard has also grown more confident and competent in business by season 5 , effectively using Gavin 's ego to stall his 51 % attack on Pied Piper and gain back 51 % of the company , allowing Richard to finally release PiperNet the way he wants it without more interference . T.J. Miller as Erlich Bachman ( seasons 1 -- 4 ) , a narcissistic entrepreneur who founded an innovation incubator in his home after the purchase of his airfare collator Aviato . Erlich still holds on to his glory days in the valley , wearing Aviato t - shirts and driving a van adorned with Aviato logos . Under the incubator agreement , Erlich owns 10 % of Pied Piper , and is later appointed to the company 's board of directors after Richard realizes how important Erlich is to the business . Erlich is a frequent user of marijuana . It is revealed in the season 2 finale that Erlich no longer codes because of severe carpal tunnel syndrome . Despite being relatively unsuccessful in his own entrepreneurial ventures , he is a competent public speaker and negotiator , and is often seen as the `` face '' of Pied Piper . In season 4 he appears to have a less active role in Pied Piper and his unfortunate destiny becomes more apparent . After a disastrous failure to make an agreement with Keenan Feldspar , a VR genius that turned back to Hooli , he definitively decided that he and Richard wo n't have a successful future , disillusioned with the tech business . Therefore , at the end of season 4 he travels to Tibet after misreading an invitation Gavin Belson sent to Richard . Gavin later abandons him at an opium - den after finding out about the Hooli - con scandal . Erlich is now missing and presumed dead , leaving Jian - Yang to inherit his house by faking Erlich 's death using the ashes of a dead pig . Josh Brener as Nelson `` Big Head '' Bighetti , a former tenant of Erlich 's incubator and Richard 's best friend who also works at Hooli . He is clueless and impressionable , but still manages to acquire significant influence as a result of the struggle between Hooli and Pied Piper . After work on Pied Piper commences , Big Head is offered a huge raise and promotion by Gavin Belson to help Hooli develop its copycat software , Nucleus , out of spite and because Richard was forced to limit his staff . He is continually promoted so rapidly that buzz develops about him , and he ends up on the cover of Wired magazine . He is later removed from the Nucleus project due to his lack of technical knowledge , and has absolutely no responsibilities at Hooli . He was later promoted further to make it appear that he was the actual creator of Pied Piper while working at Hooli , but he is unaware of this . After a disastrous binding arbitration with Pied Piper , Gavin makes Big Head redundant and pays him $20 million in severance , which he blows through very quickly when Erlich tricks him into entering into a business arrangement with him , naming their firm , `` Bachmanity '' . Big Head then buys a majority stake in PiperChat following the sale of a technology blog he and Erlich owned . Due to his poor business skills , his father takes over control of his share on his behalf . In season 4 , Big Head takes a position as a Computer Science instructor at Stanford University . In season 5 , after discovering that he never formally severed his arrangement with Erlich , Big Head is legally Erlich 's next - of - kin and gains ownership of Erlich 's house and 10 % ownership of Pied Piper from Jian - Yang . Big Head moves into Erlich 's house but keeps in touch with Jian - Yang , allowing him to move back into the house after Jian - Yang loses everything in China . Martin Starr as Bertram Gilfoyle , a LaVeyan Satanist network engineer and Canadian illegal immigrant , until he successfully applies for a visa after Dinesh puts him under pressure . Gilfoyle credits himself as an online security expert , and as such is responsible for system administration and server configuration at Pied Piper . Gilfoyle has a girlfriend Tara who is also a LeVeyan Satanist , with the two having an open and hedonistic relationship , though Tara still lies to Gilfoyle about sleeping with other men . Gilfoyle often plays cruel pranks on Dinesh , but the two do appear to be friends or at most , frenemies despite this , with the two often bonding over their shared moral ambiguity . While he is usually indifferent to Richard and lacks loyalty towards him , Gilfoyle highly respects Richard as a coder and admits that Pied Piper is nothing without Richard . Like Dinesh , Gilfoyle is acerbic and sarcastic , but in contrast , highly apathetic , sardonic and brutally honest . He acts as the systems architect of Pied Piper . While usually calm and collected , it is revealed in season 5 that Gilfoyle is afraid of Artificial Intelligence taking over humanity one day . Gilfoyle has also grown slightly less confident and more complacent to Richard and Monica but is still freely dismissive of Dinesh and Jared . In season 5 , Gilfoyle is promoted to senior management along with Dinesh with the title of `` Chief Systems Architect '' . Kumail Nanjiani as Dinesh Chugtai , a talented programmer specializing in Java originally from Karachi , Pakistan who is typically the victim of Gilfoyle 's embarrassing games and pranks . Dinesh exhibits an acerbic and sarcastic personality towards everyone on the team , and often behaves in a callous and amoral manner , such as when he plots the death of a man who was dating the girl that he liked . Dinesh is also shown to be especially materialistic and unsuccessful with women . Dinesh always seems to run into bad luck , such as getting involved with cyber criminals to opportunities for recognition . In season 5 , Dinesh is promoted to senior management along with Gilfoyle . Christopher Evan Welch as Peter Gregory ( season 1 ) , the billionaire founder and CEO of Raviga Capital as well a 5 % equity owner of Pied Piper after his $200,000 investment . Gregory is extremely brilliant , but socially inept , eccentric and unpredictable , once delaying a crisis business meeting to sample Burger King products for eight hours in order to identify a potential new investment . Welch died after the fifth episode of season 1 was completed , but the character remained present off - screen for the remainder of the season . Gregory later died in the season 2 premiere . Monica is saddened by Gregory 's death and still highly reveres him , becoming very disappointed whenever the values Gregory believed in and instilled in the Valley are dishonored , notably by Laurie Bream 's profit - centric approach to business . Amanda Crew as Monica Hall , an employee of Raviga Capital and associate partner under both Peter Gregory and later Laurie Bream . Monica is often charged with engaging with clients on a more personable and approachable way than either Gregory or Bream are , and as such forms a bond with Richard after she convinces him to launch Pied Piper on his own . Her interactions with Richard subtly imply a mutual romantic attachment which , though rarely explored , is often a deciding factor whenever major decisions arise , such as Richard 's decision to go with Raviga over Hooli , Monica 's persistence in keeping Pied Piper on board whenever Laurie considers dropping them and , later in the series , Monica 's willingness to side with Richard at the cost of losing favour with Laurie . In season 4 , she leaves Raviga to partner with Laurie at her new VC firm , Bream / Hall . By season 5 , Monica 's relationship with Richard has become strictly professional and business - like , presumably having realized that her previously close relationship with him has led to her getting badly burnt in her career . She and Richard eventually clash over this when he asks her `` as a friend '' for advice on Gilfoyle 's ICO idea , pointing out how little he actually knows about her beyond work , revealing as an example the fact that she was married briefly , but had it annulled after three months . In the same conversation , she demonstrates a newfound confidence and authority , such that she is able to silence Gilfoyle and educate him on the real risks that an ICO carries . However , upon learning that Laurie wants to pump PiperNet with ads , effectively destroying Richard 's vision , Monica once again sides with Richard and tips him off about it , leading to the two reconciling and reaffirming their friendship . Having also realised that she is still as much Laurie 's subordinate as she ever was at Raviga , Monica finally severs all business ties with her , and moves to Pied Piper as its new CFO . Zach Woods as Donald `` Jared '' Dunn , an ex-VP of Hooli who quits the company in order to join the Pied Piper team as its CFO and business advisor . Like Richard , Jared is meek and reserved , but gains confidence as the series progresses and the company 's success necessitates it . He is also exceedingly optimistic , selfless and thoroughly devoted to Richard , sacrificing his high - paying and financially secure job at Hooli to lend his business expertise to Pied Piper . His birth name is Donald , but his former boss , Gavin , once referred to him as Jared , and the nickname stuck , despite the Pied Piper team knowing it 's not his real name . He is frequently disrespected by the other employees of Pied Piper , aside from Richard who often defends him , though he tends to be oblivious of this or too awkward to actually understand the insult . Over the course of the series , Jared drops bits and pieces of his considerably dark backstory , such as being the product of a forced adoption to finding his biological father in the Ozarks . In season 5 , after realizing his trust and loyalty to Pied Piper , Richard promotes Jared to COO . Matt Ross as Gavin Belson ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 -- present ) , the CEO and founder of tech giant Hooli , who embodies the soulless corporate culture that Richard is desperate to avoid with Pied Piper . Belson constantly spews forth pseudo-philosophical rants to his employees , who remain enamored with his work , but at the same time demonstrates complete ignorance and a mean spirit . In season 2 , Belson launched a lawsuit against Pied Piper , claiming that it was developed on Hooli company time and using company resources . Historically Belson and Peter Gregory were friends but later became business rivals , and interactions between the two of them became awkward as a result . Gavin 's hubris and vindictive streak is often the root cause of many of Hooli 's problems , such as the failure of Nucleus , the constant slew of PR disasters and his decision to take over PiperChat with no due diligence , which causes his temporary eviction from the CEO of Hooli in season 4 . He gets back to his function at the end of the season , firing the new CEO Jack Barker . In season 5 , despite knowing of Richard 's plans for his new internet , Gavin intends to push the sale of Hooli 's Box 3 . He later learns that Jian - Yang has recreated Richard 's new internet and tries to acquire it , only to be cheated out of the patent by one of his factory heads Yao . Gavin later learns that due to his failure to launch the Box 3 and gain profits , the board at Hooli votes to sell the company to Amazon and Jeff Bezos . Gavin is later offered a 20 % stake in Laurie and Yao 's YaoNet project by allowing YaoNet users to be absorbed into Hooli to gain 51 % of Pied Piper and delete it . However , Richard uses Gavin 's ego to trick Gavin into accepting `` ownership '' of Pied Piper , stalling the deletion of Pied Piper and allowing Richard to regain control and bar Hooli from entering Pied Piper again , leaving Gavin to a final defeat . Suzanne Cryer as Laurie Bream ( season 2 -- present ) , the replacement for Peter Gregory as CEO of Raviga Capital , and later co-founder of Bream Hall Capital with Monica . Like her predecessor , Laurie is highly intelligent and socially inept , but appears to rely more on tangible metrics than Peter . Further , unlike him , she is completely devoid of empathy , emotion or any kind of idealism , concerning herself only with making a profit . This leads to her terminating Raviga 's investment into Pied Piper after Belson 's lawsuit is announced , firing Richard as CEO due to several mistakes that were not his fault , and unilaterally selling Pied Piper when its reputation is severely damaged after Jared 's deceptive practices . This is most exemplified in season 5 , when Richard gifts her with free computing credits for Pied Piper out of compassion when he saw her struggling to run a failing company , she remorselessly takes them for profit . Little is known about her personal life , but in Season 4 she is pregnant with her fourth child . Despite her difficulty with connecting with people , Laurie claims that Monica is her best friend . However , in season 5 , when Monica becomes disillusioned after learning that Laurie planned to force Pied Piper to sell ads from their Series B deal , which would destroy Richard 's vision , and realising that she is a partner in name only , Monica severs business ties with Laurie and joins Pied Piper , and Laurie is completely unfazed by her departure . Laurie later partners with one of Gavin 's former employees Yao , to lauch a 51 % attack on Pied Piper to delete PiperNet and replace it with a corporate - controlled knock off of Jian - Yang 's , called `` YaoNet '' , offering Gavin a 20 % stake in the venture . However , Richard succeeds in saving his company and prevents Laurie from locking the deal . Jimmy O. Yang as Jian - Yang ( recurring season 1 , starring season 2 -- present ) , another tenant of Erlich 's incubator , and the only person who lives there that is not involved with Pied Piper in any capacity . He speaks broken English but slowly and with a heavy Chinese accent . He and Erlich have frequent disagreements , and during Season 3 , Episode 2 , after finding out how difficult it is for a landowner to evict a tenant , Jian - Yang decides to take advantage of this and live rent - free in Erlich 's house for a year . Jian - Yang often insults and makes prank calls to Erlich , and takes a sadistic enjoyment in tormenting him . In Season 5 , he takes advantage of Erlich being missing in Tibet by claiming him to be deceased in order to assume ownership of the incubator and Erlich 's 10 % stake in Pied Piper , kicking the Pied Piper team out of the house and replacing them with his Chinese friends . He later plans to copy the best American tech companies for the Chinese market . Learning that Big Head is Erlich 's legal next - of - kin and losing ownership of Erlich 's assets , Jian - Yang moves back to China to create `` New Pied Piper '' , but is found on the brink of bankruptcy by Gavin Belson , ashamed over betraying and abandoning his friends and good life in the valley to fail in China . Gavin discovers Jian - Yang has recreated and modified Richard 's new internet project that it is not restricted by Richard 's patent and offers Jian Yang to acquire his project . Jian - Yang later signs over his project to Yao and becomes addicted to gambling . When the 51 % attack on Pied Piper is discovered , Gilfoyle demands Jian - Yang talk about his deal . Refusing at first , Jian - Yang consents after losing the rest of his money gambling and requests in return for his disclosure , Jian - Yang is allowed to move back into the house , occupying Erlich 's old room . Stephen Tobolowsky as Jack Barker a.k.a Action Jack ( recurring season 3 , starring season 4 ) , briefly the CEO of Pied Piper after Richard was voted out . Later he becomes involved with Hooli on their Endframe Box , though is later demoted by Gavin . Subsequently , he became CEO of Hooli after Gavin Belson was fired , but was shortly removed after he was held hostage by Hooli plant workers in China . While in function , he tries to reach Belson 's communication skills during Holli Con presentation and makes a calmless entry before his talk , copying the former director of Microsoft Steve Ballmer 's prestation . Chris Diamantopoulos as Russ Hanneman ( recurring season 2 -- 3 , starring season 4 , guest season 5 ) , an unpredictable , selfish and bizarre billionaire investor who provides Pied Piper with their Series A . In the fourth - season premiere , he agrees to fund Richard 's ' new internet ' project . Richard ultimately does not go with this funding offer , choosing instead to partner with Gavin Belson . Enraged , Hanneman urinates in Jian - Yang 's Corvette , believing it to be Richard 's . Hanneman is later found broke due to putting all of his money into 36 ICOs , with only one of them being successful but losing the thumb drive containing the coin . Recurring ( edit ) Aly Mawji as Aly Dutta / Naveen Dutt ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) , a Hooli coder who bullies Richard and Big Head . He is charged with working on Nucleus as a lead engineer . Brian Tiechnell as Jason Winter ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) , a Hooli programmer who bullies Richard and Big Head . He is also charged with working on Nucleus as a lead engineer . He along with Aly quits Hooli after being fed up with Gavin 's antics . Jill E. Alexander as Patrice ( seasons 1 -- 3 , 5 ) , a Hooli employee . She is fired by Gavin after showing distaste towards his animal abuse . Andy Daly as Dr. Crawford , a Silicon Valley doctor whom Richard regularly sees . Ben Feldman as Ron LaFlamme , Pied Piper 's young , laid - back but competent outside counsel . Gabriel Tigerman as Gary Irving ( seasons 1 -- 3 ) , the human resources manager at Hooli . Bernard White as Denpok , Gavin 's sycophantic spiritual advisor . Matt McCoy as Pete Monahan ( seasons 2 -- 4 ) , a disgraced former lawyer who represents Richard , Erlich and Pied Piper at the binding arbitration of the Hooli lawsuit . Jake Broder as Dan Melcher ( seasons 1 , 4 ) , a former TechCrunch Judge who is kicked out after he beats up Bachman for sleeping with his wife . He later returns in season four as the CTO of an insurance company . Alice Wetterlund as Carla Walton ( seasons 2 -- 3 ) , a programmer and friend of Gilfoyle and Dinesh 's who joins the Pied Piper team . She later quits along with the other new hires after the failures with Homicide and Intersite . She later blackmails Pied Piper to pay her in exchange for non-disclosure of Pied Piper 's `` Skunkworks '' plan but refusing to return to the team . Chris Williams as Hoover ( season 3 -- present ) , head of security at Hooli . He admires Gavin Belson and is determined to make each of his requests , though Gavin often disregards him . Annie Sertich as C.J. Cantwell ( season 3 ) , a tech blogger . Erlich Bachman buys her blog after she is coerced into revealing Big Head was her source . Later the blog is bought out by Gavin himself after she hears about Gavin 's illegal dumping of an elephant in the San Francisco Bay . Haley Joel Osment as Keenan Feldspar ( season 4 ) , the developer of a VR headset who tries to buy out Pied Piper . When Richard rejects the deal , he signs with Hooli . Tim Chiou as Ed Chen ( season 4 ) , a venture capitalist that works at Raviga who currently serves as the firm 's Managing Director . Emily Chang appears as herself , interviewing various characters . Plot ( edit ) Main article : List of Silicon Valley episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> April 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 06 ) June 1 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 01 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 12 ) June 14 , 2015 ( 2015 - 06 - 14 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 24 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 24 ) June 26 , 2016 ( 2016 - 06 - 26 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 10 <Td_colspan="1"> April 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 23 ) June 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 06 - 25 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 8 <Td_colspan="1"> March 25 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 25 ) May 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 13 ) Season 1 ( edit ) Richard Hendricks creates an app known as Pied Piper which contains a revolutionary data compression algorithm . Peter Gregory acquires Pied Piper , and Richard hires the residents of Erlich Bachman 's business incubator including Bertram Gilfoyle and Dinesh Chugtai along with Jared Dunn , who defected from Hooli . Meanwhile , Nelson `` Big Head '' Bighetti chooses to accept a substantial promotion at Hooli instead , despite his lack of merit for the job . Gavin Belson instructs his Hooli employees to reverse engineer Pied Piper 's algorithm and develops a copycat product called Nucleus . Both companies are scheduled to present at TechCrunch Disrupt . Pied Piper rushes to produce a feature - rich cloud storage platform based on their compression technology . At the TechCrunch event , Belson presents Nucleus , which is integrated with all of Hooli 's services and has compression performance equal to Pied Piper . However , Richard has a new idea and spends the entire night coding . The next morning , Richard makes Pied Piper 's final presentation and demonstrates a product that strongly outperforms Nucleus and he is mobbed by eager investors . Season 2 ( edit ) In the immediate aftermath of their TechCrunch Disrupt victory , multiple venture capital firms offer to finance Pied Piper 's Series A round . Peter Gregory has died and is replaced by Laurie Bream to run Raviga Capital . Richard finds out that Hooli is suing Pied Piper for copyright infringement , claiming that Richard developed Pied Piper 's compression algorithm on Hooli time using company equipment . As a result , Raviga and all the other VC firms retract their offer . Richard turns down Hooli 's buyout and accepts funding from Russ Hanneman , though Richard quickly begins questioning his decision after learning about Hanneman 's mercurial reputation and his excessive interference in day - to - day operation . Belson promotes Big Head to Hooli ( xyz ) , to make people think he created the compression algorithm and Richard stole it to create Pied Piper . Belson agrees to drop the lawsuit in favor of binding arbitration to prevent the press from finding out about how bad Nucleus is . Due to a clause in Richard 's Hooli contract , the lawsuit is ruled in Pied Piper 's favor . Raviga buys out Hanneman 's stake in Pied Piper , securing three of Pied Piper 's five board seats . However , they decide to remove Richard from the CEO position due to previous incidents . Season 3 ( edit ) After a failed stint with Jack Barker as CEO of Pied Piper , Richard eventually regains his CEO position . Richard hires contract engineers from around the world to help construct their application platform . Big Head receives a $20 million severance package from Hooli in exchange for non-disclosure and non-disparagement agreements . Big Head uses his money to set up his own incubator and Erlich partners with him . However , because of their spending habits , they declare bankruptcy , and Erlich is forced to sell his stake in Pied Piper to repay the debts . Gavin Belson hires Jack Barker as the new head of development at Hooli . After release , their platform is positively reviewed by members of the industry . However , only a small fraction of the people installing the platform remain as daily active users . Meanwhile , Jared secretly employs a click farm in Bangladesh to artificially inflate usage statistics . An anxious Richard reveals the source of the uptick at a Series B funding signing meeting , leading to the deal being scrapped . Laurie no longer wishes for Raviga to be associated with Pied Piper and moves to sell majority control to any investor . Erlich and Big Head are able to buy control of the company after an unexpected windfall from the sale of a blog they bought . Pied Piper now prepares to pivot again , this time to become a video chat company , based on the sudden popularity of Dinesh 's video chat application which he included on the platform . Season 4 ( edit ) Richard steps down as CEO of Pied Piper , and instead begins working on a new project : a decentralized , peer - to - peer internet , that would be powered by a network of cell phones without any firewalls , viruses and government regulations . Gavin Belson is removed as CEO of Hooli after an incident involving COPPA violations from when he seized PiperChat . Jack Barker takes his place as CEO . Gavin leaves Palo Alto and goes to Tibet . Laurie and Monica form their own VC company , Bream / Hall . Big Head becomes a lecturer at Stanford University 's Department of Computer Science . Erlich gets into business with Keenan Feldspar , whose VR headset is the Valley 's latest sensation . However , Erlich is left out of a signing deal and is abandoned by Feldspar , leaving Erlich disillusioned . Erlich then goes to Tibet to meet with Gavin . While Gavin eventually returns home , Erlich stays . Richard gets into business with FGI , an insurance company , who uses Pied Piper for their data storage needs . After a crisis involving FGI 's data storage , the team discovers that the decentralized internet is a working concept after the data from their Pied Piper server had backed itself up to Jian - Yang 's smart refrigerator , as Gilfoyle used some of the Pied Piper code when he was trying to hack it , which in turn connected itself to a network of other refrigerators like it and distributing the data . Gavin offers a very generous acquisition deal to Richard , who turns it down and decides to be funded by Bream / Hall . Season 5 ( edit ) In the fifth season , the Pied Piper team gets new offices and hires a large team of coders to help work on Richard 's new internet . Meanwhile , Jian - Yang tries to prove Erlich is dead so he can become the owner of all his former property , including the idea incubator and the 10 % share of Pied Piper . Richard promotes Jared to be the new chief operating officer for Pied Piper , and Jian - Yang goes to China to build a rip - off of Pied Piper . Bream / Hall forces Richard to team up with Eklow , an AI team , and Pied Piper puts together a group of developers . After an issue with the AI , Richard loses his development deal with Eklow , and instead he decides to use Gilfoyle 's idea to create a cryptocurrency for Pied Piper . After Monica figures out that Laurie plans to make Richard sell ads for his decentralized internet , she leaves Bream / Hall and joins Pied Piper . After unimpressive results to their cryptocurrencies , Pied Piper is distraught when Laurie teams up with a wealthy Chinese manufacturer named Yao , who originally was helping Belson steal Jian - Yang 's Pied Piper patent , but instead used it for his own plans . Yao and Laurie add users to Pied Piper 's network via a large number of phones , and prepare for a 51 % Attack against Pied Piper . Richard asks Belson to put the software onto his Signature Box 3 in order to stop Yao and Laurie , and Belson does so , but betrays Richard by instead teaming up with Laurie and Yao to delete Pied Piper . Instead , one of the developers that previously left Pied Piper , returned at the last second with the users for a new video game that stops the 51 % Attack , and Pied Piper can release their decentralized internet in peace . Meanwhile , it occurred that Hooli spent too much funds in order to launch the unsuccessful Signature Box 3 , consequently the board of directors plans to sell the company to his concurrents Amazon and Jeff Bezos , to the great displeasure of Belson . Production ( edit ) Mike Judge , co-creator of Silicon Valley . Co-creator and executive producer Mike Judge had worked in a Silicon Valley startup early in his career . In 1987 he was a programmer at Parallax , a company with about 40 employees . Judge disliked the company 's culture and his colleagues ( `` The people I met were like Stepford Wives . They were true believers in something and I do n't know what it was '' ) and quit after less than three months , but the experience gave him the background to later create a show about the region 's people and companies . He recollects also how startup companies pitched to him to make a Flash - based animation in the past as material for the first episode : `` It was one person after another going , ' In two years , you will not own a TV set ! ' I had a meeting that was like a gathering of acolytes around a cult leader . ' Has he met Bill ? ' ' Oh , I 'm the VP and I only get to see Bill once a month . ' And then another guy chimed in , ' For 10 minutes , but the 10 minutes is amazing ! ' '' Filming for the pilot of Silicon Valley began on March 12 , 2013 , in Palo Alto , California . HBO green - lit the series on May 16 , 2013 . Christopher Evan Welch , who played billionaire Peter Gregory , died in December 2013 of lung cancer , having finished his scenes for the first five episodes . The production team decided against recasting the role and reshooting his scenes ; on his death , Judge commented : `` The brilliance of Chris ' performance is irreplaceable , and inspired us in our writing of the series . '' He went on to say , `` The entire ordeal was heartbreaking . But we are incredibly grateful to have worked with him in the brief time we had together . Our show and our lives are vastly richer for his having been in them . '' In the eighth episode of season 1 , a memoriam is made in his honor at the end of the credits roll . The character of Peter Gregory was not killed off until the premiere of Season 2 . The show refers to a metric in comparing the compression rates of applications called the Weissman score , which did not exist before the show 's run . It was created by Stanford Professor Tsachy Weissman and graduate student Vinith Misra at the request of the show 's producers . Clay Tarver was named co-showrunner in April 2017 alongside Mike Judge and Alec Berg , also serving as an executive producer . In May 2017 , it was announced that T.J. Miller would be exiting the series after the fourth season . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Critical response Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic 94 % ( 53 reviews ) 84 ( 36 reviews ) 100 % ( 19 reviews ) 86 ( 9 reviews ) 100 % ( 17 reviews ) 90 ( 15 reviews ) 97 % ( 31 reviews ) 85 ( 10 reviews ) 5 100 % ( 12 reviews ) 73 ( 5 reviews ) Silicon Valley has received critical acclaim since its premiere . Metacritic , a website that gathers critics ' reviews , presents the first season with an 84 out of 100 Metascore based on 36 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . Similarly , Rotten Tomatoes presented the first season with a 94 % `` Certified Fresh '' rating and an average score of 7.94 out of 10 based on 53 reviews , with the critical consensus `` Silicon Valley is a relevant , often hilarious take on contemporary technology and the geeks who create it that benefits from co-creator Mike Judge 's real - life experience in the industry . '' Tim Goodman of The Hollywood Reporter said `` HBO finds its best and funniest full - on comedy in years with this Mike Judge creation , and it may even tap into that most elusive thing , a wide audience . '' Matt Roush of TV Guide said `` The deft , resonant satire that helped make Judge 's Office Space a cult hit takes on farcical new dimension in Silicon Valley , which introduces a socially maladroit posse of computer misfits every bit the comic equal of The Big Bang Theory 's science nerds . '' Todd VanDerWerff of The A.V. Club said `` It feels weirdly like a tech - world Entourage -- and that 's meant as more of a compliment than it seems . '' Brian Tallarico of RogerEbert.com praised the jokes of the series but commented on the slow progression of the character development in the first two episodes and the reliance on common stereotypes in technology , including `` the nerd who ca n't even look at a girl much less talk to her or touch her , the young businessman who literally shakes when faced with career potential . '' He goes on to state that the lack of depth to the characters creates `` this odd push and pull ; I want the show to be more realistic but I do n't care about these characters enough when it chooses to be so . '' David Auerbach of Slate stated that the show did not go far enough to be called risky or a biting commentary of the tech industry . `` Because I 'm a software engineer , Silicon Valley might portray me with my pants up to my armpits , nerdily and nasally complaining that Thomas ' compression algorithm is impossible or that nine times F in hexadecimal is 87 , not ' fleventy five ' ( as Erlich says ) , but I would forgive such slips in a second if the show were funny . '' Auerbach claimed that he used to work for Google , and that his wife also worked for them at the time of the review . The second season received critical acclaim , and has a score of 86 out of 100 based on nine reviews from Metacritic . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season received a 100 % rating with an average rating of 8.3 out of 10 based on 19 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Silicon Valley re-ups its comedy quotient with an episode that smooths out the rough edges left behind by the loss of a beloved cast member . '' Its third season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 90 out of 100 based on 15 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season received a 100 % rating with an average rating of 8.5 out of 10 based on 17 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Silicon Valley 's satirical take on the follies of the tech industry is sharper than ever in this very funny third season . '' The fourth season received critical acclaim . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 85 out of 100 based on 10 reviews , indicating `` universal acclaim '' . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season received a 97 % rating with an average rating of 8 out of 10 based on 31 reviews . The site 's consensus reads , `` Silicon Valley 's fourth season advances the veteran comedy 's overall arc while adding enough new wrinkles -- and delivering more than enough laughs -- to stay fresh . '' The fifth season received generally positive reviews from critics . On Metacritic , the season has a score of 73 out of 100 based on 5 reviews . On Rotten Tomatoes , the season received a 100 % rating with an average rating of 7.3 out of 10 based on 12 reviews . Other reactions ( edit ) Elon Musk , after viewing the first episode of the show , said : `` None of those characters were software engineers . Software engineers are more helpful , thoughtful , and smarter . They 're weird , but not in the same way . I was just having a meeting with my information security team , and they 're great but they 're pretty weird -- one used to be a dude , one 's super small , one 's hyper - smart -- that 's actually what it is . ( ... ) I really feel like Mike Judge has never been to Burning Man , which is Silicon Valley ( ... ) If you have n't been , you just do n't get it . You could take the craziest L.A. party and multiply it by a thousand , and it does n't even get close to what 's in Silicon Valley . The show did n't have any of that . '' In response to Musk 's comments , actor T.J. Miller , who plays Erlich on the show , pointed out that `` if the billionaire power players do n't get the joke , it 's because they 're not comfortable being satirized ... I 'm sorry , but you could tell everything was true . You guys do have bike meetings , motherfucker . '' Other software engineers who also attended the same premiere stated that they felt like they were watching their `` reflection '' . In January 2017 , in an audience interaction by Bill Gates and Warren Buffett , Gates recounted the episode in Silicon Valley where the main protagonists try to pitch their product to different venture capitalists reminding him of his own experiences . In conference talks , Douglas Crockford has called Silicon Valley `` the best show ever made about programming '' . He goes on to cite the episode `` Bachmanity Insanity '' to illustrate the absurdity of the tabs versus spaces argument . Accolades ( edit ) Year Ceremony Recipients Result 2014 SXSW Audience Award Episodic Mike Judge Won 4th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Comedy Series Silicon Valley Nominated Best Actor in a Comedy Series Thomas Middleditch Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series Christopher Evan Welch Nominated 66th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Silicon Valley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Mike Judge for `` Minimum Viable Product '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Alec Berg for `` Optimal Tip - to - Tip Efficiency '' Nominated Outstanding Art Direction for a Contemporary Program ( Half - Hour or Less ) Richard Toyon ( production designer ) , L.J. Houdyshell ( art director ) and Cynthia Slagter ( set decorator ) for `` Articles of Incorporation '' Nominated Outstanding Main Title Design Garson Yu ( creative director ) and Mehmet Kizilay ( designer / lead animator ) Nominated 2015 72nd Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Silicon Valley Nominated 67th Writers Guild of America Awards Comedy Series Silicon Valley Nominated New Series Nominated 19th Satellite Awards Best Musical or Comedy Series Nominated Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy Series Thomas Middleditch Nominated 67th Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directing -- Comedy Series Mike Judge for `` Minimum Viable Product '' Nominated 5th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Comedy Series Silicon Valley Won Best Actor in a Comedy Series Thomas Middleditch Nominated Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series T.J. Miller Won 1st Golden Maple Awards Best Actress in a TV Series Broadcast in the U.S. Amanda Crew Won 67th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Silicon Valley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Mike Judge for `` Sand Hill Shuffle '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Alec Berg for `` Two Days of the Condor '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Brian Merken for `` Two Days of the Condor '' Won Tim Roche for `` Sand Hill Shuffle '' Nominated Outstanding Art Direction for a Contemporary Program ( Half hour or less ) Richard Toyon ( production designer ) , L.J. Houdyshell ( art director ) and Jenny Mueller ( set decorator ) for `` Sand Hill Shuffle '' Won Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half - Hour ) and Animation Ben Patrick ( production mixer ) , Elmo Ponsdomenech ( re-recording Mixer ) and Todd Beckett ( re-recording mixer ) for `` Server Space '' Nominated 2016 73rd Golden Globe Awards Best Television Series -- Musical or Comedy Silicon Valley Nominated 68th Directors Guild of America Awards Outstanding Directing -- Comedy Series Mike Judge for `` Binding Arbitration '' Nominated 20th Satellite Awards Best Musical or Comedy Series Silicon Valley Won Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy Series Thomas Middleditch Nominated 68th Writers Guild of America Awards Comedy Series Silicon Valley Nominated Episodic Comedy Clay Tarver for `` Sand Hill Shuffle '' Won 2nd Golden Maple Awards Best Actress in a TV Series Broadcast in the U.S. Amanda Crew Nominated Newcomer of the Year in a TV Series Broadcast in the U.S. Amanda Crew Won 68th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Silicon Valley Nominated Outstanding Lead Actor in a Comedy Series Thomas Middelditch for `` The Empty Chair '' Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Mike Judge for `` Founder Friendly '' Nominated Alec Berg for `` Daily Active Users '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Dan O'Keefe for `` Founder Friendly '' Nominated Alec Berg for `` The Uptick '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half Hour or Less ) Richard Toyon ( production designer ) , Oana Bogdan ( art director ) and Jennifer Mueller ( set decorator ) for `` Two in the Box '' , `` Bachmanity Insanity '' and `` Daily Active Users '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Tim Roche for `` Daily Active Users '' Nominated Brian Merken for `` The Uptick '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half Hour ) and Animation Todd Becket ( re-recording mixer ) , Elmo Ponsdomenech ( re-recording mixer ) and Ben Patrick ( production mixer ) for `` Bachmanity Insanity '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Jeanne McCarthy , Nicole Abellera Hallman and Leslie Woo Nominated 7th Critics ' Choice Television Awards Best Comedy Series Silicon Valley Won Best Supporting Actor in a Comedy Series T.J. Miller Nominated Television Critics Association Awards Outstanding Achievement in Comedy Silicon Valley Nominated 2017 21st Satellite Awards Best Musical or Comedy Series Silicon Valley Won Best Actor in a Musical or Comedy Series Thomas Middleditch Nominated 69th Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Comedy Series Silicon Valley Nominated Outstanding Directing for a Comedy Series Jamie Babbit for `` Intellectual Property '' Nominated Mike Judge for `` Server Error '' Nominated Outstanding Writing for a Comedy Series Alec Berg for `` Success Failure '' Nominated Outstanding Casting for a Comedy Series Jeanne McCarthy , Nicole Abellera Hallman , Leslie Woo Nominated Outstanding Cinematography for a Single - Camera Series ( Half - Hour ) Tim Suhrstedt for `` Success Failure '' Nominated Outstanding Single - Camera Picture Editing for a Comedy Series Brian Merken for `` Server Error '' Nominated Tim Roche for `` Success Failure '' Nominated Outstanding Production Design for a Narrative Program ( Half Hour or Less ) Richard Toyon ( production designer ) , Jaclyn Hauser ( art director ) , Jennifer Mueller ( set decorator ) for `` Success Failure '' , `` Terms of Service '' , `` Hooli - Con '' Nominated Outstanding Sound Mixing for a Comedy or Drama Series ( Half Hour ) or Animation Elmo Ponsdomenech ( re-recording mixer ) , Todd Beckett ( re-recording mixer ) , Ben Patrick ( production mixer ) for `` Intellectual Property '' Nominated Home media ( edit ) The complete first season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on March 31 , 2015 ; bonus features include audio commentaries and behind - the - scenes featurettes . The second season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 19 , 2016 ; bonus features include six audio commentaries , a behind - the - scenes featurette , and deleted scenes . The third season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on April 11 , 2017 ; bonus features include deleted scenes . The fourth season was released on DVD and Blu - ray on September 12 , 2017 ; bonus features include deleted scenes . Broadcast ( edit ) In Australia , the series premiered on April 9 , 2014 , and aired on The Comedy Channel . In the United Kingdom , it premiered on July 16 , 2014 , and aired on Sky Atlantic , while also being available on internet view - on - demand services such as Blinkbox . In New Zealand , the series airs on Sky , on the SoHo channel . In India , the series is available for streaming on Hotstar . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` HBO Filming ' Silicon Valley ' Pilot In Palo Alto '' . CBS San Francisco . March 12 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Barney , Chuck ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` HBO 's Silicon Valley sitcom : A first impression '' . Contra Costa Times . San Jose Mercury News . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 9 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Judge 's Silicon Valley to Premiere April 6 on HBO '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Swift , Andy ( January 10 , 2018 ) . `` Silicon Valley Season 5 Gets March Premiere Date -- Watch Teaser '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 10 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Barry ' & ' Silicon Valley ' Renewed By HBO '' . Deadline . Retrieved April 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=04FOUQpnGsc ^ Jump up to : Leckart , Steven ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Mike Judge Skewers Silicon Valley With the Satire of Our Dreams '' . Wired . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fox , Jesse David ( May 16 , 2013 ) . `` HBO Gives Mike Judge 's Silicon Valley Sitcom a Series Order '' . Vulture . Retrieved January 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Philips , Michael ( December 5 , 2013 ) . `` Appreciation for actor Christopher Evan Welch who died Dec. 2nd '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved May 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Rowles , Dustin ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` The Last Scene Christopher Evan Welch Filmed Before He Died Aired Last Night on HBO 's Silicon Valley '' . Pajiba . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Fox , Jesse David ( May 5 , 2014 ) . `` On Christopher Evan Welch 's Last Silicon Valley Episode '' . Vulture . Retrieved May 27 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Henderson , Odie ( June 2 , 2014 ) . `` Silicon Valley Season 1 Finale Recap : 800 in 10 Minutes '' . Vulture . Retrieved June 19 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Mulshine , Molly ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' Silicon Valley ' Cast : Peter Gregory Remains on Show Despite Actor 's Untimely Death '' . The New York Observer . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Elise ( April 12 , 2014 ) . `` HBO 's ' Silicon Valley ' Tech Advisor on Realism , Possible Elon Musk Cameo '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jurgensen , John ; Rusli , Evelyn M. ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` There 's a New Geek in Town : HBO 's ' Silicon Valley ' '' . The Wall Street Journal . Retrieved June 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Silicon Valley ' : Clay Tarver Elevated To Co-Showrunner On HBO Comedy Series '' . Deadline . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` T.J. Miller to Exit ' Silicon Valley ' Ahead of Season 5 '' . Variety . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 1 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goodman , Tim ( March 10 , 2014 ) . `` HBO 's ' Silicon Valley ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Roush , Matt ( April 4 , 2014 ) . `` Weekend TV : Silicon Valley , Thrones and Veep on HBO ; AMCs ' Turn ; Farewell to Hope '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ VanDerWerff , Todd ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Silicon Valley is an incisive satire of tech corporate culture -- sometimes '' . The A.V. Club . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Tallarico , Brian ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` Dragons , Politicians , and Dorks : The New Sunday Nights on HBO '' . RogerEbert.com . Retrieved April 2 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Auerbach , David ( April 7 , 2014 ) . `` Beavis and Ballmer : Let me count the ways I hate Silicon Valley '' . Slate . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 2 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 3 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 3 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 4 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 5 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley : Season 5 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bowles , Nellie ( April 2 , 2014 ) . `` At HBO 's `` Silicon Valley '' Premiere , Elon Musk Has Some Notes for Hollywood on the Subject of Techies `` . Re / code . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Warren Buffett & Bill Gates : Looking Forward '' . YouTube . April 29 , 2017 . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Crockford , Douglas ( March 16 , 2017 ) . `` The Post JavaScript Apocalypse '' . NDC Conferences . Retrieved September 5 , 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` SXSW 2014 Film Award Winners '' . SXSW. 2014 . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2014 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Sandberg , Bryn Elise ( June 19 , 2014 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards 2014 : Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Silicon Valley '' . Emmys.com . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley '' . GoldenGlobes.com . Archived from the original on April 11 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Nominees & Winners '' . WGA.org . Archived from the original on September 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2014 Winners '' . International Press Academy . Retrieved April 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( January 14 , 2015 ) . `` OITNB , Game of Thrones , Transparent Among Directors Guild Nominees '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 14 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 31 , 2015 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO , Better Call Saul , Taraji P. Henson and Amy Schumer Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( July 1 , 2015 ) . `` Brandon Jay McLaren , Amanda Crew Win Golden Maple Awards '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved July 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` Emmys 2015 : Game of Thrones , Veep and Olive Fuel HBO 's Huge Night ; Mad Men 's Jon Hamm Finally Grabs Gold '' . TVLine . Retrieved September 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( January 10 , 2016 ) . `` Golden Globes : Mr. Robot and Mozart Win Big ; Taraji P. Henson , Lady Gaga , Jon Hamm , Rachel Bloom Grab Gold '' . TVLine . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kilday , Gregg ( February 6 , 2016 ) . `` 2016 DGA Awards : The Complete Winners List '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 Satellite Awards '' . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( February 13 , 2016 ) . `` WGA Honors ' Big Short , ' ' Spotlight , ' ' Mad Men ' at 68th Awards '' . Variety . Retrieved February 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ David , Greg ( July 1 , 2016 ) . `` ACISE - LA announces 2016 Golden Maple Awards winners '' . TV-Eh.com . Retrieved July 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( December 11 , 2016 ) . `` Critics ' Choice Television Awards : HBO , Better Call Saul , Taraji P. Henson and Amy Schumer Among Big Winners '' . TVLine . Retrieved December 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 22 , 2016 ) . `` ' Mr. Robot , ' ' The People v. O.J. Simpson ' Lead TCA Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Retrieved June 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 Nominations '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . Retrieved December 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` THE INTERNATIONAL PRESS ACADEMY ANNOUNCES WINNERS FOR THE 21 ANNUAL SATELLITE AWARDS '' ( PDF ) . International Press Academy . December 18 , 2016 . Retrieved December 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( December 12 , 2014 ) . `` Silicon Valley -- HBO 's Press Release for ' Season 1 ' : Date , Extras , Packaging '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on February 23 , 2015 . Retrieved May 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Silicon Valley -- ' Season 2 ' is Updated by HBO 's Official Press Release '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on January 22 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` Silicon Valley -- ' Season 3 ' Press Release Arrives from HBO Home Entertainment '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2017 . Retrieved April 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Silicon Valley - HBO 's Press Release Announcing ' Season 4 ' on DVD , Blu - ray Disc '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Archived from the original on July 13 , 2017 . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( March 14 , 2014 ) . `` Airdate : Silicon Valley '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved May 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Sky Atlantic Sets UK Premiere Date For ' Silicon Valley ' '' . TVWise . July 2 , 2014 . Retrieved July 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley S4 '' . SKY . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Silicon Valley '' . Hotstar . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . 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1. Silicon Valley TV series 2. Comedy television series 3. Startup company 4. Tech giant Hooli 5. Pied Piper compression application

when is the irish flag flown at half mast

Half - mast - wikipedia Half - mast Jump to : navigation , search The Austrian flag flying at half - mast before the Austrian Parliament Building , due to the death of President Thomas Klestil , on 7 July 2004 The Brazilian flag , besides the Mercosul flag , flying at half - mast in front of the National Congress of Brazil in memory of the victims of the Chapecoense crash in 29 November 2016 . The American flag flying at half - mast in Buchenwald , Thuringia , Germany , on 19 April 1945 . Half - mast or half - staff refers to a flag flying below the summit on a pole . In many countries this is seen as a symbol of respect , mourning , distress , or in some cases , a salute . Strictly speaking , flags are said to be half - mast if flown from ships , and half - staff if on land , although not all regional variations of English use `` half - staff '' . The tradition of flying the flag at half - mast began in the 17th century . According to some sources , the flag is lowered to make room for an `` invisible flag of death '' flying above . However , there is disagreement about where on a flagpole a flag should be when it is at half - staff . It is often recommended that a flag at half - staff should be lowered only as much as the hoist , or width , of the flag . British flag protocol is that a flag should be flown no less than two - thirds of the way up the flagpole , with at least the height of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole . It is common for the phrase to be taken literally and for a flag to be flown only halfway up a flagpole , although some authorities deprecate that practice . When hoisting a flag that is to be displayed at half - mast , it should be raised to the finial of the pole for an instant , then lowered to half - mast . Likewise , when the flag is lowered at the end of the day , it should be hoisted to the finial for an instant , and then lowered . Contents ( hide ) 1 Australia 2 Cambodia 3 Canada 4 China 5 Finland 6 France 7 Germany 8 Greece 9 Hong Kong 10 India 11 Iran 12 Ireland 13 Israel 14 Italy 15 Indonesia 16 Japan 17 Malaysia 18 Malta 19 Netherlands 20 New Zealand 21 Pakistan 22 Philippines 23 Russia 24 Saudi Arabia 25 Singapore 26 South Africa 27 South Korea 28 Sri Lanka 29 Taiwan 30 Thailand 31 Turkey 32 United Arab Emirates 33 United Kingdom 34 United Nations 35 United States 36 Vietnam 37 Zimbabwe 38 References 39 External links Australia ( edit ) The Australian White Ensign flying at half - mast . In accordance with British tradition , the flag is flying only one flag 's width below the top of the pole . The flag of Australia is flown half - mast in Australia : On the death of the Sovereign -- from the time of announcement of the death up to and including the funeral . On the day the accession of the new Sovereign is proclaimed , it is customary to raise the flag to the peak from 11 a.m. ; On the death of a member of a royal family ; On the death of the Governor - General or a former Governor - General ; On the death of the head of state of another country with which Australia has diplomatic relations -- the flag would be flown on the day of the funeral ; On ANZAC day the flag is flown half - mast until noon ; On Remembrance Day flags are flown at peak till 10 : 30 am , at half - mast from 10 : 30am to 11 : 03am , then at peak the remainder of the day ; On the death of a distinguished Australian citizen . Flags in any locality may be flown at half - mast on the death of a notable local citizen or on the day , or part of the day , of their funeral . Recent examples include the death of naturalist Steve Irwin , actor Heath Ledger , esteemed international opera singer Dame Joan Sutherland , and former Prime Minister Gough Whitlam . In the case of cricketer Phillip Hughes , who died after being struck by a bouncer during a Sheffield Shield cricket match , the Australian flag was flown at half - mast at Cricket NSW headquarters on 27 November 2014 -- the day of his death , as well as on the Sydney Harbour Bridge and at Lord 's Cricket Ground in London . At times of natural disaster such as bushfires or tragedy . For example , in the days immediately following the Black Saturday bushfires , many flags of all types were flown at half - mast in spontaneous acknowledgement of the enormous loss of life ; the then Prime Minister announced that the Australian Flag would be flown at half - mast on 7 February , in remembrance of the victims . On 19 July 2014 , the Australian flag flew half - mast across the country in tribute to the lives lost in the Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 incident . On 16 December 2014 , flags on all NSW government buildings , including the Sydney Harbour Bridge , flew at half - mast after the 2014 Sydney hostage crisis . On the death of international political friends to the country . Recent example includes Womtelo Reverend Baldwin Lonsdale , President of the Republic of Vanuatu . Cambodia ( edit ) The flag of Cambodia flew at half mast upon the death of King - Father Norodom Sihanouk for 7 days , from 15 -- 22 October 2012 . Canada ( edit ) The term half - mast is the official term used in Canada , according to the Rules For Half - Masting the National Flag of Canada . The decision to fly the flag at half - mast on federal buildings rests with the Department of Canadian Heritage . Federally , the national flag of Canada is flown at half - mast to mark the following occasions : Occasion or date Protocol or significance The death of the sovereign From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service , but the flag is flown at full - mast on the day on which the accession of the new monarch is proclaimed The death of a Governor General or Prime Minister who dies while in office From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or memorial service The death of any member of the Royal Family , a former Governor General , the sitting Chief Justice of the Supreme Court , sitting Ministers of the Crown , or a former Prime Minister From the time of notification of death until sunset on the day of the funeral or , if there is to be a memorial service , from the time of notification of death until sunset the following day and from sunrise to sunset on the day of the service The death of a police officer in the line of duty . The flag could be flown at half - mast from a couple of days to weeks , depending on the ranking of the officer . 28 April of each year Marking the Day of Mourning for People Killed or Injured in the Workplace ( coinciding with World Day for Safety and Health at Work ) 23 June of each year Marking the National Day of Remembrance for Victims of Terrorism Last Sunday in September of each year Marking Police Officer 's National Memorial Day 11 November of each year Marking Remembrance Day 6 December of each year Marking the National Day of Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women Certain events are also marked by flying the national flag at half - mast on the Peace Tower at Parliament Hill . These include : Date Significance 9 April of each year Marking Vimy Ridge Day Varies The annual memorial service on Parliament Hill to remember deceased parliamentarians The flag of Canada , the flag of Québec , and the flag of the Royal Canadian Sea Cadets are half masted on board Bagotville Cadet Summer Training Centre , following the train detrailment and explosion of Lac Mégantic , Québec . On occasion discretion can dictate the flying of the national flag at half - mast , not only on the Peace Tower , but on all federal facilities . Some examples include 11 September 2001 , 11 September 2002 , the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami , the 2005 Mayerthorpe tragedy , the death of Pope John Paul II , the 2005 London bombings , the death of Smokey Smith , the state funerals of former U.S. presidents Ronald Reagan and Gerald Ford , and the death of Jack Layton There are , however , exceptions to the rules of half - masting in Canada : if Victoria Day or Canada Day fall during a period of half - masting , the flags are to be returned to full - mast for the duration of the day . The national flag on the Peace Tower is also hoisted to full mast if a foreign head of state or head of government is visiting the parliament . These exemptions , though , do not apply to the period of mourning for the death of a Canadian monarch . The Royal Standard of Canada also never flies at half - mast , as it is considered representative of the sovereign , who ascends to the throne automatically upon the death of his or her predecessor . Each province can make its own determination of when to fly the flag at half - mast when provincial leaders or honoured citizens pass away . To raise a flag in this position , the flag must be flown to the top of the pole first , then brought down halfway before the flag is secured for flying . When such mourning occurs , all flags should be flown at that position or not be flown at all , with the exception of flags permanently attached to poles . A controversy surfaced in April , 2006 , when the newly elected Conservative government discontinued the practice , initiated by the previous Liberal government following the Tarnak Farm incident , of flying the flag at half - mast on all government buildings whenever a Canadian soldier was killed in action in Afghanistan . The issue divided veterans ' groups and military families , some of whom supported the return to the original tradition of using Remembrance Day to honour all soldiers killed in action , while others felt it was an appropriate way to honour the fallen and to remind the population of the costs of war . In spite of the federal government 's policy , local authorities have often decided to fly the flag at half - mast to honour fallen soldiers who were from their jurisdiction , including Toronto and Saskatchewan . On 2 April 2008 , the House of Commons voted in favour of a motion calling on the government to reinstate the former policy regarding the half - masting of the flag on federal buildings . The motion , however , was not binding and the Cabinet refused to recommend any revision in policy to the Governor General . At the same time , a federal advisory committee tabled its report on the protocol of flying the national flag at half - mast , recommending that the Peace Tower flag remain at full height on days such as the Police Officers National Memorial Day and the National Day or Remembrance and Action on Violence Against Women , stating that the flag should only be half - masted on Remembrance Day . At last report , the committee 's findings had been forwarded to the House of Commons all - party heritage committee for further study . China ( edit ) Chinese flag at half - mast to mark to mourn for the victims of the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . The National Flag Law provides for a number of situations on which the flag should be flown at half - mast , and authorizes the State Council to make such executive orders : On the death of the President , Premier , Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People 's Congress , Chairman of the Central Military Commission , Chairman of the Chinese People 's Political Consultative Conference , and those who have made major contributions to the People 's Republic of China , or to world peace or advancement of the mankind . For example , the flag was flown at half - mast after the deaths of Zhou Enlai ( 1976 ) , Zhu De ( 1976 ) , Mao Zedong ( 1976 ) , Soong Ching - ling ( 1981 ) , Hu Yaobang ( 1989 ) , Li Xiannian ( 1992 ) , Deng Xiaoping ( 1997 ) and Yang Shangkun ( 1998 ) . When major disasters happen , such as when the flag was flown at half - mast from 19 May to 21 May 2008 , the three national mourning days for the 2008 Sichuan earthquake . Finland ( edit ) The Finnish flag flying at half - mast after the 2011 Norway attacks . In Finland , the official term for flying a flag at half - mast is known as suruliputus ( mourning by flag ( ging ) ) . It is performed by raising the flag briefly to the top of the mast and lowering it approximately one - third of the length of the flagpole , placing the lower hoist corner at half - mast . On wall - mounted and roof - top flagpoles the middle of the flag should fly at the middle of the flagpole . When removing the flag from half - mast , it is briefly hoisted to the finial before lowering . Traditionally , private residences and apartment houses fly the national flag at half - mast on the day of the death of a resident , when the flag is displayed at half - mast until sunset or 21 : 00 , whichever comes first . Flags are also flown at half - mast on the day of the burial , with the exception that the flag is to be hoisted to the finial after the inhumation takes place . Flags are also to be flown at half - mast on the days of national mourning . Such days are the deaths of former or current Finnish presidents , as well as significant catastophical events such as the aftermath of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami , 2011 Norway attacks and significant national events such as the 2004 Konginkangas bus disaster and school shootings of Jokela and Kauhajoki . Historically , flags were flown at half - mast on the Commemoration Day of Fallen Soldiers which takes place on the third Sunday of May . Originally , flag was raised to the finial in the morning , displayed at half - mast from 10 : 00 to 14 : 00 , and again raised to the finial for the rest of the day . In 1995 , the 50th anniversary of the end of the Second World War , the tradition of flying the flag at half - mast was discontinued and flag is displayed at the finial in a usual manner . France ( edit ) The French flag is flown half mast on any Day of Mourning by order of the government ( for example after the Charlie Hebdo attack on 7 January 2015 , the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015 and the Nice attack on 14 July 2016 ) . Other countries have also flown the French flag at half mast because of this too . ( Australia 's Sydney Harbour Bridge flew the French flag at half mast because of the Paris attacks on 13 November 2015 ) . Some occurrences of the French flag being flown half mast have been controversial , especially after the death of Pope John Paul II in 2005 but also in a lesser measure at the time following the death of Joseph Stalin in March 1953 . Germany ( edit ) Black ribbons indicate mourning on banners that can not be lowered to halfmast The flag of Germany and the flags of its federal states are flown at half - mast : On 27 January , Day of Remembrance for the Victims of National Socialism ; On National Day of Mourning ( 33rd Sunday of Ordinary Time ) . On any day of mourning by order of the federal president for all of Germany , or by order of a minister president for a particular state . E.g. upon the death of a current or former ranking politician or person of high esteem , or multiple deaths in accidents or natural disasters . Greece ( edit ) According to Law 851 / 1978 , the only day specified on which the Greek flag is flown at half - mast is Good Friday . Also , on other national and public mourning days . Hong Kong ( edit ) Hong Kong SAR flag flown at half mast Similar rules as in China apply for Hong Kong . See Flag of Hong Kong for details . Prior to the transfer of sovereignty in 1997 , the rules for flying the flag at half - mast were the same as the British ones . The HKSAR flag was flown at half - mast on 24 -- 26 August 2010 , for the fatalities of the Hong Thai Travel tourists in the 2010 Manila hostage crisis . The national flag of the PRC was also flown at half - mast on 26 August in Hong Kong . The HKSAR flag was flown at half - mast on 4 -- 6 October 2012 , for the Lamma Ferry Accident victims in which 39 people died . India ( edit ) The flag of India is flown at half - mast for the death of a President , Vice-President , or Prime Minister , all over India . For the Speaker of the Lok Sabha and the Chief Justice of The Supreme Court of India , it is flown in Delhi and for a Union Cabinet Minister it is flown in Delhi and the state capitals , from where he or she came . For a Minister of State , it is flown only in Delhi . For a Governor , Lt. Governor , or Chief Minister of a state or union territory , it is flown in the concerned state . If the intimation of the death of any dignitary is received in the afternoon , the flag shall be flown at halfmast on the following day also at the place or places indicated above , provided the funeral has not taken place before sunrise on that day . On the day of the funeral of a dignitary mentioned above , the flag shall be flown at half - mast at the place of the funeral . In the event of a halfmast day coinciding with the Republic Day , Independence Day , Mahatma Gandhi 's birthday , National Week ( 6 to 13 April ) , any other particular day of national rejoicing as may be specified by the Government of India , or , in the case of a state , on the anniversary of formation of that state , flags are not permitted to be flown at half - mast except over the building where the body of the deceased is lying until it has been removed and that flag shall be raised to the full - mast position after the body has been removed . Observances of State mourning on the death of foreign dignitaries are governed by special instructions issued from the Ministry of Home Affairs ( Home Ministry ) in individual cases . However , in the event of death of either the Head of the State or Head of the Government of a foreign country , the Indian Mission accredited to that country may fly the national flag on the above - mentioned days . India observed a five - day period of National Mourning on the death of Nelson Mandela in 2013 . India also declared 29 March 2015 as a day of National Mourning as a mark of respect to the former Prime Minister of Singapore , Lee Kuan Yew . Iran ( edit ) The flag of Iran is flown at half - mast on the death of a national figure or mourning days . On 21 January 2017 Iran 's flag was flown at half - mast worldwide to respect the victims of the Plasco Building collapse ; On 10 January 2017 Iran 's flag was flown at half - mast worldwide to respect the death of the national figure and late Chairman of the Expediency Discernment Council Ayatollah Akbar Hashemi Rafsanjani who died on 8 January 2017 Ireland ( edit ) The flag of Ireland is flown at half - mast on the death of a national or international figure , that is , former and current Presidents or Taoiseach , on all prominent government buildings equipped with a flag pole . The death of a prominent local figure can also be marked locally by the flag being flown at half - mast . When the national flag is flown at half - mast , no other flag should be half - masted . When a balcony in Berkeley , California , collapsed , killing six Irish people , flags were flown at half mast above all state buildings . Israel ( edit ) Flags in Israel at half mast on the eve of Yom HaShoah The flag of Israel is flown at half - mast in Israel : On Yom HaShoah , or the Holocaust Remembrance Day ; On Yom Hazikaron , or Fallen Soldiers and Victims of Terrorism Remembrance Day ; On other national days of mourning . Italy ( edit ) The flag of Italy was flown at half - mast after the 2013 Sardinia floods on 22 November 2013 . Indonesia ( edit ) The flag of Indonesia is or has been flown half - mast during several occasions : On 24 December remembering the 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami in Aceh . On 30 September remembering the 30 September Movement . After the death of the president / vice president / former president or other great figures who have great influence for the region / country . For example : the Indonesian flag was raised half - mast for a week after Soekarno , Soeharto and Abdurrahman Wahid 's death . On other national days of mourning Japan ( edit ) The flag of Japan is flown at half - mast upon the death of the Emperor of Japan , other members of the Imperial Family , or a current or former Prime Minister , and also following national disasters such as the 2011 Tōhoku earthquake and tsunami . In addition to the tradition of half - mast , the national flag topped by black cloth may be flown to designate mourning . See the flag of Japan for more . Malaysia ( edit ) The flag of Malaysia ( Jalur Gemilang ) is flown at half - mast all over the country : On the death of the Yang di - Pertuan Agong ( King ) , for seven days from the day of announcement . All state and territorial flags are also flown at half - mast for seven days , while the national royal standard is flown at half - mast from the day of the announcement until the day of the election and inauguration of the new Yang di - Pertuan Agong ; On the death of the Raja Permaisuri Agong ( Queen ) , for seven days from the day of announcement . All state and territorial flags are also flown at half - mast for seven days ; On the death of a state 's Ruler or Governor , as well as the spouse of a Ruler or Governor , from the day of announcement until the day of the funeral . The state flag and state royal standard may be flown at half - mast for a longer period as determined by the state government ; On the death of the Prime Minister or acting Prime Minister , for three days from the day of announcement ; or When the Prime Minister 's Department orders to flown the Malaysian flag at half - mast for some days . As a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 and their family members , some states had their states flag flown at half - mast . Similarly , as a mark of respect to the passengers and crew who were on board Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 and their family members , the national flag was flown at half - mast for three days and also on the national day of mourning , 22 August 2014 . The 2015 Sabah earthquake had a mourning day and the flag half - mast on 8 June 2015 . Malta ( edit ) Flag at half - mast in Żebbuġ , Malta for Good Friday 2014 The flag of Malta is flown at half - mast on government buildings by instruction of the government through the Office of the Prime Minister , for example after 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . Netherlands ( edit ) Two flags half - mast at the Martinitoren in Groningen , Netherlands The flag of the Netherlands is nationally flown at half - mast : On remembrance day of the dead ( May 4th ) . After the formal 2 - minutes of silence at 8 p.m. , the flag used to be hoisted upon the playing of the National Anthem . Since 2001 , it is allowed to leave the flag at half - mast , even after the two minutes of silence ; At the death of a member of the royal family ; By instruction of the Dutch government through the office of the Prime Minister in special situations , such as happened after the crash of Malaysia Airlines Flight 17 in which 193 Dutch citizens died and the 2009 attack on the Dutch royal family on 30 April , Koninginnedag , which resulted in the deaths of seven by - standers . The royal standard and other flags of the Dutch royal family are never flown at half - mast . Instead , a black pennon may be affixed to the flag in times of mourning . New Zealand ( edit ) New Zealand flag at half - mast to mark the death of Sir Edmund Hillary For both government and public buildings , the flag of New Zealand is flown at half - mast for the following people : Monarch of New Zealand from the day of the announcement of their death up to and including the day of the funeral ( However , it is flown at full - mast on Proclamation Day , the day when the new sovereign is announced ) ; Current and former Governors - General and Prime Ministers of New Zealand on the day of the announcement of their death and the day of their funerals ; Other members of the New Zealand Royal Family on the day of their funeral subject to a special command from the Queen or Governor - General ; Commonwealth of Nations Governors - General , Commonwealth Prime Ministers in office , Foreign and Commonwealth Heads of State on the day of the funeral ; In addition , it can also be flown at half - mast at the request of the Minister for Arts , Culture and Heritage . Examples of this are for the deaths of prominent New Zealanders ( e.g. Sir Edmund Hillary and Te Arikinui Dame Te Atairangikaahu , the Maori Queen ) , and for national tragedies ( e.g. the Pike River Mine disaster ) According to the Ministry of Culture and Heritage , the position is always referred to as half - mast . The flag should be at least its own height from the top of the flagpole , though the actual position will depend on the size of the flag and the length of the flagpole . Pakistan ( edit ) The flag of Pakistan is routinely flown at half - mast on following days : On 21 April , anniversary of the death of the National Poet , Allama Muhammad Iqbal ( 1938 ) ; On 11 September , anniversary of the death of the Father of the Nation Muhammad Ali Jinnah ( 1948 ) ; On 16 October , anniversary of the death of the first Prime Minister , Liaquat Ali Khan ( 1952 ) . Any other day notified by the Government . For example , on the death of Saudi king King Fahd bin Abdul Aziz , the flag was flown at half - mast for seven days ( the flag of Saudi Arabia was n't at half - mast because the flag contains the Shahada ) . Upon the Assassination of Benazir Bhutto , the flag was ordered to be flown at half - mast for three days . On the death of Syedna Mohammed Burhanuddin , spiritual leader of Dawoodi Bohra community , the flag has been ordered by Sindh Chief Minister Qaim Ali Shah , to be flown at half - mast for two days ( 17 and 18 January ) to express solidarity with the bereaved community . In 2014 , Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif announced a three - day mourning period from 16 December , including flying the flag at half - mast nationwide and at all Embassies and High Commissions of Pakistan , for the attack on Army Public School in Peshawar . Philippines ( edit ) The flag of the Philippines may be flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning . Upon the official announcement of the death of the President or a former President , the flag should be flown at half - mast for ten days . The flag should be flown at half - mast for seven days following the death of the Vice President , the Chief Justice , the President of the Senate or the Speaker of the House of Representatives . The flag may also be required to fly at half - mast upon the death of other persons to be determined by the National Historical Institute , for a period less than seven days . The flag shall be flown at half - mast on all the buildings and places where the decedent was holding office , on the day of death until the day of interment of an incumbent member of the Supreme Court , the Cabinet , the Senate or the House of Representatives , and such other persons as may be determined by the National Historical Institute . Such other people determined by the National Historical Institute have included Pope John Paul II , and former U.S. President Ronald Reagan . As per Republic Act No. 229 , flags nationwide are flown at half - mast every Rizal Day on December 30 to commemorate the death of national hero José Rizal . When flown at half - mast , the flag should be first hoisted to the peak for a moment then lowered to the half - mast position . It should be raised to the peak again before it is lowered for the day . The flag may also be used to cover the caskets of the dead of the military , veterans of previous wars , national artists , and outstanding civilians as determined by the local government . In such cases , the flag must be placed such that the white triangle is at the head and the blue portion covers the right side of the casket . The flag should not be lowered to the grave or allowed to touch the ground , but should be solemnly folded and handed to the heirs of the deceased . Flags must also be raised to half - mast immediately in any area recovering from natural disasters such as a typhoon or an earthquake . Russia ( edit ) The flag of Russia is flown at half - mast and ( or ) topped by black ribbon : On 22 June as a reminder of the Nazi invasion of the USSR in 1941 . On the death of a current or former President of Russia . On disasters causing more than 100 killed -- across all the country upon Presidential proclamation . On disasters causing more than 10 killed -- in a suffering region upon proclamation of a Governor . On other tragic occasions . For example , national mourning was proclaimed and all the state flags were flown at half - mast after the Polish President 's plane crash near Smolensk , Russia despite the number of casualties being slightly fewer than 100 . After the Assassination of Andrei Karlov , the Russian ambassador in Turkey , in December 2016 , the Russian flag was fown in half - mast on all Russian embassies in the world . All the regional flags and the departmental ensigns are flown at half - mast on national or regional mourning days as well as the national flag . Firms and non-governmental organizations , embassies and representatives of international organizations often join the mourning . National or regional mourning usually lasts for one day . Saudi Arabia ( edit ) The flag of Saudi Arabia is never flown at half - mast . The flag of Saudi Arabia is one of the four flags in the world that are never flown at half - mast because it shows the Shahada . The flag of Somaliland , a self - declared state internationally recognized as part of Somalia , also displays the Shahada . The flag of Iraq bears the Takbir once . The flag of Afghanistan displays the Takbir beneath the Shahada on the top . Since all four bear the concept of oneness of God , the flags are never lowered to half - mast even as a sign of mourning . Singapore ( edit ) The flag of Singapore is flown at half - mast in Singapore following the deaths of an `` important personage '' ( such as state leaders ) and during periods of national mourning . Examples include : On the death of the fifth President ( the first to be directly elected ) , Ong Teng Cheong , in February 2002 , even though he did not receive a state funeral ; On the death of the fourth President , Wee Kim Wee , in 2005 ; On the death of a former Cabinet Minister and Deputy Prime Minister , Goh Keng Swee , who had a state funeral on 23 May 2010 ; On the death of a former Deputy Prime Minister , Toh Chin Chye , who was cremated on 7 February 2012 . On the death of the first Prime Minister , Lee Kuan Yew , who died on 23 March 2015 . On the death of 7 pupils , 1 teacher and a guide from Tanjong Katong Primary School due to 2015 Sabah earthquake . On the death of the sixth President of Singapore , S.R. Nathan , who died on 22 August 2016 . On the death of a former Cabinet Minister , Othman Wok , who died on 17 April 2017 . South Africa ( edit ) The flag of South Africa is flown at half - mast as a sign of mourning when ordered by the President of South Africa . Upon the official announcement of the death of the current or former President , the flag should be flown at half - mast for ten days . The flag should be flown at half - mast for seven days following the death of the Deputy President , the Chairperson of NCOP , the Speaker of the National Assembly or the Chief Justice . For example , the flag was flown at half - mast from 6 -- 15 December 2013 during the national mourning period for Nelson Mandela . The flag was flown at half - mast during the week of national mourning following the Marikana massacre in August 2012 . South Korea ( edit ) The flag of South Korea ( Taegeukgi ) is flown at half - mast on Hyeonchungil ( Korean Memorial Day ) . Sri Lanka ( edit ) The flag of Sri Lanka is nationally flown at half - mast on a National day of mourning . Taiwan ( edit ) ROC national flag flown half mast at the Presidential Office Building The flag of the Republic of China is flown at half - mast on 28 February to mark the anniversary of the 28 February Incident . On 5 August 2014 , Taiwan flew their flag in half - mast for three days to commemorate the victims of the Kaohsiung gas explosions and TransAsia Airways Flight 222 crash . Thailand ( edit ) The flag of Thailand was flown at half - mast for 15 days to mourn for the victims of 2004 Indian Ocean earthquake and tsunami . The flag of Thailand was flown at half - mast from 2 January to 15 January 2008 on the death of Princess Galyani Vadhana , the Princess of Naradhiwas . Also from 14 October to 13 November 2016 the flag of Thailand was flown half - mast for 30 days ; following the death of King Bhumibol Adulyadej ( Rama IX ) . Turkey ( edit ) Turkish flags at half mast after the 2016 Atatürk Airport attack The flag of Turkey is flown at half - mast throughout Turkey every 10 November , between 09 : 05 and the sunset , in memory of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , who died on 10 November 1938 at five past nine in the morning . At other times , the government may issue an order for the national flag to be flown at half - mast upon the death of principal figures of the Turkish political life as a mark of respect to their memory ( such as Turgut Özal ) . When such an order is issued , all government buildings , offices , public schools and military bases are to fly their flags at half - mast . To show the sympathy of Turkish people to a foreign leader , flags are also flown at half - mast by governmental order ( such as after the deaths of Yasser Arafat or Pope John Paul II ) . The flag at the Grand National Assembly in Ankara is never lowered to half - mast , regardless of the occasion . The flag at Anıtkabir , the mausoleum of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk , the founder of Turkey , is only lowered to half - mast on November 10 . At those times when the flag is to be flown at half - mast , it must first be raised to full height , then lowered to half - mast . United Arab Emirates ( edit ) The flag of the United Arab Emirates is flown at half mast on 30 November ( Martyrs ' Day ) of every year from 08 : 00 to 11 : 30 . The flag is also flown at half mast by decree of the President of the United Arab Emirates usually for three days . Each of the seven Emirs has the right to order flags to be flown at half mast in his Emirate . United Kingdom ( edit ) Oratory Church of St Aloysius Gonzaga , Oxford , with the flag of the Holy See flying at half - mast the day after the death of Pope John Paul II . The Royal Standard , the flag of the British monarch , is never flown at half - mast , because there is always a living monarch : the throne passes immediately to the successor . There was some controversy in the United Kingdom in 1997 following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales that no flag was flying at half - mast at Buckingham Palace . Until 1997 , the only flag to fly from Buckingham Palace was the Royal Standard , the official flag of the reigning British sovereign , which would only fly when the sovereign was in residence at the Palace ( or , exceptionally , after the death of the sovereign , the flag of the next senior member of the Royal Family would be raised , if the new sovereign were not present ) ; otherwise , no flag would fly . In response to public outcry that the palace was not flying a flag at half mast , Queen Elizabeth II ordered a break with protocol , replacing the Royal Standard with the Union Flag at half - mast as soon as the Queen left the Palace to attend the Princess 's funeral at Westminster Abbey . The Royal Standard was again flown ( at full hoist ) on her return to the Palace . Since then , the Union Flag flies from the Palace when the Queen is not in residence , and has flown at half mast upon the deaths of members of the Royal Family , such as Princess Margaret and the Queen Mother in 2002 and other times of national mourning such as following the terrorist bombings in London on 7 July 2005 . In the UK , the correct way to fly the flag at half - mast is two - thirds between the bottom and top of the flagstaff , with at least the width of the flag between the top of the flag and the top of the pole according to the Department of Culture , Media and Sport , which decides the flying , on command of the Sovereign . The flag may be flown on a government building at half - mast on the following days : From the announcement of the death up to the funeral of the Sovereign , except on Proclamation Day when flags are hoisted to full - mast , from 11am until sunset ; The funerals of members of the royal family , upon command of the Sovereign ; The funerals of foreign rulers , upon command of the Sovereign ; The funerals of prime ministers and ex-prime ministers of the UK , upon command of the Sovereign ; Other occasions , by special command of the Sovereign . According to the Department of Culture , Media and Sport , the correct term is Half Mast . If a flag flying day coincides with a half - mast flag flying day ( including the death of a member of the royal family ) , the flag is flown at full - mast unless a specific command is received from the Sovereign . If more than one flag is flown on a half - mast day , they must all be flown at half - mast , or not at all . The flag of a foreign nation must never be flown at half - mast on UK soil unless that country has declared mourning . United Nations ( edit ) At the United Nations offices in New York and Geneva , the flag of the United Nations flies at half - mast on the day after the death of a Head of State or a Head of Government of a member state , but generally not during the funeral . Other occasions are at the Secretary - General 's discretion . Other offices may follow local practice . To honor the memory of Dag Hammarskjöld the UN issued postage stamps showing its flag at half - mast . United States ( edit ) The flag at the Capitol Building flies at half - staff in honour of President Ronald Reagan , 2004 The United States flag flying at half - staff at sunset . In the United States , the usual government term for non-nautical use is `` half - staff . '' While the term `` half - mast '' is commonly used in place of half - staff , U.S. law and post-WW - I military tradition indicate that `` half - mast '' is reserved to usage aboard a ship , where flags are typically flown from masts , and at naval ships ashore . Elsewhere ashore , flags are flown at `` half - staff . '' In addition , flags are lowered to half - staff , not raised . In the United States , the President can issue an executive order for the flag of the United States to be flown at half - staff upon the death of principal figures of the United States government and others , as a mark of respect to their memory . When such an order is issued , all government buildings , offices , public schools , and military bases are to fly their flags at half - staff . Under federal law ( 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( f ) ) , the flags of states , cities , localities , and pennants of societies , shall never be placed above the flag of the United States ; thus , all other flags also fly at half - staff when the U.S. flag has been ordered to fly at half - staff . There is no penalty for failure to comply with the above law as to enforce such a penalty would violate the First Amendment . Governors of U.S. states and territories are authorized by federal law to order all U.S. and state flags in their jurisdiction flown at half - staff as a mark of respect for a former or current state official who has died , or for a member of the armed forces who has died in active duty . The governor 's authority to issue the order is more restricted than the president 's , and does not include discretion to issue the order for state residents who do not meet the criteria stated . Since a governor 's executive order affects only his or her state , not the entire country , these orders are distinguished from presidential proclamations . Under 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) and established traditions by Presidential proclamations , the flag of the United States is to be flown at half - staff on rare occasions , in the following circumstances : For thirty days after the death of a current or former president or president - elect , as occurred after the death of President Reagan and the death of President Ford . For ten days after the death of a current vice president , current or retired chief justice , or current Speaker of the House of Representatives . From the day of death until interment of an Associate Justice of the Supreme Court , a secretary of an executive or military department , a former vice president , the President Pro Tempore of the Senate , or the governor of a state , territory , or possession . On the day of death and the following day for a Member of Congress . On Memorial Day until noon . Every September 11 in remembrance of the September 11 attacks . Upon presidential proclamation , usually after the death of other notable figures or tragic events . Federal law includes a Congressional request that the flag be flown at half - staff on Peace Officers Memorial Day ( May 15 ) , unless that day is also Armed Forces Day . Presidential proclamations also call for the flag to be flown at half - staff on Pearl Harbour Remembrance Day ( December 7 ) , and Patriot Day ( September 11 ) . On October 16 , 2001 , President George W. Bush approved legislation requiring the United States flag to be lowered to half - staff on all Federal buildings to memorialize fallen firefighters . Pub. L. 107 -- 51 requires this action to occur annually in conjunction with observance of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service . The date of the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service is traditionally the first Sunday in October . It is held at the National Fallen Firefighters Memorial in Emmitsburg , Maryland . 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) was modified with new legislation signed into effect on June 29 , 2007 , by President Bush , requiring any federal facility within a region , which proclaims half - staff to honor a member of the U.S. Armed Forces who died on active duty , to follow the half - staff proclamation . Vietnam ( edit ) Apart from the lowered position of the flag of Vietnam , state mourning also warrants a black ribbon 1 / 10 the width of the flag 's width and equal to the length of the flag to be tied at the summit . Variants have the black ribbon wrapped around the flag itself , preventing it from being unfurled . Zimbabwe ( edit ) The flag of Zimbabwe is flown at half - mast at the conferment of National Hero Status to the deceased . As a first - generation republic , adjudication over such a status is currently done by the politburo of the ZANU -- PF . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Flags at half mast '' . Jump up ^ `` Half - Staff versus Half - Mast : Which is correct ? '' . CollinsFlags.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Trex , Ethan ( 20 December 2012 ) . `` Why are flags flown at half - staff in times of mourning ? '' . The Week . Retrieved 22 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Bartram , G. , A Guide to Flag Protocol in the United Kingdom Archived 2013 - 08 - 11 at the Wayback Machine. , an extract from the book British Flags and Emblems `` , The Flag Institute . Jump up ^ `` What is the proper etiquette for lowering the flag to half mast ? '' . The Flag Shop . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : `` Basic Flag Protocol and Etiquette '' . Newton Newton Flag & Banner Makers Limited . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Flags at half - mast '' . The Flag Institute . ^ Jump up to : `` What is the proper procedure to fly your flag at half - staff ? '' . American Flag & Pole Co . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ FitzSimons , Peter . `` There is a way Phillip Hughes ' proud legacy can live on '' . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ Knox , Malcolm ( 28 November 2014 ) . `` Phillip Hughes a cut above the rest '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 28 November 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Phillip Hughes : Tributes flow from international community as flags fly at half - mast at Lord 's '' ( ABC News ) . 28 November 2014 . Retrieved 1 December 2014 . Jump up ^ `` MH17 : Australian flags to be flown at half - mast as nation mourns victims '' . 19 July 2014 . Jump up ^ Hasham , Nicole ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Sydney siege ends : flags to fly at half mast and floral tributes at Martin Place '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ Remeikis , Amy ( 16 December 2014 ) . `` Flags fly at half mast in Queensland to honour Sydney siege victims '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 17 December 2014 . Jump up ^ http://www.news.com.au/national/nsw-act/sydney-harbour-bridge-australian-flag-flying-halfmast-today/news-story/72ffc59c3a092bb2795b9017c3f9a2e4 Jump up ^ `` Rules for Half - masting the National Flag of Canada '' . Department of Canadian Heritage . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Flags at Half Mast Everywhere and Amusement Places Closed '' . The New York Times . 1901 - 01 - 23 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . ^ Jump up to : `` Conservatives decide not to lower the Canadian flag to fly the flag at half - mast every time a Canadian soldier is killed '' . CBC. 2006 - 04 - 01 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 01 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Peace Tower flag will not be lowered for military deaths '' . CBC. 2006 - 04 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 06 . 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Jump up ^ `` Does a Flag Fly at Half - Staff or Half - Mast ? USA Flag Site '' . Jump up ^ `` Sept. 8 Confused Words flashcards - Quizlet '' . Jump up ^ 4 U.S.C. § 7 ( m ) Jump up ^ `` Nixon 's Proclamation 3948 establishing the expectation that the flag will be raised to half - mast upon the death of certain designated officials '' . presidency.ucsb.edu . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Honoring the Victims of the Incidents on Tuesday , September 11 , 2001 '' ( Press release ) . White House . September 12 , 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Flying the American Flag at Half Staff '' ( PDF ) . U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs . Retrieved 12 June 2016 . Jump up ^ `` National Pearl Harbor Remembrance Day , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . White House . December 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` Patriot Day , 2007 '' ( Press release ) . White House . September 4 , 2007 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 16 . Jump up ^ `` National Fallen Firefighters Memorial Service '' . The Library of Congress . October 16 , 2001 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` National Fallen Firefighters Monument '' . National Fallen Firefighters Foundation . October 1 , 1981 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Code Modifications for Half - Staff at a Federal Facility '' . `` When to fly the flag at half mast '' , gettysburgflag.com . Retrieved 2009 - 01 - 04 . Jump up ^ giaoduc.net.vn ( 6 October 2013 ) . `` Cách treo cờ rủ Lễ tang Đại Tướng Võ Nguyên Giáp '' . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Flags at half staff . Look up half - mast or half - staff in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . Australian protocols for flying at half - mast British Flag Protocol Canadian Heritage announcements of half - masting Canadian rules for half - masting US Flag Code Concerning Flag Display Calendar of Presidential and Gubernatorial half - staff orders for United States Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Half-mast&oldid=827075895 '' Categories : Acknowledgements of death Flag practices Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Webarchive template archiveis links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from December 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from December 2016 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Eesti Español فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa Nederlands 日本 語 Português Simple English Suomi Svenska ไทย Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 22 February 2018 , at 17 : 00 . 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1. Half-mast flag protocol 2. Symbol of respect and mourning 3. Flying flags at half-mast 4. National mourning days 5. Flag etiquette

when does the 25 days of christmas start

25 Days of Christmas - wikipedia 25 Days of Christmas Jump to : navigation , search Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas <Td_colspan="2"> Network The Family Channel ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Fox Family ( 1998 -- 2000 ) ABC Family ( 2001 -- 2015 ) Freeform ( 2016 -- present ) ABC ( 2017 -- present ) Disney Channel ( 2017 -- present ) Disney Junior ( 2017 -- present ) Disney XD ( 2017 -- present ) Launched December 1 , 1996 ; 21 years ago ( 1996 - 12 - 01 ) Country of origin United States Formerly known as Fox Family 's 25 Days of Christmas ( 1998 -- 2001 ) ABC Family 's 25 Days of Christmas ( 2002 -- 2015 ) Format Christmas - based films and programming , along with some non-seasonal films Running time Daily and nightly , annually from December 1 to December 25 Original Language ( s ) English Official website Official site 25 Days of Christmas is an annual season of Christmas programming broadcast during the month of December by the U.S. cable network Freeform . The event was first held in 1996 , and has been annual fixture of the channel through its various incarnations , including The Family Channel , Fox Family , ABC Family , and Freeform . The brand covers airings of classic holiday specials ( such as Rankin / Bass ' works ) , as well as new Christmas - themed television movies each year ; generally few of the network 's original series air during the time period , outside of Christmas - themed episodes . Since 2006 , the lineup has also included airings of general , family films that Freeform holds rights to , including the Harry Potter film franchise , and other Walt Disney Studios Motion Pictures films . Starting in 2007 , ABC Family extended the `` 25 '' days into November with a Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas block . 25 Days of Christmas programming often attracts major surges in viewership for Freeform , with higher - profile film airings often attracting 3 - 4 million viewers or more . For 2017 , the brand has been extended to also cover Christmas - related programming and specials across Freeform 's parent broadcast network ABC , and sister cable networks Disney Channel , Disney Junior , and Disney XD . Contents ( hide ) 1 Programming 1.1 Original specials 1.2 Original movies 1.2. 1 The Family Channel era : The Family Channel 's 25 Days of Christmas 1.2. 2 Fox Family era : Fox Family 's 25 Days of Christmas 1.2. 3 ABC Family era : ABC Family 's 25 Days of Christmas 1.2. 4 Freeform era : Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas 1.3 Current Christmas specials 1.4 Current Christmas movies 1.5 Current Non-Christmas Movies 2 Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas 2.2 2014 2.3 2015 2.4 2016 2.5 2017 3 Ratings 3.1 2006 3.2 2007 3.3 2008 3.4 2009 3.5 2010 3.6 2011 3.7 2012 3.8 2014 3.9 2015 3.10 2016 3.11 2017 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Programming ( edit ) Original specials ( edit ) 1996 -- Home and Family Christmas Special 2001 -- Donner 2008 -- A Miser Brothers ' Christmas 2009 -- Gotta Catch Santa Claus , Holly and Hal Moose : Our Uplifting Christmas Adventure 2010 -- The Gruffalo 2011 -- A Very Pink Christmas 2013 -- Melissa & Joey , Baby Daddy 2014 -- The Fosters , Switched At Birth , Chasing Life , Pretty Little Liars , Baby Daddy , Melissa and Joey 2015 -- Young & Hungry , Pretty Little Liars : 5 Years Forward , Behind the Shadows : The Making of Shadowhunters 2017 - Stuck in the Middle , Marvel 's Guardians of the Galaxy : The Telltale Series , The Lion Guard , Mickey and the Roadster Racers , Sofia the First , Goldie & Bear , Disney Parks Presents a Disney Channel Holiday Celebration , The Great Christmas Light Fight and The Great American Baking Show Original movies ( edit ) Every year since the block started in 1996 , at least one new holiday - related TV film has been produced ( except in 2002 , 2014 , and 2015 ) . Starting in 2005 , two TV films have been produced . In 2007 , three films were created for the block , due to the popularity of the previous year 's films . The Family Channel era : The Family Channel 's 25 Days of Christmas ( edit ) 1996 -- Christmas Every Day 1997 -- The Christmas List Fox Family era : Fox Family 's 25 Days of Christmas ( edit ) 1998 -- Like Father , Like Santa 1999 -- The Ghosts of Christmas Eve 2000 -- Special Delivery 2001 - Three Days ABC Family era : ABC Family 's 25 Days of Christmas ( edit ) 2003 -- Picking Up & Dropping Off 2004 -- Snow 2005 -- Chasing Christmas ; Christmas in Boston 2006 -- Christmas Do - Over ; Santa Baby 2007 -- Christmas Caper ; Holiday in Handcuffs ; Snowglobe 2008 -- Christmas in Wonderland ; Snow 2 : Brain Freeze 2009 -- The Dog Who Saved Christmas ; Santa Baby 2 : Christmas Maybe 2010 -- The Dog Who Saved Christmas Vacation ; Christmas Cupid 2011 -- Desperately Seeking Santa ; 12 Dates of Christmas 2012 -- The Mistle - Tones ; Home Alone : The Holiday Heist 2013 -- Holidaze , Christmas Bounty 2014 -- Toy Story That Time Forgot Freeform era : Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ( edit ) 2016 -- Holiday Joy 2017 -- Angry Angel 2018 -- Life - Size 2 Current Christmas specials ( edit ) The following non-original ( originally premiered direct to video , or on some other TV network or cable channel , or as a theatrical featurette ) Christmas specials , or Christmas - themed episodes of television programs are presently being featured during 25 Days of Christmas ( including Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas ) ( as of 2017 ) : A Charlie Brown Christmas Arthur 's Perfect Christmas The Bells of Fraggle Rock Frosty the Snowman Frosty Returns Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Good Luck Charlie : It 's Christmas Grandma Got Run Over by a Reindeer How the Grinch Stole Christmas I Want a Dog for Christmas , Charlie Brown Jack Frost The Lion Guard : Timon and Pumbaa 's Christmas The Little Drummer Boy Mickey 's Christmas Carol My Friends Tigger & Pooh : Super Sleuth Christmas Movie Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey Olaf 's Frozen Adventure Prep & Landing Prep & Landing : Naughty vs. Nice Rudolph 's Shiny New Year Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer Santa Claus Is Comin ' to Town Shrek The Halls Toy Story That Time Forgot Twas the Night Before Christmas Winnie the Pooh and Christmas Too The Year Without a Santa Claus Current Christmas movies ( edit ) The following non-original ( originally premiered theatrically , or direct to video , or on some other TV network or cable channel ) Christmas movies are presently being featured during 25 Days of Christmas ( including Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas ) ( as of 2017 ) : A Christmas Carol A Dennis the Menace Christmas Arthur Christmas Beauty and the Beast : The Enchanted Christmas Christmas with the Kranks Elf Eloise at Christmastime Four Christmases Franklin 's Magic Christmas Home Alone Home Alone : The Holiday Heist How the Grinch Stole Christmas Jack Frost Mickey 's Once Upon a Christmas Mickey 's Twice Upon a Christmas National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation The Nightmare Before Christmas The Polar Express Richie Rich 's Christmas Wish Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer : The Movie The Santa Clause The Santa Clause 3 : The Escape Clause Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups Current Non-Christmas movies ( edit ) The following non-original ( originally premiered theatrically , or direct to video , or on some other TV network or cable channel ) Non-Christmas movies are currently being featured during 25 Days of Christmas ( including Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas ) ( as of 2017 ) : Alice in Wonderland All Dogs Go to Heaven All Dogs Go to Heaven 2 The Aristocats Bambi Beauty and the Beast Big Hero 6 The Boxtrolls Charlie and the Chocolate Factory Dennis the Menace Despicable Me Dumbo The Fox and the Hound Frozen The Great Mouse Detective Harry Potter and the Chamber of Secrets Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows -- Part 1 Harry Potter and the Deathly Hollows - Part 2 Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire Harry Potter and the Half - Blood Prince Harry Potter and the Order of the Phoenix Harry Potter and the Prisoner of Azkaban Harry Potter and the Sorcerer 's Stone Hook Horton Hears A Who ! The Incredibles Inside Out Lilo & Stitch The Lion King The Lion King II : Simba 's Pride The Lorax Mary Poppins Matilda Oliver & Company The Pebble and the Penguin Pinocchio The Rescuers The Rescuers Down Under Robin Hood The Secret of NIMH Secret of the Wings Snow Day The Sound of Music The Sword in the Stone Toy Story Toy Story 2 Toy Story 3 Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory Wreck - It Ralph Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas ( edit ) In 2007 , due to popular ratings from the previous year , ABC Family launched the first official countdown to the programming block , which began on November 21 . Although this was the first official early start , in previous years holiday programming had unofficially begun during the last week of November , showing mostly older original films , some of which pertained to Christmas and some that did not . `` Countdown to the ' 25 Days of Christmas ' '' returned in 2008 on November 16 . In 2010 , it started later in the month , on November 20 . In 2012 the countdown began at an earlier date of November 18 . 2014 ( edit ) The Countdown to the 25 Days of Christmas ran again in 2014 . In 2014 the countdown event which started on Sunday , November 23 was even with previous years . The highest rated programs of the eight - day event were Finding Nemo at 1.8 million viewers , Despicable Me at 2 million , and an airing of The Hunger Games at 1.7 million . Other highlights included Ratatouille on Thanksgiving night which garnered 1 million , Cars 2 gained 1 million , and Brave which had 1.8 million tune in . 2015 ( edit ) The Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas schedule was released on October 29 , 2015 . The 2015 lineup includes family classics such as Toy Story , Finding Nemo , Jingle All the Way , Monsters , Inc. , Ratatouille , The Incredibles , Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , and the cable premiere of Disney 's Planes . A Monday , November 30 airing of The Polar Express was watched by 1.5 million viewers , the highest rating of this year 's Countdown . A Saturday , November 28 airing of Wreck - It Ralph was also watched by 1.5 million viewers . The network premiere of Planes on Thanksgiving night garnered only 0.699 million viewers . 2016 ( edit ) The Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas schedule was released on October 22 , 2016 . In 2016 , Freeform 's first Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas will run from Thanksgiving Day , November 24 , 2016 to December 25 , 2016 . The 2016 lineup includes family movies such as Toy Story , Toy Story 2 , Disney Pixar 's Toy Story of Terror , Brave , Tangled , Happy Feet Two , Tooth Fairy , Another Cinderella Story , Mulan , Wreck - it Ralph , Matilda , Little Rascals , Willy Wonka and the Chocolate Factory , and Despicable Me . Freeform also announced the network premiere of The Odd Life of Timothy Green , Boxtrolls , and A Cinderella Story : If the Shoe Fits . The holiday movies in the 2016 Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas included : Fred Claus , The Holiday ( Freeform network premiere ) , Scrooged , Jingle All the Way , National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation , and Deck the Halls . 2016 Countdown ratings where on par with previous years . The highest airing of the countdown was the November 26th airing of Tangled , gaining 1.461 M viewers . Despicable Me gained 1.2 M on November 25 . 2017 ( edit ) The Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas schedule was released on October 12 , 2017 . In 2017 , Freeform 's Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas will run from November 18 , 2017 to November 30 , 2017 . The 2017 lineup includes family movies such as The Incredibles , Despicable Me , Harry Potter , Willy Wonka & the Chocolate Factory , Hook , Dennis the Menace , Matilda , Charlie and the Chocolate Factory , and The Boxtrolls . Freeform also announced the network premiere of Inside Out and Snow Day . The holiday movies in the 2017 Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas included : Home Alone , Elf , National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation , Four Christmases ( Freeform network premiere ) , ' Twas the Night Before Christmas , Santa Paws 2 : The Santa Pups , Frosty 's Winter Wonderland , Jack Frost , The Year Without a Santa Claus , A Christmas Carol , A Dennis the Menace Christmas , Richie Rich 's Christmas Wish , Jack Frost , Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July , Arthur Christmas , Rudolph 's Shiny New Year , Eloise at Christmastime , and The Nightmare Before Christmas . Ratings ( edit ) 2006 ( edit ) The network premiere of The Polar Express was watched by more than 4 million viewers . An encore airing on December 9 was watched by a record 5 million viewers . It became the most watched programming to ever air on ABC Family . The debut airing of the film , Santa Baby , was watched by 4.7 million viewers . 2007 ( edit ) The first week of programming averaged 2.3 million viewers . 2008 ( edit ) In 2008 , the first week of programming attracted 2.7 million total viewers . The entire lineup had an average 2.5 million viewers . 2009 ( edit ) The third annual `` Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas '' was watched by 1.2 million viewers . The network premiere of The Santa Clause 3 was watched by 1.6 million viewers , while an airing of Harry Potter and the Goblet of Fire was watched by 1.5 million viewers . The premiere of Santa Baby 2 : Christmas Maybe was watched by 3.8 million total viewers . The fourth annual `` Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas '' was watched by 2.1 million viewers . The lineup began its first week with record breaking 3 million average viewers . The December 12 premiere of Christmas Cupid was watched by a total of 3.4 million viewers . Total viewers for 2010 broke records , averaging 2.8 million viewers . An airing of How the Grinch Stole Christmas drew 1.3 million viewers . 2011 ( edit ) The first week of the 25 Days of Christmas was watched by an average of 2.2 million viewers , down 27 % from last year . During the second week , viewers increased to 2.4 million , thanks to the premiere of 12 Dates of Christmas . However , this was still down 30 % from the previous year . Overall viewers for the 2011 lineup averaged 2.3 million viewers . 2012 ( edit ) In 2012 , the programming block had its most ever total viewers in its debut week , with 2.9 million . An airing of the film Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas on December 2 became the lineup 's most watched program ever , with 5.4 million viewers . Other notable airings included , the network premiere of Despicable Me , watched by over 4.3 million viewers , and a Christmas Eve airing of The Santa Clause 2 , watched by 3.9 million viewers . The programming block averaged 2.8 million viewers for 2012 , on pace with 2010 . 2014 ( edit ) In its 17th year , 25 Days of Christmas powered ABC Family as the top cable network in primetime among women 18 - 34 . The entire line - up averaged 2.5 million viewers . A Friday , December 5 airing of Dr. Seuss ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas was watched by 3.7 million . The network premiere of Toy Story That Time Forgot gained 3.4 million while an airing of the classic Toy Story 3 gained 2.7 million viewers . The highest rated airing of Elf gained 3.5 million viewers while the highest rated airing of National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation gained 3.2 million . An airing of the Tim Allen classic The Santa Clause with limited commercials gained 2.9 million viewers . Christmas Eve ratings on the network saw ratings of The Polar Express at 2.2 million , Home Alone at 2.7 million , and National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation and Elf each at more than 4 million each . The holiday airings of Pretty Little Liars gained 2 million viewers while Chasing Life gained 1.2 million . The comedies of Melissa and Joey and Baby Daddy gained 1 million and 800,000 viewers respectively . 2015 ( edit ) In 2015 the highest rated event was an airing of Elf on December 5 at 3.7 mil , and another airing on December 24 at 3.1 mil . Ratings on Christmas Eve were down on the network due to increased competition from other networks . Elf proved once again to draw large audiences . On December 1 The Polar Express gained 2.4 mil , an airing of Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas gained 2.4 mil , 2.7 mil , and 2.9 mil on multiple dates . The highest airing of The Santa Clause was December 2 gaining 2.6 mil . An airing of the Toy Story trilogy on December 13 -- 14 gained 2mil , 2.5 mil , and 1.4 mil . Christmas Eve on the network was National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation at 2.4 mil , and Elf at 3.1 mil . Christmas Day was weak , averaging less than 2mil per airing . 2016 ( edit ) The 25 Days of Christmas schedule was released in late October by Freeform . While notable absences include Jim Carrey 's How the Grinch Stole Christmas , Home Alone , and the second and third Santa Clause films , the schedule still includes many classics . The schedule includes 25 days of classics like , Willy Wonka & The Chocolate Factory , National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation , The Santa Clause , Tim Burton 's The Nightmare Before Christmas , Jack Frost , Disney 's A Christmas Carol , The Polar Express , The Holiday , Elf , Jingle All The Way , Scrooged , Deck the Halls , Toy Story , Frozen , and Happy Feet . 2016 ratings of 25 Days of Christmas were down from previous years . The highest rated airing was December 4 , when Elf gained 2.5 M viewers . Other airings of Elf gained 2.1 M , 1.8 M , and 2.0 M. A Toy Story marathon on December 10th gained 1.3 M , 1.5 m , and 1.4 m . An airing of Frozen gained 2.3 M on December 17th . Christmas Eve on the network saw The Polar Express at 1.4 M , The Santa Clause at 1.7 M , Elf at 2.7 M , and National Lampoon 's Christmas Vacation at 2.8 M viewers . 2017 ( edit ) Alongside its traditional lineup of acquired and Disney films , the lineup for 2017 included the new original film Angry Angel , starring Jason Biggs and Brenda Song , and the new special Decorating Disney : Holiday Magic , which documented how Disney 's theme parks are prepared for the holiday season . On October 31 , 2017 , it was announced that the 25 Days of Christmas brand would also be used for holiday programming on ABC ( including new seasons of the seasonal miniseries The Great Christmas Light Fight and The Great American Baking Show , as well as its other traditional specials ) , Disney Channel ( including Disney Parks Presents a Disney Channel Holiday Celebration ) , Disney Junior ( including The Lion Guard special `` Timon and Pumbaa 's Christmas '' ) , and Disney XD ( Milo Murphy 's Law : A Christmas Peril ) . See also ( edit ) 13 Nights of Halloween Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : This is not a holiday special , but was shown during the block anyway Jump up ^ This is a Groundhog Day special Jump up ^ This is a New Year 's Day special References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Disney / ABC Television Group Networks Share Holiday Programming Plans '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Gotta Catch Santa Claus - DVD Review '' . Monsters and Critics . 2009 - 10 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2010 - 04 - 18 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Rings in the Holidays with Annual ' 25 Days of Christmas ' Programming Including ' How The Grinch Stole Christmas ' - Ratings '' . TVbytheNumbers. 2010 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ Pavan -- SitcomsOnline.com ( 2011 - 11 - 02 ) . `` 2011 ABC Family 25 Days of Christmas Schedule ; Fox Picks - Up Full Second Season of Bob 's Burgers - SitcomsOnline.com News Blog '' . Blog.sitcomsonline.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.ibtimes.com/abc-family-25-days-christmas-2013-schedule-full-lineup-released-when-what-watch-1426300/ Jump up ^ http://www.countdownuntilchristmas.com/abc-family-25-days-of-christmas-schedule/ ^ Jump up to : `` Breaking News - ABC Family Announces 2007 Summer and Fall Schedule '' . TheFutonCritic.com. 2006 - 07 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Steps Up to the Slate '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Chris . `` 25 Days of Christmas Blogs - 25 Days of Christmas - ABCFamily.com '' . Abcfamily.go.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family Presents ' Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas ' Starting Sunday , November 18 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Life - Size ' Sequel Movie Starring Tyra Banks Officially Greenlit at Freeform '' . Variety . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family 's ' 25 Days of Christmas ' TV Schedule Includes Original Musical ' The Mistle - Tones ' and Basic Cable Premieres of ' Despicable Me ' and ' Disney 's A Christmas Carol ' '' . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2012 . Retrieved October 26 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 25 Days of Christmas 2011 Programing Guide Jump up ^ `` Disney ABC Television Group Login Service '' . Abcfamilymedianet.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ABC FAMILY ANNOUNCES 2008 SUMMER AND FALL SCHEDULE '' ( PDF ) . ABC Family Medianet . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family -- 25 Days Of Christmas '' . abcfamily.go.com . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/03/sunday-cable-ratings-the-walking-dead-tops-night-talking-dead-real-housewives-of-atlanta-soul-train-awards-more/334360/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/02/monday-cable-ratings-nov-30-2015/ Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/12/02/saturday-cable-ratings-nov-28-2015/ Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/articles/showbuzzdailys-top-150-thursday-cable-originals-network-update-11-26-2015.html Jump up ^ http://www.laughingplace.com/w/news/2016/10/21/freeform-announces-2016-countdown-25-days-christmas-programming/ ^ Jump up to : http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/ Jump up ^ `` Cable Ratings : Holidays Are Hot for ABC Family '' . Broadcasting & Cable . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ Dempsey , John ( 2006 - 12 - 12 ) . `` ABC Family rides ' Express ' to a ratings record '' . Variety . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` '' Santa , '' `` Polar '' top cable ratings `` . Reuters UK . 2006 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2012 - 02 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` Powered by a Banner Opening Week for the Net 's 11th Annual `` 25 Days of Christmas '' Event , ABC Family Attracts its Largest Weekly Prime Audiences Ever in Adults 18 -- 34 , Adults 18 -- 49 and Viewers 12 -- 34 `` . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family has record year in 2008 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family 's `` Santa Baby 2 Christmas Maybe '' Debuts as the Season 's No. 1 Cable Movie in Adults 18 -- 49 `` . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family 's 12th Annual `` 25 Days of Christmas '' is Off to its Best Start Ever in Core 18 - 34s and 12 - 34s `` . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2012 - 11 - 02 . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Delivers Best - Ever November Levels in Primetime in Total Viewers '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Sets New Weekly Highs in Prime Among Adults 18 -- 34 , Women 18 -- 34 and Viewers 12 -- 34 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Has Second - Best Week Ever in Primetime in Key Demographics '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` 2010 is ABC Family 's Most - Watched Year in Prime Across All Key Demos '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2011 - 11 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Owns Cable 's Top 5 Movies in Women 18 -- 34 , Led by `` Harry Potter & the Half Blood Prince '' and `` Dr. Seuss ' How the Grinch Stole Christmas '' `` . TV By the Numbers . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family is Cable 's No. 1 Network in Prime for the 2nd Consecutive Week in Women 18 -- 49 and Females 12 -- 34 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 is ABC Family 's # 1 Year in Prime Across All Key Demos '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` ABC Family Delivers its Number 1 Most - Watched Week in Prime on Record in Total Viewers and Across All Target 18 -- 34 , 18 -- 49 and 12 -- 34 Demos '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sunday Cable Ratings : ' The Walking Dead ' Midseason Finale Dominates Night + ' Real Housewives of Atlanta ' , ' Shahs of Sunset ' , ' Dexter ' , ' Sister Wives ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC Family 's 15th Annual ' 25 Days of Christmas ' Soars to Record Levels ; Pacing for Number 1 Year Ever in 2012 '' . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Cable Top 25 : Monday Night Football Tops Cable Viewership Again for the Week Ending December 9 , 2012 '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' A Christmas Story ' Wins Night , ' WWE Raw ' , College Football , ' Teen Mom 2 ' & More '' . TV By the Numbers . Retrieved December 30 , 2012 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2014/12/23/abc-familys-25-days-of-christmas-sweeps-primetime-and-its-daypart-in-target-demographic-ratings/342842/ Jump up ^ http://www.showbuzzdaily.com/tag/christmas-eve-cable-ratings ^ Jump up to : http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2015/01/05/abc-family-was-the-top-cable-network-in-primetime-among-women-18-34-in-2014/346285/ ^ Jump up to : http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/2013/01/03/abc-family-earns-historic-number-1-prime-ranking-across-all-cable-in-2012-in-females-12-34-number-1-year-ever-in-target-women/ Jump up ^ http://www.ew.com/article/2016/10/27/freeform-25-days-christmas-schedule Jump up ^ `` Here 's Freeform 's Complete `` 25 Days of Christmas '' Schedule `` . TVGuide.com. 2017 - 11 - 01 . Retrieved 2017 - 11 - 14 . External links ( edit ) Official website <Th_colspan="2"> Rankin / Bass Productions Television specials Return to Oz Rudolph the Red - Nosed Reindeer The Edgar Bergen & Charlie McCarthy Show The Ballad of Smokey the Bear Cricket on the Hearth Mouse on the Mayflower The Little Drummer Boy Frosty the Snowman The Mad , Mad , Mad Comedians Santa Claus Is Comin ' To Town Here Comes Peter Cottontail The Enchanted World of Danny Kaye : The Emperor 's New Clothes Mad Mad Mad Monsters Willie Mays and the Say - Hey Kid Red Baron That Girl in Wonderland ' Twas the Night Before Christmas The Year Without a Santa Claus The First Christmas : The Story of the First Christmas Snow The First Easter Rabbit Frosty 's Winter Wonderland Rudolph 's Shiny New Year The Little Drummer Boy , Book II The Easter Bunny Is Comin ' to Town The Hobbit Nestor , the Long - Eared Christmas Donkey The Stingiest Man in Town Jack Frost Rudolph and Frosty 's Christmas in July The Return of the King Pinocchio 's Christmas The Leprechaun 's Christmas Gold The Flight of Dragons The Coneheads The Life and Adventures of Santa Claus The Wind in the Willows Santa Baby ! Feature films Willy McBean and his Magic Machine The Daydreamer The Wacky World of Mother Goose Mad Monster Party ? King Kong Escapes Marco The Last Dinosaur The Bermuda Depths The Bushido Blade The Ivory Ape The Last Unicorn The Sins of Dorian Gray The King and I Television series The New Adventures of Pinocchio Tales of the Wizard of Oz The King Kong Show The Smokey Bear Show The Tomfoolery Show The Reluctant Dragon and Mr. Toad Show The Jackson 5ive Show The Osmonds Kid Power Festival of Family Classics ThunderCats SilverHawks TigerSharks Karate Kat The Comic Strip <Th_colspan="2"> Freeform original programming History History of Freeform Christian Broadcasting Network ABC Family Worldwide Inc . Original programming 1990s debuts Amateur Hour ( revival ) ( 1992 ) Big Brother Jake ( 1990 -- 1994 ) Donkey Kong Country ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Great Pretenders ( 1999 -- 2002 ) Home and Family ( 1996 -- 1998 ) Maniac Mansion ( 1990 -- 1993 ) Monster Farm ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Ohh Nooo ! Mr. Bill Presents ( 1998 -- 1999 ) 2000s debuts 10 Things I Hate About You ( 2009 -- 2010 ) Beautiful People ( 2005 -- 2006 ) Brat Camp ( 2005 -- 2007 ) Da Möb ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Greek ( 2007 -- 2011 ) Knock First ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Kyle XY ( 2006 -- 2009 ) Las Vegas Garden of Love ( 2005 ) Lincoln Heights ( 2007 -- 2009 ) Make It or Break It ( 2009 -- 2012 ) The Middleman ( 2008 ) Power Rangers Dino Thunder ( 2004 ) Power Rangers Ninja Storm ( 2003 ) Power Rangers S.P.D. ( 2005 ) Power Rangers Wild Force ( 2002 ) Roommates ( 2009 ) Ruby & The Rockits ( 2009 ) Scariest Places On Earth ( 2000 -- 2006 ) The Secret Life of the American Teenager ( 2008 -- 2013 ) Slacker Cats ( 2007 -- 2009 ) So Little Time ( 2001 -- 2002 ) State of Grace ( 2001 -- 2002 ) Switched ! ( 2003 -- 2004 ) Three Moons Over Milford ( 2006 ) Wildfire ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 2010s debuts Baby Daddy ( 2012 -- 2017 ) Becoming Us ( 2015 ) Ben and Lauren : Happily Ever After ? ( 2016 ) Beverly Hills Nannies ( 2012 ) Bunheads ( 2012 -- 2013 ) Chasing Life ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Dead of Summer ( 2016 ) Freak Out ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Guilt ( 2016 ) Huge ( 2010 ) Jane by Design ( 2012 ) Job or No Job ( 2015 ) Kevin from Work ( 2015 ) The Lying Game ( 2011 -- 2013 ) Melissa & Joey ( 2010 -- 2015 ) Mystery Girls ( 2014 ) Next Step Realty : NYC ( 2015 ) The Nine Lives of Chloe King ( 2011 ) Pretty Little Liars ( 2010 -- 2017 ) Ravenswood ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Recovery Road ( 2016 ) Spell - Mageddon ( 2013 ) Startup U ( 2015 ) State of Georgia ( 2011 ) Stitchers ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Switched at Birth ( 2011 -- 2017 ) Twisted ( 2013 -- 2014 ) The Vineyard ( 2013 ) Monica the Medium ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Current Alone Together ( since 2018 ) Beyond ( since 2017 ) The Bold Type ( since 2017 ) Famous in Love ( since 2017 ) The Fosters ( since 2013 ) Grown - ish ( since 2018 ) Shadowhunters ( since 2016 ) Truth & Iliza ( since 2017 ) The Twins : Happily Ever After ? ( since 2017 ) Young & Hungry ( since 2014 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) The Perfectionists ( TBA ) Siren ( 2018 ) Related 13 Nights of Halloween Freeform 's 25 Days of Christmas ABC Spark Jetix List of ABC Family original films <Th_colspan="2"> Disney Junior original programming Original series Doc McStuffins The Lion Guard Miles from Tomorrowland Sofia the First Goldie & Bear Mickey and the Roadster Racers Puppy Dog Pals Vampirina Acquired series Kate & Mim - Mim The Octonauts P. King Duckling PJ Masks Re-running series Special Agent Oso Handy Manny Henry Hugglemonster Imagination Movers Little Einsteins Jake and the Never Land Pirates Jungle Junction My Friends Tigger & Pooh Mickey Mouse Clubhouse Sheriff Callie 's Wild West Original short series Minnie 's Bow - Toons Nina Needs to Go ! Small Potatoes Whisker Haven Returning short series Can You Teach My Alligator Manners ? Cars Toons Choo Choo Soul Chuggington : Badge Quest Go , Baby ! Handy Manny 's School for Tools Happy Monster Band Tasty Time with ZeFronk Where Is Warehouse Mouse ? Shanna 's Show Original future programming Fancy Nancy See also Disney Junior -- Live on Stage ! 25 Days of Christmas Disney movies Disney Channel Playhouse Disney Soapnet Disney Television Animation List of programs broadcast by Toon Disney and List of programs broadcast by Disney Junior <Th_colspan="2"> Disney Channel original programming Former 1990s debuts Flash Forward ( 1995 -- 97 ) The Famous Jett Jackson ( 1998 -- 2001 ) So Weird ( 1999 -- 2001 ) The Jersey ( 1999 -- 2004 ) 2000s debuts Totally Circus ( 2000 ) Even Stevens ( 2000 -- 03 ) In a Heartbeat ( 2000 -- 01 ) Totally Hoops ( 2001 ) Lizzie McGuire ( 2001 -- 04 ) The Proud Family ( 2001 -- 05 ) Kim Possible ( 2002 -- 07 ) Totally in Tune ( 2002 ) That 's So Raven ( 2003 -- 07 ) Lilo & Stitch : The Series ( 2003 -- 06 ) Phil of the Future ( 2004 -- 06 ) Dave the Barbarian ( 2004 -- 05 ) Brandy & Mr. Whiskers ( 2004 -- 06 ) American Dragon : Jake Long ( 2005 -- 07 ) The Suite Life of Zack & Cody ( 2005 -- 08 ) The Buzz on Maggie ( 2005 -- 06 ) The Emperor 's New School ( 2006 -- 08 ) Hannah Montana ( 2006 -- 11 ) Disney Channel Games ( 2006 -- 11 ) The Replacements ( 2006 -- 09 ) Shorty McShorts ' Shorts ( 2006 -- 07 ) Cory in the House ( 2007 -- 08 ) As the Bell Rings ( 2007 -- 09 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2007 -- 15 ) Wizards of Waverly Place ( 2007 -- 12 ) The Suite Life on Deck ( 2008 -- 11 ) Stitch ! ( 2008 -- 15 ) Sonny with a Chance ( 2009 -- 11 ) Jonas ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2010s debuts Good Luck Charlie ( 2010 -- 14 ) Fish Hooks ( 2010 -- 14 ) Shake It Up ( 2010 -- 13 ) A.N.T. Farm ( 2011 -- 14 ) So Random ! ( 2011 -- 12 ) PrankStars ( 2011 ) Jessie ( 2011 -- 15 ) Austin & Ally ( 2011 -- 16 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Code : 9 ( 2012 ) Dog with a Blog ( 2012 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) Liv and Maddie ( 2013 -- 17 ) Win , Lose or Draw ( 2014 ) I Did n't Do It ( 2014 -- 15 ) Girl Meets World ( 2014 -- 17 ) Best Friends Whenever ( 2015 -- 16 ) Descendants : School of Secrets ( 2015 , short - form ) Walk the Prank ( 2016 ) Mech - X4 ( 2016 ) Current Mickey Mouse ( since 2013 , short - form ) K.C. Undercover ( since 2015 ) Bunk 'd ( since 2015 ) Descendants : Wicked World ( since 2015 , short - form ) Stuck in the Middle ( since 2016 ) Bizaardvark ( since 2016 ) Elena of Avalor ( since 2016 ) Tangled : The Series ( since 2017 ) Andi Mack ( since 2017 ) Hotel Transylvania : The Series ( since 2017 ) Raven 's Home ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Bug Juice ( 1998 -- 2001 , early 2018 ) Go Away , Unicorn ! ( 2018 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Brookwell McNamara Entertainment Crossovers Disney Channel Storytellers 25 Days of Christmas <Th_colspan="2"> Disney XD original programming Current Star Wars Rebels ( since 2014 ) Kirby Buckets ( since 2014 ) Star vs. the Forces of Evil ( since 2015 ) Two More Eggs ( since 2015 ) Walk the Prank ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Lego Star Wars : The Freemaker Adventures ( since 2016 ) Future - Worm ! ( since 2016 ) Milo Murphy 's Law ( since 2016 ) MECH - X4 ( since 2016 ; also a Disney Channel original series ) Billy Dilley 's Super-Duper Subterranean Summer ( since 2017 ) Parker Plays ( since 2017 ) DuckTales ( since 2017 ) Marvel 's Spider - Man ( since 2017 ) Big Hero 6 : The Series ( since 2017 ) Upcoming Big City Greens ( 2018 ) Films Skyrunners ( 2009 ) Pants on Fire ( 2014 ) Mark & Russell 's Wild Ride ( 2015 ) Former 2000s debuts Aaron Stone ( 2009 -- 10 ) Yin Yang Yo ! ( 2009 ) Phineas and Ferb ( 2009 -- 15 ) Zeke and Luther ( 2009 -- 12 ) I 'm in the Band ( 2009 -- 11 ) 2010s debuts Kick Buttowski : Suburban Daredevil ( 2010 -- 12 ) Pair of Kings ( 2010 -- 13 ) Kickin ' It ( 2011 -- 15 ) Randy Cunningham : 9th Grade Ninja ( 2012 -- 15 ) Lab Rats ( 2012 -- 16 ) Motorcity ( 2012 -- 13 ) Gravity Falls ( 2012 -- 16 ) Tron : Uprising ( 2012 -- 13 ) Crash & Bernstein ( 2012 -- 14 ) Mighty Med ( 2013 -- 15 ) Wander Over Yonder ( 2013 -- 16 ) The 7D ( 2014 -- 16 ) Penn Zero : Part - Time Hero ( 2014 -- 17 ) Gamer 's Guide to Pretty Much Everything ( 2015 -- 17 ) Pickle and Peanut ( 2015 -- 18 ) Lab Rats : Elite Force ( 2016 ) Right Now Kapow ( 2016 -- 17 ) See also It 's a Laugh Productions Disney Television Animation Crossovers 25 Days of Christmas Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=25_Days_of_Christmas&oldid=821696014 '' Categories : Freeform ( TV channel ) Christmas television specials Annual television programs Television programming blocks in the United States Recurring events established in 1996 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from January 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Talk Contents About Wikipedia Română Edit links This page was last edited on 22 January 2018 , at 02 : 21 . 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1. 25 Days of Christmas programming 2. Christmas-themed television movies 3. Countdown to 25 Days of Christmas 4. Ratings for 25 Days of Christmas 5. Non-Christmas movies featured during 25 Days of Christmas

mtv one hit wonders of the 90's list

List of 1990s one - hit wonders in the United States - wikipedia List of 1990s one - hit wonders in the United States Jump to : navigation , search It has been suggested that this article be merged into List of one - hit wonders in the United States . ( Discuss ) Proposed since October 2017 . In the music industry , the term one - hit wonder is used to describe an artist primarily known for a sole hit single . While no singular established criterion exists to classify an artist as a one - hit wonder , the frequently - cited technical description of a one - hit wonder in the United States defines a hit single as one which hits the top 40 of the national singles chart , the Billboard Hot 100 . Accordingly , Billboard journalist Wayne Jancik defines a United States one - hit wonder as `` an act that has won a position on Billboard 's national , pop , Top 40 just once . '' Using this definition , artists are therefore classified as one - hit wonders based solely on Billboard Hot 100 chart performance -- other factors such as success in other territories , additional hits on other Billboard genre - specific charts , membership in more prominent bands or musical groups , critical acclaim , and influence are not accounted for . During the 1990s , 327 recording artists attained their sole top 40 hit on the Billboard Hot 100 . In special cases , certain songs peaked within the top 40 of the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart , but were deemed ineligible to enter the Hot 100 due to not having been released as physical singles ; the Billboard issue for the week ending December 5 , 1998 marked the overturning of the rule and the incorporation of album cuts into the Hot 100 . To accurately represent the success of these songs , they are also classified as top 40 hits for their respective artists ; these marked the only top 40 hits for an additional 25 artists . One - hit wonders ( edit ) Contents ← 1980s 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000s → 1990 ( edit ) Biz Markie Sinéad O'Connor L.A. Guns The Lightning Seeds Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Jive Bunny and the Mastermixers `` Swing the Mood '' 11 000000002017 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 Shana `` I Want You '' 40 000000002017 - 01 - 13 - 0000 January 13 Felly `` Pump Up the Jam '' 000000002017 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 Markie , Biz Biz Markie `` Just a Friend '' 9 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 D Mob `` C'mon and Get My Love '' 10 000000002017 - 03 - 17 - 0000 March 17 Penn , Michael Michael Penn `` No Myth '' 13 000000002017 - 03 - 24 - 0000 March 24 Brat Pack , The The Brat Pack `` You 're the Only Woman '' 36 000000002017 - 03 - 31 - 0000 March 31 Child , Jane Jane Child `` Do n't Wanna Fall in Love '' 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 U-Krew , The The U-Krew `` If U Were Mine '' 24 000000002017 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 O'Connor , Sinéad Sinéad O'Connor `` Nothing Compares 2 U '' 000000002017 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 Lorain , A'Me A'Me Lorain `` Whole Wide World '' 9 000000002017 - 04 - 28 - 0000 April 28 Calloway `` I Wanna Be Rich '' 000000002017 - 05 - 05 - 0000 May 5 Faster Pussycat `` House of Pain '' 28 000000002017 - 05 - 12 - 0000 May 12 Electronic `` Getting Away with It '' 38 000000002017 - 05 - 19 - 0000 May 19 Perfect Gentlemen `` Ooh La La ( I Ca n't Get Over You ) '' 10 000000002017 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 Partners in Kryme `` Turtle Power '' 13 000000002017 - 06 - 02 - 0000 June 2 Giant `` I 'll See You in My Dreams '' 20 000000002017 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 Whistle `` Always and Forever '' 35 000000002017 - 06 - 09 - 0000 June 9 Bourgeois , Brent Brent Bourgeois `` Dare to Fall in Love '' 32 000000002017 - 06 - 16 - 0000 June 16 L.A. Guns `` Ballad of Jayne , The The Ballad of Jayne '' 33 000000002017 - 06 - 30 - 0000 June 30 Louie Louie `` Sittin ' in the Lap of Luxury '' 19 000000002017 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 Nikki `` Notice Me '' 21 000000002017 - 07 - 07 - 0000 July 7 Mellow Man Ace `` Mentirosa '' 14 000000002017 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 Lamond , George George Lamond `` Bad of the Heart '' 25 000000002017 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 Lightning Seeds , The The Lightning Seeds `` Pure '' 31 000000002017 - 07 - 28 - 0000 July 28 Collins , Tyler Tyler Collins `` Girls Nite Out '' 6 000000002017 - 08 - 04 - 0000 August 4 West Coast Rap All - Stars , The The West Coast Rap All - Stars `` We 're All in the Same Gang '' 35 000000002017 - 08 - 18 - 0000 August 18 Brother Beyond `` Girl I Used to Know , The The Girl I Used to Know '' 27 000000002017 - 08 - 25 - 0000 August 25 Kyper `` Tic - Tac - Toe '' 14 000000002017 - 09 - 01 - 0000 September 1 Faith No More `` Epic '' 9 000000002017 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 Indecent Obsession `` Tell Me Something '' 31 000000002017 - 09 - 15 - 0000 September 15 Adventures of Stevie V , The The Adventures of Stevie V `` Dirty Cash ( Money Talks ) '' 25 000000002017 - 09 - 29 - 0000 September 29 Candyman `` Knockin ' Boots '' 9 000000002017 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 Concrete Blonde `` Joey '' 19 000000002017 - 11 - 10 - 0000 November 10 Deee - Lite `` Groove Is in the Heart '' 000000002017 - 11 - 17 - 0000 November 17 Soho `` Hippychick '' 14 000000002017 - 11 - 24 - 0000 November 24 2 in a Room `` Wiggle It '' 15 000000002017 - 12 - 15 - 0000 December 15 DNA `` Tom 's Diner '' 5 000000002017 - 12 - 22 - 0000 December 22 Simpsons , The The Simpsons `` Do the Bartman '' 24 000000002017 - 12 - 29 - 0000 December 29 1991 ( edit ) Oleta Adams Divinyls Marc Cohn Chesney Hawkes Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Pop , Iggy Iggy Pop `` Candy '' 28 000000002017 - 02 - 02 - 0000 February 2 Isaak , Chris Chris Isaak `` Wicked Game '' 6 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 Urban Dance Squad `` Deeper Shade of Soul '' 21 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 Adams , Oleta Oleta Adams `` Get Here '' 5 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 Hoffs , Susanna Susanna Hoffs `` My Side of the Bed '' 30 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 Melendez , Lisette Lisette Melendez `` Together Forever '' 35 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 Bingoboys featuring Princessa `` How to Dance '' 25 000000002017 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 Harriet `` Temple of Love '' 39 000000002017 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 Voices That Care `` Voices That Care '' 11 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 Keedy `` Save Some Love '' 15 000000002017 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 Love , Monie Monie Love featuring True Image `` It 's a Shame ( My Sister ) '' 26 000000002017 - 05 - 11 - 0000 May 11 Divinyls `` I Touch Myself '' 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 Triplets , The The Triplets `` You Do n't Have to Go Home Tonight '' 14 000000002017 - 05 - 18 - 0000 May 18 Riff `` My Heart Is Failing Me '' 24 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 LaTour `` People Are Still Having Sex '' 35 000000002017 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 Queensrÿche `` Silent Lucidity '' 9 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 Rude Boys , The The Rude Boys `` Written All Over Your Face '' 16 000000002017 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 Roberts , Kane Kane Roberts `` Does Anybody Really Fall in Love Anymore ? '' 38 000000002017 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 Fischer , Lisa Lisa Fischer `` How Can I Ease the Pain '' 11 000000002017 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 Cohn , Marc Marc Cohn `` Walking in Memphis '' 13 000000002017 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 Steelheart `` I 'll Never Let You Go ( Angel Eyes ) '' 23 000000002017 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 Yo - Yo `` You Ca n't Play with My Yo - Yo '' 36 000000002017 - 07 - 06 - 0000 July 6 Stewart , David A. David A. Stewart featuring Dulfer , Candy Candy Dulfer `` Lily Was Here '' 11 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 Washington , Keith Keith Washington `` Kissing You '' 40 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 Corina `` Temptation '' 6 000000002017 - 08 - 10 - 0000 August 10 Child , Desmond Desmond Child `` Love on a Rooftop '' 40 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 3rd Bass `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' 29 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 Jomanda `` Got a Love for You '' 40 000000002017 - 08 - 31 - 0000 August 31 TAMI Show `` Truth ! The Truth '' 28 000000002017 - 09 - 28 - 0000 September 28 Holloway , Loleatta Loleatta Holloway `` Good Vibrations '' 000000002017 - 10 - 05 - 0000 October 5 Siouxsie and the Banshees `` Kiss Them for Me '' 23 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 Falcon , Billy Billy Falcon `` Power Windows '' 35 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 Hawkes , Chesney Chesney Hawkes `` One and Only , The The One and Only '' 10 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 Guy , Jasmine Jasmine Guy `` Just Want to Hold You '' 34 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 Irwin , Russ Russ Irwin `` My Heart Belongs to You '' 28 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 Terry , Tony Tony Terry `` With You '' 14 000000002017 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 Big Audio Dynamite II `` Rush '' 32 000000002017 - 11 - 16 - 0000 November 16 Stigers , Curtis Curtis Stigers `` I Wonder Why '' 9 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 1992 ( edit ) Right Said Fred Sir Mix - a-Lot House of Pain Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Angelica `` Angel Baby '' 29 000000002017 - 01 - 11 - 0000 January 11 Party , The The Party `` In My Dreams '' 34 000000002017 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 Storm , The The Storm `` I 've Got a Lot to Learn About Love '' 26 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 Sims , Kym Kym Sims `` Too Blind to See It '' 38 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 Right Said Fred `` I 'm Too Sexy '' 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 Lighter Shade of Brown , AA Lighter Shade of Brown `` On a Sunday Afternoon '' 39 000000002017 - 02 - 08 - 0000 February 8 Shamen , The The Shamen `` Move Any Mountain ( Progen 91 ) '' 38 000000002017 - 02 - 29 - 0000 February 29 RTZ `` Until Your Love Comes Back Around '' 26 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 MC Brains `` Oochie Coochie '' 21 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 Troccoli , Kathy Kathy Troccoli `` Everything Changes '' 14 000000002017 - 04 - 25 - 0000 April 25 Walker , Chris Chris Walker `` Take Time '' 29 000000002017 - 05 - 09 - 0000 May 9 Cause and Effect `` You Think You Know Her '' 38 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 Joe Public `` Live and Learn '' 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 Townsell , Lidell Lidell Townsell and M.T.F. `` Nu Nu '' 26 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 Sir Mix - a-Lot `` Baby Got Back '' 000000002017 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 Rozalla `` Everybody 's Free ( To Feel Good ) '' 37 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Cochrane , Tom Tom Cochrane `` Life Is a Highway '' 6 000000002017 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 Ya Kid K `` Move This '' 6 000000002017 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 Shakespears Sister `` Stay '' 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 Soup Dragons , The The Soup Dragons `` Divine Thing '' 35 000000002017 - 10 - 03 - 0000 October 3 House of Pain `` Jump Around '' 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 lang , k.d k.d lang `` Constant Craving '' 38 000000002017 - 10 - 10 - 0000 October 10 KWS `` Please Do n't Go '' 6 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 Charles & Eddie `` Would I Lie to You ? '' 13 000000002017 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 Heights , The The Heights `` How Do You Talk to an Angel '' 000000002017 - 11 - 14 - 0000 November 14 Lorenz , Trey Trey Lorenz `` Someone to Hold '' 19 000000002017 - 11 - 21 - 0000 November 21 Saigon Kick `` Love Is on the Way '' 12 000000002017 - 12 - 12 - 0000 December 12 Wreckx - n - Effect `` Rump Shaker '' 000000002017 - 12 - 26 - 0000 December 26 1993 ( edit ) Green Jellÿ The Proclaimers Haddaway Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Mad Cobra `` Flex '' 13 000000002017 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 N2Deep `` Back to the Hotel '' 14 000000002017 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 Baird , Dan Dan Baird `` I Love You Period '' 26 000000002017 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M. , The The S.O.U.L.S.Y.S.T.E.M. featuring Visage , Michelle Michelle Visage `` It 's Gonna Be a Lovely Day '' 34 000000002017 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 Lo - Key ? `` I Got a Thang 4 Ya ! '' 27 000000002017 - 02 - 06 - 0000 February 6 Portrait `` Here We Go Again ! '' 11 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Boy Krazy `` That 's What Love Can Do '' 18 000000002017 - 02 - 27 - 0000 February 27 Belle , Regina Regina Belle `` Whole New World , AA Whole New World '' 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 Digable Planets `` Rebirth of Slick ( Cool Like Dat ) '' 15 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 Positive K `` I Got a Man '' 14 000000002017 - 03 - 20 - 0000 March 20 Paperboy `` Ditty '' 10 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 Men at Large `` So Alone '' 31 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 Sunscreem `` Love U More '' 36 000000002017 - 04 - 24 - 0000 April 24 Lawrence , Joey Joey Lawrence `` Nothin ' My Love Ca n't Fix '' 19 000000002017 - 05 - 08 - 0000 May 8 Archer , Tasmin Tasmin Archer `` Sleeping Satellite '' 32 000000002017 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 S. , Robin Robin S . `` Show Me Love '' 5 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 Green Jellö `` Three Little Pigs '' 17 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 Captain Hollywood Project `` More and More '' 17 000000002017 - 06 - 26 - 0000 June 26 Duice `` Dazzey Duks '' 12 000000002017 - 07 - 10 - 0000 July 10 Tag Team `` Whoomp ! ( There It Is ) '' 000000002017 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 U.N.V. `` Something 's Goin ' On '' 29 000000002017 - 07 - 31 - 0000 July 31 95 South `` Whoot , There It Is '' 11 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 4 Non Blondes `` What 's Up ? '' 14 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Fu - Schnickens `` What 's Up Doc ? ( Can We Rock ) '' 39 000000002017 - 08 - 14 - 0000 August 14 Proclaimers , The The Proclaimers `` I 'm Gonna Be ( 500 Miles ) '' 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Onyx `` Slam '' 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Cypress Hill `` Insane in the Brain '' 19 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 Griffin , Clive Clive Griffin `` When I Fall in Love '' 23 000000002017 - 09 - 25 - 0000 September 25 Big Daddy Kane `` Very Special '' 31 000000002017 - 10 - 16 - 0000 October 16 Haddaway `` What Is Love '' 11 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 Blind Melon `` No Rain '' 20 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 Intro `` Come Inside '' 33 000000002017 - 10 - 30 - 0000 October 30 Keith , Lisa Lisa Keith `` Better Than You '' 36 000000002017 - 11 - 06 - 0000 November 6 DRS `` Gangsta Lean '' 000000002017 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 K7 `` Come Baby Come '' 18 000000002017 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 1994 ( edit ) Gabrielle Crash Test Dummies Candlebox Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Culture Beat `` Mr. Vain '' 17 000000002017 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 Gabrielle `` Dreams '' 26 000000002017 - 01 - 22 - 0000 January 22 Queen Latifah `` U.N.I.T.Y. '' 23 000000002017 - 01 - 29 - 0000 January 29 Us3 `` Cantaloop ( Flip Fantasia ) '' 9 000000002017 - 03 - 05 - 0000 March 5 Eternal `` Stay '' 19 000000002017 - 03 - 12 - 0000 March 12 Crash Test Dummies `` Mmm Mmm Mmm Mmm '' 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 12 Gauge `` Dunkie Butt ( Please Please Please ) '' 28 000000002017 - 04 - 16 - 0000 April 16 Beck `` Loser '' 10 000000002017 - 04 - 30 - 0000 April 30 Masta Ace Incorporated `` Born to Roll '' 23 000000002017 - 05 - 07 - 0000 May 7 Big Mountain `` Baby , I Love Your Way '' 6 000000002017 - 05 - 14 - 0000 May 14 M People `` Moving on Up '' 34 000000002017 - 06 - 25 - 0000 June 25 Ahmad `` Back in the Day '' 26 000000002017 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 Offspring , The The Offspring `` Come Out and Play '' 38 000000002017 - 08 - 06 - 0000 August 6 Puppies , The The Puppies `` Funky Y - 2 - C '' 40 000000002017 - 08 - 13 - 0000 August 13 Public Enemy `` Give It Up '' 33 000000002017 - 08 - 20 - 0000 August 20 Ndegeocello , Meshell Meshell Ndegeocello `` Wild Night '' 000000002017 - 09 - 03 - 0000 September 3 Candlebox `` Far Behind '' 18 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 George Clinton `` Bop Gun ( One Nation ) '' 23 000000002017 - 10 - 01 - 0000 October 1 Lucas `` Lucas with the Lid Off '' 29 000000002017 - 11 - 05 - 0000 November 5 B.M.U. ( Black Men United ) `` U Will Know '' 28 000000002017 - 11 - 12 - 0000 November 12 Kamoze , Ini Ini Kamoze `` Here Comes the Hotstepper '' 000000002017 - 12 - 17 - 0000 December 17 1995 ( edit ) 2 Unlimited Dionne Farris Better Than Ezra Skee - Lo Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . 20 Fingers featuring Gilette `` Short Dick Man '' 14 000000002017 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 Deadeye Dick `` New Age Girl '' 27 000000002017 - 01 - 07 - 0000 January 7 Corona `` Rhythm of the Night , The The Rhythm of the Night '' 11 000000002017 - 01 - 28 - 0000 January 28 4 P.M. `` Sukiyaki '' 8 000000002017 - 02 - 04 - 0000 February 4 Donalds , Andru Andru Donalds `` Mishale '' 38 000000002017 - 02 - 11 - 0000 February 11 N II U `` I Miss You '' 22 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Gill , Vince Vince Gill `` House of Love '' 37 000000002017 - 02 - 18 - 0000 February 18 Des'ree `` You Gotta Be '' 5 000000002017 - 03 - 11 - 0000 March 11 2 Unlimited `` Get Ready for This '' 38 000000002017 - 04 - 08 - 0000 April 8 Subway `` This Lil ' Game We Play '' 15 000000002017 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 Walters , Jamie Jamie Walters `` Hold On '' 16 000000002017 - 04 - 29 - 0000 April 29 Farris , Dionne Dionne Farris `` I Know '' 000000002017 - 05 - 06 - 0000 May 6 Page , Martin Martin Page `` In the House of Stone and Light '' 14 000000002017 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 Rednex `` Cotton Eye Joe '' 25 000000002017 - 05 - 13 - 0000 May 13 Saadiq , Raphael Raphael Saadiq `` Ask of You '' 19 000000002017 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 Kut Klose `` I Like '' 34 000000002017 - 06 - 17 - 0000 June 17 French , Nicki Nicki French `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' 000000002017 - 06 - 24 - 0000 June 24 Better Than Ezra `` Good '' 30 000000002017 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 MoKenStef `` He 's Mine '' 7 000000002017 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 L.V. `` Gangsta 's Paradise '' 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 Skee - Lo `` I Wish '' 13 000000002017 - 09 - 09 - 0000 September 9 Luniz `` I Got 5 on It '' 8 000000002017 - 09 - 23 - 0000 September 23 AZ `` Sugar Hill '' 25 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 Silverchair `` Tomorrow '' 28 000000002017 - 09 - 30 - 0000 September 30 Raekwon `` Ice Cream '' 37 000000002017 - 10 - 28 - 0000 October 28 Groove Theory `` Tell Me '' 5 000000002017 - 11 - 04 - 0000 November 4 Take That `` Back for Good '' 7 000000002017 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 Collins , Edwyn Edwyn Collins `` Girl Like You , AA Girl Like You '' 32 000000002017 - 11 - 11 - 0000 November 11 Goodie Mob `` Cell Therapy '' 39 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 Toadies `` Possum Kingdom '' 40 000000002017 - 11 - 18 - 0000 November 18 Joan Osborne Everything but the Girl Butthole Surfers Dishwalla Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Deep Blue Something `` Breakfast at Tiffany 's '' 05 ! 5 000000002017 - 01 - 20 - 0000 January 20 Planet Soul `` Set U Free '' 26 000000002017 - 01 - 27 - 0000 January 27 Osborne , Joan Joan Osborne `` One of Us '' 04 ! 4 000000002017 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 Folk Implosion , The The Folk Implosion `` Natural One '' 29 000000002017 - 02 - 03 - 0000 February 3 Everything but the Girl `` Missing '' 02 ! 2 000000002017 - 02 - 17 - 0000 February 17 3T `` Anything '' 15 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 Seven Mary Three `` Cumbersome '' 39 000000002017 - 03 - 02 - 0000 March 2 Oasis `` Wonderwall '' 8 000000002017 - 03 - 09 - 0000 March 9 Sandler , Adam Adam Sandler `` Chanukah Song , The The Chanukah Song '' 10 ! 10 000000002017 - 03 - 16 - 0000 March 16 Rich Project , The Tony The Tony Rich Project `` Nobody Knows '' 02 ! 2 000000002017 - 03 - 23 - 0000 March 23 Santiago , Lina Lina Santiago `` Feels So Good ( Show Me Your Love ) '' 35 000000002017 - 04 - 06 - 0000 April 6 Savage , Chantay Chantay Savage `` I Will Survive '' 24 000000002017 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 Nonchalant `` 5 O'Clock '' 24 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 Spacehog `` In the Meantime '' 32 000000002017 - 04 - 27 - 0000 April 27 BoDeans `` Closer to Free '' 16 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 Lost Boyz , The The Lost Boyz `` Renee '' 33 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 Arena , Tina Tina Arena `` Chains '' 38 000000002017 - 05 - 04 - 0000 May 4 Arden , Jann Jann Arden `` Insensitive '' 12 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 Dog 's Eye View `` Everything Falls Apart '' 14 ! 14 000000002017 - 06 - 01 - 0000 June 1 Jars of Clay `` Flood '' 37 000000002017 - 06 - 08 - 0000 June 8 Bonham , Tracy Tracy Bonham `` Mother Mother '' 32 ! 32 000000002017 - 06 - 15 - 0000 June 15 Clayton , Adam Adam Clayton and Mullen , Jr. , Larry Larry Mullen , Jr . `` Theme from Mission : Impossible '' 07 ! 7 000000002017 - 06 - 22 - 0000 June 22 Delinquent Habits `` Tres Delinquentes '' 35 000000002017 - 06 - 29 - 0000 June 29 Crucial Conflict `` Hay '' 18 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 Miles , Robert Robert Miles `` Children '' 21 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 Slick Rick `` I Like '' 28 000000002017 - 07 - 13 - 0000 July 13 Butthole Surfers `` Pepper '' 26 ! 26 000000002017 - 07 - 27 - 0000 July 27 Dishwalla `` Counting Blue Cars '' 15 000000002017 - 08 - 17 - 0000 August 17 Lewis , Donna Donna Lewis `` I Love You Always Forever '' 02 ! 2 000000002017 - 08 - 24 - 0000 August 24 Primitive Radio Gods `` Standing Outside a Broken Phone Booth with Money in My Hand '' 10 ! 10 000000002017 - 09 - 14 - 0000 September 14 Do or Die `` Po Pimp '' 22 000000002017 - 10 - 19 - 0000 October 19 Sublime `` What I Got '' 29 ! 29 000000002017 - 10 - 26 - 0000 October 26 Eels `` Novocaine for the Soul '' 39 ! 39 000000002017 - 11 - 02 - 0000 November 2 Daniel , Jeffrey Jeffrey Daniel and Hewett , Howard Howard Hewett `` This Is for the Lover in You '' 6 000000002017 - 11 - 09 - 0000 November 9 Bainbridge , Merril Merril Bainbridge `` Mouth '' 04 ! 4 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 Cake `` Distance , The The Distance '' 35 ! 35 000000002017 - 11 - 23 - 0000 November 23 Cage , Athena Athena Cage `` Nobody '' 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 DC Talk `` Just Between You and Me '' 29 000000002017 - 12 - 07 - 0000 December 7 1997 ( edit ) Duncan Sheik The Verve Pipe Shawn Colvin Chumbawamba Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Amber `` This Is Your Night '' 24 000000002017 - 01 - 25 - 0000 January 25 G , Gina Gina G `` Ooh Aah ... Just a Little Bit '' 12 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 Dogg Pound , Tha Tha Dogg Pound `` Nothin ' But the Cavi Hit '' 38 000000002017 - 02 - 01 - 0000 February 1 Blackout All - Stars , The The Blackout All - Stars `` I Like It '' 25 000000002017 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Ed and Smooth `` Watch Me Do My Thing '' 32 000000002017 - 02 - 15 - 0000 February 15 Cardigans , The The Cardigans `` Lovefool '' 02 ! 2 000000002017 - 03 - 01 - 0000 March 1 The Prodigy `` Firestarter '' 30 000000002017 - 03 - 22 - 0000 March 22 DJ Kool `` Let Me Clear My Throat '' 30 000000002017 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 Luscious Jackson `` Naked Eye '' 36 000000002017 - 03 - 29 - 0000 March 29 B - Rock and the Bizz `` My Baby Daddy '' 10 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 White Town `` Your Woman '' 23 000000002017 - 05 - 03 - 0000 May 3 Sheik , Duncan Duncan Sheik `` Barely Breathing '' 16 000000002017 - 05 - 10 - 0000 May 10 Freak Nasty `` Da ' Dip '' 15 000000002017 - 05 - 17 - 0000 May 17 Lattimore , Kenny Kenny Lattimore `` For You '' 33 000000002017 - 05 - 31 - 0000 May 31 Morrison , Mark Mark Morrison `` Return of the Mack '' 02 ! 2 000000002017 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 Verve Pipe , The The Verve Pipe `` Freshmen , The The Freshmen '' 05 ! 5 000000002017 - 06 - 07 - 0000 June 7 Carlisle , Bob Bob Carlisle `` Butterfly Kisses '' 10 ! 10 000000002017 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 Le Click `` Call Me '' 35 000000002017 - 06 - 21 - 0000 June 21 Raybon Brothers `` Butterfly Kisses '' 22 000000002017 - 06 - 28 - 0000 June 28 Brooks , Meredith Meredith Brooks `` Bitch '' 02 ! 2 000000002017 - 07 - 12 - 0000 July 12 OMC `` How Bizarre '' 04 ! 4 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 Colvin , Shawn Shawn Colvin `` Sunny Came Home '' 07 ! 7 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 Yearwood , Trisha Trisha Yearwood `` How Do I Live '' 23 000000002017 - 07 - 26 - 0000 July 26 ESPN `` ESPN Presents the Jock Jam '' 31 000000002017 - 08 - 09 - 0000 August 9 Rampage featuring Lawrence , Billy Billy Lawrence `` Take It to the Streets '' 34 000000002017 - 08 - 16 - 0000 August 16 Sister Hazel `` All for You '' 11 000000002017 - 08 - 30 - 0000 August 30 Mr. President `` Coco Jamboo '' 21 000000002017 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 Pimp C , Mercedes and O'Dell `` I Miss My Homies '' 25 000000002017 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 Peach Union `` On My Own '' 39 000000002017 - 10 - 11 - 0000 October 11 Milestone `` I Care ' Bout You '' 23 000000002017 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 Refugee Camp All - Stars featuring Ky - Mani `` Avenues '' 35 000000002017 - 10 - 18 - 0000 October 18 Mighty Mighty Bosstones , The The Mighty Mighty Bosstones `` Impression That I Get , The The Impression That I Get '' 23 ! 23 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Coppola , Imani Imani Coppola `` Legend Of A Cowgirl '' 36 000000002017 - 10 - 25 - 0000 October 25 Somethin ' for the People featuring Trina & Tamara `` My Love Is the Shhh ! '' 04 ! 4 000000002017 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 Chumbawamba `` Tubthumping '' 06 ! 6 000000002017 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 Apple , Fiona Fiona Apple `` Criminal '' 21 000000002017 - 11 - 29 - 0000 November 29 LSG `` My Body '' 04 ! 4 000000002017 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 Tonic `` If You Could Only See '' 11 ! 11 000000002017 - 12 - 06 - 0000 December 6 She Moves `` Breaking All The Rules '' 32 000000002017 - 12 - 13 - 0000 December 13 1998 ( edit ) The Verve Marcy Playground Semisonic Harvey Danger Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Nu Flavor `` Heaven '' 27 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 Davis , Alana Alana Davis `` 32 Flavors '' 37 000000002017 - 01 - 31 - 0000 January 31 Uncle Sam `` I Do n't Ever Want to See You Again '' 6 000000002017 - 02 - 07 - 0000 February 7 Myers , Billie Billie Myers `` Kiss the Rain '' 15 000000002017 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 Queen Pen `` All My Love '' 28 000000002017 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 Ol ' Skool `` Am I Dreaming '' 31 000000002017 - 02 - 21 - 0000 February 21 Folds Five , Ben Ben Folds Five `` Brick '' 19 000000002017 - 02 - 28 - 0000 February 28 K.P. & Envyi `` Swing My Way '' 6 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 Ray , Jimmy Jimmy Ray `` Are You Jimmy Ray ? '' 13 000000002017 - 03 - 14 - 0000 March 14 McKennitt , Loreena Loreena McKennitt `` Mummers ' Dance , The The Mummers ' Dance '' 18 000000002017 - 03 - 21 - 0000 March 21 Lord Tariq and Peter Gunz `` Deja Vu ( Uptown Baby ) '' 9 000000002017 - 03 - 28 - 0000 March 28 Verve , The The Verve `` Bitter Sweet Symphony '' 12 000000002017 - 04 - 04 - 0000 April 4 Fyne , Sylk - E. Sylk - E. Fyne featuring Chill `` Romeo and Juliet '' 6 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 Marcy Playground `` Sex and Candy '' 8 000000002017 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 Canibus `` Second Round K.O. '' 28 000000002017 - 05 - 02 - 0000 May 2 Natalie Imbruglia `` Torn '' 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 Fiend `` Make ' Em Say Uhh ! '' 16 000000002017 - 05 - 16 - 0000 May 16 Sheek of the Lox `` Get At Me Dog '' 39 000000002017 - 05 - 23 - 0000 May 23 Sparkle `` Be Careful '' 32 000000002017 - 05 - 30 - 0000 May 30 Playa `` Cheers 2 U '' 38 000000002017 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 Link `` Whatcha Gone Do ? '' 23 000000002017 - 07 - 04 - 0000 July 4 Imajin featuring Murray , Keith Keith Murray `` Shorty ( You Keep Playin ' with My Mind ) '' 25 000000002017 - 07 - 11 - 0000 July 11 Page , Jimmy Jimmy Page `` Come with Me '' 000000002017 - 07 - 25 - 0000 July 25 Nicole featuring Mocha `` Make It Hot '' 5 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Five `` When the Lights Go Out '' 10 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Cleopatra `` Cleopatra 's Theme '' 26 000000002017 - 08 - 01 - 0000 August 1 Semisonic `` Closing Time '' 11 000000002017 - 08 - 08 - 0000 August 8 Big Punisher `` Still Not a Player '' 24 000000002017 - 08 - 15 - 0000 August 15 Harvey Danger `` Flagpole Sitta '' 38 000000002017 - 08 - 22 - 0000 August 22 Paige , Jennifer Jennifer Paige `` Crush '' 000000002017 - 09 - 05 - 0000 September 5 Ali , Tatyana Tatyana Ali `` Daydreamin ' '' 6 000000002017 - 09 - 12 - 0000 September 12 Pressha `` Splackavellie '' 27 000000002017 - 09 - 19 - 0000 September 19 Setzer Orchestra , The Brian The Brian Setzer Orchestra `` Jump , Jive an ' Wail '' 23 000000002017 - 10 - 17 - 0000 October 17 TQ `` Westside '' 12 000000002017 - 10 - 24 - 0000 October 24 Everything `` Hooch '' 34 000000002017 - 11 - 07 - 0000 November 7 Herndon , Ty Ty Herndon `` It Must Be Love '' 38 000000002017 - 12 - 05 - 0000 December 5 1999 ( edit ) Shawn Mullins Lou Bega Artist Single Peak Peak date Ref . Mo Thugs Family `` Ghetto Cowboy '' 15 000000002017 - 01 - 09 - 0000 January 9 Mullins , Shawn Shawn Mullins `` Lullaby '' 7 000000002017 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 Amil `` Can I Get A ... '' 19 000000002017 - 01 - 16 - 0000 January 16 Cherry , Eagle - Eye Eagle - Eye Cherry `` Save Tonight '' 5 000000002017 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 Blinky Blink `` Take Me There '' 14 000000002017 - 01 - 23 - 0000 January 23 New Radicals `` You Get What You Give '' 36 000000002017 - 01 - 30 - 0000 January 30 Chesnutt , Mark Mark Chesnutt `` I Do n't Want to Miss a Thing '' 17 000000002017 - 02 - 13 - 0000 February 13 Powell , Jesse Jesse Powell `` You '' 10 000000002017 - 03 - 06 - 0000 March 6 McIntyre , Joey Joey McIntyre `` Stay the Same '' 10 000000002017 - 04 - 10 - 0000 April 10 B * Witched `` C'est la Vie '' 9 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 Luhrmann , Baz Baz Luhrmann `` Everybody 's Free ( To Wear Sunscreen ) '' 24 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 Vengaboys `` We Like to Party '' 26 000000002017 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 Knight , Jordan Jordan Knight `` Give It to You '' 10 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 Everlast `` What It 's Like '' 13 000000002017 - 05 - 15 - 0000 May 15 Fatboy Slim `` Praise You '' 36 000000002017 - 05 - 22 - 0000 May 22 Wariner , Steve Steve Wariner `` Two Teardrops '' 30 000000002017 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 Hollister , Dave Dave Hollister `` My Favorite Girl '' 39 000000002017 - 06 - 05 - 0000 June 5 Moore , Chanté Chanté Moore `` Chanté 's Got a Man '' 10 000000002017 - 06 - 12 - 0000 June 12 Sporty Thievz `` No Pigeons '' 12 000000002017 - 07 - 03 - 0000 July 3 Diffie , Joe Joe Diffie `` Night to Remember , AA Night to Remember '' 38 000000002017 - 08 - 07 - 0000 August 7 Benét , Eric Eric Benét `` Spend My Life with You '' 21 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Citizen King `` Better Days ( And the Bottom Drops Out ) '' 25 000000002017 - 08 - 21 - 0000 August 21 Bachman , Tal Tal Bachman `` She 's So High '' 14 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 Wright , Chely Chely Wright `` Single White Female '' 36 000000002017 - 08 - 28 - 0000 August 28 Gaines , Chris Chris Gaines ( pseudonym of Brooks , Garth Garth Brooks ) `` Lost in You '' 5 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Nokio `` What Ya Want '' 29 000000002017 - 09 - 11 - 0000 September 11 Bega , Lou Lou Bega `` Mambo No. 5 ( A Little Bit Of ... ) '' 000000002017 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 Len `` Steal My Sunshine '' 9 000000002017 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 B.G. featuring Turk `` Bling Bling '' 36 000000002017 - 11 - 13 - 0000 November 13 Ideal `` Get Gone '' 13 000000002017 - 11 - 20 - 0000 November 20 Black , Clint Clint Black and Black , Lisa Hartman Lisa Hartman Black `` When I Said I Do '' 31 000000002017 - 12 - 11 - 0000 December 11 Edmonds , Kevon Kevon Edmonds `` 24 / 7 '' 10 000000002017 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 Nelson , Marc Marc Nelson `` 15 Minutes '' 27 000000002017 - 12 - 18 - 0000 December 18 Notes ( edit ) A. ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ ^ Listed peak position is from the Billboard Hot 100 Airplay chart ; rules in place at the time prevented the denoted songs from entering the Billboard Hot 100 , as they were not released as physical singles . B. ^ Upon physical single release , `` Everything Falls Apart '' entered the Hot 100 for the week ending September 28 , 1996 at a peak position of number 66 , six months after it first entered the Hot 100 Airplay chart for the week ending March 9 . It is included in the list due to the extended time frame between its Hot 100 and Hot 100 Airplay debuts . C. ^ `` Torn '' entered the Hot 100 for the week ending December 5 , 1998 at a position of number 47 , following Billboard 's decision to allow airplay - only singles on the chart , and peaked one week later at a position of number 42 . D . ^ `` Jump , Jive an ' Wail '' entered the Hot 100 for the week ending December 5 , 1998 at a peak position of number 94 , following Billboard 's decision to allow airplay - only singles on the chart . E. ^ `` Hooch '' entered the Hot 100 for the week ending December 5 , 1998 at a peak position of number 69 , following Billboard 's decision to allow airplay - only singles on the chart . F. ^ `` Everybody 's Free ( To Wear Sunscreen ) '' entered the Hot 100 for the week ending March 27 , 1999 , later reaching a peak position of number 45 for the week ending April 17 . It is included in the list due to its original United States radio release having taken place in April 1998 , within the period in which airplay - only singles were deemed ineligible to enter the Hot 100 ; some sources , such as the Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits series , do not officially classify it as a top 40 hit , as its Hot 100 Airplay debut followed the overturning of the rule . Bibliography ( edit ) Jancik , Wayne ( 1998 ) . The Billboard Book of One - Hit Wonders . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7622 - 9 . Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th ed . ) . Billboard Books . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 4 . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Wells , Charlie ( May 23 , 2012 ) . `` Which of Today 's Pop Newcomers Will End Up One - Hit Wonders ? '' . The Atlantic . Atlantic Media . Retrieved June 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Jancik 1998 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ Trust , Gary ( September 9 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Billboard : Taylor Swift Vs. Carrie Underwood , Continued '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Archived from the original on November 17 , 2012 . Retrieved September 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 323 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 565 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 624 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 63 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 172 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 486 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 81 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 124 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 650 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 465 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 379 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 99 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 220 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 204 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 487 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 482 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 254 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 675 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 77 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 356 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 381 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 458 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 419 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 369 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 674 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 85 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 355 . Jump up ^ `` Faith No More -- Chart History : The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 302 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 19 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 101 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 142 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 169 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 585 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 648 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 659 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 574 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 497 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 305 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 652 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 46 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 418 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 275 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 663 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 339 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 182 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 643 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 529 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 358 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 514 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 546 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 533 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 225 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 135 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 600 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 695 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 604 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 670 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 146 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 629 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 330 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 621 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 397 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 577 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 218 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 278 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 269 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 627 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 61 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 605 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 28 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 483 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 607 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 530 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 368 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 564 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 545 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 407 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 664 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 113 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 326 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 640 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 134 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 588 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 293 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 357 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 118 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 550 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 689 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 388 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 253 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 377 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 78 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 91 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 179 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 498 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 479 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 420 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 613 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 359 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 32 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 267 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 103 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 195 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 620 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 651 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 459 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 237 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 246 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 503 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 470 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 158 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 337 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 270 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 68 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 303 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 194 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 354 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 156 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 247 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 210 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 150 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 647 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 53 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 404 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 62 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 441 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 21 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 466 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 511 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 509 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 298 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 384 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 71 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 167 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 147 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 187 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 463 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 263 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 174 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 649 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 612 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 477 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 523 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 549 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 244 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 432 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 145 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 578 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 385 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 39 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 571 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 515 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 138 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 260 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 637 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 493 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 473 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 232 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 214 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 633 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 562 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 464 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 552 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 528 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 554 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 461 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 589 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 380 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 33 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 186 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 317 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 73 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 653 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 171 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 425 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 580 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 96 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 506 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 189 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 611 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 202 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 40 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 43 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 98 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 616 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 166 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 26 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 256 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 65 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 301 . Jump up ^ `` The Prodigy -- Chart History : The Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved August 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 508 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 84 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 676 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 566 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 243 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 439 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 660 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 105 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 360 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 519 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 468 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 140 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 692 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 209 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 516 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 431 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 485 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 286 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 424 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 586 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 383 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 638 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 567 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 444 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 353 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 414 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 618 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 396 . Jump up ^ `` Imbruglia Begins Post - ' Torn ' Career '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved September 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 590 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 494 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 372 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 300 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 510 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 457 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 226 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 131 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 561 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 277 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 478 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 504 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 641 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 284 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 318 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 122 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 66 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 454 . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn 2004 , p. 453 . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann -- Chart History : Radio Songs '' . Billboard . Prometheus Global Media . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 213 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 667 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 289 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 437 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 592 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 127 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 41 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 690 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 212 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 55 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 363 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 299 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 64 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 20 . Jump up ^ Whitburn 2004 , p. 448 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 Singles '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 108 ( 39 ) : 104 . September 28 , 1996 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 108 ( 10 ) : 90 . March 9 , 1996 . Retrieved June 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 110 ( 49 ) : 124 . December 5 , 1998 . Retrieved June 23 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 111 ( 13 ) : 100 . March 27 , 1999 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` The Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 111 ( 16 ) : 90 . April 17 , 1999 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Baz Luhrmann Goes To The Top Of The Class By Applying His ' Sunscreen ' '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 111 ( 14 ) : 82 . April 3 , 1999 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Airplay '' . Billboard . Nielsen Business Media . 111 ( 13 ) : 99 . March 27 , 1999 . Retrieved June 24 , 2014 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_1990s_one-hit_wonders_in_the_United_States&oldid=807124219 '' Categories : 1990s in American music American music history Lists of record chart achievements Hidden categories : Articles to be merged from October 2017 All articles to be merged Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 01 : 47 . 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1. One-hit wonders in the United States 2. Billboard Hot 100 chart performance 3. 1990s music industry 4. List of 1990s one-hit wonders 5. Top 40 hits in the 1990s

who plays carrie brady on days of our lives

Carrie Brady - wikipedia Carrie Brady Jump to : navigation , search ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article may rely excessively on sources too closely associated with the subject , potentially preventing the article from being verifiable and neutral . Please help improve it by replacing them with more appropriate citations to reliable , independent , third - party sources . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Some of this article 's listed sources may not be reliable . Please help this article by looking for better , more reliable sources . Unreliable citations may be challenged or deleted . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article describes a work or element of fiction in a primarily in - universe style . Please help rewrite it to explain the fiction more clearly and provide non-fictional perspective . ( October 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( ( Infobox soap character name = Carrie Brady series = Days of Our Lives portrayer = Andrea Barber ( 1982 -- 86 ) Christie Clark ( 1986 -- 91 , 1992 -- ) Tracy Middendorf ( 1992 ) first = August 4 , 1982 last = years = 1982 -- 99 2005 -- 06 2011 - 12 2017 2018 cause = creator = Margaret DePriest and Sheri Anderson introducer = Betty Corday and Al Rabin ( 1982 ) Ken Corday and Stephen Wyman ( 2005 ) Ken Corday and Gary Tomlin ( 2010 ) classification = ( ( Days of Our Lives cast members # Returning Former ; recurring image1 = File : Christie_Clark_as_Carrie_Brady_2011. png caption1 = Christie Clark as Carrie Brady image2 = caption2 = Tracy Middendorf as Carrie Brady image3 = caption3 = Andrea Barber as Carrie Brady nickname = alias = Carrie Roberts Carrie Reed Caroline Anna Brady gender = Female born = death = age = occupation = Attorney Businesswoman Model title = residence = family = Brady father = Roman Brady mother = Anna DiMera halfsisters = Sami Brady Cassie Brady halfbrothers = Eric Brady Rex Brady stepfather = Tony DiMera ( 1983 -- 84 , 1985 , 2008 -- 09 ) stepmother = Marlena Evans ( 1983 -- 94 ) Kate Roberts ( 2003 -- 05 ) spouse = Austin Reed ( 1997 -- 99 , 2006 -- ) Lucas Roberts ( 2006 ) aunts = Kimberly Brady Kayla Brady uncles = Bo Brady Frankie Brady ( adoptive ) Max Brady ( adoptive ) Brett Fredericks cousins = Shawn - Douglas Brady Chelsea Brady Zack Brady Ciara Brady Andrew Donovan IV Theresa Donovan Stephanie Johnson Joey Johnson sons = Noah Reed grandfathers = Shawn Brady grandmothers = Caroline Brady nieces = Allie Horton Sydney DiMera Grace Brady ( legal ) nephews = Will Horton Johnny DiMera relatives = ) ) Carrie Brady is a fictional character from the NBC soap opera , Days of Our Lives , a long - running serial about working class life in the fictional town of Salem . Created by head writer Margaret DePriest , the role of Carrie has been most notably portrayed by Christie Clark , who took over the role in 1986 as a teenager . Clark remained with the series off - and - on until leaving in October 2006 , however , returned again as a series regular in September 2011 as part of a reboot of the series . On September 15 , 2016 , it was announced that Clark would again reprise her portrayal as Carrie in 2017 . Throughout the show , Carrie has been involved in classic soap opera storylines . Her romantic pairing with Austin Reed ( Austin Peck ; Patrick Muldoon ) led them to be labeled a supercouple . She is the daughter of Anna DiMera ( Leann Hunley ) and Roman Brady ( at the time Wayne Northrop , later Josh Taylor ) , though as a child she was mainly raised by her step - parents , Marlena Evans ( Deidre Hall ) and John Black ( Drake Hogestyn ) . Carrie is a member of the Brady family , one of the show 's two core families . She has a long - standing rivalry with her sister Sami Brady ( Alison Sweeney ) ; Sami has routinely tried to steal Austin from Carrie . Carrie and Sami started to get along better , but their closeness fell apart when Carrie fell in love with Sami 's then - husband , Rafe Hernandez , in 2012 . The role has garnered attention for Clark who was nominated for Outstanding Younger Actress at the Daytime Emmy 's in 1997 , and again nominated in 1998 . She won a Soap Opera Digest Award with co-star Austin Peck for Hottest Romance in 1997 . She was also nominated for Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama at the Young Artist Awards in 1990 , and Nominated for Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama at the Young Artist Awards in 1989 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Casting and creation 2 Storylines 2.1 1986 -- 99 2.2 2005 -- 06 2.3 2011 -- 12 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Casting and creation ( edit ) The role of Carrie was originated by child actress Andrea Barber . She was succeeded by Clark , who was only twelve years old at the time , on April 14 , 1986 . Clark remained with the serial until January 14 , 1991 , when producers wanted to age the character . She went on to appear on other shows such as General Hospital , and appeared in movies such as A Nightmare on Elm Street Part 2 : Freddy 's Revenge . Meanwhile , the show briefly re-cast Carrie with actress Tracy Middendorf from January 10 , 1992 to December 14 , 1992 . Producers asked Clark to return on December 18 , 1992 . In June 1999 , it was reported by Soap Opera Digest that Clark would exit that fall , and she left on November 19 , 1999 . `` Definitely . People have watched me grow up as Carrie on DAYS . I also feel like I 've never wanted to play Carrie more . So yes , I think there is more story to tell . I just do n't think it 's over '' -- Clark on her character Carrie . In 2005 , it was announced that Carrie and Austin would return to the series . Austin , played by Austin Peck returned in July 2005 while Clark reprised the role as Carrie on December 2 , 2005 . Clark left the show a year later on October 26 , 2006 . The matriarch of the show , Alice Horton ( Frances Reid ) , died in 2010 . The show planned a two - week tribute and brought back longtime fan favorites to the show to pay their respects . Clark was included in the tribute and returned from June 23 to 28 , 2010 as Carrie . She popped up again on a phone call with Sami on February 9 , 2011 . In 2011 , it was announced that Carrie and Austin ( Austin played by Patrick Muldoon ) and several other characters would return permanently . Clark and Muldoon appeared on September 26 , 2011 . Their return was brought about to please fans and in an attempt to lure old fans of the show back . Clark and Muldoon appeared on September 26 , 2011 . They remained with the show for less than a year as producers again were re-directing the show . Carrie and Austin last aired on July 24 , 2012 . On September 15 , 2016 , it was announced that Clark would return as Carrie , alongside Peck as Austin , on January 11 , 2017 . Clark and Peck departed on February 16 , 2017 . `` Luckily , one of my best friends in San Francisco is a top defense attorney . I went to court with her and saw that it was actually something I could do . These people were just like me . '' -- Clark on being told Carrie would be returning as a lawyer . The role has garnered attention for Clark who was nominated for Outstanding Younger Actress at the Daytime Emmy 's in 1997 , and again in 1998 . She won a Soap Opera Digest Award with co-star Austin Peck for Hottest Romance in 1997 . She was also nominated for Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama at the Young Artist Awards in 1990 , and Nominated for Best Young Actress in a Daytime Drama at the Young Artist Awards in 1989 . Storylines ( edit ) 1986 -- 99 ( edit ) Carrie is the daughter of Roman Brady and Anna Fredericks . Her mother leaves Roman while pregnant with Carrie ; Roman does n't know his daughter exists until Anna returns with a four - year - old Carrie and leaves the girl in her father 's and Marlena 's care . As a child , Carrie is at one point kidnapped and held captive by Stefano DiMera , who has kidnapped many members of the Brady family at various points . She also nearly drowns during a storm and falls into a coma after a car crash . When Austin Reed moved to Salem in July 1992 , Carrie is attracted to him and also becomes the roommate and close friend of Austin 's sister , Billie Reed . Carrie and Austin begin dating , but Sami 's interfering and Austin 's career as a prizefighter causes some strain in their relationship . Carrie becomes a finalist in Bella magazine 's `` Face of the 90 's '' modeling competition . In December 1992 , when Austin fails to throw a fight , Carrie accidentally becomes the victim of an acid attack that was intended for Austin . The incident causes serious scarring to her face . Her father Roman , who does not like Austin , tells Carrie that if she would break up with him , he will not pursue any charges against Austin stemming from his involvement with the underworld of boxing . Carrie also feels that Austin will no longer love her , due to her scars . As a result of both factors , Carrie pushes Austin out of her life . This gives her sister Sami , who was attracted to Austin , an opportunity to pursue a relationship with him . Sami Brady teams up with Lucas Roberts . Lucas is Austin 's half - brother . Lucas is attracted to Carrie and Sami is attracted to Austin . Sami and Lucas scheme to keep Carrie and Austin from reuniting , so Lucas can be with Carrie and Sami can be with Austin . Meanwhile , Carrie has successful plastic surgery on her face and is willing to give her relationship with Austin another chance . During a romantic ski weekend in February 1994 , Carrie loses her virginity to Austin , after almost being raped by Sami 's boyfriend Alan , who goes on to rape Sami instead . Although Carrie and Austin are a couple , Sami continues to try to break them up and pursue Austin herself . Sami even twistedly blames Carrie for the rape Sami suffered from Alan . In March 1995 , Sami drugs Austin and in his delusional state , he believes Carrie is there with him ( although it 's Sami ) and Sami sleeps with him . Nevertheless , Carrie and Austin eventually stay together and begin planning their wedding . Sami is able to stop the ceremony by revealing that she is pregnant with Austin 's child . At the time , Sami believes that Austin was the father , but she later learns that Lucas was the true father . When she finds this out , she continues to conceal the truth from everyone , even Lucas , for several years . Since Austin believes the baby is his , he feels he had no choice but to build a life with Sami and baby Will instead of marrying Carrie . However , Austin continues to be in love with Carrie . Unfortunately , the kidnapping of Will by Sami 's deranged neighbor caused a situation where Sami and Austin , in order to regain custody of Will from the French couple to whom he had been sold , are forced to marry in France to satisfy the authorities there . Carrie , meanwhile , becomes good friends with Dr. Mike Horton . She also uncovered information that Austin is not Will 's father . When Austin and Sami plan to wed in America , this time Carrie is able to interrupt the wedding ceremony by revealing that Lucas , not Austin , is Will 's father , and that Sami knew it all along . Austin marries Carrie instead . Some time later , Austin becomes increasingly concerned about baby Will 's well - being as Will 's father Lucas has a drinking problem . Austin begins spending more time around Will , which means more time around Sami ; much to Sami 's delight and Carrie 's dismay . With Austin not being home as much as he spends time with Will , Carrie begins working more hours at the hospital in which she is employed . Over time , Dr Mike Horton develops feelings for her and they slowly grow closer together . Carrie and Mike eventually have an affair , and Austin and Carrie divorce . Austin leaves Salem . Carrie accepts Mike 's marriage proposal , and they move to Israel . 2005 -- 06 ( edit ) A few years later , Carrie returns to the U.S. and settles in Los Angeles where she is CEO of a company called High Style . Carrie tells no one she is back in America but she is discovered by Lucas , who was attempting to take over High Style , not knowing it was headed by Carrie . He halts his takeover attempt and convinces Carrie to return to Salem as his feelings for her are reignited . Carrie returns to town and is surprised to see Austin in Salem as well . Although things look positive for Austin and Carrie 's future , her sister Sami sees otherwise and , once again , schemes to break them apart and keep Austin for herself . First she is able to have Austin and his company buy out Carrie 's company High Style , Austin not being aware that Carrie has any association with the small business . Carrie , feeling betrayed that Austin took over her company , grows closer to Austin 's half brother Lucas . Sami , meanwhile , catches Dr. Lexie Carver having an affair with detective Tek Kramer . To ensure that Carrie will no longer want to be with Austin , Sami threatens to tell Lexie 's husband Abe about Tek , unless Lexie helps her . Doctor Lexie Carver is blackmailed into telling Carrie untrue information : that Austin and Carrie both share very rare genetic markers and if they ever had children , the child will suffer extreme birth defects that could result in the baby 's death . Due to this bogus news from Lexie , Carrie decides it 's best to move on with Lucas . Since she and Austin could never have children , she becomes engaged to Lucas . She soon believes she is pregnant thanks to a false pregnancy test , leading her and Lucas to rush their wedding date . Carrie finds out she is actually not pregnant and still has feelings for Austin . Carrie and Austin make love on the roof of their apartment building , although Carrie is engaged to Lucas and Austin is engaged to Sami . Austin does not marry Sami and Carrie shows signs of relief . Prior to the ceremony , Carrie expresses to Marlena that she is still in love with Austin . Although she cares about Lucas , she is not in love with him . After she secretly meets with Austin on the roof of their building to make love , Lucas , with the help of new neighbor E.J. , catches them . After a bitter tirade from Lucas , Carrie is kicked out of the apartment she and Lucas share . Soon after , Carrie hands Lucas annulment papers and he signs them . However , minutes later , the Gloved Hand slides a note under Sami 's apartment door , and Lucas , Carrie , and Austin discover the truth behind Sami 's blackmailing of Dr. Lexie Carver to keep Carrie and Austin apart . After Sami finally admits the truth about her misdeeds , a furious Carrie attacks her . The two sisters fight , and afterwards Carrie tells her half - sister that she will tell everyone in Salem what Sami did . Later , Carrie runs into Dr. Lexie Carver and reveals to her that she knows all about the bogus information Lexie was giving her due to Sami 's blackmailing . Lexie tries to plead her case and apologize , but Carrie does n't care and promises to pay Lexie back by reporting her to the hospital board and the AMA , upon which Lexie is subsequently fired . During dinner one night , Austin suggests to Carrie that they move to Switzerland , where he can work at the Mythic Communications division there and Carrie can reclaim High Style , her former company . Carrie agrees on one condition -- that they get married first . The two immediately go to the Justice of the Peace with their signed marriage license and get married , but not before getting briefly interrupted by a drunk Sami ; and Carrie disowning her . After saying their goodbyes to John , Kate , Marlena and Roman , Austin and Carrie take a plane and leave Salem . 2011 -- 12 ( edit ) In September 2011 , Carrie and Austin returned to Salem for the tribute to the Horton Center . Carrie mentioned that she had become a lawyer after her company Highstyle , which was division of the now defunct Mythic Communications , was forced to close down . Carrie then takes a job , as John 's defense attorney . She works with brother - in - law Rafe to help find evidence that can exonerate John from the charges against him . In December , John is set free and is cleared of all charges . Carrie and Rafe continue to work together , eventually opening their own law / detective firm . Carrie and Rafe grow closer and are caught kissing by Sami and Austin . Carrie tells Rafe that she is in love with him and had separated from Austin , only to reunite following Abigail 's confession that she did not truly sleep with Austin . Despite their reunion , Carrie ca n't shake her feelings of love towards Rafe . After the lives of Marlena , John , Hope and Bo are threatened by Stefano , Carrie and Rafe are become trapped inside of the safe house , which is alarmed with a bomb . While inside , she and Rafe confess their love for each other , nearly having sex , Rafe admits that EJ is the father of Nicole 's child , not him . After they are safe from harm , Carrie begins to feel weak and sick . She confesses to Marlena that she was late , which arose suspicions of a possible pregnancy . After taking a take home test , it confirms her suspicion . A suspicious Austin sees the test and assumes it is his baby . Austin is thrilled about the news , but Carrie is n't as much since she loves Rafe . Rafe tells Carrie that she belongs with Austin and her child , and that they wo n't work out . Carrie decides to return to Switzerland with Austin , and says an emotional farewell to Rafe . But before leaving , Carrie urges Rafe to reconcile with Sami , because Carrie knows that they still love each other deep down . In 2014 . Carrie support Sami and Kate to control DiMera 's company and in 2015 , Carrie could n't attend Will and also her uncle Bo 's funeral . See also ( edit ) Brady family References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng ( Executive producers ) ; Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . Days of Our Lives Transcript Monday 1 / 23 / 17 . NBC . Jump up ^ Dena Higley and Ryan Quan ( Head writers ) ; Sonia Blangiardo ( Director ) ; David Cherrill ( Script writer ) ( January 23 , 2017 ) . Days of Our Lives . Season 52 . Episode 13008 . NBC . ^ Jump up to : Logan , Michael ( July 8 , 2011 ) . `` Patrick Muldoon and Christie Clark Return to Days of our Lives '' . TV Guide . Retrieved 24 July 2007 . ^ Jump up to : SOD ( September 15 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! DAYS STARS RETURN ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States . American Media , Inc . Retrieved September 15 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andre Barber Bio on TV.com '' . TV.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 07 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christie Clark Bio on TV.com '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` Comings and Goings '' . Soap Opera Digest . June 29 , 1999 . p. 12 . ^ Jump up to : `` Christie , Clear '' . Soap Opera Digest . 37 . June 11 , 2012 . p. 41 . Jump up ^ `` Atteendees Named for Days Memorial '' . SoapNet . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 08 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Stars Return '' . Soap Opera Digest . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . `` DAYS Bloodbath '' . Retrieved April 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Who 's Going '' . Comings and Goings . Soap Opera Digest . American Media , Inc. 42 ( 8 ) : 12 -- 13 . February 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Character Bio : Days Of Our Lives '' . Soapscafe.com. 2006 - 05 - 14 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 16 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : `` Carrie Brady Bio '' . TV Fanatic. 2009 - 11 - 06 . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 05 . External links ( edit ) Carrie at soapcentral.com <Th_colspan="2"> Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Reed Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Eve Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Days of Our Lives characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Hattie Adams Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Tate Black Carrie Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Billie Reed Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Theresa Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Ben Weston Clyde Weston <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Character lists <Td_colspan="2"> 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carrie_Brady&oldid=828302962 '' Categories : Days of Our Lives characters Fictional models Fictional lawyers Fictional characters introduced in 1982 Hidden categories : Articles lacking reliable references from October 2011 All articles lacking reliable references Articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction from October 2011 All articles that need to differentiate between fact and fiction Articles with multiple maintenance issues Talk Contents About Wikipedia Nederlands Edit links This page was last edited on 1 March 2018 , at 19 : 43 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Carrie Brady - Days of Our Lives 2. Christie Clark - portrayal of Carrie Brady 3. Love triangle - Carrie, Austin, and Sami 4. Carrie's career as a lawyer 5. Carrie's relationships with Rafe and Lucas

why are there no bears in south america

Spectacled bear - wikipedia Spectacled bear Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Spectacled bear Temporal range : 0.1 -- 0 Ma PreЄ Є Pg ↓ Late Pleistocene -- Recent <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> At the Houston Zoo <Th_colspan="2"> Conservation status <Td_colspan="2"> Vulnerable ( IUCN 3.1 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Scientific classification Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Order : Carnivora Family : Ursidae Genus : Tremarctos Gervais , 1855 Species : T. ornatus <Th_colspan="2"> Binomial name <Td_colspan="2"> Tremarctos ornatus ( Cuvier , 1825 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Spectacled bear range <Th_colspan="2"> Synonyms <Td_colspan="2"> Ursus ornatus Cuvier , 1825 The spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ) , also known as the Andean bear or Andean short - faced bear and locally as jukumari ( Aymara ) , ukumari ( Quechua ) or ukuku , is the last remaining short - faced bear ( subfamily Tremarctinae ) . Its closest relatives are the extinct Florida spectacled bear , and the giant short - faced bears of the Middle Pleistocene to Late Pleistocene age . Spectacled bears are the only surviving species of bear native to South America , and the only surviving member of the subfamily Tremarctinae . The species is classified as Vulnerable by the IUCN because of habitat loss . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 2 Distribution and habitat 3 Naming and etymology 4 Behavior and diet 4.1 Reproduction 5 Conservation 5.1 Threats 5.2 Conservation actions and plans 6 Media 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Description ( edit ) At the Cincinnati Zoo The spectacled bear is the only bear native to South America and is technically the largest land carnivore on that part of the continent , although as little as 5 % of its diet is composed of meat . South America 's largest obligate carnivorous mammal is the jaguar ( Panthera onca ) . Among South America 's extant , native land animals , only the Baird 's ( Tapirus bairdii ) and South American tapirs ( T. terrestris ) are heavier than this species . The spectacled bear is a mid-sized species of bear . Overall , its fur is blackish in color , though bears may vary from jet black to dark brown and to even a reddish hue . The species typically has distinctive beige or ginger - coloured markings across its face and upper chest , though not all spectacled bears have `` spectacle '' markings . The pattern and extent of pale markings are slightly different on each individual bear , and bears can be readily distinguished by this . Males are a third larger than females in dimensions and sometimes twice their weight . Males can weigh from 100 to 200 kg ( 220 to 440 lb ) , and females can weigh from 35 to 82 kg ( 77 to 181 lb ) . Head - and - body length can range from 120 to 200 cm ( 47 to 78.5 in ) , though mature males do not measure less than 150 cm ( 59 in ) . The tail is a mere 7 cm ( 2.8 in ) in length , and the shoulder height is from 60 to 90 cm ( 23.5 to 35.5 in ) . Compared to other living bears , this species has a more rounded face with a relatively short and broad snout . In some extinct species of the Tremarctinae subfamily , this facial structure has been thought to be an adaptation to a largely carnivorous diet , despite the modern spectacled bears ' herbivorous dietary preferences . Distribution and habitat ( edit ) Despite some rare spilling - over into eastern Panama , spectacled bears are mostly restricted to certain areas of northern and western South America . They can range in western Venezuela , Colombia , Ecuador , Peru , western Bolivia , and northwestern Argentina . The species is found almost entirely in the Andes Mountains . Before spectacled bear populations became fragmented during the last 500 years , the species had a reputation for being adaptable , as it is found in a wide variety of habitats and altitudes throughout its range , including cloud forests , high - altitude grasslands , dry forests and scrub deserts . A single spectacled bear population on the border of Peru and Ecuador inhabited as great a range of habitat types as the world 's brown bears ( Ursus arctos ) now occupy . The best habitats for spectacled bears are humid to very humid montane forests . These cloud forests typically occupy a 500 to 1,000 m ( 1,600 to 3,300 ft ) elevational band between 1,000 and 2,700 m ( 3,300 and 8,900 ft ) depending on latitude . Generally , the wetter these forests are the more food species there are that can support bears . Occasionally , they may reach altitudes as low as 250 m ( 820 ft ) , but are not typically found below 1,900 m ( 6,200 ft ) in the foothills . They can even range up to the mountain snow line at over 5,000 m ( 16,000 ft ) in elevation . Naming and etymology ( edit ) Tremarctos ornatus is commonly referred to in English as the `` spectacled bear '' , a reference to the light colouring on its chest , neck and face , which may resemble eyeglasses in some individuals , or the `` Andean bear '' for its distribution along the Andes . The root trem - comes from a Greek word meaning `` hole ; '' arctos is the Greek word for `` bear . '' Tremarctos is a reference to an unusual hole on the animal 's humerus . Ornatus , Latin for `` decorated '' , is a reference to the markings that give the bear its common English name . Behavior and diet ( edit ) Skull At a zoo in Venezuela Spectacled bears are one of four extant bear species that are habitually arboreal , alongside the American black bear ( Ursus americanus ) and Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) , and the sun bear ( Helarctos malayanus ) . In Andean cloud forests , spectacled bears may be active both during the day and night , but in Peruvian desert are reported to bed down under vegetative cover during the day . Their continued survival alongside humans has depended mostly on their ability to climb even the tallest trees of the Andes . They usually retreat from the presence of humans , often by climbing trees . Once up a tree , they may often build a platform , perhaps to aid in concealment , as well as to rest and store food on . Although spectacled bears are solitary and tend to isolate themselves from one another to avoid competition , they are not territorial . They have even been recorded to feed in small groups at abundant food sources . Males are reported to have an average home range of 23 km ( 8.9 sq mi ) during the wet season and 27 km ( 10 sq mi ) during the dry season . Females are reported to have an average home range of 10 km ( 3.9 sq mi ) in the wet season and 7 km ( 2.7 sq mi ) in the dry season . When encountered by humans or other spectacled bears , they will react in a docile but cautious manner , unless the intruder is seen as a threat or a mother 's cubs are endangered . Like other bears , mothers are protective of their young and have attacked poachers . There is only a single reported human death due to a spectacled bear , which occurred while it was being hunted and was already shot . The only predators of cubs include cougars ( Puma concolor ) and possibly male spectacled bears . The bears `` appear to avoid '' jaguars , but the jaguar has considerably different habitat preferences , does not overlap with the spectacled bear in altitude on any specific mountain slope , and only overlaps slightly ( 900m ) in altitude if the entire Cordillera Oriental is considered based upon unpublished data . Generally , the only threat against adult bears is humans . The longest - lived captive bear , at the National Zoo in Washington , DC , attained a lifespan of 36 years and 8 months . Lifespan in the wild has not been studied , but bears are believed to commonly live to 20 years or more unless they run afoul of humans . Spectacled bears are more herbivorous than most other bears ; normally about 5 to 7 % of their diets is meat . The most common foods for these bears include cactus , bromeliads ( especially Puya ssp. , Tillandsia ssp. and Guzmania ssp . ) palm nuts , bamboo hearts , frailejon ( Espeletia spp . ) , orchid bulbs , fallen fruit on the forest floor , and unopened palm leaves . They will also peel back tree bark to eat the nutritious second layer . Much of this vegetation is very tough to open or digest for most animals , and the bear is one of the few species in its range to exploit these food sources . The spectacled bear has the largest zygomatic mandibular muscles relative to its body size and the shortest muzzle of any living bear , slightly surpassing the relative size of the giant panda 's ( Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) morphology here . Not coincidentally , both species are known for extensively consuming tough , fibrous plants . Unlike the ursid bears whose fourth premolar has a more well - developed protoconid , an adaptation for shearing flesh , the fourth premolar of spectacled bears has blunt lophs with three pulp cavities instead of two , and can have three roots instead of the two that characterize ursid bears . The musculature and tooth characteristics are designed to support the stresses of grinding and crushing vegetation . Besides the giant panda , the spectacled bear is perhaps the most herbivorous living bear species . These bears also eat cultivated plants , such as sugarcane ( Saccharum ssp . ) , honey ( made by Apis ssp . ) , and corn ( Zea mays ) , and have been known to travel above the tree line for berries and more ground - based bromeliads . When food is abundant , such as large corn fields , up to nine individual bears have fed close by each other in a single vicinity . Animal prey is usually quite small , but these bears can prey on adult deer , llama ( Lama glama ) and domestic cattle ( Bos primigenius taurus ) and horses ( Equus ferus caballus ) . Animal prey has included rabbits , mice , other rodents , birds at the nest ( especially ground - nesting birds like tinamous or lapwings ( Vanellus ssp . ) ) , arthropods , and carrion . They are occasionally accused of killing livestock , especially cattle , and raiding corn fields . Allegedly , some bears become habituated to eating cattle , but the bears are actually more likely to eat cattle as carrion and some farmers may accidentally assume the spectacled bear killed them . Due to fear of loss of stock , bears may be killed on sight . Reproduction ( edit ) Mating may occur at almost any time of the year , but activity normally peaks in April and June , at the beginning of the wet season and corresponding with the peak of fruit - ripening . The mating pair are together for one to two weeks , during which they will copulate multiple times . Births usually occur in the dry season , between December and February . The gestation period is 5.5 to 8.5 months . From one to three cubs may be born , with four being rare and two being the average . The cubs are born with their eyes closed and weigh about 300 to 330 g ( 11 to 12 oz ) each . Although this species does not give birth during the hibernation cycle as do northern bear species , births usually occur in a small den and the female waits until the cubs can see and walk before she leaves with them . The size of the litter has been positively correlated with both the weight of the female and the abundance and variety of food sources , particularly the degree to which fruiting is temporally predictable . The cubs often stay with the female for one year before striking out on their own . Breeding maturity is estimated to be reached at between four and seven years of age for both sexes , based solely on captive bears . Conservation ( edit ) Threats ( edit ) Spectacled Bear at Tennoji Zoo in Osaka , Japan . The andean bear is threatened due to poaching and habitat loss . Poaching might have several reasons : trophy hunting , pet trade , religious or magical beliefs , natural products trade and conflicts with humans . Trophy hunting of andean bear was apparently popular during the 19th century in some rural areas of Latin - America . In the costumbrist novel `` María '' by Colombian writer Jorge Isaacs , it was portrayed as an activity for privileged young men in Colombia . Tales regarding pet bears are also known from documents about the Ecuadorian aristocracy of that time . These threats might have diminished in recent years , but there are still isolated reports of captive bears confiscated in rural areas , which usually are unable to adapt again to their natural habitat and must be kept in zoological facilities . Religious or magical beliefs might be motivations for killing andean bears , specially in places where bears are related to myths of disappearing women or kids , or where bear parts are related to traditional medicine or superstitions . In this context , the trade of bear parts might have commercial value . Their gall bladders appear to be valued in traditional Chinese medicine and can fetch a high price on the international market . Conflicts with humans , however , appear to be the most common cause of poaching in large portions of its distribution . Andean Bears are often suspected of attacking cattle and raiding crops , and are killed for retaliation or in order to avoid further damages . It has been argued that attacks to cattle attributed to andean bear are partly due to other predators . Raiding of crops can be frequent in areas with diminishing natural resources and extensive crops in former bear habitat , or when problematic individuals get used to human environments . The intensity of poaching can create ecological traps for andean bears . That is , if bears are attracted to areas of high habitat quality that are also high in poaching risk . Perhaps the most epidemic problem for the species is extensive logging and farming , which has led to habitat loss for the largely tree - dependent bears . As little as 5 % of the original habitat in Andean cloud forest remains . Shortage of natural food sources might push bears to feed on crops or livestock , increasing the conflict that usually results in poaching of individual . Impacts of climate changes on bear habitat and food sources are not fully understood , but might have potential negative impact in the near future . Conservation actions and plans ( edit ) The IUCN has recommended the following courses for spectacled bear conservation : expansion and implementation of conservation land to prevent further development , greater species level research and monitoring of trends and threats , more concerted management of current conservation areas , stewardship programs for bears which engage local residents and the education of the public regarding spectacled bears , especially the benefits of conserving the species due to its effect on natural resources . National governments , NGOs and rural communities have made different commitments to conservation of this species along its distribution . Conservation actions in Venezuela date back to the early ( 1990 ) s , and have been based mostly on environmental education at several levels and the establishment of protected areas . The effort of several organizations has led to a widespread recognition of the andean bear in Venezuelan society , raising it as an emblematic species of conservation efforts in the country , and to the establishment of a 10 - year action plan . Evidence about the effects of these actions in actually protecting the species ( like reducing poaching risk , maintaining population viability , and reducing extinction risk ) is still debattable and needs to be subject to further evaluation . Legislation against bears hunting exists , but is rarely enforced . This leads to persistence of the poaching problematic , even inside protected areas . In 2006 the Spectacled Bear Conservation Society was established in Peru to study and protect the spectacled bear . Media ( edit ) Colombian 50 pesos coin , with an image of a Spectacled bear and text `` oso de anteojos -- Tremarctos ornatus '' on the obverse . The children 's character Paddington Bear is a spectacled bear , famously from `` darkest Peru '' . In the documentary Paddington Bear : The Early Years , British actor Stephen Fry encounters a spectacled bear called Yogi , which was kept in a small cage by Andean villagers . Fry bartered with the villagers to have the bear released , and it was taken to an enclosure in Machu Picchu . Fry 's interest in the bears led to the follow - up documentary , Stephen Fry and the Spectacled Bears , and he also wrote and published his experiences in Rescuing the Spectacled Bear : A Peruvian Diary . In the BBC television programme Serious Andes , a team of eight teenagers built a prerelease enclosure for two spectacled bears before returning them to the wild . The BBC documentary `` Spectacled Bears : Shadows of the Forest '' looked at conservation issues and conflicts with farming communities . See also ( edit ) Spectacled Bear Conservation Society References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Goldstein , I. , Velez - Liendo , X. , Paisley , S. & Garshelis , D.L. ( 2008 ) . `` Tremarctos ornatus '' . IUCN Red List of Threatened Species . Version 2008 . International Union for Conservation of Nature . Retrieved 27 January 2009 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Listed as Vulnerable ( VU A4cd ) Jump up ^ Krause , J. ; Unger , T. ; Noçon , A. ; Malaspinas , A. ; Kolokotronis , S. ; Stiller , M. ; Soibelzon , L. ; Spriggs , H. ; Dear , P.H. ; Briggs , A.W. ; Bray , S.C.E. ; O'Brien , S.J. ; Rabeder , G. ; Matheus , P. ; Cooper , A. ; Slatkin , M. ; Pääbo , S. ; Hofreiter , M. ( 2008 ) . `` Mitochondrial genomes reveal an explosive radiation of extinct and extant bears near the Miocene - Pliocene boundary '' . BMC Evolutionary Biology . 8 ( 220 ) : 220 . doi : 10.1186 / 1471 - 2148 - 8 - 220 . PMC 2518930 . PMID 18662376 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Spectacled Bear . Grizzly Bear.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Spectacled Bears . Bear Planet . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Nowak , R.M. ( 1991 ) . Walker 's Mammals of the World . ' . The Johns Hopkins University Press , Baltimore and London , ISBN 0801857899 . Jump up ^ Roth H.H. ( 1964 ) . `` Ein beitrag zur Kenntnis von Tremarctos ornatus ( Cuvier ) '' . D. Zoolog . Garten. 29 : 107 -- 129 . Jump up ^ Brown , Gary ( 1996 ) . Great Bear Almanac . p. 340 . ISBN 1 - 55821 - 474 - 7 . Jump up ^ Spectacled , or Andean , Bear -- National Zoo FONZ . Nationalzoo.si.edu . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Macdonald , D. ( 2001 ) . The New Encyclopedia of Mammals . Oxford University Press , Oxford , UK . ^ Jump up to : Servheen , C. , Herrero , S. and Peyton , B. ( 1999 ) . Bears : Status Survey and Conservation Action Plan . IUCN / SSC Bear and Polar Bear Specialist Groups , IUCN , Gland , Switzerland and Cambridge , UK . Jump up ^ Spectacled bear videos , photos and facts -- Tremarctos ornatus . ARKive . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Spectacled Bear . Brazilianfauna.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Burton , Maurice ; Burton , Robert ( 1970 ) . The international wildlife encyclopedia . Marshall Cavendish . pp. 2470 -- . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7614 - 7266 - 7 . Retrieved 26 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Bunnell , Fred ( 1984 ) . Macdonald , D. , ed . The Encyclopedia of Mammals . New York : Facts on File . p. 96 . ISBN 0 - 87196 - 871 - 1 . Jump up ^ `` Spectacled bear , Andean bear , ucumari '' . BBC -- Science & Nature -- Wildfacts . BBC . Jump up ^ Peyton , B. ( 1987 ) . `` Habitat components of the spectacled bear '' . Ursus. 7 ( International Conf . Bear Res. and Manage . ) : 127 -- 133 . Jump up ^ Brown , A.D. and Rumiz , D.I. ( 1989 ) . `` Habitat and distribution of the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ) in the southern limit of its range '' , pp. 93 -- 103 . in : M. Rosenthal ( ed . ) Proc . First Int . Symp . Spectacled Bear . Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens , Chicago Park District Press , Chicago , Illinois , U.S.A. ^ Jump up to : LaFee , Scott ( 2009 - 09 - 07 ) . `` Hanging on , bearly : South America 's only bear species struggles to avoid extinction '' . SignOnSanDiego.Com . The San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved 2009 - 09 - 09 . Jump up ^ Hunter , Luke ( 2011 ) Carnivores of the World . Princeton University Press , ISBN 9780691152288 Jump up ^ Spectacled Bear . rosamondgiffordzoo.org ^ Jump up to : Peyton , B. ( 1980 ) . `` Ecology , distribution , and food habits of spectacled bears , Tremarctos ornatus , in Peru '' . Journal of Mammalogy. 61 ( 4 ) : 639 -- 652 . doi : 10.2307 / 1380309 . JSTOR 1380309 . ^ Jump up to : Jorgenson , J.P. , and Rodriguez , J.S. ( 1986 ) . Proyecto del oso frontino en Colombia . Spectacled Bear Specialist Group Newsletter 10 : 22 -- 25 . ^ Jump up to : Goldstein , I. ( 1989 ) . `` Spectacled bear distribution and diet in the Venezuelan Andes '' , pp. 2 -- 16 . in : Rosenthal , M. , ( Ed . ) Proc . First Int . Symp . Spectacled Bear . Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens , Chicago Park District Press , Chicago , Illinois , U.S.A. Jump up ^ Figueroa , J. and Stucchi , M. ( 2009 ) . El Oso Andino : Alcances Sobre su Historia Natural . Asociación para la Investigación y Conservación de la Biodiversidad - AICB , Lima , Peru . Jump up ^ Davis , D.D. ( 1955 ) . `` Masticatory apparatus in the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ) '' . Fieldiana Zoology. 37 : 25 -- 46 . doi : 10.5962 / bhl. title. 2809 . Jump up ^ Mondolfi E ( 1971 ) . `` El oso frontino '' . Defensa de la Naturaleza. 1 : 31 -- 35 . Jump up ^ Kurtén , B. ( 1966 ) . `` Pleistocene bears of North America : Genus Tremarctos , spectacled bears '' . Acta Zoologica Fennica. 115 : 1 -- 96 . Jump up ^ Thenius , E. ( 1976 ) . `` Zur stammesgeschichtlichen Herkunft von Tremarctos ( Ursidae , Mammalia ) '' . Zeitschrift für Säugetierkunde. 41 : 109 -- 114 . Jump up ^ Suárez , L. ( 1989 ) . `` Seasonal distribution and food habits of the spectacled bear ( Tremarctos ornatus ) in the highlands of Ecuador '' . Studies on Neotropical Fauna and Environment. 23 ( 3 ) : 133 -- 136 . doi : 10.1080 / 01650528809360755 . Jump up ^ Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus -- Natural Diet ( Literature Reports ) . Wildlife1.wildlifeinformation.org . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Spectacled Bears . Bears Of The World . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ Peru : Who We Are . Spectacled Bear Conservation . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . Jump up ^ CARNIVORA -- Spectacled Bear -- Tremarctos ornatus . Carnivoraforum.com . Retrieved on 2011 - 09 - 26 . ^ Jump up to : Rosenthal , M.A. ( 1987 ) . `` Biological management of spectacled bears ( Tremarctos ornatus ) in captivity '' , pp. 93 -- 103 . in : Weinhardt , D. , ( ed . ) International studybook for the spectacled bear , 1986 . Lincoln Park Zoological Gardens , Chicago Park District Press , Chicago , Illinois , U.S.A. Jump up ^ Bloxam , Q. ( 1977 ) . `` Breeding the Spectacled bear Tremarctos ornatus at Jersey Zoo '' . International Zoo Yearbook. 17 : 158 -- 161 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1748 - 1090.1977. tb00894. x . ^ Jump up to : Sánchez - Mercado , A. ; Ferrer - Paris , J.R. ; Yerena , E. ; García - Rangel , S. ; Rodríguez - Clark , K.M. ( 2008 ) . `` Factors affecting poaching risk to Vulnerable Andean bears Tremarctos ornatus in the Cordillera de Mérida , Venezuela : space , parks and people '' . Oryx. 42 ( 3 ) : 437 -- 447 . doi : 10.1017 / S0030605308006996 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Boussingault , Jean Baptiste Joseph Dieudonné ( Documento digitalizado por Biblioteca Virtual del Banco de la República , 2005 ) . Memoirs . p . Capítulo XII El Salto de Tequendama -- Historia de Manuelita Sáenz . Check date values in : date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Rodríguez - Clark , K.M. ; Sánchez - Mercado , A. ( 2006 ) . `` Population management of threatened taxa in captivity within their natural ranges : Lessons from Andean bears ( Tremarctos ornatus ) in Venezuela '' . Biological Conservation. 129 ( 1 ) : 134 -- 148 . doi : 10.1016 / j. biocon. 2005.10. 037 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Sánchez - Mercado , A. ; Ferrer - Paris , J.R. ; García - Rangel , S. ; Yerena , E. ; Robertson , B.A. ; Rodríguez - Clark , K.M. ( 2014 ) . `` Combining threat and occurrence models to predict potential ecological traps for Andean bears in the Cordillera de Mérida , Venezuela '' . Animal Conservation. 17 ( 4 ) : 388 -- 398 . doi : 10.1111 / acv. 12106 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Edgard Yerena ; Dorixa Monsalve Dam ; Denis Alexander Torres ; Ada Sánchez ; Shaenandhoa García - Rangel ; Andrés Eloy Bracho ; Zoila Martínez ; Isis Gómez ( 2007 ) . Plan de Acción para la Conservación del Oso Andino ( Tremarctos ornatus ) en Venezuela ( 2006 - 2016 ) . Fundación AndígenA , FUDENA , Universidad Simón Bolívar . p. 60pp . Jump up ^ D. Monsalve - Dam , A Sánchez - Mercado , E. Yerena , S. García - Rangel , D. Torres ( 2010 ) . `` Efectividad de las áreas protegidas para la conservación del oso andino ( Tremarctos ornatus ) en los Andes Suramericanos '' . Ciencia y conservación de especies amenazadas en Venezuela : Conservación basada en evidencias e intervenciones estratégicas . Provita : 127 -- 136 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ A. Sánchez - Mercado , E. Yerena , D. Monsalve , S. García - Rangel , D. Torres ( 2010 ) . `` Efectividad de las iniciativas de educación ambiental para la conservación del oso andino ( Tremarctos ornatus ) en la cordillera andina '' . Ciencia y conservación de especies amenazadas en Venezuela : Conservación basada en evidencias e intervenciones estratégicas . Provita : 137 -- 146 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Endangered Bears '' , The Pet Wiki . Jump up ^ `` Spectacled Bear Conservation Society - Peru '' . Spectacled Bear Conservation Society . Jump up ^ Alice Vincent ( 10 Jun 2014 ) . `` Paddington Bear : 13 things you did n't know '' . www.telegraph.co.uk . The Telegraph . Retrieved 8 January 2018 . It 's surprising that the earnest little chap was n't given glasses . Bond wanted to Paddington to have `` travelled all the way from darkest Africa '' , but was advised by his agent to change his country of origin due to the lack of bears in Africa . Instead , he picked Peru - home to the Spectacled Bear . Jump up ^ IM , DB . `` Spectacled Bears : Shadows of the Forest '' . www.imdb.com . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Tremarctos ornatus ( category ) Wikispecies has information related to Tremarctos ornatus Andean Bear Conservation Project www.sbc-peru.org Don Oso Program by Fundación Cordillera Tropical <Th_colspan="2"> Extant Carnivora species <Td_colspan="2"> Kingdom : Animalia Phylum : Chordata Class : Mammalia Infraclass : Eutheria Superorder : Laurasiatheria <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Suborder Feliformia <Td_colspan="2"> Nandiniidae Nandinia African palm civet ( N. binotata ) Herpestidae ( Mongooses ) Atilax Marsh mongoose ( A. paludinosus ) Bdeogale Bushy - tailed mongoose ( B. crassicauda ) Jackson 's mongoose ( B. jacksoni ) Black - footed mongoose ( B. nigripes ) Crossarchus Alexander 's kusimanse ( C. alexandri ) Angolan kusimanse ( C. ansorgei ) Common kusimanse ( C. obscurus ) Flat - headed kusimanse ( C. platycephalus ) Cynictis Yellow mongoose ( C. penicillata ) Dologale Pousargues 's mongoose ( D. dybowskii ) Galerella Angolan slender mongoose ( G. flavescens ) Black mongoose ( G. nigrata ) Somalian slender mongoose ( G. ochracea ) Cape gray mongoose ( G. pulverulenta ) Slender mongoose ( G. sanguinea ) Helogale Ethiopian dwarf mongoose ( H. hirtula ) Common dwarf mongoose ( H. parvula ) Herpestes Short - tailed mongoose ( H. brachyurus ) Indian gray mongoose ( H. edwardsii ) Indian brown mongoose ( H. fuscus ) Egyptian mongoose ( H. ichneumon ) Small Asian mongoose ( H. javanicus ) Long - nosed mongoose ( H. naso ) Collared mongoose ( H. semitorquatus ) Ruddy mongoose ( H. smithii ) Crab - eating mongoose ( H. urva ) Stripe - necked mongoose ( H. vitticollis ) Ichneumia White - tailed mongoose ( I. albicauda ) Liberiictus Liberian mongoose ( L. kuhni ) Mungos Gambian mongoose ( M. gambianus ) Banded mongoose ( M. mungo ) Paracynictis Selous ' mongoose ( P. selousi ) Rhynchogale Meller 's mongoose ( R. melleri ) Suricata Meerkat ( S. suricatta ) Hyaenidae ( Hyenas ) Crocuta Spotted hyena ( C. crocuta ) Hyaena Brown hyena ( H. brunnea ) Striped hyena ( H. hyaena ) Proteles Aardwolf ( P. cristatus ) Felidae Large family listed below Viverridae Large family listed below Eupleridae Small family listed below <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Family Felidae <Td_colspan="2"> Felinae Acinonyx Cheetah ( A. jubatus ) Caracal Caracal ( C. caracal ) African golden cat ( C. aurata ) Catopuma Bay cat ( C. badia ) Asian golden cat ( C. temminckii ) Felis Wildcat ( F. silvestris ) Jungle cat ( F. chaus ) Black - footed cat ( F. nigripes ) Sand cat ( F. margarita ) Chinese mountain cat ( F. bieti ) Domestic cat ( F. catus ) Leopardus Pantanal cat ( L. braccatus ) Colocolo ( L. colocolo ) Geoffroy 's cat ( L. geoffroyi ) Kodkod ( L. guigna ) Southern tigrina ( L. guttulus ) Andean mountain cat ( L. jacobita ) Pampas cat ( L. pajeros ) Ocelot ( L. pardalis ) Oncilla ( L. tigrinus ) Margay ( L. wiedii ) Leptailurus Serval ( L. serval ) Lynx Canadian lynx ( L. canadensis ) Eurasian lynx ( L. lynx ) Iberian lynx ( L. pardinus ) Bobcat ( L. rufus ) Otocolobus Pallas 's cat ( O. manul ) Pardofelis Marbled cat ( P. marmorata ) Prionailurus Fishing cat ( P. viverrinus ) Leopard cat ( P. bengalensis ) Sundaland leopard cat ( P. javanensis ) Flat - headed cat ( P. planiceps ) Rusty - spotted cat ( P. rubiginosus ) Puma Cougar ( P. concolor ) Jaguarundi ( P. yagouaroundi ) Pantherinae Panthera Lion ( P. leo ) Jaguar ( P. onca ) Leopard ( P. pardus ) Tiger ( P. tigris ) Snow leopard ( P. uncia ) Neofelis Clouded leopard ( N. nebulosa ) Sunda clouded leopard ( N. diardi ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Family Viverridae ( includes Civets ) <Td_colspan="2"> Paradoxurinae Arctictis Binturong ( A. binturong ) Arctogalidia Small - toothed palm civet ( A. trivirgata ) Macrogalidia Sulawesi palm civet ( M. musschenbroekii ) Paguma Masked palm civet ( P. larvata ) Paradoxurus Golden wet - zone palm civet ( P. aureus ) Asian palm civet ( P. hermaphroditus ) Jerdon 's palm civet ( P. jerdoni ) Golden palm civet ( P. zeylonensis ) Hemigalinae Chrotogale Owston 's palm civet ( C. owstoni ) Cynogale Otter civet ( C. bennettii ) Diplogale Hose 's palm civet ( D. hosei ) Hemigalus Banded palm civet ( H. derbyanus ) Prionodontinae ( Asiatic linsangs ) Prionodon Banded linsang ( P. linsang ) Spotted linsang ( P. pardicolor ) Viverrinae Civettictis African civet ( C. civetta ) Genetta ( Genets ) Abyssinian genet ( G. abyssinica ) Angolan genet ( G. angolensis ) Bourlon 's genet ( G. bourloni ) Crested servaline genet ( G. cristata ) Common genet ( G. genetta ) Johnston 's genet ( G. johnstoni ) Rusty - spotted genet ( G. maculata ) Pardine genet ( G. pardina ) Aquatic genet ( G. piscivora ) King genet ( G. poensis ) Servaline genet ( G. servalina ) Haussa genet ( G. thierryi ) Cape genet ( G. tigrina ) Giant forest genet ( G. victoriae ) Poiana African linsang ( P. richardsonii ) Leighton 's linsang ( P. leightoni ) Viverra Malabar large - spotted civet ( V. civettina ) Large - spotted civet ( V. megaspila ) Malayan civet ( V. tangalunga ) Large Indian civet ( V. zibetha ) Viverricula Small Indian civet ( V. indica ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Family Eupleridae <Td_colspan="2"> Euplerinae Cryptoprocta Fossa ( C. ferox ) Eupleres Eastern falanouc ( E. goudotii ) Western falanouc ( E. major ) Fossa Malagasy civet ( F. fossana ) Galidiinae Galidia Ring - tailed mongoose ( G. elegans ) Galidictis Broad - striped Malagasy mongoose ( G. fasciata ) Grandidier 's mongoose ( G. grandidieri ) Mungotictis Narrow - striped mongoose ( M. decemlineata ) Salanoia Brown - tailed mongoose ( S. concolor ) Durrell 's vontsira ( S. durrelli ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Suborder Caniformia ( cont . below ) <Td_colspan="2"> Ursidae ( Bears ) Ailuropoda Giant panda ( A. melanoleuca ) Helarctos Sun bear ( H. malayanus ) Melursus Sloth bear ( M. ursinus ) Tremarctos Spectacled bear ( T. ornatus ) Ursus American black bear ( U. americanus ) Brown bear ( U. arctos ) Polar bear ( U. maritimus ) Asian black bear ( U. thibetanus ) Mephitidae Conepatus ( Hog - nosed skunks ) Molina 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. chinga ) Humboldt 's hog - nosed skunk ( C. humboldtii ) American hog - nosed skunk ( C. leuconotus ) Striped hog - nosed skunk ( C. semistriatus ) Mephitis Hooded skunk ( M. macroura ) Striped skunk ( M. mephitis ) Mydaus Sunda stink badger ( M. javanensis ) Palawan stink badger ( M. marchei ) Spilogale ( Spotted skunks ) Southern spotted skunk ( S. angustifrons ) Western spotted skunk ( S. gracilis ) Eastern spotted skunk ( S. putorius ) Pygmy spotted skunk ( S. pygmaea ) Procyonidae Bassaricyon ( Olingos ) Eastern lowland olingo ( B. alleni ) Northern olingo ( B. gabbii ) Western lowland olingo ( B. medius ) Olinguito ( B. neblina ) Bassariscus Ring - tailed cat ( B. astutus ) Cacomistle ( B. sumichrasti ) Nasua ( Coatis inclusive ) White - nosed coati ( N. narica ) South American coati ( N. nasua ) Nasuella ( Coatis inclusive ) Western mountain coati ( N. olivacea ) Eastern mountain coati ( N. meridensis ) Potos Kinkajou ( P. flavus ) Procyon Crab - eating raccoon ( P. cancrivorus ) Raccoon ( P. lotor ) Cozumel raccoon ( P. pygmaeus ) Ailuridae Ailurus Red panda ( A. fulgens ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Suborder Caniformia ( cont . above ) <Td_colspan="2"> Otariidae ( Eared seals ) ( includes fur seals and sea lions ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Arctocephalus South American fur seal ( A. australis ) Australasian fur seal ( A. forsteri ) Galápagos fur seal ( A. galapagoensis ) Antarctic fur seal ( A. gazella ) Juan Fernández fur seal ( A. philippii ) Brown fur seal ( A. pusillus ) Guadalupe fur seal ( A. townsendi ) Subantarctic fur seal ( A. tropicalis ) Callorhinus Northern fur seal ( C. ursinus ) Eumetopias Steller sea lion ( E. jubatus ) Neophoca Australian sea lion ( N. cinerea ) Otaria South American sea lion ( O. flavescens ) Phocarctos New Zealand sea lion ( P. hookeri ) Zalophus California sea lion ( Z. californianus ) Galápagos sea lion ( Z. wollebaeki ) Odobenidae ( Pinniped inclusive ) Odobenus Walrus ( O. rosmarus ) Phocidae ( Earless seals ) ( Pinniped inclusive ) Cystophora Hooded seal ( C. cristata ) Erignathus Bearded seal ( E. barbatus ) Halichoerus Gray seal ( H. grypus ) Histriophoca Ribbon seal ( H. fasciata ) Hydrurga Leopard seal ( H. leptonyx ) Leptonychotes Weddell seal ( L. weddellii ) Lobodon Crabeater seal ( L. carcinophagus ) Mirounga ( Elephant seals ) Northern elephant seal ( M. angustirostris ) Southern elephant seal ( M. leonina ) Monachus Mediterranean monk seal ( M. monachus ) Hawaiian monk seal ( M. schauinslandi ) Ommatophoca Ross seal ( O. rossi ) Pagophilus Harp seal ( P. groenlandicus ) Phoca Spotted seal ( P. largha ) Harbor seal ( P. vitulina ) Pusa Caspian seal ( P. caspica ) Ringed seal ( P. hispida ) Baikal seal ( P. sibirica ) Canidae Large family listed below Mustelidae Large family listed below <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Family Canidae ( includes dogs ) <Td_colspan="2"> Atelocynus Short - eared dog ( A. microtis ) Canis Side - striped jackal ( C. adustus ) African golden wolf ( C. anthus ) Golden jackal ( C. aureus ) Coyote ( C. latrans ) Gray wolf ( C. lupus ) Black - backed jackal ( C. mesomelas ) Red wolf ( C. rufus ) Ethiopian wolf ( C. simensis ) Cerdocyon Crab - eating fox ( C. thous ) Chrysocyon Maned wolf ( C. brachyurus ) Cuon Dhole ( C. alpinus ) Lycalopex Culpeo ( L. culpaeus ) Darwin 's fox ( L. fulvipes ) South American gray fox ( L. griseus ) Pampas fox ( L. gymnocercus ) Sechuran fox ( L. sechurae ) Hoary fox ( L. vetulus ) Lycaon African wild dog ( L. pictus ) Nyctereutes Raccoon dog ( N. procyonoides ) Otocyon Bat - eared fox ( O. megalotis ) Speothos Bush dog ( S. venaticus ) Urocyon Gray fox ( U. cinereoargenteus ) Island fox ( U. littoralis ) Vulpes ( Foxes ) Bengal fox ( V. bengalensis ) Blanford 's fox ( V. cana ) Cape fox ( V. chama ) Corsac fox ( V. corsac ) Tibetan sand fox ( V. ferrilata ) Arctic fox ( V. lagopus ) Kit fox ( V. macrotis ) Pale fox ( V. pallida ) Rüppell 's fox ( V. rueppelli ) Swift fox ( V. velox ) Red fox ( V. vulpes ) Fennec fox ( V. zerda ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Family Mustelidae <Td_colspan="2"> Lutrinae ( Otters ) Aonyx African clawless otter ( A. capensis ) Oriental small - clawed otter ( A. cinerea ) Enhydra Sea otter ( E. lutris ) Hydrictis Spotted - necked otter ( H. maculicollis ) Lontra North American river otter ( L. canadensis ) Marine otter ( L. felina ) Neotropical otter ( L. longicaudis ) Southern river otter ( L. provocax ) Lutra Eurasian otter ( L. lutra ) Hairy - nosed otter ( L. sumatrana ) Lutrogale Smooth - coated otter ( L. perspicillata ) Pteronura Giant otter ( P. brasiliensis ) Mustelinae ( including badgers ) Arctonyx Hog badger ( A. collaris ) Eira Tayra ( E. barbara ) Galictis Lesser grison ( G. cuja ) Greater grison ( G. vittata ) Gulo Wolverine ( G. gulo ) Ictonyx Saharan striped polecat ( I. libyca ) Striped polecat ( I. striatus ) Lyncodon Patagonian weasel ( L. patagonicus ) Martes ( Martens ) American marten ( M. americana ) Yellow - throated marten ( M. flavigula ) Beech marten ( M. foina ) Nilgiri marten ( M. gwatkinsii ) European pine marten ( M. martes ) Japanese marten ( M. melampus ) Fisher ( M. pennanti ) Sable ( M. zibellina ) Meles Japanese badger ( M. anakuma ) Asian badger ( M. leucurus ) European badger ( M. meles ) Mellivora Honey badger ( M. capensis ) Melogale ( Ferret - badgers ) Bornean ferret - badger ( M. everetti ) Chinese ferret - badger ( M. moschata ) Javan ferret - badger ( M. orientalis ) Burmese ferret - badger ( M. personata ) Mustela ( Weasels and Ferrets ) Amazon weasel ( M. africana ) Mountain weasel ( M. altaica ) Stoat ( M. erminea ) Steppe polecat ( M. eversmannii ) Colombian weasel ( M. felipei ) Long - tailed weasel ( M. frenata ) Japanese weasel ( M. itatsi ) Yellow - bellied weasel ( M. kathiah ) European mink ( M. lutreola ) Indonesian mountain weasel ( M. lutreolina ) Black - footed ferret ( M. nigripes ) Least weasel ( M. nivalis ) Malayan weasel ( M. nudipes ) European polecat ( M. putorius ) Siberian weasel ( M. sibirica ) Back - striped weasel ( M. strigidorsa ) Egyptian weasel ( M. subpalmata ) Neovison ( Minks ) American mink ( N. vison ) Poecilogale African striped weasel ( P. albinucha ) Taxidea American badger ( T. taxus ) Vormela Marbled polecat ( V. peregusna ) Biology portal Animals portal Mammals portal Latin America portal Taxon identifiers Wd : Q137641 ADW : Tremarctos ARKive : tremarctos - ornatus EoL : 328076 Fossilworks : 97841 GBIF : 2433401 ITIS : 621849 IUCN : 22066 MSW : 14000951 NCBI : 9638 Species+ : 10071 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Spectacled_bear&oldid=826681193 '' Categories : IUCN Red List vulnerable species Bears Carnivorans of Central America Carnivorans of South America Mammals of the Andes Mammals of Argentina Mammals of Bolivia Mammals of Colombia Mammals of Ecuador Mammals of Panama Mammals of Peru Mammals of Venezuela Mammals described in 1825 Vulnerable biota of South America Living fossils Pleistocene bears Extant Late Pleistocene first appearances Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 errors : dates Articles with ' species ' microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikimedia Commons Wikispecies Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Deutsch Diné bizaad Dolnoserbski Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hornjoserbsce Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Қазақша Kernowek Kurdî Лезги Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Seeltersk Simple English Slovenčina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 20 February 2018 , at 13 : 19 . 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1. Spectacled bear 2. Andean bear 3. Habitat loss 4. Conservation efforts 5. Diet and behavior

cast and crew of the flash season 4

The Flash ( season 4 ) - wikipedia The Flash ( season 4 ) <Th_colspan="2"> The Flash ( season 4 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Home media cover Starring Grant Gustin Candice Patton Danielle Panabaker Carlos Valdes Keiynan Lonsdale Neil Sandilands Tom Cavanagh Jesse L. Martin Country of origin United States No. of episodes 23 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network The CW Original release October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) -- May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 3 <Td_colspan="2"> List of The Flash episodes The fourth season of the American television series The Flash , which is based on the DC Comics character Barry Allen / Flash , follows a crime scene investigator with superhuman speed who fights criminals , including others who have also gained superhuman abilities . It is set in the Arrowverse , sharing continuity with the other television series of the universe , and is a spin - off of Arrow . The season is produced by Berlanti Productions , Warner Bros. Television , and DC Entertainment , with Andrew Kreisberg and Todd Helbing serving as showrunners . The season was ordered in January 2017 , and filming began that July . Grant Gustin stars as Barry , with principal cast members Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin also returning from previous seasons , and are joined by Neil Sandilands . The fourth season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , and ran for 23 episodes on The CW until May 22 , 2018 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Episodes 2 Cast and characters 2.1 Main 2.2 Recurring 2.3 Guest 3 Production 3.1 Development 3.2 Writing 3.3 Casting 3.4 Filming 3.5 Music 3.6 Arrowverse tie - ins 4 Release 4.1 Broadcast 4.2 Marketing 4.3 Home media 5 Reception 5.1 Ratings 5.2 Critical response 5.3 Accolades 6 References 7 External links Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Flash episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 70 `` The Flash Reborn '' Glen Winter Story by : Andrew Kreisberg Teleplay by : Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace October 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 10 ) T27. 13401 2.84 <Td_colspan="8"> Iris has been aiding Team Flash in Central City for six months , but refuses to grieve Barry . A flying samurai with superpowers appears in Central City , threatening to destroy the city if the real Flash does not face him . Cisco reveals he has formulated a way to bring back Barry without destabilizing the Speed Force and tracks down Caitlin for help , but is forbidden by Iris to bring Barry back . Against Iris ' orders , Team Flash successfully returns Barry , who rambles random statements and continually writes symbols on the walls . Wally engages the samurai , but is defeated . Cisco deciphers Barry 's writings and finds an apparently meaningless sentence . In an attempt to recover Barry 's memories , Iris gives herself up to the samurai . The plan works and Barry speeds away , rescuing Iris and defeating the samurai , who is revealed to be an android . Caitlin rejoins Team Flash , but is revealed to have been working for a mobster called Amunet , while also continuing to prevent the Killer Frost personality from emerging . The `` Samuroid '' is revealed to have been controlled by a supremely intelligent man in a superpowered wheelchair , whose plan was to draw out the Flash for his next schemes . 71 `` Mixed Signals '' Alexandra La Roche Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza October 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 17 ) T27. 13402 2.54 <Td_colspan="8"> When Barry , Joe , and Cisco report to a crime scene , they discover remnants of a mysterious code . Cisco presents Barry with a technologically advanced suit , intended to facilitate his activities . He tests it out , trying to save someone from a haywire car controlled by metahuman Ramsey Deacon . Gypsy arrives on Earth - 1 for a date with Cisco , who is forced to cancel it so as to focus on Deacon . Acting on a suggestion from Caitlin , Iris signs her and Barry up for couples therapy to sort out their relationship . Deacon kidnaps a witness , a former member of a tech team that stole his idea for profit . Barry and Wally go to save him , but Deacon uses his abilities to send Barry 's suit haywire . On Iris ' instruction , Barry throws lightning at himself , shorting out his suit . He then incapacitates Deacon , who is locked up in the meta wing of Iron Heights , revealed to be part of the Thinker 's plan . Cisco finally goes out with Gypsy . Wondering how Deacon gained his powers being absent during the particle accelerator incident , Barry and Joe learn from Deacon that there are `` others . '' 72 `` Luck Be a Lady '' Armen V. Kevorkian Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira October 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 24 ) T27. 13403 2.62 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , the Thinker observes Becky Sharpe , a woman with seemingly unending bad luck , and determines that she will be easily manipulated . In the present , Becky robs a bank and gets away when Barry slips on marbles . Harry arrives from Earth - 2 and tells Wally that Jesse has decided to break up with him in order to focus on her vigilantism . Cisco deduces that Becky is a metahuman with the power of favorable luck while inducing misfortune to others . Barry realizes that the portal he used to escape the Speed Force exposed an entire busload of people , including Becky and Deacon , to transformative dark matter . Harry informs Cisco that Jesse has expelled him from her crime - fighting team due to his attitude . Becky 's powers expand out of control , reactivating the particle accelerator , which Harry deliberately allows , nullifying Becky 's powers and leading to her incarceration . Cisco and Harry identify twelve new metahumans created on the bus and the latter suspects that an unknown party has manipulated the events surrounding Barry 's return . Wally decides to leave on a journey to find himself . The Thinker is revealed to be spying on S.T.A.R. Labs through the `` Samuroid '' helmet . Joe learns Cecile is pregnant . 73 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' Tom Cavanagh Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound October 31 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 31 ) T27. 13404 1.99 <Td_colspan="8"> Gypsy 's father , Breacher , attacks Cisco , vowing to hunt and kill him in 24 hours , allowing the romance should he survive . Team Flash learns that the bus driver was murdered and tracks down another passenger , Ralph Dibny , former corrupt CCPD detective exposed by Barry and currently an infamous private investigator . As two thugs attack Dibny , he is revealed to have the power to stretch . Caitlin stabilizes his powers with a serum . The team learns that Ralph has been blackmailing Mayor Bellows for adultery , with the latter revealed to have hired the thugs . Barry confronts Ralph for his actions while the latter scolds him , claiming to have been a `` good cop '' . He later stops blackmailing Bellows , who still attempts to kill him while Breacher mistakes the former for a Plastoid , the species that invaded Earth - 19 previously , and attacks him . Cisco intervenes and saves Ralph , whom Barry , having revealed his alter - ego , convinces to help arrest an escaping Bellows . Admiring Cisco 's gallantry , Breacher allows the relationship . Barry recruits Ralph for Team Flash and learns that someone named DeVoe instructed Ralph to watch Bellows . Barry remembers that both Abra Kadabra and Savitar mentioned DeVoe . Meanwhile , Caitlin finds a message on her apartment door . 74 5 `` Girls Night Out '' Laura Belsey Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim November 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 07 ) T27. 13405 2.38 <Td_colspan="8"> While failing to track DeVoe , Team Flash is visited by Felicity , who joins Iris 's bachelorette party . Mocking Cisco 's plans for Barry 's bachelor party , Ralph takes the men to a strip club , where they learn that Cecile 's daughter , Joanie , is working . Joe confronts her , who states she is only doing feminist research . Ralph incites a brawl , leading to the men 's arrest until Harry posts bail . Meanwhile , Amunet 's enforcer , Norvock , demands Caitlin 's return and attacks the women when she refuses . Killer Frost emerges and repels him , later telling Iris that Caitlin accepted Amunet 's employment in exchange for the means to control Frost . Learning that Amunet is holding a metahuman she calls the `` Weeper '' , whose tears are a strong narcotic , prisoner and intends to sell him , Iris 's party decides to stop her . Though Caitlin refuses to join , she attacks Amunet when seeing her friends in danger . Using a strong magnet , the team robs Amunet 's metal shards , leaving her powerless . Iris dissuades Frost from killing Amunet , who promises revenge . Both parties refuse to tell each other about their adventures . Iris asks Caitlin to be her maid of honor while Joe convinces Joanie to tell Cecile about her research . DeVoe captures the Weeper . 75 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' Brent Crowell Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza November 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 14 ) T27. 13406 2.46 <Td_colspan="8"> Barry trains Ralph to use his abilities , with Cisco making a stretchable suit for him . Another bus metahuman , a Lakota Sioux Native named Mina Chayton , who can animate statues , starts attacking Central City & stealing pieces of a Black Bison necklace , which she claims belongs to her tribe . When Barry and Ralph catch up to her , she attacks Barry with a caveman statue and attempts a getaway . Ralph chooses to stop her , but a little girl is injured in the process . Ralph regrets his actions , but is comforted by Barry . Chayton escapes CCPD , going after the last necklace piece held at the museum . When Barry and Ralph confront her , she brings a dinosaur skeleton to life . Barry arrests Chayton while Ralph saves a security guard from the skeleton . Later , Ralph reveals he mailed the necklace back to Chayton 's tribe , before visiting the little girl in the hospital , using his abilities to entertain her . Meanwhile , Harry , trying to make friends , works with his doppelgangers of alternate Earths , The Council of Wells . They figure out that DeVoe is a man named Clifford DeVoe . Barry and Joe head to DeVoe 's house , to find out that he is a middle - aged man in a wheelchair . 76 7 `` Therefore I Am '' David McWhirter Eric Wallace & Thomas Pound November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) T27. 13407 2.20 <Td_colspan="8"> Barry and Joe interrogate DeVoe and his wife to try and get more information . In flashbacks , DeVoe and his wife build a thinking cap to improve his brain capacity , powering it through the particle accelerator explosion . DeVoe 's increased brain power accelerates his amyotrophic lateral sclerosis , forcing his wife to build him a special chair to keep him alive . Barry discovers the camera in the Samuroid head and goes to DeVoe 's house , narrowly avoiding being caught by DeVoe 's wife . Barry later confronts DeVoe , who reveals his true identity , leading to Cisco dubbing him `` The Thinker '' . Wally returns to Team Flash from Blue Valley . 77 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' Dermott Downs Story by : Andrew Kreisberg & Marc Guggenheim Teleplay by : Todd Helbing November 28 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 28 ) T27. 13408 2.82 <Td_colspan="8"> Barry , Oliver , Sara , Alex , Martin and Jax wake up in a Nazi concentration camp on Earth - X wearing power dampeners . The arriving SS Sturmbannführer is revealed to be the Earth - X doppelgänger of Quentin Lance , who plans to execute them , but they are saved by Citizen Cold ( the Earth - X doppelgänger of Leonard Snart ) and Ray Terrill . Snart and Terrill take them to the headquarters of the Freedom Fighters , where the team meets the resistance movement 's leader , General Schott ( Winn Schott 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) . They learn that the only way back to Earth - 1 is through a temporal gateway in a research facility , which Schott plans to blow up to strand Dark Arrow ( Oliver 's Earth - X doppelgänger ) on Earth - 1 . Oliver disguises himself as Dark Arrow to infiltrate the facility and discovers the Nazi doomsday device against parallel Earths is a militarized timeship called Wellenreiter . Barry and Ray battle the Freedom Fighters ' Red Tornado to stop it from destroying the gateway while the rest of the team enters the facility to reactivate its portal , during which Stein is shot and gravely wounded . On Earth - 1 , Eobard Thawne prepares to perform surgery on Kara to save Overgirl . Felicity and Iris try to stop him , but are captured . This episode continues a crossover event that begins on Supergirl season 3 episode 8 and Arrow season 6 episode 8 , and concludes on Legends of Tomorrow season 3 episode 8 . 78 9 `` Do n't Run '' Stefan Pleszczynski Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira December 5 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 05 ) T27. 13409 2.22 <Td_colspan="8"> While out Christmas shopping , Barry is ambushed and kidnapped by DeVoe while Caitlin is kidnapped from Jitters by Amunet . Iris claims they have to look for both of them , despite Harry 's claim that they have insufficient time and resources and that they can only afford to search for one . Barry is held in DeVoe 's lair . Caitlin is forced by Amunet to perform surgery on a metahuman named Dominic Lanse , who can read minds . They try to escape , but Amunet blocks their exit . Caitlin manages to briefly incapacitate Amunet , and she and Dominic flee the building they are being held in . Once outside , they are rescued by Cisco and Ralph , as Iris has chosen to focus on finding Caitlin . Barry manages to escape from DeVoe . Team Flash celebrates Christmas at the West house and Dominic joins them . Barry gets a security alert from his apartment . When he arrives , he receives a phone call from Dominic , who reveals that Amunet re-kidnapped Dominic and DeVoe has transferred his consciousness into Dominic 's body . Barry discovers DeVoe 's original body dead on his apartment floor and he realizes DeVoe has framed him for his `` murder '' ; the police arrive , and Barry lets himself get arrested , not wanting to leave Iris again . 79 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' Philip Chipera Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim January 16 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 16 ) T27. 13410 2.51 <Td_colspan="8"> Barry stands trial for the murder of Clifford DeVoe , with Cecile representing him . Cisco and Joe have to leave during the trial for a meta investigation , in which a meta caused people to collapse . Singh reveals to Joe he is appearing as a witness for the prosecution against Barry . The meta is eventually discovered as Neil Borman , who is a meta who produces radiation , which is causing the illness and collapsing . Barry takes him on , but is ill equipped to deal with the situation . Cisco and Killer Frost travel to the scene where Caitlin tries to freeze Borman , who quickly defrosts and incapacitates Caitlin . Barry creates a vacuum seal around Borman to contain the radiation , with Cisco transporting the radiation to the dead Earth - 15 , draining the meta and defeating him . Barry is eventually found guilty by the jury and is sentenced to life in prison . 80 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' Alexandra La Roche Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound January 23 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 23 ) T27. 13411 2.12 <Td_colspan="8"> Barry uses his speed to secretly help the guards contain the other inmates during a prison riot . He also befriends Dave Ratchet , his father 's former cellmate . The next day , Barry meets Axel Walker who was later broken out of prison by his mother Zoey Clark , his father 's one - time partner Prank . Axel challenges Ralph by threatening to cause chaos in the city . Ralph attempts to stop him but is wounded by Axel and is evacuated by Cisco . Ralph sneaks into the prison to talk to Barry about how scared he is . Barry reassures him that being a hero is n't about not being scared , but about having the ability to rise above your fear . Cisco and Caitlin go to rescue the hostages , but get captured by Axel and Zoey , who intend to kill them . Ralph arrives , and attempts to shield the two from an acid shower , until Wells manages to hack into the shower system to neutralize its acidity . Iris visits Barry in prison , where they reaffirm their love for each other . Ralph and Cisco go to get coffee , where they meet the excitable girl from the wedding . The girl writes in her journal , where she appears to be writing in the language Barry was using when he came out of the Speed Force . 81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' Chris Peppe Sam Chalsen & Judalina Neira January 30 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 30 ) T27. 13412 2.60 <Td_colspan="8"> Cecile develops telepathic abilities as a result of her pregnancy , combined with dormant dark matter in her cells , which Caitlin assures her should be temporary . In prison , Barry learns that Ratchet is innocent of a robbery - homicide that was actually committed by Sylbert Rundine fifteen years prior . Barry asks the team to look into the case . Rundine turns out to be a bus meta with the ability to shrink and enlarge objects , and he shrinks Cisco and Ralph while escaping . Harry 's attempted cure backfires , and Caitlin determines that if they are not re-enlarged within a certain period of time , their bodies will explode . The team confronts Rundine at a warehouse , where Harry tricks him into re-enlarging Ralph and Cisco . Rundine is arrested , but refuses to confess to the earlier crime . Barry gathers that even if Ratchet went free , he would be as unhappy in the city as he is in prison ; he wishes to live in a secluded Chinese village called Jiaju , but fears he will never get there . Barry then uses his speed to take Ratchet to Jiaju , where he can live out his dream . After discovering Barry is the Flash , the prison 's warden , Gregory Wolfe , locks Barry in his private metahuman wing , intending to sell him to Amunet . 82 13 `` True Colors '' Tara Nicole Weyr Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza February 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 06 ) T27. 13413 2.28 <Td_colspan="8"> Wolfe plans to sell Barry and the imprisoned bus metas ( Ramsey Deacon , Becky Sharpe , Mina Chaytan , and Sylbert Rundine ) to Amunet , so they plan to escape . Cecile discovers Wolfe 's plans after reading his mind . Ralph encounters a former colleague and his negative interaction with him prompts the discovery that he can shapeshift . His lack of mastery of the new ability prevents his attempt to foil Amunet 's deal with Wolfe . Barry helps the metas escape the power dampeners , but they are cornered by Wolfe and Amunet . DeVoe arrives and again uses his chair to extract the metas ' abilities , before transferring his mind into Sharpe 's body . He then crushes Wolfe 's skull as Marlize looks on in horror ; Amunet flees . Ralph uses his shapeshifting ability to appear as the original DeVoe at Barry 's appeal , claiming that he was unconscious at Barry 's loft but not dead , which clears Barry 's name . Team Flash realizes that DeVoe is only stealing powers from metahumans who were on the bus when the dark matter wave was unleashed , which means he will likely target Ralph as well . Back at the DeVoes ' house , their marriage continues to deteriorate , and DeVoe drugs his wife with the Weeper 's tears to maintain her devotion towards him . 83 14 `` Subject 9 '' Ralph Hemecker Mike Alber & Gabe Snyder February 27 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 27 ) T27. 13414 2.12 <Td_colspan="8"> Barry is put on indefinite leave at the CCPD due to his connection with the DeVoe case . The team encounter another bus metahuman named Izzy with sound wave abilities , amplified by her violin . She manages to use her abilities when DeVoe ( inside Sharpe 's body ) comes to claim her . Barry and Ralph help to train Izzy to refine her abilities , which proves difficult when she gets hurt . Eventually DeVoe shows up once again , using Dominic 's and Becky 's abilities to make Barry experience a brain aneurysm , while using Rundine 's abilities to incapacitate Ralph . DeVoe then once again uses the chair to transfer his mind into Izzy 's body and escapes . Both Ralph and Barry comfort each other over their respective losses : Barry being let go from the police force and Ralph losing Izzy to DeVoe . These losses enforce both Barry 's and Ralph 's determination to bring DeVoe down and save the three remaining metas . 84 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' Gregory Smith Todd Helbing & Sterling Gates March 6 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 06 ) T27. 13415 2.04 <Td_colspan="8"> Jesse comes to Earth - 1 to have a talk with her dad . Eco-terrorist Veronica Dale sets off a nuclear bomb , which Barry tries to stop , entering a form of superspeed known as Flashtime , where everything is frozen . However , the bomb has already detonated , and he and Jesse can not stop it or save everyone with superspeed . Jay Garrick comes from Earth - 3 to help , but they are still unable to stop it . Barry remains in Flashtime for hours , bringing each of his friends into it , in an attempt to find a solution ; they discuss options such as freezing it or sending it to another Earth , but none of those solutions prove to be viable . Eventually , Iris gives him the idea to retrieve the Quark Sphere from the Speed Force to send a blast lightning through the bomb , enough to disable it . Barry does so , and throws the Sphere back into the Speed Force , saving Central City . Jay admits he is retiring and going to train a new `` female '' speedster . Jesse and Jay return to their Earths , and Caitlin and Wells go for a coffee , where they encounter the mysterious girl . 85 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' Harry Jierjian Eric Wallace March 13 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 13 ) T27. 13416 2.09 <Td_colspan="8"> A metahuman with fire powers tries to rob Central City bank . Another bus meta named Matthew Kim touches the metahuman , which causes his powers to transfer to another individual . When Joe , Iris and Barry turn up to ask Kim a few questions , Barry and Iris come into contact with Kim , causing Barry to lose his speed and Iris to gain superspeed . Inspired by Thawne , Harry plans to build his own thinking cap to outwit DeVoe . With their roles reversed , Iris becomes Central City 's hero speedster , while Barry must learn to act as team leader . The new metahuman demands money and terrorizes the city with his fire powers . Using Wells ' thinking cap , the Team comes up with the idea for Iris to create a tidal wave , negating the flames and defeating the meta . Back at S.T.A.R. Labs , Kim touches Iris and Barry again , restoring the Flash 's speed . At home , Iris admits that while she did enjoy having superspeed , Central City needs the light that Barry was , and she is happy being team leader . Wells uses his thinking cap once more , determining the final two bus metas are Janet Petty and Edwin Gauss . 86 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' Kevin Smith Lauren Certo & Kristen Kim April 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 10 ) T27. 13417 1.82 <Td_colspan="8"> Barry and Ralph train to defeat DeVoe , with Barry becoming annoyed at Ralph 's apparent inability to be serious . The team manages to locate another bus meta , Janet Petty . When Barry and Ralph confront her , it is revealed that Petty can manipulate a person 's gravitational pull , which she demonstrates on Barry . Fearing once again that Ralph is not taking things seriously , Barry refuses to work with him . Ralph reveals his comedic attitude is due to a difficult childhood where his father abandoned him , causing him to make jokes whenever he is scared or under pressure . Barry relents and they go to stop Janet at a gala event . Janet uses her powers on Barry , causing him to float into the atmosphere . Barry tells the team to trust Ralph to improvise . Ralph detains Janet , then becomes a giant airbag to allow Barry to land safely . DeVoe 's wife discovers he has been drugging her , so she will continue to assist him . Breacher comes to Earth - 1 to ask Cisco for help as some of his powers have failed . Harry takes the thinking cap to Thawne 's time vault to recharge it and activates Gideon . 87 18 `` Lose Yourself '' Hanelle Culpepper Jonathan Butler & Gabriel Garza April 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 17 ) T27. 13418 1.88 <Td_colspan="8"> Team Flash track down the final bus meta Edwin Gauss , but are followed by the Samuroid , who injures Caitlin . The team rush back to Star Labs to regroup and heal . Caitlin reveals to Iris that Killer Frost is activated by her adrenal gland , and she is working on a way to separate them . Harry comes up with a tuning fork weapon that mimics Izzy 's abilities in order to defeat DeVoe . Ralph reveals to Barry that he is n't afraid of losing his own life , but of Team Flash losing theirs , as he considers them family . Wells is shown to be addicted to the Thinking Cap , which Joe helps him deal with . Ralph takes the fork , with the intent to go with Edwin to kill DeVoe , which Barry argues against . Eventually , DeVoe manages to take over Edwin 's mind , and as well takes the abilities of Janet Petty and Matthew Kim , before transferring his mind into Ralph 's body . The team try to stop him , but DeVoe incapacitates them , and alters Caitlin 's DNA , removing the dark matter and Killer Frost , before leaving . Back at his lair , DeVoe uses Ralph 's morphing abilities to morph back into his original form , while he and Marlize plan their next move to destroy Team Flash . 88 19 `` Fury Rogue '' Rachel Talalay Joshua V. Gilbert & Jeff Hersh April 24 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 24 ) T27. 13419 1.90 <Td_colspan="8"> With DeVoe moving forward with his plans , Team Flash decide to secure Neil Borman . Barry and Cisco travel to Earth - X to recruit Leo Snart as a backup , but are followed to Earth - 1 by the Earth - X doppelganger of Laurel Lance . Team Flash plan to deliver Borman to a safe ARGUS facility , using a suit to contain the radiation , with Snart on hand , in case Borman goes nuclear . Snart agrees to help , but claims he can only stay for 24 hours , as he is due to get married to Ray Terrill . DeVoe attempts to intercept the transfer , but he and Team Flash are further ambushed by Earth - X Laurel , who kidnaps Caitlin , Borman and Joe , holding them at CCPD . Snart learns about Ralph , and convinces Barry to allow himself to grieve his fallen allies , which Barry eventually does , giving him strength to defeat Laurel . Lyla transfers Borman to another facility and Leo returns to Earth - X . Cisco and Wells come up with a plan to boost Wells ' thinking cap . DeVoe goes more into his `` god - complex '' ; stating that human emotion is a weakness , causing Marlize to doubt him . 89 20 `` Therefore She Is '' Rob J. Greenlea Sterling Gates & Thomas Pound May 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 01 ) T27. 13420 1.70 <Td_colspan="8"> DeVoe starts gathering the technology required to build the Enlightenment Machine , including murdering anyone who gets in his way . Barry , Cisco , Iris and Harry attempt to trigger Killer Frost 's powers in Caitlin , but do not succeed . Harry reveals to the team that the amount of dark matter he used with the Thinking Cap caused brain damage . Cisco , Gypsy , Barry and Caitlin fight Marlize and DeVoe when they acquire the computers required to power the Enlightenment Machine . Flashbacks reveal partially why Marlize follows DeVoe : she was a humanitarian worker in Kenya who created a water purifier for a villager , but when warlords found out about it , they attacked and killed everyone . Marlize pleads with DeVoe when he begins choking Gypsy ; she later decides to leave him , encasing his chair in a force - field so DeVoe can not stop her from leaving the pocket dimension . The team realizes that DeVoe plans to use the Enlightenment Machine to launch dark matter towards Earth , reverting all of humanity into a simplified state , similar to what Harry is dealing with . The mysterious girl brings a gift to Cecile and Joe 's baby shower and , after leaving quickly , runs away using speedster abilities . 90 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' Kevin Mock Judalina Neira & Lauren Certo May 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 08 ) T27. 13421 1.74 <Td_colspan="8"> Cisco assembles a Council of Harrisons to try and come up with a way of stopping Harry 's intelligence loss . Team Flash reluctantly go to Amunet for help , encountering her successor Norvok in the process , though Barry insists Amunet must not kill . The team is eventually given a bomb made from Amunet 's metal which will be capable of destroying one of DeVoe 's satellites , and Harry manages to work out that DeVoe 's plan might be changing because Marlize is no longer with him . Iris posts an article revealing DeVoe 's plan and the residents of Central City begin reporting DeVoe sightings , which Iris believes will hamper his ability to remain undetected . 91 22 `` Think Fast '' Viet Nguyen Sam Chalsen & Kristen Kim May 15 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 15 ) T27. 13422 1.93 <Td_colspan="8"> DeVoe infiltrates the A.R.G.U.S. facility holding Fallout by impersonating John Diggle and kills most of the security , except for a few hostages ; overcharging and killing Fallout to be a nuclear battery for the satellites . Barry runs to Star City and brings back John to reveal the location of the facility . Caitlin and Cisco ask Barry to train them in Flashtime so that they can save the hostages and Barry can follow DeVoe through the breach before it closes . In the last stages of pregnancy , Cecile 's telepathy causes her to take on the personality and thoughts of anyone nearby . Harry and Iris track Marlize to London , and use the last extrapolator to get there . Caitlin and Cisco are able to rescue the hostages . Searching her mind for Killer Frost , Catlin has Cisco vibe her into a repressed memory of a childhood accident ; Killer Frost was already part of Caitlin decades before the particle accelerator had created any metas . Barry manages to follow DeVoe through the breach and destroys one of the satellites with Amunet 's bomb . DeVoe takes control of S.T.A.R. Labs and uses its satellite to replace the one destroyed . He initiates the Enlightenment protocol in the time vault . 92 23 `` We Are the Flash '' David McWhirter Todd Helbing & Eric Wallace May 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 22 ) T27. 13423 2.16 <Td_colspan="8"> After the Enlightenment begins , Marlize joins Team Flash as Cecile goes into labor . Marlize uses Cecile 's powers to send Barry into DeVoe 's consciousness to find the good left in him . Barry finds Ralph alive in DeVoe 's consciousness and together they find the `` good '' DeVoe dead . DeVoe attempts to keep them from reaching the nexus of his mind , as he follows Team Flash to a pocket dimension . In his consciousness , DeVoe multiplies himself to fight Barry and Ralph as he takes down Team Flash . Barry and Ralph make it to the nexus ; Barry wakes up in the real world and Ralph reclaims his body just as DeVoe was going to kill Cecile . He reappears , though , as a hologram through his chair until Marlize destroys it . Barry , Cisco and Ralph shield civilians from the falling satellites and the mysterious girl helps Barry destroy the last one . Harry 's brain resets but is mostly restored by Marlize ; he decides to return to Earth - 2 to be with Jesse . Team Flash celebrates DeVoe 's defeat with Wally ( who returned from the Legends ) and Cecile 's newborn daughter Jenna . The mysterious girl arrives to reveal herself as Barry and Iris ' daughter from the future , Nora ; she claims to have made `` a big , big mistake '' . Cast and characters ( edit ) Main article : List of The Flash characters Main ( edit ) Grant Gustin as Barry Allen / Flash Candice Patton as Iris West Danielle Panabaker as Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost Carlos Valdes as Cisco Ramon / Vibe Keiynan Lonsdale as Wally West / Kid Flash Neil Sandilands as Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Tom Cavanagh as Harrison `` Harry '' Wells Jesse L. Martin as Joe West Recurring ( edit ) Danielle Nicolet as Cecile Horton Kim Engelbrecht as Marlize DeVoe / Mechanic Jessica Camacho as Cynthia / Gypsy Patrick Sabongui as David Singh Donna Pescow as Sharon Finkel Richard Brooks as Gregory Wolfe Hartley Sawyer as Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man Katee Sackhoff as Amunet Black / Blacksmith Sugar Lyn Beard as Rebecca Sharpe / Hazard and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Jessica Parker Kennedy as Nora West - Allen Guest ( edit ) Britne Oldford as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo Mark Sweatman as Norvok Dominic Burgess as Ramsey Deacon / Kilg % re Chelsea Kurtz as Mina Chayton / Black Bison Violett Beane as Jesse Chambers Wells / Jesse Quick Danny Trejo as Josh / Breacher Vito D'Ambrosio as Anthony Bellows Emily Bett Rickards as Felicity Smoak Riley Jade Berglund as Joanie Matt Afonso as Weeper Stephen Amell as Oliver Queen / Green Arrow and Dark Arrow Victor Garber as Martin Stein / Firestorm Caity Lotz as Sara Lance / White Canary Chyler Leigh as Alex Danvers Franz Drameh as Jefferson Jackson / Firestorm Paul Blackthorne as Quentin Lance / Sturmbannführer Jeremy Jordan as General Schott Juliana Harkavy as Dinah Drake / Black Canary Melissa Benoist as Kara Zor - El / Kara Danvers / Supergirl and Overgirl Wentworth Miller as Leonard Snart / Citizen Cold Russell Tovey as Ray Terrill / The Ray Frederick Schmidt voices Metallo - X Kendrick Sampson as Dominic Lanse / Brainstorm and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker Mark Valley as Anton Slater Ryan Alexander McDonald as Neil Borman / Fallout Devon Graye as Axel Walker / Trickster Corinne Bohrer as Zoey Clark / Prank Bill Goldberg as Dave Ratchet / Big Sir Derek Mears as Sylbert Rundine / Dwarfstar Paul McGillion as Earl Cox Miranda MacDougall as Izzy Bowin / Fiddler and Clifford DeVoe / Thinker John Wesley Shipp as Jay Garrick Leonardo Nam as Matthew Kim / Melting Point Max Adler as Jaco Birch / Pyro Bethany Brown as Janet Petty / Null Arturo Del Puerto as Edwin Gauss / Folded Man Katie Cassidy as Siren - X David Ramsey as John Diggle / Spartan Victoria Askounis as young Caitlin Snow Production ( edit ) Development ( edit ) The series was renewed for a fourth season on January 8 , 2017 , earlier than usual for the series . Executive producer Andrew Kreisberg said on this , `` The great thing about our dear friends at The CW and Mark Pedowitz picking the shows up as early as they did has allowed us to start building the schedules for next season . '' In May 2017 , it was announced that Aaron Helbing would not return as an executive producer for season four , with only Greg Berlanti , Andrew Kreisberg , Sarah Schechter , and Todd Helbing returning from previous seasons . Todd Helbing and Kreisberg were slated to serve as the season 's showrunners . In November 2017 , Kreisberg was suspended from his role as executive producer and showrunner on The Flash over allegations of sexual harassment . By the end of the month , he had been fired , with his name eventually being removed from the credits from all shows he worked on . In addition , Berlanti would take additional responsibilities working with Helbing to co-showrun the season . Writing ( edit ) The way I see it is , time is non-linear and everything is happening at once in the Speed Force . In some ways he 's had an awakening and he 's had a rebirth . Our first episode is called ' Reborn , ' and it is a rebirth for Barry , but he 's kind of scrambled , too , because he 's experienced so much so quick over the course of six months , even though for him it was an eternity . He 's not Barry when we see him for the first time . -- Grant Gustin on the rebirth of Barry in season four . In March 2017 , Kreisberg confirmed that the main villain for the fourth season would not be a speedster , like the previous three seasons . Executive producers Aaron and Todd Helbing also mentioned that there would be less time travel in the season , with Aaron saying , `` We like playing with the timelines and the different time periods and future and past . For now , I think we 're going to focus on the present . '' In June 2017 , Clifford DeVoe / Thinker was reported to be the main antagonist of the season . He was first hinted in the third season episode `` Abra Kadabra '' when the titular villain mentions him among the Flash 's greatest enemies , and again in the season finale `` Finish Line '' when Savitar mentions facing DeVoe but states that the Flash has not dealt with him yet . At the series ' San Diego Comic - Con panel , the speculation was confirmed , with Todd Helbing saying , `` With three Speedsters in a row , this year it 's the fastest man alive against the fastest mind alive . '' He added that the writers were `` making a conscious effort this year to get the fun quotient back up '' . Regarding the possibility of Wally West taking on the mantle of the Flash in Barry 's absence , Keiynan Lonsdale said that `` It 's not something that 's on my radar . I feel as though there is so much story to tell and Wally has so much growing to do ... We need to see how these character realistically get to where they are headed for . '' With the action picking up six months after season three , Kid Flash and Vibe are left to protect Central City , with Carlos Valdes saying `` the team is sort of clutching at straws to keep the city together , ... there is a unanimous feeling amongst the remaining members that it 's just not the same without Barry ... So in light of that , Cisco does whatever it takes to get his friends back . '' Valdes also confirmed the return of Cisco 's more lighthearted joking manner . Candice Patton explained Iris West 's larger role within Team Flash as `` a way of distracting herself , '' adding that `` ( Iris ) is forced to deal with that anger and resentment and abandonment by kind of focusing on protecting Central City ... We 're seeing a very different Iris , almost a very hardened Iris . '' Kreisberg also hinted at some major growth for Iris this season , and noted that `` the season premiere is all about Iris and Cisco , not Barry '' . In July 2017 , Sterling Gates , DC Comics comic book writer , joined as a member of the fourth season 's writing staff . At the Television Critics Association press tour in August 2017 , Pedowitz stated that the fourth season of The Flash is `` going to try to find the lightness ... of the Barry Allen of the first two seasons , '' and said that the show was likely `` done with Speedster villains '' . Later in the month , Kreisberg confirmed the return of Harry Wells from Earth - 2 , saying that `` season 4 for Harry is really realizing what he 's missing in his life and what it is he needs to become a better , more complete person , and so he 's going to be going on a fairly epic emotional journey this season that is tied to the Thinker 's plan , '' in addition to confirming the introduction of a new version of the Wells character . In September 2017 , Helbing noted `` There 's a lot of love in the air this season , '' and compared Barry and Iris ' reunion to `` somebody going off to war for six months and coming back . There 's a lot that Iris experienced that Barry did n't when he was gone , and it 's really ( about ) the fun and the emotional component of making up that time when they were n't together . '' Helbing also explained that the Speed Force `` let ( Barry ) deal with all of the baggage ( from the past three seasons ) . When he comes out , he 's sort of left that all behind . '' That month , Kreisberg also confirmed that Barry and Iris will be getting married this season , while also revealing that the pair will be going to couples therapy since `` ( they ) keep comically clashing inadvertently because ( both are ) used to being in charge , and so they wind up going ... to work through it . '' He added , `` The two of them with the therapist is some of the funniest stuff we have ever done on this show , but it also leads to a deepening of their relationship . '' Casting ( edit ) Main cast members Grant Gustin , Candice Patton , Danielle Panabaker , Carlos Valdes , Keiynan Lonsdale , Tom Cavanagh , and Jesse L. Martin return from previous seasons as Barry Allen / The Flash , Iris West , Caitlin Snow / Killer Frost , Cisco Ramon / Vibe , Wally West / Kid Flash , Harrison Wells , and Joe West , respectively . Cavanagh will portray Harry Wells from Earth - 2 at the start of the season , without ruling out the possibility of introducing another incarnation of the Wells character later on . Teasing the arrival of a new Harrison Wells , Cavanagh said , `` We 're going to start with Harry and then find a way , I think , to try and get a different version of Wells in there , be it some version of Harry or whatnot as the season 's gaps present themselves . '' Also returning from earlier in the series is Jessica Camacho as Gypsy . It was revealed that Tom Felton , who joined the cast as Julian Albert in the third season , would not be a series regular in the fourth season , and that there were no plans for him to appear . Julian 's absence will be addressed `` pretty quickly -- there 's a reason why he 's no longer with the team , '' said Helbing . In the season premiere , it is revealed that Julian has returned to London . Kreisberg also confirmed that he had put on hold the planned return of Violett Beane as Jesse Quick due to the high number of speedsters on the show , but did not rule out a possible return in the future . Beane eventually appeared as Jesse on the episode `` Luck Be a Lady '' . Britne Oldford , who previously appeared as Shawna Baez / Peek - a-Boo in the first season and the web series The Chronicles of Cisco , reprised her role in the season premiere . In July 2017 , Neil Sandilands was announced to be cast as Clifford DeVoe , a metahuman genius who embarks on a seasonlong battle with the Flash in order to fix all that he deems wrong with humanity ; while Kim Engelbrecht was announced as The Mechanic , DeVoe 's right hand and a highly intelligent engineer who designs devices for him ; and Danny Trejo as Breacher , a bounty hunter from Earth - 19 and the father of Gypsy . Also in June , the series was looking to cast a role that `` should put the visual effects department to the test '' , with the role later revealed to be Ralph Dibny / Elongated Man , a metahuman with the ability to stretch his body to superhuman lengths and sizes . Hartley Sawyer was cast in the recurring role that July as the fast - talking private investigator who after discovering his abilities will help Team Flash solve one of Central City 's greatest mysteries . The character was previously mentioned in the first season , as one of the fourteen people who seemingly died as a result of the particle accelerator explosion . The next month , Katee Sackhoff was announced in the recurring role of Amunet Black / Blacksmith , who operates an underground black market of metahuman supervillains . Filming ( edit ) Filming for the season began on July 4 , 2017 , in Vancouver , British Columbia , and concluded on April 21 , 2018 . Kevin Smith returned to direct an episode in January 2018 . Music ( edit ) In August 2017 , series composer Blake Neely and Nathaniel Blume began to compose the music for the fourth season . Arrowverse tie - ins ( edit ) In May 2017 , The CW president Mark Pedowitz officially announced plans for a four - show Arrowverse crossover event , crossing over episodes of the television series Supergirl , The Flash , Legends of Tomorrow , and Arrow . The crossover , Crisis on Earth - X , began with Supergirl and a special airing of Arrow on November 27 , 2017 , and concluded on The Flash and Legends of Tomorrow on November 28 . In August 2017 , Berlanti noted that it would be `` a big life event for a few different people '' that would bring them all together for the crossover , adding `` There are many life events that happen . '' Prior to that , Arrow actress Emily Bett Rickards appears as Felicity Smoak in the fifth episode of the season . Following the crossover , Katie Cassidy ( who has previously appeared on The Flash as both Laurel Lance and Black Siren ) appears in the nineteenth episode as Siren - X , an alternate version of Laurel from Earth - X . Arrow actor David Ramsey appears as John Diggle , as well as DeVoe 's Diggle disguise earlier in the twenty second episode . Release ( edit ) Broadcast ( edit ) The season began airing on October 10 , 2017 , on The CW in the United States , and on CTV in Canada . The season concluded on May 22 , 2018 . Sky One acquired the rights to air the season in the UK & Ireland , airing it alongside the other Arrowverse shows . The season premiered October 17 . Marketing ( edit ) In July 2017 , cast from the series appeared at San Diego Comic - Con International to promote the season , where exclusive footage was shown . During the panel , a trailer for the season was shown , with James Whitbrook at io9 feeling that despite the `` grim '' tone , there was `` some fun signs of the team coming together to protect the city without ( Barry ) , ... Sprinkle in a few wacky things , like , say a goddamn Samuroid ripped straight from the comics , and ladies and gents , you 've got a good season of The Flash lined up . '' Ben Pearson with / Film felt seeing Iris West deal with the absence of Barry was `` a nice change of pace for that character '' , but anticipated that `` Barry ( would ) be back two or three episodes in at the latest . '' Collider 's Allison Keene also noted Iris `` getting an actual storyline '' with Barry gone , and similarly presumed that he `` ( would ) be back in the fold by the end of the first episode '' alike to Flashpoint in the third season . She added , `` There are some new foes , lots of action , plenty of tech -- it 's great ! '' Home Media ( edit ) The season was made available for streaming on Netflix in late May 2018 , soon after the season finale aired . It will be released on Blu - ray on August 28 , 2018 . Reception ( edit ) Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Flash Reborn '' October 10 , 2017 1.1 / 4 2.84 0.7 1.92 1.8 4.77 `` Mixed Signals '' October 17 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.54 0.8 1.82 1.7 4.36 `` Luck Be a Lady '' October 24 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.62 0.8 1.84 1.8 4.46 `` Elongated Journey Into Night '' October 31 , 2017 0.7 / 3 1.99 0.7 1.79 1.4 3.79 5 `` Girls Night Out '' November 7 , 2017 0.9 / 4 2.38 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.22 6 `` When Harry Met Harry ... '' November 14 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.46 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.29 7 `` Therefore I Am '' November 21 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.20 0.8 2.08 1.6 4.28 8 `` Crisis on Earth - X , Part 3 '' November 28 , 2017 1.0 / 4 2.82 0.7 1.83 1.7 4.64 9 `` Do n't Run '' December 5 , 2017 0.8 / 3 2.22 0.6 1.45 1.4 3.67 10 `` The Trial of The Flash '' January 16 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.51 0.7 1.55 1.5 4.06 11 `` The Elongated Knight Rises '' January 23 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.12 0.7 1.69 1.4 3.81 12 `` Honey , I Shrunk Team Flash '' January 30 , 2018 0.9 / 3 2.60 0.8 1.84 1.7 4.43 13 `` True Colors '' February 6 , 2018 0.8 / 3 2.28 0.9 2.00 1.7 4.28 14 `` Subject 9 '' February 27 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.12 0.8 1.86 1.5 3.98 15 `` Enter Flashtime '' March 6 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.04 0.8 1.83 1.5 3.87 16 `` Run , Iris , Run '' March 13 , 2018 0.7 / 3 2.09 0.7 1.58 1.4 3.67 17 `` Null and Annoyed '' April 10 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.82 0.7 1.64 1.3 3.47 18 `` Lose Yourself '' April 17 , 2018 0.7 / 3 1.88 0.6 1.54 1.3 3.43 19 `` Fury Rogue '' April 24 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.90 0.7 1.61 1.3 3.51 20 `` Therefore She Is '' May 1 , 2018 0.6 / 2 1.70 0.8 1.62 1.4 3.31 21 `` Harry and the Harrisons '' May 8 , 2018 0.7 / 3 1.74 0.6 1.52 1.3 3.26 22 `` Think Fast '' May 15 , 2018 0.7 / 3 1.93 0.6 1.40 1.3 3.30 23 `` We Are the Flash '' May 22 , 2018 0.8 / 4 2.16 0.7 1.57 1.5 3.73 Critical response ( edit ) The review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes reported a 88 % approval rating with an average rating of 6.82 / 10 based on 16 reviews . The website 's consensus reads , `` After an unsteady turn in season three , The Flash returns to its roots with a fourth season packed with humor , spectacle , and a whole lot of heart . '' Reviewing the first two episodes of the season , Allison Keene writing for Collider.com , felt the premiere `` wipes the slate clean , fixing a lot of the issues that plagued the end of the last season , and setting up a much more toned - down storyline . Most importantly , it 's brought back some fun . '' She added that with a `` streamlined team , '' the core characters now have time to interact and have meaningful plot lines . On the second episode , Keene described it as `` truly a delight '' with the show taking `` the time to focus on character relationships , and not just romantic relationships '' and each character `` feeling like a refreshed version of themselves , with new narrative purpose '' . She also highlighted the setup of the Thinker `` as an Alchemy - like villain who manipulates evil metas into the Flash 's path as part of some kind of masterplan '' , saying `` The Flash is a series that truly works best as a procedural , with the team finding creative ways to bring down Villains of the Week . '' The season as a whole received mixed to negative reviews from critics . In reviewing for the finale , IGN 's Jesse Schedeen gave the episode `` We Are The Flash '' a rating of 4.6 / 10 , opining that , `` As troubled as the series has been this year , it 's disappointing but unsurprising to see The Flash 's fourth season end on such a bland note . '' Mike Cecchini of Den of Geek ! similarly assigned the episode a rating of 2.5 / 5 . In his review , Cecchini felt that the finale was `` the weakest season finale ( The Flash ) has ever produced , '' and that , `` despite several high points , was n't really enough to salvage the season . '' In a more positive review from The A.V. Club , Scott Von Doviak gave the finale a B+ , praising the light tone and character moments , while adding that `` None of this can make up for the long stretches of mediocrity this year , but at least it does n't leave me with a bad taste in my mouth . '' Accolades ( edit ) Year Award Nominee ( s ) Result Ref . 2018 BMI Film , TV & Visual Media Awards BMI Network Television Music Award Nathaniel Blume and Blake Neely Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite TV Actor Grant Gustin Nominated Favorite TV Show The Flash Nominated MTV Movie & TV Awards Best Hero Grant Gustin Nominated Saturn Awards Best Guest - Starring Performance on Television Hartley Sawyer Pending Best Superhero Television Series The Flash Pending Best Supporting Actress on a Television Series Candice Patton Pending Teen Choice Awards Choice Action TV Actor Grant Gustin Pending Choice Action TV Actress Danielle Panabaker Pending Candice Patton Pending Choice Action TV Show The Flash Pending References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Voice ' , ' Flash ' , ' Lethal Weapon ' & ' The Mick ' adjust up , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2017 . Retrieved October 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Voice ' and ' This Is Us ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' and ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2017 . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' Kevin ' & World Series adjust up , ' L&O True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 26 , 2017 . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' and World Series adjust up , ' Law & Order True Crime ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Middle ' adjusts up , ' The Mayor ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat , ' ' The Flash ' and ' Kevin ' adjust up , ' Bull ' and ' L&O True Crime ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 22 , 2017 ) . `` ' Dancing With the Stars , ' ' This Is Us , ' all others hold : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash , ' ' This Is Us ' and ' Rudolph ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 30 , 2017 . Retrieved November 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' adjusts up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 6 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` Originals all hold , ' Modern Family ' rerun adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Welch , Alex ( January 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' LA to Vegas ' and ' Bull ' adjust down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 31 , 2018 ) . `` ' Fresh Off the Boat ' adjusts down , plus State of the Union analysis numbers : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS ' and ' Bull ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 27 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Kevin ( Probably ) Saves the World ' adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 27 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' adjusts up , ' Lethal Weapon ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Voice , ' ' NCIS , ' ' Black - ish ' adjust up , ' Rise ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne , ' ' The Middle , ' ' Lethal Weapon ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 11 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' NCIS , ' ' Alex , Inc. , ' ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Flash ' adjust up , ' For the People ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 18 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice , ' ' Chicago Med , ' ' LA to Vegas ' adjust up , ' Rise ' and ' Deception ' down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Voice ' and ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' Bull ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 16 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Middle , ' NCIS , ' ' Chicago Med ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 16 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' and ' NCIS ' finales adjust up : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . 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November 1 , 2017 . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Flash ' : ' Doctor Who ' , ' Titanic ' , and More Pop Culture References In `` Girls Night Out '' `` . Comicbook.com . November 7 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Wickline , Dan ( November 8 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 , Episode 5 Recap : Girls Night Out '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Wickline , Dan ( November 18 , 2017 ) . `` CW Releases 92 Images From Arrowverse Crossover : Crisis On Earth - X '' . Bleeding Cool . Archived from the original on November 18 , 2017 . Retrieved November 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( November 6 , 2017 ) . `` Wentworth Miller Exiting Arrowverse As Leonard Snart '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2017 . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . 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' The Flash ' Made A Major Change To The Original Metahuman '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cardona , Ian ( February 16 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash Is Introducing a Major New Speed Force Concept '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 17 , 2018 . Retrieved February 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ramos , Dino - Ray ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Flash ' : Candice Patton Suits Up As Superhero For The First Time '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Fitch , Adam ( January 29 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash : Glee 's Max Adler to Play DC Comics Villain Pyro '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( April 12 , 2018 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Scandal , Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . 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Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Kaitlin ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Boss Promises a Lighter Season of The Flash Is Coming '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bricker , Tierney ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` Another The Vampire Diaries Spinoff ? Where 's the Charmed Reboot ? And More The CW News '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on August 2 , 2017 . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 31 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on Once Upon a Time , Supergirl , Teen Wolf , and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2017 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites -- The Flash '' . TVLine . September 7 , 2017 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 13 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash S4 Character Breakdown Reportedly Confirms Popular DC Hero '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 31 , 2017 ) . `` The Flash casts Hartley Sawyer as the Elongated Man '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2017 . Retrieved August 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash Season 4 Begins Filming ! '' . Fox8 . July 4 , 2017 . Archived from the original on July 5 , 2017 . Retrieved July 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DGC BC Production List '' ( PDF ) . Directors Guild of Canada . Archived ( PDF ) from the original on July 4 , 2017 . Retrieved June 14 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` Kevin Smith Wants To Direct Arrow , But Says He Wo n't Be Allowed To '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Blake Neely ( @ cowonthewall ) ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` # TheFlashSeason4 scoring has begun with co-composer @ nblumeathan . And you thought last season was fun . Here we go ! '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` The CW Plans New 4 - Series DC Crossover & What About Peak Superhero TV '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 28 , 2017 . Retrieved May 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` CW sets two - night event for four - way superhero crossover '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2017 . Retrieved August 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( August 2 , 2017 ) . `` This Arrowverse Crossover Will Fully Take Place Across Every Show From Supergirl To Legends of Tomorrow '' . IGN . Archived from the original on August 5 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on November 17 , 2017 . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2017 . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago Med ' premiere makes solid gains in week 9 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 7 , 2017 . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 15 , 2017 . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 21 , 2017 . Retrieved December 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' sets NBC records in week 18 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2018 . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2018 . Retrieved February 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' and ' This Is Us ' on top again : Week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2018 . Retrieved February 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2018 . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 29 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' goes out on top : Week 25 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 30 , 2018 . Retrieved March 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' New Girl ' premiere doubles in week 29 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Scandal ' and ' Criminal Minds ' get biggest finale bumps in week 30 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 10 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 13 more shows double in week 31 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved May 23 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ' The Originals ' on CW More Than Doubles its Live Plus Same Day Figures in Delayed Viewing '' . Programming Insider . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 24 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' wins the Windy City battle in week 33 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pucci , Douglas ( May 29 , 2018 ) . `` Live + 7 Weekly Ratings : ABC Finale of ' Designated Survivor ' Tops Broadcast Network Telecasts ' Viewers Percentage Gains '' . Programming Insider . Retrieved May 29 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 7 , 2018 ) . `` ' Roseanne ' finale tops the week 35 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Flash : Season 4 '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved April 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( October 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Flash ' Season 4 Review : Restoring Hope '' . Collider . Archived from the original on October 10 , 2017 . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schedeen , Jesse ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` THE FLASH : `` WE ARE THE FLASH '' REVIEW `` . IGN . Jump up ^ Cecchini , Mike ( May 23 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash Season 4 Episode 23 Review : We Are The Flash '' . Den of Geek ! . Jump up ^ Von Doviak , Scott ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` The Flash season finale delivers a whirlwind conclusion to the Thinker saga '' . The A.V. Club . Jump up ^ `` John Williams Honored With Special Award at 34th Annual BMI Film , TV & Visual Media Awards '' . Broadcast Music , Inc . May 10 , 2018 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2018 . Retrieved May 24 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Pedersen , Erik ( February 26 , 2018 ) . `` Nickelodeon Unveils 2018 Kids ' Choice Awards Nominations '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2018 . Retrieved February 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( May 3 , 2018 ) . `` MTV Movie & TV Awards : ' Black Panther , ' ' Stranger Things ' Top Nominations '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2018 . Retrieved May 3 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McNary , Dave ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Black Panther , ' ' Walking Dead ' Rule Saturn Awards Nominations '' . Variety . Archived from the original on March 15 , 2018 . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Jess ( June 13 , 2018 ) . `` Teen Choice Awards 2018 : Avengers : Infinity War , Black Panther and Riverdale Among Top Nominees '' . E ! Online . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2018 . Retrieved June 13 , 2018 . General references `` The Flash Season 4 Episode Guide '' . TV Guide . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . `` Shows A-Z -- The Flash on CW '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 13 , 2017 . 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1. The Flash Season 4 2. Crime scene investigator with superhuman speed 3. Arrowverse and shared continuity 4. The Thinker as the main antagonist 5. Barry Allen's trial for murder

one penny two a penny hot cross buns

Hot cross buns - wikipedia Hot cross buns This article is about the nursery rhyme . For the food , see Hot cross bun . For the Internet video , see Hot Cross Buns ( Internet video ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Hot Cross Buns '' <Th_colspan="2"> Nursery rhyme Published c. 1798 Songwriter ( s ) Unknown `` Hot Cross Buns '' is an English language nursery rhyme , Easter song , and street cry referring to the spiced English bun known as a hot cross bun , which is associated with the end of Lent and is eaten on Good Friday in various countries . It has a Roud Folk Song Index number of 13029 . Lyrics ( edit ) Hot Cross Buns Tune for `` Hot Cross Buns '' <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The most common modern version is : Hot cross buns ! Hot cross buns ! One a penny , two a penny , Hot cross buns ! If you have no daughters , give them to your sons . One a penny , two a penny , Hot cross buns ! Origins ( edit ) The earliest record of the rhyme is in Christmas Box , published in London in 1798 . However , there are earlier references to the rhyme as a street cry in London , for example in the Poor Robin 's Almanack for 1733 , which noted : Good Friday comes this month , the old woman runs With one or two a penny hot cross buns . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : I. Opie and P. Opie , The Oxford Dictionary of Nursery Rhymes ( Oxford University Press , 1951 , 2nd edn. , 1997 ) , p. 197 . Jump up ^ Charles Hindley , History of the Cries of London : Ancient and Modern ( Cambridge University Press , 2011 ) . p. 218 . <Th_colspan="3"> Nursery rhymes ( list ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` A-Tisket , A-Tasket '' `` Aiken Drum '' `` Baa , Baa , Black Sheep '' `` Did You Ever See a Lassie ? '' `` Hey Diddle Diddle '' `` Hickory Dickory Dock '' `` Hot Cross Buns '' `` Humpty Dumpty '' `` I 'm a Little Teapot '' `` It 's Raining , It 's Pouring '' `` Jack and Jill '' `` Little Bo - Peep '' `` Little Boy Blue '' `` Little Jack Horner '' `` Little Miss Muffet '' `` Mary Had a Little Lamb '' `` Mary , Mary , Quite Contrary '' `` Old King Cole '' `` Old MacDonald Had a Farm '' `` Old Mother Hubbard '' `` Peter Piper '' `` Polly Put the Kettle On '' `` Poor Mary '' `` Pop Goes the Weasel '' `` Pussy Cat Pussy Cat '' `` Rain Rain Go Away '' `` Roses Are Red '' `` Rub - a-dub - dub '' `` Simple Simon '' `` Sing a Song of Sixpence '' `` Sticks and Stones '' `` The Grand Old Duke of York '' `` The Queen of Hearts '' `` There was an Old Woman Who Lived in a Shoe '' `` Three Little Kittens '' `` Twinkle , Twinkle , Little Star '' Clapping `` A Sailor Went to Sea '' `` Down Down Baby '' `` Mary Mack '' `` Miss Susie '' `` Miss Lucy '' `` Pat - a-cake '' `` Pease Porridge Hot '' `` Pretty Little Dutch Girl '' `` Stella Ella Ola '' Counting `` Duck , duck , goose '' `` Eeny , meeny , miny , moe '' `` One , Two , Buckle My Shoe '' `` One , Two , Three , Four , Five '' `` This Old Man '' `` Tinker , Tailor '' Finger - plays `` Five Little Ducks '' `` Five Little Monkeys '' `` Five Little Speckled Frogs '' `` Itsy Bitsy Spider '' `` Little Robin Redbreast '' `` Round and Round the Garden '' `` This Little Piggy '' `` Two Little Dickie Birds '' Games `` London Bridge '' `` The Muffin Man '' `` Mulberry Bush '' `` Oranges and Lemons '' `` Ring a Ring o ' Roses '' `` The Farmer in the Dell '' Riddle `` As I was going to St Ives '' Lullabies `` Hush , Little Baby '' `` Rock - a-bye Baby '' Rounds `` Ding Dong Bell '' `` Frère Jacques '' `` Kookaburra '' `` Row , Row , Row Your Boat '' `` Scotland 's Burning '' `` Three Blind Mice '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Hot_Cross_Buns&oldid=836936228 '' Categories : Easter songs Street cries English nursery rhymes Roud Folk Song Index songs Songwriter unknown Year of song unknown Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Talk About Wikipedia Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 17 April 2018 , at 18 : 53 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Hot cross buns nursery rhyme 2. Easter song 3. Spiced English bun 4. Good Friday tradition 5. Origins of the rhyme

when did drew brees go to the new orleans saints

Drew Brees - wikipedia Drew Brees Jump to : navigation , search Drew Brees <Td_colspan="2"> Brees at the Saints ' Super Bowl XLIV victory parade in February 2010 <Th_colspan="2"> No. 9 -- New Orleans Saints Position : Quarterback <Th_colspan="2"> Born : ( 1979 - 01 - 15 ) January 15 , 1979 ( age 39 ) Austin , Texas Height : 6 ft 0 in ( 1.83 m ) Weight : 209 lb ( 95 kg ) <Th_colspan="2"> Career information High school : Austin ( TX ) Westlake College : Purdue NFL Draft : 2001 / Round : 2 / Pick : 32 <Th_colspan="2"> Career history <Td_colspan="2"> San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2005 ) New Orleans Saints ( 2006 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Roster status : Active <Th_colspan="2"> Career highlights and awards <Td_colspan="2"> Super Bowl champion ( XLIV ) Super Bowl MVP ( XLIV ) 11 × Pro Bowl ( 2004 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2014 , 2016 , 2017 ) 3 × First - team All - Pro ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 ) Second - team All - Pro ( 2011 ) 2 × NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2008 , 2011 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year ( 2010 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 2010 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2009 ) Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year ( 2006 ) NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2004 ) 7 × NFL passing yards leader ( 2006 , 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2014 -- 2016 ) 4 × NFL passing touchdowns leader ( 2008 , 2009 , 2011 , 2012 ) NFL passer rating leader ( 2009 ) Maxwell Award ( 2000 ) 2 × Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year ( 1998 , 2000 ) NFL records 66.9 career completion percentage 72.0 single - season completion percentage 7 touchdown passes in a game ( tied ) 54 consecutive games with a touchdown pass <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Career NFL statistics as of 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> Passing attempts : 9,294 Passing completions : 6,222 Completion percentage : 66.9 Passing yards : 70,445 TD -- INT : 488 -- 228 Passer rating : 96.7 <Td_colspan="2"> Player stats at NFL.com Drew Christopher Brees ( / briːz / ; ) ( born January 15 , 1979 ) is an American football quarterback for the New Orleans Saints of the National Football League ( NFL ) . After a prolific college football career at Purdue University , he was chosen by the San Diego Chargers with the first pick in the second round of the 2001 NFL Draft . He left college as one of the most decorated players in Purdue and Big Ten Conference history , establishing two NCAA records , 13 Big Ten Conference records , and 19 Purdue University records . As of 2017 , he remains the Big Ten record - holder in several passing categories , including completions ( 1,026 ) , attempts ( 1,678 ) , and yards ( 11,792 ) . Brees started his professional career with the San Diego Chargers , earning the starting job in 2002 and making the Pro Bowl in 2004 . Nine months after suffering a bad dislocation in his shoulder joint and a 360 degree tear of his labrum and rotator cuff , Brees signed with the New Orleans Saints as a free agent . He met immediate success in New Orleans , earning ten trips to the Pro Bowl and leading the Saints to their first Super Bowl in Super Bowl XLIV , a 31 -- 17 victory over the Indianapolis Colts . Since joining the Saints in 2006 , he has led all NFL quarterbacks in touchdowns , passing yards , and 300 - yard games . Brees has passed for over 5,000 yards in a season five times -- no other NFL quarterback has done so more than once . He has led the NFL in passing touchdowns four times , and in passing yards a record seven times . He was the NFL 's Comeback Player of the Year in 2004 , the Offensive Player of the Year in 2008 and 2011 , and the MVP of Super Bowl XLIV . Sports Illustrated named Brees its 2010 Sportsman of the Year . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and high school 2 College career 2.1 College statistics 3 Professional career 3.1 San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2005 ) 3.1. 1 2001 NFL Draft 3.1. 2 Early career 3.1. 3 2004 season 3.1. 4 2005 season 3.2 New Orleans Saints ( 2006 -- present ) 3.2. 1 2006 season 3.2. 2 2007 season 3.2. 3 2008 season 3.2. 4 2009 season : Super Bowl XLIV 3.2. 5 2010 season 3.2. 6 2011 season 3.2. 7 2012 season 3.2. 8 2013 season 3.2. 9 2014 season 3.2. 10 2015 season 3.2. 11 2016 season 3.2. 12 2017 season 3.2. 13 2018 season 4 NFL career statistics 4.1 Regular season 4.2 Postseason 5 Career awards and records 5.1 NFL career awards and honors 5.2 College awards 5.3 NFL records 5.3. 1 Additional records 5.4 New Orleans Saints franchise records 5.4. 1 Career 5.4. 2 Season 5.4. 3 Single - game 5.5 Other notable accomplishments 6 Personal life 7 Charity and volunteer activities 7.1 Brees Dream Foundation 7.2 Other activities 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Early life and high school ( edit ) Brees was born to Eugene Wilson `` Chip '' Brees II , a prominent trial lawyer , and Mina Ruth ( née Akins ; died 2009 ) , an attorney . A Sports Illustrated article stated he was named for Dallas Cowboys wide receiver Drew Pearson but in a 2014 interview Brees said this story was `` just legend '' . He has a younger brother , Reid ( born 1981 ) . When Brees was seven , his parents divorced and shared custody of the boys , who split their time between both parents ' homes . Today , Brees admits that it was a very tough and challenging life after the divorce ; however , Brees and his younger brother , Reid , supported each other and became very close . They have a younger half - sister , Audrey , from their father 's remarriage to Amy Hightower , daughter of the late U.S. Representative ( D - TX ) Jack English Hightower . Both of Brees ' parents had athletic backgrounds . His father played basketball for the Texas A&M Aggies men 's basketball team , and his mother was a former all - state in three sports in high school . His maternal uncle , Marty Akins , was an All - American starting quarterback for the Texas Longhorns college football team from 1975 to 1977 . and his maternal grandfather , Ray Akins , had the third-most victories as a Texas high school football coach in his three decades at Gregory - Portland High School . His younger brother , Reid , was an outfielder for the Baylor Bears baseball team , which made the 2005 College World Series and now resides in Colorado , where he works in sales . Brees did not play `` tackle football '' until high school and was on the flag football team at St. Andrew 's Episcopal School , where his teammates included actor Benjamin McKenzie , who was in the same year . In high school , he was a varsity letterman in baseball , basketball and football and was considering playing college baseball rather than football . College recruiters quickly ran after Brees blew out his knee in the 11th grade . After overcoming an ACL tear during his junior year he was selected as Texas High School 5A Most Valuable Offensive Player in 1996 and led the Westlake High School football team to 16 -- 0 record and state championship . As a high school football player , Brees completed 314 of 490 passes ( 64.1 percent ) for 5,461 yards with 50 touchdowns including , in his senior season , 211 of 333 passes ( 63.4 percent ) for 3,528 yards with 31 touchdowns . Westlake went 28 -- 0 -- 1 when Brees started for two seasons and beat a Dominic Rhodes - led Abilene Cooper 55 -- 15 in the 1996 title game . Brees was given honorable mention in the state high school all - star football team and the USA Today All - USA high school football team alongside former San Diego Chargers teammate and long - time friend LaDainian Tomlinson . Brees had hoped to follow his father and uncle 's footsteps and play for the Texas Longhorns or Texas A&M Aggies but was not heavily recruited despite his stellar record . College career ( edit ) Brees received offers from only two colleges , Purdue and Kentucky , choosing Purdue for its highly rated academics . He graduated in 2001 with a degree in industrial management , and is a member of the Sigma Chi fraternity . After a relatively uneventful freshman season , Brees was given his first start during his sophomore year by Boilermakers head coach Joe Tiller and became an integral part of Tiller and Jim Chaney 's unorthodox `` basketball on grass '' spread offense , serving as offensive captain during his junior and senior years . He had the option to make himself available for the 2000 NFL Draft but chose to return for his senior year to complete his studies . In 2000 , he led the Boilermakers to memorable last - minute upsets against top - ranked Ohio State and Michigan en route to the Boilermakers ' first Big Ten championship ( shared with Michigan and Northwestern ) in over three decades . The Ohio State game was replayed on ESPN Classic and is widely remembered for Brees ' four interceptions and 64 - yard touchdown pass to Seth Morales with 1 : 55 remaining to seal a vital 31 -- 27 win , prompting commentator Brent Musburger to exclaim `` Holy Toledo ! '' and a post-game field rush afterwards . Due to head - to - head victories over Michigan and Northwestern , Purdue won the invitation to the 2001 Rose Bowl , Purdue 's first appearance there since 1967 , where Purdue lost by ten points to the Washington Huskies . Brees was a finalist for the Davey O'Brien Award as the nation 's best quarterback in 1999 . He won the Maxwell Award as the nation 's outstanding player of 2000 and the NCAA 's Today 's Top VIII Award as a member of the Class of 2001 . Brees was also fourth in Heisman Trophy voting in 1999 and third in 2000 . As a senior , Brees became the first Boilermaker since Bruce Brineman in 1989 to earn Academic All - America honors . Additionally , he won Academic All - Big Ten honors a record three times , was initiated into Mortar Board and awarded the Big Ten Medal of Honor and the NFF National Scholar - Athlete Award . Brees also was awarded Purdue 's Leonard Wilson Award for unselfishness and dedication . External video <Td_colspan="2"> Video of Brees ' 99 - yard touchdown pass to Sutherland on YouTube In his college career , Brees set two NCAA records , 13 Big Ten Conference records , and 19 Purdue University records . He left Purdue with Big Ten Conference records in passing yards ( 11,792 ) , touchdown passes ( 90 ) , total offensive yards ( 12,693 ) , completions ( 1,026 ) , and attempts ( 1,678 ) . He tied an NCAA record with the longest pass ever ( 99 yards ) , to receiver Vinny Sutherland against Northwestern on September 25 , 1999 and held the NCAA record for pass attempts in a game ( 83 ) for fifteen years , until Washington State quarterback Connor Halliday broke it in October 2013 . In 2009 , Brees was inducted into Purdue 's Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame . The Big Ten Conference 's Griese -- Brees Quarterback of the Year award initiated in 2011 was named in his and Bob Griese 's honor . He was named the Big Ten 's best quarterback of the 1990s and ranked number 48 on the 2010 documentary Big Ten Icons , featuring the conference 's top fifty student - athletes . College statistics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="3"> <Th_colspan="6"> Passing Year Team GP Cmp Att Pct Yards TDs Int Purdue 8 19 43 44.2 232 0 1998 Purdue 13 361 569 63.4 3,983 39 20 1999 Purdue 12 337 554 60.8 3,909 25 12 2000 Purdue 12 309 512 60.4 3,668 26 12 <Th_colspan="2"> Total 45 1,026 1,678 61.1 11,792 90 45 Professional career ( edit ) San Diego Chargers ( 2001 -- 2005 ) ( edit ) 2001 NFL Draft ( edit ) Brees ' college success led to projections that he would be a mid -- late first - round draft pick in the 2001 NFL Draft , but he slipped due to concerns about his relatively short stature for a professional quarterback ( 6 ' ) , a perceived lack of arm strength , and a sense that he had succeeded in college in a spread offense . Brees was the second quarterback , behind Michael Vick of Virginia Tech , selected in the 2001 Draft , chosen by the San Diego Chargers as the first pick of the second round and 32nd overall . San Diego originally had the first pick in that draft , but traded it to Atlanta ( which had drafted Vick ) in return for the fifth pick of the first round , with which San Diego drafted LaDainian Tomlinson . Early career ( edit ) See also : 2001 San Diego Chargers season , 2002 San Diego Chargers season , and 2003 San Diego Chargers season Brees played in his first professional game on November 4 , 2001 against the Kansas City Chiefs . He finished with 221 passing yards and his first career passing touchdown , a 20 - yard pass to Freddie Jones . On August 19 , 2002 , he was named the starter for the 2002 season over Doug Flutie . Brees started all 16 games for the Chargers during the 2002 season , leading the team to an 8 -- 8 record . He finished the 2002 season with 3,284 passing yards , 17 touchdowns , and 16 interceptions . After a disappointing start to the 2003 season , he was replaced by Flutie , though he regained the job by the end of the season . In 11 games , he finished with 2,108 passing yards , 11 touchdowns , and 15 interceptions . 2004 season ( edit ) See also : 2004 San Diego Chargers season Brees ' career with the Chargers was in jeopardy after San Diego acquired NC State 's Philip Rivers after the 2004 NFL Draft . With a looming quarterback controversy , Brees performed well through training camp and the preseason , while Rivers held out during training camp , essentially guaranteeing him the job to begin the season with Rivers as his backup . Brees remained the starter throughout the 2004 season , where he started 15 games and led the team to a 12 -- 4 regular season record . In Week 8 , against the Oakland Raiders , he was 22 of 25 for 281 yards and five touchdowns in the 42 -- 14 victory to earn his first AFC Offensive Player of the Week honor . Brees posted spectacular numbers , completing 65.5 % of his passes for 3,159 yards , with 27 touchdowns to only 7 interceptions , giving him a 104.8 passer rating . The Chargers won the AFC West for the first time in 10 seasons and Brees was selected to the 2004 Pro Bowl . He was named 2004 NFL Comeback Player of the Year . 2005 season ( edit ) See also : 2005 San Diego Chargers season Brees became a free agent after the season and was not expected to return to San Diego , which had already committed a large sum of money to Rivers . The team eventually designated Brees a franchise player , giving him a one - year contract that quadrupled his pay to $8 million for 2005 . Under the terms of the franchise player contract , Brees was eligible to be traded or to sign with another team , but the Chargers would receive two future first round draft choices in return . He was not traded and continued as the starting quarterback for the remainder of the 2005 season . Brees continued his productive play in 2005 . In Week 4 , in a 41 -- 17 victory over the New England Patriots , he was 19 of 24 for 248 passing yards and two touchdowns and earned AFC Offensive Player of the Week . He posted a career - high in passing yards with 3,576 . Brees also posted an 89.2 rating , 10th best in the NFL . However , in the last game of the 2005 season against the Denver Broncos , Brees tore his labrum while trying to pick up his own fumble after being hit by Broncos safety John Lynch . Denver tackle Gerard Warren hit Brees while he was on the ground , causing the injury . Brees underwent arthroscopic surgery , performed by Dr. James Andrews , to repair the torn labrum in his right ( throwing ) shoulder on January 5 , 2006 . Subsequent reports mentioned additional rotator cuff damage and he also was treated by Dr. Saby Szajowitz to recover and regain muscle movement . After the season , the Chargers offered Brees a 5 - year , $50 million contract that paid $2 million in base salary the first year and the rest heavily based on performance incentives . Brees evaluated the incentive - based offer as a sign of no confidence by the Chargers and promptly demanded the salary a top 5 `` franchise '' quarterback would receive . New Orleans Saints ( 2006 -- present ) ( edit ) After the Chargers refused to increase their offer , Brees met with other teams . The New Orleans Saints and the Miami Dolphins were interested in Brees . New Orleans made an offer that included $10 million in guaranteed money the first year and a $12 million option the second year . Miami was unsure if Brees ' shoulder was completely healed and doctors suggested the team not sign him because of the injury . The Dolphins ended negotiations and traded for Minnesota Vikings quarterback Daunte Culpepper instead . Brees signed a 6 - year , $60 million deal with the Saints on March 14 , 2006 . 2006 season ( edit ) See also : 2006 New Orleans Saints season Brees had a productive first year with the Saints . The team , under first - year head coach Sean Payton , rebounded from its disastrous 2005 season ( when the team was unable to play in New Orleans due to the damage caused by Hurricane Katrina and struggled to a 3 -- 13 record ) to finish with a 10 -- 6 regular season record and won the NFC South division title . On November 5 , in the 31 -- 14 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , he had 314 passing yards and three touchdowns to earn his first NFC Offensive Player of the Week honor . On November 19 , in a 31 -- 16 victory over the Cincinnati Bengals , he threw for a career - high 510 passing yards , two touchdowns , and three interceptions . In Week 14 , a 42 -- 17 victory over the Dallas Cowboys , he had 384 passing yards and five touchdowns to earn his second NFC Offensive Player of the Week award in 2006 . Brees threw a league - leading and franchise record 4,418 passing yards , finished third in the league with 26 touchdown passes and 11 interceptions , and had a 96.2 passer rating . Brees was named starting quarterback for the NFC in the 2007 Pro Bowl . He was named as a First Team All - Pro . On January 5 , 2007 , Brees was named first runner - up behind former teammate Tomlinson for league MVP by the Associated Press . Brees and Tomlinson were co-recipients of the Walter Payton Man of the Year Award . On January 13 , 2007 , in his first playoff game for New Orleans , Brees was 20 -- of -- 32 in passing attempts with one touchdown and no interceptions against the Philadelphia Eagles in the Louisiana Superdome . The Saints held on to win 27 -- 24 , and advanced to the franchise 's first NFC Championship Game against the Chicago Bears . Though he completed 27 - of - 49 passes for 354 yards against the Chicago Bears , and two touchdowns , Brees committed three costly turnovers , and was penalized for an intentional grounding in the endzone , resulting in a safety , as the Saints lost 39 -- 14 . Brees dislocated his left elbow during the first quarter of the Pro Bowl . 2007 season ( edit ) See also : 2007 New Orleans Saints season Brees 's second season with the Saints yielded some positive results statistically . In Week 8 , a 31 -- 10 victory over the San Francisco 49ers , he had 336 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week . In Week 15 , a 31 -- 24 victory over the Arizona Cardinals , he had 315 passing yards and two touchdowns to earn another NFC Offensive Player of the Week nod in 2007 . Overall , in the 2007 season , Brees passed for 4,423 yards , topped his own record and tied a then franchise record with 28 touchdowns . He also set the NFL record previously held by Rich Gannon for pass completions in a single season with 440 . However , the Saints missed the playoffs with a 7 -- 9 record . 2008 season ( edit ) Brees throwing a pass in 2008 See also : 2008 New Orleans Saints season In 2008 , the Saints again missed the playoffs but Brees had a strong year statistically , finishing 15 yards short of the NFL record for passing yards thrown in a single season set by Dan Marino in 1984 . In Week 6 , a 34 -- 3 victory over the Oakland Raiders , he was 26 of 30 for 320 yards and three touchdowns to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week . In Week 8 , a 37 -- 32 victory over the San Diego Chargers , he had 339 passing yards and three touchdowns to earn another NFC Offensive Player of the Week nod . In Week 12 , a 51 -- 29 win over the Green Bay Packers , he had 323 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn his third NFC Offensive Player of the Week honor in 2008 . He finished the season with 5,069 yards and became the second quarterback in NFL history to throw for over 5,000 yards in a season . He passed for 300 yards ten times during the 2008 season , tying Rich Gannon 's 2002 record . He was named FedEx Air Player of the Week for his performances during Weeks 8 and 12 and was named the AP 2008 Offensive Player of the Year . He was named to his third career Pro Bowl for his 2008 season . 2009 season : Super Bowl XLIV ( edit ) See also : 2009 New Orleans Saints season In the first game of the 2009 season against the Detroit Lions , Brees set a career - high and franchise - tying record with six touchdown passes , going 26 out of 34 for 358 yards . He earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance against the Lions . The next week , Brees led the Saints to a 48 -- 22 win over the Philadelphia Eagles , throwing for 311 yards and three touchdown passes . Brees also tied the record for most touchdown passes by the end of week 2 with 9 . In Week 6 against the 5 -- 0 New York Giants , Brees completed 23 of 30 passes for 369 yards , 4 touchdown passes and a passer rating of 156.8 in a dominant 48 -- 27 victory to his second NFC Offensive Player of the Week nod of the season . In week 7 , Brees led a dramatic comeback victory on the road against the Miami Dolphins , 46 -- 34 . The Saints quickly faced a 24 -- 3 deficit in the second quarter , trailing for the first time all season at that point , and failing to score on their first possession as they had in all of their previous contests . Brees had a poor outing , but provided two crucial rushing touchdowns , one just before halftime to narrow the deficit to 24 -- 10 , and one in the third quarter to give the Saints their first lead of the game , 37 -- 34 . The next week , Brees threw for 308 yards on 25 of 33 passing along with two touchdowns and one interception in leading the Saints to a 35 -- 27 victory and franchise tying best start at 7 -- 0 against the rival Atlanta Falcons . In week 9 , Brees helped guide the team to a 30 -- 20 victory over the Carolina Panthers . This would be Drew 's first victory over the Carolina Panthers in the Superdome and gave the Saints their best ever start in franchise history at 8 -- 0 . In week 12 , Brees led the Saints to an 11 -- 0 record , defeating the New England Patriots 38 -- 17 on Monday Night Football . Brees totaled 371 yards passing , posting a perfect passer rating of 158.3 , and is the only player to throw for five touchdowns against a team coached by Bill Belichick . He earned his third NFC Offensive Player of the Week nod for the 2009 season . After close victories over the Washington Redskins and Falcons in successive weeks to start 13 -- 0 , Brees and the Saints lost their first game of the season to the Dallas Cowboys , 24 -- 17 , after DeMarcus Ware caused a Brees fumble in the final seconds , ending a fourth quarter rally . The Saints then lost their last two games , with Brees sitting out the week 17 finale against the Carolina Panthers . Their 13 -- 3 record secured the # 1 seed in the NFC . Brees ' individual statistics led to numerous accolades , including a Pro Bowl selection , the Maxwell Football Club 's Bert Bell Award , and runner - up in voting for the AP MVP , Offensive Player of the Year , and All - Pro awards . He finished the season with a completion percentage of 70.62 , establishing a new NFL record . In the divisional round of the playoffs , the Saints routed the Arizona Cardinals 45 -- 14 to advance to the NFC Championship , where they defeated the Minnesota Vikings 31 -- 28 in overtime . Brees completed 17 of 31 passes for 197 yards and 3 touchdowns . The Saints defeated the Indianapolis Colts 31 -- 17 in Super Bowl XLIV on February 7 , 2010 . Brees tied a Super Bowl record with 32 pass completions and won the Super Bowl Most Valuable Player Award . He threw for 288 yards and 2 touchdowns . It was the first league championship in Saints franchise history . Brees was named the 2010 Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year , both for his winning the Super Bowl and his charitable work towards the reconstruction of New Orleans . On December 17 , 2010 , he was named AP Male Athlete of the Year . Within four short years after joining the Saints , Brees was more accurate in his throws than any of the Saints ' past quarterbacks . Brees and his teammates were welcomed back to New Orleans with a blues band along with thousands of celebrating fans . Brees celebrating the Super Bowl win with his son , Baylen 2010 season ( edit ) See also : 2010 New Orleans Saints season In 2010 , the Saints qualified for the playoffs as a wild card team with an 11 -- 5 record , but were eliminated in the Wild Card round by the Seattle Seahawks , 41 -- 36 . Brees was selected to his fifth Pro Bowl - fourth with the Saints -- and was voted the ninth best player in the NFL by his peers in the NFL Network 's 2011 ranking . Brees had a less successful season statically , throwing a career - high 22 interceptions , tying the franchise record held by Aaron Brooks , although he managed to throw 33 touchdowns . He was named to his fifth career Pro Bowl for his performance in 2010 . He was ranked ninth on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2011 players ' list . 2011 season ( edit ) See also : 2011 New Orleans Saints season § Individual Records Set or Tied The 2011 season was a record - breaking season for Brees as he led the NFL in completion percentage , passing yards and passing touchdowns , which is known as the `` Triple Crown '' . He broke Dan Marino 's 27 - year - old record for most passing yards in one season ( 5,084 ) in the 15th game of the season ( week 16 ) against the Atlanta Falcons at home in New Orleans at the Mercedes - Benz Superdome with a touchdown pass to Darren Sproles . Brees also set a new Saints franchise record for passing touchdowns in a season with 46 . In Week 2 , Brees defeated the Chicago Bears during the Saints ' home - opener for the first time in his career as a starting quarterback . With his first win over the Bears , Brees has defeated all NFL teams except the Baltimore Ravens . On October 23 , in a 62 -- 7 victory over the Indianapolis Colts , he was 31 of 35 for 325 passing yards and five touchdowns . He earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his performance against the Colts . His 88.57 % completion percentage in the game remains a career - high . On November 28 , a Week 12 49 -- 24 victory over the New York Giants , he had 363 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week . In a home game on December 4 against the Detroit Lions , Brees passed for 342 yards . Brees ' performance gave him 4,031 yards on the season , making him the first quarterback in NFL history to eclipse the 4,000 - yard mark in the first 12 games of a season , and the first quarterback to reach 4 consecutive seasons with 4,000 + yards and 30 + TD passes . In week 15 against the Minnesota Vikings , Brees threw for 412 yards with 5 passing touchdowns . With that game , Brees became the first quarterback in NFL history to throw for 5 touchdowns , 400 + yards , while also maintaining a completion percentage of 80 % , in a game . In Week 16 against the Atlanta Falcons at the Mercedes - Benz Superdome , Brees broke Dan Marino 's long standing record of passing yards in a single season of 5,084 with a 9 - yard touchdown pass to Darren Sproles with just under 3 minutes left in the fourth quarter of the game . He needed 305 yards to break the record entering the game and exceeded that mark with 307 . He ended the game having thrown for 5,087 total passing yards for the regular season with one regular season game remaining . With his second - quarter , 8 - yard touchdown pass to Marques Colston , Brees extended his streak of consecutive games with a touchdown pass to 42 games . Marino congratulated Brees via Twitter after the game , saying `` Congrats to @ drewbrees . Great job by such a special player . '' Brees responded by tweeting , `` Thanks to @ DanMarino for his class and support during this run . It is an honor to attempt to follow the example he set for us all . '' He earned his third and final NFC Offensive Player of the Week honor for the 2011 season with his performance against the Falcons . In week 17 against the Carolina Panthers , Brees closed out the season by setting 6 NFL records , finishing the year with 468 completions for 5,476 yards , edging Tom Brady of the New England Patriots , who also surpassed Marino 's record with 5,235 yards . Brees averaged 342.25 yards passing per game , which broke Dan Fouts ' record of 320.3 in a strike - shortened 1982 season . In 2013 , Peyton Manning bested Brees ' record by 1 yard , and finished the season with an NFL - record 5,477 passing yards , averaging 342.31 yards per game . After defeating the Detroit Lions 45 -- 28 in the NFC Wild Card game , Brees and the Saints lost the NFC Divisional Round Playoff game to the San Francisco 49ers . He was named to his sixth career Pro Bowl . He was ranked as the second - best player in the league by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2012 . 2012 season ( edit ) Brees at the 2013 Pro Bowl See also : 2012 New Orleans Saints season On July 13 , the Saints and Brees agreed to a 5 - year , $100 million contract . The contract had the largest amount of guaranteed money in NFL history , at $60 million . $40 million of the contract was paid the first year . In Week 5 , Brees threw a 40 - yard touchdown pass to Devery Henderson against his former team , the San Diego Chargers . This was his 48th consecutive game with a touchdown pass . With that touchdown pass , Brees broke Johnny Unitas 's consecutive game streak with at least one touchdown pass , and Unitas ' son Joe was present at the Superdome to witness his father 's 52 - year - old record being broken . Sean Payton , Joe Vitt and Mickey Loomis , who were all serving suspensions due to the `` Bountygate '' scandal , were granted permission to watch the week 5 game against the San Diego Chargers due to Brees potentially breaking Unitas ' record . Brees earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his 370 - yard , four - touchdown , and one - interception effort against the Chargers . Without their head coach , the Saints had lost their first four games but ended the losing streak with a 31 -- 24 win over the Chargers . In the Week 13 game against the Atlanta Falcons , Brees threw no touchdowns and a career - high 5 interceptions , ending his consecutive game streak with at least 1 touchdown pass at 54 . In Week 14 , Brees threw for 354 yards , giving him his 7th straight 4,000 - yard passing season , surpassing Peyton Manning 's record of 6 straight seasons . It was also his 5th straight season with at least 30 touchdown passes and 4,000 yards passing , also an NFL record . Brees managed to finish the 2012 season with 5,177 passing yards and 43 touchdowns despite having the worst defensive support in the NFL , whose over 7,000 yards conceded was an all - time NFL record , and the team finished the season with a 7 -- 9 record and missed the playoffs . Brees was selected to the 2013 Pro Bowl as an injury replacement for Robert Griffin III . It was the seventh time that he was named to the Pro Bowl . He was ranked 11th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2013 . 2013 season ( edit ) See also : 2013 New Orleans Saints season Brees had a solid season in 2013 . In Week 4 , a 38 -- 17 victory over the Miami Dolphins , he had 413 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week . In Week 10 , a 49 -- 17 victory over the Dallas Cowboys , he had 392 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn another NFC Offensive Player of the Week honor . In Week 12 , Brees passed Warren Moon for 5th place on the career passing yards list with 49,566 . During Week 14 , Brees became the fastest player ever to join the 50,000 - yard club and only the fifth player to do so . He did it in 183 games , passing the 50,000 milestone in the fourth quarter of a 31 -- 13 Saints win over the Carolina Panthers on December 8 , in which he threw four touchdowns . In Week 17 , a 42 -- 17 victory over the Tampa Bay Buccaneers , he had 381 passing yards and four touchdowns to earn his third NFC Offensive Player of the Week nod for the 2013 season . Brees also extended his NFL record to a 6th straight season of at least 30 touchdown passes with 4,000 passing yards , his 3rd straight 5,000 - yard season , and his 8th straight 4,000 - yard season . For his successful performance in 2013 , he was named to his eighth career Pro Bowl . The Saints finished with an 11 -- 5 record and narrowly defeated the Philadelphia Eagles in the wild card round , but lost to the Seattle Seahawks in the divisional round , who went on to win Super Bowl XLVIII . He finished ranked sixth by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2014 . 2014 season ( edit ) See also : 2014 New Orleans Saints season Brees admits that the 2014 season was his `` most frustrating '' . Brees ' 2014 season began with a pair of games lost on game - ending field goals by the other team ; in Week 1 , the Saints lost 37 -- 34 to division rival Atlanta in overtime and in Week 2 , in a 26 -- 24 loss against the Cleveland Browns , he moved into fourth place on the career passing yardage list , ahead of John Elway . Brees in 2015 On October 19 , 2014 , Brees became the NFL 's all - time leader in completion percentage at 66.21 % , surpassing Chad Pennington . On November 30 , in a Week 13 35 -- 32 victory over the Pittsburgh Steelers , he had 257 passing yards and five touchdowns to earn NFC Offensive Player of the Week , which was the 20th time in his career he has earned the award over his career in both the AFC with the Chargers and the NFC with the Saints . In a Week 15 game against the Chicago Bears , he extended his streak to an NFL - record 7th straight season with at least 30 touchdown passes and 9 straight seasons of 4,000 passing yards . However his streak of 5,000 passing yard seasons ended at three , as he passed for 4,952 yards . Brees still led the league in passing yards although he was tied with Steelers quarterback Ben Roethlisberger . He was named to his seventh consecutive and ninth career Pro Bowl . He was ranked 30th by his fellow players on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2015 . 2015 season ( edit ) See also : 2015 New Orleans Saints season On October 4 , 2015 , in the fourth week of the season , his 80 - yard touchdown pass to C.J. Spiller on the second play of overtime gave the Saints a 26 -- 20 victory over the Dallas Cowboys , and the team 's first win of the season . He earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his effort against the Cowboys . The touchdown gave Brees 400 for his career , making him the 5th player in NFL history to reach the 400 touchdown milestone . Also , he became the fastest player ever to reach 400 touchdowns , doing so in 205 games . Brees also completed his 5,000 th pass with a touchdown to tight end Josh Hill . It was the quickest regular season overtime win in the history of the NFL at 13 seconds . On November 1 , 2015 , Brees tied the NFL record of touchdown passes in a game with seven during a 52 -- 49 Saints win over the New York Giants . In that game , he completed 39 - of - 50 passes for 505 yards to record his second career game with at least 500 passing yards . He earned NFC Offensive Player of the Week for his historic performance against the New York Giants . In Week 12 , his streak of 45 consecutive games with a touchdown pass ended in a 24 -- 6 loss at Houston . Two weeks later , he surpassed Dan Marino for 4th in career touchdown passes as the Saints beat Tampa Bay 24 -- 17 . In Week 15 , he became the 4th quarterback to reach the 60,000 - yard milestone -- in 215 games , the fastest ever -- and had his 10th straight 4,000 - yard season , plus his 94th 300 - yard game , but the Detroit Lions won 35 -- 27 . This put him first in most 300 yard games as Brees and Manning had been tied at 93 games prior to that game . A week later his streak was extended to an eighth straight season with at least 30 touchdown passes , plus his 95th 300 - yarder , all NFL records , against Jacksonville . With a Week 17 win over Atlanta , Brees finished the season with four straight 300 - yard games , for a career record total of 96 , and a season total 4,870 yards passing , leading the league in passing yards for a record sixth time despite missing one game due to an injury . He was ranked 30th on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2016 . 2016 season ( edit ) See also : 2016 New Orleans Saints season In the first game of the season , Brees threw a career - high 98 - yard touchdown pass to Brandin Cooks in a narrow 35 -- 34 loss the Oakland Raiders . He finished the game 28 -- of -- 42 for 423 yards and four touchdown passes . His 400 - yard performance tied him with Peyton Manning for most 400 - yard games . The next week , he passed Dan Marino for third place in career passing yards in a loss to the New York Giants . On October 16 , in Week 6 of the regular season , Brees threw for 465 yards and four touchdown passes with one interception in a 41 -- 38 home win over the Carolina Panthers . With this performance , Brees set an NFL record with the 15th 400 - yard passing performance of his career . Entering the game , Brees had been tied with Peyton Manning with 14 career 400 - yard passing games . Brees reached another milestone in the game , becoming the sixth player to record 50,000 passing yards with one team . The other five players are Peyton Manning ( Colts ) , Brett Favre ( Packers ) , Dan Marino ( Dolphins ) , Tom Brady ( Patriots ) and John Elway ( Broncos ) . In Week 7 , Drew Brees became the first player in NFL history with 100 games of 300 + passing yards , in a loss against the Kansas City Chiefs on October 23 . During Week 16 , Brees and Aaron Rodgers tied the NFL record for most seasons with at least 35 touchdown passes with four -- a record shared with Peyton Manning and Tom Brady . Brees finished the 2016 season leading the league in passing yards with 5,208 , the second most of his career and the fifth 5,000 - yard season of his career -- more than all other 5,000 - yard seasons combined ( 4 ) . He also threw for 471 completions , breaking his NFL record of 468 set in 2011 , and a career - high 673 attempts . Brees finished third in touchdown passes with 37 , the fourth most of his career . He also finished second in completion percentage ( 70.0 % ) , making it the third time he has completed at least 70 % of his passes in a season . Despite his performance , for the third straight season , the Saints finished 7 -- 9 and missed the playoffs . He was named to his tenth career Pro Bowl for his 2016 season . He was ranked 16th by his peers on the NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 . 2017 season ( edit ) See also : 2017 New Orleans Saints season After starting off the 2017 season with a loss to the Minnesota Vikings , Brees looked to bounce back in Week 2 against the New England Patriots . In the 36 -- 20 loss , he was 27 - of - 45 for 356 yards and two touchdowns . During Week 10 against the Buffalo Bills , Brees was held to 184 passing yards , but the Saints combined for 298 rushing yards and won 47 -- 10 . In Week 13 , he passed Peyton Manning for second place in career completions in a 31 - 21 victory over the Carolina Panthers . On December 19 , 2017 , Brees was named to his 11th Pro Bowl . During Week 16 against the Atlanta Falcons , Brees became the third player to amass over 70,000 passing yards in a career , doing so in an NFL fastest 248 games . In that game he also earned his 12th straight 4,000 - yard season and finished the game with 239 passing yards , a touchdown , and an interception as the Saints won 23 -- 13 . Brees finished the 2017 season with an NFL record 72.0 completion percentage . He also lead the league in number of completions ( 386 ) and yards per pass attempt ( 8.1 ) , and came in second in passer rating ( 103.9 ) . The Saints finished with an 11 -- 5 record , won the NFC South , and made the playoffs . In the Wild Card Round against the Carolina Panthers , he had 376 passing yards , two touchdowns , and one interception in the 31 -- 26 victory . In the Divisional Round against the Minnesota Vikings , he had 294 passing yards , three touchdowns , and two interceptions in the 29 -- 24 loss . 2018 season ( edit ) On March 13 , 2018 , Brees signed a two - year , $50 million contract extension with the Saints with $27 million guaranteed . NFL career statistics ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) Legend Led the league NFL record Won the Super Bowl AP NFL Offensive Player of the Year Bold Career high Regular season ( edit ) Year Team GS Comp Att Yds Pct Avg TD Int Lng YPG Sck SckY Rate 2001 SD 0 15 27 221 55.6 8.2 0 40 221.0 12 94.8 2002 SD 16 16 320 526 3,284 60.8 6.2 17 16 52 205.3 24 180 76.9 2003 SD 11 11 205 356 2,108 57.6 5.9 11 15 68 191.6 21 178 67.5 SD 15 15 262 400 3,159 65.5 7.9 27 7 79 210.6 18 131 104.8 2005 SD 16 16 323 500 3,576 64.6 7.2 24 15 54 223.5 27 223 89.2 2006 NO 16 16 356 554 4,418 64.3 8.0 26 11 86 276.1 18 105 96.2 2007 NO 16 16 440 652 4,423 67.5 6.8 28 18 58 276.4 16 109 89.4 2008 NO 16 16 413 635 5,069 65.0 8.0 34 17 84 316.8 13 92 96.2 2009 NO 15 15 363 514 4,388 70.6 8.5 34 11 75 292.5 20 135 109.6 NO 16 16 448 658 4,620 68.1 7.0 33 22 80 288.8 25 185 90.9 2011 NO 16 16 468 657 5,476 71.2 8.3 46 14 79 342.3 24 158 110.6 2012 NO 16 16 422 670 5,177 63.0 7.7 43 19 80 323.6 26 190 96.3 2013 NO 16 16 446 650 5,162 68.6 7.9 39 12 76 322.6 37 244 104.7 2014 NO 16 16 456 659 4,952 69.2 7.5 33 17 69 309.5 29 186 97.0 2015 NO 15 15 428 627 4,870 68.3 7.8 32 11 80 324.7 31 235 101 2016 NO 16 16 471 673 5,208 70.0 7.7 37 15 98 325.5 27 184 101.7 2017 NO 16 16 386 536 4,334 72.0 8.1 23 8 54 270.9 20 145 103.9 <Th_colspan="2"> Career 249 248 6,222 9,294 70,445 66.9 7.6 488 228 98 282.9 378 2,692 96.7 Source Postseason ( edit ) Year Team GS Comp Att Yds Pct Avg TD Int YPG Sck SckY Rate SD 31 42 319 73.8 7.6 319 11 101.2 2006 NO 47 81 597 58.0 7.4 298.5 6 51 88.3 2009 72 102 732 70.6 7.2 8 0 244 15 117 39 60 404 65.0 6.7 0 404 7 95.4 2011 73 106 928 68.9 8.8 7 464 5 34 110.1 2013 44 73 559 60.3 7.7 279.5 9 81.9 2017 48 73 670 65.8 9.2 5 335 23 100.8 <Th_colspan="2"> Postseason 13 13 354 537 4,209 65.9 7.8 29 9 323.77 22 150 100.7 Career awards and records ( edit ) NFL career awards and honors ( edit ) AP NFL Comeback Player of the Year ( 2004 ) Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award ( 2006 joint winner ) Miller Lite NFL Player of the Year ( 2006 ) PFWA George S. Halas Courage Award ( 2007 ) NFL Offensive Player of the Year ( 2008 , 2011 ) Super Bowl XLIV MVP ( 2009 ) Bert Bell Award ( 2009 ) ESPY Award Best Male Athlete ( 2010 ) ESPY Award Best NFL Player ( 2010 ) ESPY Award Best Championship Performance ( 2010 ) ESPY Award Outstanding Team -- New Orleans Saints ( 2010 ) Athletes in Action / Bart Starr Award ( 2011 ) Byron `` Whizzer '' White NFL Man of the Year Award ( 2011 ) ESPY Award Best Record - Breaking Performance ( 2012 ) Texas Sports Hall of Fame ( inducted 2013 ) 2 × NFL Alumni Quarterback of the Year ( 2006 , 2009 ) Walter Payton Man of the Year ( 2006 ) Bart Starr Man of the Year ( 2011 ) Sports Illustrated Sportsman of the Year ( 2010 ) Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year ( 2010 ) PFWA Good Guy Award ( 2010 ) College awards ( edit ) Maxwell Award ( 2000 ) Socrates Award ( 2000 ) Big Ten Football MVP ( 2000 ) NFF National Scholar - Athlete Award ( 2000 ) Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year ( 1998 -- media , 2000 -- coaches & media ) Alamo Bowl MVP ( 1998 ) Outback Bowl MVP ( 1999 ) Big Ten Football Co-Champions ( 2000 ) Academic All - American -- football ( 2000 ) Big Ten Medal of Honor ( 2001 ) NCAA Today 's Top VIII ( Class of 2001 ) Purdue Intercollegiate Athletics Hall of Fame ( inducted 2009 ) NFL records ( edit ) Brees holds numerous NFL records including : the most consecutive 4,000 yard passing seasons ( 12 ) , most 300 + yard passing games in a season ( 13 ) , most consecutive games with 300 + yards passing ( 9 , accomplished twice ) , most completions in a season ( 471 ) and the record for most consecutive games with at least one touchdown pass ( 54 ) , surpassing Johnny Unitas ' record of 47 straight games with a touchdown pass , a record that stood for 52 years . Since joining the Saints , he has led all NFL quarterbacks in : total passing yards seven times ( five of those over 5,000 yards ) . Brees is 3rd in touchdown passes , career passing yards & pass attempts , and 2nd in pass completions in NFL history , behind Brett Favre in each . Additional records ( edit ) Most games with 300 + passing yards -- 109 Most games with 400 + passing yards -- 15 Most touchdown passes in a single game -- 7 ( Tied ) , 11 / 1 / 2015 Most consecutive games with at least one touchdown pass -- 54 Most consecutive home games with at least one touchdown pass -- 60 Most Seasons with 5,000 + passing yards -- 5 ( 2008 , 2011 , 2012 , 2013 , 2016 ) Most consecutive games with 20 + completions -- 57 ( 2009 -- 2013 ) Most pass attempts in a playoff game with zero interceptions -- 60 ( at Seattle , 1 / 8 / 2011 ) Most pass completions in a playoff game with zero interceptions -- 39 ( at Seattle , 1 / 8 / 2011 ) All - time leader in completion percentage -- 66.95 % Highest career regular season passing yards per game -- 282.91 Fastest to reach 40,000 yards passing Fastest to reach 50,000 yards passing Fastest to reach 60,000 yards passing Fastest to reach 70,000 yards passing . Most seasons leading league in passing yards ( 7 ) Most consecutive seasons with 4,000 + passing yards ( 12 ) Most consecutive seasons with 5,000 + passing yards ( 3 ) Most consecutive seasons with 20 + touchdown passes ( 14 ) Most consecutive seasons with 30 + touchdown passes ( 9 ) New Orleans Saints franchise records ( edit ) Career ( edit ) Most victories , career -- 112 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Most pass completions , career -- 5,119 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) . Most pass attempts , career -- 7,515 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Highest completion % , career -- 68.12 % ( 2006 - 2017 ) Most passing yards , career -- 58,097 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) . Most passing touchdowns , career -- 410 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Most interceptions thrown , career -- 175 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Lowest interception percentage , career -- 2.33 % ( 2006 - 2017 ) Highest yards per attempt , career -- 7.8 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Most pass yards per game , career -- 305.77 ( 2006 - 2017 ) Highest passer rating , career -- 99.6 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Most fourth quarter comebacks / game - winning drives , career -- 25 / 35 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) Most 4,000 - yard passing seasons -- 12 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) . Most consecutive 4,000 - yard passing seasons -- 12 ( 2006 -- 2017 ) . Most consecutive games 300 + yards passing -- 9 ( 2011 -- 2012 ; 2012 -- 2013 ) Most consecutive pass attempts without an interception -- 305 ( 2015 -- 2016 ) Season ( edit ) Most completions , season -- 471 ( 2016 ) Most pass attempts , season -- 673 ( 2016 ) Highest completion % , season -- 72.0 % ( 2017 ) Most passing yards , season -- 5,476 ( 2011 ) Most games w / 300 + yards passing , season -- 13 ( 2011 ) Most touchdown passes , season -- 46 ( 2011 ) Most passes intercepted -- 22 ( 2010 ) ( tied with Aaron Brooks ) Highest yards per attempt , season -- 8.5 ( Min. 500 attempts ) ( 2009 ) Most pass yards per game , season -- 342.25 ( 2011 ) Highest passer rating , season -- 110.6 ( 2011 ) Most game - winning drives , season -- 6 ( 2009 ) Single - game ( edit ) Most completions , game -- 39 ( thrice ) most recent vs. New York Giants , 11 / 1 / 2015 . Most pass attempts , game -- 60 ( tied with Aaron Brooks ) vs. Chicago Bears 12 / 30 / 2007 Highest completion % , game ( Min. 20 attempts ) -- 88.6 % vs. Indianapolis Colts , 10 / 23 / 2011 Most consecutive completions -- 19 ( thrice ) most recent vs. Los Angeles Rams , 11 / 27 / 2017 Most passing yards , game -- 510 vs. Cincinnati Bengals , 11 / 19 / 2006 Most passing touchdowns , game -- 7 vs. New York Giants , 11 / 1 / 2015 Highest passer rating , game -- 158.3 vs. New England Patriots , 11 / 30 / 2009 Highest passing yards per attempt -- 16.1 vs. New England Patriots , 11 / 30 / 2009 Longest touchdown pass , game -- 98 yards vs. Oakland Raiders , 9 / 11 / 2016 Other notable accomplishments ( edit ) First quarterback in NFL history to pass for 40 or more TD 's in consecutive seasons ( 2011 -- 2012 ) First quarterback in NFL History to surpass 3,000 passing yards by Week 9 . ( 3,004 yards in 2011 ) First quarterback in NFL History to surpass 4,000 passing yards in the first 12 games . ( 4,031 yards in 2011 ) First QB to throw 4,000 + yards in 12 straight seasons . Led NFL in passer rating in 2009 ( 109.6 ) 4x Saints Offensive MVP ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2013 ) 3 × NFC Offensive Player of the Year ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 ) 4 × FedEx Air Player of the Year ( 2006 , 2008 , 2009 , 2011 ) One of six quarterbacks ( alongside Tom Brady , Kerry Collins , Brett Favre , Peyton Manning , and Ben Roethlisberger ) to defeat at least 31 of the current NFL teams ; Brees has yet to defeat the Baltimore Ravens . Personal life ( edit ) Brees married his college sweetheart Brittany Dudchenko in February 2003 . They have three sons : Baylen , Bowen , and Callen , and a daughter , Rylen . Brees announcing the Saints ' draft pick at the 2010 NFL Draft Brees moved to New Orleans not long after the devastation of Hurricane Katrina . Brees admits that it was tough moving to a city that was still in shambles from the hurricane ; however , he and Brittany immediately fell in love with the culture and `` soul '' of the city . They purchased and renovated a home in Uptown New Orleans , where they still live . Brees admits in an interview that he thinks his family is now completed especially because three boys and one girl were always the couple 's dream . All four children were born in New Orleans and are being raised there . The four priorities in Brees ' life are faith , family , football , and philanthropy ; otherwise known as the `` four F 's '' by Brees . Brees maintains his offseason home in San Diego . Brees was raised a Christian but stated that he only became committed at age 17 when he was at church with a torn ACL and was wondering who he was and what was his purpose in life . Brees was later faced other defeats such as being unwanted by the entire NFL in the 2001 Draft and later tearing his shoulder in 2005 ; however , Brees admits that these setbacks only strengthened his relationship with God . Brees spoke about his faith saying , `` I live for God , for the faith that I have in Him . Knowing the sacrifices that Jesus Christ made on the cross for me and feeling like it 's in God 's hands , all I have to do is just give my best , commit the rest to Him . Everything else is taken care of . That takes the weight off anybody 's shoulders . It 's to give you confidence to know that you 've got somebody looking out for you . '' On July 6 , 2010 , Brees released his first book , entitled Coming Back Stronger : Unleashing the Hidden Power of Adversity , co-authored by Chris Fabry and published by Tyndale House . Coming Back Stronger opened at number 3 on the nonfiction bestseller list of The New York Times . Brees ' mother , Mina Brees , died on August 7 , 2009 , aged 59 from a prescription drug overdose . The death was ruled a suicide . Brees was briefly excused from training camp for a `` family matter '' . In 2006 , Brees described their relationship as `` nonexistent '' ever since he refused to hire his mother as his agent when he entered the NFL . After her death , Brees stated that this quote was three years old and that his relationship with his mother had been improving . In his autobiography , released almost a year later , he wrote that their relationship was on the mend and that she had been looking forward to her meeting his son ; her first grandchild . Brees is the nephew of former Texas quarterback Marty Akins . In April 2010 , Brees was voted by fans as the cover athlete of EA Sports Madden NFL 11 video game . Brees wears # 9 on his uniform in honor of baseball player Ted Williams . Brees is sometimes known by the nicknames `` Breesus '' by Saints fans and `` Cool Brees '' , which he acquired during his younger years for his calmness under pressure . From 2008 to 2014 Brees served on the Executive Committee of the National Football League Players Association . On March 30 , 2010 , Brees became the national spokesperson for AdvoCare International , a multi-level marketing company , which produces weight management , nutritional supplements , and personal care products . Brees visiting US soldiers in Kuwait . April , 2007 . Brees owns a variety of restaurant businesses . In May 2015 , he purchased a 25 % stake in `` Walk - On 's Bistreaux & Bar '' , a sports bar that originated in Baton Rouge , LA and is currently expanding their franchising into other Gulf Coast states . During initial talks with Walk - On 's , Brees said that he was interested in bringing over some of the lessons that he had learned as a Jimmy John 's franchise owner . He currently owns 8 Jimmy John 's stores with a ninth under construction as of September 2016 . Carl Buergler , Jimmy John 's director of operations , played football at Purdue with Brees . Charity and volunteer activities ( edit ) In 2010 , Sports Illustrated described Brees as `` an athlete as adored and appreciated as any in an American city today '' . When Sports Illustrated selected him for the 2010 Sportsman of the Year award , it said the award was `` ( f ) or not only leading the New Orleans Saints to the first Super Bowl title in the franchise 's history , but also for helping lead the city of New Orleans ' rebirth after the tragedy of Hurricane Katrina '' . The fact that he and his family lived in New Orleans proper instead of the suburbs like many players did further endeared him to fans . Brees Dream Foundation ( edit ) In 2003 , Brees and his wife , Brittany , founded the Brees Dream Foundation to support cancer patients and research in memory of Brittany 's aunt who died of cancer . Since Brees ' move to New Orleans , the foundation has expanded to provide assistance for Hurricane Katrina rebuilding projects . The foundation continues to fund and support various programs in San Diego , California , where Brees usually spends his offseasons , and West Lafayette , Indiana , where the couple 's alma mater , Purdue , is located and where Brees returns to visit yearly . Brees and his foundation have been heavily involved in Hurricane Katrina recovery . Drew and Brittany 's Brees Dream Foundation announced a partnership in 2007 with international children 's charity Operation Kids , to rebuild and restore and recreate academic and athletic facilities , parks , and playgrounds , after - school programs , mentoring programs for the intellectually disabled , neighborhood revitalization projects and child care facilities in New Orleans . Brees also sponsors the Rebuilding thru Brotherhood program to invite fellow Sigma Chi members to the New Orleans community to build homes with the Habitat for Humanity . Other activities ( edit ) Drew Brees signs autographs at Guantanamo Bay Naval Base on June 29 , 2009 , along with fellow NFL players Billy Miller and Donnie Edwards . Brees has been on multiple USO tours throughout his career . In late June 2009 he visited the Guantanamo Bay detention camp . Following his return , Brees was quoted as stating that Guantanamo captives were being treated ten times better than convicts in U.S. prisons . In February 2008 , Brees signed a promotional deal with Chili 's Grill & Bar to promote the chain 's new line of hamburgers . The promotion helped raise money for charity . In June 2008 , Brees participated in the Pro Sports Team Challenge , a competition for professional athletes to help raise money for charities . The charity Brees played for was Operation Kids . On February 18 , 2007 , Brees was honored by the Krewe of Bacchus , a New Orleans Mardi Gras parade organization , as the 2007 Grand Marshal of the Bacchus parade . Brees presided as Bacchus XLII for the 2010 parade on February 14 , 2010 , one week after the Super Bowl during Mardi Gras season . In June 2010 , President Obama appointed Brees to be co-chair of the newly renamed President 's Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition , along with former Olympic gymnast Dominique Dawes . In October 2010 , Brees appeared in an It Gets Better video , where he gave an anti-bullying message in the wake of a series of suicides committed by gay teenagers . See also ( edit ) List of NFL quarterbacks who have passed for 400 or more yards in a game Most wins by a starting quarterback ( NFL ) Most consecutive starts by a quarterback ( NFL ) NFL starting quarterback playoff records NFL career passer rating leaders List of NFL quarterbacks who have posted a perfect passer rating List of National Football League passing completions leaders List of National Football League passing touchdowns leaders List of National Football League passing yardage leaders List of gridiron football quarterbacks passing statistics List of NCAA major college football yearly total offense leaders Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The norm for NFL completion percentage is to round to the nearest tenth , but technically speaking , Brees only completed 69.985 % of his passes . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` News at 10 P.M. '' . WWL - TV . November 3 , 2009 . Drew also told Juan ( Kincaid ) that the correct pronunciation of his last name is `` breece '' , not `` breeze '' . He says the mispronunciation caught on in Middle school , and rather than fight it he just went with it . Jump up ^ Layden , Tim ( August 16 , 1999 ) . `` Drew Brees : About Face '' . Sports Illustrated . 91 ( 6 ) : 62 -- 68 . Archived from the original on December 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees says reports about the Saints replacing him have ' absolutely no validity ' '' , Times - Picayune , December 2 , 2014 ( audio interview ) . ^ Jump up to : Layden , Tim ( 2010 ) . `` Sportsman of the Year '' . Sports Illustrated . 113 ( 21 ) : 56 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sportsman Of The Year Drew Brees '' . Sports Illustrated . December 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Joy of Sacks '' . Texas Monthly . January 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` Focused and Having Fun , Drew Brees Tries to Keep Dreams in Check '' . Purdue University Athletics . April 24 , 1999 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drew Brees Book Excerpt : ' Coming Back Stronger ' '' . ABC News . July 6 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drew Brees '' . New Orleans Saints . Retrieved January 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees ' greatest influence might be his grandfather , Ray Akins '' . The Times - Picayune . December 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees the athlete deserves credit '' . The Times - Picayune . February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Baylor Bears -- Baseball : Reid Brees profile '' . baylorbears.com . ^ Jump up to : Bishop , Greg ( February 5 , 2010 ) . `` Brees 's Colleagues See an Amazing Athlete Within '' . The New York Times . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Cool Brees ' is hot commodity '' . The Baltimore Sun . September 1 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees '' . NFL . 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Purdue University Athletics . ^ Jump up to : `` Purdue Graduation Briefs -- Brees throws touchdowns in game of life '' . purdue.edu. April 27 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees '' . Sports Illustrated . September 5 , 2013 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Purdue 's Brees heads 2000 football Academic All - Americans '' . NCAA . December 18 , 2000 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Media Guide -- Academic All - Big Ten Honorees '' ( PDF ) . Purdue University Athletics . 2007 . p. 51 . Jump up ^ `` Conference Medal of Honor Winners '' ( PDF ) . ^ Jump up to : `` Three NFF Scholar - Athletes Picked In NFL Draft '' . National Football Foundation . April 27 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Brees Named National College Scholar - Athlete '' . Purdue University Athletics . November 1 , 2000 . Jump up ^ Brees Named Football Most Valuable Player . http://www.purduesports.com/sports/m-footbl/spec-rel/112000aab.html Retrieved 14 Nov 2016 Jump up ^ `` Week 1 Cradle Of Quarterbacks Feature : Drew Brees , 1997 -- 2000 '' . Purdue University Athletics . August 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` PURDUESPORTS.COM -- Purdue University Official Athletic Site -- On Campus '' . www.purduesports.com . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees -- 1990s Best Quarterbacks '' . Big Ten Network . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Ten Icons ' Countdown Continues With Brees '' . Purdue University Athletics . Sep 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Ten Icons ' to Count Down Conference 's All - Time Top 50 Student - Athletes '' . Big Ten Conference . March 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Big Ten Icons -- Drew Brees '' . bigtenicons.com . Archived from the original on September 7 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kiper 's first - round draft projection '' . ESPN . March 29 , 2001 . ^ Jump up to : `` Trade works well as Chargers get Tomlinson , then Brees '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees 2004 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Once maligned , now divine '' . U-T San Diego . January 7 , 2005 . Jump up ^ `` 2004 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Associated Press . ( 1 - 10 - 2005 ) . Brees is NFL comeback player of year CBC.ca.com . Retrieved 12 - 20 - 2009 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers -- Players '' . The San Diego Chargers . Archived from the original on 2013 - 11 - 04 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at New England Patriots - October 2nd , 2005 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Week 4 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees 2005 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2005 NFL Passing '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Kirwin , Pat ( 2011 - 02 - 09 ) . `` Teams must be kicking themselves for not drafting Rodgers '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ Brees agrees to six - year deal with Saints . http://www.espn.com/nfl/news/story?id=2368304 Retrieved 14 November 2016 Jump up ^ `` 2006 New Orleans Saints Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Tampa Bay Buccaneers - November 5th , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Week 9 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Cincinnati Bengals at New Orleans Saints - November 19th , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Dallas Cowboys - December 10th , 2006 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Week 14 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees 2006 Game Log '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2006 NFL All - Pros '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ http://www.nfl.com/news/story/09000d5d82059f05/article/walter-payton-nfl-man-of-the-year Walter Payton Man of the Year Award Winners . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.saintsrevolution.com/forum/index.php?showtopic=10282 Brees , Tomlinson share Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award . Retrieved 14 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - Philadelphia Eagles at New Orleans Saints - January 13th , 2007 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ Wilner , Barry ( 2007 - 01 - 22 ) . `` Bears reach first Super Bowl in 21 years '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . 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It is an honor to attempt to follow the example he set for us all '' . Jump up ^ `` Records keep piling up for the New Orleans Saints : First - and - 10 '' . The Times - Picayune . December 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Week 16 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passing Yards per Game Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved January 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Cacciola , Scott ( December 13 , 2011 ) . `` The NFL 's Mount Passmore '' . The Wall Street Journal . Archived from the original on January 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Detroit Lions at New Orleans Saints - January 7th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - New Orleans Saints at San Francisco 49ers - January 14th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2011 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` ' The Top 100 : Players of 2012 ' : Drew Brees '' . NFL.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ Mortensen , Chris ( July 13 , 2012 ) . `` Sources : Drew Brees , Saints agree '' . espn.com . Retrieved 2012 - 07 - 13 . Jump up ^ `` ' NFL Films Presents ' : Brees breaks Unitas ' record '' . NFL . Nov 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Copeland , Kareem ( October 3 , 2012 ) . `` SEAN PAYTON , JOE VITT ALLOWED TO ATTEND SAINTS GAME '' . NFL . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2012 . Retrieved October 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego Chargers at New Orleans Saints - October 7th , 2012 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2012 NFL Week 5 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Falcons pick off Brees 5 times , beat Saints 23 -- 13 '' . CNN . Jump up ^ `` 2012 New Orleans Saints Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . 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Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Dallas Cowboys at New Orleans Saints - October 4th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Week 4 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Saints - Cowboys recap '' . NOLA.com . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees wins game with 400th career touchdown '' . Jump up ^ `` Saints set record with overtime win over Cowboys '' . ftw.usatoday.com . October 4 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees ties NFL mark with 7 TDs ; Eli Manning top 10 all - time in TDs '' . ESPN . 1 November 2015 . Retrieved 1 November 2015 . Jump up ^ CBS Sports Archived 2015 - 11 - 02 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2015 NFL Week 8 Leaders & Scores '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Houston Texans - November 29th , 2015 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees sets NFL record with 94th career 300 - yard passing game '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Brees sharp despite foot injury , Saints beat Jaguars 38 -- 27 '' . Retrieved November 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Christopher Dabe , `` Drew Brees ends season as NFL passing leader for a record sixth time '' , The Times - Picayune , January 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Top 100 Players of 2016 ' : No. 30 Drew Brees '' . NFL.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Raiders withstand Drew Brees ' monster game to win thriller '' . foxsports.com . September 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Dabe , Christopher ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Drew Brees tops Peyton Manning for most 400 - yard games , and other key numbers from Sunday '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Triplett , Mike ( September 18 , 2016 ) . `` Drew Brees moves to third in career passing yards in loss to Giants '' . ESPN . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Carolina Panthers at New Orleans Saints - October 16th , 2016 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved December 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drew Brees sets NFL record with 15th 400 - yard passing game '' . espn.com . October 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saints ' Drew Brees Becomes First With 100 300 - Yard Passing Games '' . www.todayspigskin.com . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees becomes first player with 100 games of 300 passing yards '' . Jump up ^ `` Most seasons 35 + pass TD career '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single - Season Passing Touchdowns Leaders '' . pro-football-reference.com . Retrieved December 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees Has More 5,000 - Yard Seasons Than All Other QBs in History Combined '' . Bleacher Report . January 2 , 2017 . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Leaders '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2016 NFL Pro Bowlers '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ NFL Top 100 Players of 2017 - No. 16 Drew Brees Jump up ^ `` New England Patriots at New Orleans Saints -- September 17th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved October 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints at Buffalo Bills - November 12th , 2017 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` NFL announces 2018 Pro Bowl rosters '' . NFL.com . December 19 , 2017 . Retrieved December 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees reaches milestone of 70,000 passing yards '' . NFL . Retrieved December 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Morale III , Amos ( December 31 , 2017 ) . `` Drew Brees posts highest completion percentage in NFL history '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved January 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Pro-Football - Reference profile : Drew Brees ; retrieved 09 - 27 - 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 New Orleans Saints Statistics & Players '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Wild Card - Carolina Panthers at New Orleans Saints - January 7th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Divisional Round - New Orleans Saints at Minnesota Vikings - January 14th , 2018 '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Sessler , Marc ( March 13 , 2018 ) . `` Drew Brees , Saints agree on two - year , $50 million deal '' . NFL.com . Jump up ^ `` George Halas Award '' . PFWA . Jump up ^ `` Brees big winner at ESPYS '' . ESPN . July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints QB Drew Brees says he 's humbled by the 2011 Bart Starr award '' . The Times - Picayune . February 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Texas Sports Hall of Fame Inductees ; accessed January 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Layden , Tim ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Sportsman of the Year -- Drew Brees : The saints quarterback brought a Lombardi Trophy to New Orleans -- just one of the countless ways he has contributed to the rebirth of a great American city '' ( PDF ) . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on August 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` PFWA -- Good Guy Award '' . PFWA . Jump up ^ `` Brees Wins Maxwell Award '' . Purdue University Athletics . December 8 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Brees Receives Socrates Award '' . Purdue University Athletics . January 31 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` 2000 College Football Scholar - Athlete Class Announced '' . National Football Foundation . October 31 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Brees Named Big Ten Offensive Player of the Year '' . Purdue University Athletics . November 28 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` Most consecutive seasons , 4,000 + pass yards '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved 2017 - 12 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` # of games 300 + passing yards , season '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Most consecutive 300 + yard games '' . Pro-Football - Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved January 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Drew Brees breaks Johnny Unitas ' TD pass record '' . NFL . October 8 , 2012 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brees has 5th most career passing yards all - time '' ; retrieved 22 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Brees has 4th most career touchdown passes all - time in NFL history '' ; accessed 2014 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ Dabe , Christopher ( 2016 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Drew Brees sets NFL record with 94th career 300 - yard passing game '' . NOLA . Jump up ^ Martel , Brett ( October 16 , 2016 ) . `` Brees leads Saints past slumping Panthers , 41 -- 38 '' . Associated Press . New Orleans : AP Sports . Associated Press . Retrieved October 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Single Game Passing Touchdowns '' , Pro-Football-Reference.com Jump up ^ `` Brees throws 2 TDs as Saints beat Titans 22 -- 17 -- NFL '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21 . ^ Jump up to : `` Records -- Passing '' NFL.com Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees becomes fastest QB in NFL history to reach 40,000 career passing yards with one team '' . 2014 - 10 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 -- via New Orleans Saints . Jump up ^ McGarry , Tim ( 2013 - 12 - 09 ) . `` Drew Brees joins the 50,000 - yard club '' . For The Win . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ Dabe , Christopher ( 2015 - 12 - 21 ) . `` Drew Brees becomes fastest to reach 60,000 career passing yards '' . NOLA.com . Retrieved 2017 - 01 - 26 . Jump up ^ `` New Orleans Saints Career Passing Leaders '' . Jump up ^ `` NFL Career Passing Yards Leaders '' . PFRef.com . ^ Jump up to : `` New Orleans Saints Single - Season Passing Register '' , Pro-Football-Reference.com ^ Jump up to : NFL Records : Passing '' Archived 2008 - 05 - 13 at the Wayback Machine. , NFL.com ^ Jump up to : `` 2008 Saints Media Guide '' Jump up ^ Carolina Panthers vs. New Orleans Saints -- Recap , Scores.espn.go.com ( 2012 - 12 - 30 ) ; retrieved 2013 - 07 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Brees , Saints run past rival Buccaneers 27 -- 16 '' . Sports.yahoo.com . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Saints defeat Lions 31 -- 17 for 4th straight win '' . Sports.yahoo.com. 2012 - 01 - 07 . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Drew Brees profile , pro-football-reference.com ; accessed 2014 - 09 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Quarterback Wins - Pro-Football-Reference.com '' . Pro-Football-Reference.com . Jump up ^ `` Secrets of the Ya - Ya Brotherhood '' . ESPN The Magazine . October 16 , 2002 . Jump up ^ `` Saints QB enjoys life as new dad '' , AP at Sporting News , January 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` New Brees goes by the name of Bowen '' , WAFB , October 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees announces arrival of third son '' Archived August 18 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , WWL - TV , August 16 , 2002 . ^ Jump up to : Holder , Larry . `` New Orleans Saints ' Drew Brees Announces Birth of fourth child , the family 's first girl '' . NOLA . The Times Picayune . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees welcomes baby girl , posts photo of daughter to social media '' . WDSU . August 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Videos : Drew Brees talks about baby girl '' . neworleanssaints.com . August 26 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Newman , E ( 2006 ) . `` Drew Brees '' . Sports Illustrated . 105 ( 10 ) : 34 . Retrieved 25 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Some New Orleans Saints ca n't resist lure of life in the big city '' . The Times - Picayune . May 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 49ers connection to Brees and Darren Sproles '' . blog.sfgate.com. 2012 - 01 - 11 . Retrieved 2012 - 01 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees : The Saint of New Orleans '' . Jump up ^ Drew Brees with Chris Fabry , Coming Back Stronger : Unleashing the Hidden Power of Adversity ( Tyndale House Publishers , 2010 ) , ISBN 978 - 1 - 4143 - 3943 - 6 . Excerpts available at Google Books . Jump up ^ `` Hardcover Nonfiction '' bestseller list for New York Times Book Review July 25 , 2010 print edition , published online July 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees ' book will debut at No. 3 on the New York Times best sellers list '' , Times - Picayune , July 15 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Austin news , sports , weather , Longhorns , business '' . Statesman.com. 2009 - 11 - 16 . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . Jump up ^ Notice of death of Mina Brees , Drew Brees 's mother , nfl.fanhouse.com ; August 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brees wants no part of mom 's campaign in Texas '' , AP , October 31 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees mother dies in Colorado '' , AP , August 10 , 2009 . Archived August 13 , 2009 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Jason Cole , `` Mom 's death makes Brees blink , but focus remains '' , Yahoo ! Sports , August 12 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brees hopes memoir will help inspire others who face adversity '' . NFL . July 6 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Brees on cover of ' Madden NFL 11 ' '' , ESPN , April 22 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Mallozzi , Vincent M. ( 2011 - 01 - 29 ) . `` 30 Seconds with Saints Quarterback Drew Brees '' . New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 22 . Jump up ^ Leonard , Tod ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` Brees a godsend for Saints '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2009 . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Langenhennig , Susan ( November 30 , 2009 ) . `` New Orleans Saints fans get creative : What Who Dats are wearing '' . Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( November 2 , 2009 ) . `` Breesus ' is the reason for potentially perfect season '' . Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2009 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` ' COOL BREES ' IGNITED PURDUE , BUT CAN HE GENERATE ENOUGH HEAT TO BURN UP THE NFL ? '' . ESPN . July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Three candidates emerge in race for NFLPA president '' . USA Today . March 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Pelissero , Tom ( March 19 , 2014 ) . `` Brees steps down from NFLPA committee '' . ESPN . Jump up ^ `` AdvoCare and NFL World Champion Drew Brees Take Relationship to the Next Level '' . Advocare Press Release . 2010 - 03 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2010 - 12 - 04 . Retrieved 2010 - 11 - 14 . Jump up ^ AdvoCare Policies , Procedures , and the Compensation Plan Archived October 9 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , advocare.com ; accessed May 11 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Saints QB Drew Brees suits up for his next franchise gig '' . Franchise Times . 2016 - 08 - 25 . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 20 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees plans to open several more Jimmy John 's sandwich shops in New Orleans region , magazine reports '' . NOLA.com . Jump up ^ King , Peter ( January 18 , 2010 ) . `` The Heart Of New Orleans : He 's been the NFL 's most prolific quarterback over the past four years , but to the city that has adopted him , Drew Brees is much more -- a driving force in the ongoing effort to rebuild and renew '' . Sports Illustrated . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2010 . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees ' foundation makes donation to Purdue organization '' . Purdue Exponent . June 28 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Brees has New Orleans howling '' . Associated Press . 2007 - 01 - 14 . Retrieved 2007 - 02 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` A Saint in the City : No Off - Season as Brees Helps New Orleans Rebuild '' . The New York Times . 2007 - 05 - 13 . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ Corbett , Jim ( 2007 - 07 - 06 ) . `` Brees Becomes Patron Saint of New Orleans '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 19 . Jump up ^ `` Transcript of Drew Brees Interview : Scott and BR Interview with Drew Brees On Guantanamo Bay '' . Sports Radio . 2009 - 07 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ Duncan , Jeff ( 2009 - 07 - 30 ) . `` Drew Brees raises eyebrows with comments about Guantanamo Bay '' . NOLA . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 30 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ Weir , Tom ( 2009 - 07 - 10 ) . `` Drew Brees weighs in on his trip to Gitmo '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 08 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Guantanamo Bay inmates are having a grand time , says Drew Brees '' . Yahoo News Yahoo Sports . 2009 - 07 - 30 . Archived from the original on 2009 - 08 - 03 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Operation Kids : Until Every Child Is OK '' . Operationkids.com . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 28 . Jump up ^ Krupa , Michelle ( December 12 , 2009 ) . `` New Orleans Saints quarterback Drew Brees to reign as Bacchus during 2009 Carnival '' . Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 01 - 15 . Jump up ^ Urbaszewski , Katie ( February 15 , 2010 ) . `` Love Potion No. 9 '' . Times - Picayune . Retrieved 2010 - 03 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Michelle Obama jumps rope , emphasizes nutrition '' , USA Today , June 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` First Lady Launches President 's Council on Fitness , Sports and Nutrition '' Archived 2010 - 06 - 26 at the Wayback Machine. , White House press release , June 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Drew Brees stands up to bullies '' . Profootballtalk.nbcsports.com . Retrieved 2011 - 05 - 11 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Drew Brees . Career statistics and player information from NFL.com ESPN Yahoo ! Sports SI.com Pro-Football - Reference Rotoworld The Brees Dream Foundation website Drew Brees on Twitter New Orleans Saints bio Purdue Boilermakers bio <Th_colspan="3"> Records Preceded by Johnny Unitas Consecutive games with a touchdown pass 2012 Succeeded by Incumbent Preceded by Dan Marino Most passing yards in a season 2011 -- 2013 Succeeded by Peyton Manning <Th_colspan="2"> New Orleans Saints current roster Active roster 3 Wil Lutz 6 Thomas Morstead 7 Taysom Hill 9 Drew Brees 11 Tommylee Lewis 13 Michael Thomas 14 Travin Dural 19 Ted Ginn Jr . 20 Ken Crawley 21 De'Vante Harris 22 Mark Ingram Jr . 23 Marshon Lattimore 26 P.J. Williams 27 Jonathan Williams 28 Mykkele Thompson 31 Chris Banjo 33 Trey Edmunds 34 Justin Hardee 36 Daniel Lasco 37 Arthur Maulet 41 Alvin Kamara 42 Zach Line 43 Marcus Williams 44 Hau'oli Kikaha 45 Garrett Griffin 47 Alex Anzalone 48 Vonn Bell 49 Zach Wood 51 Manti Te'o 52 Craig Robertson 53 A.J. Klein 54 Nate Stupar 56 Michael Mauti 57 Alex Okafor 59 Shayne Skov 60 Max Unger 62 Nate Theaker 63 Cameron Tom 67 Larry Warford 68 Devaroe Lawrence 69 Gabe Ikard 70 Mitchell Loewen 71 Ryan Ramczyk 72 Terron Armstead 74 Alex Jenkins 75 Andrus Peat 77 John Fullington 78 Landon Turner 80 Austin Carr 81 Alex Ellis 82 Coby Fleener 83 Willie Snead IV 84 Michael Hoomanawanui 85 Dan Arnold 89 Josh Hill 90 George Johnson 91 Trey Hendrickson 93 David Onyemata 94 Cameron Jordan 95 Tyeler Davison 96 Woodrow Hamilton 97 Al - Quadin Muhammad 98 Sheldon Rankins 99 Adam Bighill -- Jermon Bushrod -- Kurt Coleman -- Demario Davis -- Jayrone Elliott -- Josh Huff -- Rickey Jefferson -- Patrick Robinson -- Tom Savage -- Bradley Sylve -- Sae Tautu -- John Theus -- Andrew Tiller -- Paul Turner -- Benjamin Watson Free agents 16 Brandon Coleman ( UFA ) 24 Sterling Moore ( UFA ) 29 John Kuhn ( UFA ) 32 Kenny Vaccaro ( UFA ) 40 Delvin Breaux ( UFA ) 56 Michael Mauti ( UFA ) 58 Kasim Edebali ( UFA ) 58 David Parry ( UFA ) 61 Josh LeRibeus ( UFA ) 66 Jack Allen ( UFA ) 80 Clay Harbor ( UFA ) 86 John Phillips ( UFA ) 92 John Hughes ( UFA ) <Td_colspan="2"> AFC East BUF MIA NE NYJ North BAL CIN CLE PIT South HOU IND JAX TEN West DEN KC LAC OAK NFC East DAL NYG PHI WAS North CHI DET GB MIN South ATL CAR NO TB West ARI LAR SF SEA <Th_colspan="2"> List of most recent starting quarterbacks in the National Football League ( as of Week 17 of the 2017 NFL season ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> American Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> AFC East <Td_colspan="1"> AFC North <Td_colspan="1"> AFC South <Td_colspan="1"> AFC West Tyrod Taylor ( Buffalo Bills ) Jay Cutler ( Miami Dolphins ) Tom Brady ( New England Patriots ) Bryce Petty ( New York Jets ) Joe Flacco ( Baltimore Ravens ) Andy Dalton ( Cincinnati Bengals ) DeShone Kizer ( Cleveland Browns ) Landry Jones ( Pittsburgh Steelers ) T.J. Yates ( Houston Texans ) Jacoby Brissett ( Indianapolis Colts ) Blake Bortles ( Jacksonville Jaguars ) Marcus Mariota ( Tennessee Titans ) Paxton Lynch ( Denver Broncos ) Patrick Mahomes II ( Kansas City Chiefs ) Philip Rivers ( Los Angeles Chargers ) Derek Carr ( Oakland Raiders ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> National Football Conference <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> NFC East <Td_colspan="1"> NFC North <Td_colspan="1"> NFC South <Td_colspan="1"> NFC West Dak Prescott ( Dallas Cowboys ) Eli Manning ( New York Giants ) Nick Foles ( Philadelphia Eagles ) Kirk Cousins ( Washington Redskins ) Mitchell Trubisky ( Chicago Bears ) Matthew Stafford ( Detroit Lions ) Brett Hundley ( Green Bay Packers ) Case Keenum ( Minnesota Vikings ) Matt Ryan ( Atlanta Falcons ) Cam Newton ( Carolina Panthers ) Drew Brees ( New Orleans Saints ) Jameis Winston ( Tampa Bay Buccaneers ) Drew Stanton ( Arizona Cardinals ) Sean Mannion ( Los Angeles Rams ) Jimmy Garoppolo ( San Francisco 49ers ) Russell Wilson ( Seattle Seahawks ) <Th_colspan="2"> Drew Brees -- awards , championships , and honors <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Purdue Boilermakers starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Bolley ( 1887 -- 89 ) Aldrich ( 1893 ) Sears ( 1897 -- 98 ) Jones ( 1899 -- 1900 ) Waterman ( 1899 -- 1900 ) Johnston ( 1902 -- 05 ) Shackleton ( 1904 -- 05 ) Jacobs ( 1923 ) Taube ( 1923 -- 25 ) Smiley ( 1924 ) Speidel ( 1926 ) Smiley ( 1926 ) Harmeson ( 1927 -- 29 ) Weaver ( 1930 ) Pardonner ( 1931 -- 33 ) Peelle ( 1931 -- 33 ) Stalcup ( 1934 -- 36 ) Shackleton ( 1937 -- 39 ) Smerke ( 1940 -- 42 ) Vacanti ( 1943 ) Schultz ( 1944 ) DeMoss ( 1945 -- 48 ) Gorgal ( 1949 ) Schnaible ( 1949 -- 50 ) Samuels ( 1950 -- 52 ) Evans ( 1952 ) Froncie Gutman ( 1952 -- 54 ) Dawson ( 1954 -- 56 ) Spoo ( 1957 -- 58 ) Fitchner ( 1959 ) Allen ( 1960 ) Maury Guttman ( 1960 ) DiGravio ( 1961 -- 63 ) Meyer ( 1961 -- 62 ) Hogan ( 1962 ) Griese ( 1964 -- 66 ) Phipps ( 1967 -- 69 ) Kiepert ( 1968 ) Piebes ( 1970 ) Danielson ( 1970 -- 72 ) Bobrowski ( 1973 ) Terrizzi ( 1974 ) Vitali ( 1974 -- 75 ) Nagel ( 1975 ) Vitali ( 1975 -- 76 ) Metallic ( 1977 ) Herrmann ( 1977 -- 80 ) Campbell ( 1981 -- 83 ) Everett ( 1983 -- 85 ) George ( 1986 ) Downing ( 1987 ) McCarthy ( 1987 -- 88 ) Fox ( 1988 ) Lesniewich ( 1989 ) Letnich ( 1989 ) Hunter ( 1989 -- 91 ) Pike ( 1991 -- 93 ) Hunter ( 1992 ) Trefzger ( 1993 -- 96 ) Reeves ( 1996 ) Dicken ( 1996 -- 97 ) Brees ( 1997 -- 2000 ) Hance ( 2001 ) Orton ( 2001 -- 04 ) Kirsch ( 2002 , 04 ) Painter ( 2005 -- 08 ) Siller ( 2008 , 10 ) Elliott ( 2009 ) Marve ( 2010 -- 2012 ) Henry ( 2010 , 13 ) Robinson ( 2010 ) TerBush ( 2011 -- 12 ) Etling ( 2013 -- 2014 ) Appleby ( 2014 -- 2015 ) Blough ( 2015 -- 2017 ) Sindelar ( 2017 -- ) <Th_colspan="2"> Maxwell Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1937 : Frank 1938 : O'Brien 1939 : Kinnick 1940 : Harmon 1941 : Dudley 1942 : Governali 1943 : Odell 1944 : G. Davis 1945 : Blanchard 1946 : Trippi 1947 : D. Walker 1948 : Bednarik 1949 : Hart 1950 : Bagnell 1951 : Kazmaier 1952 : Lattner 1953 : Lattner 1954 : Beagle 1955 : Cassady 1956 : McDonald 1957 : Reifsnyder 1958 : Dawkins 1959 : Lucas 1960 : Bellino 1961 : Ferguson 1962 : Baker 1963 : Staubach 1964 : Ressler 1965 : Nobis 1966 : Lynch 1967 : Beban 1968 : Simpson 1969 : Reid 1970 : Plunkett 1971 : Marinaro 1972 : Van Pelt 1973 : Cappelletti 1974 : Joachim 1975 : Griffin 1976 : Dorsett 1977 : Browner 1978 : Fusina 1979 : C. White 1980 : Green 1981 : Allen 1982 : H. Walker 1983 : Rozier 1984 : Flutie 1985 : Long 1986 : Testaverde 1987 : McPherson 1988 : Sanders 1989 : Thompson 1990 : Detmer 1991 : Howard 1992 : Torretta 1993 : Ward 1994 : Collins 1995 : George 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : P. Manning 1998 : Williams 1999 : Dayne 2000 : Brees 2001 : Dorsey 2002 : Johnson 2003 : E. Manning 2004 : J. White 2005 : Young 2006 : Quinn 2007 : Tebow 2008 : Tebow 2009 : McCoy 2010 : Newton 2011 : Luck 2012 : Te'o 2013 : McCarron 2014 : Mariota 2015 : Henry 2016 : Jackson 2017 : Mayfield <Th_colspan="2"> Chicago Tribune Silver Football <Td_colspan="2"> 1924 : Grange 1925 : Lowry 1926 : Friedman 1927 : Rouse 1928 : Bennet 1929 : Glassgow 1930 : Fesler 1931 : Munn 1932 : Newman 1933 : Laws 1934 : Lund 1935 : Berwanger 1936 : Huffman 1937 : Davis 1938 : Weiss 1939 : Kinnick 1940 : Harmon 1941 : Graf 1942 : Schreiner 1943 : O. Graham 1944 : Horvath 1945 : Cline 1946 : Agase 1947 : B. Elliott 1948 : Murakowski 1949 : Wilson 1950 : Janowicz 1951 : Reichardt 1952 : Giel 1953 : Giel 1954 : Ameche 1955 : Cassady 1956 : Ploen 1957 : J. Pace 1958 : Duncan 1959 : Burrell 1960 : Brown 1961 : Stephens 1962 : Vander Kelen 1963 : Butkus 1964 : Timberlake 1965 : Grabowski 1966 : Griese 1967 : Keyes 1968 : Johnson 1969 : Phipps 1970 : Adamle 1971 : Allen 1972 : Armstrong 1973 : Griffin 1974 : Griffin 1975 : C. Greene 1976 : Lytle 1977 : Bethea 1978 : Leach 1979 : Clifford 1980 : Herrmann 1981 : Schlichter 1982 : Carter 1983 : Thorp 1984 : Byars 1985 : Long 1986 : Harbaugh 1987 : White 1988 : Thompson 1989 : Thompson 1990 : Bell 1991 : Howard 1992 : Gissendaner 1993 : Moss 1994 : Collins 1995 : George 1996 : O. Pace 1997 : Woodson 1998 : Germaine 1999 : Dayne 2000 : Brees 2001 : Randle El 2002 : Banks 2003 : Perry 2004 : Edwards 2005 : M. Robinson 2006 : Smith 2007 : Mendenhall 2008 : S. Greene 2009 : Clark & B. Graham 2010 : D. Robinson 2011 : Ball 2012 : Miller 2013 : Miller 2014 : Gordon 2015 : E. Elliott 2016 : Barkley & Barrett 2017 : Barkley <Th_colspan="2"> Division I Football Academic All - America Team Members of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1991 : Vardell 1992 : Hansen 1993 : Ruddy 1994 : Zatechka 1995 : Wuerffel 1996 : Wuerffel 1997 : Manning 1998 : Stinchcomb 1999 : Pennington 2000 : Brees 2001 : Johnson 2002 : Kingsbury 2003 : Krenzel 2004 : Smith 2005 : Hartigan 2006 : Posluszny 2007 : Cramer 2008 : Tebow 2009 : Tebow 2010 : McElroy 2011 : Luck 2012 : Jones 2013 : Ikard 2014 : Zenner 2015 : Wentz 2016 : McCaffrey 2017 : Walls <Th_colspan="2"> San Diego Chargers 2001 NFL draft selections <Td_colspan="2"> LaDainian Tomlinson Drew Brees Tay Cody Carlos Polk Elliot Silvers Zeke Moreno Brandon Gorin Robert Carswell <Th_colspan="2"> San Diego / Los Angeles Chargers starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Jack Kemp ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Bobby Clatterbuck ( 1960 ) John Hadl ( 1962 , 1964 -- 1972 ) Dick Wood ( 1962 ) Tobin Rote ( 1963 -- 1964 ) Steve Tensi ( 1966 ) Marty Domres ( 1969 -- 1970 ) Dan Fouts ( 1973 -- 1987 ) Wayne Clark ( 1973 ) Johnny Unitas ( 1973 ) Jesse Freitas ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Virgil Carter ( 1975 ) Clint Longley ( 1976 ) James Harris ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Cliff Olander ( 1977 ) Ed Luther ( 1983 -- 1984 ) Mark Herrmann ( 1985 -- 1987 ) Tom Flick ( 1986 ) Rick Neuheisel ( 1987 ) Mike Kelley ( 1987 ) Mark Malone ( 1988 ) Babe Laufenberg ( 1988 ) Mark Vlasic ( 1988 , 1990 ) Jim McMahon ( 1989 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1989 -- 1990 ) John Friesz ( 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 ) Stan Humphries ( 1992 -- 1997 ) Bob Gagliano ( 1992 ) Gale Gilbert ( 1994 -- 1995 ) Sean Salisbury ( 1996 ) Craig Whelihan ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Jim Everett ( 1997 ) Ryan Leaf ( 1998 , 2000 ) Jim Harbaugh ( 1999 -- 2000 ) Erik Kramer ( 1999 ) Moses Moreno ( 2000 ) Doug Flutie ( 2001 , 2003 -- 2004 ) Drew Brees ( 2002 -- 2005 ) Philip Rivers ( 2006 -- present ) <Th_colspan="2"> New Orleans Saints starting quarterbacks <Td_colspan="2"> Gary Cuozzo ( 1967 ) Billy Kilmer ( 1967 -- 1970 ) Karl Sweetan ( 1968 ) Ronnie Lee South ( 1968 ) Edd Hargett ( 1970 -- 1971 ) Archie Manning ( 1971 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 1981 ) Bobby Scott ( 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1977 , 1981 ) Larry Cipa ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Bobby Douglass ( 1976 -- 1977 ) Dave Wilson ( 1981 , 1983 -- 1986 ) Ken Stabler ( 1982 -- 1983 ) Guido Merkens ( 1982 ) Richard Todd ( 1984 ) Bobby Hebert ( 1985 -- 1989 , 1991 -- 1992 ) John Fourcade ( 1987 , 1989 -- 1990 ) Steve Walsh ( 1990 -- 1991 , 1993 ) Wade Wilson ( 1993 ) Mike Buck ( 1993 ) Jim Everett ( 1994 -- 1996 ) Doug Nussmeier ( 1996 -- 1997 ) Heath Shuler ( 1997 ) Billy Joe Hobert ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Danny Wuerffel ( 1997 -- 1998 ) Kerry Collins ( 1998 ) Billy Joe Tolliver ( 1998 -- 1999 ) Jake Delhomme ( 1999 ) Jeff Blake ( 2000 ) Aaron Brooks ( 2000 -- 2005 ) Todd Bouman ( 2005 ) Drew Brees ( 2006 -- present ) Mark Brunell ( 2009 ) Luke McCown ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press NFL Comeback Player of the Year Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1963 : Martin 1964 : Moore 1965 : Brodie 1966 : Bass 1967 - 1997 : No award given 1998 : Flutie 1999 : Young 2000 : Johnson 2001 : Hearst 2002 : Maddox 2003 : Kitna 2004 : Brees 2005 : Bruschi & Smith 2006 : Pennington 2007 : Ellis 2008 : Pennington 2009 : Brady 2010 : Vick 2011 : Stafford 2012 : Manning 2013 : Rivers 2014 : Gronkowski 2015 : Berry 2016 : Nelson 2017 : Allen <Th_colspan="2"> Walter Payton NFL Man of the Year Award <Td_colspan="2"> 1970 : Unitas 1971 : Hadl 1972 : Lanier 1973 : Dawson 1974 : Blanda 1975 : Anderson 1976 : Harris 1977 : Payton 1978 : Staubach 1979 : Greene 1980 : Carmichael 1981 : Swann 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Benirschke 1984 : Lyons 1985 : Stephenson 1986 : Williams 1987 : Duerson 1988 : Largent 1989 : Moon 1990 : Singletary 1991 : Muñoz 1992 : Elway 1993 : Thomas 1994 : Seau 1995 : Esiason 1996 : Green 1997 : Aikman 1998 : Marino 1999 : Carter 2000 : Flanigan & Brooks 2001 : Bettis 2002 : Vincent 2003 : Shields 2004 : Dunn 2005 : P. Manning 2006 : Brees & Tomlinson 2007 : Taylor 2008 : Warner 2009 : Waters 2010 : Williams 2011 : Birk 2012 : Witten 2013 : Tillman 2014 : Davis 2015 : Boldin 2016 : Fitzgerald & E. Manning 2017 : Watt <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press NFL Offensive Player of the Year Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1972 : Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Stabler 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Jones 1977 : Payton 1978 : Campbell 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Campbell 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Fouts 1983 : Theismann 1984 : Marino 1985 : Allen 1986 : Dickerson 1987 : Rice 1988 : Craig 1989 : Montana 1990 : Moon 1991 : Thomas 1992 : Young 1993 : Rice 1994 : Sanders 1995 : Favre 1996 : Davis 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Davis 1999 : Faulk 2000 : Faulk 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Holmes 2003 : Lewis 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Brees 2009 : Johnson 2010 : Brady 2011 : Brees 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Murray 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Gurley <Th_colspan="2"> Bert Bell Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1959 : Unitas 1960 : Van Brocklin 1961 : Hornung 1962 : Robustelli 1963 : J. Brown 1964 : Unitas 1965 : Retzlaff 1966 : Meredith 1967 : Unitas 1968 : Kelly 1969 : Gabriel 1970 : Blanda 1971 : Staubach 1972 : L. Brown 1973 : Simpson 1974 : Olsen 1975 : Tarkenton 1976 : Stabler 1977 : Griese 1978 : Bradshaw 1979 : Campbell 1980 : Jaworski 1981 : Anderson 1982 : Theismann 1983 : Riggins 1984 : Marino 1985 : Payton 1986 : Taylor 1987 : Rice 1988 : Cunningham 1989 : Montana 1990 : Cunningham 1991 : Sanders 1992 : Young 1993 : Smith 1994 : Young 1995 : Favre 1996 : Favre 1997 : Sanders 1998 : Cunningham 1999 : Warner 2000 : Gannon 2001 : Faulk 2002 : Gannon 2003 : Manning 2004 : Manning 2005 : Alexander 2006 : Tomlinson 2007 : Brady 2008 : Peterson 2009 : Brees 2010 : Vick 2011 : Rodgers 2012 : Peterson 2013 : Manning 2014 : Watt 2015 : Newton 2016 : Ryan 2017 : Wentz <Th_colspan="2"> Bart Starr Award winners <Td_colspan="2"> 1989 : Largent 1990 : Munoz 1991 : Singletary 1992 : White 1993 : Byrd 1994 : Moon 1995 : Carter 1996 : J. 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Tittle Frank Ryan Sonny Jurgensen Joe Namath Johnny Unitas Don Meredith Craig Morton ( 2 ) Fran Tarkenton Daryle Lamonica Dick Shiner Bob Lee James Harris Ken Anderson Jim Hart Dan Fouts Scott Hunter Terry Bradshaw Steve Grogan Brian Sipe Bob Griese Vince Evans Dave Krieg ( 2 ) Steve Bartkowski Ken O'Brien ( 2 ) Steve Young Joe Montana Rich Gannon Bobby Hebert Mick Buck Drew Bledsoe Craig Erickson Chris Chandler Jeff Blake Kurt Warner ( 3 ) Peyton Manning ( 4 ) Doug Flutie Kerry Collins Chad Pennington Trent Green Ben Roethlisberger ( 3 ) Donovan McNabb Tom Brady ( 2 ) Eli Manning Drew Brees Robert Griffin III Nick Foles Alex Smith Geno Smith Marcus Mariota Ryan Tannehill Kirk Cousins Names in bold are still active <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. 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making love out of nothing at all by air supply lyrics

Making Love Out of Nothing at All - wikipedia Making Love Out of Nothing at All Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Air Supply <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Greatest Hits B - side `` Late Again '' Released July 1983 Format 7 '' single Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 5 : 43 ( Album version ) 4 : 29 ( Single version ) 5 : 38 ( Video version ) Label Arista ( U.S. ) Geffen ( UK ) Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman <Th_colspan="2"> Air Supply singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' ( 1983 ) `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' ( 1983 ) `` Just As I Am '' ( 1985 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' ( 1983 ) `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' ( 1983 ) `` Just As I Am '' ( 1985 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Music video <Td_colspan="2"> `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' on YouTube <Td_colspan="2"> `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' is a power ballad written and composed by Jim Steinman and first released by Australian soft rock band Air Supply for their 1983 compilation album Greatest Hits . It reached number 2 on the U.S. Billboard Hot 100 for three weeks ( behind `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' by Bonnie Tyler , giving Steinman a consecutive peak of two songs ) . The song has been covered by many other artists , the most successful being that of Bonnie Tyler . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and recording 2 Music video 3 Chart history 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 Personnel 5 Bonnie Tyler version 5.1 Lyrics 6 Rory Dodd demo version 6.1 Lyrics 6.2 Charts 7 In other media 8 References 9 External links Background and recording ( edit ) The song is a reworking of the main title theme from the 1980 film A Small Circle of Friends , for which Jim Steinman wrote the score . It was first recorded by Air Supply , giving them a number two hit on the Billboard Hot 100 in the U.S. for three weeks . It was held off from the top spot by another Steinman production , Bonnie Tyler 's recording of `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' . This is the group 's last top ten hit in the United States . The song was subsequently released as a new track from their 1983 greatest hits album . The B - side of the single was `` Late Again '' . They have included the song on their numerous greatest hits and live albums , and recorded an acoustic version for their 2005 album The Singer and the Song . Steinman offered the song , along with `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , to Meat Loaf for his Midnight at the Lost and Found album ; however , Meat Loaf 's record company refused to pay Steinman for the material so Meat Loaf ended up writing compositions for the album himself . Steinman 's songs were then offered to Bonnie Tyler and Air Supply . By 1983 , Air Supply had changed much of its classic musician line - up , both in the recording studio and on tour . But Steinman , known for his lavish , rock - opera - ish type productions , used Bruce Springsteen 's E-Street Band members Roy Bittan on keyboards and Max Weinberg on drums , to musically underscore the recording with like energies . Rick Derringer , who was previously the guitarist for The McCoys and Johnny Winter , provided the electric guitar solo that made the sound of `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' stand so drastically apart from most other Air Supply songs . Music video ( edit ) Two videos for the Air Supply version exist . The first version begins with a couple driving to an airport . The man ( Graham Russell ) is `` leaving for a tour '' and asks the woman ( played by Graham Russell 's real - life spouse , Jodi Russell ) to join him , as he give her anything she wants . House Graham Russell : So , wo n't you reconsider ? Girlfriend : So , wo n't you ? Driving to the airport Graham Russell : Come with me , I can give you anything . Girlfriend : I 've been there , all I want is you . In front of the plane Graham Russell : But it 's just one more tour , then I 'll be back . Girlfriend : But I wo n't ... I ca n't ... The remainder of the video intersperses Russel Hitchcock and Graham Russell onstage with various scenes of the man and woman 's relationship . Graham and Russell , who comprise Air Supply , leave their dressing room for the stage . As they sing with the band , the female ( Jodi Russell - Graham Russell 's real - life wife ) is shown packing and leaving their home , placing their photograph face down on the table in the process . Nevertheless , she changes her mind and does a u-turn on the freeway , and now drives to the airport . She meets him at the side of the stage near the end of the song and they embrace . The plane seen in the video is a Learjet 35 . Another version is set in 1960s New York City and involves a Marine and a young woman and the various challenges they encounter in their relationship , interspersed with scenes of the band singing the song . See : Chart history ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 - 84 ) Peak position Australia Kent Music Report 45 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) Canada Adult Contemporary ( RPM ) Ireland ( IRMA ) 30 South African Singles Chart 5 UK Singles Chart 80 US Billboard Hot 100 US Adult Contemporary US Cash Box Top 100 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1983 ) Rank Canada Top Singles 28 US Billboard Hot 100 66 US Cash Box 27 Personnel ( edit ) Russell Hitchcock - lead vocals Graham Russell - background vocals Roy Bittan - piano , synthesizer Larry Fast - synthesizer Max Weinberg - drums Steve Buslowe - bass + Rick Derringer - electric guitar Sid McGinnis - acoustic guitar Jimmy Maelen - percussion Eric Troyer , Rory Dodd , Holly Sherwood -- additional backing vocals + In initial releases of Air Supply 's 1983 Greatest Hits album , Steve Buslowe was not included as the bass guitarist in the album credits . However , this error was corrected in future pressings . Bonnie Tyler version ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> `` Making Love ( Out of Nothing At All ) '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Bonnie Tyler <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Free Spirit Released 1995 Genre Pop rock Length 7 : 49 Songwriter ( s ) Jim Steinman Producer ( s ) Jim Steinman Steven Rinkoff The song was later covered by Welsh singer Bonnie Tyler on her album Free Spirit . It opens with a wordless choral vocal followed by sounds of thunderclaps and a bell before the melody begins , played on piano . Over the piano section is an excerpt from `` Un bel di '' , the aria from Puccini 's Madame Butterfly , sung by Tyler 's mother Elsie Hopkins . Allmusic called this version `` fantastic , clocking in at nearly eight minutes , and seems perfectly suited for her voice . ( Air Supply 's ) version was already great , but hers is awesome . '' It was produced by Steinman , with Steven Rinkoff as co-producer , at The Hit Factory , New York City . Lyrics ( edit ) These lines were changed for the Tyler version , and also for the subsequent Karine Hannah version , as well : I can make you find your power I can make you lose your fear I can make your body do some very magical things And make your inhibitions all disappear Rory Dodd demo version ( edit ) A version from 1982 sung by Rory Dodd also exists . The only accompaniment is Steinman playing piano , and he includes several variations on the primary melody in the intro and bridge . Lyrics ( edit ) After the bridge , there are two verses that appear before the final two verses of the Air Supply version . The verse from the Tyler version is not included . I can make your money double Or I can make you lose your shirt I can make the old wounds start to heal Or I can make the new ones hurt I can make the music louder Or I can make the songs all fade I can make every girl just wan na get up and dance And make the boys in the band start to play Charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1995 - 96 ) Peak position Eurocharts Border Breakers Airplay 5 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 17 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 45 In other media ( edit ) Air Supply 's version of the song is also featured in the 2005 film Mr. and Mrs. Smith during the car chase - gunfight scene , and is also featured on the film 's soundtrack album . It was also used in the films Click and Dumb and Dumberer : When Harry Met Lloyd . In 1983 , Air Supply performed the song on stage , in `` lip - sync '' form with full back - up band for the popular early 1980s television program Solid Gold . Absent were many of the musicians that producer Jim Steinman used to record the original tracks . However , original Air Supply members Frank Esler - Smith on keys and Ralph Cooper on drums participated , and former Babys lead guitarist Wally Stocker `` synced '' so well , studio player Rick Derringer 's guitar solo , without the slightest of glitch . The song was used for a Wendy 's commercial , where a `` burger '' is `` singing '' a part of the song , part of a promo being used in conjunction with online music service Rhapsody . The song was also used in the episode `` Chuck Versus the Predator '' of the American TV series Chuck . A cover of the song by Mari Nallos is the theme song of the Tagalized ( means `` translated '' in Tagalog ) version of My Husband 's Woman , an Asian series which is aired in the Philippines on GMA 7 . In 2012 , this song , along with `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' , was a central plot point in `` Unknown Subject '' , the twelfth episode of season seven of US TV series Criminal Minds . In the show , a bar piano player attempts to convince a victim that he is n't the one who attacked her . He claims she thought she heard him play `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' ( which the attacker had played during her attack ) , when he had actually played `` Making Love Out of Nothing At All '' , and says they sound similar because they were composed by the same person . The song is the theme song of the film Monga , covered by Nicky Lee . The song was background music for much of the 2016 -- 17 season finale of the ABC show The Goldbergs . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All - Air Supply - Song Info - AllMusic '' . allmusic.com . Retrieved 23 February 2017 . Jump up ^ `` VH1 's 40 Most Softsational Soft - Rock Songs '' . Stereogum . SpinMedia. 31 May 2007 . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` A SMALL CIRCLE OF FRIENDS Main Title Theme '' . Jump up ^ `` Special Sub-Topic : ' Making Love Out Of Nothing At All ' '' . FunTrivia.com . Retrieved 9 December 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Air Supply : The Singer And The Song '' . CD Baby . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ Adams , Cameron ( 26 October 2006 ) . `` Meat Loaf 's a Hell raiser '' . Herald Sun . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ AirSupplyVEVO ( 23 March 2011 ) . `` Air Supply - Making Love Out Of Nothing At All '' . Retrieved 26 July 2017 -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ Canada , Library and Archives ( 17 July 2013 ) . `` Image : RPM Weekly '' . BAC-LAC.gc.ca . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Irish Charts -- Search Results -- Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' . Irish Singles Chart . Jump up ^ Whitburn , Joel ( 2002 ) . Top Adult Contemporary : 1961 - 2001 . Record Research . p. 17 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box Top 100 10 / 29 / 83 '' . TropicalGlen.com . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Singles of 1983 -- Volume 39 , No. 17 , December 24 1983 '' . RPM . Library and Archives Canada . Retrieved April 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1983 / Top 100 Songs of 1983 '' . www.MusicOutfitters.com . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cash Box YE Pop Singles - 1983 '' . TropicalGlen.com . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Air Supply - Making Love Out of Nothing at All -- The ( Almost ) Complete Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman Lyric Archive Retrieved 3 - 16 - 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Air Supply - Greatest Hits @ Discogs.com . Retrieved 16 March 2014 . Jump up ^ Air Supply - Greatest Hits ( 1983 ) liner notes ( lists Steve Buslowe 's name and contribution at the end ) . Accessed on 22 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Free Spirit ( booklet ) . Bonnie Tyler . East West Records . 1995 . 0630 - 12108 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Bonnie Tyler : Free Spirit '' . Allmusic . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Phantom of the Paradise - The ( Almost ) Complete Meat Loaf and Jim Steinman Lyric Archive '' . mljs.EvilNickname.org . Retrieved 26 July 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Charts Airplay '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- Bonnie Tyler '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Air Supply <Td_colspan="2"> Russell Hitchcock Graham Russell Frank Esler - Smith Rex Goh Studio albums Air Supply The Whole Thing 's Started Love & Other Bruises Life Support Lost in Love The One That You Love Now and Forever Air Supply Hearts in Motion The Christmas Album The Earth Is ... The Vanishing Race News from Nowhere The Book of Love Yours Truly Across the Concrete Sky Mumbo Jumbo Live & compilations Greatest Hits Making Love ... The Very Best of Air Supply Greatest Hits Live ... Now and Forever Forever Love : 36 Greatest Hits Singles `` Lost in Love '' `` All Out of Love '' `` Every Woman in the World '' `` The One That You Love '' `` Here I Am ( Just When I Thought I Was Over You ) '' `` Even the Nights Are Better '' `` Two Less Lonely People in the World '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` The Power of Love ( You Are My Lady ) '' `` Lonely Is the Night '' `` Without You '' `` Unchained Melody '' Related articles Discography Harry Maslin <Td_colspan="2"> Book Commons category <Th_colspan="2"> Bonnie Tyler songs <Td_colspan="2"> Discography The World Starts Tonight `` Lost in France '' `` More Than a Lover '' Natural Force `` It 's a Heartache '' `` Living for the City '' `` Heaven '' `` ( You Make Me Feel Like ) A Natural Woman '' `` Here Am I '' Diamond Cut `` Too Good to Last '' `` My Guns Are Loaded '' Goodbye to the Island `` I 'm Just a Woman '' `` Sometimes When We Touch '' `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' `` Sitting on the Edge of the Ocean '' `` I Believe in Your Sweet Love '' Faster Than the Speed of Night `` Have You Ever Seen the Rain ? '' `` Faster Than the Speed of Night '' `` Total Eclipse of the Heart '' `` Straight from the Heart '' Secret Dreams and Forbidden Fire `` If You Were a Woman ( And I Was a Man ) '' `` Loving You 's a Dirty Job but Somebody 's Gotta Do It '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Lovers Again '' `` Holding Out for a Hero '' Hide Your Heart `` Hide Your Heart '' `` Do n't Turn Around '' `` Save Up All Your Tears '' `` To Love Somebody '' `` The Best '' Bitterblue `` Against the Wind '' `` Bitterblue '' `` Where Were You '' Angel Heart `` Fools Lullaby '' `` I Cry Myself to Sleep at Night '' Silhouette in Red `` You Are So Beautiful '' Free Spirit `` You 're the One '' `` Making Love Out of Nothing at All '' `` Bridge over Troubled Water '' `` Two Out of Three Ai n't Bad '' All in One Voice `` Angel of the Morning '' `` I Put a Spell on You '' `` The Rose '' `` He 's the King '' `` Silent Night '' Heart Strings `` Human Touch '' `` Everybody Hurts '' `` Amazed '' `` Against All Odds ( Take a Look at Me Now ) '' `` And I Am Telling You I 'm Not Going '' `` Lean on Me '' `` In My Life '' `` Learning to Fly '' `` Right Here Waiting '' `` I Still Have n't Found What I 'm Looking For '' `` I Ca n't Make You Love Me '' `` Need Your Love So Bad '' `` It 's Over '' Simply Believe `` Si demain ... ( Turn Around ) '' `` Si tout s'arrête ( It 's a Heartache ) `` Darlin ' '' Wings `` Louise '' Rocks and Honey `` This Is Gonna Hurt '' `` Believe in Me '' `` What You Need from Me '' `` Love Is the Knife '' `` Mom '' Collaborations `` A Rockin ' Good Way ( to Mess Around and Fall in Love ) '' `` Islands '' `` Vergiß Es ( Forget It ) '' `` Amour Éternel ( Eternal Flame ) '' `` Love 's Holding On '' Other songs `` Sayonara Tokyo '' `` Here She Comes '' `` The Desert Is in Your Heart '' `` I Do n't Know How to Love Him '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Making_Love_Out_of_Nothing_at_All&oldid=833824693 '' Categories : 1983 singles Pop ballads Rock ballads Songs written by Jim Steinman Bonnie Tyler songs Air Supply songs 1983 songs Song recordings produced by Jim Steinman Arista Records singles Geffen Records singles Hidden categories : Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Ireland2 Singlechart called without artist Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for UK Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Bahasa Indonesia Magyar 日本 語 Português Edit links This page was last edited on 2 April 2018 , at 16 : 14 . 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1. "Making Love Out of Nothing at All" - Air Supply 2. Power ballad 3. Jim Steinman 4. Bonnie Tyler 5. Greatest Hits album

what is the order of marvel netflix shows

List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series - wikipedia List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe television series <Td_colspan="2"> Promotional image for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season two and Agent Carter season one . Based on Characters published by Marvel Comics Starring See below Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 17 ( across 10 series ) No. of episodes 245 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Alan Fine Stan Lee Joe Quesada Jim Chory Jeph Loeb Running time 30 minutes ( NW ) 41 -- 65 minutes Production company ( s ) ABC Studios ( ABC & Netflix series ) ABC Signature Studios ( Hulu & Freeform series ) Marvel Television Distributor Disney -- ABC Domestic Television Netflix Hulu <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Netflix Hulu Freeform Picture format 720p ( HDTV ) ( ABC series ) 4K ( Ultra HD ) ( Netflix series ) IMAX ( Inh. ) Audio format 5.1 surround sound Original release September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) -- present ( present ) The Marvel Cinematic Universe ( MCU ) television series are American superhero television shows based on characters that appear in publications by Marvel Comics . The shows have been in production since 2013 , and in that time Marvel Television and ABC Studios , along with its production division ABC Signature Studios , have premiered 10 series , with at least four more in various stages of development , across broadcast , streaming , and cable television on ABC , Netflix and Hulu , and Freeform , respectively . The ABC series have averaged around 4 -- 8 million viewers a season , with many of the MCU series receiving strong critical responses . The first series in the universe , Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , began airing on ABC during the 2013 -- 14 television season , and was joined by Marvel 's Agent Carter in the 2014 -- 15 television season . Marvel formed a unique partnership with IMAX Corporation to premiere Marvel 's Inhumans in IMAX theaters in September 2017 before airing on ABC during the 2017 -- 18 television season ; a put pilot for another ABC series , Marvel 's Damage Control , has also been ordered . Netflix 's Marvel series began in 2015 with Marvel 's Daredevil and Marvel 's Jessica Jones , followed by Marvel 's Luke Cage in 2016 . Marvel 's Iron Fist , the crossover miniseries Marvel 's The Defenders , and Marvel 's The Punisher released in 2017 . Additionally , the MCU expanded to Hulu with Marvel 's Runaways in 2017 , and will also expand to Freeform with Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger in 2018 . Marvel 's New Warriors is also scheduled to air in 2018 , despite not having a broadcaster . Starring in the series are Clark Gregg as Phil Coulson , in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and Hayley Atwell as Peggy Carter , in Agent Carter , both reprising their roles from MCU films , while Anson Mount headlines Inhumans as Black Bolt . Daredevil introduces Charlie Cox in the title role of Matt Murdock / Daredevil as well as Jon Bernthal as the Punisher in its second season , who reprises his role as the star of The Punisher . Jessica Jones introduces Krysten Ritter as Jessica Jones and Mike Colter as Luke Cage , with the latter also headlining Luke Cage . Finn Jones stars as Danny Rand / Iron Fist in Iron Fist , and joins Cox , Ritter , and Colter for The Defenders . The Runaways cast consists of the titular group , including Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , and their parents , including Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder . Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph star in Cloak & Dagger as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively , while Milana Vayntrub and Derek Theler lead New Warriors as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , respectively . Contents ( hide ) 1 ABC series 1.1 Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) 1.2 Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) 1.3 Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) 2 Netflix series 2.1 Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) 2.2 Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) 2.3 Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) 2.4 Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) 2.5 Marvel 's The Defenders ( 2017 ) 2.6 Marvel 's The Punisher ( 2017 -- ) 3 Hulu series 3.1 Marvel 's Runaways ( 2017 -- ) 4 Freeform series 4.1 Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 5 Other series 5.1 Marvel 's New Warriors 6 Recurring cast and characters 6.1 ABC series 6.2 Netflix series 7 Reception 7.1 Ratings 7.2 Critical response 8 Potential projects 8.1 Marvel 's Damage Control 8.2 Other 9 Abandoned projects 10 See also 11 References ABC series ( edit ) Series <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 22 September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen , and Jeffrey Bell Released 22 September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 22 September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 22 September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 5 22 December 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 01 ) May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 6 13 Mid-2019 TBA In development Marvel 's Agent Carter 8 January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas , and Chris Dingess Released 10 January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) Marvel 's Inhumans 8 September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) Scott Buck Jump up ^ A version of the first two episodes debuted in IMAX theaters on September 1 , 2017 , and ran for two weeks , before their television premiere on ABC on September 29 . Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( 2013 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( L to R ) Jed Whedon , Maurissa Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell serve as the showrunners for Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Agent Phil Coulson assembles a small team of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( Strategic Homeland Intervention , Enforcement and Logistics Division ) agents to handle strange new cases . After discovering that Project Centipede and their leader , `` The Clairvoyant '' , were affiliated with Hydra , a terrorist organization , Coulson and his team must deal with Hydra members still at large following Hydra 's infiltration of , and the destruction of , S.H.I.E.L.D. , while also looking to restore trust from the government and public . In the wake of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's wars with Hydra and the Inhumans , a race of superhumans , Coulson begins a secret mission to protect the world from new threats . After the defeat of the Inhuman Hive and with Hydra destroyed , S.H.I.E.L.D. is made a legitimate organization once again , with Coulson returning to being a field agent , and is tasked with tracking down more enhanced people -- including Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider -- while Agent Leo Fitz and Dr. Holden Radcliffe complete their work on Life Model Decoys . Coulson and members of his team are eventually abducted to deep space , where they must try and save humanity while figuring out how to get home . In August 2012 , ABC ordered a pilot for a show called S.H.I.E.L.D. , to be written by Joss Whedon , Jed Whedon , and Maurissa Tancharoen , and directed by Joss Whedon . On April 6 , 2013 , ABC announced that the show would be titled Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and it was officially ordered to series on May 10 , 2013 . Jed Whedon , Tancharoen and Jeffrey Bell act as the series ' showrunners , while Clark Gregg reprises his role from the films as Phil Coulson . The series was renewed for a second season on May 8 , 2014 , a third on May 7 , 2015 , a fourth on March 3 , 2016 , a fifth on May 11 , 2017 , and a sixth season on May 14 , 2018 , consisting of 13 episodes . The first season , which premiered on September 24 , 2013 , aired episodes that directly relate to events in the films Thor : The Dark World and Captain America : The Winter Soldier . The revelation in Captain America : The Winter Soldier that S.H.I.E.L.D. had been infiltrated by Hydra had a huge impact on the series . Regarding the synergy the show had with addressing events from the film , Loeb said , `` It 's an extremely unique experience that does n't exist anywhere else out there in the entertainment business . '' The second season , which premiered on September 23 , 2014 , introduces Inhumans to the MCU , ahead of their own television series . Additionally , a recurring plot point in the first two seasons involved the body of a member of the Kree race , who play a significant role in Guardians of the Galaxy . The third season , which premiered on September 29 , 2015 , introduces the concept of the Secret Warriors , with new Inhuman characters inspired by the comic of the same name , as well as Life Model Decoys . The fourth season , which premiered on September 20 , 2016 , sees Robbie Reyes / Ghost Rider introduced to the MCU , and ties to the second season of Agent Carter and Doctor Strange . The last four episodes of the fifth season , which premiered on December 1 , 2017 , coincides with the events of Avengers : Infinity War . In the first season , Samuel L. Jackson , Cobie Smulders , Maximiliano Hernández , Titus Welliver and Jaimie Alexander all reprise their roles as Nick Fury , Maria Hill , Jasper Sitwell , Felix Blake , and Sif , respectively , from previous MCU films and One - Shots . In the second season , Alexander and Smulders return , while Hayley Atwell , Neal McDonough , Kenneth Choi , and Henry Goodman also reprise their roles as Peggy Carter , Timothy `` Dum Dum '' Dugan , Jim Morita , and List , respectively , from previous MCU films . In the third season , William Sadler reprises his role as Matthew Ellis from the MCU films , and Powers Boothe recurs as his previously unnamed The Avengers character , Gideon Malick . Marvel 's Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) ( edit ) Main article : Agent Carter ( TV series ) In 1946 , Peggy Carter must balance the routine office work she does for the Strategic Scientific Reserve while secretly assisting Howard Stark , who finds himself framed for supplying deadly weapons to enemies of the United States . Carter is assisted by Stark 's butler , Edwin Jarvis , to find those responsible and dispose of the weapons . Carter eventually moves from New York City to Los Angeles to deal with the threats of the new atomic age in the wake of World War II , gaining new friends , a new home and potential new love . By September 2013 , Marvel was developing a series inspired by the Agent Carter One - Shot , featuring Peggy Carter , and in January 2014 , the series was confirmed to be in development , with the script for a potential pilot to be written by Captain America : The First Avenger and Captain America : The Winter Soldier writers Christopher Markus & Stephen McFeely . On May 8 , 2014 , ABC officially ordered Marvel 's Agent Carter to series . Tara Butters , Michele Fazekas and Chris Dingess act as showrunners on the series , while Hayley Atwell reprises her role from the films as Peggy Carter . The series was renewed for a second season on May 7 , 2015 , and was officially canceled by ABC on May 12 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on January 6 , 2015 , introduces the origins of the Black Widow and Winter Soldier programs , which both appear in several MCU films . The second season , which premiered on January 19 , 2016 , features the Darkforce , which ties to the character Marcus Daniels in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Doctor Strange . In the first season , Dominic Cooper reprise his role of Howard Stark from Captain America : The First Avenger . James D'Arcy portrays Edwin Jarvis , Stark 's butler in the series who eventually serves as inspiration for Tony Stark 's artificial intelligence J.A.R.V.I.S. Costa Ronin portrays a young Anton Vanko , the co-creator of the arc reactor with Stark . Chris Evans appears as Steve Rogers / Captain America via archive footage from The First Avenger . McDonough and Toby Jones reprise their roles as Dugan and Arnim Zola , respectively . In the second season , Cooper returns to reprise his role . Marvel 's Inhumans ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : Inhumans ( TV series ) Scott Buck served as showrunner for both Inhumans on ABC and the first season of Iron Fist on Netflix . After a military coup , the Inhuman Royal Family , led by Black Bolt , escape to Hawaii where they must save themselves and the world . In November 2016 , Marvel Television and IMAX Corporation announced Marvel 's Inhumans , to be produced in conjunction with ABC Studios . The series ' first two episodes were filmed entirely on IMAX digital cameras , and premiered on IMAX screens on September 1 , 2017 , for two weeks . ABC then broadcast the series weekly starting with the first two episodes on September 29 , 2017 , with the network airing of the first two episodes featuring exclusive content , outside of the versions screened on IMAX . Select action sequences in the rest of the series were also shot on IMAX . The series was neither intended to be a reworking of the planned film from Marvel Studios , nor a spin - off from Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Ben Sherwood , president of Disney -- ABC Television Group , added that `` We 've worked very carefully with our friends at Marvel Studios -- and this is a critical point -- to make sure that calendar-wise and content-wise we are only enhancing '' the MCU ; the theatrical debut of the series was timed to not interfere with the release of any Marvel Studios films . In December 2016 , Scott Buck was announced as showrunner and executive producer for the series . In February 2017 , Anson Mount was cast as Black Bolt . Filming began in March 2017 in Hawaii , and concluded in June . ABC officially canceled the series on May 11 , 2018 . Netflix series ( edit ) Series <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes Originally released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Daredevil 13 April 10 , 2015 ( 2015 - 04 - 10 ) Steven S. DeKnight Released 13 March 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 18 ) Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) Erik Oleson Filming Marvel 's Jessica Jones 13 November 20 , 2015 ( 2015 - 11 - 20 ) Melissa Rosenberg Released 13 March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) TBA TBA In development Marvel 's Luke Cage 13 September 30 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 30 ) Cheo Hodari Coker Released 13 June 22 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 22 ) Preparing for release Marvel 's Iron Fist 13 March 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 17 ) Scott Buck Released TBA 2018 ( 2018 ) Raven Metzner Preparing for release Marvel 's The Defenders 8 August 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 08 - 18 ) Marco Ramirez Released Marvel 's The Punisher 13 November 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 17 ) Steve Lightfoot TBA TBA Filming By October 2013 , Marvel was preparing four drama series and a miniseries to present to video on demand services and cable providers , with Netflix , Amazon , and WGN America expressing interest . That November , it was announced that Disney would provide Netflix with live - action series based on Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Iron Fist , and Luke Cage , leading up to a miniseries based on the Defenders . Marvel 's Daredevil ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Daredevil ( TV series ) Lawyer - by - day Matt Murdock uses his heightened senses from being blinded as a young boy to fight crime at night on the streets of Hell 's Kitchen as Daredevil , juxtaposed with the rise of crime lord Wilson Fisk . Murdock eventually crosses paths with Frank Castle / Punisher , a vigilante with far deadlier methods , and sees the return of his old girlfriend , Elektra Natchios . In December 2013 , Marvel confirmed that Drew Goddard would be the executive producer and showrunner for Daredevil , and would write and direct the first episode , though at the end of May 2014 , it was announced that Goddard would no longer be the showrunner for the series , being replaced by Steven S. DeKnight . Goddard , who wrote the first two episodes , remained with the show as an executive producer . It was also revealed that the series would be titled Marvel 's Daredevil . A few days later , Charlie Cox was cast as Daredevil . A second season was ordered on April 21 , 2015 , with Doug Petrie and Marco Ramirez taking over as showrunners from DeKnight , who could not return to the series due to a prior commitment . A third season was ordered in July 2016 , with Erik Oleson announced as the new showrunner of the series in October 2017 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on April 10 , 2015 , features references to The Avengers and the Battle of New York , as well as mentioning Carl `` Crusher '' Creel , who appears on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The insignia for the Iron Fist antagonist Steel Serpent is also seen in the season . The second season , which premiered on March 18 , 2016 , features the motorcycle gang Dogs of Hell , who appeared on Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , along with numerous references to the events of the first season of Jessica Jones . The third season is slated to be released in 2018 . In the second season , Jon Bernthal was cast in a leading role as Frank Castle / Punisher , before headlining his own series , while Michelle Hurd and Carrie - Anne Moss reprise their roles of Samantha Reyes and Jeri Hogarth from Jessica Jones . Marvel 's Jessica Jones ( 2015 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Jessica Jones ( TV series ) Melissa Rosenberg is Jessica Jones ' creator and showrunner . Former superhero Jessica Jones suffers from post-traumatic stress disorder , so she opens her own detective agency to help people . She begins to put her life back together after her encounter with Kilgrave , taking on a new case that makes her reluctantly confront her past . In November 2013 , Melissa Rosenberg was announced as the writer and executive producer of the series , and the following March , Loeb stated that filming would begin after Daredevil . In December 2014 , Krysten Ritter was cast as Jessica Jones in the series , officially titled Marvel 's Jessica Jones . A second season was ordered on January 17 , 2016 , and a third on April 12 , 2018 . The first season , which debuted in its entirety on November 20 , 2015 , features references to the events and characters of The Avengers . In the first season , Mike Colter was cast as Luke Cage , a recurring role in the series before headlining his own series . Rosario Dawson reprises her Daredevil role of Claire Temple , as does Royce Johnson in his role of Brett Mahoney . The second season , which was released on March 8 , 2018 , sees Elden Henson reprise his role of Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson , as well as Rob Morgan as Turk Barrett and Tijuana Ricks as Thembi Wallace . Marvel 's Luke Cage ( 2016 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Luke Cage ( TV series ) When a sabotaged experiment gives him super strength and unbreakable skin , Luke Cage becomes a fugitive attempting to rebuild his life in Harlem , and must soon confront his past and fight a battle for the heart of his city . After clearing his name , Cage becomes a hero and celebrity in Harlem , only to encounter a new threat that makes him confront the line between hero and villain . Colter reprises his role as Carl Lucas / Luke Cage in his own series , titled Marvel 's Luke Cage . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the series would begin filming after Iron Fist , being the fourth of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was instead slated to be the third of the individual series , beginning production after Jessica Jones . The series was switched with Iron Fist after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . Also in March , Cheo Hodari Coker was announced as showrunner and executive producer of the series . A second season was ordered on December 3 , 2016 . The first season , which premiered on September 30 , 2016 , features references to The Avengers , the second season of Daredevil , the first season of Jessica Jones , and a flier for Colleen Wing 's martial arts class , and mentions Justin Hammer , Wilson Fisk and Frank Castle . Dawson , Morgan , Rachel Taylor , Stephen Rider , Parisa Fitz - Henley , and Danny Johnson reprise their roles as Claire Temple , Turk Barrett , Trish Walker , Blake Tower , Reva Connors and Ben Donovan in the series , respectively . The second season is scheduled to be released on June 22 , 2018 . Finn Jones will reprise his role as Danny Rand in the season . Marvel 's Iron Fist ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Iron Fist ( TV series ) Danny Rand returns to New York City , after being missing for fifteen years , to reclaim his family company . However , when a threat emerges , Rand must choose between his family 's legacy and his duties as the Iron Fist . In March 2014 , Loeb initially stated that the series would begin filming after Jessica Jones as the third of the individual series . By March 2015 , it was expected to be the fourth of the individual series , entering production following Luke Cage . The series was switched with Luke Cage after the positive reception Luke Cage received on Jessica Jones , becoming that series ' breakout star and Marvel wanting to `` follow the momentum '' . In April 2015 , the title of the series was revealed to be Marvel 's Iron Fist . In December 2015 , Marvel announced that Scott Buck would serve as showrunner and executive producer of the series . In February 2016 , Finn Jones was cast as Rand . A second season was revealed to be in development in July 2017 , with Raven Metzner announced as the new showrunner for the season , replacing Buck . The first season , which premiered on March 17 , 2017 , makes references to the events of The Avengers , the Hulk , Stark Industries , Jessica Jones , Daredevil , Luke Cage , and Seagate Prison , and mentions the Dogs of Hell biker gang , New York Bulletin editor - in - chief Mitchell Ellison and reporter Karen Page , Roxxon Oil and Midland Circle . Events from the second season of Daredevil are also noted throughout . Moss , Dawson , Wai Ching Ho , Marquis Rodriguez , Tijuana Ricks , and Suzanne H. Smart reprise their roles as Jeri Hogarth , Claire Temple , Gao , Darryl , Thembi Wallace , and Shirley Benson , respectively , in the series . The second season will see Simone Missick reprise her role as Misty Knight . Marvel 's the Defenders ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : The Defenders ( miniseries ) The superheroes Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Iron Fist team - up in New York City . The Defenders sees Cox , Ritter , Colter , and Jones reprise their roles as Matt Murdock / Daredevil , Jessica Jones , Luke Cage , and Danny Rand / Iron Fist , respectively , from the previous television series . In March 2014 , Loeb stated that the miniseries , officially titled Marvel 's The Defenders , would begin filming after Iron Fist . In April 2016 , Marvel announced that Douglas Petrie and Marco Ramirez would act as showrunners for The Defenders . However , by the start of filming in New York City in October 2016 , Petrie had left the series as co-showrunner . Filming concluded in March 2017 . The eight - episode event premiered on August 18 , 2017 . The miniseries also sees many supporting characters from the individual series reprise their roles , including , Deborah Ann Woll , Henson , Scott Glenn , Élodie Yung , Eka Darville , Moss , Taylor , Simone Missick , Jessica Henwick , Dawson , Ho , Ramón Rodríguez , Peter McRobbie , Morgan , Amy Rutberg , Susan Varon , and Nichole Yannetty as Karen Page , Foggy Nelson , Stick , Elektra Natchios , Malcolm Ducasse , Jeri Hogarth , Trish Walker , Misty Knight , Colleen Wing , Claire Temple , Gao , Bakuto , Lantom , Turk Barrett , Marci Stahl , Josie and Nicole , respectively . Midland Circle , which was referenced in previous Netflix series , is revealed to be an operation of the Hand , who bought the building to search for the life substance hidden beneath the property . The miniseries also references the events of The Avengers . Marvel 's the Punisher ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : The Punisher ( TV series ) Frank Castle is haunted and hunted after the murder of his family and becomes a vigilante known in the criminal underworld as `` the Punisher '' , who aims to fight crime by any means necessary . By January 2016 , ahead of the debut of Bernthal as armed vigilante Frank Castle / Punisher in the second season of Daredevil , Netflix was in `` very early development '' on a spin - off series titled The Punisher , and was looking for a showrunner . The series would be centered on Bernthal as Castle , and was described as a stand - alone series , outside of the series leading up to The Defenders . Loeb implied that Marvel Television had not instigated the development of the spin - off and were focusing on making `` the best 13 episodes of Daredevil season two '' at the time , but did say , `` I 'm never going to discourage a network from looking at one of our characters and encouraging us to do more ... If we are lucky enough that through the writing , through the direction , through the actor that people want to see more of that person , terrific . '' In April 2016 , Marvel and Netflix ordered The Punisher , along with confirming Bernthal 's involvement and naming Steve Lightfoot as showrunner . Filming began in Brooklyn , New York in October 2016 , and concluded in April 2017 . A second season was ordered on December 12 , 2017 . In the first season , which was released on November 17 , 2017 , Woll and Morgan reprise their roles as Karen Page and Turk Barrett , respectively . Hulu series ( edit ) Series <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes First released Last released Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Runaways 10 November 21 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 21 ) January 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 09 ) Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage Released 13 TBA TBA Filming Marvel 's Runaways ( 2017 -- ) ( edit ) Main article : Runaways ( TV series ) When six teenagers discover their parents are villains , they reluctantly unite to go against them . In August 2016 , Marvel announced Marvel 's Runaways had received a pilot order , along with additional scripts , from the streaming service Hulu , based on the team of the same name . The pilot is written by Josh Schwartz and Stephanie Savage , who also serve as executive producers and showrunners of the series . In February 2017 , Marvel announced the cast of the Runaways , with Rhenzy Feliz as Alex Wilder , Lyrica Okano as Nico Minoru , Virginia Gardner as Karolina Dean , Ariela Barer as Gert Yorkes , Gregg Sulkin as Chase Stein , and Allegra Acosta as Molly Hernandez . Shortly after , they announced the cast of the Pride , the parents of the Runaways , with Ryan Sands as Geoffrey Wilder , Angel Parker as Catherine Wilder , Brittany Ishibashi as Tina Minoru , James Yaegashi as Robert Minoru , Kevin Weisman as Dale Yorkes , Brigid Brannagh as Stacey Yorkes , Annie Wersching as Leslie Dean , Kip Pardue as Frank Dean , James Marsters as Victor Stein , and Ever Carradine as Janet Stein . Hulu ordered the series in May 2017 . Filming began in Los Angeles in February 2017 , and concluded in October 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , premiered on November 21 , 2017 . Hulu renewed the series for a second season on January 8 , 2018 . Tina Minoru previously appeared in Doctor Strange , in a minor role as a Master of the Mystic Arts portrayed by Linda Louise Duan . Freeform series ( edit ) Series <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger 10 June 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 06 - 07 ) August 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 08 - 02 ) Joe Pokaski Preparing to air Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ( edit ) Main article : Cloak & Dagger ( TV series ) Tandy Bowen and Tyrone Johnson , two teenagers from different backgrounds , acquire superpowers while forming a romantic relationship . They soon realize that their powers work better when they are together , `` but their feelings for each other make their already complicated world even more challenging . '' In April 2016 , the ABC - owned network Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger , based on the characters of the same name , calling it their `` first venture into the Marvel Cinematic Universe '' , and describing the show as a `` superhero love story '' . In January 2017 , Olivia Holt and Aubrey Joseph were cast as Tandy Bowen / Dagger and Tyrone Johnson / Cloak , respectively . Joe Pokaski serves as showrunner for the series . Filming began in New Orleans in February 2017 , and concluded in November 2017 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set premiere on June 7 , 2018 . Roxxon Oil is seen in the series , as is the Darkforce , which fuels Cloak 's powers and was previously established in Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. and Agent Carter . Other series ( edit ) Series <Th_colspan="2"> Season Episodes First aired Last aired Showrunner ( s ) Status Marvel 's New Warriors 10 2018 ( 2018 ) TBA Kevin Biegel Pre-production Marvel 's New Warriors ( edit ) Main article : New Warriors ( TV series ) Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl , Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal , Dwayne Taylor / Night Thrasher , Robbie Baldwin / Speedball , Zach Smith / Microbe , and Deborah Fields / Debrii , are superpowered young people with abilities very different from the Avengers , who want to make a positive impact in the world even if they are not quite ready to be heroes . By the end of August 2016 , Marvel Television and ABC Studios were developing a half - hour comedy series based on the New Warriors featuring Squirrel Girl , with the series being offered to cable networks and streaming outlets . In April 2017 , Freeform announced a straight - to - series order for Marvel 's New Warriors , with Kevin Biegel serving as the series ' showrunner and writing the first script . In July 2017 , the cast was revealed with Milana Vayntrub starring as Doreen Green / Squirrel Girl and Derek Theler as Craig Hollis / Mister Immortal . In November 2017 , it was announced that the series would no longer air on Freeform and was being shopped to other networks , with Marvel intent on airing the series in 2018 . The first season , consisting of 10 episodes , is set to air in 2018 , with Biegel serving as showrunner for the series . Recurring cast and characters ( edit ) Further information : List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series actors ABC series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two seasons and as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . Series seasons , within the network season , are ordered based on their premiere date . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the season , or that the character 's presence in the season has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role for the season . A indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the season . Character 2013 -- 14 season <Th_colspan="2"> 2014 -- 15 season <Th_colspan="2"> 2015 -- 16 season 2016 -- 17 season 2017 -- 18 season Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 2 Agent Carter season 1 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 3 Agent Carter season 2 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 4 Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 Lincoln Campbell Luke Mitchell Luke Mitchell <Td_colspan="3"> Peggy Carter Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell Hayley Atwell <Td_colspan="2"> Phil Coulson <Td_colspan="2"> Clark Gregg Clark Gregg <Td_colspan="2"> Clark Gregg Leo Fitz <Td_colspan="2"> Iain De Caestecker Iain De Caestecker <Td_colspan="2"> Iain De Caestecker Lance Hunter Nick Blood Nick Blood <Td_colspan="2"> Nick Blood Edwin Jarvis <Td_colspan="2"> James D'Arcy James D'Arcy <Td_colspan="2"> Daisy `` Skye '' Johnson Quake <Td_colspan="2"> Chloe Bennet Chloe Bennet <Td_colspan="2"> Chloe Bennet Alphonso `` Mack '' MacKenzie Henry Simmons Henry Simmons <Td_colspan="2"> Henry Simmons Melinda May <Td_colspan="2"> Ming - Na Wen Ming - Na Wen <Td_colspan="2"> Ming - Na Wen Bobbi Morse Adrianne Palicki Adrianne Palicki <Td_colspan="3"> Holden Radcliffe <Td_colspan="3"> John Hannah John Hannah Elena `` Yo - Yo '' Rodriguez <Td_colspan="3"> Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Natalia Cordova - Buckley Jemma Simmons <Td_colspan="2"> Elizabeth Henstridge Elizabeth Henstridge <Td_colspan="2"> Elizabeth Henstridge Daniel Sousa <Td_colspan="2"> Enver Gjokaj Enver Gjokaj <Td_colspan="2"> Jack Thompson <Td_colspan="2"> Chad Michael Murray Chad Michael Murray <Td_colspan="2"> Grant Ward <Td_colspan="2"> Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Brett Dalton Netflix series ( edit ) List indicator ( s ) This table includes recurring , main characters , who have appeared in at least two series as a member of the principal ( `` main '' ) cast for at least one of those . Please see the FAQ for more information . A dark grey cell indicates the character was not in the series , or that the character 's presence in the series has not yet been announced . An indicates the actor had or will have a recurring role in the series . A indicates the actor made or will make a guest appearance in the series . Character Daredevil Jessica Jones Luke Cage Iron Fist The Defenders The Punisher Bakuto <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ramón Rodríguez Luke Cage <Td_colspan="2"> Mike Colter Mike Colter Frank Castle Punisher Jon Bernthal <Td_colspan="4"> Jon Bernthal Malcolm Ducasse Eka Darville <Td_colspan="2"> Eka Darville Jeri Hogarth Carrie - Anne Moss Carrie - Anne Moss <Td_colspan="2"> Carrie - Anne Moss Jessica Jones Krysten Ritter <Td_colspan="2"> Krysten Ritter Mercedes `` Misty '' Knight <Td_colspan="2"> Simone Missick Simone Missick Simone Missick Matt Murdock Daredevil Charlie Cox <Td_colspan="3"> Charlie Cox Elektra Natchios Élodie Yung <Td_colspan="3"> Élodie Yung Franklin `` Foggy '' Nelson Elden Henson Elden Henson <Td_colspan="2"> Elden Henson Karen Page Deborah Ann Woll <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Deborah Ann Woll Danny Rand Iron Fist <Td_colspan="2"> Finn Jones <Td_colspan="2"> Finn Jones Stick Scott Glenn <Td_colspan="3"> Scott Glenn Claire Temple Rosario Dawson Rosario Dawson <Td_colspan="3"> Rosario Dawson Blake Tower Stephen Rider Stephen Rider <Td_colspan="3"> Patricia `` Trish '' Walker Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Rachael Taylor Colleen Wing <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Jessica Henwick Reception ( edit ) For more details on the reception of each series , see the `` Reception '' section on each series ' article . Ratings ( edit ) Series <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="4"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="3"> Nielsen ratings First aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Last aired Total viewers ( in millions ) Average total viewers ( inc . DVR ) ( in millions ) Rank 18 -- 49 rating ( rank ) Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. September 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 09 - 24 ) 12.12 May 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 13 ) 5.45 8.31 43 3.0 ( 20 ) September 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 09 - 23 ) 5.98 May 12 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 12 ) 3.88 7.09 76 2.7 ( 32 ) September 29 , 2015 ( 2015 - 09 - 29 ) 4.90 May 17 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 17 ) 3.03 5.52 85 2.0 ( 47 ) September 20 , 2016 ( 2016 - 09 - 20 ) 3.44 May 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 16 ) 2.08 4.22 110 1.5 / 6 ( 70 ) 5 December 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 08 ) 2.54 May 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 18 ) 1.88 3.57 133 1.1 ( 97 ) Agent Carter January 6 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 06 ) 6.91 February 24 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 24 ) 4.02 7.14 74 2.3 ( 46 ) January 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 19 ) 3.18 March 1 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 01 ) 2.35 4.37 109 1.4 ( 88 ) Inhumans September 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 29 ) 3.75 November 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 10 ) 1.95 4.14 121 1.2 ( 80 ) Critical response ( edit ) Series <Th_colspan="2"> Season Rotten Tomatoes Metacritic Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 86 % ( 50 reviews ) 74 ( 33 reviews ) 97 % ( 29 reviews ) N / A 100 % ( 15 reviews ) N / A 94 % ( 18 reviews ) N / A 5 100 % ( 11 reviews ) N / A Agent Carter 95 % ( 43 reviews ) 72 ( 27 reviews ) 82 % ( 17 reviews ) N / A Inhumans 10 % ( 41 reviews ) 27 ( 20 reviews ) Daredevil 98 % ( 53 reviews ) 75 ( 22 reviews ) 73 % ( 37 reviews ) 68 ( 13 reviews ) Jessica Jones 92 % ( 64 reviews ) 81 ( 32 reviews ) 87 % ( 69 reviews ) 70 ( 19 reviews ) Luke Cage 94 % ( 62 reviews ) 79 ( 30 reviews ) Iron Fist 18 % ( 62 reviews ) 37 ( 21 reviews ) The Defenders 75 % ( 83 reviews ) 63 ( 30 reviews ) The Punisher 62 % ( 60 reviews ) 55 ( 20 reviews ) Runaways 83 % ( 58 reviews ) 68 ( 22 reviews ) Cloak & Dagger 100 % ( 7 reviews ) N / A With the release of the second season of Daredevil , Brian Lowery of Variety felt the Netflix series `` have already leapfrogged ABC 's forays into the Marvel universe in terms of their appeal , in part by tapping into the avid fan base that supports pay models and does n't need to be spoon - fed plot points . In the process , they have demonstrated that it 's possible to deliver a credible superhero show without a lot of pyrotechnics '' . After the release of the first season of Luke Cage , The Atlantic 's David Sims wrote on the pacing issue of Marvel 's Netflix series , a common complaint to that point , stating , `` After two seasons of Daredevil , one of Jessica Jones , and now one of Luke Cage , the Netflix model feels fundamentally flawed , encouraging the kind of molasses - slow plotting comic books are designed to eschew . The problem is n't that these shows are bad , necessarily ... But they all take far too long to get going , by which point many viewers will have already tuned out . '' He felt one of the problems was the fact that Netflix does not rely on viewers tuning into a particular series as broadcast series do each week , but rather subscribers who , if they lose interest , `` can take as long as they want to catch up ... as long as they keep paying their subscription fee every month . '' The Netflix series are also afforded the opportunity to explore elements in more detail , with Sims noting `` A lot of this detail ( is ) good , but it could have been considerably compressed -- none of the Marvel Netflix series , so far , would have lost much by being squeezed into 10 episodes , or even 8 . If Netflix shaved the 60 - minute running time down quite a bit , it would likely inspire more economical -- and better -- storytelling from its shows . '' Sims concluded by saying , `` What 's most frustrating of all is that Netflix is n't getting rid of this approach anytime soon . Daredevil season three , Jessica Jones season two , Iron Fist , and The Punisher are all on their way , and each will follow the same 13 - episode structure ... The only respite may come in the form of The Defenders , a planned crossover series ... over the course of just eight episodes . Who knows ? The show might even surprise viewers and explain its villain 's motivations within the first hour . Until then , fans will be stuck needlessly giving over entire days to these series , while others are deterred from watching at all . '' In her review for the first season of Iron Fist , Allison Keene of Collider spoke more on the pacing of Marvel 's Netflix series , stating , `` By focusing so intently on making these series ... much more grounded in a gritty real world than what we typically expect from a superhero show ( like DC 's candy - colored ( Arrowverse ) on The CW ) , the problem is that they miss out on the key element : this should be fantastical entertainment . '' With The Defenders , Jeff Jansen of Entertainment Weekly felt many improvements were made to the general complaints the previous seasons received . He said , `` The Defenders is far from perfect . But it 's an enjoyable superhero adventure distinguished by improvements and innovations that I hope Marvel will carry forward . Shorter seasons . More team - ups . Fewer shows . Start the consolidation by letting go of Iron Fist . If Danny Rand must persist , add him to the other shows and let the stronger players carry him . '' Potential projects ( edit ) Marvel 's Damage Control ( edit ) Further information : Damage Control ( comics ) § Live action The show follows the overworked , underpaid , clean up crew of the Marvel Cinematic Universe , who specialize in dealing with the aftermath of superhero conflicts , rescheduling events because of the conflicts , and retrieving lost items . In October 2015 , ABC ordered a put pilot for a half - hour live - action comedy series Marvel 's Damage Control , based on the comics construction company of the same name . The series is being developed by Ben Karlin for ABC Studios and Marvel Television , with Karlin also writing the script for the project and serving as executive producer . In January 2016 , ABC Entertainment president Paul Lee said Damage Control was `` going to be coming out this season , '' seemingly implying it would air in the 2016 -- 17 television season . Other ( edit ) Marvel has been working with screenwriter John Ridley since mid-April 2015 to craft a new television series , `` reinventing '' an existing Marvel character or property . In January 2016 , Ridley confirmed that the project was `` still in development '' . He stated that he was looking to `` bring some of the socially conscious nature '' of Jessica Jones and his series American Crime to the show , while also creating something that is `` straight entertainment '' . A year later , Channing Dungey revealed that Ridley 's project was still progressing , with Ridley working on a rewrite of his script . Ridley added that the rewrite was not because `` anything did n't work the first time around '' , but rather trying to make sure the series does something viewers have not necessarily seen before in a superhero television series , hoping it would occupy `` a space that is not currently being filled '' by Marvel . He also stated that he hoped to create the series `` in the near term . '' By August 2017 , Dungey was `` not sure '' if Ridley was still working on the project . In January 2016 , Lee announced that ABC Studios was developing a second comedy series with Marvel in hope it would air on ABC , while Netflix CCO Ted Sarandos stated that `` all the characters in the universe could also spin out '' into their own series at some point . That May , Dungey said that there were `` a handful of projects in development '' , after passing on Most Wanted and canceling Agent Carter , and that Marvel and ABC were looking `` at series that would be beneficial to both brands . '' By November 2017 , Disney was developing a Marvel series specifically for release on its new streaming service , which it planned to launch before the end of 2019 . In January 2018 , Dungey noted Marvel and ABC `` tried a few things that have n't worked out as well as we would 've liked . We developed a couple things this season that we do n't think are going to end up going forward , so we 're going to look really carefully about what we do next , because the idea for us is to come up with something that works very well for both Marvel and ABC , so we 're going to continue to try there . '' Abandoned projects ( edit ) Main article : Most Wanted ( TV pilot ) By April 2015 , Marvel was developing a spinoff series of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. The series , which was being developed by Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. executive producer Jeffrey Bell and writer Paul Zbyszewski , would be based on storylines occurring at the end of the second season of Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. , and would receive its own pilot rather than a backdoor pilot . Adrianne Palicki and Nick Blood entered into discussions to headline the potential new series as their characters Bobbi Morse and Lance Hunter , respectively . By May 7 , 2015 , when ABC announced their series renewals and cancellations , and new series pickups , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff was passed on . In August 2015 , the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff series received new life as a reworked series , titled Marvel 's Most Wanted , with a pilot order . Bell and Zbyszewski once again developed the series , while also serving as co-writers of the pilot , executive producers , and showrunners , with Jeph Loeb also attached as executive producer . The series would still focus on Morse and Hunter , with Palicki and Blood both attached , and was described as `` a new take focusing on the same duo and their continuing adventures . '' In May 2016 , the series was passed on by ABC once again . See also ( edit ) List of television series based on Marvel Comics References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Littleton , Cynthia ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABC orders Marvel ' S.H.I.E.L.D ' pilot '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( May 14 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Renewed for Abbreviated Sixth Season at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 14 , 2018 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ; Andreeva , Nellie ( May 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Moving To Summer on ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 15 , 2018 . Retrieved May 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : McIntrye , Gina ( January 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' : Hayley Atwell reprises capable 1940s spy for Marvel TV show '' . Los Angeles Times . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Petski , Denise ( June 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Inhumans ' Gets Premiere Date on ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2017 . Retrieved June 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( December 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Inhumans ' Finds Its Showrunner '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 6 , 2016 . Retrieved December 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' ABC Studios . April 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Han , Angie ( September 3 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Season 2 Trailer Hints at Dark Times Ahead '' . / Film . Archived from the original on September 3 , 2014 . Retrieved September 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jaimie ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 3 Synopsis Revealed '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Lovett , Jamie ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Season 4 Synopsis Released '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on August 3 , 2016 . Retrieved August 3 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Agard , Chancellor ( October 7 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. season 5 premiere date revealed at NYCC '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 8 , 2017 . Retrieved October 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 28 , 2012 ) . `` ABC Greenlights ' S.H.I.E.L.D ' Marvel Pilot , Joss Whedon To Co-Write & Possibly Direct '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2012 . Retrieved August 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D '' . ABC Studios . April 6 , 2013 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2013 . Retrieved April 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 10 , 2013 ) . `` ABC Picks Up Marvel / Joss Wheden 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' To Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2013 . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` NYCC 2012 : Coulson Lives in Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . October 13 , 2012 . Archived from the original on October 13 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` ABC renews ' SHIELD ' plus orders ' Captain America ' spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 9 , 2014 . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' Agent Carter ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( March 3 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Renewed For Season 4 '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2016 . Retrieved March 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ABC Renews ' Agents of SHIELD , ' ' American Housewife , ' ' Designated Survivor ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2017 . Retrieved May 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dove , Steve ( July 16 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Series Premiere Date Announced '' . ABC Studios . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2013 . Retrieved September 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' doing ' Thor ' crossover directed by Jonathan Frakes '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( November 21 , 2013 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' will get a ' Captain America : The Winter Soldier ' crossover too '' . Zap2it . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 6 , 2014 ) . `` Film reveal retools TV 's ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2014 . Retrieved April 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 15 , 2014 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . TV By the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved July 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Couch , Aaron ( December 9 , 2014 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses on Skye Bombshell and Marvel Movie Future '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2014 . Retrieved December 9 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Marvel 's The Inhumans ' Coming To IMAX & ABC in 2017 '' . Marvel.com . November 14 , 2016 . Archived from the original on November 15 , 2016 . Retrieved November 14 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` It 's All Connected : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 's Alien Revealed '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on December 3 , 2014 . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( June 10 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Sets Fall Premiere Dates for Grey 's , Scandal , Once and 21 Others , Names Forever 's Replacement '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on June 11 , 2015 . Retrieved June 10 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Coulson Will Encounter the Secret Warriors on ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' on ABC '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Prudom , Laura ( June 26 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Secret Warriors ' Are Coming to ' Agents of SHIELD ' -- and Comic - Con ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved June 27 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Agents of SHIELD : `` Ascension '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( June 28 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Announces Fall Premiere Dates '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on June 28 , 2016 . Retrieved June 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 22 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Gabriel Luna as Ghost Rider '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2016 . Retrieved July 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lachenal , Jessica ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Debrief Season 4 , Episode 6 : ' The Good Samaritan ' '' . The Mary Sue . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 16 , 2016 ) . `` How Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. will cross over with Doctor Strange '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 17 , 2016 . Retrieved September 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Bosses Talk Team 's Final Life - or - Deaths Dilemma , Looming Infinity War Threat '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2018 . Retrieved May 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( October 2 , 2013 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' ratings slip ; Samuel L. Jackson makes cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved March 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 19 , 2013 ) . `` Cobie Smulders ' Comic - Con Reveal : Secret ' Agents of SHIELD ' Role '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : The Hub '' . Marvel.com . October 24 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Titus Welliver Set to Return as Agent Blake in Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . October 10 , 2013 . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved October 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( February 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Thor Star Jaimie Alexander Meets the Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved February 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` Asgardian Warrior Sif Returns to Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TVInsider . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2015 . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` TVLine Items : Maria Hill 's S.H.I.E.L.D. Return , Doctor Who on Disney and More '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2015 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Learn How Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Begins Its Second Season '' . Marvel.com . September 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Logan , Michael ( September 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Look : Haley Atwell 's Agent Carter on Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' TV Guide . Archived from the original on September 10 , 2014 . Retrieved September 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Declassifying Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Aftershocks '' . Marvel.com . February 13 , 2015 . Archived from the original on February 13 , 2015 . Retrieved February 13 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' leads into ' Avengers ' sequel '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( September 29 , 2015 ) . `` Review : ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Breaks the ' Laws of Nature , ' Gets Inhumanly Good in Season 3 '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( October 15 , 2015 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. adds Powers Boothe in ' incredibly menacing ' role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2015 . Retrieved October 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( May 10 , 2014 ) . `` First Details on Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved May 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( October 27 , 2014 ) . `` See What 's in Store for Marvel 's Agent Carter in the Official Series Synopsis '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on October 28 , 2014 . Retrieved October 27 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ; Hibberd , James ( May 12 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter moving to a new city in season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on May 12 , 2015 . Retrieved May 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 18 , 2013 ) . `` Marvel Developing ' Agent Carter ' TV Series '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 19 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( January 17 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Agent Carter ' : Hayley Atwell , Writers , Showrunners Confirmed for ABC Drama '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 10 , 2014 . Retrieved January 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agent Carter ' Canceled at ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's Agent Carter & Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Set Premiere & Return Dates '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on November 6 , 2014 . Retrieved November 6 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Agent Carter Explores the Origins of the Black Widow Program '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 5 , 2015 . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Captain America writers on surprise Agent Carter cameo '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter bosses on Peggy 's closure , Captain America ties , and the future '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 28 , 2015 . Retrieved February 28 , 2015 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( December 1 , 2015 ) . `` Obama 's State of the Union Address Thwarts ABC 's ' Marvel 's Agent Carter ' Return '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on December 2 , 2015 . Retrieved December 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Huver , Scott ( July 21 , 2015 ) . `` SDCC : `` Agent Carter '' Showrunners Promise Romance , Glamour and ... the Darkforce ? `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2015 . Retrieved July 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( September 30 , 2014 ) . `` Dominic Cooper Returns as Howard Stark in Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2014 . Retrieved September 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kroll , Justin ( September 16 , 2014 ) . `` James D'Arcy to Co-Star With Hayley Atwell in Marvel 's ' Agent Carter ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2014 . Retrieved September 16 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Trumbore , Dave ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agent Carter to Feature Edwin Jarvis , aka Howard Stark 's Butler and Inspiration for Tony Stark 's AI '' . Collider . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Steinbeiser , Andrew ( November 5 , 2014 ) . `` Exclusive : Costa Ronin Cast as Anton Vanko in Marvel 's Agent Carter '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2014 . Retrieved November 5 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldman , Eric ( January 3 , 2015 ) . `` Peggy Vs . The World '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 3 , 2015 . Retrieved January 3 , 2015 . Jump up ^ White , Brett ( January 7 , 2015 ) . `` The Howling Commandos Return in New `` Agent Carter '' Promo `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2015 . Retrieved January 7 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Iwan Rheon ( @ @ iwanrheon ) ( June 12 , 2017 ) . `` Thank you Hawai'i and to the beautiful Hawai'ians . Yes , you to Kāne ! I 'll never be the same again . Hang loose 🤙 🤙 🏻 🤙 🏼 🤙 🏽 🤙 🏾 🤙 🏿 # Inhumans '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on June 13 , 2017 . Retrieved June 15 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Petski , Denise ( May 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Inhumans ' Canceled By ABC After One Season '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 11 , 2018 . Retrieved May 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Steven S. DeKnight Joins ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . May 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 24 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Cavanaugh , Patrick ( April 21 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Orders a Second Season of ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 22 , 2015 . 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Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Kevin ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` New ' Daredevil ' Season 2 Trailer Breakdown : 15 Hand - y Details You Might Have Missed '' . Screen Crush . Archived from the original on February 29 , 2016 . Retrieved February 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Thomas , Leah ( March 19 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel Easter Eggs In ' Daredevil ' Season 2 Connect The Dots in Ways You Would n't Expect '' . Bustle . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alex ( March 18 , 2016 ) . `` ' Daredevil ' Season 2 Binge - Blog , Part 1 : Easter Eggs , Spoilers and Lots of Punisher '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 19 , 2016 . Retrieved March 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Zalben , Alex ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` ' Daredevil ' Season 2 Bing - Blog , Part 2 : Elektra , A Surprise Return and the Deadly Finale '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 22 , 2016 . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Jon Bernthal Cast as Frank Castle in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . June 9 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 9 , 2015 . Retrieved June 9 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( November 19 , 2014 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Jessica Jones ' : Krysten Ritter , Alexandra Daddario , Teresa Palmer , Marin Ireland , Jessica De Gouw Testing For Lead '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on November 20 , 2014 . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Li , Shirley ( December 9 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Netflix announces season 2 premiere date , releases first teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on December 28 , 2017 . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel TV head : ' Daredevil ' starts shooting in July , ' Jessica Jones ' next up '' . HitFix . March 24 , 2014 . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2014 . 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Retrieved October 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : White , Brett ( March 31 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Names `` Southland '' Producer Hodari Coker As `` Luke Cage '' Showrunner `` . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2015 . Retrieved April 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Walzer , Graham ( September 27 , 2016 ) . `` Mike Colter , Luke Cage , and the `` Wu - Tang - ification '' of the Marvel Universe `` . Complex . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2016 . Retrieved September 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Stedman , Alex ( December 4 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Renewed for Season 2 on Netflix '' . Variety . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2016 . Retrieved December 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Luke Cage To Debut on Netflix on September 30th '' . ComicBook.com . Archived from the original on March 11 , 2016 . 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Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Gallaway , Lauren ( October 4 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist Announces Release Date '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Game of Thrones actor Finn Jones to play Iron Fist '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 25 , 2016 . Retrieved February 25 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Finn Jones to Star in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Iron Fist ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Commandeur , Jordan ( March 25 , 2017 ) . `` Iron Fist : 15 Easter Eggs And References '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on March 26 , 2017 . Retrieved March 26 , 2017 . 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Archived from the original on October 9 , 2016 . Retrieved October 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Farokhmanesh , Megan ( February 7 , 2017 ) . `` Watch Iron Fist punch his way out of trouble with magical martial arts '' . The Verge . Archived from the original on February 7 , 2017 . Retrieved February 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Vejvoda , Jim ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist Episode 2 : `` Shadow Hawk Takes Flight '' Review `` . IGN . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Vejvoda , Jim ( March 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Game Of Thrones ' Finn Jones Cast In Title Role Of Netflix Series '' . IGN . Archived from the original on February 26 , 2016 . Retrieved March 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Strom , Marc ( April 15 , 2015 ) . `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's The Defenders ' Finds Its Showrunners '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Krysten Ritter Spotted On Set '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Perry , Spencer ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Jessica Jones Meets Misty Knight in First Defenders Set Photos ! '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( March 19 , 2017 ) . `` The Defenders Has Finished Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 20 , 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Boone , Josh ( July 25 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Head of TV Reveals How ' The Defenders ' Will Be Different From ' The Avengers ' '' . Entertainment Tonight . Archived from the original on July 28 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Romano , Nick ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders gets premiere date in new teaser '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( October 31 , 2016 ) . `` Deborah Ann Woll Confirmed to Appear in Marvel 's The Defenders '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2016 . Retrieved October 31 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hill , Jacob ( November 1 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix 's Defenders Cast Grows By Three '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Perry , Spencer ( November 2 , 2016 ) . `` Scott Glenn , Rachael Taylor , and Rosario Dawson Confirmed for The Defenders '' . ComingSoon.net . Archived from the original on November 3 , 2016 . Retrieved November 2 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( November 7 , 2016 ) . `` The Defenders : Elodie Yung to return as Elektra -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on November 7 , 2016 . Retrieved November 7 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Nilma , Carina ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Interview : Eka Darville Chats About The Convention Experience , Marvel 's Jessica Jones , And What He Learned From Cast Mates David Tennant And Krysten Ritter '' . The Iris AU Review . Archived from the original on April 18 , 2016 . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Ge , Linda ( September 28 , 2016 ) . `` ' Luke Cage ' Star Reveals Misty Knight Will Appear in ' The Defenders ' ( Exclusive ) '' . TheWrap . Archived from the original on September 29 , 2016 . Retrieved September 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Mueller , Matthew ( November 3 , 2016 ) . `` Colleen Wing Joins Defenders And Debuts New Footage '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on November 4 , 2016 . Retrieved November 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Collura , Scott ( July 21 , 2017 ) . `` Comic - Con 2017 : The Defenders -- We Just Saw The First Episode '' . IGN . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2017 . 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Retrieved January 13 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Li , Shirley ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Defenders postmortem : Showrunner answers burning questions '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2017 . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Punisher Netflix Series Updates : Is Jon Bernthal Filming Now ? '' . Den of Geek . October 3 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Punisher Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal in Development at Netflix '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Leslie ( January 16 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix Plotting ' Punisher ' Spinoff Starring Jon Bernthal '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 16 , 2016 . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Hibberd , James ( January 17 , 2016 ) . `` Netflix open to more Marvel shows : Any character could get spin - off '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 18 , 2016 . Retrieved January 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Topel , Fred ( January 18 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel TV 's Jeph Loeb on a Possible ' Punisher ' Spinoff and Elektra 's Relationship With Daredevil '' . / Film . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2016 . Retrieved January 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 3 , 2016 ) . `` The Punisher Netflix Series Begins Filming ; Set Photos Show Bearded Frank Castle '' . ScreenRant . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2016 . Retrieved October 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hill , Jacob ( April 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Punisher Wraps Production '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 10 , 2017 . Retrieved April 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 19 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's The Punisher ' Gets November Premiere Date & Trailer on Netflix '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2017 . Retrieved October 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` A Daredevil Series Character Appears on The Punisher Set '' . SuperheroHype ! . October 6 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 6 , 2016 . Retrieved October 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( September 15 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's The Punisher Will Include a Turk Appearance '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved September 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Hulu Orders ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Series From Josh Schwartz & Stephanie Savage '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 17 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Leslie ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Runaways , ' ' Future Man ' Score Second Season Renewals at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2018 . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Finds Its Cast '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Dinh , Christine ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Runaways ' Sets Remaining Cast For Television Project With Hulu '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( May 3 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Runaways , ' From ' The O.C. ' Creators , Ordered to Series at Hulu '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 3 , 2017 . Retrieved May 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ James Marsters ( @ JamesMarstersOf ) ( February 10 , 2017 ) . `` Here 's the sitch . I 'm filming Marvel 's ' Runaways ' ! Set photos are strictly forbidden , but I snuck this pic of the carpet in my trailer ... '' ( Tweet ) . Archived from the original on February 11 , 2017 . Retrieved February 11 , 2017 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Kincaid , Rhiannon ( January 7 , 2017 ) . `` Working Titles For Black Panther , Runaways , and Cloak & Dagger Revealed '' . MCUExchange . Archived from the original on January 7 , 2017 . Retrieved January 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Hood , Cooper ( October 21 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's Runaways Has Wrapped Filming '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2017 . Retrieved October 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Evans , Greg ( July 20 , 2017 ) . `` Hulu Sets Fall Premieres : Slate Includes ' Mindy Project ' , ' Marvel 's Runaways ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on July 20 , 2017 . Retrieved July 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Couto , Anthony ( July 6 , 2016 ) . `` ' Doctor Strange ' Prequel Comic Hints at Movie Secrets , Introduces Another Marvel Villain '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2016 . Retrieved July 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( August 17 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel And Hulu Announce Runaways TV Series '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on August 19 , 2016 . Retrieved August 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Former Colchester schoolgirl lands role in latest Marvel blockbuster '' . Clacton Gazette . October 24 , 2016 . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2016 . Retrieved October 24 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Dredge , Stuart ( April 4 , 2017 ) . `` MIP Drama pre-LA Screenings showcase : Marvel , Marc Cherry , Candy Crush and more '' . MIPTrends . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2017 . Retrieved April 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Evans , Greg ( January 18 , 2018 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Freeform Releases Footage , Sets Premiere Date '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2018 . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - marvel 's cloak & dagger on freeform '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 26 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 11 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform 's Fraught Year : Inside the Rebranded Network 's Chase for Millennials ( and a Hit Show ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 11 , 2016 . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( April 7 , 2016 ) . `` Freeform Greenlights Marvel Romance Superhero Series ' Cloak and Dagger ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2016 . Retrieved April 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Freeform Continues to Grow Its Programming Slate with New Series , Pilots , Returning Series and More '' . The Futon Critic. April 7 , 2016 . Archived from the original on April 8 , 2016 . Retrieved April 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( January 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger ' : Olivia Holt & Aubrey Joseph Land Title Roles in Series For Freeform '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on January 30 , 2017 . Retrieved January 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Louisiana Economic Development ( February 8 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel Selects Louisiana For New Television Series '' ( Press release ) . Louisiana Economic Development . Archived from the original on February 9 , 2017 . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Sobon , Nicole ( November 4 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak and Dagger Season 1 Wraps Filming '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on November 21 , 2017 . Retrieved November 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cave , Rob ( April 21 , 2017 ) . `` Cloak And Dagger Offers A Glimpse of a Wider Marvel Cinematic Universe '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on April 23 , 2017 . Retrieved April 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bacon , Thomas ( March 12 , 2018 ) . `` Cloak & Dagger Early Reactions Praise Marvel 's Newest TV Show '' . Screen Rant . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2018 . Retrieved March 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesly ( April 5 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors , ' With Squirrel Girl , Ordered Straight - to - Series at Freeform ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on April 5 , 2017 . Retrieved April 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Truitt , Brian ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Exclusive sneak peek : Squirrel Girl leads the team of Freeform 's ' New Warriors ' '' . USA Today . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( August 30 , 2016 ) . `` Squirrel Girl on TV ? Marvel Developing New Warriors Comedy Series '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on August 31 , 2016 . Retrieved August 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Morse , Ben ( April 19 , 2017 ) . `` Freeform Announces Characters For ' Marvel 's New Warriors ' '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on April 20 , 2017 . Retrieved April 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( July 10 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Sets Its Cast -- Including Squirrel Girl ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2017 . Retrieved July 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( November 1 , 2017 ) . `` Marvel 's ' New Warriors ' Wo n't Air on Freeform , Series Will Be Shopped Elsewhere ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on March 12 , 2014 . Retrieved November 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cavanaugh , Patrick ( March 20 , 2015 ) . `` Declassifying ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' : Afterlife '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on March 21 , 2015 . Retrieved March 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Luke Mitchell Joins ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . June 1 , 2015 . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ABC 's `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Upped to Series Regular for Season Five of Hit Series '' ( Press release ) . The Futon Critic . October 5 , 2017 . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( November 13 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Adds Two Agents ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on November 13 , 2012 . Retrieved November 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 25 , 2014 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Reveals New Characters , Carter Adds Captain Directors '' . TV Guide . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2014 . Retrieved July 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( September 8 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Nick Blood returning as Lance Hunter '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( June 30 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter : James D'Arcy , Enver Gjokaj returning for season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 1 , 2015 . Retrieved July 1 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( December 19 , 2012 ) . `` Joss Whedon 's ' S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Pilot Enlists ' Nashville ' Actress ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on December 19 , 2012 . Retrieved December 19 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( December 10 , 2014 ) . `` Debriefing the Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Winter Finale '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on December 10 , 2014 . Retrieved December 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bucksbaum , Sydney ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Bosses Talk Finale Deaths , Time Jump and Agent Carter 's Future in the MCU '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 18 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( August 7 , 2014 ) . `` Henry Simmons Joins Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. '' Marvel.com . Archived from the original on August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved August 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( June 4 , 2015 ) . `` Henry Simmons Re-Enlists With ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' as Series Regular '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on June 5 , 2015 . Retrieved June 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( October 24 , 2012 ) . `` Ming - Na To Star in Joss Whedon 's ABC Pilot ' Marvel 's S.H.I.E.L.D. ' '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 24 , 2012 . Retrieved October 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ( # 319 ) ' Failed Experiments ' '' . The Futon Critic . Archived from the original on April 19 , 2016 . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Damore , Meagan ( July 29 , 2016 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' Reveals Ghost Rider Details , Talk Up The New Director & More '' . Comic Book Resources . Archived from the original on July 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Knox - Smith , Michael ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Agents of SHIELD : Season Four Premiere ' The Ghost ' ( Review ) '' . Mike 's Film Talk . Archived from the original on September 22 , 2016 . Retrieved September 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lovett , Jamie ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE : Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Casts Natalia Cordova - Buckley As Slingshot '' . Comicbook.com . Archived from the original on February 16 , 2016 . Retrieved February 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Birnbaum , Debra ( March 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of Shield ' Star Natalia Cordova - Buckley Joins ' Bates Motel ' ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on July 31 , 2017 . Retrieved July 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Patten , Dominic ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Ups Natalia Cordova - Buckley To Series Regular For Season 5 -- NY Comic - Con '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` Marvel 's Agent Carter Casts 2 Key Roles '' . Marvel.com . August 29 , 2014 . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2014 . Retrieved August 29 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( July 10 , 2015 ) . `` Agent Carter bosses preview glamorous and gritty season 2 '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on July 11 , 2015 . Retrieved July 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( November 27 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : Joss Whedon 's Red - Hot S.H.I.E.L.D. Pilot Adds ' Deadly ' New Agent '' . TVLine . Archived from the original on November 29 , 2012 . Retrieved November 27 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. welcomes back original cast member '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on February 22 , 2017 . Retrieved February 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Polo , Susana ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` Who the heck is Iron Fist 's Bakuto ? '' . Polygon . Archived from the original on March 25 , 2017 . Retrieved March 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Strom , Marc ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Three More Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones for Netflix '' . Marvel.com . Archived from the original on February 19 , 2015 . Retrieved February 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Riesman , Abraham ( October 11 , 2015 ) . `` Jessica Jones Has Hot Sex and Nuanced Sexuality ( Especially for a Marvel Show ) '' . Vulture . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2015 . Retrieved October 11 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Luke Cage ' Adds to the Cast '' . Marvel.com . September 16 , 2015 . Archived from the original on September 16 , 2015 . Retrieved September 16 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elodie Yung Cast as Elektra in the Netflix Original Series ' Marvel 's Daredevil ' '' . Marvel.com . July 7 , 2015 . Archived from the original on July 7 , 2015 . Retrieved July 7 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Elden Henson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 26 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 26 , 2014 . Retrieved June 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( July 17 , 2014 ) . `` ' True Blood ' Star to Romance ' Daredevil ' for Netflix '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on July 17 , 2014 . Retrieved July 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Scott Glenn Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . September 15 , 2014 . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2014 . Retrieved September 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rosario Dawson Joins Marvel 's Daredevil For Netflix '' . Marvel.com . June 20 , 2014 . Archived from the original on June 20 , 2014 . Retrieved June 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 3 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's ' Daredevil ' Casts Stephen Rider As New Regular For Season 2 '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on September 4 , 2015 . Retrieved September 4 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Rachael Taylor the Latest to Join Marvel 's A.K.A. Jessica Jones '' . Marvel.com . January 29 , 2015 . Archived from the original on January 29 , 2015 . Retrieved January 29 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Marvel 's Iron Fist casts The Force Awakens actress in lead role '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 1 , 2016 . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 25 , 2013 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' The Voice ' & ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' & ' Chicago Fire ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved September 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 14 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' , ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' & ' The Goldbergs ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Originals ' , ' Supernatural ' & ' About A Boy ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on August 20 , 2014 . Retrieved May 14 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline Hollywood . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved May 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' , ' Forever ' , ' The Voice ' , and ' Dancing With the Stars ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago Fire ' & ' Person of Interest ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Archived from the original on September 25 , 2014 . Retrieved September 24 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( May 13 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Flash ' , ' NCIS ' , & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' iZombie ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved May 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2015 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Dixon , Dani ( September 30 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' + ' NCIS ' Adjusted Up ; ' Best Time Ever ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 30 , 2015 . Retrieved September 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS ' and ' Chicago Fire ' finales adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 19 , 2016 . Retrieved May 18 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 -- 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2016 . Retrieved May 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( September 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' NCIS , ' ' Brooklyn Nine - Nine ' adjust up , ' This Is Us ' & ' Bull ' steady '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 23 , 2016 . Retrieved September 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' NCIS ' finale and ' Bull ' adjust up , ' The Middle ' adjusts down : Tuesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2017 ) . `` Final 2016 -- 17 TV Rankings : ' Sunday Night Football ' Winning Streak Continues '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 27 , 2017 . Retrieved May 26 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Blue Bloods ' and ' The Exorcist ' adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on December 4 , 2017 . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 21 , 2018 ) . `` ' Blindspot , ' ' 20 / 20 , ' ' Life Sentence , ' ' Harry & Meghan ' special all adjust down : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2018 . Retrieved May 21 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : de Moraes , Lisa ; Hipes , Patrick ( May 22 , 2018 ) . `` 2017 - 18 TV Series Ratings Rankings : NFL Football , ' Big Bang ' Top Charts '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 8 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' Agent Carter ' , ' Person of Interest ' or ' Forever ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved January 8 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 25 , 2015 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' The Voice ' Adjusted Up ; ' NCIS ' , ' NCIS : New Orleans ' , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' , ' New Girl ' & ' TV 's Hottest Commercials ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Zap2it . Retrieved February 26 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 21 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday final ratings : ' Chicago Fire ' and ' Hollywood Game Night ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on January 21 , 2016 . Retrieved January 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Tuesday Final Ratings : ' New Girl ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 2 , 2016 . Retrieved March 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hell 's Kitchen ' premiere adjusts up : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2017 . Retrieved October 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Hawaii Five - 0 , ' ' Hell 's Kitchen , ' everything else unchanged : Friday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2017 . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 1 ( 2013 -- 2014 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D -- Season 1 Reviews '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved August 20 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 2 ( 2014 -- 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 3 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 4 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Season 5 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Agent Carter : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved January 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Agent Carter : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Inhumans : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved October 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved April 19 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Daredevil : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved March 26 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 ( 2015 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved November 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 2 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Fandango Media . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Jessica Jones : Season 2 '' . Metacritic . CBS . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 ( 2016 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Luke Cage : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved September 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Iron Fist : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Defenders : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Punisher : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's The Punisher : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 ( 2017 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved February 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Runaways : Season 1 '' . Metacritic . Retrieved December 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Marvel 's Cloak & Dagger : Season 1 ( 2018 ) '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 27 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Lowery , Brian ( February 24 , 2016 ) . `` TV Review : ' Marvel 's Daredevil , ' Season 2 '' . Variety . Archived from the original on February 24 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Sims , David ( October 6 , 2016 ) . `` The Biggest Problem With Netflix 's Comic - Book Shows '' . The Atlantic . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Keene , Allison ( March 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Iron Fist ' Review : Come for the Fights , Stay ... for the Corporate Litigation ? '' . Collider . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2017 . Retrieved March 8 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Jansen , Jeff ( August 10 , 2017 ) . `` Netflix 's The Defenders proves the power of team - ups , shorter seasons : EW review '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on August 11 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel Comics ' Damage Control ' Adapted As Comedy TV Series By ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2015 . Retrieved October 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` ABC Prepping Marvel Comedy ' Damage Control ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on October 3 , 2015 . Retrieved October 3 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Schwartz , Terri ( January 11 , 2016 ) . `` Second Marvel Comedy in Development at ABC '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2016 . Retrieved January 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 17 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel teaming with John Ridley for mysterious superhero project -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 17 , 2015 . Retrieved April 17 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 9 , 2016 ) . `` John Ridley 's Marvel Series is ' Still Very Much Alive ' '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2016 . Retrieved January 10 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` ABC chief addresses Scandal - free fall lineup and the future of OUAT '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 10 , 2017 . Retrieved January 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Terri ( January 10 , 2017 ) . `` John Ridley Promises Marvel TV Project Is A ' Unique ' Take on Superhero Genre '' . IGN . Archived from the original on January 11 , 2017 . Retrieved January 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Ge , Linda ( August 6 , 2017 ) . `` ABC President `` Not Sure '' If John Ridley Marvel Project Is Still Happening `` . The Tracking Board . Archived from the original on August 10 , 2017 . Retrieved August 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rose , Lacey ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` ABC Entertainment Chief Talks ' Castle 's ' Demise , Shonda Rhimes ' Future and More Marvel '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on May 17 , 2016 . Retrieved May 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Littleton , Cynthia ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` New ' Star Wars ' Trilogy in Works With Rian Johnson , TV Series Also Coming to Disney Streaming Service '' . Variety . Archived from the original on November 10 , 2017 . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ; Hibberd , James ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ABC boss ' cautiously optimistic ' about S.H.I.E.L.D. , Once Upon a Time futures '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on January 9 , 2018 . Retrieved January 9 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( April 9 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel developing Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. spinoff for ABC -- exclusive '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2015 . Retrieved April 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( April 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palick & Nick Blood Eyed To Topline Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. Spinoff '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on April 21 , 2015 . Retrieved April 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( May 7 , 2015 ) . `` ' Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ' Spinoff Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on May 8 , 2015 . Retrieved May 8 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Goldberg , Lesley ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Adrianne Palicki , Nick Blood to Star in Marvel Pilot for ABC '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( August 20 , 2015 ) . `` Marvel 's Mockingbird Series Starring Adrianne Palicki Lands ABC Pilot Order ( EXCLUSIVE ) '' . Variety . Archived from the original on August 21 , 2015 . Retrieved August 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Wagmeister , Elizabeth ( May 12 , 2016 ) . `` ' Marvel 's Most Wanted ' Not Going Forward at ABC '' . Variety . Archived from the original on May 13 , 2016 . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . <Th_colspan="2"> Marvel Cinematic Universe Feature films Phase One Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers accolades Phase Two Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Phase Three Captain America : Civil War Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War production Ant - Man and the Wasp Captain Marvel Untitled Avengers film production Television series ABC Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. episodes season 1 5 characters Agent Carter season 1 characters Inhumans `` Behold ... The Inhumans '' `` Those Who Would Destroy Us '' Netflix Daredevil season 1 characters Jessica Jones season 1 characters Luke Cage season 1 characters Iron Fist season 1 characters The Defenders The Punisher season 1 Hulu Runaways `` Reunion '' Freeform Cloak & Dagger Other Most Wanted New Warriors Other media Short films Item 47 Agent Carter All Hail the King Digital series WHIH Newsfront Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. : Slingshot Tie - in comics Fury 's Big Week Cast and characters Film cast Television series cast Phil Coulson Erik Selvig Trevor Slattery Tony Stark Claire Temple Music Soundtracks Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor Captain America : The First Avenger The Avengers Iron Man 3 Thor : The Dark World Captain America : The Winter Soldier Guardians of the Galaxy Avengers : Age of Ultron Ant - Man Captain America : Civil War Luke Cage Doctor Strange Guardians of the Galaxy Vol. 2 Spider - Man : Homecoming Thor : Ragnarok Black Panther Avengers : Infinity War Singles `` Live to Rise '' `` All the Stars '' `` King 's Dead '' `` Pray for Me '' MCU - inspired media Video games Iron Man The Incredible Hulk Iron Man 2 Thor : God of Thunder Captain America : Super Soldier Iron Man 3 Lego Marvel 's Avengers Disney Parks Iron Man Experience Marvel - themed areas Guardians of the Galaxy -- Mission : Breakout ! Other Team Thor <Td_colspan="2"> Book Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Live - action television programs based on Marvel Comics TV series Current Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. ( since 2013 ) Daredevil ( since 2015 ) Jessica Jones ( since 2015 ) Luke Cage ( since 2016 ) Legion ( since 2017 ) Iron Fist ( since 2017 ) The Gifted ( since 2017 ) The Punisher ( since 2017 ) Runaways ( since 2017 ) Former Spidey Super Stories ( 1974 -- 77 ) The Amazing Spider - Man ( 1977 -- 79 ) The Incredible Hulk ( 1978 -- 82 ) Spider - Man ( Toei ) ( 1978 -- 79 ) Night Man ( 1997 -- 99 ) Mutant X ( 2001 -- 04 ) Blade : The Series ( 2006 ) Agent Carter ( 2015 -- 16 ) Powers ( 2015 -- 16 ) The Defenders ( 2017 ) Inhumans ( 2017 ) Upcoming Cloak & Dagger ( 2018 ) New Warriors ( 2018 ) Unaired pilot Most Wanted TV films Spider - Man The Incredible Hulk The Return of the Incredible Hulk Dr. Strange Captain America Captain America II : Death Too Soon The Incredible Hulk Returns The Trial of the Incredible Hulk The Death of the Incredible Hulk Power Pack Generation X Nick Fury : Agent of S.H.I.E.L.D. Man - Thing See also Marvel Television List of Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel Cinematic Universe portal Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Marvel_Cinematic_Universe_television_series&oldid=843667133 '' Categories : Marvel Cinematic Universe television series Marvel Cinematic Universe lists Hidden categories : All articles lacking reliable references Articles lacking reliable references from January 2017 Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Bahasa Indonesia Italiano Polski Português Suomi 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 30 May 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Marvel Cinematic Universe television series 2. Agents of S.H.I.E.L.D. 3. Agent Carter 4. Netflix series 5. Inhumans

when was the opera house built in sydney

Sydney Opera House - Wikipedia Sydney Opera House Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Sydney Opera House <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Show map of Sydney Show map of New South Wales Show map of Australia Show all Location of Sydney Opera House <Th_colspan="2"> General information Status Complete Type Performing arts centre Architectural style Expressionist Location Bennelong Point , Sydney Country Australia Coordinates 33 ° 51 ′ 31.2 '' S 151 ° 12 ′ 50.5 '' E  /  33.858667 ° S 151.214028 ° E  / - 33.858667 ; 151.214028 Coordinates : 33 ° 51 ′ 31.2 '' S 151 ° 12 ′ 50.5 '' E  /  33.858667 ° S 151.214028 ° E  / - 33.858667 ; 151.214028 Elevation 4 m ( 13 ft ) Current tenants Opera Australia The Australian Ballet Sydney Theatre Company Sydney Symphony Orchestra ( + others ) Groundbreaking 1 March 1959 Construction started 1 March 1959 Completed 1973 Opened 20 October 1973 Inaugurated 20 October 1973 Cost A $102 million , equivalent to ~ A $927 million in 2016 Client NSW government Owner NSW Government Height 65 m ( 213 ft ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other dimensions length 183 m ( 600 ft ) width 120 m ( 394 ft ) area 1.8 ha ( 4.4 acres ) <Th_colspan="2"> Technical details Structural system Concrete frame & precast concrete ribbed roof <Th_colspan="2"> Design and construction Architect Jørn Utzon Structural engineer Ove Arup & Partners Main contractor Civil & Civic ( level 1 ) , M.R. Hornibrook ( level 2 and 3 and interior ) <Th_colspan="2"> Other information Seating capacity Concert Hall 2,679 Joan Sutherland Theatre 1,507 Drama Theatre 544 Playhouse 398 The Studio 400 Utzon Room 210 Total 5,738 <Th_colspan="2"> Website <Td_colspan="2"> sydneyoperahouse.com <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> UNESCO World Heritage Site Type Cultural Criteria i Designated 2007 ( 31st session ) Reference no . 166rev State Party Australia Region Asia - Pacific <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Australian National Heritage List Type Historic Criteria a , b , e , f , g , h Designated 12 July 2005 Reference no . 105738 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> New South Wales Heritage Register Type Built Criteria a , b , c , d , e , f , g Designated 3 December 2003 Reference no . 01685 <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> References <Td_colspan="2"> Coordinates The Sydney Opera House is a multi-venue performing arts centre in Sydney , New South Wales , Australia . It is one of the 20th century 's most famous and distinctive buildings . Designed by Danish architect Jørn Utzon , the building was formally opened on 20 October 1973 after a gestation beginning with Utzon 's 1957 selection as winner of an international design competition . The government of New South Wales , led by the premier , Joseph Cahill , authorised work to begin in 1958 with Utzon directing construction . The government 's decision to build Utzon 's design is often overshadowed by circumstances that followed , including cost and scheduling overruns as well as the architect 's ultimate resignation . The building and its surrounds occupy the whole of Bennelong Point on Sydney Harbour , between Sydney Cove and Farm Cove , adjacent to the Sydney central business district and the Royal Botanic Gardens , and close by the Sydney Harbour Bridge . Though its name suggests a single venue , the building comprises multiple performance venues which together host well over 1,500 performances annually , attended by more than 1.2 million people . Performances are presented by numerous performing artists , including three resident companies : Opera Australia , the Sydney Theatre Company and the Sydney Symphony Orchestra . As one of the most popular visitor attractions in Australia , more than eight million people visit the site annually , and approximately 350,000 visitors take a guided tour of the building each year . The building is managed by the Sydney Opera House Trust , an agency of the New South Wales State Government . On 28 June 2007 , the Sydney Opera House became a UNESCO World Heritage Site ; having been listed on the ( now defunct ) Register of the National Estate since 1980 , the National Trust of Australia register since 1983 , the City of Sydney Heritage Inventory since 2000 , the New South Wales State Heritage Register since 2003 , and the Australian National Heritage List since 2005 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Description 1.1 Performance venues and facilities 1.2 Other facilities 2 Construction history 2.1 Origins 2.2 Design and construction 2.2. 1 Stage I : Podium 2.2. 2 Stage II : Roof 2.2. 3 Stage III : Interiors 2.3 Significant changes to Utzon 's design 2.4 Completion and cost 3 Utzon and his resignation 4 Architectural design role of Peter Hall 5 Opening 6 Performance firsts 7 Reconciliation with Utzon ; building refurbishment 8 Public and commemorative events 9 Awards 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Attribution 12 Bibliography 13 External links Description ( edit ) Sydney Opera House with a Sydney Ferry passing by The facility features a modern expressionist design , with a series of large precast concrete `` shells '' , each composed of sections of a sphere of 75.2 metres ( 246 ft 8.6 in ) radius , forming the roofs of the structure , set on a monumental podium . The building covers 1.8 hectares ( 4.4 acres ) of land and is 183 m ( 600 ft ) long and 120 m ( 394 ft ) wide at its widest point . It is supported on 588 concrete piers sunk as much as 25 m ( 82 ft ) below sea level . Although the roof structures are commonly referred to as `` shells '' ( as in this article ) , they are precast concrete panels supported by precast concrete ribs , not shells in a strictly structural sense . Though the shells appear uniformly white from a distance , they actually feature a subtle chevron pattern composed of 1,056,006 tiles in two colours : glossy white and matte cream . The tiles were manufactured by the Swedish company Höganäs AB which generally produced stoneware tiles for the paper - mill industry . Apart from the tile of the shells and the glass curtain walls of the foyer spaces , the building 's exterior is largely clad with aggregate panels composed of pink granite quarried at Tarana . Significant interior surface treatments also include off - form concrete , Australian white birch plywood supplied from Wauchope in northern New South Wales , and brush box glulam . Of the two larger spaces , the Concert Hall is in the western group of shells , the Joan Sutherland Theatre in the eastern group . The scale of the shells was chosen to reflect the internal height requirements , with low entrance spaces , rising over the seating areas up to the high stage towers . The smaller venues ( the Drama Theatre , the Playhouse and the Studio ) are within the podium , beneath the Concert Hall . A smaller group of shells set to the western side of the Monumental Steps houses the Bennelong Restaurant . The podium is surrounded by substantial open public spaces , and the large stone - paved forecourt area with the adjacent monumental steps is regularly used as a performance space . Performance venues and facilities ( edit ) The Sydney Opera House includes a number of performance venues : Concert Hall : With 2,679 seats , the home of the Sydney Symphony Orchestra and used by a large number of other concert presenters . It contains the Sydney Opera House Grand Organ , the largest mechanical tracker action organ in the world , with over 10,000 pipes . Joan Sutherland Theatre : A proscenium theatre with 1,507 seats , the Sydney home of Opera Australia and The Australian Ballet . Until 16 October 2012 it was known as the Opera Theatre . Drama Theatre : A proscenium theatre with 544 seats , used by the Sydney Theatre Company and other dance and theatrical presenters . Playhouse : An end - stage theatre with 398 seats . Studio : A flexible space with 280 permanent seats ( some of which can be folded up ) and a maximum capacity of 400 , depending on configuration . Utzon Room : A small multi-purpose venue for parties , corporate functions and small productions ( such as chamber music performances ) . Recording Studio Outdoor Forecourt : A flexible open - air venue with a wide range of configuration options , including the possibility of utilising the Monumental Steps as audience seating , used for a range of community events and major outdoor performances . Other areas ( for example the northern and western foyers ) are also used for performances on an occasional basis . Venues are also used for conferences , ceremonies and social functions . Other facilities ( edit ) The building also houses a recording studio , cafes , restaurants , bars and retail outlets . Guided tours are available , including a frequent tour of the front - of - house spaces , and a daily backstage tour that takes visitors backstage to see areas normally reserved for performers and crew members . Interior of the Concert Hall Construction history ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Bennelong Point with tram depot in the 1920s ( top left - hand side of photograph ) Construction progress in 1966 Planning began in the late 1940s , when Eugene Goossens , the Director of the NSW State Conservatorium of Music , lobbied for a suitable venue for large theatrical productions . The normal venue for such productions , the Sydney Town Hall , was not considered large enough . By 1954 , Goossens succeeded in gaining the support of NSW Premier Joseph Cahill , who called for designs for a dedicated opera house . It was also Goossens who insisted that Bennelong Point be the site : Cahill had wanted it to be on or near Wynyard Railway Station in the northwest of the CBD . An international design competition was launched by Cahill on 13 September 1955 and received 233 entries , representing architects from 32 countries . The criteria specified a large hall seating 3,000 and a small hall for 1,200 people , each to be designed for different uses , including full - scale operas , orchestral and choral concerts , mass meetings , lectures , ballet performances and other presentations . The winner , announced in 1957 , was Jørn Utzon , a Danish architect . According to legend the Utzon design was rescued from a final cut of 30 `` rejects '' by the noted Finnish - American architect Eero Saarinen . The runner - up was an entry by firm GBQC of Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . The grand prize was 5,000 Australian pounds . Utzon visited Sydney in 1957 to help supervise the project . His office moved to Palm Beach , Sydney in February 1963 . Utzon received the Pritzker Architecture Prize , architecture 's highest honour , in 2003 . The Pritzker Prize citation read : There is no doubt that the Sydney Opera House is his masterpiece . It is one of the great iconic buildings of the 20th century , an image of great beauty that has become known throughout the world -- a symbol for not only a city , but a whole country and continent . Design and construction ( edit ) The Fort Macquarie Tram Depot , occupying the site at the time of these plans , was demolished in 1958 and construction began in March 1959 . It was built in three stages : stage I ( 1959 -- 1963 ) consisted of building the upper podium ; stage II ( 1963 -- 1967 ) the construction of the outer shells ; stage III ( 1967 -- 1973 ) interior design and construction . Stage I : podium ( edit ) Stage I commenced on 2 March 1959 with the construction firm Civil & Civic , monitored by the engineers Ove Arup and Partners . The government had pushed for work to begin early , fearing that funding , or public opinion , might turn against them . However , Utzon had still not completed the final designs . Major structural issues still remained unresolved . By 23 January 1961 , work was running 47 weeks behind , mainly because of unexpected difficulties ( inclement weather , unexpected difficulty diverting stormwater , construction beginning before proper construction drawings had been prepared , changes of original contract documents ) . Work on the podium was finally completed in February 1963 . The forced early start led to significant later problems , not least of which was the fact that the podium columns were not strong enough to support the roof structure , and had to be re-built . Stage II : roof ( edit ) Further information : Mathematics and art Construction progress in 1968 Sydney Opera House shell ribs The glazed ceramic tiles of the Sydney Opera House The shells of the competition entry were originally of undefined geometry , but , early in the design process , the `` shells '' were perceived as a series of parabolas supported by precast concrete ribs . However , engineers Ove Arup and Partners were unable to find an acceptable solution to constructing them . The formwork for using in - situ concrete would have been prohibitively expensive , and , because there was no repetition in any of the roof forms , the construction of precast concrete for each individual section would possibly have been even more expensive . From 1957 to 1963 , the design team went through at least 12 iterations of the form of the shells trying to find an economically acceptable form ( including schemes with parabolas , circular ribs and ellipsoids ) before a workable solution was completed . The design work on the shells involved one of the earliest uses of computers in structural analysis , to understand the complex forces to which the shells would be subjected . The computer system was also used in the assembly of the arches . The pins in the arches were surveyed at the end of each day , and the information was entered into the computer so the next arch could be properly placed the following day . In mid-1961 , the design team found a solution to the problem : the shells all being created as sections from a sphere . This solution allows arches of varying length to be cast in a common mould , and a number of arch segments of common length to be placed adjacent to one another , to form a spherical section . With whom exactly this solution originated has been the subject of some controversy . It was originally credited to Utzon . Ove Arup 's letter to Ashworth , a member of the Sydney Opera House Executive Committee , states : `` Utzon came up with an idea of making all the shells of uniform curvature throughout in both directions . '' Peter Jones , the author of Ove Arup 's biography , states that `` the architect and his supporters alike claimed to recall the precise eureka moment ... ; the engineers and some of their associates , with equal conviction , recall discussion in both central London and at Ove 's house . '' He goes on to claim that `` the existing evidence shows that Arup 's canvassed several possibilities for the geometry of the shells , from parabolas to ellipsoids and spheres . '' Yuzo Mikami , a member of the design team , presents an opposite view in his book on the project , Utzon 's Sphere . It is unlikely that the truth will ever be categorically known , but there is a clear consensus that the design team worked very well indeed for the first part of the project and that Utzon , Arup , and Ronald Jenkins ( partner of Ove Arup and Partners responsible for the Opera House project ) all played a very significant part in the design development . As Peter Murray states in The Saga of the Sydney Opera House : ... the two men -- and their teams -- enjoyed a collaboration that was remarkable in its fruitfulness and , despite many traumas , was seen by most of those involved in the project as a high point of architect / engineer collaboration . The design of the roof was tested on scale models in wind tunnels at University of Southampton and later NPL in order to establish the wind - pressure distribution around the roof shape in very high winds , which helped in the design of the roof tiles and their fixtures . The shells were constructed by Hornibrook Group Pty Ltd , who were also responsible for construction in Stage III . Hornibrook manufactured the 2400 precast ribs and 4000 roof panels in an on - site factory and also developed the construction processes . The achievement of this solution avoided the need for expensive formwork construction by allowing the use of precast units ( it also allowed the roof tiles to be prefabricated in sheets on the ground , instead of being stuck on individually at height ) . Ove Arup and Partners ' site engineer supervised the construction of the shells , which used an innovative adjustable steel - trussed `` erection arch '' to support the different roofs before completion . On 6 April 1962 , it was estimated that the Opera House would be completed between August 1964 and March 1965 . Stage III : interiors ( edit ) The Concert Hall and organ View from the stage of the Concert Hall . View from the stage of the Joan Sutherland Theatre . Interior of the Studio Theatre . Stage III , the interiors , started with Utzon moving his entire office to Sydney in February 1963 . However , there was a change of government in 1965 , and the new Robert Askin government declared the project under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Public Works . Due to the Ministry 's criticism of the project 's costs and time , along with their impression of Utzon 's designs being impractical , this ultimately led to his resignation in 1966 ( see below ) . The cost of the project so far , even in October 1966 , was still only $22.9 million , less than a quarter of the final $102 million cost . However , the projected costs for the design were at this stage much more significant . The second stage of construction was progressing toward completion when Utzon resigned . His position was principally taken over by Peter Hall , who became largely responsible for the interior design . Other persons appointed that same year to replace Utzon were E.H. Farmer as government architect , D.S. Littlemore and Lionel Todd . Following Utzon 's resignation , the acoustic advisor , Lothar Cremer , confirmed to the Sydney Opera House Executive Committee ( SOHEC ) that Utzon 's original acoustic design allowed for only 2000 seats in the main hall and further stated that increasing the number of seats to 3000 as specified in the brief would be disastrous for the acoustics . According to Peter Jones , the stage designer , Martin Carr , criticised the `` shape , height and width of the stage , the physical facilities for artists , the location of the dressing rooms , the widths of doors and lifts , and the location of lighting switchboards . '' Significant changes to Utzon 's design ( edit ) The foyer of the Joan Sutherland Theatre , showing the internal structure and steel framing of the glass curtain walls ; the final constructions were modified from Utzon 's original designs View of the Opera House from the Harbour Bridge The major hall , which was originally to be a multipurpose opera / concert hall , became solely a concert hall , called the Concert Hall . The minor hall , originally for stage productions only , incorporated opera and ballet functions and was called the Opera Theatre , later renamed the Joan Sutherland Theatre . As a result , the Joan Sutherland Theatre is inadequate to stage large - scale opera and ballet . A theatre , a cinema and a library were also added . These were later changed to two live drama theatres and a smaller theatre `` in the round '' . These now comprise the Drama Theatre , the Playhouse and the Studio respectively . These changes were primarily because of inadequacies in the original competition brief , which did not make it adequately clear how the Opera House was to be used . The layout of the interiors was changed , and the stage machinery , already designed and fitted inside the major hall , was pulled out and largely thrown away , as detailed in the 1968 BBC TV documentary Autopsy on a Dream , which `` chronicles the full spectrum of controversy surrounding the construction of the Sydney Opera House '' . Externally , the cladding to the podium and the paving ( the podium was originally not to be clad down to the water , but to be left open ) . The construction of the glass walls ( Utzon was planning to use a system of prefabricated plywood mullions , but a different system was designed to deal with the glass ) . Utzon 's plywood corridor designs , and his acoustic and seating designs for the interior of both major halls , were scrapped completely . His design for the Concert Hall was rejected as it only seated 2000 , which was considered insufficient . Utzon employed the acoustic consultant Lothar Cremer , and his designs for the major halls were later modelled and found to be very good . The subsequent Todd , Hall and Littlemore versions of both major halls have some problems with acoustics , particularly for the performing musicians . The orchestra pit in the Joan Sutherland Theatre is cramped and dangerous to musicians ' hearing . The Concert Hall has a very high roof , leading to a lack of early reflections onstage -- perspex rings ( the `` acoustic clouds '' ) hanging over the stage were added shortly before opening in an ( unsuccessful ) attempt to address this problem . Completion and cost ( edit ) The Opera House was formally completed in 1973 , having cost $ 102 million . H.R. `` Sam '' Hoare , the Hornibrook director in charge of the project , provided the following approximations in 1973 : Stage I : podium Civil & Civic Pty Ltd approximately $5.5 m . Stage II : roof shells M.R. Hornibrook ( NSW ) Pty Ltd approximately $12.5 m . Stage III : completion The Hornibrook Group $56.5 m . Separate contracts : stage equipment , stage lighting and organ $9.0 m . Fees and other costs : $16.5 m . The original cost and scheduling estimates in 1957 projected a cost of £ 3,500,000 ( $7 million ) and completion date of 26 January 1963 ( Australia Day ) . In reality , the project was completed ten years late and 1,357 % over budget in real terms . Utzon and his resignation ( edit ) The building illuminated at night Before the Sydney Opera House competition , Jørn Utzon had won seven of the 18 competitions he had entered but had never seen any of his designs built . Utzon 's submitted concept for the Sydney Opera House was almost universally admired and considered groundbreaking . The Assessors Report of January 1957 , stated : The drawings submitted for this scheme are simple to the point of being diagrammatic . Nevertheless , as we have returned again and again to the study of these drawings , we are convinced that they present a concept of an Opera House which is capable of becoming one of the great buildings of the world . For the first stage , Utzon worked successfully with the rest of the design team and the client , but , as the project progressed , the Cahill government insisted on progressive revisions . They also did not fully appreciate the costs or work involved in design and construction . Tensions between the client and the design team grew further when an early start to construction was demanded despite an incomplete design . This resulted in a continuing series of delays and setbacks while various technical engineering issues were being refined . The building was unique , and the problems with the design issues and cost increases were exacerbated by commencement of work before the completion of the final plans . After the 1965 election of the Liberal Party , with Robert Askin becoming Premier of New South Wales , the relationship of client , architect , engineers and contractors became increasingly tense . Askin had been a `` vocal critic of the project prior to gaining office . '' His new Minister for Public Works , Davis Hughes , was even less sympathetic . Elizabeth Farrelly , an Australian architecture critic , wrote that : at an election night dinner party in Mosman , Hughes ' daughter Sue Burgoyne boasted that her father would soon sack Utzon . Hughes had no interest in art , architecture or aesthetics . A fraud , as well as a philistine , he had been exposed before Parliament and dumped as Country Party leader for 19 years of falsely claiming a university degree . The Opera House gave Hughes a second chance . For him , as for Utzon , it was all about control ; about the triumph of homegrown mediocrity over foreign genius . The Opera House seen from the north Differences ensued . One of the first was that Utzon believed the clients should receive information on all aspects of the design and construction through his practice , while the clients wanted a system ( notably drawn in sketch form by Davis Hughes ) where architect , contractors , and engineers each reported to the client directly and separately . This had great implications for procurement methods and cost control , with Utzon wishing to negotiate contracts with chosen suppliers ( such as Ralph Symonds for the plywood interiors ) and the New South Wales government insisting contracts be put out to tender . Utzon was highly reluctant to respond to questions or criticism from the client 's Sydney Opera House Executive Committee ( SOHEC ) . However , he was greatly supported throughout by a member of the committee and one of the original competition judges , Harry Ingham Ashworth . Utzon was unwilling to compromise on some aspects of his designs that the clients wanted to change . Utzon 's ability was never in doubt , despite questions raised by Davis Hughes , who attempted to portray Utzon as an impractical dreamer . Ove Arup actually stated that Utzon was `` probably the best of any I have come across in my long experience of working with architects '' and : `` The Opera House could become the world 's foremost contemporary masterpiece if Utzon is given his head . '' The Opera House , backed by the Sydney Harbour Bridge , from the eastern Botanic Gardens The Opera House seen from The Rocks The Sydney Opera House during Vivid Sydney ( 2013 ) . In October 1965 , Utzon gave Hughes a schedule setting out the completion dates of parts of his work for stage III . Utzon was at this time working closely with Ralph Symonds , a manufacturer of plywood based in Sydney and highly regarded by many , despite an Arup engineer warning that Ralph Symonds 's `` knowledge of the design stresses of plywood , was extremely sketchy '' and that the technical advice was `` elementary to say the least and completely useless for our purposes . '' Australian architecture critic Elizabeth Farrelly has referred to Ove Arup 's project engineer Michael Lewis as having `` other agendas '' . In any case , Hughes shortly after withheld permission for the construction of plywood prototypes for the interiors , and the relationship between Utzon and the client never recovered . By February 1966 , Utzon was owed more than $100,000 in fees . Hughes then withheld funding so that Utzon could not even pay his own staff . The government minutes record that following several threats of resignation , Utzon finally stated to Davis Hughes : `` If you do n't do it , I resign . '' Hughes replied : `` I accept your resignation . Thank you very much . Goodbye . '' Utzon left the project on 28 February 1966 . He said that Hughes 's refusal to pay him any fees and the lack of collaboration caused his resignation and later famously described the situation as `` Malice in Blunderland '' . In March 1966 , Hughes offered him a subordinate role as `` design architect '' under a panel of executive architects , without any supervisory powers over the House 's construction , but Utzon rejected this . Utzon left the country never to return . Following the resignation , there was great controversy about who was in the right and who was in the wrong . The Sydney Morning Herald initially opined : `` No architect in the world has enjoyed greater freedom than Mr Utzon . Few clients have been more patient or more generous than the people and the Government of NSW . One would not like history to record that this partnership was brought to an end by a fit of temper on the one side or by a fit of meanness on the other . '' On 17 March 1966 , the Herald offered the view that : `` It was not his ( Utzon 's ) fault that a succession of Governments and the Opera House Trust should so signally have failed to impose any control or order on the project ... his concept was so daring that he himself could solve its problems only step by step ... his insistence on perfection led him to alter his design as he went along . '' The Sydney Opera House opened the way for the immensely complex geometries of some modern architecture . The design was one of the first examples of the use of computer - aided design to design complex shapes . The design techniques developed by Utzon and Arup for the Sydney Opera House have been further developed and are now used for architecture , such as works of Gehry and blobitecture , as well as most reinforced concrete structures . The design is also one of the first in the world to use araldite to glue the precast structural elements together and proved the concept for future use . It was also a first in mechanical engineering . Another Danish firm , Steensen Varming , was responsible for designing the new air - conditioning plant , the largest in Australia at the time , supplying over 600,000 cubic feet ( 17,000 m ) of air per minute , using the innovative idea of harnessing the harbour water to create a water - cooled heat pump system that is still in operation today . Architectural design role of Peter Hall ( edit ) After the resignation of Utzon , the Minister for Public Works , Davis Hughes , and the Government Architect , Ted Farmer , organised a team to bring the Sydney Opera House to completion . The architectural work was divided between three appointees who became the Hall , Todd , Littlemore partnership . David Littlemore would manage construction supervision , Lionel Todd contract documentation , while the crucial role of design became the responsibility of Peter Hall . Peter Hall ( 1931 -- 1995 ) completed a combined arts and architecture degree at Sydney University . Upon graduation a travel scholarship enabled him to spend twelve months in Europe during which time he visited Utzon in Hellebæk . Returning to Sydney , Hall worked for the Government Architect , a branch of the NSW Public Works Department . While there he established himself as a talented design architect with a number of court and university buildings , including the Goldstein Hall at the University of New South Wales , which won the Sir John Sulman Medal in 1964 . Hall resigned from the Government Architects office in early 1966 to pursue his own practice . When approached to take on the design role , ( after at least two prominent Sydney architects had declined ) , Hall spoke with Utzon by phone before accepting the position . Utzon reportedly told Hall : he ( Hall ) would not be able to finish the job and the Government would have to invite him back . Hall also sought the advice of others , including architect Don Gazzard who warned him acceptance would be a bad career move as the project would `` never be his own '' . Hall agreed to accept the role on the condition there was no possibility of Utzon returning . Even so , his appointment did not go down well with many of his fellow architects who considered that no one but Utzon should complete the Sydney Opera House . Upon Utzon 's dismissal , a rally of protest had marched to Bennelong Point . A petition was also circulated , including in the Government Architects office . Peter Hall was one of the many who had signed the petition that called for Utzon 's reinstatement . When Hall agreed to the design role and was appointed in April 1966 , he imagined he would find the design and documentation for the Stage III well advanced . What he found was an enormous amount of work ahead of him with many aspects completely unresolved by Utzon in relation to seating capacity , acoustics and structure . In addition Hall found the project had proceeded for nine years without the development of a concise client brief . To bring himself up to speed , Hall investigated concert and opera venues overseas and engaged stage consultant Ben Schlange and acoustic consultant Wilhelm Jordan , while establishing his team . In consultation with all the potential building users the first Review of Program was completed in January 1967 . The most significant conclusion reached by Hall was that concert and opera were incompatible in the same hall . Although Utzon had sketched ideas using plywood for the great enclosing glass walls their structural viability was unresolved when Hall took on the design role . With the ability to delegate tasks and effectively coordinate the work of consultants , Hall guided the project for over five years until the opening day in 1973 . A former Government Architect , Peter Webber , in his book Peter Hall : the Phantom of the Opera House , concludes : when Utzon resigned no one was better qualified ( than Hall ) to rise to the challenge of completing the design of the Opera House . Opening ( edit ) Tourists observing the Opera House . The Sydney Opera House was formally opened by Elizabeth II , Queen of Australia , on 20 October 1973 . A large crowd attended . Utzon was not invited to the ceremony , nor was his name mentioned . The opening was televised and included fireworks and a performance of Beethoven 's Symphony No. 9 . Performance firsts ( edit ) During the construction phase , lunchtime performances were often arranged for the workers , with American vocalist Paul Robeson the first artist to perform , in 1960 . Various performances were presented prior to the official opening : The first solo piano recital was in the Concert Hall on 10 April 1973 , played by Romola Costantino to an invited audience . The first opera performed was Sergei Prokofiev 's War and Peace , in what was then known as the Opera Theatre on 28 September 1973 , conducted by the Australian Opera 's Music Director , Edward Downes . ( It had been intended that Peter Sculthorpe 's work Rites of Passage would have this honour , but it was not ready on time . Rites of Passage was premiered almost exactly a year later , on 27 September 1974 . ) The first evening performance of an opera was Larry Sitsky 's The Fall of the House of Usher , conducted by Rex Hobcroft and paired with Dalgerie by James Penberthy , to a libretto by Mary Durack ; it took place on 25 July 1973 . The first public concert in the Concert Hall took place on 29 September 1973 . It was an all - Wagner orchestral concert performed by the Sydney Symphony Orchestra , conducted by Charles Mackerras and with Birgit Nilsson as the soprano soloist . The first music played was the Prelude to Die Meistersinger von Nürnberg . The concert closed with the Immolation Scene from Götterdämmerung . After the opening : The first violin and piano recital was given by Wanda Wiłkomirska , with pianist Geoffrey Parsons . Reconciliation with Utzon ; building refurbishment ( edit ) The Utzon Room : rebuilt to a design ( and endowed with an original tapestry ) by Utzon In the late 1990s , the Sydney Opera House Trust resumed communication with Utzon in an attempt to effect a reconciliation and to secure his involvement in future changes to the building . In 1999 , he was appointed by the Trust as a design consultant for future work . In 2004 , the first interior space rebuilt to an Utzon design was opened , and renamed `` The Utzon Room '' in his honour . It contains an original Utzon tapestry ( 14.00 x 3.70 metres ) called Homage to Carl Philipp Emmanuel Bach . In April 2007 , he proposed a major reconstruction of the Opera Theatre , as it was then known . Utzon died on 29 November 2008 . A state memorial service , attended by Utzon 's son Jan and daughter Lin , celebrating his creative genius , was held in the Concert Hall on 25 March 2009 featuring performances , readings and recollections from prominent figures in the Australian performing arts scene . Refurbished Western Foyer and Accessibility improvements were commissioned on 17 November 2009 , the largest building project completed since Utzon was re-engaged in 1999 . Designed by Utzon and his son Jan , the project provided improved ticketing , toilet and cloaking facilities . New escalators and a public lift enabled enhanced access for the disabled and families with prams . The prominent paralympian athlete Louise Sauvage was announced as the building 's `` accessibility ambassador '' to advise on further improvements to aid people with disabilities . On 29 March 2016 , an original 1959 tapestry by Le Corbusier ( 2.18 x 3.55 metres ) , commissioned by Utzon to be hung in the Sydney Opera House and called Les Dés Sont Jetés ( The Dice Are Cast ) , was finally unveiled in situ after being owned by the Utzon family and held at their home in Denmark for over 50 years . The tapestry was bought at auction by the Sydney Opera House in June 2015 . It now hangs in the building 's Western Foyer and is accessible to the public . In the second half of 2017 , the Joan Sutherland Theatre was closed to replace the stage machinery and for other works . The Concert Hall is scheduled for work in 2020 - 2021 . Public and Commemorative events ( edit ) In 1993 , Constantine Koukias was commissioned by the Sydney Opera House Trust in association with REM Theatre to compose Icon , a large - scale music theatre piece for the 20th anniversary of the Sydney Opera House During the 2000 Summer Olympics , the venue served as the focal point for the triathlon events . The event had a 1.5 km ( 0.9 mi ) swimming loop at Farm Cove , along with competitions in the neighbouring Royal Botanical Gardens for the cycling and running portions of the event . Since 2013 , a group of residents from the nearby Bennelong Apartments ( better known as ' The Toaster ' ) , calling themselves the Sydney Opera House Concerned Citizens Group , have been campaigning against Forecourt Concerts on the grounds that they exceed noise levels outlined in the development approval ( DA ) . In February 2017 the NSW Department of Planning and the Environment handed down a $15,000 fine to the Sydney Opera House for breach of allowed noise levels at a concert held in November 2015 . However the DA was amended in 2016 to allow an increase in noise levels in the forecourt by 5 decibels . The residents opposing the concerts contend that a new DA should have been filed rather than an amendment . The Sydney Opera House sails formed a graphic projection - screen in a lightshow mounted in connection with the International Fleet Review in Sydney Harbour on 5 October 2013 . On 31 December 2013 , the venue 's 40th anniversary year , a New Year firework display was mounted for the first time in a decade . The Sydney Opera House hosted an event , ' the biggest blind date ' on Friday 21 February 2014 that won an historic Guinness World Record . Awards ( edit ) RAIA Merit Award , 1974 . Meritorious Lighting Award of the Illuminating Engineering Society of Australia , 1974 . RAIA Civic Design Award , 1980 . RAIA Commemorative Award , Jørn Utzon -- Sydney Opera House , 1992 . See also ( edit ) Australia portal Architecture portal Sydney portal Australian landmarks List of official openings by Elizabeth II in Australia Wonders of the World Auditorio de Tenerife -- a modern structure in Canary Islands , Spain with a similar design Lotus Temple -- a modern structure in India with a similar design Clyde Auditorium -- a modern structure in Scotland with a visually similar design References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Inflation Calculator '' . RBA. 14 February 1966 . Retrieved 10 March 2017 . Jump up ^ Topographic maps 1 : 100000 9130 Sydney and 1 : 25000 91303N Parramatta River Jump up ^ Environment , Department of the ( 23 April 2008 ) . `` World Heritage Places -- The Sydney Opera House -- World Heritage values '' . www.environment.gov.au . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Opera House history '' . Sydney Opera House Official Site . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Laureate '' . The Pritzker Architecture Prize . The Hyatt Foundation . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Opera House 2015 Annual Report -- Performing Arts '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ `` How do you value an icon ? The Sydney Opera House : economic , cultural and digital value '' ( PDF ) . Deloite Access Economics . 2010 . p. 70 . Retrieved 19 December 2015 . Jump up ^ Braithwaite , David ( 28 June 2007 ) . `` Opera House wins top status '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Opera House '' . New South Wales State Heritage Register . Office of Environment and Heritage . Retrieved 3 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Opera House , 2 Circular Quay East , Sydney , NSW , Australia '' . Australian Heritage Database . Department of the Environment and Energy , Australian Government . 12 July 2005 . Retrieved 21 September 2017 . Jump up ^ Shells of the Sydney Opera House , The Royal Society of New South Wales Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Roof Cladding of the Sydney Opera House '' , Journal and Proceedings of the Royal Society of New South Wales , Volume 106 Parts 1 and 2 , pp. 18 -- 32 , issued 21 November 1973 ( Note : The paper is contradictory , giving both radius and diameter as over 246 ft . It is unlikely to be the diameter as the building 's height of 213 ft makes that illogical . ) Archived 27 September 2011 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Opera House '' . Tom Fletcher . Retrieved 10 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Utzon , J ( 2002 ) . Sydney Opera House Utzon design principles ( PDF ) . Sydney : Sydney Opera House Trust . p. 20 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2009 . Jump up ^ Littlemore , D.S. Sydney Opera House , Anatomy of Stage Three construction and completion : a general index . Public Works Department , NSW . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Opera House venues '' . sydneyoperahouse.com . Retrieved 13 April 2015 . Jump up ^ Sydney Opera House Grand Organ specification Jump up ^ ( 1 ) JST Technical Specifications as of Jan 2013 , p. 5 Jump up ^ `` Opera Theatre Officially Renamed Joan Sutherland Theatre '' ( Press release ) . Sydney Opera House . 16 October 2012 . Archived from the original on 18 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Opera House theatre to be renamed after Sutherland '' . Australian Broadcasting Corporation . 17 October 2012 . Retrieved 19 October 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Architecture Images - Sydney Opera House '' . Sydneyarchitecture.com . Retrieved 9 July 2010 . Jump up ^ Ziegler , Oswald ( 1973 ) . Sydney Builds an Opera House . Oswald Ziegler Publications . p. 35 . Jump up ^ `` Eric Ellis interview with Utzon in the Sydney Morning Herald Good Weekend '' . Ericellis.com. 31 October 1992 . Archived from the original on 26 July 2002 . Retrieved 2 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Millennium Masterwork : Jorn Utzon 's Sydney Opera House '' . Hugh Pearman . Gabion . Archived from the original on 26 September 2007 . Retrieved 28 June 2007 . Jump up ^ Drew , Philip , `` The Masterpiece : Jørn Utzon : a secret life '' , Hardie Grant Books , 1999 Jump up ^ `` Joern Utzon dead '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Sydney Architecture . Retrieved 1 November 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Murray , Peter ( 2004 ) . The Saga of the Sydney Opera House . London : Spon Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 32521 - 8 . Jump up ^ Arup , Ove and Zunz , G.J. : Article in Structural Engineer Volume 47 , March 1969 ^ Jump up to : Jones , Peter : Ove Arup : Masterbuilder of the Twentieth Century . Yale University Press , 2006 . Jump up ^ page 199 Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul ( September 2001 ) . `` A Matter of Integrity -- A Review of Yuzo Mikami 's Utzon 's Sphere '' . The Wolanski Foundation . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . Jump up ^ Mikami , Yuzo : Utzon 's Sphere , Tokyo : Shoku Kusha. 2001 . Jump up ^ Hunt , Tony ( October 2001 ) . `` Utzon 's Sphere : Sydney Opera House -- How It Was Designed and Built -- Review '' . EMAP Architecture , Gale Group . Archived from the original on 2006 - 12 - 19 . Retrieved 30 January 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Model of Sydney Opera House , 1960 '' . Powerhouse Museum -- Collection Database. 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Building the Sydney Opera House '' . npl.co.uk. 2014 . Retrieved 6 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bilfinger Berger corporate history '' . Bilfingerberger.com . Archived from the original on 24 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Opera House -- the Architect -- Sydney Opera House '' . www.sydneyoperahouse.com . Retrieved 10 May 2016 . Jump up ^ Sydney Architecture . Retrieved 1 December 2008 . Jump up ^ page203 Jump up ^ Anderson , Doug : Review of rediscovered Sydney Opera House film Autopsy on a Dream at The Guardian , 21 October 2013 Jump up ^ Morgan , Joyce ( November 2006 ) . `` The phantoms that threaten the Opera House '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ New South Wales Government , Department of Commerce , ( 2 ) Accessed 3 December 2014 Jump up ^ page174 ^ Jump up to : Farrelly , Elizabeth ( 30 November 2008 ) . `` High noon at Bennelong Point '' . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ page 191 Jump up ^ page 209 Jump up ^ `` High noon at Bennelong Point '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . 1 December 2008 . Retrieved 3 December 2014 . Jump up ^ page224 Jump up ^ page 228 Jump up ^ Sunday Mail , 9 April 1972 Jump up ^ A. Building a masterpiece 2006 ^ Jump up to : Webber , Peter ( 2012 ) . Peter Hall : the Phantom of the Opera House . The Watermark Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 949284 - 95 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : ABC , The Opera House Project , online Jump up ^ Lewis , Wendy ; Balderstone , Simon ; Bowan , John ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . pp. 239 -- 243 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Paul . `` The Wolanski Foundation '' . Twf.org.au . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Suzuki Talent Education Association of Australia ( WA ) Inc '' . Suzukimusicwa.com.au . Archived from the original on 30 December 2012 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Margaret Ross Griffel ; Adrienne Fried Block ( 1999 ) . Operas in English : A Dictionary . Greenwood Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 25310 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Interview with Wanda Wilkomirska '' . Sigridharris.wordpress.com. 25 November 2007 . Retrieved 23 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Sydney Opera House Media Release ( August 1999 ) . `` Utzon Appointment : ' Reunites The Man and his Masterpiece ' '' . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Chiefengineer.org . `` The Sydney Opera House '' . Archived from the original on 8 February 2007 . Retrieved 13 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Benns , Matthew ( 8 April 2007 ) . `` Utzon wants to tear up floor of the Opera House '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 12 April 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sydney Opera House designer Joern Utzon dies at 90 '' . Associated Press . 29 November 2008 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ Sydney Opera House : Access Strategic Plan , 2013 -- 2015 on official website Jump up ^ `` AusStage '' . www.ausstage.edu.au . Jump up ^ 2000 Summer Olympics official report . Archived 9 November 2000 at the Wayback Machine . Volume 1 . pp. 136 -- 37 . Jump up ^ Boland , Michaela ( 22 February 2017 ) . `` Noise fine : Toaster folks ' first win over Opera House concerts '' . The Australian . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Newstead , Al ( 23 February 2017 ) . `` Sydney Opera House fined $15,000 following ' Toaster ' noise complaints '' . TripleJ . Retrieved 10 July 2017 . Jump up ^ First look at the International Fleet Review Spectacular Preview at Navy Daily ( official journal ) , 5 August 2013 Jump up ^ Chettle , Nicole ( 30 December 2013 ) . `` NYE fireworks return to the Sydney Opera House '' . ABC News . Retrieved 4 January 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CitySwoon holds the official Guinness World Record ® for the world 's biggest blind date '' . Attribution ( edit ) This Wikipedia article was originally based on the Sydney Opera House , listed on the `` New South Wales State Heritage Register '' published by the Government of New South Wales under CC - BY 3.0 AU licence ( accessed on 3 September 2017 ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Drew , Philip , `` The Masterpiece : Jørn Utzon : a secret life '' , Hardie Grant Books , 1999 , ISBN 1864980478 . Duek - Cohen , Elias , Utzon and the Sydney Opera House , Morgan Publications , Sydney , 1967 -- 1998 . ( A small publication intended to gather public opinion to bring Utzon back to the project . ) Hubble , Ava , The Strange Case of Eugene Goossens and Other Tales from The Opera House , Collins Publishers , Australia , 1988 . ( Ava Hubble was Press Officer for the Sydney Opera House for 15 years . ) Opera House an architectural `` tragedy '' , ABC News Online , 28 April 2005 . Murray , Peter `` The Saga of Sydney Opera House : The Dramatic Story of the Design and Construction of the Icon of Modern Australia '' , Publisher Taylor & Francis , 2004 , ISBN 0415325226 , 9780415325226 Stübe , Katarina and Utzon , Jan , Sydney Opera House : A Tribute to Jørn Utzon . Reveal Books , 2009 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9806123 - 0 - 1 Stuber , Fritz , `` Sydney 's Opera House -- Not a World Heritage Item ? -- Open letter to the Hon . John W. Howard , Prime Minister '' , in : Australian Planner ( Sydney ) , Vol. 35 , No. 3 , 1998 ( p. 116 ) ; Architecture + Design ( New Delhi ) , Vol . XV , No. 5 , 1998 ( pp. 12 -- 14 ) ; Collage ( Berne ) , No. 3 , 1998 , ( pp. 33 -- 34 , 1 ill . ) . Watson , Anne ( editor ) , `` Building a Masterpiece : The Sydney Opera House '' , Lund Humphries , 2006 , ISBN 0 - 85331 - 941 - 3 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 85331 - 941 - 2 . Watson , Anne , ed. ( 2013 ) . Building a Masterpiece -- The Sydney Opera House -- Lessons in Space and Environment ( 40th Anniversary Edition ) ( Hardback ) . Sydney : Powerhouse Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 86317 - 152 - 6 . Webber , Peter , `` Peter Hall : The Phantom of the Opera House '' , The Watermark Press , 2012 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 949284 - 95 - 2 . Woolley , Ken , Reviewing the performance : the design of the Sydney Opera House , The Watermark Press , 2010 , ISBN 9780949284921 . Yeomans , John ( 1973 ) , Building the Sydney Opera House , Hornibrook Group , ISBN 978 - 0 - 9598748 - 0 - 8 Yeomans , John ( 1973 ) , The other Taj Mahal : what happened to the Sydney Opera House ( ( New ed . ) , Longman Australia , ISBN 978 - 0 - 582 - 71209 - 6 Yeomans , John ( 1973 ) , A guide to the Sydney Opera House , Sydney Opera House Trust , retrieved 10 December 2016 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to : Sydney Opera House ( category ) Official website ABC , The Opera House Project , http://theoperahouseproject.com/ie/default.htm World heritage listing for Sydney Opera House At unesco.org , 2007 Photographs of the construction Competition drawings submitted by Jørn Utzon to the Opera House Committee Wolanski Foundation 's annotated bibliography of sources on Sydney Opera House Architect Matt Taylor 's response to the building Listen to an excerpt from the ' Sydney Opera House Opening Concert ' and read more about it on australianscreen online The Edge of the Possible Documentary film with Jørn Utzon at filmartmedia.com , 21 September 2011 Autopsy On a Dream -- the making of the Sydney Opera House at ABC Arts News 17 October 2013 Timeline : 40 years of the Sydney Opera House at ABC News 22 October 2013 `` Sydney Opera House '' . Dictionary of Sydney . Retrieved 8 October 2015 . ( CC - By - SA ) . Includes ' Sydney Opera House ' by Laila Ellmoos , 2008 and ' Utzon 's Opera House ' by Eoghan Lewis , 2014 . 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is the pelvic bone the same as the hip bone

Pelvis - wikipedia Pelvis Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Pelvis <Td_colspan="2"> Male type pelvis <Td_colspan="2"> Female type pelvis <Th_colspan="2"> Details <Th_colspan="2"> Identifiers Latin Pelvis MeSH D010388 TA A01. 1.00. 017 FMA 9578 <Td_colspan="2"> Anatomical terms of bone ( edit on Wikidata ) The same human pelvis , front imaged by x-ray ( top ) , magnetic resonance imaging ( middle ) , and 3 - dimensional computed tomography ( bottom ) . The pelvis ( plural pelves or pelvises ) is either the lower part of the trunk of the human body between the abdomen and the thighs ( sometimes also called pelvic region of the trunk ) or the skeleton embedded in it ( sometimes also called bony pelvis , or pelvic skeleton ) . The pelvic region of the trunk includes the bony pelvis , the pelvic cavity ( the space enclosed by the bony pelvis ) , the pelvic floor , below the pelvic cavity , and the perineum , below the pelvic floor . The pelvic skeleton is formed in the area of the back , by the sacrum and the coccyx and anteriorly and to the left and right sides , by a pair of hip bones . The two hip bones connect the spine with the lower limbs . They are attached to the sacrum posteriorly , connected to each other anteriorly , and joined with the two femurs at the hip joints . The gap enclosed by the bony pelvis , called the pelvic cavity , is the section of the body underneath the abdomen and mainly consists of the reproductive organs ( sex organs ) and the rectum , while the pelvic floor at the base of the cavity assists in supporting the organs of the abdomen . In mammals , the bony pelvis has a gap in the middle , significantly larger in females than in males . Their young pass through this gap when they are born . Contents ( hide ) 1 Structure 1.1 Pelvic bone 1.2 Pelvic cavity 1.3 Pelvic floor 1.4 Variation 2 Development 3 Functions 3.1 As a mechanical structure 3.2 As an anchor for muscles 3.2. 1 Junctions 3.2. 2 Shoulder and intrinsic back 3.2. 3 Abdomen 3.2. 4 Hip and thigh 3.3 In pregnancy and childbirth 4 Clinical significance 5 History 5.1 Caldwell - Moloy classification 6 Other animals 6.1 Primates 6.2 Evolution 7 Additional Images 8 See also 9 Notes 10 References 11 External links Structure ( edit ) The pelvic region of the trunk is the lower part of the trunk , between the abdomen and the thighs . It includes several structures : the bony pelvis , the pelvic cavity , the pelvic floor , and the perineum . The bony pelvis ( pelvic skeleton ) is the part of the skeleton embedded in the pelvic region of the trunk . It is subdivided into the pelvic girdle and the pelvic spine . The pelvic girdle is composed of the appendicular hip bones ( ilium , ischium , and pubis ) oriented in a ring , and connects the pelvic region of the spine to the lower limbs . The pelvic spine consists of the sacrum and coccyx . the pelvic cavity , typically defined as a small part of the space enclosed by the bony pelvis , delimited by the pelvic brim above and the pelvic floor below ; alternatively , the pelvic cavity is sometimes also defined as the whole space enclosed by the pelvic skeleton , subdivided into : the greater ( or false ) pelvis , above the pelvic brim the lesser ( or true ) pelvis , below the pelvic brim the pelvic floor ( or pelvic diaphragm ) , below the pelvic cavity the perineum , below the pelvic floor Pelvic bone ( edit ) Further information : Hip bone The skeleton of the human pelvis : 2 -- 4 . Hip bone ( os coxae ) 1 . Sacrum ( os sacrum ) , 2 . Ilium ( os ilium ) , 3 . Ischium ( os ischii ) 4 . Pubic bone ( os pubis ) ( 4a . corpus , 4b . ramus superior , 4c . ramus inferior , 4d . tuberculum pubicum ) 5 . Pubic symphysis , 6 . Acetabulum ( of the hip joint ) , 7 . Foramen obturatum , 8 . Coccyx / tailbone ( os coccygis ) Dotted . Linea terminalis of the pelvic brim The pelvic skeleton is formed posteriorly ( in the area of the back ) , by the sacrum and the coccyx and laterally and anteriorly ( forward and to the sides ) , by a pair of hip bones . Each hip bone consists of 3 sections , ilium , ischium , and pubis . During childhood , these sections are separate bones , joined by the triradiate cartilage . During puberty , they fuse together to form a single bone . Pelvic cavity ( edit ) Main article : Pelvic cavity The pelvic cavity is a body cavity that is bounded by the bones of the pelvis and which primarily contains reproductive organs and the rectum . A distinction is made between the lesser or true pelvis inferior to the terminal line , and the greater or false pelvis above it . The pelvic inlet or superior pelvic aperture , which leads into the lesser pelvis , is bordered by the promontory , the arcuate line of ilium , the iliopubic eminence , the pecten of the pubis , and the upper part of the pubic symphysis . The pelvic outlet or inferior pelvic aperture is the region between the subpubic angle or pubic arch , the ischial tuberosities and the coccyx . Ligaments : obturator membrane , inguinal ligament ( lacunar ligament , iliopectineal arch ) Alternatively , the pelvis is divided into three planes : the inlet , midplane , and outlet . Pelvic floor ( edit ) Female perineum The pelvic floor has two inherently conflicting functions : One is to close the pelvic and abdominal cavities and bear the load of the visceral organs ; the other is to control the openings of the rectum and urogenital organs that pierce the pelvic floor and make it weaker . To achieve both these tasks , the pelvic floor is composed of several overlapping sheets of muscles and connective tissues . The pelvic diaphragm is composed of the levator ani and the coccygeus muscle . These arise between the symphysis and the ischial spine and converge on the coccyx and the anococcygeal ligament which spans between the tip of the coccyx and the anal hiatus . This leaves a slit for the anal and urogenital openings . Because of the width of the genital aperture , which is wider in females , a second closing mechanism is required . The urogenital diaphragm consists mainly of the deep transverse perineal which arises from the inferior ischial and pubic rami and extends to the urogential hiatus . The urogenital diaphragm is reinforced posteriorly by the superficial transverse perineal . The external anal and urethral sphincters close the anus and the urethra . The former is surrounded by the bulbospongiosus which narrows the vaginal introitus in females and surrounds the corpus spongiosum in males . Ischiocavernosus squeezes blood into the corpus cavernosum penis and clitoridis . Variation ( edit ) See also : Sex differences in humans Modern humans are to a large extent characterized by bipedal locomotion and large brains . Because the pelvis is vital to both locomotion and childbirth , natural selection has been confronted by two conflicting demands : a wide birth canal and locomotion efficiency , a conflict referred to as the `` obstetrical dilemma '' . The female pelvis , or gynecoid pelvis , has evolved to its maximum width for childbirth -- a wider pelvis would make women unable to walk . In contrast , human male pelvises are not constrained by the need to give birth and therefore are more optimized for bipedal locomotion . The principal differences between male and female true and false pelvis include : The female pelvis is larger and broader than the male pelvis which is taller , narrower , and more compact . The female inlet is larger and oval in shape , while the male sacral promontory projects further ( i.e. the male inlet is more heart - shaped ) . The sides of the male pelvis converge from the inlet to the outlet , whereas the sides of the female pelvis are wider apart . The angle between the inferior pubic rami is acute ( 70 degrees ) in men , but obtuse ( 90 - 100 degrees ) in women . Accordingly , the angle is called subpubic angle in men and pubic arch in women . Additionally , the bones forming the angle / arch are more concave in females but straight in males . The distance between the ischia bones is small in males , making the outlet narrow , but large in females , who have a relatively large outlet . The ischial spines and tuberosities are heavier and project farther into the pelvic cavity in males . The greater sciatic notch is wider in females . The iliac crests are higher and more pronounced in males , making the male false pelvis deeper and more narrow than in females . The male sacrum is long , narrow , more straight , and has a pronounced sacral promontory . The female sacrum is shorter , wider , more curved posteriorly , and has a less pronounced promontory . The acetabula are wider apart in females than in males . In males , the acetabulum faces more laterally , while it faces more anteriorly in females . Consequently , when males walk the leg can move forwards and backwards in a single plane . In females , the leg must swing forward and inward , from where the pivoting head of the femur moves the leg back in another plane . This change in the angle of the femoral head gives the female gait its characteristic ( i.e. swinging of hips ) . Development ( edit ) Each side of the pelvis is formed as cartilage , which ossifies as three main bones which stay separate through childhood : ilium , ischium , pubis . At birth the whole of the hip joint ( the acetabulum area and the top of the femur ) is still made of cartilage ( but there may be a small piece of bone in the great trochanter of the femur ) ; this makes it difficult to detect congenital hip dislocation by X-raying . `` In terms of comparative anatomy the human scapula represents two bones that have become fused together ; the ( dorsal ) scapula proper and the ( ventral ) coracoid . The epiphyseal line across the glenoid cavity is the line of fusion . They are the counterparts of the ilium and ischium of the pelvic girdle . '' -- R.J. Last - ' Last 's Anatomy Functions ( edit ) The skeleton of the pelvis is a basin - shaped ring of bones connecting the vertebral column to the femora . Its primary functions are to bear the weight of the upper body when sitting and standing , transferring that weight from the axial skeleton to the lower appendicular skeleton when standing and walking , and providing attachments for and withstanding the forces of the powerful muscles of locomotion and posture . Compared to the shoulder girdle , the pelvic girdle is thus strong and rigid . Its secondary functions are to contain and protect the pelvic and abdominopelvic viscera ( inferior parts of the urinary tracts , internal reproductive organs ) , providing attachment for external reproductive organs and associated muscles and membranes . As a mechanical structure ( edit ) The pelvic girdle consists of the two hip bones . The hip bones are connected to each other anteriorly at the pubic symphysis , and posteriorly to the sacrum at the sacroiliac joints to form the pelvic ring . The ring is very stable and allows very little mobility , a prerequisite for transmitting loads from the trunk to the lower limbs . As a mechanical structure the pelvis may be thought of as four roughly triangular and twisted rings . Each superior ring is formed by the iliac bone ; the anterior side stretches from the acetabulum up to the anterior superior iliac spine ; the posterior side reaches from the top of the acetabulum to the sacroiliac joint ; and the third side is formed by the palpable iliac crest . The lower ring , formed by the rami of the pubic and ischial bones , supports the acetabulum and is twisted 80 - 90 degrees in relation to the superior ring . An alternative approach is to consider the pelvis part of an integrated mechanical system based on the tensegrity icosahedron as an infinite element . Such a system is able to withstand omnidirectional forces -- ranging from weight - bearing to childbearing -- and , as a low energy requiring system , is favoured by natural selection . The pelvic inclination angle is the single most important element of the human body posture and is adjusted at the hips . It is also one of the rare things that can be measured at the assessment of the posture . A simple method of measurement was described by the British orthopedist Philip Willes and is performed by using an inclinometer . As an anchor for muscles ( edit ) The lumbosacral joint , between the sacrum and the last lumbar vertebra , has , like all vertebal joints , an intervertebral disc , anterior and posterior ligaments , ligamenta flava , interspinous and supraspinous ligaments , and synovial joints between the articular processes of the two bones . In addition to these ligaments the joint is strengthened by the iliolumbar and lateral lumbosacral ligaments . The iliolumbar ligament passes between the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra and the posterior part of the iliac crest . The lateral lumbosacral ligament , partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament , passes down from the lower border of the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the ala of the sacrum . The movements possible in the lumbosacral joint are flexion and extension , a small amount of lateral flexion ( from 7 degrees in childhood to 1 degree in adults ) , but no axial rotation . Between ages 2 -- 13 the joint is responsible for as much as 75 % ( about 18 degrees ) of flexion and extension in the lumbar spine . From age 35 the ligaments considerably limit the range of motions . The three extracapsular ligaments of the hip joint -- the iliofemoral , ischiofemoral , and pubofemoral ligaments -- form a twisting mechanism encircling the neck of the femur . When sitting , with the hip joint flexed , these ligaments become lax permitting a high degree of mobility in the joint . When standing , with the hip joint extended , the ligaments get twisted around the femoral neck , pushing the head of the femur firmly into the Acetabulum , thus stabilizing the joint . The zona orbicularis assists in maintaining the contact in the joint by acting like a buttonhole on the femoral head . The intracapsular ligament , the ligamentum teres , transmits blood vessels that nourish the femoral head . Junctions ( edit ) Coronal section through pubic symphysis The two hip bones are joined anteriorly at the pubic symphysis by a fibrous cartilage covered by a hyaline cartilage , the interpubic disk , within which a non-synovial cavity might be present . Two ligaments , the superior and inferior pubic ligaments , reinforce the symphysis . Both sacroiliac joints , formed between the auricular surfaces of the sacrum and the two hip bones . are amphiarthroses , almost immobile joints enclosed by very taut joint capsules . This capsule is strengthened by the ventral , interosseous , and dorsal sacroiliac ligaments . The most important accessory ligaments of the sacroiliac joint are the sacrospinous and sacrotuberous ligaments which stabilize the hip bone on the sacrum and prevent the promonotory from tilting forward . Additionally , these two ligaments transform the greater and lesser sciatic notches into the greater and lesser foramina , a pair of important pelvic openings . The iliolumbar ligament is a strong ligament which connects the tip of the transverse process of the fifth lumbar vertebra to the posterior part of the inner lip of the iliac crest . It can be thought of as the lower border of the thoracolumbar fascia and is occasionally accompanied by a smaller ligamentous band passing between the fourth lumbar vertebra and the iliac crest . The lateral lumbosacral ligament is partly continuous with the iliolumbar ligament . It passes between the transverse process of the fifth vertebra to the ala of the sacrum where it intermingle with the anterior sacroiliac ligament . The joint between the sacrum and the coccyx , the sacrococcygeal symphysis , is strengthened by a series of ligaments . The anterior sacrococcygeal ligament is an extension of the anterior longitudinal ligament ( ALL ) that run down the anterior side of the vertebral bodies . Its irregular fibers blend with the periosteum . The posterior sacrococcygeal ligament has a deep and a superficial part , the former is a flat band corresponding to the posterior longitudinal ligament ( PLL ) and the latter corresponds to the ligamenta flava . Several other ligaments complete the foramen of the last sacral nerve . Shoulder and intrinsic back ( edit ) Intrinsic back muscles The inferior parts of latissimus dorsi , one of the muscles of the upper limb , arises from the posterior third of the iliac crest . Its action on the shoulder joint are internal rotation , adduction , and retroversion . It also contributes to respiration ( i.e. coughing ) . When the arm is adducted , latissimus dorsi can pull it backward and medially until the back of the hand covers the buttocks . In a longitudinal osteofibrous canal on either side of the spine there is a group of muscles called the erector spinae which is subdivided into a lateral superficial and a medial deep tract . In the lateral tract , the iliocostalis lumborum and longissimus thoracis originates on the back of the sacrum and the posterior part of the iliac crest . Contracting these muscles bilaterally extends the spine and unilaterally contraction bends the spine to the same side . The medial tract has a `` straight '' ( interspinales , intertransversarii , and spinalis ) and an `` oblique '' ( multifidus and semispinalis ) component , both of which stretch between vertebral processes ; the former acts similar to the muscles of the lateral tract , while the latter function unilaterally as spine extensors and bilaterally as spine rotators . In the medial tract , the multifidi originates on the sacrum . Abdomen ( edit ) The muscles of the abdominal wall are subdivided into a superficial and a deep group . The superficial group is subdivided into a lateral and a medial group . In the medial superficial group , on both sides of the centre of the abdominal wall ( the linea alba ) , the rectus abdominis stretches from the cartilages of ribs V - VII and the sternum down to the pubic crest . At the lower end of the rectus abdominis , the pyramidalis tenses the linea alba . The lateral superficial muscles , the transversus and external and internal oblique muscles , originate on the rib cage and on the pelvis ( iliac crest and inguinal ligament ) and are attached to the anterior and posterior layers of the sheath of the rectus . Flexing the trunk ( bending forward ) is essentially a movement of the rectus muscles , while lateral flexion ( bending sideways ) is achieved by contracting the obliques together with the quadratus lumborum and intrinsic back muscles . Lateral rotation ( rotating either the trunk or the pelvis sideways ) is achieved by contracting the internal oblique on one side and the external oblique on the other . The transversus ' main function is to produce abdominal pressure in order to constrict the abdominal cavity and pull the diaphragm upward . There are two muscles in the deep or posterior group . Quadratus lumborum arises from the posterior part of the iliac crest and extends to the rib XII and lumbar vertebrae I - IV . It unilaterally bends the trunk to the side and bilaterally pulls the 12th rib down and assists in expiration . The iliopsoas consists of psoas major ( and occasionally psoas minor ) and iliacus , muscles with separate origins but a common insertion on the lesser trochanter of the femur . Of these , only iliacus is attached to the pelvis ( the iliac fossa ) . However , psoas passes through the pelvis and because it acts on two joints , it is topographically classified as a posterior abdominal muscle but functionally as a hip muscle . Iliopsoas flexes and externally rotates the hip joints , while unilateral contraction bends the trunk laterally and bilateral contraction raises the trunk from the supine position . Hip and thigh ( edit ) <Td_colspan="2"> Muscles of the hip . Anterior view for the top - left and right diagrams . Posterior view for the bottom - left diagram , Main article : Muscles of the hip The muscles of the hip are divided into a dorsal and a ventral group . The dorsal hip muscles are either inserted into the region of the lesser trochanter ( anterior or inner group ) or the greater trochanter ( posterior or outer group ) . Anteriorly , the psoas major ( and occasionally psoas minor ) originates along the spine between the rib cage and pelvis . The iliacus originates on the iliac fossa to join psoas at the iliopubic eminence to form the iliopsoas which is inserted into the lesser trochanter . The iliopsoas is the most powerful hip flexor . The posterior group includes the gluteii maximus , medius , and minimus . Maximus has a wide origin stretching from the posterior part of the iliac crest and along the sacrum and coccyx , and has two separate insertions : a proximal which radiates into the iliotibial tract and a distal which inserts into the gluteal tuberosity on the posterior side of the femoral shaft . It is primarily an extensor and lateral rotator of the hip joint , but , because of its bipartite insertion , it can both adduct and abduct the hip . Medius and minimus arise on the external surface of the ilium and are both inserted into the greater trochanter . Their anterior fibers are medial rotators and flexors while the posterior fibers are lateral rotators and extensors . The piriformis has its origin on the ventral side of the sacrum and is inserted on the greater trochanter . It abducts and laterally rotates the hip in the upright posture and assists in extension of the thigh . The tensor fasciae latae arises on the anterior superior iliac spine and inserts into the iliotibial tract . It presses the head of the femur into the acetabulum and flexes , medially rotates , and abducts the hip . The ventral hip muscles are important in the control of the body 's balance . The internal and external obturator muscles together with the quadratus femoris are lateral rotators of the hip . Together they are stronger than the medial rotators and therefore the feet point outward in the normal position to achieve a better support . The obturators have their origins on either sides of the obturator foramen and are inserted into the trochanteric fossa on the femur . Quadratus arises on the ischial tuberosity and is inserted into the intertrochanteric crest . The superior and inferior gemelli , arising from the ischial spine and ischial tuberosity respectively , can be thought of as marginal heads of the obturator internus , and their main function is to assist this muscle . Anterior and posterior thigh muscles The muscles of the thigh can be subdivided into adductors ( medial group ) , extensors ( anterior group ) , and flexors ( posterior group ) . The extensors and flexors act on the knee joint , while the adductors mainly act on the hip joint . The thigh adductors have their origins on the inferior ramus of the pubic bone and are , with the exception of gracilis , inserted along the femoral shaft . Together with sartorius and semitendinosus , gracilis reaches beyond the knee to their common insertion on the tibia . The anterior thigh muscles form the quadriceps which is inserted on the patella with a common tendon . Three of the four muscles have their origins on the femur , while rectus femoris arises from the anterior inferior iliac spine and is thus the only of the four acting on two joints . The posterior thigh muscles have their origins on the inferior ischial ramus , with the exception of the short head of the biceps femoris . The semitendinosus and semimembranosus are inserted on the tibia on the medial side of the knee , while biceps femoris is inserted on the fibula , on the knee 's lateral side . In pregnancy and childbirth ( edit ) In later stages of pregnancy the fetus 's head aligns inside the pelvis . Also joints of bones soften due to the effect of pregnancy hormones . These factors may cause pelvic joint pain ( symphysis pubis dysfunction or SPD ) . As the end of pregnancy approaches , the ligaments of the sacroiliac joint loosen , letting the pelvis outlet widen somewhat ; this is easily noticeable in the cow . During childbirth ( unless by Cesarean section ) the fetus passes through the maternal pelvic opening . Clinical Significance ( edit ) Hip fractures often affect the elderly and occur more often in females , and this is frequently due to osteoporosis . There are also different types of pelvic fracture often resulting from traffic accidents . Pelvic pain generally , can affect anybody and has a variety of causes ; endometriosis in women , bowel adhesions , irritable bowel syndrome , and interstitial cystitis . There are many anatomical variations of the pelvis . In the female the pelvis can be of a much larger size than normal , known as a giant pelvis or pelvis justo major , or it can be much smaller , known as a reduced pelvis or pelvis justo minor . Other variations include an android pelvis the normal shape of the male pelvis , in women this shape can prove problematic in childbirth . History ( edit ) Caldwell - Moloy classification ( edit ) Throughout the 20th century pelvimetric measurements were made on pregnant women to determine whether a natural birth would be possible , a practice today limited to cases where a specific problem is suspected or following a caesarean delivery . William Edgar Caldwell and Howard Carmen Moloy studied collections of skeletal pelves and thousands of stereoscopic radiograms and finally recognized three types of female pelves plus the masculine type . In 1933 and 1934 they published their typology , including the Greek names since then frequently quoted in various handbooks : Gynaecoid ( gyne , woman ) , anthropoid ( anthropos , human being ) , platypelloid ( platys , flat ) , and android ( aner , man ) . The gynaecoid pelvis is the so - called normal female pelvis . Its inlet is either slightly oval , with a greater transverse diameter , or round . The interior walls are straight , the subpubic arch wide , the sacrum shows an average to backward inclination , and the greater sciatic notch is well rounded . Because this type is spacious and well proportioned there is little or no difficulty in the birth process . Caldwell and his co-workers found gynaecoid pelves in about 50 per cent of specimens . The platypelloid pelvis has a transversally wide , flattened shape , is wide anteriorly , greater sciatic notches of male type , and has a short sacrum that curves inwards reducing the diameters of the lower pelvis . This is similar to the rachitic pelvis where the softened bones widen laterally because of the weight from the upper body resulting in a reduced anteroposterior diameter . Giving birth with this type of pelvis is associated with problems , such as transverse arrest . Less than 3 per cent of women have this pelvis type . The android pelvis is a female pelvis with masculine features , including a wedge or heart shaped inlet caused by a prominent sacrum and a triangular anterior segment . The reduced pelvis outlet often causes problems during child birth . In 1939 Caldwell found this type in one third of white women and in one sixth of non-white women . The anthropoid pelvis is characterized by an oval shape with a greater anteroposterior diameter . It has straight walls , a small subpubic arch , and large sacrosciatic notches . The sciatic spines are placed widely apart and the sacrum is usually straight resulting in deep non-obstructed pelvis . Caldwell found this type in one quarter of white women and almost half of non-white women . However , Caldwell and Moloy then complicated this simple fourfold scheme by dividing the pelvic inlet into posterior and anterior segments . They named a pelvis according to the anterior segment and affixed another type according to the character of the posterior segment ( i.e. anthropoid - android ) and ended up with no less than 14 morphologies . Notwithstanding the popularity of this simple classification , the pelvis is much more complicated than this as the pelvis can have different dimensions at various levels of the birth canal . Caldwell and Moloy also classified the physique of women according to their types of pelves : the gynaecoid type has small shoulders , a small waist and wide hips ; the android type looks square - shaped from behind ; and the anthropoid type has wide shoulders and narrow hips . Lastly , in their article they described all non-gynaecoid or `` mixed '' types of pelves as `` abnormal '' , a word which has stuck in the medical world even though at least 50 per cent of women have these `` abnormal '' pelves . The classification of Caldwell and Moloy was influenced by earlier classifications attempting to define the ideal female pelvis , treating any deviations from this ideal as dysfunctions and the cause of obstructed labour . In the 19th century anthropologists and others saw an evolutionary scheme in these pelvic typologies , a scheme since then refuted by archaeology . Since the 1950s malnutrition is thought to be one of the chief factors affecting pelvic shape in the Third World even though there are at least some genetic component to variation in pelvic morphology . Nowadays obstetric suitability of the female pelvis is assessed by ultrasound . The dimensions of the head of the fetus and of the birth canal are accurately measured and compared , and the feasibility of labor can be predicted . Other animals ( edit ) The pelvic girdle of the dinosaur Falcarius utahensis The pelvic girdle was present in early vertebrates , and can be tracked back to the paired fins of fish that were some of the earliest chordates . The shape of the pelvis , most notably the orientation of the iliac crests and shape and depth of the acetabula , reflects the style of locomotion and body mass of an animal . In bipedal mammals , the iliac crests are parallel to the vertically oriented sacroiliac joints , where in quadrupedal mammals they are parallel to the horizontally oriented sacroiliac joints . In heavy mammals , especially in quadrupeds , the pelvis tend to be more vertically oriented because this allows the pelvis to support greater weight without dislocating the sacroiliac joints or adding torsion to the vertebral column . In ambulatory mammals the acetabula are shallow and open to allow a wider range of hip movements , including significant abduction , than in cursorial mammals . The lengths of the ilium and ischium and their angles relative to the acetabulum are functionally important as they determine the moment arms for the hip extensor muscles that provide momentum during locomotion . In addition to this , the relatively wide shape ( front to back ) of the pelvis provides greater leverage for the gluteus medius and minimus . These muscles are responsible for hip abduction which plays an integral role in upright balance . Primates ( edit ) In primates , the pelvis consists of four parts - the left and the right hip bones which meet in the mid-line ventrally and are fixed to the sacrum dorsally and the coccyx . Each hip bone consists of three components , the ilium , the ischium , and the pubis , and at the time of sexual maturity these bones become fused together , though there is never any movement between them . In humans , the ventral joint of the pubic bones is closed . Larger apes , such as Pongo ( orangutans ) , Gorillas ( gorillas ) , Australopithecus afarensis ( Lucy ) , and Pan troglodytes ( chimpanzees ) , have longer three - pelvic planes with a maximum diameter in the sagittal plane . Evolution ( edit ) The present - day morphology of the pelvis is inherited from the pelvis of our quadrupedal ancestors . The most striking feature of evolution of the pelvis in primates is the widening and the shortening of the blade called the ilium . Because of the stresses involved in bipedal locomotion , the muscles of the thigh move the thigh forward and backward , providing the power for bi-pedal and quadrupedal locomotion . The drying of the environment of East Africa in the period since the creation of the Red Sea and the African Rift Valley , saw open woodlands replace the previous closed canopy forest . The apes in this environment were compelled to travel from one clump of trees to another across open country . This led to a number of complementary changes to the human pelvis . It is suggested that bipedalism was the result . Additional Images ( edit ) Diameters of pelvic inlet . Right hip bone . External surface . See also ( edit ) This article uses anatomical terminology ; for an overview , see Anatomical terminology . Coccygeal plexus Coccyx ( tailbone ) Pelvimetry Pelvis justo major Pubic symphysis Sacroiliac joint Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Moore 2014 , pp. 357 - 8 . Jump up ^ Gray 's anatomy ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 188 Jump up ^ Betti , Lia ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` Human variation in pelvic shape and the effects of climate and past population history '' . The Anatomical Record . 300 : 687 -- 697 . doi : 10.1002 / ar. 23542 -- via Wiley Online . Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 137 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 106 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 136 Jump up ^ `` Gynecoid pelvis '' . MedicineNet . Retrieved 2016 - 03 - 22 . Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , p. 48 . ^ Jump up to : Thieme Atlas of Anatomy , ( 2006 ) , p 113 Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , pp. 50 - 1 . ^ Jump up to : Merry 2005 , p. 50 . Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , p. 72 . Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 112 Jump up ^ Holm ( 1980 ) , pp 425 - 426 Jump up ^ Levin ( 2003 ) , A Different Approach to the Mechanics of the Human Pelvis : Tensegrity ( See conclusions . ) Jump up ^ Palastanga ( 2006 ) , pp 331 - 332 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 381 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 198 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 383 Jump up ^ Palastanga ( 2006 ) , pp 326 - 327 Jump up ^ Palastanga ( 2006 ) , pp 332 - 333 Jump up ^ Morris ( 2005 ) , p 59 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 140 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 266 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , pp 72 , 74 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , pp 84 - 91 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 128 ^ Jump up to : Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 234 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 422 Jump up ^ Thieme Atlas of Anatomy ( 2006 ) , p 424 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , pp 240 - 243 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 248 Jump up ^ Platzer ( 2004 ) , p 250 Jump up ^ `` When should my baby 's head engage ? If it engages early does that mean I am going to give birth early ? '' . BabyCentre . Retrieved June 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pelvic Pain during Pregnancy '' . Baby Care Guide . Archived from the original on 2009 - 03 - 21 . Retrieved June 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Female Pelvic Pain '' . Pain relief medication . Retrieved June 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Pelvic Pain ( Symphysis Pubis Dysfunction ) '' . Plus - Size Pregnancy Website. April 2003 . Retrieved June 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Part 2 - Labor and Delivery '' . Ask Dr Amy . Retrieved June 2009 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Justo major pelvis '' . Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , pp. 52 - 4 . Jump up ^ Caldwell , W.E. ; Moloy , H.C. ( 1938 ) . `` Anatomical Variations in the Female Pelvis : Their Classification and Obstetrical Significance : ( Section of Obstetrics and Gynaecology ) '' . Proceedings of the Royal Society of Medicine . 32 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 30 . PMC 1997320 . PMID 19991699 . Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , pp. 55 - 6 . Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , pp. 52 . Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , pp. 56 . Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , pp. 57 . Jump up ^ Merry 2005 , pp. 58 - 9 . Jump up ^ Gregory , William K. ( 1935 ) . `` The pelvis from fish to man : a study in paleomorphology '' . The American Naturalist. 69 ( 722 ) : 193 -- 210 . doi : 10.1086 / 280593 . JSTOR 2456838 . Jump up ^ Hall ( 2007 ) , pp 254 - 255 Jump up ^ Sreekanth , R ( September 2015 ) . `` Human evolution : the real cause for birth palsy '' . West Indian Medical Journal . 64 : 424 -- 428 -- via PubMed Central . Jump up ^ Bernard Grant Campbell ( 1998 ) . Human Evolution : An Introduction to Mans Adaptations . Transaction Publishers . p. 170 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 202 - 02042 - 6 . Retrieved 30 July 2012 . References ( edit ) Cunningham , Daniel John ; Robinson , Arthur ( 1818 ) . Cunningham 's text - book of anatomy . William Wood and company . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Ebrall , Phillip S. ; Sportelli , Louis ; Donato , Phillip R. ( 2004 ) . Assessment of the Spine . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 978 - 0 - 443 - 07228 - 4 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Hall , Brian Keith ( 2007 ) . Fins into limbs : evolution , development , and transformation . University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 31337 - 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Holm , Niels J. ( 1980 ) . `` The Internal Stress Pattern of the os Coxae '' . Acta Orthopaedica . Acta Orthopaedica. 51 ( 51 : 1 ) : 421 -- 428 . doi : 10.3109 / 17453678008990818 . Levin , Stephen M. ( 2007 ) . `` Hang In There ! : The Statics and Dynamics of Pelvic Mechanics '' . Biotensegrity . Archived from the original on 2010 - 06 - 10 . Retrieved August 2010 . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Merry , Clare V. ( 2005 ) . `` Pelvic Shape '' . Mind -- Primary Cause of Human Evolution . Trafford Publishing . ISBN 1 - 4120 - 5457 - 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 14 . Moore , Keith L. ( 2014 ) . Clinically oriented anatomy . Williams & Wilkins . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4511 - 1945 - 9 . Morris , Craig E. ( 2005 ) . Low Back Syndromes : Integrated Clinical Management . McGraw - Hill . ISBN 0 - 07 - 137472 - 8 . Palastanga , Nigel ; Field , Derek ; Soames , Roger ( 2006 ) . Anatomy and Human Movement : Structure and Function . Elsevier Health Sciences . ISBN 0 - 7506 - 8814 - 9 . Platzer , Werner ( 2004 ) . Color Atlas of Human Anatomy , Vol. 1 : Locomotor System ( 5th ed . ) . Thieme . ISBN 3 - 13 - 533305 - 1 . Thieme Atlas of Anatomy : General Anatomy and Musculoskeletal System . Thieme. 2006 . ISBN 1 - 58890 - 419 - 9 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pelvis . <Th_colspan="2"> Human regional anatomy Head Ear Face Cheek Chin Eye Mouth Nose Forehead Jaw Occiput Scalp Temple Neck Adam 's apple Throat Trunk Abdomen Waist Midriff Navel Back Thorax Breast Pelvis Sex organs Limbs Arm Shoulder Axilla Brachium Elbow Forearm Wrist Hand Finger Thumb Index Middle Ring Little Leg Buttocks Hip Thigh Knee Calf Foot Ankle Heel Sole Toe Other Écorché <Td_colspan="2"> General anatomy : systems and organs , regional anatomy , planes and lines , superficial axial anatomy , superficial anatomy of limbs <Th_colspan="2"> Bones of the pelvis General sacrum coccyx hip bone Ilium body arcuate line wing gluteal lines posterior anterior inferior iliac spines anterior superior anterior inferior posterior superior posterior inferior other : crest tuberosity tubercle fossa Ischium body ischial spine lesser sciatic notch superior ramus tuberosity of the ischium inferior ramus no substructures Pubis body pubic crest superior ramus pubic tubercle obturator crest inferior ramus pectineal line Compound acetabulum acetabular notch iliopubic eminence / iliopectineal line linea terminalis ischiopubic ramus / pubic arch Foramina obturator foramen greater sciatic foramen / greater sciatic notch lesser sciatic foramen Landmarks pelvic inlet pelvic brim pelvic outlet NDL : 00566821 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pelvis&oldid=830932124 '' Categories : Flat bones Pelvis Hidden categories : Pages with unresolved properties CS1 errors : dates Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Авар Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית Қазақша Лакку Latina Latviešu Lëtzebuergesch Lietuvių Magyar Македонски მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina کوردی Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська ئۇيغۇرچە / Uyghurche Tiếng Việt 粵語 中文 58 more Edit links This page was last edited on 17 March 2018 , at 19 : 38 . 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1. Pelvic region of the trunk 2. Bony pelvis 3. Pelvic cavity 4. Pelvic floor 5. Male and female pelvis differences

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Stolen Generations - Wikipedia Stolen Generations Jump to : navigation , search `` Stolen Children '' redirects here . For the film , see The Stolen Children . This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) It has been suggested that Stolen generation testimonies be merged into this article . ( Discuss ) Proposed since November 2015 . A portrayal entitled The Taking of the Children on the 1999 Great Australian Clock , Queen Victoria Building , Sydney , by artist Chris Cook . The Stolen Generations ( also known as Stolen Children ) were the children of Australian Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander descent who were removed from their families by the Australian Federal and State government agencies and church missions , under acts of their respective parliaments . The removals of those referred to as `` half - caste '' children were conducted in the period between approximately 1905 and 1969 , although in some places mixed - race children were still being taken into the 1970s . Documentary evidence , such as newspaper articles and reports to parliamentary committees , suggest a range of rationales . Apparent motivations included the belief that the Aboriginal people would die out , given their catastrophic population decline after white contact , the belief that they were heathens and were better off in non-indigenous households , and the belief that full - blooded Aboriginal people resented miscegenation and the mixed - race children fathered and abandoned by white men . A minority of historians dispute that substantial numbers of mixed - blood Aboriginal children were forcibly taken from their families . They contend that some children were removed mainly to protect them from neglect and abuse . Official government estimates are that between one in ten and one in three indigenous Australian children were forcibly taken from their families and communities between 1910 and 1970 , affecting all regions of the country . Contents ( hide ) 1 Emergence of the child removal policy 1.1 Northern Territory 2 Policy in practice 3 Effects on members of the Stolen Generations 4 Public awareness and recognition 5 Australian federal parliament apology 5.1 Stances on the proposed apology 5.2 Apology text 5.3 Opposition leader 's parliamentary reply and reaction 5.4 Response 5.5 Senate consideration 6 Legal status and compensation 7 Historical debate over the Stolen Generations 7.1 Nomenclature and debate over the use of the word `` stolen '' 7.2 History Wars 7.3 Genocide debate 8 Representation in other media 8.1 Documentary 8.2 Feature film and television drama 8.3 Stage 8.4 Literature 9 Notable people 10 Comparisons 10.1 The White Stolen Generations 11 See also 12 References 13 Further reading and external links 13.1 Bibliography and guides 13.2 Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 13.3 Government 13.4 Academic sources 13.5 News 13.6 Other Emergence of the child removal policy ( edit ) Numerous 19th - and early 20th - century contemporaneous documents indicate that the policy of removing mixed - race Aboriginal children from their mothers related to an assumption that the Aborigines were dying off . Given their catastrophic population decline after white contact ( population shrunk from 1,250,000 in 1788 to 50,000 in 1930 ) , whites assumed that the full - blood tribal Aboriginal population would be unable to sustain itself , and was doomed to extinction . The idea expressed by A.O. Neville , the Chief Protector of Aborigines for Western Australia , and others as late as 1930 was that mixed - race children could be trained to work in white society , and over generations would marry white and be assimilated into the society . European Australians believed that their civilisation was superior to that of Aborigines , based on comparative technological advancement . Some adherents to these beliefs considered any proliferation of mixed - descent children ( labelled `` half - castes '' , `` crossbreeds '' , `` quadroons '' , and `` octoroons '' ) to be a threat to the nature and stability of the prevailing civilisation , or to a perceived racial or civilisational `` heritage '' . The Northern Territory Chief Protector of Aborigines , Dr. Cecil Cook , argued that `` everything necessary ( must be done ) to convert the half - caste into a white citizen '' . Walter Baldwin Spencer reported in the 1920s that many mixed - descent children were born to Aboriginal women and white fathers ; the latter worked on construction of The Ghan railway and left the women and children when the project was completed . Northern Territory ( edit ) In the Northern Territory , the segregation of Indigenous Australians of mixed descent from `` full - blood '' indigenous people began with the government removing children of mixed descent from their communities and placing them in church - run missions , and later creating segregated reserves and compounds to hold all Indigenous Australians . This was a response to public concern over the increase in the number of mixed - descent children and sexual exploitation of young Aboriginal women by non-Indigenous men , as well as fears among non-indigenous people of being outnumbered by a mixed - descent population . Under the Northern Territory Aboriginals Act of 1906 , The Chief Protector of Aborigines was appointed the `` legal guardian of every Aboriginal and every half - caste child up to the age of 18 years '' , thus providing the legal basis for enforcing segregation . After the Commonwealth took control of the Territory , under the 1918 Aborigines Ordinance , the Chief Protector was given total control of all Indigenous women regardless of their age , unless married to a man who was `` substantially of European origin '' , and his approval was required for any marriage of an indigenous woman to a non-indigenous man . Policy in practice ( edit ) The Victorian Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 included the earliest legislation to authorise child removal from Aboriginal parents . The Central Board for the Protection of Aborigines had been advocating such powers since 1860 . Passage of the Act gave the colony of Victoria a wide suite of powers over Aboriginal and `` half - caste '' persons , including the forcible removal of children , especially `` at risk '' girls . Through the late 19th and early 20th century , similar policies and legislation were adopted by other states and territories , such as the Aboriginals Protection and Restriction of the Sale of Opium Act 1897 ( Qld ) , the Aborigines Ordinance 1918 ( NT ) , the Aborigines Act 1934 ( SA ) , and the 1936 Native Administration Act ( WA ) . As a result of such legislation , states arranged widespread removal of ( primarily ) mixed - race children from their Aboriginal mothers . In addition , appointed Aboriginal protectors in each state exercised wide - ranging guardianship powers over Aborigines up to the age of 16 or 21 , often determining where they could live or work . Policemen or other agents of the state ( some designated as `` Aboriginal Protection Officers '' ) were given the power to locate and transfer babies and children of mixed descent from their mothers , families , and communities into institutions for care . In these Australian states and territories , institutions ( both government and missionary ) for half - caste children were established in the early decades of the 20th century to care and educate the mixed - race children taken from their families . Examples of such institutions include Moore River Native Settlement in Western Australia , Doomadgee Aboriginal Mission in Queensland , Ebenezer Mission in Victoria , and Wellington Valley Mission in New South Wales , as well as Catholic missions such as Beagle Bay and Garden Point . The exact number of children removed is unknown . Estimates of numbers have been widely disputed . The Bringing Them Home report says that `` at least 100,000 '' children were removed from their parents . This figure was estimated by multiplying the Aboriginal population in 1994 ( 303,000 ) , by the report 's maximum estimate of `` one in three '' Aboriginal persons separated from their families . The report stated that `` between one in three and one in ten '' children were separated from their families , not one in three persons in the total population . Given differing populations over a long period of time , different policies at different times in different states ( which also resulted in different definitions of target children ) , and incomplete records , accurate figures are difficult to establish . Australian historian Robert Manne suggests `` approximately 20,000 to 25,000 '' were removed between 1910 and 1970 , based on the Australian Bureau of Statistics report of 1994 . Keith Windschuttle and other historians have argued for a much lower figure . The Bringing Them Home report stated : Nationally we can conclude with confidence that between one in three and one in ten Indigenous children were forcibly removed from their families and communities in the period from approximately 1910 until 1970 . In certain regions and in certain periods the figure was undoubtedly much greater than one in ten . In that time not one family has escaped the effects of forcible removal ( confirmed by representatives of the Queensland and WA Governments in evidence to the Inquiry ) . Most families have been affected , in one or more generations , by the forcible removal of one or more children . The report closely examined the distinctions between `` forcible removal '' , `` removal under threat or duress '' , `` official deception '' , `` uninformed voluntary release '' , and `` voluntary release '' . The evidence indicated that in numerous cases , children were brutally and forcibly removed from their parent or parents , possibly even from the hospital shortly after birth , when identified as mixed - race babies . Aboriginal Protection Officers often made the judgement to remove certain children . In some cases , families were required to sign legal documents to relinquish care to the state . In Western Australia , the Aborigines Act 1905 removed the legal guardianship of Aboriginal parents . It made all their children legal wards of the state , so the government did not require parental permission to relocate the mixed - race children to institutions . In 1915 , in New South Wales , the Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 gave the Aborigines ' Protection Board authority to remove Aboriginal children `` without having to establish in court that they were neglected . '' At the time , some members of Parliament objected to the NSW amendment ; one member stated it enabled the Board to `` steal the child away from its parents . '' At least two members argued that the amendment would result in children being subjected to unpaid labour ( at institutions or farms ) tantamount to `` slavery '' . Writing in the 21st century , Professor Peter Read said that Board members , in recording reasons for removal of children , noted simply `` For being Aboriginal . '' But the number of files bearing such a comment appear to be on the order of either one or two , with two others being noted only with `` Aboriginal '' . In 1909 the Protector of Aborigines in South Australia , William Garnet South , reportedly `` lobbied for the power to remove Aboriginal children without a court hearing because the courts sometimes refused to accept that the children were neglected or destitute . '' South argued that `` all children of mixed descent should be treated as neglected . '' His lobbying reportedly played a part in the enactment of the Aborigines Act 1911 . This designated his position as the legal guardian of every Aboriginal child in South Australia , not only the so - called `` half - castes '' . The Bringing Them Home report identified instances of official misrepresentation and deception , such as when caring and able parents were incorrectly described by Aboriginal Protection Officers as not being able to properly provide for their children . In other instances , parents were told by government officials that their child or children had died , even though this was not the case . One first - hand account referring to events in 1935 stated : I was at the post office with my Mum and Auntie ( and cousin ) . They put us in the police ute and said they were taking us to Broome . They put the mums in there as well . But when we 'd gone ( about ten miles ( 16 km ) ) they stopped , and threw the mothers out of the car . We jumped on our mothers ' backs , crying , trying not to be left behind . But the policemen pulled us off and threw us back in the car . They pushed the mothers away and drove off , while our mothers were chasing the car , running and crying after us . We were screaming in the back of that car . When we got to Broome they put me and my cousin in the Broome lock - up . We were only ten years old . We were in the lock - up for two days waiting for the boat to Perth . The report discovered that removed children were , in most cases , placed into institutional facilities operated by religious or charitable organisations . A significant number , particularly females , were `` fostered '' out . Children taken to such institutions were trained to be assimilated to Anglo - Australian culture . Policies included punishment for speaking their local indigenous languages . The intention was to educate them for a different future and to prevent their being socialised in Aboriginal cultures . The boys were generally trained as agricultural labourers and the girls as domestic servants ; these were the chief occupations of many Europeans at the time in the largely rural areas outside cities . A common aspect of the removals was the failure by these institutions to keep records of the actual parentage of the child , or such details as the date or place of birth . As is stated in the report : the physical infrastructure of missions , government institutions and children 's homes was often very poor and resources were insufficient to improve them or to keep the children adequately clothed , fed and sheltered . The children were taken into care purportedly to protect them from neglect and abuse . However , the report said that , among the 502 inquiry witnesses , 17 % of female witnesses and 7.7 % of male witnesses reported having suffered a sexual assault while in an institution , at work , or while living with a foster or adoptive family . In 2015 , many of the recommendations of Bringing Them Home were yet to be fulfilled . From 1997 to 2017 the percent of indigenous children living in out - of - home care has risen from 20 % to 35 % Effects on members of the Stolen Generations ( edit ) Although the stated aim of the `` resocialisation '' programme was to improve the integration of Aboriginal people into modern ( European - Australian ) society , a study conducted in Melbourne and cited in the official report found that there was no tangible improvement in the social position of `` removed '' Aboriginal people as compared to `` non-removed '' . Particularly in the areas of employment and post-secondary education , the removed children had about the same results as those who were not removed . In the early decades of the program , post-secondary education was limited for most Australians , but the removed children lagged behind their white contemporaries as educational opportunities improved . The study indicated that removed Aboriginal people were less likely to have completed a secondary education , three times as likely to have acquired a police record , and were twice as likely to use illicit drugs as were Aboriginal people who grew up in their ethnic community . The only notable advantage `` removed '' Aboriginal people achieved was a higher average income . The report noted this was likely due to the increased urbanisation of removed individuals , and greater access to welfare payments than for Aboriginal people living in remote communities . There seemed little evidence that removed mixed - race Aborigines had been successful in gaining better work even in urbanised areas . By around the age of 18 , the children were released from government control . In cases where their files were available , individuals were sometimes allowed to view their own files . According to the testimony of one Aboriginal person : I was requested to attend at the Sunshine Welfare Offices , where they formerly ( sic ) discharged me from State ward ship . It took the Senior Welfare Officer a mere 20 minutes to come clean , and tell me everything that my heart had always wanted to know ... that I was of `` Aboriginal descent '' , that I had a Natural mother , father , three brothers and a sister , who were alive ... He placed in front of me 368 pages of my file , together with letters , photos and birthday cards . He informed me that my surname would change back to my Mother 's maiden name of Angus . The Bringing Them Home report condemned the policy of disconnecting children from their `` cultural heritage '' . One witness said to the commission : I 've got everything that could be reasonably expected : a good home environment , education , stuff like that , but that 's all material stuff . It 's all the non-material stuff that I did n't have -- the lineage ... You know , you 've just come out of nowhere ; there you are . Public awareness and recognition ( edit ) This section focuses too much on specific examples without explaining their importance to its main subject . Please help improve this section by citing reliable , secondary sources that evaluate and synthesize these or similar examples within a broader context . ( March 2017 ) Historian Professor Peter Read , then at the Australian National University , was the first to use the phrase `` stolen generation '' . He published a magazine article on the topic with this title , based on his research . He expanded the article into a book , The Stolen Generations ( 1981 ) . Widespread awareness of the Stolen Generations , and the practices which created it , grew in the late 1980s through the efforts of Aboriginal and white activists , artists , and musicians ( Archie Roach 's `` Took the Children Away '' and Midnight Oil 's `` The Dead Heart '' being examples of the latter ) . The Mabo v Queensland ( No 2 ) case ( commonly known as the Mabo case ) attracted great media and public attention to itself and to all issues related to the government treatment of Aborigines and Torres Strait Islanders in Australia , and most notably the Stolen Generations . In early 1995 , Rob Riley , an activist with the Aboriginal Legal Service , published Telling Our Story . It described the large - scale negative effects of past government policies that resulted in the removal of thousands of mixed - race Aboriginal children from their families and their being reared in a variety of conditions in missions , orphanages , reserves , and white foster homes . The Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission 's National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families commenced in May 1995 , presided over by the Commission 's president Sir Ronald Wilson and its Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner Mick Dodson . During the ensuing 17 months , the Inquiry visited every state and Territory in Australia , heard testimony from 535 Aboriginal Australians , and received submissions of evidence from more than 600 more . In April 1997 , the Commission released its official Bringing Them Home report . Between the commissioning of the National Inquiry and the release of the final report in 1997 , the government of John Howard had replaced the Paul Keating government . At the Australian Reconciliation Convention in May 1997 , Howard was quoted as saying : `` Australians of this generation should not be required to accept guilt and blame for past actions and policies . '' Following publication of the report , the parliament of the Northern Territory and the state parliaments of Victoria , South Australia , and New South Wales passed formal apologies to the Aborigines affected . On 26 May 1998 , the first `` National Sorry Day '' was held ; reconciliation events were held nationally , and attended by a total of more than one million people . As public pressure continued to increase on the government , Howard drafted a motion of `` deep and sincere regret over the removal of Aboriginal children from their parents '' , which was passed by the federal parliament in August 1999 . Howard said that the Stolen Generation represented `` the most blemished chapter in the history of this country . '' Activists took the issue of the Stolen Generations to the United Nations Commission on Human Rights . At its hearing on this subject in July 2000 , the Commission on Human Rights strongly criticised the Howard government for its handling of issues related to the Stolen Generations . The UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination concluded its discussion of Australia 's 12th report on its actions by acknowledging `` the measures taken to facilitate family reunion and to improve counselling and family support services for the victims '' , but expressed concern : that the Commonwealth Government does not support a formal national apology and that it considers inappropriate the provision of monetary compensation for those forcibly and unjustifiably separated from their families , on the grounds that such practices were sanctioned by law at the time and were intended to `` assist the people whom they affected '' . The Committee recommended `` that the State party consider the need to address appropriately the extraordinary harm inflicted by these racially discriminatory practices . '' Activists highlighted the Stolen Generations and related Aboriginal issues during the Sydney 2000 Summer Olympics . They set up a large `` Aboriginal Tent City '' on the grounds of Sydney University to bring attention to Aboriginal issues in general . Cathy Freeman is an Aboriginal athlete who was chosen to light the Olympic flame and won the gold medal in the 400 metre sprint . In interviews , she said that her own grandmother was a victim of forced removal . The internationally successful rock group Midnight Oil attracted worldwide media interest by performing at the Olympic closing ceremony in black sweatsuits with the word `` SORRY '' emblazoned across them . In 2000 , Phillip Knightley summed up the Stolen Generations in these terms : This can not be over-emphasized -- the Australian government literally kidnapped these children from their parents as a matter of policy . White welfare officers , often supported by police , would descend on Aboriginal camps , round up all the children , separate the ones with light - coloured skin , bundle them into trucks and take them away . If their parents protested they were held at bay by police . Australian federal Parliament apology ( edit ) It has been suggested that this section be split out into another article titled Apology to Australia 's Indigenous peoples . ( Discuss ) ( October 2015 ) Kevin Rudd on screen in Federation Square , Melbourne , apologising to the stolen generations . Crowds viewing a public broadcast of the federal parliament 's apology in Elder Park , Adelaide . Mike Rann , Premier of South Australia and President of federal Labor , at National Sorry Day in Adelaide to the stolen generations . Apology to Australia 's Indigenous Peoples . Taken at Parliament House , Canberra . On 11 December 2007 , the newly installed Labor Prime Minister , Kevin Rudd , announced that the government would make an apology to Indigenous Australians , the wording of which would be decided in consultation with Aboriginal leaders . On 13 February 2008 , Rudd issued the apology on the second day of parliament in Canberra . Stances on the proposed apology ( edit ) For more than a decade since the Bringing Them Home report was submitted to Liberal Prime Minister John Howard , he and his coalition colleagues consistently rejected calls for a formal government apology , though some coalition government members stated that they were personally sorry for the outcomes of the policy . They were concerned that a formal apology could be construed as an admission of deliberate wrongdoing , rather than acknowledging that the originally stated intentions of the government were believed to be in the interests of the children and their futures . Howard and his supporters were concerned that such an apology would suggest that the government would be admitting liability in any duty - of - care legal proceedings . When Rudd announced his intention to issue an apology , the Liberal Party split on the issue in 2008 . Its leader Brendan Nelson initially said that an apology would risk encouraging a `` culture of guilt '' in Australia . However , support for an apology was expressed by other senior Liberals , such as Malcolm Turnbull , Peter Costello , Bill Heffernan , and former Liberal Prime Minister Malcolm Fraser . Former Liberal minister Judi Moylan said : `` I think as a nation we owe an apology . We should n't be thinking about it as an individual apology -- it 's an apology that is coming from the nation state because it was governments that did these things . '' Nelson later said that he supported the government apology . Following a party meeting , the Liberal Party as a whole expressed its support for an apology , and it achieved bipartisan consensus . Nelson stated : `` I , on behalf of the Coalition , of the alternative government of Australia , are ( sic ) providing in - principle support for the offer of an apology to the forcibly removed generations of Aboriginal children . '' Lyn Austin , chairwoman of Stolen Generations Victoria , expressed why she believed an apology was necessary , recounting her experiences as a stolen child : I thought I was being taken just for a few days . I can recall seeing my mother standing on the side of the road with her head in her hands , crying , and me in the black FJ Holden wondering why she was so upset . A few hundred words ca n't fix this all but it 's an important start and it 's a beginning ( ... ) I see myself as that little girl , crying myself to sleep at night , crying and wishing I could go home to my family . Everything 's gone , the loss of your culture , the loss of your family , all these things have a big impact . Apology text ( edit ) At 9 : 30am on 13 February 2008 , Rudd presented the apology to Indigenous Australians as a motion to be voted on by the house . The form of the apology was as follows : I move : That today we honour the Indigenous peoples of this land , the oldest continuing cultures in human history . We reflect on their past mistreatment . We reflect in particular on the mistreatment of those who were Stolen Generations -- this blemished chapter in our nation 's history . The time has now come for the nation to turn a new page in Australia 's history by righting the wrongs of the past and so moving forward with confidence to the future . We apologise for the laws and policies of successive Parliaments and governments that have inflicted profound grief , suffering and loss on these our fellow Australians . We apologise especially for the removal of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander children from their families , their communities and their country . For the pain , suffering , and hurt of these Stolen Generations , their descendants and for their families left behind , we say sorry . To the mothers and the fathers , the brothers and the sisters , for the breaking up of families and communities , we say sorry . And for the indignity and degradation thus inflicted on a proud people and a proud culture , we say sorry . We the Parliament of Australia respectfully request that this apology be received in the spirit in which it is offered as part of the healing of the nation . For the future we take heart ; resolving that this new page in the history of our great continent can now be written . We today take this first step by acknowledging the past and laying claim to a future that embraces all Australians . A future where this Parliament resolves that the injustices of the past must never , never happen again . A future where we harness the determination of all Australians , Indigenous and non-Indigenous , to close the gap that lies between us in life expectancy , educational achievement , and economic opportunity . A future where we embrace the possibility of new solutions to enduring problems where old approaches have failed . A future based on mutual respect , mutual resolve and mutual responsibility . A future where all Australians , whatever their origins , are truly equal partners , with equal opportunities and with an equal stake in shaping the next chapter in the history of this great country , Australia . -- Kevin Rudd , Prime Minister of Australia , 13 February 2008 , at a sitting of the Parliament of Australia . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Apology to the Stolen Generations . Wikinews has related news : Australian Parliament apologises to the Stolen Generations The text of the apology did not refer to compensation to Aboriginal people as a whole , nor to members of the Stolen Generations specifically . Rudd followed the apology with a 20 - minute speech to the house about the need for this action . The government 's apology and his speech were widely applauded among both Indigenous Australians and the non-indigenous general public . Opposition leader 's parliamentary reply and reaction ( edit ) Crowds turn their backs part way through Brendan Nelson 's apology reply . Brendan Nelson also delivered a 20 - minute speech . He endorsed the apology but in his speech Nelson referred to the `` under - policing '' of child welfare in Aboriginal communities , as well as a host of social ills blighting the lives of Aboriginal people . The Alice Springs Crown Prosecutor Nanette Rogers with great courage revealed to the nation in 2006 the case of a four - year - old girl drowned while being raped by a teenager who had been sniffing petrol . She told us of the two children -- one a baby -- sexually assaulted by two men while their mothers were off drinking alcohol . Another baby was stabbed by a man trying to kill her mother . Nelson 's speech was considered controversial and received mixed reactions . Thousands of people who had gathered in public spaces in Canberra and Melbourne to hear the apology turned their backs on the screens that broadcast Nelson speaking . In Perth , people booed and jeered until the screen was switched off . In Parliament House 's Great Hall , elements of the audience began a slow clap , with some finally turning their backs . There were similar reactions and walk - outs in Sydney and elsewhere . After the ceremony , the House of Representatives unanimously adopted the proposed apology motion . Six members of Nelson 's opposition caucus -- Don Randall , Sophie Mirabella , Dennis Jensen , Wilson Tuckey , Luke Simpkins , and Alby Schultz -- left the House in protest at the apology . Peter Dutton was the only Opposition front bencher to abstain from the apology . Response ( edit ) Tom Calma , Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Social Justice Commissioner of the Australian Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission , gave a speech formally responding to the government 's apology . Senate consideration ( edit ) Later that day , the Senate considered a motion for an identical apology . The Leader of the Greens , Senator Bob Brown , attempted to amend the motion to have it include words committing parliament to offering compensation to those who suffered loss under past indigenous policies , but was opposed by all the other parties . The original motion was passed unanimously . Legal status and compensation ( edit ) The legal circumstances regarding the Stolen Generations remain unclear . Although some compensation claims are pending , a court can not rule on behalf of plaintiffs simply because they were removed , because , at the time , such removals were authorised under Australian law . Australian federal and state governments ' statute law and associated regulations provided for the removal from their birth families and communities of known mixed - race Aboriginal children , or those who visibly appeared mixed . Compensation claims have been heard by the NSW Supreme Court 's Court of Appeal in Williams v The Minister Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 and New South Wales ( 2000 ) NSWCA 255 and the Australian Federal Court in Cubillo v Commonwealth of Australia ( 2000 ) FCA 1084 . In Williams , an individual ( rather than a group of plaintiffs ) made claims in negligence arising from having been placed under the control of the Aborigines Welfare Board pursuant to s 7 ( 2 ) of the Aborigines Welfare Act 1909 shortly after her birth , and was placed by the Board with the United Aborigines Mission at its Aborigines Children Home at Bomaderry near Nowra , NSW . The trial judge found that there was no duty of care and therefore that an action in negligence could not succeed . This was upheld by the NSW Court of Appeal in 2000 . In relation to whether the action in NSW courts was limited by the passage of time , the Court of Appeal , reversing Studdert J , extended the limitation period for the non-equitable claims by about three decades pursuant to s 60G of the Limitation Act 1969 ( NSW ) : Williams v Minister , Aboriginal Land Rights Act 1983 ( 1994 ) 35 NSWLR 497 . The apology is not expected to have any legal effect on claims for compensation . Historical debate over the Stolen Generations ( edit ) Nomenclature and debate over the use of the word `` Stolen '' ( edit ) The word `` stolen '' is used here to refer to the Aboriginal children having been taken away from their families . It has been in use for this since the early 20th century . For instance , Patrick McGarry , a member of the Parliament of New South Wales , objected to the Aborigines Protection Amending Act 1915 which authorised the Aborigines ' Protection Board to remove Aboriginal children from their parents without having to establish cause . McGarry described the policy as `` steal ( ing ) the child away from its parents '' . In 1924 , the Adelaide Sun wrote : `` The word ' stole ' may sound a bit far - fetched but by the time we have told the story of the heart - broken Aboriginal mother we are sure the word will not be considered out of place . '' In most jurisdictions , Indigenous Australians were put under the authority of a Protector , effectively being made wards of the State . The protection was done through each jurisdiction 's Aboriginal Protection Board ; in Victoria and Western Australia these boards were also responsible for applying what were known as Half - Caste Acts . More recent usage has developed since Peter Read 's publication of The Stolen Generations : The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969 ( 1981 ) , which examined the history of these government actions . The 1997 publication of the government 's Bringing Them Home -- Report of the National Inquiry into the Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from Their Families heightened awareness of the Stolen Generations . The acceptance of the term in Australia is illustrated by the 2008 formal apology to the Stolen Generations , led by Prime Minister Kevin Rudd and passed by both houses of the Parliament of Australia . Previous apologies had been offered by State and Territory governments in the period 1997 -- 2001 . There is some opposition to the concept of the term `` Stolen Generations '' . Former Prime Minister John Howard did not believe the government should apologise to the Australian Aborigines . Then Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs John Herron disputed usage of the term in April 2000 . Others who disputed the use of the term include Peter Howson , who was Minister for Aboriginal Affairs from 1971 to 1972 , and Keith Windschuttle , an Australian historian who argues that various abuses towards Australian Aborigines have been exaggerated and in some cases invented . Many historians argue against these denials , including to Windschuttle in particular . Anthropologist Ron Brunton also criticised the proceedings on the basis that there was no cross-examination of those giving their testimonies or critical examination of the factual basis of the testimony . History wars ( edit ) Main article : History wars The neutrality of this section is disputed . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please do not remove this message until conditions to do so are met . ( March 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Bringing Them Home report provided extensive details about the removal programs and their effects . Sir Ronald Wilson , former President of the Human Rights and Equal Opportunities Commission and a Commissioner on the Inquiry , stated that `` when it comes to the credibility of those stories , there is ample credibility , not from the cross-examination of the children themselves , but from the governments whose laws , practices and policies enabled these forced removals to take place . We had the support of every State government ; they came to the Inquiry , came with lever - arch files setting out the laws from the earliest days right up to the end of the assimilation policy , that is up to the 1970s and more importantly , senior government offices attended . In every case , these senior officers acknowledged that there was a lot of cruelty in the application of those laws and policies . '' In April 2000 , Aboriginal Affairs Minister John Herron tabled a report in the Australian Parliament in response to the Human Rights Commission report which stated that , as `` only 10 % of Aboriginal children '' had been removed , they did not constitute an entire `` generation '' . The report attracted media attention and protests . Herron apologised for the `` understandable offence taken by some people '' as a result of his comments , although he refused to alter the report as it had been tabled . Historian Peter Read referred to the children affected as the `` Stolen Generations '' . Another historian , Robert Manne , defended that terminology , making the analogy that other people refer to the `` generation that lost their lives in the First World War '' without meaning over 50 per cent of the young people at the time ; rather , people use that phrasing as a metaphor for a collective experience . Similarly , he believes , some of the Aboriginal community use the term to describe their collective suffering . Genocide debate ( edit ) Sir Ronald Wilson , President of Australia 's Human Rights Commission , alleged that the policies resulting in the Stolen Generations constitute attempted genocide by the government , as it was widely believed at the time that the Aborigines would die out . In its 12th report to the UN Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination , the Australian Government denied that the removal policies and programs constituted a breach of the UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide . Manne argues that the expressed views of government bureaucrats , such as A.O. Neville , to assimilate the mixed - race children into the white population by means of `` breeding out the colour '' , and therefore eventually resulting in the full - bloods being `` forgotten '' , bore strong similarities to the racial views of the Nazis in 1930s Nazi Germany . Manne points out that , though the term `` genocide '' had not yet entered the English language , the policies of Neville and others were termed by some contemporaries as the `` die out '' or `` breed out '' policy , giving an indication of their proposed intent . He also states that academics `` generally acknowledge '' that the authors of the Bringing Them Home report were wrong to argue that Australian authorities had committed genocide by removing indigenous children from their families . Social assimilation has never been regarded in law as equivalent to genocide . Though historian Paul Bartrop rejects the use of the word genocide to describe Australian colonial history in general , he does believe that it applies to describing the Stolen Generations . Bartrop and US scholar Samuel Totten together wrote the Dictionary of Genocide , for which Bartrop wrote the entry on Australia . He said he used as the benchmark for usage of the term genocide the 1948 UN Convention on the Prevention and Punishment of the Crime of Genocide , which had also been cited by Wilson in his 1997 Bringing Them Home report . Historian Inga Clendinnen suggests that the term genocide rests on the `` question of intentionality '' , saying : `` There 's not much doubt , with great murderous performances that were typically called genocide , that they were deliberate and intentional . Beyond that , it always gets very murky . '' Representation in other media ( edit ) Documentary ( edit ) The documentary Lousy Little Sixpence ( 1983 ) was the first film to deal with the Stolen Generations . Directed and produced by Alec Morgan , it won several international and Australian awards . The Australian Broadcasting Corporation did not air it for two years . The film is now standard fare in educational institutions , and has been highly influential . The documentary film Kanyini ( 2006 ) , directed by Melanie Hogan , featured Bob Randall . He is an elder of the Yankunytjatjara people and one of the listed traditional owners of Uluru . He was taken away from his mother as a child , living at the government reservation until he was 20 , and working at various jobs , including as a carpenter , stockman , and crocodile hunter . He helped establish the Adelaide Community College and has lectured on Aboriginal cultures . He served as the director of the Northern Australia Legal Aid Service and established Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander centres at the Australian National University , University of Canberra , and University of Wollongong . Episode 5 , `` Unhealthy Government Experiment '' , of the 1998 SBS documentary television series First Australians concerns the Stolen Generations in Western Australia . Feature film and television drama ( edit ) The Australian film Rabbit - Proof Fence ( 2002 ) , directed by Phillip Noyce , was based on the book Follow the Rabbit - Proof Fence by Doris Pilkington Garimara . It concerns the author 's mother and two other mixed - race Aboriginal girls who ran away from Moore River Native Settlement , north of Perth , and returned to their Aboriginal families . In a subsequent interview with the ABC , Doris recalled her removal in 1931 from her mother at age three or four , and subsequent rearing at the settlement . She was not reunited with her mother until she was 25 ; all those years , she believed that her mother had given her away . When the two women were reunited , Doris was no longer able to speak her native language and had been taught to regard Indigenous culture as evil . Baz Luhrmann 's 2008 film Australia , starring Nicole Kidman and Hugh Jackman , deals with the Stolen Generations . Stage ( edit ) Stolen ( 1998 ) is a play by Australian playwright Jane Harrison . It tells the story of five fictional Aboriginal people by the names of Sandy , Ruby , Jimmy , Anne , and Shirley who dealt with the issues for forceful removal by Australian governments . Sandy has spent his entire life on the run , never having a set home to live in . Stolen tracks his quest for a place to be , a place where he does not have keep hiding from the government ( even though they are no longer after him ) , and a place he can call home . Ruby was forced to work as a domestic servant from a young age and was sent insane by the constant pressure forced upon her by her white masters . She spends a lot of her time mumbling to herself , whilst her family desperately tries to help her . Jimmy was separated from his mother at a very young age , and she spent her entire life looking for him . He spent a lot of time in prison and , on the day he finally got out , he was told about his mother 's search . As he went to meet her , she died , and he committed suicide in anger . Anne was removed from her family and placed in a Caucasian family 's home . She was materially happy in this home , a lot happier than many of the other characters , but when her indigenous family tried to meet her , she was caught in crossfire between her two `` families '' . Shirley was removed from her parents and had her children removed from her . She only felt relief , safety , and comfort when her granddaughter was born and not removed . The indigenous opera Pecan Summer ( 2010 ) by Deborah Cheetham , which premiered in Mooroopna , is set at Federation Square , in Melbourne , on the day of Kevin Rudd 's apology , and quotes some of his words . Literature ( edit ) Bryce Courtenay 's novel Jessica tells of a case brought in a New South Wales court against the Aboriginal Protection Board . It challenged the Aboriginal Protection Act of 1909 in order to return two children from Cootamundra Domestic Training Home for Aboriginal Girls to the Aboriginal mother . Aboriginal artist and author Sally Morgan has written several novels based on the lives of her and her family members , featuring intimate portrayals of the impact of forced removal on individuals , their families , and communities , although Sally herself was not a stolen child . Her first , My Place , involves her quest to uncover her Aboriginal heritage which had previously been denied by her family , who insisted `` as a survival mechanism '' that they were of Indian extraction . My Place ( Fremantle : Fremantle Arts Centre Press . first published 1987 ) ISBN 1 - 86368 - 278 - 3 . Sally 's story ( Fremantle : Fremantle Arts Centre Press , 1990 . ) edited by Barbara Ker Wilson ( ' My Place ' for young readers , part 1 . For children . ) ISBN 0 - 949206 - 78 - 4 . Arthur Corunna 's story ( Narkaling Productions , 1995 ) edited by Barbara Ker Wilson ( ' My Place ' for young readers , part 2 . For children . ) ISBN 0 - 949206 - 77 - 6 . Mother and daughter : The story of Daisy and Glady 's Corunna ( Narkaling Productions , 1994 ) Edited by Barbara Ker Wilson ( ' My Place ' for young readers , part 3 . For children . ) ISBN 0 - 949206 - 79 - 2 . Wanamurraganya , the story of Jack McPhee ( Narkaling Productions , 1990 ) ISBN 0 - 949206 - 99 - 7 . Benang is Indigenous Australian Kim Scott 's second novel . Benang in about forced assimilation and finding how one can return to their own culture . The novel presents how difficult it is to form a working history of a population who had been historically uprooted from their past . Benang follows Harley , a young man who has gone through the process of `` breeding out the colour '' , as he pieces together his family history through documentation , such as photograph and his grandfather 's notes , as well as memories and experiences . Harley and his family have undergone a process of colonial scientific experimentation called `` breeding of the colour '' which separated individuals from their indigenous families and origins . Notable people ( edit ) Gordon Briscoe , Doctor of Indigenous History , Order of Australia . Deborah Cheetham , Aboriginal soprano , actor , composer and playwright . Katherine Mary Clutterbuck ( Sister Kate ) . Ken Colbung , political activist and leader . Ningali Cullen ( deceased ) , co-chair of the National Sorry Day Committee . Belinda Dann , born as Quinlyn Warrakoo , forced name change to Belinda Boyd . Deceased at 107 years of age making her the longest lived member of the stolen generation . Polly Farmer , Australian rules footballer . Lorna Fejo , the Warumungu woman named by Kevin Rudd , in his historic Apology to the Stolen Generations , on 13 February 2008 . Sue Gordon , retired Perth Children 's Court magistrate . Ruby Hunter , musician . A.O. Neville , WA Protector Of Aborigines from 1915 -- 45 and advocate of the removal of children . May O'Brien , WA educator and author . Doris Pilkington Garimara , author of Follow the Rabbit - Proof Fence . Bob Randall , Indigenous Australian of the Year . Rob Riley ( deceased ) , CEO of the Aboriginal Legal Service 1990 -- 1995 , author of Telling Our Story which instigated the National Inquiry into Separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families . Archie Roach , musician . Cedric Wyatt , Chief Executive Officer of the Department of Aboriginal Affairs in WA . Comparisons ( edit ) The white Stolen Generations ( edit ) Main article : Forced adoption in Australia The term white stolen generations is used to distinguish this group from the Indigenous stolen generations . It is estimated that around 250,000 Australian - born non-Indigenous children were removed from their mothers from the 1930s to 1982 in what was widely seen by society as a whole at the time as a positive thing for both the mothers and the children . The mothers were sometimes drugged , tied to beds , or told their babies had died . Many hospitals engaged in what is now known as institutionalised baby farming , whereby those children deemed `` inferior '' were taken and adopted into the middle class . Organisations such as the Apology Alliance and Adoption Loss Adult Support have actively campaigned for a parliamentary apology similar to that given for the Aboriginal Stolen Generations . In 2001 , then treasurer of NSW Michael Egan made a statement of public acknowledgement in the NSW Parliament . In October 2010 , West Australian Premier Colin Barnett delivered a parliamentary apology on behalf of state institutions involved in the aggressive adoption practices . Prime Minister Julia Gillard made a personal public apology . See also ( edit ) American Indian boarding schools Canadian Indian residential school system Cultural assimilation of Native Americans Cultural genocide Devshirme , enslavement of the sons of mostly Balkan Christians to serve in the military of the Ottoman Empire Institutional abuse Kidnapping of children by Nazi Germany Kinder der Landstrasse ( `` children of the highway '' ) , program of forced removal and institutionalization of children of nomadic Yenish groups in Switzerland during the 20th century Lost children of Francoism , children of Spanish Republican parents abducted during the Spanish Civil War Moseley Royal Commission Our Generation ( film ) Sixties Scoop , the removal of children from Indigenous families in Canada beginning in the 1960s Yemenite Children Affair References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Marten , J.A. , ( 2002 ) , Children and War , NYU Press , New York , p. 229 ISBN 0 - 8147 - 5667 - 0 Jump up ^ `` Indigenous Australia : Family Life '' . Australian Museum . 2004 . Archived from the original on 5 February 2008 . Retrieved 28 March 2008 . ^ Jump up to : Read , Peter ( 2006 ) ( 1st pub. 1982 ) . The Stolen Generations : The Removal of Aboriginal Children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969 ( PDF ) . Surry Hills , N.S.W : New South Wales Department of Aboriginal Affairs . ISBN 0 - 646 - 46221 - 0 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 20 August 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing Them Home : Part 2 : 4 Victoria '' . AustLII. 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 : In its submission to the Bringing Them Home report , the Victorian government stated that `` despite the apparent recognition in government reports that the interests of Indigenous children were best served by keeping them in their own communities , the number of Aboriginal children forcibly removed continued to increase , rising from 220 in 1973 to 350 in 1976 . '' Jump up ^ Lewis , Wendy ; Balderstone , Simon ; Bowan , John ( 2006 ) . Events That Shaped Australia . New Holland . p. 130 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74110 - 492 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` 4704.0 - The Health and Welfare of Australia 's Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Peoples , Oct 2010 ( final ) '' . abs.gov.au. 17 February 2011 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Australia 's stolen generations : a legacy of intergenerational pain and broken bonds , The Guardian , `` We were taken off our mother , we were told that we were taken off her because she was a heathen , she was not capable of looking after us ... '' Jump up ^ Bates , Daisy ( 1938 ) . The Passing of the Aborigines : A Lifetime Spent among the Natives of Australia . Project Gutenberg of Australia . Half - castes came among them , a being neither black nor white , whom they detested ( ... ) I did what I set out to do -- to make their passing easier and to keep the dreaded half - caste menace from our great continent . Jump up ^ Flood , Josephine ( 2006 ) . Original Australians : Story of the Aboriginal people . Allen & Unwin . pp. 225 -- 233 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 74115 - 962 - 2 . Jump up ^ Neville , AO ( 1930 ) . West Australian , 18 April . ^ Jump up to : Western Australia State Archives , 993 / 423 / 38 , `` Absorption of Half Castes into the White Population '' . Jump up ^ Russell McGregor , Imagined Destinies . Aboriginal Australians and the Doomed Race Theory , 1900 -- 1972 , Melbourne : MUP , 1997 . ^ Jump up to : Anderson , Warwick ( 2003 ) . The Cultivation of Whiteness : Science , health and racial destiny in Australia ( 1st ed . ) . New York : Basic Books . ISBN 0 - 46 - 500305 - 2 . ^ Jump up to : `` The History : Northern Territory '' ( PDF ) . Sydney , Australia : Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission . December 2007 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 26 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Article on Baldwin Spencer , Australian Dictionary of Biography . Jump up ^ M.F. Christie , Aboriginal People in Colonial Victoria , 1835 -- 86 , pp. 175 -- 176 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Appendices '' . AustLII. 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Tim Richardson on The Stolen Generations : Robert Manne Archived 24 July 2011 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ J. Franklin ( 2016 ) . `` Catholic missions to aboriginal Australia : an evaluation of their overall effect '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Australian Catholic Historical Society . Retrieved 2016 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ Robert Manne ( February 2010 ) . `` Comment : Keith Windschuttle '' . The Monthly . Retrieved 6 March 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 2 : 2 National Overview '' . AustLII. 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( 1997 ) . `` Indigenous Law Resources : Bringing them Home : Part 1 : Scope of the Inquiry '' . Australasian Legal Information Institute . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 2 : Tracing the History '' . AustLII. 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing Them Home : Part 2 : 7 Western Australia '' . AustLII. 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Acts of the Parliament of Western Australia : Aborigines Act of 1905 '' . National Library of Australia . 23 December 1905 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 2 : 3 New South Wales and the ACT '' . AustLII. 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Read , Peter ( 18 February 2008 ) . `` Do n't let facts spoil this historian 's campaign '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on 18 February 2008 . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 2 : 8 South Australia '' . AustLII. 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission : Bringing them Home : Part 3 : 10 Childrens Experiences '' . AustLII. 1997 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Rule , John ; Rice , Elizabeth ( 28 February 2015 ) . Bringing them home : Scorecard Report 2015 ( PDF ) ( Report ) . Canberra : National Sorry Day Committee Inc . Retrieved 25 November 2015 . Jump up ^ Sarra , Chris ( 23 May 2017 ) . Too many Indigenous children are taken from their families -- it does n't have to happen ( Report ) . Canberra : The Guardian . Retrieved 13 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Bereson , Itiel ( 1989 ) . Decades of Change : Australia in the Twentieth Century . Richmond , Victoria : Heinemann Educational Australia . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85859 - 483 - 8 . Jump up ^ Confidential submission 133 , Victoria . Jump up ^ `` Publications '' . Archived from the original on 16 February 2008 . Jump up ^ John Howard , ( 27 May 1997 ) , Opening Ceremony Speeches : ... The Prime Minister , Australian Reconciliation Convention Jump up ^ `` No stolen generation : Australian Govt '' . The 7.30 Report ( ABC ) . 3 April 2000 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Paragraphs 104 -- 114 of report at UNHCHR.ch Archived 3 July 2009 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Concluding Observations by the Committee on the Elimination of Racial Discrimination : Australia . 19 April 2000 . CERD / C / 304 / Add. 101 . ( Concluding Observations / Comments ) para 13 . at UNHCHR.ch Jump up ^ Zuel , Bernard ( 4 December 2002 ) . `` The sun sets on Midnight Oil '' . The Age . Archived from the original on 20 December 2002 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Knightley , Phillip ( 2001 ) . Australia : A Biography of a Nation . Vintage . p. 113 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 09 - 977291 - 0 . Jump up ^ Peatling , Stephanie ( 11 December 2007 ) . `` How to say sorry and heal the wounds '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 11 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Steve ( 27 January 2008 ) . `` Kevin Rudd racing to historic Aboriginal apology '' . Daily Telegraph ( Australia ) . Retrieved 27 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Steve ( 1 February 2008 ) . `` Liberals ready to think about saying sorry '' . Herald Sun . Archived from the original on 3 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Liberal division grows on apology '' , Misha Schubert , The Age , 30 January 2008 . Jump up ^ Gartrell , Adam ( 8 February 2008 ) . `` Howard will not attend apology '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 27 October 2009 . Jump up ^ Hoare , Daniel ( 7 February 2008 ) . `` Opposition joins rush to say sorry '' . ABC News . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` ' Sorry ' statement should acknowledge cultural loss , says state leader '' , Dewi Cooke , The Age , 1 February 2008 . Jump up ^ Lo , Ping ( 12 February 2008 ) . `` The words Rudd will use to say ' sorry ' '' . abc.net.au . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Welch , Dylan ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Kevin Rudd says sorry '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 27 February 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Video : Watch Kevin Rudd 's full apology '' . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Full text of Kevin Rudd 's speech '' . News Limited . 13 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 17 February 2008 . Retrieved 14 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Thunderous applause in Sydney for Rudd 's speech '' , Australian Associated Press , Sydney Morning Herald , 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Speech gets standing ovation in Redfern '' , Leesha McKenny , Sydney Morning Herald , 13 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fury over Nelson 's ' sorry ' response '' . The Age . 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ The Sydney Morning Herald . 13 February 2008 . Retrieved 12 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` To some he 's the messiah , to others a duplicitous polly '' . The Age . 6 October 2009 . Retrieved 24 May 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Response to government to the national apology to the Stolen Generations '' . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Senate : Official Hansard , No. 1 , 2008 '' ( PDF ) . Parliament of Australia , Hansard. 13 February 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 16 February 2012 . Jump up ^ Crawshaw , David ( 13 February 2008 ) . `` Brown defeated in ' sorry ' compo bid '' . news.com.au . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Apology will not legally impact compo claims : Law Society '' . ABC News . 13 February 2008 . Archived from the original on 2 March 2008 . Jump up ^ The Haebich interview gives the year as 1923 , but see Foster , Robert . `` ' endless trouble and agitation ' : Aboriginal agitation in the protectionist era , '' Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia , 2000 ; 28 : 15 -- 27 . Jump up ^ Interview with Dr Anna Haebich , `` The Stolen Generation , '' Ockham 's Razor , ABC Radio National , broadcast Sunday 6 January 2002 . Retrieved 10 August 2012 . Haebich is author of Broken Circles , Fragmenting Indigenous Families 1800 -- 2000 , Fremantle : Fremantle Arts Centre Press ISBN 1 - 86368 - 305 - 4 . Jump up ^ Foster , Robert ( 2000 ) . `` ' endless trouble and agitation ' : Aboriginal activism in the protectionist era '' ( PDF ) . Journal of the Historical Society of South Australia . pp. 15 -- 27 . Retrieved 25 November 2016 : refers to the clipping on this case as Endnote 81 : The Sun , 16 April 1924 ; Register 9 April 1924 ; Sport 's Newsclipping Books GRG 52 / 90 SRSA ( State Records of South Australia ) . Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Legislation Affecting Aboriginal People '' ( PDF ) . Government of South Australia , Aboriginal Education and Employment Services . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 25 February 2004 . Jump up ^ `` Documenting a Democracy : Aboriginal Protection Act 1869 ( Vic ) '' . National Archives of Australia . Archived from the original on 4 July 2009 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 : In Victoria , for example , `` The ( Aboriginal Protection ) Act gave powers to the Board for the Protection of Aborigines which subsequently developed into an extraordinary level of control of people 's lives including regulation of residence , employment , marriage , social life and other aspects of daily life . '' Jump up ^ `` Bringing them home : The ' Stolen Children ' report '' . Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission . 2005 . Retrieved 8 October 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Kevin Rudd says sorry '' , Dylan Welch , Sydney Morning Herald 13 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Content of apologies by State and Territory Parliaments '' . Australian Human Rights Commission . Retrieved 25 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Senator the Hon John Herron , Minister for Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Affairs to the Senate Legal And Constitutional References Committee , ' Inquiry Into The Stolen Generation ' , Federal Government Submission '' . australianpolitics.com/ . March 2000 . Archived from the original ( DOC ) on 22 May 2005 . Jump up ^ Windschuttle , Keith ( 2002 ) . The Fabrication of Aboriginal History : The stolen generations , 1881 - 2008 . Macleay Press . p. 17 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 876492 - 19 - 9 . Jump up ^ Disputing the appropriateness of the term : Windschuttle , Keith ( 9 February 2008 ) . `` Do n't let facts spoil the day '' . The Australian . argues that the removals were done for the children 's good and that Peter Read in Read , Peter ( 1981 ) . The Stolen Generations : The Removal of Aboriginal children in New South Wales 1883 to 1969 . Department of Aboriginal Affairs ( New South Wales government ) . ISBN 0 - 646 - 46221 - 0 . misrepresented the evidence . Jump up ^ Dr Naomi Parry , Debunking Windschuttle 's benign interpretation of history , Crikey , 12 February 2008 , also Peter Read addresses Windschuttle 's article of 9 February 2008 in Read , Peter ( 18 February 2008 ) . `` Do n't let facts spoil this historian 's campaign '' . The Australian . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . , and Manne , Robert ( 18 February 2008 ) . `` The cruelty of denial '' . The Age . Retrieved 18 February 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` Stolen Generations , Background Briefing '' . ABC Radio National . 2 July 2000 . Archived from the original on 24 February 2011 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` No stolen generation : Australian Govt '' , The 7.30 Report ABC TV 3 April 2000 . Retrieved 19 February 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Academics debate contents of Stolen Generations report '' , The 7.30 Report 29 March 2001 . Retrieved 29 November 2011 . Jump up ^ Perry , Michael ( 20 May 1997 ) . `` A Stolen Generation Cries Out '' . Hartford Web Publishing . Reuters . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Paragraphs 115 -- 118 of report at UNHCHR.ch ^ Jump up to : Manne , Robert ( March 2008 ) . `` Sorry Business : The Road to the Apology '' . themonthly.com.au . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Sorensen , Rosemary ; Wilson , Ashleigh ( 24 March 2008 ) . `` Stolen Generations listed as genocide '' . The Australian . Archived from the original on 26 March 2008 . Retrieved 24 March 2008 . Jump up ^ Thompson , Peter ( 27 August 2006 ) . `` Film review : Kanyini '' . Sunday Nine MSN . Archived from the original on 4 September 2006 . Retrieved 25 April 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ___ '' . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ Molitorisz , Sacha ( 6 September 2006 ) . `` Film reviews : Kanyini : Film review '' . The Sydney Morning Herald . Archived from the original on 7 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Doris Pilkington '' . abc.net.au. 24 December 2002 . Archived from the original on 10 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Clarke , Jenna ( 8 September 2012 ) . `` Pecan Summer 's ray of sunshine through song '' . Sydney Morning Herald . Retrieved 23 October 2015 . ^ Jump up to : White mothers of stolen children also deserve an apology Sydney Morning Herald 8 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : ' Your son is gone . He 's with his adoptive parents ' Brisbane Times 24 December 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Governor - General 's Speech : Address in Reply : Senator Andrew Murray '' ( PDF ) . Parliament House -- Canberra. 12 March 2008 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 22 May 2013 . Retrieved 12 March 2008 . Further reading and external links ( edit ) Library resources about Stolen Generations Resources in your library Resources in other libraries Bibliography and guides ( edit ) Stolen Generations Bibliography : A select bibliography of published references to the separation of Aboriginal families ( and ) the removal of Aboriginal children Australian Institute of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Studies ( AIATSIS ) Background note : `` Sorry '' : the unfinished business of the Bringing Them Home report , Australian Parliamentary Library , 4 February 2008 Bibliography on Kahlin Compound at the Northern Territory Library . ( PDF ) Human Rights and Equal Opportunity Commission ( edit ) Response to government to the national apology to the Stolen Generations ' by Tom Calma -- 13 February 2008 Resources on Bringing Them Home Bringing Them Home austlii.edu.au Education module on the separation of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Children from their Families ( 2007 ) Apologies by State and Territory Parliaments ( 1997 -- 2001 ) Government ( edit ) Bringing Them Home oral history interviews at the National Library of Australia Moseley , Henry Doyle 1935 , Report of the Royal Commissioner appointed to investigate , report , and advise upon matters in relation to the condition and treatment of Aborigines Aboriginal welfare : initial conference of Commonwealth and state Aboriginal authorities held at Canberra , 21 to 23 April 1937 An Index to the Chief Protector of Aborigines Files 1898 -- 1908 Guide to Institutions Attended by Aboriginal People in Western Australia Compiled by researchers employed by the State Solicitor 's Office ( PDF ) Sister Kate 's on the WA Government Heritage Register West Australian Government history of Noongar in the South West Aboriginal Western Australia and Federation Queenslanders reflect -- digital stories capturing responses to the 2008 Apology Mount Isa responses to the Apology -- digital stories Cairns , Cooktown and Hope Vale responses to the Apology -- digital stories Academic sources ( edit ) Buti , Tony . `` The systematic removal of indigenous children from their families in Australia and Canada : the history -- similarities and differences '' ( PDF ) . New South Wales : University of Newcastle . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 18 March 2009 . Copland , Mark Stephen ( 2005 ) . Calculating Lives : The Numbers and Narratives of Forced Removals in Queensland 1859 - 1972 ( Thesis ) . Brisbane , Australia : Griffith University . Archived from the original on 23 August 2006 . Delmege , Sharon . `` A Trans - Generational Effect of The Aborigines Act 1905 ( WA ) : The Making of the Fringedwellers in the South - West of Western Australia '' . E Law : Murdoch University Electronic Journal of Law . Perth , Western Australia . 12 ( 1 & 2 ) . van Krieken , Robert . `` The stolen generations : implications for Australian civilization , citizenship and governance '' . University of Sydney ( Australia ) . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Research project . Larbalestier , Jen ( 2004 ) . `` White Over Black : Discourses of Whiteness in Australian Culture '' . Borderlands e-journal. 3 ( 2 ) . Focuses on debates about representing Australia 's colonial history , specifically in regard to child removal . Richardson , Tim ( 1 December 2009 ) . `` The Stolen Generations : Robert Manne '' . Reproduction of a 1998 essay by historian Robert Manne `` Stolen generations ( Australia ) '' . Analysis & Policy Observatory . Collection of articles and reports related to public policy and the Stolen Generations News ( edit ) `` The agony of Australia 's Stolen Generation '' . BBC News . 9 August 2007 . Bolt , Andrew ( 8 September 2006 ) . `` Robert Manne 's list Opinion '' . Herald Sun . Melbourne , Australia . Archived from the original on 19 May 2008 . McMahon , Barbara ( 13 January 2008 ) . `` Australia 's ' stolen ' children get apology but no cash '' . The Guardian . Neubauer , Ian Lloyd ( 10 March 2014 ) . `` Australian Child Protection Accused of Repeating Sins of ' Stolen Generations ' '' . Time . Summers , Anne ( 12 January 2008 ) . `` A sorry way to right a terrible wrong Opinion '' . Sydney Morning Herald . `` WA 's Black Chapter '' . ABC Radio National . 23 June 1996 . Archived from the original on 16 December 2008 . Other ( edit ) Rob Riley , CEO ALS 1990 -- 1995 Telling Our Story ALSWA Home page of the Kimberley Stolen Generation Aboriginal Corporation Biographical Entry -- The Australian Dictionary of Biography Online Sue Gordon becomes a force for her people Fremantle Arts Centre Press -- My Place by Sally Morgan History News Network article on Rabbit Proof Fence and Sister Kates Genocide in Australia by Colin Tatz , AIATSIS Research Discussion Papers No 8 Journey of Healing : Rabbit Proof Fence <Th_colspan="2"> Indigenous Australians Peoples Aboriginal Australians Australoids Blackfellas Communities Groups Half - castes Tasmanians Torres Strait Islanders Victorians Western Australians Individuals Activists Musicians People from politics and public service Performing artists Sportspeople Visual artists Writers Culture Astronomy Avoidance Bora Corroboree Deadly Awards Deities Dreamtime Enumeration Flag Kinship Kurdaitcha Marn Grook Message stick Mythology NAIDOC Week National Indigenous Human Rights Awards Outstation movement Riji Seasons Sacred sites Smoking ceremony Songlines Tjurunga Torres Strait Islands Woggabaliri Languages Avoidance speech Australian Aboriginal English Macro-Gunwinyguan languages Australian Creole Language groups Loanwords into English Palawa Pama -- Nyungan languages Placenames Sign languages Torres Strait Island languages Organisations ATSIC Aboriginal Medical Service Aborigines Advancement League Aborigines Progressive Association AIATSIS Australian Aboriginal Progress Association Australian Aborigines ' League Central Land Council Media National Congress of Australia 's First Peoples National Indigenous Council Northern Land Council Office of the Registrar of Indigenous Corporations Politics TSRA Reconciliation Australia Sorry Day Bushcraft Boomerang Buka Bush bread Bush tucker Bush medicine Coolamon Dugout canoe Fibrecraft Fire - 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1. Stolen Generations 2. Forced removal of Aboriginal children 3. Impact on members of the Stolen Generations 4. Public awareness and recognition 5. Australian federal parliament apology

in what year were walter pauk's style of notes developed

Cornell notes - wikipedia Cornell notes This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( February 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Cornell Notes system ( also Cornell note - taking system , Cornell method , or Cornell way ) is a note - taking system devised in the 1940s by Walter Pauk , an education professor at Cornell University . Pauk advocated its use in his best - selling book How to Study in College . Contents 1 Overview of method 2 Studies on effectiveness 3 See also 4 References 5 External links 5.1 Cornell Notes templates Overview of method ( edit ) The Cornell method provides a systematic format for condensing and organizing notes . This system of taking notes is designed for a high school or college level student . The student divides the paper into two columns : the note - taking column ( usually on the right ) is twice the size of the questions / key word column ( on the left ) . The student should leave five to seven lines , or about two inches ( 5 cm ) , at the bottom of the page . Notes from a lecture or teaching are written in the note - taking column ; notes usually consist of the main ideas of the text or lecture , and long ideas are paraphrased . Long sentences are avoided ; symbols or abbreviations are used instead . To assist with future reviews , relevant questions ( which should be recorded as soon as possible so that the lecture and questions will be fresh in the student 's mind ) or key words are written in the key word column . These notes can be taken from any source of information , such as fiction books , DVDs , lectures , text books , etc . It 's important to recite the information by covering the note - taking column ( with a paper or folder , for example ) and then looking at the questions or cue - words column , and saying the answers to the questions , ideas , or facts in your own words . Ask yourself questions while studying : `` Why is this material significant ? '' `` How can I apply this to the real - world ? '' Take the time to study your Cornell Notes , take at least 10 minutes each week and go over your notes . By studying a little bit each day or each week , you will have a greater success rate by retaining more information . When reviewing the material , the student can cover the note - taking ( right ) column while attempting to answer the questions / keywords in the key word or cue ( left ) column . The student is encouraged to reflect on the material and review the notes regularly . Studies on effectiveness ( edit ) A study published in 2010 by Wichita State University compared two note taking methods in a secondary English classroom , and found that Cornell Note taking may be of added benefit in cases where students are required to synthesize and apply learned knowledge , while the guided notes method appeared to be better for basic recall . Another study published in the summer of 2013 found that `` Students who were taught CN ( Cornell notes ) did take better notes than those who were not , but they did not have higher achievement results . '' The study also stated that `` Through analysis of assessment scores , I found no significant difference between the intervention and base classes on achievement . '' Cornell note - taking can give students an effectiveness in organized of thoughts that they have been taught and give a better review in recollecting all the information that they have learned . The Cornell note taking system is not only a fast method of writing notes , but one is able to absorb the information that is given at a faster rate . This results in better exam outcomes . This method can improve student 's studying and listening skills . See also ( edit ) Note - taking References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pauk , Walter ; Owens , Ross J.Q. ( 2010 ) . How to Study in College ( 10 ed . ) . Boston , MA : Wadsworth . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4390 - 8446 - 5 . Chapter 10 : `` The Cornell System : Take Effective Notes '' , pp. 235 - 277 Jump up ^ `` How to take notes as a law student - Becoming A Lawyer '' . Becoming A Lawyer. 2017 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2017 - 03 - 18 . Jump up ^ Walter , Pauk ( 2001 ) . `` The Cornell Note - taking System -- Learning Strategies Center '' . lsc.cornell.edu . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Wong , Linda ( 2014 - 01 - 01 ) . Essential Study Skills ( 8 ed . ) . Cengage Learning . p. 288 . ISBN 1285430093 . Jump up ^ Jacobs , Keil . A Comparison of Two Note Taking Methods in a Secondary English Classroom Proceedings : 4th Annual Symposium : Graduate Research and Scholarly Projects ( 79 ) Conference proceedings held at the Eugene Hughes Metropolitan Complex , Wichita State University , April 25 , 2008 . Symposium Chair : David M. Eichhorn Jump up ^ Broe , Duane ( Summer 2013 ) . `` The Effects of Teaching Cornell Notes on Student Achievement '' ( PDF ) . www.minotstateu.edu/ # . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 12 . Jump up ^ Quintus , Lori ; Borr , Mari ; Duffield , Stacy ; Napoleon , Larry ; Welch , Anita ( Spring -- Summer 2012 ) . `` The Impact of the Cornell Note - Taking Method on Students ' Performance in a High School Family and Consumer Sciences Class '' ( PDF ) . www.natefacs.org . Retrieved 2018 - 10 - 10 . Jump up ^ P , Mulder ( 2012 ) . `` Cornell Note Taking method ( Cornell note taking method advantages ) '' . Toolshero . Retrieved 2018 - 09 - 20 . Jump up ^ Zulejka , Baharev , ( 2016 ) . The effects of Cornell note - taking and review strategies on recall and comprehension of lecture content for middle school students with and without disabilities ( Thesis ) . Rutgers University - Graduate School of Education . doi : 10.7282 / T3HD7XZ8 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : Note Taking `` The Cornell Note - taking System '' . Cornell University , Learning Strategies Center . PDF Cornell notes templates ( edit ) Cornell Note - taking Lined Paper PDF Generator Incompetech.com Generate custom PDF Cornell Notetaking pages Wyzant.com Cornell Note Paper Over a dozen pre-printed Cornell Note pads , reviewed on Amazon.com Make Your Cornell Notes Template with Word Anne Hennegar , TimeAtlas.com , 2017 . Includes video , Word template and PDF Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cornell_Notes&oldid=864068957 '' Categories : Note - taking Cornell University Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from February 2015 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español فارسی Français 한국어 Magyar 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 14 October 2018 , at 22 : 13 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Cornell Notes system 2. Note-taking method 3. Walter Pauk 4. Effectiveness of Cornell Notes 5. Organizing and condensing notes

who were involved in the carnatic wars with the british

Carnatic Wars - wikipedia Carnatic Wars <Th_colspan="3"> Karnatic Wars <Td_colspan="3"> Lord Robert Clive meeting with Mir Jafar after the Battle of Plassey , oil on canvas ( Francis Hayman , c. 1762 ) <Td_colspan="3"> Date 1746 -- 1763 Location Carnatic region , South India Result British victory <Th_colspan="3"> Belligerents Mughal Empire Nizam of Hyderabad Nawab of Carnatic Nawab of Bengal Kingdom of France French East India Company Kingdom of Great Britain East India Company <Th_colspan="3"> Commanders and leaders Alamgir II Anwaruddin † Nasir Jung † Muzaffar Jung † Chanda Sahib † Raza Sahib Wala - Jah Murtaza Ali Abdul Wahab Hyder Ali Dalwai Nanjaraja Salabat Jung Dupleix De Bussy Comte de Lally d'Auteil ( POW ) Law ( POW ) De la Touche Robert Clive Stringer Lawrence <Th_colspan="2"> First Carnatic War <Td_colspan="2"> Negapatam Madras Adyar Cuddalore Pondicherry <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the War of the Austrian Succession <Th_colspan="2"> Second Carnatic War <Td_colspan="2"> Ambur Divicotta Tanjore Trichinopoly Arcot Arnee Chingleput Golden Rock Seringham Sugar - Loaf Rock Tondeman 's Woods <Th_colspan="2"> Third Carnatic War <Td_colspan="2"> Chandannagar Plassey Cuddalore Negapatam Condore Madras Masulipatam Pondicherry ( naval ) Chinsurah Wandiwash Pondicherry ( siege ) <Th_colspan="2"> Theatres of the Seven Years ' War <Td_colspan="2"> Silesia Pomerania Portugal North America West Indies West Africa India Anglo - Spanish Uruguay and Rio Grande do Sul Showing the Carnatic Region of what is now India . The Carnatic Wars ( also spelled Karnatic Wars ) were a series of military conflicts in the middle of the 18th century in India . The conflicts involved numerous nominally independent rulers and their vassals , struggles for succession and territory , and included a diplomatic and military struggle between the French East India Company and the British East India Company . They were mainly fought on the territories in India which were dominated by the Nizam of Hyderabad up to the Godavari delta . As a result of these military contests , the British East India Company established its dominance among the European trading companies within India . The French company was pushed to a corner and was confined primarily to Pondichéry . The East India company 's dominance eventually led to control by the British Company over most of India and eventually to the establishment of the British Raj . In the 18th century , the coastal Carnatic region was a dependency of Hyderabad . Three Carnatic Wars were fought between 1746 and 1763 . Contents 1 Background 2 First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 1748 ) 3 Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 1754 ) 4 Third Carnatic War ( 1756 -- 1763 ) 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References Background ( edit ) The Mughal Emperor Aurangzeb died in 1707 . He was succeeded by Bahadur Shah I , but there was a general decline in central control over the empire during the tenure of Jahandar Shah and later emperors . Nizam - ul - Mulk established Hyderabad as an independent kingdom . A power struggle ensued after his death between his son , Nasir Jung , and his grandson , Muzaffar Jung , which was the opportunity France and England needed to interfere in Indian politics . France aided Muzaffar Jung while England aided Nasir Jung . Several erstwhile Mughal territories were autonomous such as the Carnatic , ruled by Nawab Dost Ali Khan , despite being under the legal purview of the Nizam of Hyderabad . French and English interference included those of the affairs of the Nawab . Dost Ali 's death sparked a power struggle between his son - in - law Chanda Sahib , supported by the French , and Muhammad Ali , supported by the English . One major instigator of the Carnatic Wars was the Frenchman Joseph François Dupleix , who arrived in India in 1715 , rising to become the French East India Company 's governor in 1742 . Dupleix sought to expand French influence in India , which was limited to a few trading outposts , the chief one being Pondicherry on the Coromandel Coast . Immediately upon his arrival in India , he organized Indian recruits under French officers for the first time , and engaged in intrigues with local rulers to expand French influence . However , he was met by the equally challenging and determined young officer from the British Army , Robert Clive . `` The Austrian War of Succession in 1740 and later the war in 1756 automatically led to a conflict in India ... and British reverses during the American War of Independence ( 1775 - 1783 ) in the 1770s had an impact on events in India . '' First Carnatic war ( 1746 -- 1748 ) ( edit ) Main article : First Carnatic War Dupleix meeting the Subedar of the Deccan , Muzaffar Jung In 1740 the War of the Austrian Succession broke out in Europe . Great Britain was drawn into the war in 1744 , opposed to France and its allies . The trading companies of both countries maintained cordial relations in India while their parent countries were bitter enemies on the European continent . Dodwell writes , `` Such were the friendly relations between the English and the French that the French sent their goods and merchandise from Pondicherry to Madras for safe custody . '' Although French company officials were ordered to avoid conflict , British officials were not , and were furthermore notified that a Royal Navy fleet was en route . After the British initially captured a few French merchant ships , the French called for backup from as far afield as Isle de France ( now Mauritius ) , beginning an escalation in naval forces in the area . In July 1746 French commander La Bourdonnais and British Admiral Edward Peyton fought an indecisive action off Negapatam , after which the British fleet withdrew to Bengal . On 21 September 1746 , the French captured the British outpost at Madras . La Bourdonnais had promised to return Madras to the English , but Dupleix withdrew that promise , and one to give Madras to Anwar - ud - din after the capture . The Nawab then sent a 10,000 - man army to take Madras from the French but was decisively repulsed by a small French force in the Battle of Adyar . The French then made several attempts to capture the British Fort St. David at Cuddalore , but the timely arrivals of reinforcements halted these and eventually turned the tables on the French . British Admiral Edward Boscawen besieged Pondicherry in the later months of 1748 , but lifted the siege with the advent of the monsoon rains in October . With the termination of the War of Austrian Succession in Europe , the First Carnatic War also came to an end . In the Treaty of Aix - la - Chapelle ( 1748 ) , Madras was given back to the British in exchange for the French fortress of Louisbourg in North America , which the British had captured . The war was principally notable in India as the first military experience of Robert Clive , who was taken prisoner at Madras but managed to escape , and who then participated in the defence of Cuddalore and the siege of Pondicherry . Second Carnatic war ( 1749 -- 1754 ) ( edit ) The Siege of Arcot ( 1751 ) was a major battle fought between Robert Clive and the combined forces of the Mughal Empire 's Nawab of the Carnatic , Chanda Sahib , assisted by a small number of troops from the French East India Company . Though a state of war did not exist in Europe , the proxy war continued in India . On one side was Nasir Jung , the Nizam and his protege Muhammad Ali , supported by the English , and on the other was Chanda Sahib and Muzaffar Jung , supported by the French , vying to become the Nawab of Arcot . Muzaffar Jung and Chanda Sahib were able to capture Arcot while Nasir Jung 's subsequent death allowed Muzaffar Jung to take control of Hyderabad . Muzaffar 's reign was short as he was soon killed , and Salabat Jung became Nizam . In 1751 , however , Robert Clive led British troops to capture Arcot , and successfully defend it . The war ended with the Treaty of Pondicherry , signed in 1754 , which recognised Muhammad Ali Khan Walajah as the Nawab of the Carnatic . Charles Godeheu replaced Dupleix , who died in poverty back in France . Third Carnatic war ( 1756 -- 1763 ) ( edit ) The outbreak of the Seven Years ' War in Europe in 1756 resulted in renewed conflict between French and British forces in India . The Third Carnatic War spread beyond southern India and into Bengal where British forces captured the French settlement of Chandernagore ( now Chandannagar ) in 1757 . However , the war was decided in the south , where the British successfully defended Madras , and Sir Eyre Coote decisively defeated the French , commanded by Comte de Lally at the Battle of Wandiwash in 1760 . After Wandiwash , the French capital of Pondicherry fell to the British in 1761 . The war concluded with the signing of the Treaty of Paris in 1763 , which returned Chandernagore and Pondichéry to France , and allowed the French to have `` factories '' ( trading posts ) in India but forbade French traders from administering them . The French agreed to support British client governments , thus ending French ambitions of an Indian empire and making the British the dominant foreign power in India . Gallery ( edit ) French and English boats position near Pondicherry . French National Archives . Ruins of Pondicherry after its destruction by British troops following the capitulation of the city . Death of the Nawab Anwaruddin Mohammed Khan in a battle ( battle of Ambur ) against the French in 1749 ( by Paul Philipoteaux ) Lally at Pondicherry Jean Law 's Memoire : Mémoires sur quelques affaires de l'Empire Mogol 1756 -- 1761 contains detailed information about the campaign of the Mughal Emperor Shah Alam II and his French allies against the British East India Company . See also ( edit ) French India Subedar of Deccan Nawab Hyder Ali Anwaruddin Muhammed Khan References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The Cambridge History of the British Empire . 1929 . p. 126 . Retrieved 16 December 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Naravane , M.S. ( 2014 ) . Battles of the Honorourable East India Company . A.P.H. Publishing Corporation . pp. 150 -- 159 . ISBN 9788131300343 . Jump up ^ Dodwell , H.H. ( ed ) , Cambridge History of India , Vol . v . Jump up ^ `` Niall Ferguson - Empire : How Britain Made the Modern World - Why Britain ? 4 / 5 '' . YouTube . Retrieved 28 September 2014 . Wikimedia Commons has media related to Carnatic Wars . <Th_colspan="2"> French colonial conflicts 16th -- 17th centuries Brazil ( 1557 -- 60 ) Florida ( 1562 -- 65 ) Brazil ( 1612 -- 15 ) Morocco ( 1629 ) Beaver Wars ( 1641 -- 1701 ) Algiers ( 1683 ) French colonization of Texas ( 1685 -- 89 ) Siam ( 1688 ) King William 's War ( 1689 -- 97 ) 18th century Queen Anne 's War ( 1702 -- 13 ) Chickasaw Wars ( 1721 -- 52 ) Dummer 's War ( 1721 -- 25 ) Burma -- France relations ( 1729 -- 56 ) King George 's War ( 1744 -- 48 ) First Carnatic War ( 1746 -- 48 ) Second Carnatic War ( 1749 -- 54 ) Nova Scotia ( 1749 -- 55 ) French and Indian War ( 1754 -- 60 ) East Indies ( 1757 -- 63 ) Larache expedition 1765 Vietnam ( 1777 -- 1820 ) North America ( 1778 -- 83 ) Caribbean and East Indies ( 1778 -- 83 ) Haitian Revolution ( 1791 -- 1804 ) Siege of Pondicherry ( 1793 ) French acquisition of Santo Domingo ( 1795 -- 1809 ) French campaign in Egypt and Syria ( 1798 -- 1801 ) 19th century West Indies ( 1804 -- 10 ) Indian Ocean ( 1809 -- 11 ) Java ( 1811 ) Algeria ( 1830 -- 47 ) Algeria ( 1835 -- 1903 ) Río de la Plata ( 1838 -- 40 ) Mexico ( 1838 -- 39 ) Argentina -- Uruguay ( 1845 -- 50 ) Morocco ( 1844 ) Philippines ( 1844 -- 45 ) Bombardment of Tourane Vietnam ( 1847 ) Franco - Tahitian War ( 1844 -- 47 ) French conquest of Senegal ( 1854 ) Cochinchina Campaign ( 1858 -- 62 ) Second Opium War ( 1860 ) Intervention in Mexico ( 1861 -- 67 ) Japan ( 1863 -- 64 ) Korea ( 1866 ) North Vietnam ( 1873 -- 74 ) Tunisia ( 1881 ) Madagascar ( 1883 ) Ivory Coast ( 1883 -- 98 ) Tonkin Campaign ( 1883 -- 86 ) Sino - French War ( 1884 -- 85 ) North Vietnam ( 1886 -- 96 ) Leewards War ( 1888 -- 97 ) First Franco - Dahomean War ( 1890 ) Second Franco - Dahomean War ( 1892 -- 94 ) Franco - Siamese War ( 1893 ) Second Madagascar expedition ( 1895 ) Voulet -- Chanoine Mission ( 1898 ) 20th century Boxer Rebellion ( 1901 ) Holy Man 's Rebellion ( 1901 -- 36 ) Ouaddai War ( 1909 -- 11 ) Morocco ( 1911 ) Zaian War ( 1914 -- 21 ) Volta - Bani War ( 1915 -- 16 ) Kaocen revolt ( 1916 -- 17 ) Syria ( 1919 -- 21 ) Cilicia ( 1920 -- 21 ) Rif War ( 1920 -- 26 ) Kongo - Wara rebellion ( 1928 -- 31 ) Franco - Thai War ( 1940 -- 41 ) Indochina ( 1945 ) South Vietnam ( 1945 -- 46 ) First Indochina War ( 1946 -- 54 ) Malagasy Uprising ( 1947 -- 48 ) Tunisian independence ( 1952 -- 56 ) Algerian War ( 1954 -- 62 ) Suez Crisis ( 1956 ) Ifni War ( 1957 -- 58 ) Cameroonian Independence War ( 1955 -- 60 ) Bizerte crisis ( 1961 ) Ouvéa cave hostage taking ( 1988 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Carnatic_Wars&oldid=856994867 '' Categories : Carnatic Wars 1740s conflicts 1750s conflicts Wars involving India Wars involving France Wars involving Great Britain Colonial India 18th century in India History of Tamil Nadu Military history of India 1746 in India 1749 in India 1757 in India Seven Years ' War History of Tiruchirappalli Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from July 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français 한국어 हिन्दी Italiano Magyar മലയാളം मराठी Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Русский Српски / srpski தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська 中文 12 more Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2018 , at 21 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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1. Carnatic Wars 2. Military conflicts in 18th century India 3. French East India Company 4. British East India Company 5. British dominance in India

who is he and what is he to you creative source

Creative Source - wikipedia Creative Source Jump to : navigation , search Creative Source was an American R&B group from Los Angeles , who had several funk and disco hits during the 1970s . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Members 3 Discography 4 Singles 5 References History ( edit ) Creative Source was formed in 1972 by several veterans of the West Coast recording studios . They were managed by Ron Townson , who was a member of The Fifth Dimension . Their first chart success was 1973 's `` You Ca n't Hide Love '' , but their biggest hit came the following year , a cover of the Bill Withers tune `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' . Four albums were issued by the band in three years , but their later singles were less successful , and by 1977 , after having lost their recording contract , the group disbanded . Members ( edit ) Barbara Berryman Barbara Lewis Don Wyatt Steve Flanagan Celeste Rose Discography ( edit ) Creative Source ( Sussex Records , 1973 ) U.S. # 152 , U.S. R&B # 21 Migration ( Sussex , 1974 ) U.S. R&B # 28 Pass The Feelin ' On ( Polydor Records , 1975 ) U.S. R&B # 49 Consider The Source ( Polydor , 1976 ) Singles ( edit ) Year Title <Th_colspan="2"> Chart Positions US Hot 100 US R&B Singles 1973 `` You Ca n't Hide Love '' - # 48 `` Who Is He ( And What Is He to You ) ? '' # 69 # 21 `` You 're Too Good To Be True '' - # 88 1976 `` Pass the Feelin ' On '' - # 92 1976 `` I 'd Find You Anywhere '' - - References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Creative Source at Allmusic Jump up ^ Charts , Allmusic Jump up ^ Billboard Singles . Allmusic . MusicBrainz : 7cf7c106 - 14e1 - 4c22 - 9341 - 7e7eb73b26a2 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Creative_Source&oldid=801622460 '' Categories : American soul musical groups Musical groups from Los Angeles Hidden categories : Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 20 : 19 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Creative Source - American R&B group 2. Funk and disco hits in the 1970s 3. Formation and management by Ron Townson 4. Chart success with "You Can't Hide Love" and "Who Is He (And What Is He to You)?" 5. Disbandment in 1977 after losing recording contract

who discovered the pathogen for the first time

Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori - wikipedia Timeline of peptic ulcer disease and Helicobacter pylori Jump to : navigation , search Electron micrograph of H. pylori Gastric ulcer This is a timeline of the events relating to the discovery that peptic ulcer disease and some cancers are caused by H. pylori . In 2005 , Barry Marshall and Robin Warren were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their discovery that peptic ulcer disease ( PUD ) was primarily caused by Helicobacter pylori , a bacterium with affinity for acidic environments , such as the stomach . As a result , PUD that is associated with H. pylori is currently treated with antibiotics used to eradicate the infection . For 30 years prior to their discovery , it was widely believed that PUD was caused by excess acid in the stomach . During this time , acid control was the primary method of treatment for PUD , to only partial success ; among other effects , it is now known that acid suppression alters the stomach milieu to make it less amenable to H. pylori infection . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background 2 Pre-20th century 3 1900 -- 1950 4 1950 -- 1970 5 1970 -- 21st century 6 References 7 External links Background ( edit ) Before the 1950s , there were many microbiological descriptions of bacteria in the stomach and in gastric acid secretions , lending credence to both the infective theory and the hyperacidity theory as being causes of peptic ulcer disease . A single study , conducted in 1954 , did not find evidence of bacteria on biopsies of the stomach stained traditionally ; this effectively established the acid theory as dogma . This paradigm was altered when Warren and Marshall effectively proved Koch 's postulates for causation of PUD by H. pylori through a series of experiments in the 1980s ; however , an extensive effort was required to convince the medical community of the relevance of their work . Now , all major gastrointestinal societies agree that H. pylori is the primary nondrug cause of PUD worldwide , and advocate its eradication as essential to treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers . Additionally , H. pylori has been associated with lymphomas and adenocarcinomas of the stomach , and has been classified by the World Health Organization as a carcinogen . Advances in molecular biology in the late 20th century led to the sequencing of the H. pylori genome , resulting in a better understanding of virulence factors responsible for its colonization and infection , on the DNA level . Pre-20th century ( edit ) Hippocrates Pre 16th century Hippocrates first describes gastric symptoms . Avicenna notes the relationship between gastric pain and mealtimes . 1586 Marcellus Donatus of Mantua performs autopsies and describes gastric ulcers . 1688 Johannes von Murault observes duodenal ulcers . 1728 Stahl hypothesizes that some fevers are related to gastric inflammation and ulceration . 1761 Pain is associated with stomach ulcers . 1799 Matthew Baillie publishes a description of ulcers . François - Joseph - Victor Broussais 1812 Broussais discovers that if acute gastritis is untreated , it can become chronic . 1821 Nepveu argues for a relationship between gastritis and gastric cancer . 1822 William Beaumont first demonstrates the acidity of the stomach and a relationship between acid levels and mood . 1868 Kussmaul suggests using bismuth compounds , an antibacterial agent , to treat peptic ulcers ( bismuth subsalicylate has since been used in many commercial drugs , including Pepto Bismol as part of antibacterial H. pylori treatment ) . The antibacterial properties of bismuth were not known until much later . 1875 G. Bottcher and M. Letulle hypothesize that ulcers are caused by bacteria . 1880 J. Cohnheim suggests that ulcers may be caused by chemical factors . 1881 Klebs notes the presence of bacteria - like organisms in the lumen of the gastric glands . 1889 Walery Jaworski describes spiral organisms in sediment washings of humans . He suggests these organisms might be involved with gastric disease . 1892 Giulio Bizzozero observes spiral organisms in the stomach of dogs . Spirochete bacteria 1896 Saloon finds spirochetes in the stomachs of cats and mice . 1900 -- 1950 ( edit ) 1905 F. Reigel suggests that ulcers are caused by excess acid . Bacillus coli ( E. coli ) 1906 Krienitz finds bacteria in the stomach of people with gastric cancer . Turck feeds dogs Bacillus coli and produces ulcers . 1907 Berkley Moynihan suggests that acid is a cause of ulcers . 1910 Schwartz publishes the excess acid theory of the ulcer , coining the famous phrase `` no acid , no ulcer . '' Gibelli claims to be unable to reproduce Turck 's study where he artificially created ulcers by feeding dogs bacteria . Strepococci 1913 Rosenow suggests that streptococci produce ulcers . 1915 Antacids are first recommended for the treatment of PUD . Bacteria are associated with PUD , but it is assumed that the bacteria reside in the mouth . 1919 Katsuya Kasai and Rokuzo Kobayashi isolate spirochetes in cats and transmit them to rabbits , producing ulcers . 1921 Luger discovers spirochetes in the gastric juice , and associates their presence with gastric cancer . Urease 1924 Luck and Seth discover urease in the human stomach , which they believe is naturally occurring . 1925 Hoffman injects a small sample from a human with PUD into a guinea pig , producing ulcers , and isolates a bacterium which he believes caused the ulcers . 1936 First edition of the Russian Large Medical Encyclopedia suggests infection is one of the causes of PUD . 1939 A. Stone Freedberg begins a study to look for bacteria in the human stomach at Beth Israel Hospital . He finds H. pylori . It is rumored that others can not reproduce the results , although no negative results are published . James Doenges describes spirochetes in autopsies . 1940 Freedberg and Baron observe spirochetes in autopsies . Freedberg abandons his research , however , after his boss advises him to move to another subject . In 2005 , Marshall speculates that Freedberg would have won the Nobel Prize in 1951 had he continued his work . 1948 Fitzgerald and Murphy hypothesize that PUD is caused by acid eating away mucosa , and demonstrate the effectiveness of urea as a treatment for PUD . 1950 -- 1970 ( edit ) 1951 J. Allende publishes a book describing the treatment of gastric ulcers with penicillin . 1953 Dintzis and Hastings are able to stop urease production in mice with antibiotics , suggesting a relationship between urease and a bacterial infection . 1954 Palmer publishes a study which finds no bacteria in the human stomach . He concludes earlier discoveries were a result of contamination . Unfortunately , he chooses not to use a silver staining method , which will be later used to reveal H. pylori by Warren and Marshall . 1955 Tarnopolskaya observes that penicillin seems to cure some peptic ulcers . Moutier and Cornet suggest treating gastritis with antibiotics . Kornberg and Davies observe that antibiotics reduce urease in cats . Ammonia 1957 Charles Lieber and Andre Lefèvre discover that antibiotics reduce gastric urea to ammonia conversion . 1958 Gordon observes that penicillin cures some peptic ulcers . John Lykoudis successfully treats his own gastroenteritis with antibiotics . Lieber and Lefèvre present their results at the World Congress of Gastroenterology in Washington . It is not well received because of the widespread belief that bacteria can not survive in the human stomach , due to Palmer . 1959 Lieber and Lefèvre publish a follow - up study demonstrating that antibiotics prevent the conversion of urea to ammonia in the human stomach . Conway et al. call into question the extent of urease produced by bacteria in mice , as an argument against the bacterial theory of PUD . Campylobacter fetus 1960 Vital and Orrego observe Campylobacter - like organisms in the stomachs of cats and dogs . Lykoudis is awarded a Greek patent ( # 22,453 ) for his antibiotic treatment of PUD . 1962 Susser and Stein publish a paper identifying a cohort phenomenon of PUD in England . This is taken as evidence for stress causing PUD . 1964 Lykoudis presents his antibiotic treatment for PUD at a meeting of the Medico - Surgical Society in Greece . He is largely shunned by the medical establishment . 1966 Lykoudis ' manuscript is rejected by the Journal of the American Medical Association . 1967 Susumu Ito describes Campylobacter - like organisms attached to a gastric epithelial cell . 1968 Lykoudis is fined 4,000 drachmas for treating PUD patients with his treatment , which includes antibiotics . 1970 -- 21st century ( edit ) 1971 Howard Steer observes H. pylori from biopsies of a patient with ulcers . 1972 The first report of successfully using furazolidone ( an antibacterial agent ) to treat PUD in China . Morozov observes H. pylori ; he does not connect this discovery to PUD . A well regarded study of PUD is published which does not mention bacteria . Pseudomonas aeruginosa Steer and Colin - Jones publish their results regarding H. pylori and its relation to PUD . They decide that it was Pseudomonas , a contaminant , and not related to PUD . 1978 At a meeting of the American Gastroenterology Association in Las Vegas , several papers are presented which suggest that acid control via H blockers is ineffective at curing PUD . 1979 Ramsey publishes a study demonstrating that bismuth can help eradicate PUD . Bismuth is an antibacterial agent , although this is not recognized by Ramsey . J. Robin Warren first observes H. pylori in a gastric biopsy . Fung , Papadimitriou , and Matz observe H. pylori . 1981 Yao Shi observes bacteria in the stomach , but he believes they are passing through the stomach and not colonizing it . July : Barry Marshall joins gastroenterology division of Royal Perth Hospital and meets Robin Warren October : Marshall and Warren successfully treat their first PUD patient with antibiotics . 1982 Satoha et al. find evidence for an infectious cause of ulcers in rats . Marshall and Warren begin their first study to determine the relationship between H. pylori and PUD . First successful culturing of H. pylori performed ; it occurs almost by accident . October : Marshall discovers the bacteria he is investigating are not campylobacteria , by looking at electron micrographs . October 2 : Marshall presents his and Warren 's results at a local College of Physicians meeting . He meets with criticism , which Marshall later admits was well - founded ( at least in part ) . Cimetidine January : Two letters authored by Warren and Marshall , respectively , are sent to The Lancet describing their results . February : Gastroenterological Society of Australia rejects Marshall 's abstract to present his research at their yearly conference . They deem it in the bottom 10 % of papers submitted . The same abstract is accepted for presentation at a Campylobacter workshop in Brussels . April : Marshall and Ian Hislop begin a study to compare bismuth treatment with cimetidine . The study is abandoned because it is inconclusive . June : Warren and Marshall 's letter appears in The Lancet . September : H. pylori is observed in patients outside of Australia . After the appearance of the letters in The Lancet , groups around the world begin isolating H. pylori . 1984 A paper describing Marshall and Warren 's results is accepted by the Gastroenterological Society of Australia for presentation . Marshall and Goodwin attempt to infect pigs with H. pylori in an attempt to demonstrate that it causes PUD . The experiment fails . Marshall and Warren 's paper is accepted by The Lancet in May and published in June . Many reviewers dislike the paper . McNulty and Watson are able to reproduce Marshall and Warren 's results . June 12 : Marshall intentionally consumes H. pylori and becomes ill . He takes antibiotics and is relieved of his symptoms . The National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia fully funds Marshall 's research into H. pylori . A study is published in China about the effectiveness of treating PUD with an antibacterial agent . July 31 : The New York Times publishes an article by its medical correspondent Dr. Lawrence K. Altman on the possible link between H. pylori and PUD . He states in 2002 , `` I 've never seen the medical community more defensive or more critical of a story '' since he joined the newspaper in 1969 . Thomas Borody developed the bismuth - based `` Triple Therapy '' consisting of bismuth and two antibiotics . This became the first truly successful treatment for H. pylori with an eradication rate greater than 90 % . 1985 Marshall publishes the results of self - induced infection . Borody patents the bismuth - based triple therapy . Drumm and colleagues following a study of children reported in the New England Journal of Medicine that Helicobacter pylori was specifically associated with primary or unexplained gastric inflammation and primary duodenal ulceration whereas the bacteria were not found in association with secondary gastric inflammation and ulcers due to causes such as Crohn 's disease or critical illness . Because gastritis and duodenal ulceration are rare in children this study had the capacity to demonstrate that Warren and Marshall were correct in claiming that H. pylori was a specific pathogen rather than as had been suggested by some , merely an opportunistic colonizer of an inflamed or ulcerated mucosal surface . This was the first time that New England Journal of Medicine , the worlds leading medical journal published a study on Helicobacter pylori . Morris intentionally consumes H. pylori . Like Marshall , he becomes ill , but unlike Marshall , he is not completely cured by antibiotics . The infection will remain with him for three years . An extensive study in Dublin demonstrates that eradicating H. pylori substantially reduces recurrence of ulcers . Borody 's triple therapy became commercialized in the United States under the product name Helidac . Rauws and Tytgat describe cure of duodenal ulcer by eradication of H. pylori using Borody 's triple therapy combination . Triple - therapy , modernized to a proton pump inhibitor and two antibiotics , soon becomes first line therapy for eradication . World Congress of Gastroenterology recommends eradicating H. pylori to cure duodenal ulcers . First report of resistance of H. pylori to the antibiotic metronidazole . Resistance of H. pylori to treatment will lead to the development of many different antibiotic and proton pump inhibitor regimens for eradication . Fukuda et al. prove ingestion of H. pylori causes gastritis in rhesus monkeys . Covacci et al. sequence the CagA gene , which encodes for a cytotoxin - associated surface protein , which correlated strongly with strains of H. pylori that caused duodenal ulcers . This was the first description of a virulence factor for H. pylori infection determined by molecular techniques . Gastric cancer Fujioka et al. prove similar results as those from Fukuda et al . Patents for acid reducing drugs expire , removing financial incentive to resist antibiotics as treatment of PUD . A conference held by National Institute of Health ( USA ) demonstrates the general acceptance of H. pylori as cause of PUD in the US . The World Health Organization 's International Agency for Research on Cancer declares H. pylori a Group 1 carcinogen . Parsonnet et al. describe an association between H. pylori and lymphomas of the gastrointestinal tract . These malignant ulcers can also be treated by eradicating Helicobacter . Tomb et al. complete sequencing of the entire 1,667,867 base pairs of the H. pylori genome . This assists in identifying new virulence factors for the infectivity of H. pylori on the molecular level . Chan et al. show in a randomized control trial that eradication of H. pylori even prevents bleeding from ulcers that is caused by aspirin and non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs . 2002 The European Helicobacter Pylori Study Group published the Maastricht 2 - 2000 Consensus Report , suggesting a `` test - and - treat '' strategy for H. pylori in young patients without atypical symptoms . This strategy advocates the use of noninvasive testing to evaluate for H. pylori and simply treating if found , even in the absence of ulcer disease documented on endoscopy . 2005 Warren and Marshall are awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for their work on H. pylori and PUD . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Kidd , Mark ; Irvin M. Modlin ( 1998 ) . `` A century of Helicobacter pylori '' . Digestion. 59 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 15 . doi : 10.1159 / 000007461 . PMID 9468093 . ^ Jump up to : Unge , Peter ( 2002 ) . `` Helicobacter pylori treatment in the past and in the 21st century '' . In Barry Marshall . Helicobacter Pioneers : Firsthand Accounts from the Scientists Who Discovered Helicobacters . Victoria , Australia : Blackwell Science Asia . pp. 203 -- 213 . ISBN 0 - 86793 - 035 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Buckley , Martin J.M ; Colm A. O'Morain ( 1998 ) . `` Helicobacter biology -- discovery '' . British Medical Bulletin . 54 ( 1 ) : 7 -- 16 . doi : 10.1093 / oxfordjournals. bmb. a011681 . PMID 9604426 . ^ Jump up to : Fukuda , Yoshihiro et al. , `` Kasai , Kobayashi and Koch 's postulates in the history of Helicobacter pylori '' , in Helicobacter Pioneers , pp. 15 -- 24 . Jump up ^ Bizzozero , Giulio ( 1893 ) . `` Ueber die schlauchförmigen Drüsen des Magendarmkanals und die Beziehungen ihres Epitheles zu dem Oberflächenepithel der Schleimhaut '' . Archiv für mikroskopische Anatomie. 42 : 82 -- 152 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02975307 . Jump up ^ Figura , Natale & Laura Bianciardi , `` Helicobacters were discovered in Italy in 1892 : An episode in the scientific life of an eclectic pathologist , Giulio Bizzozero '' , in Helicobacter Pioneers , pp. 1 -- 13 . Jump up ^ Turck , F.B.J.M ( 1906 ) . `` Ulcer of the stomach : Pathogenesis and pathology : Experiments in producing artificial gastric ulcer and genuine induced peptic ulcer '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 46 : 872 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1906.62510500017003 a . Jump up ^ Rosenow , E.C.J.M ( 1913 ) . `` The production of ulcer of the stomach by injection of streptococci '' . Journal of the American Medical Association . 61 : 1947 . doi : 10.1001 / jama. 1913.04350230001001 . Jump up ^ Rosenow , E.C. ; A.H. Sanford ( 1915 ) . `` The Bacteriology of Ulcer of the Stomach and Duodenum in Man '' . Journal of Infectious Diseases . 17 : 219 -- 226 . doi : 10.1093 / infdis / 17.1. 219 . Jump up ^ Kasai , K. ; R. Kobayashi ( 1919 ) . `` The stomach Spirochete Occurring in Mammals '' . Journal of Parasitology. 6 : 1 -- 11 . doi : 10.2307 / 3271009 . Jump up ^ Luck ; Seth ( 1924 ) . `` Gastric Urease '' . Biochemical Journal . 37 : 1227 -- 1231 . Jump up ^ Hoffman , A ( 1925 ) . `` Experimental gastric duodenal inflammation and ulcer , produced with a specific organism fulfilling Koch 's postulates '' . American Journal of the Medical Sciences . 170 : 212 . doi : 10.1097 / 00000441 - 192508010 - 00005 . ^ Jump up to : Mozorov , Igor A. , `` Helicobacter pylori was discovered in Russia in 1974 '' , in Helicobacter Pioneers , pp. 105 -- 118 . Jump up ^ Freedberg , A. Stone , `` An Early Study of Human Stomach Bacteria '' , in Helicobacter Pioneers , pp. 25 -- 28 . Jump up ^ Doenges , James ( 1939 ) . `` Spirochaetes in the gastric glands of the Macaus Rhesus and Human without definite history of related disease '' . Archives of Pathology. 27 : 469 -- 477 . Jump up ^ Freedberg , A.S. ; L.E. Baron ( 1940 ) . `` The presence of spirochaetes in human gastric mucosa '' . American Journal of Digestive Diseases . 7 ( 10 ) : 443 -- 445 . doi : 10.1007 / BF02997393 . Jump up ^ Altman , Lawrence K. ( 2005 - 12 - 06 ) . `` A Scientist , Gazing Toward Stockholm , Ponders ' What If ? ' '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ O'Connor , Humphrey J. and Colm A. O'Morain , `` Gastric urease in ulcer patients in the 1940s : The Irish connection '' , in Helicobacter Pioneers , pp. 29 -- 38 . Jump up ^ Dintzis RZ , Hastings AB ( July 1953 ) . `` The Effect of Antibiotics on Urea Breakdown in Mice '' . Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 39 ( 7 ) : 571 -- 8 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 39.7. 57 . PMC 1063826 . PMID 16589306 . Jump up ^ Palmer , E.D. ( 1954 ) . `` Investigation of the gastric mucosa spirochetes of the human '' . Gastroenterology. 27 ( 2 ) : 218 -- 220 . PMID 13183283 . Jump up ^ Kornberg , H.L. ; R.E. Davies ( 1955 ) . `` Gastric Urease '' . Physiology Review . 35 ( 1 ) : 169 -- 177 . PMID 14356931 . Jump up ^ Lieber , C.S. ; A. Lefèvre ( 1957 ) . `` Effect of oxytetracycline on acidity , ammonia , and urea in gastric juice in normal and uremic subjects '' . Comptes Rendus des Séances et Mémoires de la Société de Biologie. 151 ( 5 ) : 1038 -- 1042 . PMID 13500735 . ^ Jump up to : Rigas , Basil and Efstathios D. Papavassiliou , `` John Lykoudis : The general practitioner in Greece who in 1958 discovered etiology of , and a treatment for , peptic ulcer disease '' , in Helicobacter Pioneers , pp. 75 -- 84 . Jump up ^ Lieber , Charles S.J. , `` How it was discovered in Belgium and the USA ( 1955 -- 1976 ) that Gastric Urease was Caused by a Bacterial Infectio '' , in Helicobacter Pioneers , pp. 39 -- 52 . Jump up ^ Lieber CS , Lefèvre A ( August 1959 ) . `` AMMONIA AS A SOURCE OF GASTRIC HYPOACIDITY IN PATIENTS WITH UREMIA '' . J. Clin. Invest . 38 ( 8 ) : 1271 -- 7 . doi : 10.1172 / JCI103902 . PMC 442081 . PMID 13673083 . Jump up ^ Conway , E.J. ; O. Fitzgerald ; K. McGeeney ; F. Geoghegan ( 1959 ) . `` The location and origin of gastric urease '' . Gastroenterology. 37 : 449 -- 56 . PMID 13811656 . Jump up ^ Vital , J.D. ; H. Orrego ( 1960 ) . `` Electron Microscope Observations on the Fine Structure of Parietal Cells '' . Journal of Biophysical and Biochemical Cytology. 7 ( 2 ) : 367 -- 72 . doi : 10.1083 / jcb. 7.2. 367 . PMC 2224815 . PMID 13842039 . Jump up ^ Susser , M. ; Z . Stein ( 1962 ) . `` Civilization and peptic ulcer '' . Lancet . 1 ( 7221 ) : 115 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / s0140 - 6736 ( 62 ) 91127 - 3 . PMID 13918500 ... Reprinted as Susser M , Stein Z ( 2002 ) . `` Civilization and peptic ulcer . 1962 '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 31 ( 1 ) : 13 -- 7 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 31.1. 13 . PMID 11914283 . Jump up ^ Ito , Susumu ( 1967 ) . `` Anatomic structure of the gastric mucosa '' . In Heidel , US ; Code , CF . Handbook of Physiology Section 6 Volume 2 . American Physiological Society . pp. 705 -- 741 . ^ Jump up to : Steer , Howard W ( 2002 ) . `` The discovery of Helicobacter pylori in England in the 1970s '' . In Barry J. Marshall . Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters , 1892 -- 1982 . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 119 -- 29 . ISBN 0 - 86793 - 035 - 7 . ^ Jump up to : Xiao , Shu Dong ( 2002 ) . `` How we discovered in China in 1972 that antibiotics cure peptic ulcer '' . In Barry J. Marshall . Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters , 1892 -- 1982 . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 165 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 86793 - 035 - 7 . Jump up ^ Patrick , W.J.A. ; D. Denham ; A.P.M. Forrest ( 1974 ) . `` Mucous change in the human duodenum : A light and electron microscopic study and correlation with disease and gastric acid secretion '' . Gut. 15 ( 10 ) : 767 -- 76 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 15.10. 767 . PMC 1412991 . PMID 4434919 . Jump up ^ Steer , H.W. ; D.G. Colin - Jones ( 1975 ) . `` Mucosal changes in gastric ulceration and their response to carbenoxolone sodium '' . Gut. 16 ( 8 ) : 590 -- 7 . doi : 10.1136 / gut. 16.8. 590 . PMC 1411007 . PMID 810394 . Jump up ^ Peterson , Walter L ( 2002 ) . `` The Dallas experience with acute Helicobacter pylori infection '' . In Barry J. Marshall . Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters , 1892 -- 1982 . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 143 -- 50 . ISBN 0 - 86793 - 035 - 7 . Jump up ^ Ramsey E , K.V. Carey , et al. ( 1979 ) . `` Epidemic gastritis with hypochlorhydria '' . Gastroenterology. 76 ( 6 ) : 1449 -- 57 . PMID 437444 . Jump up ^ Warren , J. Robin ( 2002 ) . `` The discovery of Helicobacter pylori in Perth , Western Australia '' . In Barry J. Marshall . Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters , 1892 -- 1982 . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 151 -- 64 . ISBN 0 - 86793 - 035 - 7 . Jump up ^ Fung , W.P. ; J.M Papadimitriou ; L.R. Matz ( 1979 ) . `` Endoscopic , histological and ultrastructural correlations in chronic gastritis '' . American Journal of Gastroenterology. 71 ( 3 ) : 269 -- 79 . PMID 443229 . ^ Jump up to : Marshall , Barry ( 2002 ) . `` The discovery that Helicobacter pylori , a spiral bacterium , caused peptic ulcer disease '' . In Barry J. Marshall . Helicobacter pioneers : firsthand accounts from the scientists who discovered helicobacters , 1892 -- 1982 . Oxford : Blackwell . pp. 165 -- 202 . ISBN 0 - 86793 - 035 - 7 . Jump up ^ Satoh , H. ; P.H. Guth ; M.I. Grossman ( 1983 ) . `` Role of bacteria in gastric ulceration produced by indomethacin in the rat : cytoprotective action of antibiotics '' . Gastroenterology. 84 ( 3 ) : 483 -- 9 . PMID 6822322 . Jump up ^ Warren , J.R. ; Barry Marshall ( 1983 ) . `` Unidentified curved bacilli on gastric epithelium in active chronic gastritis '' . Lancet . 1 ( 8336 ) : 1273 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 83 ) 92719 - 8 . PMID 6134060 . Jump up ^ McNulty , C.A. ; D.M. Watson ( 1984 ) . `` Spiral bacteria of the gastric antrum '' . The Lancet . 1 ( 8385 ) : 1068 -- 9 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 84 ) 91469 - 7 . PMID 6143990 . Jump up ^ Altman , Lawrence K. ( 1984 - 07 - 31 ) . `` NEW BACTERIUM LINKED TO PAINFUL STOMACH ILLS '' . The New York Times . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Humphrey , Nancy ( 2002 - 09 - 27 ) . `` Award - winning journalist informs doctors , world '' . The Reporter , Vanderbilt University Medical Center 's Weekly Newspaper . Retrieved March 12 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Rimbara , Emiko ; Fischbach , Lori A. ; Graham , David Y. ( 2011 ) . `` Optimal therapy for Helicobacter pylori infections '' . Nature Reviews Gastroenterology & Hepatology. 8 : 79 -- 88 . doi : 10.1038 / nrgastro. 2010.210 . Jump up ^ Borody , TJ ; Cole , P ; Noonan , S ; Morgan , A ; Lenne , J ; Hyland , L ; Brandl , S ; Borody , EG ; George , LL ( 1989 ) . `` Recurrence of duodenal ulcer and Campylobacter pylori infection after eradication '' . The Medical Journal of Australia . 151 : 431 -- 435 . PMID 2687668 . Jump up ^ Borody , T.J. ; George , L.L. ; Brandl , S. ; Andrews , P. ; Lenne , J. ; Moore - Jones , D. ; Devine , M. ; Walton , M. ( 1992 - 01 - 01 ) . `` Helicobacter pylori Eradication with Doxycycline -- Metronidazole -- Bismuth Subcitrate Triple Therapy '' . Scandinavian Journal of Gastroenterology. 27 ( 4 ) : 281 -- 284 . doi : 10.3109 / 00365529209000075 . ISSN 0036 - 5521 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , Borody , Thomas J. , `` Method for treatment of gastro intestinal disorders '' Patent Number 5,196,205 . Jump up ^ Drumm B ; et al. ( 1987 ) . `` Association of Campylobacter pylori on the gastric mucosa with antral gastritis in children '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 316 : 1557 -- 1661 . doi : 10.1056 / nejm198706183162501 . Jump up ^ Morris , A. ; G. Nicholson ( 1987 ) . `` Ingestion of Campylobacter pyloridis causes gastritis and raised fasting gastric pH '' . American Journal of Gastroenterology. 82 ( 3 ) : 192 -- 9 . PMID 3826027 . Jump up ^ Coghlan J , H. Humphrise , et al. ( 1987 ) . `` Campylobacter pylori and recurrence of duodenal ulcers -- a 12 - month follow - up study '' . The Lancet . 2 ( 8568 ) : 109 -- 11 . doi : 10.1016 / S0140 - 6736 ( 02 ) 93231 - 9 . PMID 2890019 . Jump up ^ `` HELIDAC ® Therapy '' . dailymed.nlm.nih.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 02 - 14 . Jump up ^ Rauws E , Tytgat G ( 1990 ) . `` Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori '' . Lancet . 335 ( 8700 ) : 1233 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 90 ) 91301 - P. PMID 1971318 . Jump up ^ Rauws , E.A.J. ; G.N.J. Tytgat ( 1990 ) . `` Cure of duodenal ulcer associated with eradication of Helicobacter pylori '' . The Lancet . 335 ( 8700 ) : 1233 -- 5 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 90 ) 91301 - P. PMID 1971318 . Jump up ^ Becx M , Janssen A , et al. ( 1990 ) . `` Metronidazole - resistant Helicobacter pylori '' . Lancet . 335 ( 8688 ) : 539 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / 0140 - 6736 ( 90 ) 90772 - W . PMID 1968548 . ^ Jump up to : Malfertheiner P , Mégraud F , O'Morain C , et al. ( 2002 ) . `` Current concepts in the management of Helicobacter pylori infection -- the Maastricht 2 - 2000 Consensus Report '' . Aliment Pharmacol Ther. 16 ( 2 ) : 167 -- 80 . doi : 10.1046 / j. 1365 - 2036.2002. 01169. x . PMID 11860399 . Jump up ^ Covacci A , Censini S , Bugnoli M , et al. ( 1993 ) . `` Molecular characterization of the 128 - kDa immunodominant antigen of Helicobacter pylori associated with cytotoxicity and duodenal ulcer '' . Proc Natl Acad Sci USA . 90 ( 12 ) : 5791 -- 5 . doi : 10.1073 / pnas. 90.12. 5791 . PMC 46808 . PMID 8516329 . Jump up ^ < Please add first missing authors to populate metadata. > ( 1994 ) . `` IARC Monograph on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans '' . Lyon : World Health Organization : 177 -- 240 . Jump up ^ Parsonnet J , Hansen S , Rodriguez L , et al. ( 1994 ) . `` Helicobacter pylori infection and gastric lymphoma '' . New England Journal of Medicine . 330 ( 18 ) : 1267 -- 71 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM199405053301803 . PMID 8145781 . Jump up ^ Tomb J , White O , Kerlavage A , et al. ( 1997 ) . `` The complete genome sequence of the gastric pathogen Helicobacter pylori '' . Nature . 388 ( 6642 ) : 539 -- 47 . doi : 10.1038 / 41483 . PMID 9252185 . Jump up ^ Aspholm - Hurtig M , Dailide G , Lahmann M , et al. ( 2004 ) . `` Functional adaptation of BabA , the H. pylori ABO blood group antigen binding adhesin '' . Science . 305 ( 5683 ) : 519 -- 22 . doi : 10.1126 / science. 1098801 . PMID 15273394 . Jump up ^ Chan F , Chung S , Suen B , et al. ( 2001 ) . `` Preventing recurrent upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients with Helicobacter pylori infection who are taking low - dose aspirin or naproxen '' . N Engl J Med. 344 ( 13 ) : 967 -- 73 . doi : 10.1056 / NEJM200103293441304 . PMID 11274623 . Jump up ^ `` Nobel Prize in Medicine 2005 '' . Nobel Foundation . Retrieved October 3 , 2006 . External links ( edit ) Barry J. Marshall ( 2001 ) . `` One hundred years of discovery and rediscovery of Helicobacter pylori and its association with peptic ulcer disease '' . Chapter 3 of Helicobacter pylori : Physiology and Genetics ed. by Harry L.T. Mobley , George L. Mendz , and Stuart L. Hazell . ASM Press . ISBN 1 - 55581 - 213 - 9 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Timeline_of_peptic_ulcer_disease_and_Helicobacter_pylori&oldid=825085473 '' Categories : Medicine timelines Helicobacter pylori Infectious causes of cancer Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2017 Articles with permanently dead external links Featured lists Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 11 February 2018 , at 11 : 30 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . 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1. Peptic ulcer disease 2. Helicobacter pylori 3. Discovery of H. pylori as the cause of peptic ulcer disease 4. Treatment of PUD with antibiotics 5. H. pylori as a carcinogen

who is given credit for inventing the printing press

Movable type - wikipedia Movable type Jump to : navigation , search For the weblog software , see Movable Type . Part of a series on the History of printing Woodblock printing 200 Movable type 1040 Printing press c. 1440 Etching c. 1515 Mezzotint 1642 Aquatint 1772 Lithography 1796 Chromolithography 1837 Rotary press 1843 Hectograph 1869 Offset printing 1875 Hot metal typesetting 1884 Mimeograph 1886 Photostat and rectigraph 1907 Screen printing 1911 Spirit duplicator 1923 Dot matrix printing 1925 Xerography 1938 Phototypesetting 1949 Inkjet printing 1951 Dye - sublimation 1957 Laser printing 1969 Thermal printing c. 1972 3D printing 1981 Solid Ink printing 1986 Digital printing 1991 Movable type ( US English ; moveable type in British English ) is the system and technology of printing and typography that uses movable components to reproduce the elements of a document ( usually individual letters or punctuation ) usually on the medium of paper . The world 's first movable type printing press technology for printing paper books was made of porcelain materials and was invented around AD 1040 in China during the Northern Song Dynasty by the inventor Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) . Subsequently in 1377 , the world 's oldest extant movable metal print book , Jikji , was printed in Korea during the Goryeo dynasty . Because of this , the diffusion of both movable - type systems was , to some degree , limited to primarily East Asia , although various sporadic reports of movable type technology were brought back to Europe by Christian missionaries , traders and business people who were returning to Europe after having worked in China for several years and influenced the development of printing technology in Europe . Some of these medieval European accounts are still preserved in the library archives of the Vatican and Oxford University among many others . Around 1450 Johannes Gutenberg , introduced the metal movable - type printing press in Europe , along with innovations in casting the type based on a matrix and hand mould . The small number of alphabetic characters needed for European languages was an important factor . Gutenberg was the first to create his type pieces from an alloy of lead , tin , and antimony -- and these materials remained standard for 550 years . For alphabetic scripts , movable - type page setting was quicker than woodblock printing . The metal type pieces were more durable and the lettering was more uniform , leading to typography and fonts . The high quality and relatively low price of the Gutenberg Bible ( 1455 ) established the superiority of movable type in Europe and the use of printing presses spread rapidly . The printing press may be regarded as one of the key factors fostering the Renaissance and due to its effectiveness , its use spread around the globe . The 19th - century invention of hot metal typesetting and its successors caused movable type to decline in the 20th century . Contents ( hide ) 1 Precursors to movable type 1.1 Letter punch and coins 1.2 Seals and stamps 1.3 Woodblock printing 2 History 2.1 Ceramic movable type 2.2 Wooden movable type 2.3 Metal movable type in China 2.4 Metal movable type in Korea 2.5 Metal movable type in Europe 3 Type - founding 4 Typesetting 5 Metal type combined with other methods 6 See also 7 References 8 Further reading 9 External links Precursors to movable type ( edit ) Letter punch and coins ( edit ) Movable type traces its origins to the punches used to make coins : the reverse face of a Tetradrachm Greek coin from Athens , 5th century BC , featuring various letters and the owl symbol of Athena . The technique of imprinting multiple copies of symbols or glyphs with a master type punch made of hard metal first developed around 3000 BC in ancient Sumer . These metal punch types can be seen as precursors of the letter punches adapted in later millennia to printing with movable metal type . Cylinder seals were used in Mesopotamia to create an impression on a surface by rolling the seal on wet clay . They were used to `` sign '' documents and mark objects as the owner 's property . Cylinder seals were a related form of early typography capable of printing small page designs in relief ( cameo ) on wax or clay -- a miniature forerunner of rotogravure printing used by wealthy individuals to seal and certify documents . By 650 BC the ancient Greeks were using larger diameter punches to imprint small page images onto coins and tokens . The designs of the artists who made the first coin punches were stylized with a degree of skill that could not be mistaken for common handiwork -- salient and very specific types designed to be reproduced ad infinitum . Unlike the first typefaces used to print books in the 13th century , coin types were neither combined nor printed with ink on paper , but `` published '' in metal -- a more durable medium -- and survived in substantial numbers . As the portable face of ruling authority , coins were a compact form of standardized knowledge issued in large editions , an early mass medium that stabilized trade and civilization throughout the Mediterranean world of antiquity . Seals and stamps ( edit ) Main articles : Mudbrick stamp , Cylinder seal , and Phaistos Disc Brick `` stamp mold '' for the King of Larsa , Sin - Iddinam . ( for Sun God , Utu , foundation deposit of temple ) A replica of the Phaistos Disc Seals and stamps may have been precursors to movable type . The uneven spacing of the impressions on brick stamps found in the Mesopotamian cities of Uruk and Larsa , dating from the 2nd millennium BC , has been conjectured by some archaeologists as evidence that the stamps were made using movable type . The enigmatic Minoan Phaistos Disc of 1800 -- 1600 BC has been considered by one scholar as an early example of a body of text being reproduced with reusable characters : it may have been produced by pressing pre-formed hieroglyphic `` seals '' into the soft clay . A few authors even view the disc as technically meeting all definitional criteria to represent an early incidence of movable - type printing . Recently it has been alleged by Jerome Eisenberg that the disk is a forgery . The Prüfening dedicatory inscription is medieval example of movable type stamps being used . Woodblock printing ( edit ) Main article : Woodblock printing The intricate frontispiece of the Diamond Sutra from Tang Dynasty China , an early woodblock - printed book , AD 868 ( British Museum ) Following the invention of paper in the 2nd century AD during the Chinese Han Dynasty , writing materials became more portable and economical than the bones , shells , bamboo slips , metal or stone tablets , silk , etc. previously used . Yet copying books by hand was still labour - consuming . Not until the Xiping Era ( 172 -- 178 AD ) , towards the end of the Eastern Han Dynasty did sealing print and monotype appear . It was soon used for printing designs on fabrics , and later for printing texts . Woodblock printing , invented by about the 8th century during the Tang Dynasty , worked as follows . First , the neat hand - copied script was stuck on a relatively thick and smooth board , with the front of the paper , which was so thin that it was nearly transparent , sticking to the board , and characters showing in reverse , but distinctly , so that every stroke could be easily recognized . Then carvers cut away the parts of the board that were not part of the character , so that the characters were cut in relief , completely differently from those cut intaglio . When printing , the bulging characters would have some ink spread on them and be covered by paper . With workers ' hands moving on the back of paper gently , characters would be printed on the paper . By the Song Dynasty , woodblock printing came to its heyday . Although woodblock printing played an influential role in spreading culture , there remained some apparent drawbacks . Firstly , carving the printing plate required considerable time , labour and materials ; secondly , it was not convenient to store these plates ; and finally , it was difficult to correct mistakes . With woodblock printing , one printing plate could be used for tens of hundreds of books , playing a magnificent role in spreading culture . Yet carving the plate was time and labour consuming . Huge books cost years of effort . The plates needed a lot of storage space , and were often damaged by deformation , worms and corrosion . If books had a small print run , and were not reprinted , the printing plates would become nothing but waste ; and worse , if a mistake was found , it was difficult to correct it without discarding the whole plate . History ( edit ) Further information : Letterpress printing and History of printing in East Asia Ceramic movable type ( edit ) Bi Sheng ( 毕 昇 / 畢昇 ) ( 990 -- 1051 ) developed the first known movable - type system for printing in China around 1040 AD during the Northern Song dynasty , using ceramic materials . As described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo ( 沈括 ) ( 1031 -- 1095 ) : When he wished to print , he took an iron frame and set it on the iron plate . In this he placed the types , set close together . When the frame was full , the whole made one solid block of type . He then placed it near the fire to warm it . When the paste ( at the back ) was slightly melted , he took a smooth board and pressed it over the surface , so that the block of type became as even as a whetstone . For each character there were several types , and for certain common characters there were twenty or more types each , in order to be prepared for the repetition of characters on the same page . When the characters were not in use he had them arranged with paper labels , one label for each rhyme - group , and kept them in wooden cases . If one were to print only two or three copies , this method would be neither simple nor easy . But for printing hundreds or thousands of copies , it was marvelously quick . As a rule he kept two forms going . While the impression was being made from the one form , the type was being put in place on the other . When the printing of the one form was finished , the other was then ready . In this way the two forms alternated and the printing was done with great rapidity . In 1193 , Zhou Bida , an officer of Southern Song Dynasty , made a set of clay movable - type method according to the method described by Shen Kuo in his Dream Pool Essays , and printed his book Notes of The Jade Hall ( 《 玉堂 杂记 》 ) . The claim that Bi Sheng 's clay types were `` fragile '' and `` not practical for large - scale printing '' and `` short lived '' was refuted by facts and experiments . Bao Shicheng ( 1775 -- 1885 ) wrote that baked clay moveable type was `` as hard and tough as horn '' ; experiments show that clay type , after being baked in an oven , becomes hard and difficult to break , such that it remains intact after being dropped from a height of two metres onto a marble floor . The length of clay movable types in China was 1 to 2 centimetres , not 2mm , thus hard as horn . There has been an ongoing debate regarding the success of ceramic printing technology as there have been no printed materials found with ceramic movable types . However , it is historically recorded to have been used as late as 1844 in China from the Song dynasty through the Qing dynasty . Wooden movable type ( edit ) Bi Sheng ( 990 -- 1051 ) also pioneered the use of wooden movable type around 1040 AD , as described by the Chinese scholar Shen Kuo ( 1031 -- 1095 ) . However , this technology was abandoned in favour of clay movable types due to the presence of wood grains and the unevenness of the wooden type after being soaked in ink . A revolving typecase for wooden type in China , from Wang Zhen 's book published in 1313 In 1298 , Wang Zhen ( 王 祯 / 王 禎 ) , a Yuan dynasty governmental official of Jingde County , Anhui Province , China , re-invented a method of making movable wooden types . He made more than 30,000 wooden movable types and printed 100 copies of Records of Jingde County ( 《 旌 德 县志 》 ) , a book of more than 60,000 Chinese characters . Soon afterwards , he summarized his invention in his book A method of making moveable wooden types for printing books . Although the wooden type was more durable under the mechanical rigors of handling , repeated printing wore the character faces down , and the types could only be replaced by carving new pieces . This system was later enhanced by pressing wooden blocks into sand and casting metal types from the depression in copper , bronze , iron or tin . This new method overcame many of the shortcomings of woodblock printing . Rather than manually carving an individual block to print a single page , movable type printing allowed for the quick assembly of a page of text . Furthermore , these new , more compact type fonts could be reused and stored . The set of wafer - like metal stamp types could be assembled to form pages , inked , and page impressions taken from rubbings on cloth or paper . In 1322 , a Fenghua county officer Ma Chengde ( 马 称 德 ) in Zhejiang , made 100,000 wooded movable types and printed the 43 - volume Daxue Yanyi ( 《 大学 衍 义 》 ) . Wooden movable types were used continually in China . Even as late as 1733 , a 2300 - volume Wuying Palace Collected Gems Edition ( 《 武英 殿 聚珍 版 丛书 》 ) was printed with 253,500 wooden movable types on order of the Yongzheng Emperor , and completed in one year . A number of books printed in Tangut script during the Western Xia ( 1038 -- 1227 ) period are known , of which the Auspicious Tantra of All - Reaching Union that was discovered in the ruins of Baisigou Square Pagoda in 1991 is believed to have been printed sometime during the reign of Emperor Renzong of Western Xia ( 1139 -- 1193 ) . It is considered by many Chinese experts to be the earliest extant example of a book printed using wooden movable type . The logistical problems of handling the several thousand logographs ( required for full literacy in Chinese language ) posed a particular difficulty . It was faster to carve one woodblock per page than to composit a page from so many different types . However , if one used movable type to produce multiple copies of the same document , the speed of printing would increase relatively . Metal movable type in China ( edit ) At least 13 material finds in China indicate the invention of bronze movable type printing in China no later than the 12th century , with the country producing large - scale bronze - plate - printed paper money and formal official documents issued by the Jin ( 1115 -- 1234 ) and Southern Song ( 1127 -- 1279 ) dynasties with embedded bronze metal types for anti-counterfeit markers . Such paper - money printing might date back to the 11th - century jiaozi of Northern Song ( 960 -- 1127 ) . Copperplate of 1215 -- 1216 5000 - cash Jin dynasty ( 1115 -- 1234 ) paper money with bronze movable type counterfeit markers The typical example of this kind of bronze movable type embedded copper - block printing is a printed `` check '' of the Jin Dynasty with two square holes for embedding two bronze movable - type characters , each selected from 1,000 different characters , such that each printed paper note has a different combination of markers . A copper - block printed note dated between 1215 -- 1216 in the collection of Luo Zhenyu 's Pictorial Paper Money of the Four Dynasties , 1914 , shows two special characters -- one called Ziliao , the other called Zihao -- for the purpose of preventing counterfeiting ; over the Ziliao there is a small character ( 輶 ) printed with movable copper type , while over the Zihao there is an empty square hole -- apparently the associated copper metal type was lost . Another sample of Song dynasty money of the same period in the collection of the Shanghai Museum has two empty square holes above Ziliao as well as Zihou , due to the loss of the two copper movable types . Song dynasty bronze block embedded with bronze metal movable type printed paper money was issued on a large scale and remained in circulation for a long time . The 1298 book Zao Huozi Yinshufa ( 《 造 活字 印 书法 》 / 《 造 活字 印 書法 》 ) by the Yuan dynasty ( 1271 -- 1368 ) official Wang Zhen mentions tin movable type , used probably since the Southern Song dynasty ( 1127 -- 1279 ) , but this was largely experimental . It was unsatisfactory due to its incompatibility with the inking process . During the Mongol Empire ( 1206 -- 1405 ) , printing using movable type spread from China to Central Asia . The Uyghurs of Central Asia used movable type , their script type adopted from the Mongol language , some with Chinese words printed between the pages -- strong evidence that the books were printed in China . A page from bronze movable - type book by Hua Sui , printed in 1490 During the Ming Dynasty ( 1368 -- 1644 ) , Hua Sui in 1490 used bronze type in printing books . In 1574 the massive 1000 - volume encyclopedia Imperial Readings of the Taiping Era ( 《 太平 御 览 》 / 《 太平 御覧 》 ) was printed with bronze movable type . In 1725 the Qing Dynasty government made 250,000 bronze movable - type characters and printed 64 sets of the encyclopedic Gujin Tushu Jicheng ( 《 古今 图书 集成 》 / 《 古今 圖書 集成 》 , Complete Collection of Illustrations and Writings from the Earliest to Current Times ) . Each set consisted of 5,040 volumes , making a total of 322,560 volumes printed using movable type . Metal movable type in Korea ( edit ) Korean movable type from 1377 used for the Jikji ; In 1234 the first books known to have been printed in metallic type set were published in Goryeo Dynasty Korea . They form a set of ritual books , Sangjeong Gogeum Yemun , compiled by Choe Yun - ui . While these books have not survived , the oldest book in the world printed in metallic movable types is Jikji , printed in Korea in 1377 . The Asian Reading Room of the Library of Congress in Washington , D.C. displays examples of this metal type . Commenting on the invention of metallic types by Koreans , French scholar Henri - Jean Martin described this as `` ( extremely similar ) to Gutenberg 's '' . The techniques for bronze casting , used at the time for making coins ( as well as bells and statues ) were adapted to making metal type . The Joseon dynasty scholar Seong Hyeon ( 성현 , 成 俔 , 1439 -- 1504 ) records the following description of the Korean font - casting process : At first , one cuts letters in beech wood . One fills a trough level with fine sandy ( clay ) of the reed - growing seashore . Wood - cut letters are pressed into the sand , then the impressions become negative and form letters ( moulds ) . At this step , placing one trough together with another , one pours the molten bronze down into an opening . The fluid flows in , filling these negative moulds , one by one becoming type . Lastly , one scrapes and files off the irregularities , and piles them up to be arranged . A potential solution to the linguistic and cultural bottleneck that held back movable type in Korea for 200 years appeared in the early 15th century -- a generation before Gutenberg would begin working on his own movable - type invention in Europe -- when Sejong the Great devised a simplified alphabet of 24 characters ( hangul ) for use by the common people , which could have made the typecasting and compositing process more feasible . But Korea 's cultural elite , `` appalled at the idea of losing hanja , the badge of their elitism '' , stifled the adoption of the new alphabet . A `` Confucian prohibition on the commercialization of printing '' also obstructed the proliferation of movable type , restricting the distribution of books produced using the new method to the government . The technique was restricted to use by the royal foundry for official state publications only , where the focus was on reprinting Chinese classics lost in 1126 when Korea 's libraries and palaces had perished in a conflict between dynasties . Scholarly debate and speculation has occurred as to whether Eastern movable type spread to Europe between the late 14th century and early 15th centuries . Metal movable type in Europe ( edit ) Main articles : History of Western typography and Spread of European movable type printing The Printing Revolution in the 15th century : Within several decades around 270 European towns took up movable type printing . European output of movable type printing from Gutenberg to 1800 Johannes Gutenberg of Mainz , Germany is acknowledged as the first to invent a metal movable - type printing system in Europe , the printing press . Gutenberg was a goldsmith familiar with techniques of cutting punches for making coins from moulds . Between 1436 and 1450 he developed hardware and techniques for casting letters from matrices using a device called the hand mould . Gutenberg 's key invention and contribution to movable - type printing in Europe , the hand mould was the first practical means of making cheap copies of letterpunches in the vast quantities needed to print complete books , making the movable - type printing process a viable enterprise . Before Gutenberg , books were copied out by hand on scrolls and paper , or printed from hand - carved wooden blocks . It was extremely time - consuming ; even a small book could take months to complete , and because the carved letters or blocks were flimsy and the wood susceptible to ink the blocks had a limited lifespan . Gutenberg and his associates developed oil - based inks ideally suited to printing with a press on paper , and the first Latin typefaces . His method of casting type may have been different from the hand mould used in subsequent decades . Detailed analysis of the type used in his 42 - line Bible has revealed irregularities in some of the characters that can not be attributed to ink spread or type wear under the pressure of the press . Scholars conjecture that the type pieces may have been cast from a series of matrices made with a series of individual stroke punches , producing many different versions of the same glyph . Editing with movable metal -- cca. 1920 It has also been suggested that the method used by Gutenberg involved using a single punch to make a mould , but the mould was such that the process of taking the type out disturbed the casting , creating variants and anomalies , and that the punch - matrix system came into use possibly around the 1470s . This raises the possibility that the development of movable type in the West may have been progressive rather than a single innovation . Gutenberg 's movable - type printing system spread rapidly across Europe , from the single Mainz printing press in 1457 to 110 presses by 1480 , of which 50 were in Italy . Venice quickly became the center of typographic and printing activity . Significant were the contributions of Nicolas Jenson , Francesco Griffo , Aldus Manutius , and other printers of late 15th - century Europe . Type - founding ( edit ) A piece of cast metal type , Garamond style long s i ligature . See also : Sort . Type - founding as practiced in Europe and the west consists of three stages . Punchcutting If the glyph design includes enclosed spaces ( counters ) then a counterpunch is made . The counter shapes are transferred in relief ( cameo ) onto the end of a rectangular bar of mild steel using a specialized engraving tool called a graver . The finished counterpunch is hardened by heating and quenching ( tempering ) , or exposure to a cyanide solution ( case hardening ) . The counterpunch is then struck against the end of a similar rectangular steel bar -- the letterpunch -- to impress the counter shapes as recessed spaces ( intaglio ) . The outer profile of the glyph is completed by scraping away with a graver the material outside the counter spaces , leaving only the stroke or lines of the glyph . Progress toward the finished design is checked by successive smoke proofs ; temporary prints made from a thin coating of carbon deposited on the punch surface by a candle flame . The finished letter punch is finally hardened to withstand the rigors of reproduction by striking . One counterpunch and one letterpunch are produced for every letter or glyph making up a complete font . Matrix The letterpunch is used to strike a blank die of soft metal to make a negative letter mould , called a matrix . Casting The matrix is inserted into the bottom of a device called a hand mould . The mould is clamped shut and molten type metal alloy consisting mostly of lead and tin , with a small amount of antimony for hardening , is poured into a cavity from the top . Antimony has the rare property of expanding as it cools , giving the casting sharp edges . When the type metal has sufficiently cooled , the mould is unlocked and a rectangular block approximately 4 centimeters long , called a sort , is extracted . Excess casting on the end of the sort , called the tang , is later removed to make the sort the precise height required for printing , known as `` type height '' . The type - height was quite different in different countries . The Monotype Corporation Limited in London UK produced moulds in various heights : 0.918 inches ( 23.3 mm ) : United Kingdom , Canada , U.S. 0.928 inches ( 23.6 mm ) : France , Germany , Switzerland and most other European countries 0.933 inches ( 23.7 mm ) : Belgium height 0.9785 inches ( 24.85 mm ) : Dutch height A Dutch printers manual mentions a tiny difference between French and German Height : 62.027 points Didot = 23.30 millimetres ( 0.917 in ) = English height 62.666 points Didot = 23.55 millimetres ( 0.927 in ) = French height 62.685 points Didot = 23.56 millimetres ( 0.928 in ) = German height 66.047 points Didot = 24.85 millimetres ( 0.978 in ) = Dutch Height Tiny differences in type - height will cause quite bold images of characters . Typesetting ( edit ) A case of cast metal type pieces and typeset matter in a composing stick Main articles : Typesetting and Type case Modern , factory - produced movable type was available in the late 19th century . It was held in the printing shop in a job case , a drawer about 2 inches high , a yard wide , and about two feet deep , with many small compartments for the various letters and ligatures . The most popular and accepted of the job case designs in America was the California Job Case , which took its name from the Pacific coast location of the foundries that made the case popular . Traditionally , the capital letters were stored in a separate drawer or case that was located above the case that held the other letters ; this is why capital letters are called `` upper case '' characters while the non-capitals are `` lower case '' . Compartments also held spacers , which are blocks of blank type used to separate words and fill out a line of type , such as em and en quads ( quadrats , or spaces . A quadrat is a block of type whose face is lower than the printing letters so that it does not itself print . ) . An em space was the width of a capital letter `` M '' -- as wide as it was high -- while an en space referred to a space half the width of its height ( usually the dimensions for a capital `` N '' ) . Individual letters are assembled into words and lines of text with the aid of a composing stick , and the whole assembly is tightly bound together to make up a page image called a forme , where all letter faces are exactly the same height to form a flat surface of type . The forme is mounted on a printing press , a thin coating of viscous ink is applied and impressions made on paper under great pressure in the press . `` Sorts '' is the term given to special characters not freely available in the typical type case , such as the `` @ '' mark . Metal type combined with other methods ( edit ) Ceramic type from the collections of University of Reading . Sometimes it is erroneously stated that printing with metal type replaced the earlier methods . In the industrial era printing methods would be chosen to suit the purpose . For example , when printing large scale letters in posters etc. the metal type would have proved too heavy and economically unviable . Thus , large scale type was made as carved wood blocks as well as ceramics plates . Also in many cases where large scale text was required , it was simpler to hand the job to a sign painter than a printer . Images could be printed together with movable type if they were made as woodcuts or wood engravings as long as the blocks were made to the same type height . If intaglio methods , such as copper plates , were used for the images , then images and the text would have required separate print runs on different machines . See also ( edit ) History of printing in East Asia History of Western typography Letterpress printing Odhecaton -- the first sheet music printed with movable type Spread of European movable type printing Type foundry Typesetting References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Needham , Joseph ( 1994 ) . The Shorter Science and Civilisation in China , Volume 4 . Cambridge University Press . p. 14 . ISBN 9780521329958 . Bi Sheng ... who first devised , about 1045 , the art of printing with movable type Jump up ^ He , Zhou ( 1994 ) . `` Diffusion of Movable Type in China and Europe : Why Were There Two Fates ? '' . International Communication Gazette. 53 ( 3 ) : 153 -- 173 . doi : 10.1177 / 001654929405300301 . Jump up ^ Beckwith , Christopher I. ( 2009 ) . Empires of the Silk Road : A History of Central Eurasia from the Bronze Age to the Present . Princeton University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 691 - 15034 - 5 . Jump up ^ Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved November 27 , 2006 , from Encyclopædia Britannica Ultimate Reference Suite DVD -- entry `` printing '' Jump up ^ Eisenstein , Elizabeth L. , The Printing Revolution in Early Modern Europe , Cambridge University Press , 1983 Jump up ^ Clair , Kate ; Busic - Snyder , Cynthia ( 2012 ) . A Typographic Workbook : A Primer to History , Techniques , and Artistry . John Wiley & Sons . p. 4 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 118 - 39988 - 0 . Jump up ^ Sass , Benjamin ; Marzahn , Joachim ( 2010 ) . Aramaic and Figural Stamp Impressions on Bricks of the Sixth Century B.C. from Babylon . Harrassowitz Verlag . pp. 11 , 20 , 160 . ISBN 978 - 3 - 447 - 06184 - 1 . `` the latter has cuneiform signs that look as if made with a movable type , and impressions from Assur display the same phenomenon Jump up ^ Herbert E. Brekle , `` Das typographische Prinzip '' , Gutenberg - Jahrbuch , Vol. 72 ( 1997 ) , pp. 58 -- 63 ( 60f . ) Jump up ^ Hogan , C. Michael ( 29 December 2007 ) . `` Knossos Fieldnotes '' . The Modern Antiquarian . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 15 . Jump up ^ Alberge , Dalya ( 2008 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Phaistos Disc declared as fake by scholar '' . Times Online . Retrieved 2008 - 09 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ( 1985 ) . Paper and Printing . Needham , Joseph Science and Civilization in China . vol. 5 part 1 . Cambridge University Press . pp. 201 -- 217 . ISBN 0 - 521 - 08690 - 6 . ; also published in Taipei : Caves Books , Ltd. , 1986 . ^ Jump up to : Man , John ( 2002 ) . The Gutenberg Revolution : The story of a genius that changed the world . London : Headline Book Publishing . ISBN 0 - 7472 - 4504 - 5 . A detailed examination of Gutenberg 's life and invention , interwoven with the underlying social and religious upheaval of Medieval Europe on the eve of the Renaissance . ^ Jump up to : Xu Yinong , Moveable Type Books ( 徐忆农 《 活字 本 》 ) ISBN 7 - 80643 - 795 - 9 Jump up ^ Sohn , Pow - Key ( 1959 ) . `` Early Korean Printing '' . Journal of the American Oriental Society . 79 ( 2 ) : 96 -- 103 . JSTOR 595851 . doi : 10.2307 / 595851 . ^ Jump up to : Pan Jixing , A history of movable metal type printing technique in China 2001 Jump up ^ Shen Kuo . Dream Pool Essays . Jump up ^ Zhang Yuzhen ( 张玉珍 ) ( 2003 ) . `` 世界 上 现存 最早 的 木 活字 印本 -- 宁夏 贺兰山 方 塔 出土 西夏 文 佛经 《 吉祥 遍 至 口 和 本 续 》 介绍 '' ( The world 's oldest extant book printed with wooden movable type ) . Library and Information ( 《 图书 与 情报 》 ) ( 1 ) . ISSN 1003 - 6938 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hou Jianmei ( 侯 健美 ) ; Tong Shuquan ( 童曙泉 ) ( 20 December 2004 ) . `` 《 大 夏 寻 踪 》 今 展 国博 '' ( ' In the Footsteps of the Great Xia ' now exhibiting at the National Museum ) . Beijing Daily ( 《 北京 日报 》 ) . Jump up ^ 韩国 剽窃 活字 印刷 发明 权 只是 第 一 步 Jump up ^ A History of Moveable Type Printing in China , by Pan Jixing , Professor of the Institute for History of Science , Academy of Science , Beijing , China , English Abstract , p. 273 . Jump up ^ Wang Zhen ( 1298 ) . Zao Huozi Yinshufa ( 《 造 活字 印 書法 》 ) . 近世 又 铸 锡 作 字 , 以 铁 条 贯 之 ( rendering : In the modern times , there 's melten Tin Movable type , and linked them with iron bar ) ^ Jump up to : Chinese Paper and Printing , A Cultural History , by Tsien , Tsuen - Hsuin ^ Jump up to : Thomas Christensen ( 2007 ) . `` Did East Asian Printing Traditions Influence the European Renaissance ? '' . Arts of Asia Magazine ( to appear ) . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 18 . Jump up ^ Sohn , Pow - Key ( Summer 1993 ) . `` Printing Since the 8th Century in Korea '' . Koreana. 7 ( 2 ) : 4 -- 9 . Jump up ^ Twyman , Michael ( 1998 ) . The British Library Guide to Printing : History and Techniques . London : The British Library . p. 21 . Jump up ^ World Treasures of the Library of Congress . Retrieved 26 December 2006 . Jump up ^ Briggs , Asa and Burke , Peter ( 2002 ) A Social History of the Media : from Gutenberg to the Internet , Polity , Cambridge , pp. 15 -- 23 , 61 -- 73 . ^ Jump up to : Burke ^ Jump up to : von Polenz , Peter ( 1991 ) . Deutsche Sprachgeschichte vom Spätmittelalter bis zur Gegenwart : I. Einführung , Grundbegriffe , Deutsch in der frühbürgerlichen Zeit ( in German ) . New York / Berlin : Walter de Gruyter GmbH . Jump up ^ Juan González de Mendoza ( 1585 ) . Historia de las cosas más notables , ritos y costumbres del gran reyno de la China ( in Spanish ) . Jump up ^ Thomas Franklin Carter , The Invention of Printing in China and its Spread Westward , The Ronald Press , NY 2nd ed. 1955 , pp. 176 -- 178 Jump up ^ `` Incunabula Short Title Catalogue '' . British Library . Retrieved 2 March 2011 . Jump up ^ Buringh , Eltjo ; van Zanden , Jan Luiten ( 2009 ) . `` Charting the ' Rise of the West ' : Manuscripts and Printed Books in Europe , A Long - Term Perspective from the Sixth through Eighteenth Centuries '' . The Journal of Economic History . 69 ( 2 ) : 409 -- 445 . JSTOR 40263962 p. 417 , table 2 . Jump up ^ Agüera y Arcas , Blaise ; Paul Needham ( November 2002 ) . `` Computational analytical bibliography '' . Proceedings Bibliopolis Conference The future history of the book . The Hague ( Netherlands ) : Koninklijke Bibliotheek . Jump up ^ `` What Did Gutenberg Invent ? -- Discovery '' . BBC / Open University . 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 10 - 25 . Jump up ^ Adams , James L. ( 1991 ) . Flying Buttresses , Entropy and O - Rings : the World of an Engineer . Harvard University Press . Jump up ^ `` Answers.com page on antimony '' . McGraw - Hill Encyclopedia of Science and Technology . McGraw - Hill . 2005 - 01 - 01 . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 30 . Jump up ^ Blankenstein A.H.G. , Wetser Ad : Zetten , uitgebreide leerstof , deel 1 , p. 26 , Edecea , Hoorn , The Netherlands , 5th edition , ( ~ 1952 ) Jump up ^ National Amateur Press Association , Monthly Bundle Sample , Campane 194 , The California Typecase by Lewis A. Pryor ( Edited ) Jump up ^ Glossary of Typesetting Terms , by Richard Eckersley , Charles Ellerston , Richard Hendel , Page 18 Jump up ^ Meggs , Philip B. , Purvis , Alston W. `` Graphic Design and the Industrial Revolution '' History of Graphic Design . Hoboken , N.J : Wiley , 2006 . p. 139 . Further Reading ( edit ) Nesbitt , Alexander . The History and Technique of Lettering ( c ) 1957 , Dover Publications , Inc . ISBN 0 - 486 - 40281 - 9 , Library of Congress Catalogue Card Number : 57 - 13116 . The Dover edition is an abridged and corrected republication of the work originally published in 1950 by Prentice - Hall , Inc. under the title Lettering : The History and Technique of Lettering as Design . The classic manual of hand - press technology is Moxon , Joseph ( 1683 -- 84 ) . `` Mechanick Exercises on the Whole Art of Printing '' ( ed . Herbert Davies & Harry Carter . New York : Dover Publications , 1962 , reprint ed . ) . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Printing letters . International Printing Museum Web site <Th_colspan="2"> Typography terminology Page Canons of page construction Column Even working Margin Page numbering Pagination Pull quote Recto and verso Paragraph Alignment Justification Leading River Sentence spacing Widows and orphans Character Typeface anatomy Counter Diacritics Dingbat Glyph Initial Kerning Letter - spacing Ligature Subscript and superscript Swash Text figures Tittle Capitalization ALL CAPS CamelCase Letter case Petite caps Small caps Visual distinction Italics Oblique Bold Color Underline Blackboard bold Blackletter Infɑnt Vertical aspects Ascender Baseline Cap height Descender Median Overshoot x-height Classifications Roman type Antiqua ( old style ) Didone ( modern ) Sans - serif Script Serif Slab serif Transitional Reverse - contrast Blackletter type Fraktur Rotunda Schwabacher Textualis Gaelic type Insular Uncial Specialist Record type Punctuation Dashes Hanging punctuation Hyphen - minus Hyphenation Prime mark Quotation mark Typesetting Calligraphy etaoin shrdlu Font computer monospaced Font catalog Letterpress Lorem ipsum Microtypography Movable type Pangram Phototypesetting Punchcutting Type color Type design Typeface Microprint list Typographic units Agate Cicero Em En Figure space Measure Paren space Pica Point traditional point - size names Thin space Digital typography Character encoding Font formats Hinting Rasterization Typesetting software Typographic features Web typography Related Intentionally blank page Style guide Type foundry <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Portal <Th_colspan="3"> Letterpress printing <Td_colspan="3"> History of printing Printer Ways to make impressions Movable type Type casting Type metal Punchcutter Matrix Blocks and plates Stereotype Logographic printing Wood engraving Electrotype Zinc etching Typesetting Manual typesetting Type case Composing stick Sort Slug Strut Reglet Furniture Leading Quoin Chase Forme Hellbox Hot metal typesetting Linotype machine Monotype System Ludlow Typograph Intertype Machine Paige Compositor Printing press Parts of a press Platen Frisket Tympan Bed Inking Offset ink Ink ball Composition roller Types of presses Hand press Stanhope Columbian Albion Jobbing press Golding & Company Chandler & Price Colt 's Armory Cylinder press Rotary press Other equipment Folding machine Paper cutter Addressograph <Td_colspan="3"> Related arts Typography Bookbinding Printmaking Papermaking NDL : 00565235 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Movable_type&oldid=799093575 '' Categories : Book arts Chinese inventions Typography Relief printing History of printing Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Spanish - language sources ( es ) All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from June 2016 Wikipedia articles needing clarification from February 2012 Commons category without a link on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Bân - lâm - gú Esperanto فارسی 한국어 Italiano Magyar 日本 語 Русский Тоҷикӣ Winaray 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 5 September 2017 , at 16 : 10 . 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1. Movable type printing 2. History of printing 3. Bi Sheng and the invention of movable type 4. Metal movable type in China and Korea 5. Advantages and disadvantages of movable type

in cellular mobile communications the forward channel frequency band of amps system is

Advanced mobile phone system - wikipedia Advanced mobile phone system Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Motorola DynaTAC 8000X TACS mobile phone Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) is an analog mobile phone system standard developed by Bell Labs , and officially introduced in the Americas on October 13 , 1983 , Israel in 1986 , Australia in 1987 , Singapore in 1988 , and Pakistan in 1990 . It was the primary analog mobile phone system in North America ( and other locales ) through the 1980s and into the 2000s . As of February 18 , 2008 , carriers in the United States were no longer required to support AMPS and companies such as AT&T and Verizon have discontinued this service permanently . AMPS was discontinued in Australia in September 2000 , in Pakistan by October 2004 , and Brazil by 2010 . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Technology 3 Cloning 4 Standards 5 Frequency bands 6 Digital AMPS 7 Successor technologies 8 Analog AMPS being replaced by digital 9 Companies that used analog AMPS 10 See also 11 References 11.1 Citations History ( edit ) Main article : History of mobile phones The first cellular network efforts began at Bell Labs and with research conducted at Motorola . In 1960 , John F. Mitchell , an electrical engineer who had graduated from the Illinois Institute of Technology , became Motorola 's chief engineer for its mobile - communication products . Mitchell oversaw the development and marketing of the first pager to use transistors . Motorola had long produced mobile telephones for automobiles , but these large and heavy models consumed too much power to allow their use without the automobile 's engine running . Mitchell 's team , which included the gifted Dr. Martin Cooper , developed portable cellular telephony , and Mitchell was among the Motorola employees granted a patent for this work in 1973 ; the first call on the prototype connected , reportedly , to a wrong number . While Motorola was developing a cellular phone , from 1968 - 1983 Bell Labs worked out a system called Advanced Mobile Phone System ( AMPS ) , which became the first cellular network standard in the United States . The first system was successfully deployed in Chicago , Illinois , in 1979 . Motorola and others designed and built the cellular phones for this and other cellular systems . Martin Cooper , a former general manager for the systems division at Motorola , led a team that produced the DynaTAC8000x , the first commercially available cellular phone small enough to be easily carried , and made the first phone call from it , and later introduced the so - called Bag Phone . In 1992 the first smartphone , called IBM Simon , used AMPS . Frank Canova led its design at IBM and it was demonstrated that year at the COMDEX computer - industry trade - show . A refined version of the product was marketed to consumers in 1994 by BellSouth under the name Simon Personal Communicator . The Simon was the first device that can be properly referred to as a `` smartphone '' , even though that term was not yet coined . Technology ( edit ) AMPS is a first - generation cellular technology that uses separate frequencies , or `` channels '' , for each conversation ( see frequency - division multiple access ( FDMA ) ) . It therefore required considerable bandwidth for a large number of users . In general terms , AMPS was very similar to the older `` 0G '' Improved Mobile Telephone Service , but used considerably more computing power in order to select frequencies , hand off conversations to PSTN lines , and handle billing and call setup . What really separated AMPS from older systems is the `` back end '' call setup functionality . In AMPS , the cell centers could flexibly assign channels to handsets based on signal strength , allowing the same frequency to be re-used in various locations without interference . This allowed a larger number of phones to be supported over a geographical area . AMPS pioneers coined the term `` cellular '' because of its use of small hexagonal `` cells '' within a system . AMPS suffered from many weaknesses compared to today 's digital technologies . As an analog standard , it was susceptible to static and noise , and there was no protection from ' eavesdropping ' using a scanner . Cloning ( edit ) In the 1990s an epidemic of `` cloning '' cost the cellular carriers millions of dollars . An eavesdropper with specialized equipment could intercept a handset 's ESN ( Electronic Serial Number ) and MDN or CTN ( Mobile Directory Number or Cellular Telephone Number ) . The Electronic Serial Number , a 12 - digit number sent by the handset to the cellular system for billing purposes , uniquely identified that phone on the network . The system then allowed or disallowed calls and or features based on its customer file . A person intercepting an ESN / MDN pair could clone the combination onto a different phone and use it in other areas for making calls without paying . Dr. Martin Cooper of Motorola made the first private handheld mobile - phone call on a larger prototype model in 1973 . ( The image shows a reenactment . ) Cellular phone cloning became possible with off - the - shelf technology in the 1990s . Would - be cloners required three key items : A radio receiver , such as the Icom PCR - 1000 , that could tune into the Reverse Channel ( the frequency on which AMPS phones transmit data to the tower ) A PC with a sound card and a software program called Banpaia A phone that could easily be used for cloning , such as the Oki 900 The radio , when tuned to the proper frequency , would receive the signal transmitted by the cell phone to be cloned , containing the phone 's ESN / MDN pair . This signal would feed into the sound - card audio - input of the PC , and Banpaia would decode the ESN / MDN pair from this signal and display it on the screen . The hacker could then copy that data into the Oki 900 phone and reboot it , after which the phone network could not distinguish the Oki from the original phone whose signal had been received . This gave the cloner , through the Oki phone , the ability to use the mobile - phone service of the legitimate subscriber whose phone was cloned - just as if that phone had been physically stolen , except that the subscriber retained his or her phone , unaware that the phone had been cloned -- at least until that subscriber received his or her next bill . The problem became so large that some carriers required the use of a PIN before making calls . Eventually , the cellular companies initiated a system called RF Fingerprinting , whereby it could determine subtle differences in the signal of one phone from another and shut down some cloned phones . Some legitimate customers had problems with this though if they made certain changes to their own phone , such as replacing the battery and / or antenna . The Oki 900 , the ultimate tool of cell - phone hackers , could listen in to AMPS phone - calls right out - of - the - box with no hardware modifications . Standards ( edit ) AMPS was originally standardized by American National Standards Institute ( ANSI ) as EIA / TIA / IS - 3 . EIA / TIA / IS - 3 was superseded by EIA / TIA - 553 and TIA interim standard with digital technologies , the cost of wireless service is so low that the problem of cloning has virtually disappeared . Frequency bands ( edit ) AMPS cellular service operated in the 850 MHz Cellular band . For each market area , the United States Federal Communications Commission ( FCC ) allowed two licensees ( networks ) known as `` A '' and `` B '' carriers . Each carrier within a market used a specified `` block '' of frequencies consisting of 21 control channels and 395 voice channels . Originally , the B ( wireline ) side license was usually owned by the local phone company , and the A ( non-wireline ) license was given to wireless telephone providers . At the inception of cellular in 1983 , the FCC had granted each carrier within a market 333 channel pairs ( 666 channels total ) . By the late 1980s , the cellular industry 's subscriber base had grown into the millions across America and it became necessary to add channels for additional capacity . In 1989 , the FCC granted carriers an expansion from the previous 666 channels to the final 832 ( 416 pairs per carrier ) . The additional frequencies were from the band held in reserve for future ( inevitable ) expansion . These frequencies were immediately adjacent to the existing cellular band . These bands had previously been allocated to UHF TV channels 70 -- 83 . Each duplex channel was composed of 2 frequencies . 416 of these were in the 824 -- 849 MHz range for transmissions from mobile stations to the base stations , paired with 416 frequencies in the 869 -- 894 MHz range for transmissions from base stations to the mobile stations . Each cell site used a different subset of these channels than its neighbors to avoid interference . This significantly reduced the number of channels available at each site in real - world systems . Each AMPS channel had a one way bandwidth of 30 kHz , for a total of 60 kHz for each duplex channel . Laws were passed in the US which prohibited the FCC type acceptance and sale of any receiver which could tune the frequency ranges occupied by analog AMPS cellular services . Though the service is no longer offered , these laws remain in force . Digital AMPS ( edit ) Later , many AMPS networks were partially converted to D - AMPS , often referred to as TDMA ( though TDMA is a generic term that applies to many 2G cellular systems ) . D - AMPS , commercial deployed since 1993 , was a digital , 2G standard used mainly by AT&T Mobility and U.S. Cellular in the United States , Rogers Wireless in Canada , Telcel in Mexico , Telecom Italia Mobile ( TIM ) in Brazil , VimpelCom in Russia , Movilnet in Venezuela , and Cellcom in Israel . In most areas , D - AMPS is no longer offered and has been replaced by more advanced digital wireless networks . Successor technologies ( edit ) AMPS and D - AMPS have now been phased out in favor of either CDMA2000 or GSM , which allow for higher capacity data transfers for services such as WAP , Multimedia Messaging System ( MMS ) , and wireless Internet access . There are some phones capable of supporting AMPS , D - AMPS and GSM all in one phone ( using the GAIT standard ) . Analog AMPS being replaced by digital ( edit ) In 2002 , the FCC decided to no longer require A and B carriers to support AMPS service as of February 18 , 2008 . All AMPS carriers have converted to a digital standard such as CDMA2000 or GSM . Digital technologies such as GSM and CDMA2000 support multiple voice calls on the same channel and offer enhanced features such as two - way text messaging and data services . Unlike in the United States , the Canadian Radio - television and Telecommunications Commission ( CRTC ) and Industry Canada have not set any requirement for maintaining AMPS service in Canada . Rogers Wireless has dismantled their AMPS ( along with IS - 136 ) network ; the networks were shut down May 31 , 2007 . Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility , who operated AMPS networks in Canada , announced that they would observe the same timetable as outlined by the FCC in the United States , and as a result would not begin to dismantle their AMPS networks until after February 2008 . OnStar relied heavily on North American AMPS service for its subscribers because , when the system was developed , AMPS offered the most comprehensive wireless coverage in the US . In 2006 , ADT asked the FCC to extend the AMPS deadline due to many of their alarm systems still using analog technology to communicate with the control centers . Cellular companies who own an A or B license ( such as Verizon and Alltel ) were required to provide analog service until February 18 , 2008 . After that point , however , most cellular companies were eager to shut down AMPS and use the remaining channels for digital services . OnStar transitioned to digital service with the help of data transport technology developed by Airbiquity , but warned customers who could not be upgraded to digital service that their service would permanently expire on January 1 , 2008 . Companies that used analog AMPS ( edit ) Verizon Wireless -- Formerly operating an AMPS network , on February 18 , 2008 , Verizon has discontinued all AMPS service . Now primarily operates on CDMA2000 technology . Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility operated AMPS networks in Canada , though they have since been overlaid with digital services . Both Bell Mobility and Telus Mobility had announced that they would observe the same shutdown guidelines as in the United States , and decommissioned their AMPS networks in 2008 . Alltel -- In 2005 disclosed that only 15 % of their total customer base are still using the existing analog network . The company has posted a three phase turn down schedule , which was completed in September 2008 . With the acquisition of Western Wireless , Alltel now took the claim of the `` largest network in America . '' The claim was true , oddly enough because of wide analog coverage in rural areas . All Alltel AMPS and D - AMPS service was discontinued in September 2008 Coastel Offshore Cellular -- Operated an AMPS network in the Gulf of Mexico that stretched from south of Corpus Christi , TX to south of Gulf Shores , AL . In 2006 Coastel was the only carrier in the US whose entire customer base was still 100 % analog based . In 2007 Coastel was merged with Petrocom and SOLA Communications to form Broadpoint Inc. and the network was converted to GSM . Moviline ( Telefónica Servicios Uno since 1971 , Moviline since 1994 ) was the analogue service provider for the Spanish operator . Moviline has operated an ETACS 900 ( mHz ) network in Spain . Since 31 December 2003 , the system has been closed to new users , at that time , it covered 100 % of the Spanish population , but now some antennas have been given to GSM operators . The Moviline brand has been completely replaced by Movistar , the digital brand of Telefónica , since 1992 . The network was completely converted to GSM and its in all Spanish territory . Movistar have a 3G network with Universal Mobile Telecommunications System ( UMTS ) technology , and offer services over GSM in places without 3G coverage . AT&T Mobility - In areas where AT&T Mobility previously had D - AMPS operating on 1900 MHz frequencies , no analog AMPS network existed , and the D - AMPS network on the 1900 MHz frequency was shut down in mid-2007 . Service on the remaining 850 MHz AMPS markets was discontinued along with 850 MHz D - AMPS service on February 18 , 2008 , except in areas where service was provided by Dobson Communications . The Dobson AMPS and TDMA networks were shut down on March 1 , 2008 . Telecom New Zealand ( now Spark New Zealand ) - operated an AMPS / TDMA network in New Zealand from 1987 until 2007 throughout the whole country and the network was renowned for its superb coverage , In 2000 Telecom announced that they would discontinue the AMPS network within 5 years ( 2005 ) to give customers an opportunity to transition to the CDMA2000 and later 1XRTT technologies that replaced it . They later extended that deadline until 6PM 31 March 2007 . At approximately 7 : 15 on March 31 , 2007 the AMPS / TDMA network ceased to function . Telstra ( formerly Telecom Australia ) - operated an AMPS network in Australia from February 1987 until the end of 2000 . As part of the introduction of mobile phone competition in Australia , the Australian government mandated GSM as the new standard for mobile networks , and required that Telstra close the AMPS network by 2000 . However , GSM base stations could only serve a limited area . While this was OK for Europe , it meant that GSM could not cover large , sparsely populated rural areas of Australia cost effectively . Telstra deployed a CDMA network , which did not suffer this limitation , and while the AMPS network was closed down at the end of 1999 in the major cities , the closure deadline was extended until the end of 2000 in rural areas to ease the transition to CDMA . The CDMA network has since been replaced by an 850 MHz UMTS network , Next G . SaskTel - operated an AMPS network in Saskatchewan , Canada . It was the third largest AMPS network , by subscribers , in the world at the time of its turndown . It was officially shutdown site by site starting at 00 : 00 on January 2 , 2010 after twenty - one years of service . SaskTel continues to run UMTS networks . Etisalat ( previously known as Celltel / TIGO ) - operated a Motorola TAC network in Sri Lanka . It was the largest analog network in Sri Lanka . The site was officially shutdown on October 31 , 2006 after 17 years of service . Etisalat - Sri Lanka continues to run GSM and HSPA+ ( Evolved High - Speed Packet Access ) networks . Pelephone - began offering nationwide AMPS service in Israel in 1986 . In the mid-1990s it converted to CDMA ( IS - 95 and later EV - DO ) and in the mid-2000s converted to UMTS . Singtel ( previously known as Telecommunications Equipment ) - operated an AMPS network , marketed as a Cellular Mobile Radio System ( CMRS ) , in Singapore from 1988 until 1994 . In 1989 , Singapore 's Mass Rapid Transit ( MRT ) became the first rapid transit system in the world to have full mobile phone coverage inside underground stations and tunnels using AMPS technology . Singtel decommissioned its AMPS network in 1994 after GSM was implemented . Paktel was granted an AMPS licence in early 1990 to operate a cellular telephone network throughout Pakistan . It was the first company granted a free license to carry out cellular phone services in Pakistan . It carried out AMPS services until 2004 , after which it switched to GSM . See also ( edit ) History of mobile phones References ( edit ) Interview of Joel Engel Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ AT&T Tech Channel ( 2011 - 06 - 13 ) . `` AT&T Archives : Testing the First Public Cell Phone Network '' . Techchannel.att.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 10 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Private Line Archived 2012 - 06 - 10 at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ MilestonesPast . ^ Jump up to : `` Ten years of GSM in Australia '' . AMTA . Australian Mobile Telecommunications Association . 2003 . Archived from the original on 20 July 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 08 - 16 . Jump up ^ http://www.pta.gov.pk/index.php?cur_t=vtext&option=com_content&id=237&scid=146&Itemid=1 Jump up ^ http://g1.globo.com/tecnologia/noticia/2010/07/celulares-analogicos-estao-extintos-no-brasil-diz-anatel.html Jump up ^ `` John F. Mitchell Biography '' . Brophy.net. 2012 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` The Top Giants in Telephony '' . Historyofthecellphone.com. 2009 - 06 - 11 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Who invented the cell phone ? '' . Brophy.net. 2012 - 08 - 07 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ Motorola Executive Helped Spur Cellular Revolution , Oversaw Ill - fated Iridium Project , Wall Street Journal , Remembrances , June 20 -- 21 , 2009 , p . A10 Jump up ^ Lane , Clare ( June 17 , 2009 ) . `` John F. Mitchell , 1928 - 2009 : Was president of Motorola from 1980 to ' 95 '' . Chicago Tribune . Retrieved December 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sager , Ira ( 2012 - 06 - 29 ) . `` Before IPhone and Android Came Simon , the First Smartphone '' . Bloomberg Businessweek . Bloomberg L.P . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 30 . Simon was the first smartphone . Twenty years ago , it envisioned our app - happy mobile lives , squeezing the features of a cell phone , pager , fax machine , and computer into an 18 - ounce black brick . Jump up ^ Schneidawind , John ( 1992 - 11 - 23 ) . `` Poindexter putting finger on PC bugs ; Big Blue unveiling '' . USA Today . p. 2B . Jump up ^ W. Rae Young , `` AMPS : Introduction , Background , and Objectives '' , Bell System Technical Journal , vol. 58 , 1 , pages 1 - 14 , January 1979 . ( Note : Young was the Bell Labs engineer who invented the hexagonal cell concept . ) Jump up ^ Z.C. Fluhr and Philip T. Porter , `` AMPS : Control Architecture '' , Bell System Technical Journal , vol. 58 , 1 , pages 1 - 14 , January 1979 . ( Note : Porter was the Bell Labs engineer who proposed that the cell towers be at the corners of the hexagons rather than the centers and have directional antennas that would transmit / receive in 3 directions into 3 adjacent hexagon cells . ) Jump up ^ `` Why are cellular bands blocked on receivers ? '' . Forum - General discussion about technology and policy . Arrl.org . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ 47cfr15. 121 http://edocket.access.gpo.gov/cfr_2010/octqtr/47cfr15.121.htm and http://wireless.fcc.gov/services/index.htm?job=service_home&id=cellular Jump up ^ Anton A. Huurdeman , The Worldwide History of Telecommunications , John Wiley & Sons , 31 juli 2003 , page 533 ^ Jump up to : `` SP&T News '' . Sptnews.ca. 2013 - 09 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ ITWorld Archived October 16 , 2006 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ OnStar . Jump up ^ `` Analog Sunset Archived December 27 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . '' alltel.com Jump up ^ http://www.broadpointinc.com/aboutus.htm Archived December 30 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Document covering end of Spanish analogue mobile telephone services ( in Spanish ) , Ministerio de Industria , Turismo y Comercio ( Spain ) . Article dated 2003 - 12 - 19 , retrieved 2007 - 01 - 28 . Jump up ^ GSMA Intelligence ( 2013 - 05 - 16 ) . `` GSMA Intelligence '' . Wirelessintelligence.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 05 - 30 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 28 . Jump up ^ http://graphics.straitstimes.com/STI/STIMEDIA/Interactives/2015/10/35-years-of-ict/supercharging-singapore/the-1980s.html Jump up ^ http://www.channelnewsasia.com/news/singapore/how-mobile-services-in/1917188.html <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Cellular network standards <Td_colspan="2"> List of mobile phone generations 0G ( radio telephones ) MTS MTA - MTB - MTC - MTD IMTS AMTS OLT Autoradiopuhelin B - Netz Altai AMR 1G ( 1985 ) AMPS family AMPS ( TIA / EIA / IS - 3 , ANSI / TIA / EIA - 553 ) N - AMPS ( TIA / EIA / IS - 91 ) TACS ETACS Other NMT C - 450 Hicap Mobitex DataTAC 2G ( 1992 ) GSM / 3GPP family GSM CSD HSCSD 3GPP2 family cdmaOne ( TIA / EIA / IS - 95 and ANSI - J - STD 008 ) AMPS family D - AMPS ( IS - 54 and IS - 136 ) Other CDPD iDEN PDC PHS 2G transitional ( 2.5 G , 2.75 G ) GSM / 3GPP family GPRS EDGE / EGPRS ( UWC - 136 / 136HS / TDMA - EDGE ) 3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1X ( TIA / EIA / IS - 2000 ) CDMA2000 1X Advanced Other WiDEN DECT 3G ( 2003 ) 3GPP family UMTS UTRA - FDD / W - CDMA UTRA - TDD LCR / TD - SCDMA UTRA - TDD HCR / TD - CDMA 3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xEV - DO Release 0 ( TIA / IS - 856 ) 3G transitional ( 3.5 G , 3.75 G , 3.9 G ) 3GPP family HSPA HSDPA HSUPA HSPA+ LTE ( E-UTRA ) 3GPP2 family CDMA2000 1xEV - DO Revision A ( TIA / EIA / IS - 856 - A ) EV - DO Revision B ( TIA / EIA / IS - 856 - B ) EV - DO Revision C IEEE family Mobile WiMAX IEEE 802.16 e Flash - OFDM iBurst IEEE 802.20 4G ( 2013 ) ( IMT Advanced ) 3GPP family LTE Advanced ( E-UTRA ) LTE Advanced Pro ( 4.5 G Pro / pre-5G / 4.9 G ) IEEE family WiMAX ( IEEE 802.16 m ) WiMax 2.1 ( LTE - TDD ) 5G ( 2020 ) ( IMT - 2020 ) ( Under development ) LTE 5G - NR Related articles Cellular networks Mobile telephony History List of standards Comparison of standards Channel access methods Spectral efficiency comparison table Cellular frequencies ( Bands : GSM UMTS LTE ) Mobile broadband NGMN Alliance MIMO VoLTE Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Advanced_Mobile_Phone_System&oldid=803199864 '' Categories : History of mobile phones Mobile radio telephone systems Telecommunications - related introductions in 1983 Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles needing additional references from October 2010 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2014 Articles with unsourced statements from April 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Español فارسی Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Latviešu 日本 語 Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча Polski Português Română Русский Basa Sunda Svenska Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 October 2017 , at 02 : 50 . 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1. Advanced Mobile Phone System (AMPS) 2. Analog mobile phone system 3. Bell Labs 4. Cloning in mobile phones 5. Transition from analog to digital mobile networks

who was involved with the war of 1812

War of 1812 - Wikipedia War of 1812 Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the Anglo - American War from 1812 to 1815 . For the Franco - Russian conflict , see French invasion of Russia . For other uses of this term , see War of 1812 ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> War of 1812 <Td_colspan="2"> Clockwise from top : damage to the U.S. Capitol after the Burning of Washington ; the mortally wounded Isaac Brock spurs on the York Volunteers at the battle of Queenston Heights ; USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere ; The death of Tecumseh in 1813 ; Andrew Jackson defeats the British assault on New Orleans . <Td_colspan="2"> Date June 18 , 1812 -- February 18 , 1815 ( 2 years and 8 months ) Location Eastern and Central North America , Atlantic and Pacific Oceans Result Treaty of Ghent Military stalemate ; both sides ' invasion attempts repulsed Status quo ante bellum Defeat of Tecumseh 's Confederacy <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United States Choctaw Cherokee Creeks British Empire United Kingdom The Canadas Tecumseh 's Confederacy Shawnee Creek Red Sticks Ojibwe Fox Iroquois Miami Mingo Ottawa Kickapoo Delaware ( Lenape ) Mascouten Potawatomi Sauk Wyandot Bourbon Spain Florida ( 1814 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders James Madison Henry Dearborn Jacob Brown Winfield Scott Andrew Jackson William Henry Harrison William H. Winder ( POW ) William Hull ( POW ) Zebulon Pike † James Lawrence † George , Prince Regent Lord Liverpool Sir George Prévost Sir Isaac Brock † Gordon Drummond Charles de Salaberry Roger Hale Sheaffe Robert Ross † Edward Pakenham † James FitzGibbon Alexander Cochrane James Lucas Yeo Tecumseh † <Th_colspan="2"> Strength U.S. Army : 7,000 ( at war 's start ) 35,800 ( at war 's end ) Rangers : 3,049 Militia : 458,463 * U.S. Marines U.S. Navy and Revenue Cutter Service ( at war 's start ) : Frigates : 12 Other vessels : 14 Privateers : 515 ships Native allies : 125 Choctaw unknown others British Army : 5,200 ( at war 's start ) 48,160 ( at war 's end ) Provincial regulars : 10,000 Militia : 4,000 Royal Marines Royal Navy Ships of the line : 11 Frigates : 34 Other vessels : 52 Provincial Marine ( at war 's start ) : ‡ Ships : 9 Native allies : 10,000 - 15,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 2,200 - 3,721 killed in action 4,505 wounded 15,000 ( est . ) died from all causes 4,000 slaves freed 20,000 captured 8 frigates captured or burnt 278 privateers captured 1,400 merchant ships captured British Empire : 1,160 - 1,960 killed in action 3,679 + wounded 10,000 died from all causes 4 frigates captured ~ 1,344 merchant ships captured ( 373 recaptured ) 15,500 captured Native allies : 10,000 dead from all causes ( warriors and civilians ) Unknown captured <Td_colspan="2"> * Some militias operated in only their own regions . † Killed in action ‡ A locally raised coastal protection and seminaval force on the Great Lakes . <Th_colspan="2"> St. Lawrence / Lake Champlain frontier <Td_colspan="2"> 1st Sacket 's Harbor Gananoque 1st Lacolle Mills Lake Ontario Elizabethtown Ogdensburg York 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Chateauguay Crysler 's Farm 2nd Lacolle Mills Fort Oswego Big Sandy Creek Plattsburgh <Th_colspan="2"> Niagara campaign s <Td_colspan="2"> Queenston Heights Frenchman 's Creek Fort George Stoney Creek Beaver Dams Black Rock Fort Niagara Buffalo Port Dover 1st Fort Erie Chippawa Lundy 's Lane 2nd Fort Erie Cook 's Mills <Th_colspan="2"> Detroit frontier <Td_colspan="2"> Tippecanoe Fort Mackinac ( 1812 ) Brownstown Maguaga Fort Dearborn Detroit Fort Harrison Fort Wayne Wild Cat Creek Mississinewa Frenchtown Africa Point Fort Meigs Fort Stephenson Lake Erie Thames Longwoods Prairie du Chien Campbell Island Mackinac Island ( 1814 ) Lake Huron Malcolm 's Mills <Th_colspan="2"> Chesapeake campaign <Td_colspan="2"> Havre de Grace Craney Island St. Michaels Chesapeake Bay Flotilla Bladensburg Washington Alexandria Caulk 's Field North Point Baltimore Farnham Church <Th_colspan="2"> American South <Td_colspan="2"> Creek War 1st Fort Bowyer Fayal Pensacola 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip Fort Peter 2nd Fort Bowyer <Th_colspan="2"> Naval battles of the War of 1812 <Td_colspan="2"> Atlantic Ocean USS Essex vs HMS Alert USS Constitution vs HMS Guerriere Capture of HMS Frolic USS United States vs HMS Macedonian USS Constitution vs HMS Java Sinking of HMS Peacock Rappahannock River Capture of USS Chesapeake Capture of HMS Dominica Capture of USS Argus Capture of HMS Boxer Capture of USS Frolic Capture of HMS Epervier Sinking of HMS Reindeer Sinking of HMS Avon Fayal Capture of USS President Capture of HMS Cyane and HMS Levant Capture of HMS Penguin Capture of East India Company ship Nautilus East Coast Chesapeake Bay Alexandria Baltimore Hampden Fort Peter Great Lakes / Saint Lawrence River Lake Ontario 1st Sacket 's Harbor York Fort George 2nd Sacket 's Harbor Lake Erie Fort Oswego Lake Huron Lake Champlain West Indies / Gulf Coast La Guaira 1st Fort Bowyer Action of 13 December 1814 Lake Borgne New Orleans Fort St. Philip 2nd Fort Bowyer Pacific Ocean James Island Charles Island Nuku Hiva Downes Expedition Porter Expedition Typee Valley Valparaiso ( Capture of USS Essex ) Seringapatam Mutiny Action of 9 May 1814 The War of 1812 ( 1812 -- 1815 ) was a conflict fought between the United States , the United Kingdom , and their respective allies . Historians in Britain often see it as a minor theatre of the Napoleonic Wars ; in the United States and Canada , it is seen as a war in its own right . Since the outbreak of war with Napoleonic France , Britain had enforced a naval blockade to choke off neutral trade to France , which the United States contested as illegal under international law . To man the blockade , Britain impressed American merchant sailors into the Royal Navy . Incidents such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair inflamed anti-British sentiment . In 1811 , the British were in turn outraged by the Little Belt Affair , in which 11 British sailors died . The British supplied Indians who conducted raids on American settlers on the frontier , which hindered American expansion and also provoked resentment . Historians remain divided on whether the desire to annex some or all of British North America contributed to the American decision to go to war . On June 18 , 1812 , President James Madison , after receiving heavy pressure from the War Hawks in Congress , signed the American declaration of war into law . With the majority of their army in Europe fighting Napoleon , the British adopted a defensive strategy . American prosecution of the war effort suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where it was derogatorily referred to as `` Mr. Madison 's War '' . American defeats at the Siege of Detroit and the Battle of Queenston Heights thwarted attempts to seize Upper Canada , improving British morale . American attempts to invade Lower Canada and capture Montreal also failed . In 1813 , at the Battle of Lake Erie the Americans won control of Lake Erie and at the Battle of the Thames , defeated Tecumseh 's Confederacy , securing a primary war goal . At sea , the powerful Royal Navy blockaded American ports , cutting off trade and allowing the British to raid the coast at will . In 1814 , one of these raids burned the capital , Washington , although the Americans subsequently repulsed British attempts to invade New England and capture Baltimore . At home , the British faced mounting opposition to wartime taxation , and demands to reopen trade with America . With the abdication of Napoleon , the blockade of France ended and the British ceased impressment , rendering the issue of the impressment of American sailors moot . The British were then able to increase the strength of the blockade on the United States coast , annihilating American maritime trade and bringing the United States government near to bankruptcy . Peace negotiations began in August 1814 and the Treaty of Ghent was signed on December 24 as neither side wanted to continue fighting . News of the peace did not reach America for some time . Unaware that the treaty had been signed , British forces invaded Louisiana and were defeated at the Battle of New Orleans in January 1815 . These late victories were viewed by Americans as having restored national honour , leading to the collapse of anti-war sentiment and the beginning of the Era of Good Feelings , a period of national unity . News of the treaty arrived shortly thereafter , halting military operations . The treaty was unanimously ratified by the United States on February 17 , 1815 , ending the war with Status quo ante bellum ( no boundary changes ) . Contents ( hide ) 1 Origins 1.1 Honour and the second war of independence 1.2 Impressment and Naval actions 1.3 British support for Native American raids 1.4 American expansionism 1.5 U.S. political conflict 2 Forces 2.1 American 2.2 British 2.3 Indian 3 Declaration of war 4 Course of war 4.1 Unpreparedness 4.2 Great Lakes and Western Territories 4.2. 1 Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 4.2. 2 American Northwest , 1813 4.2. 3 Niagara frontier , 1813 4.2. 4 St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 4.2. 5 Niagara and Plattsburgh Campaigns , 1814 4.2. 6 American West , 1813 -- 15 4.3 Atlantic theatre 4.3. 1 Opening strategies 4.3. 2 Single - ship actions 4.3. 3 Privateering 4.3. 4 Blockade 4.3. 5 Freeing and recruiting slaves 4.3. 6 Occupation of Maine 4.3. 7 Chesapeake campaign and `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' 4.4 Southern theatre 4.4. 1 Creek War 4.4. 2 Gulf Coast 4.4. 3 Postwar fighting 5 Treaty of Ghent 5.1 Factors leading to the peace negotiations 5.2 Negotiations and peace 6 Losses and compensation 7 Memory and historiography 7.1 Popular views 7.2 Canadian 7.3 American 7.4 Historians ' views 7.4. 1 Indians as losers 8 Long - term consequences 8.1 United States 8.2 British North America ( Canada ) 8.3 Indigenous nations 8.4 Bermuda 8.5 Britain 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 Sources 13 Further reading 13.1 Primary sources 14 External links Origins Main article : Origins of the War of 1812 Re-enactors in UK uniforms fire muskets toward the `` Americans '' in this annual commemoration of the June 6 , 1813 Battle of Stoney Creek . Historians have long debated the relative weight of the multiple reasons underlying the origins of the War of 1812 . This section summarizes several contributing factors which resulted in the declaration of war by the United States . Honour and the second war of independence As Risjord ( 1961 ) notes , a powerful motivation for the Americans was the desire to uphold national honour in the face of what they considered to be British insults such as the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair . H.W. Brands says , `` The other war hawks spoke of the struggle with Britain as a second war of independence ; ( Andrew ) Jackson , who still bore scars from the first war of independence held that view with special conviction . The approaching conflict was about violations of American rights , but it was also about vindication of American identity . '' Americans at the time and historians since often called it the United States ' `` Second War of Independence '' . The British too were offended by what they considered insults such as the Little Belt Affair . This led to the British having a particular interest in capturing the United States flagship President which they succeeded in doing during 1815 . Impressment and naval actions In 1807 , Britain introduced a series of trade restrictions via the Orders in Council to impede neutral trade with France , which Britain was then fighting in the Napoleonic Wars . The United States contested these restrictions as illegal under international law . Historian Reginald Horsman states , `` a large section of influential British opinion , both in the government and in the country , thought that America presented a threat to British maritime supremacy . '' The American merchant marine had come close to doubling between 1802 and 1810 , making it by far the largest neutral fleet . Britain was the largest trading partner , receiving 80 % of U.S. cotton and 50 % of other U.S. exports . The British public and press were resentful of the growing mercantile and commercial competition . The United States ' view was that Britain 's restrictions violated its right to trade with others . Press gang : oil painting by Luke Clennell During the Napoleonic Wars , the Royal Navy expanded to 176 ships of the line and 600 ships overall , requiring 140,000 sailors to man . While the Royal Navy could man its ships with volunteers in peacetime , it competed in wartime with merchant shipping and privateers for a small pool of experienced sailors and turned to impressment from ashore and foreign or domestic shipping when it could not operate its ships with volunteers alone . The United States believed that British deserters had a right to become U.S. citizens . Britain did not recognize a right whereby a British subject could relinquish his status as a British subject , emigrate and transfer his national allegiance as a naturalized citizen to any other country . This meant that in addition to recovering naval deserters , it considered any United States citizens who were born British liable for impressment . Aggravating the situation was the reluctance of the United States to issue formal naturalization papers and the widespread use of unofficial or forged identity or protection papers by sailors . This made it difficult for the Royal Navy to distinguish Americans from non-Americans and led it to impress some Americans who had never been British . Some gained freedom on appeal . Thus while the United States recognized British - born sailors on American ships as Americans , Britain did not . It was estimated by the Admiralty that there were 11,000 naturalized sailors on United States ships in 1805 . U.S. Secretary of the Treasury Albert Gallatin stated that 9,000 U.S. sailors were born in Britain . Moreover , a great number of these British born sailors were Irish . An investigation by Captain Isaac Chauncey in 1808 found that 58 % of sailors based in New York City were either naturalized citizens or recent immigrants , the majority of these foreign born sailors ( 134 of 150 ) being from Britain . Moreover , 80 of the 134 British sailors were Irish . American anger at impressment grew when British frigates were stationed just outside U.S. harbours in view of U.S. shores and searched ships for contraband and impressed men while within U.S. territorial waters . Well publicized impressment actions such as the Leander Affair and the Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair outraged the American public . The British public in turn were outraged by the Little Belt Affair , in which a larger American ship clashed with a small British sloop , resulting in the deaths of 11 British sailors . Both sides claimed the other fired first , but the British public in particular blamed the U.S. for attacking a smaller vessel , with calls for revenge by some newspapers , while the U.S. was encouraged by the fact they had won a victory over the Royal Navy . The U.S. Navy also forcibly recruited British sailors but the British government saw impressment as commonly accepted practice and preferred to rescue British sailors from American impressment on a case - by - case basis . British support for Native American raids Origins of the War of 1812 Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair Orders in Council ( 1807 ) Embargo Act of 1807 Non-Intercourse Act ( 1809 ) Macon 's Bill Number 2 Tecumseh 's War Henry letters War hawks Rule of 1756 Monroe -- Pinkney Treaty Little Belt Affair The Northwest Territory , which consisted of the modern states of Ohio , Indiana , Illinois , Michigan , and Wisconsin , was the battleground for conflict between the Native American Nations and the United States . The British Empire had ceded the area to the United States in the Treaty of Paris in 1783 , both sides ignoring the fact that the land was already inhabited by various Native American nations . These included the Miami , Winnebago , Shawnee , Fox , Sauk , Kickapoo , Delaware and Wyandot . Some warriors , who had left their nations of origin , followed Tenskwatawa , the Shawnee Prophet and the brother of Tecumseh . Tenskwatawa had a vision of purifying his society by expelling the `` children of the Evil Spirit '' : the American settlers . The Indians wanted to create their own state in the Northwest to end the American threat forever as it became clear that the Americans wanted all of the land in the Old Northwest for themselves . Tenskwatawa and Tecumseh formed a confederation of numerous tribes to block American expansion . The British saw the Native American nations as valuable allies and a buffer to its Canadian colonies and provided arms . Attacks on American settlers in the Northwest further aggravated tensions between Britain and the United States . Raiding grew more common in 1810 and 1811 ; Westerners in Congress found the raids intolerable and wanted them permanently ended . British policy towards the Indians of the Northwest was torn between the desire to keep the Americans fighting in the Northwest , and to preserve a region that provided rich profits for Canadian fur traders , versus the fear that too much support for the Indians would cause a war with the United States . Through Tecumseh 's plans for an Indian state in the Northwest would benefit British North America by making it more defensible , at the same time , the defeats suffered by Tecumseh 's confederation had the British leery of going too far to support what was probably a losing cause . In the months running up to the war , British diplomats attempted to defuse tensions on the frontier . The confederation 's raids , and its very existence , hindered American expansion into rich farmlands in the Northwest Territory . Pratt writes : There is ample proof that the British authorities did all in their power to hold or win the allegiance of the Indians of the Northwest with the expectation of using them as allies in the event of war . Indian allegiance could be held only by gifts , and to an Indian no gift was as acceptable as a lethal weapon . Guns and ammunition , tomahawks and scalping knives were dealt out with some liberality by British agents . However , according to the U.S Army Center of Military History , the `` land - hungry frontiersmen '' , with `` no doubt that their troubles with the Native Americans were the result of British intrigue '' , exacerbated the problem by `` ( circulating stories ) after every Native American raid of British Army muskets and equipment being found on the field '' . Thus , `` the westerners were convinced that their problems could best be solved by forcing the British out of Canada '' . The British had the long - standing goal of creating a large , `` neutral '' Native American state to cover much of Ohio , Indiana , and Michigan . They made the demand as late as the fall of 1814 at the peace conference , but lost control of western Ontario in 1813 at key battles on and around Lake Erie . These battles destroyed the Indian confederacy which had been the main ally of the British in that region , weakening its negotiating position . Although much of the area remained under British or British - allied Native Americans ' control until the end of the war , the British , at American insistence and with higher priorities , dropped the demands . American expansionism American expansion into the Northwest Territory was being obstructed by various Indian tribes since the end of the Revolution , who were supplied and encouraged by the British . Americans on the western frontier demanded that interference be stopped . There is dispute , however , over whether or not the American desire to annex Canada brought on the war . Several historians believe that the capture of Canada was intended only as a means to secure a bargaining chip , which would then be used to force Britain to back down on the maritime issues . It would also cut off food supplies for Britain 's West Indian colonies , and temporarily prevent the British from continuing to arm the Indians . However , many historians believe that a desire to annex Canada was a cause of the war . This view was more prevalent before 1940 , but remains widely held today . Congressman Richard Mentor Johnson told Congress that the constant Indian atrocities along the Wabash River in Indiana were enabled by supplies from Canada and were proof that `` the war has already commenced ... I shall never die contented until I see England 's expulsion from North America and her territories incorporated into the United States . '' James Madison , U.S. President , ( 1809 -- 1817 ) Lord Liverpool , British Prime Minister , ( 1812 -- 1827 ) Madison believed that British economic policies designed to foster imperial preference were harming the American economy and that as British North America existed , here was a conduit for American strugglers who were undercutting his trade policies , which thus required that the United States annex British North America . Furthermore , Madison believed that the Great Lakes - St. Lawrence trade route might become the main trade route for the export of North American goods to Europe at the expense of the U.S. economy , and if the United States controlled the resources of British North America like timber which the British needed for their navy , then Britain would be forced to change its maritime policies which had so offended American public opinion . Many Americans believed it was only natural that their country should swallow up North America with one Congressman , John Harper saying in a speech that `` the Author of Nature Himself had marked our limits in the south , by the Gulf of Mexico and on the north , by the regions of eternal frost '' . Upper Canada ( modern southern Ontario ) had been settled mostly by Revolution - era exiles from the United States ( United Empire Loyalists ) or postwar American immigrants . The Loyalists were hostile to union with the United States , while the immigrant settlers were generally uninterested in politics and remained neutral or supported the British during the war . The Canadian colonies were thinly populated and only lightly defended by the British Army . Americans then believed that many men in Upper Canada would rise up and greet an American invading army as liberators . That did not happen . One reason American forces retreated after one successful battle inside Canada was that they could not obtain supplies from the locals . But the Americans thought that the possibility of local support suggested an easy conquest , as former President Thomas Jefferson believed : `` The acquisition of Canada this year , as far as the neighborhood of Quebec , will be a mere matter of marching , and will give us the experience for the attack on Halifax , the next and final expulsion of England from the American continent . '' Annexation was supported by American border businessmen who wanted to gain control of Great Lakes trade . Carl Benn noted that the War Hawks ' desire to annex the Canadas was similar to the enthusiasm for the annexation of Spanish Florida by inhabitants of the American South ; both expected war to facilitate expansion into long - desired lands and end support for hostile Indian tribes ( Tecumseh 's Confederacy in the North and the Creek in the South ) . Tennessee Congressman Felix Grundy considered it essential to acquire Canada to preserve domestic political balance , arguing that annexing Canada would maintain the free state - slave state balance , which might otherwise be thrown off by the acquisition of Florida and the settlement of the southern areas of the new Louisiana Purchase . H Historian Richard Maass argued in 2015 that the expansionist theme is a myth that goes against the `` relative consensus among experts that the primary U.S. objective was the repeal of British maritime restrictions '' . He argues that consensus among scholars is that the United States went to war `` because six years of economic sanctions had failed to bring Britain to the negotiating table , and threatening the Royal Navy 's Canadian supply base was their last hope . '' Maass agrees that theoretically expansionism might have tempted Americans , but finds that `` leaders feared the domestic political consequences of doing so . Notably , what limited expansionism there was focused on sparsely populated western lands rather than the more populous eastern settlements ( of Canada ) . '' Nevertheless , Maas notes that many historians continue to believe that expansionism was a cause . Horsman argued expansionism played a role as a secondary cause after maritime issues , noting that many historians have mistakenly rejected expansionism as a cause for the war . He notes that it was considered key to maintaining sectional balance between free and slave states thrown off by American settlement of the Louisiana Territory , and widely supported by dozens of War Hawk congressmen such as John A. Harper , Felix Grundy , Henry Clay , and Richard M. Johnson , who voted for war with expansion as a key aim . In disagreeing with those interpretations that have simply stressed expansionism and minimized maritime causation , historians have ignored deep - seated American fears for national security , dreams of a continent completely controlled by the republican United States , and the evidence that many Americans believed that the War of 1812 would be the occasion for the United States to achieve the long - desired annexation of Canada ... Thomas Jefferson well - summarized American majority opinion about the war ... to say `` that the cession of Canada ... must be a sine qua non at a treaty of peace '' . However , Horsman states that in his view `` the desire for Canada did not cause the War of 1812 '' and that `` The United States did not declare war because it wanted to obtain Canada , but the acquisition of Canada was viewed as a major collateral benefit of the conflict . '' Historian Alan Taylor says that many Democratic - Republican congressmen , such as Richard M. Johnson , John A. Harper and Peter B. Porter , `` longed to oust the British from the continent and to annex Canada . '' A few Southerners opposed this , fearing an imbalance of free and slave states if Canada was annexed , while anti-Catholicism also caused many to oppose annexing mainly Catholic Lower Canada , believing its French - speaking inhabitants `` unfit ... for republican citizenship '' . Even major figures such as Henry Clay and James Monroe expected to keep at least Upper Canada in the event of an easy conquest . Notable American generals , like William Hull were led by this sentiment to issue proclamations to Canadians during the war promising republican liberation through incorporation into the United States ; a proclamation the government never officially disavowed . General Alexander Smyth similarly declared to his troops that when they invaded Canada `` You will enter a country that is to become one of the United States . You will arrive among a people who are to become your fellow - citizens . '' A lack of clarity about American intentions undercut these appeals , however . David and Jeanne Heidler argue that `` Most historians agree that the War of 1812 was not caused by expansionism but instead reflected a real concern of American patriots to defend United States ' neutral rights from the overbearing tyranny of the British Navy . That is not to say that expansionist aims would not potentially result from the war . '' However , they also argue otherwise , saying that `` acquiring Canada would satisfy America 's expansionist desires '' , also describing it as a key goal of western expansionists , who , they argue , believed that `` eliminating the British presence in Canada would best accomplish '' their goal of halting British support for Indian raids . They argue that the `` enduring debate '' is over the relative importance of expansionism as a factor , and whether `` expansionism played a greater role in causing the War of 1812 than American concern about protecting neutral maritime rights . '' U.S. political conflict Main articles : Federalist Party and Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States While the British government was largely oblivious to the deteriorating North American situation because of its involvement in a continent - wide European War , the U.S. was in a period of significant political conflict between the Federalist Party ( based mainly in the Northeast ) , which favoured a strong central government and closer ties to Britain , and the Democratic - Republican Party ( with its greatest power base in the South and West ) , which favoured a weak central government , preservation of states ' rights ( including slavery ) , expansion into Indian land , and a stronger break with Britain . By 1812 , the Federalist Party had weakened considerably , and the Republicans , with James Madison completing his first term of office and control of Congress , were in a strong position to pursue their more aggressive agenda against Britain . Throughout the war , support for the U.S. cause was weak ( or sometimes non-existent ) in Federalist areas of the Northeast . Few men volunteered to serve ; the banks avoided financing the war . The negativism of the Federalists , especially as exemplified by the Hartford Convention of 1814 -- 15 , ruined its reputation and the Party survived only in scattered areas . By 1815 there was broad support for the war from all parts of the country . This allowed the triumphant Democratic - Republicans to adopt some Federalist policies , such as a national bank , which Madison reestablished in 1816 . Forces American The United States Navy ( USN ) had 7,250 sailors and Marines in 1812 . The American Navy was well trained and a professional force that fought well against the Barbary pirates and France in the Quasi-War . The USN had 13 ocean - going warships , three of them `` super-frigates '' and its principal problem was a lack of funding as many in Congress did not see the need for a strong navy . The American warships were all well - built ships that were equal , if not superior to British ships of a similar class ( British shipbuilding emphasized quantity over quality ) . However , the biggest ships in the USN were frigates and the Americans had no ships - of - the - line capable of engaging in a fleet action with the Royal Navy at sea . On the high seas , the Americans could only pursue a strategy of commerce raiding , taking British merchantmen with their frigates and privateers . Before the war , the USN was largely concentrated on the Atlantic coast and at the war 's outbreak had only two gunboats on Lake Champlain , one brig on Lake Ontario and another brig in Lake Erie . The United States Army was much larger than the British Army in North America , but leadership in the American officer corps was inconsistent with some officers proving themselves to be outstanding but many others inept , owing their positions to political favors . American soldiers were well trained and brave , but in the early battles were often led by officers of questionable ability . Congress was hostile to a standing army , and during the war , the U.S. government called out 450,000 men from the state militas , a number that was slightly smaller than the entire population of British North America . However , the state militias were poorly trained , armed and led . After the Battle of Bladensburg in 1814 in which the Maryland and Virginia militias were soundly defeated by the British Army , President Madison commented : `` I could never have believed so great a difference existed between regular troops and a militia force , if I not witnessed the scenes of this day . '' British See also : Canadian units of the War of 1812 The British Royal Navy was a well - led , professional force , considered the world 's most powerful navy . However , as long as the war with France continued , North America was a secondary concern . In 1813 , France had 80 ships - of - the - line while building another 35 . Therefore , containing the French fleet had to be the main British naval concern . In Upper Canada , the British had the Provincial Marine was essential for keeping the army supplied since the roads in Upper Canada were abysmal . On Lake Ontario and the St. Lawrence , the Royal Navy had two schooners while the Provincial Marine maintained four small warships on Lake Erie . The British Army in North America was a very professional and well trained force , but suffered from being outnumbered . The militias of Upper Canada and Lower Canada had a much more lower level of military effectiveness . Nevertheless , Canadian militia ( and locally recruited regular units known as `` Fencibles '' ) were often more reliable than American militia , particularly when defending their own territory . As such they played pivotal roles in various engagements , including at the Battle of Chateauguay where Canadian and Indian forces alone stopped a much larger American force despite not having assistance from regular British units . Indian Because of their lower population compared to whites , and lacking artillery , Indian allies of the British avoided pitched battles and instead relied on irregular warfare , including raids and ambushes . Given their low population , it was crucial to avoid heavy losses and , in general , Indian chiefs sought to fight only under favorable conditions ; any battle that promised heavy losses was avoided if possible . The main Indian weapons were a mixture of tomahawks , knives , swords , rifles , clubs , arrows and muskets . Indian warriors were brave , but the need to avoid heavy losses meant that they fought only under the most favorable conditions and their tactics favored a defensive as opposed to offensive style . In the words of Benn , those Indians fighting with the Americans provided the U.S with their `` most effective light troops '' while the British desperately needed the Indian tribes to compensate for their numerical inferiority . The Indians , regardless of which side they fought for , saw themselves as allies , not subordinates and Indian chiefs did what they viewed as best for their tribes , much to the annoyance of both American and British generals , who often complained about their unreliability . Declaration of war U.S. Declaration of War Proclamation by Isaac Brock in response to the U.S. declaration of war Wikisource has original text related to this article : US Declaration of War against the United Kingdom On June 1 , 1812 , President James Madison sent a message to Congress recounting American grievances against Great Britain , though not specifically calling for a declaration of war . After Madison 's message , the House of Representatives deliberated for four days behind closed doors before voting 79 to 49 ( 61 % ) in favor of the first declaration of war . The Senate concurred in the declaration by a 19 to 13 ( 59 % ) vote in favour . The conflict began formally on June 18 , 1812 , when Madison signed the measure into law and proclaimed it the next day . This was the first time that the United States had declared war on another nation , and the Congressional vote was the closest vote to formally declare war in American history . The Authorization for Use of Military Force Against Iraq Resolution of 1991 , while not a formal declaration of war , was a closer vote . None of the 39 Federalists in Congress voted in favour of the war ; critics of war subsequently referred to it as `` Mr. Madison 's War . '' Earlier in London on May 11 , an assassin had killed Prime Minister Spencer Perceval , which resulted in Lord Liverpool coming to power . Liverpool wanted a more practical relationship with the United States . On June 23 , he issued a repeal of the Orders in Council , but the United States was unaware of this , as it took three weeks for the news to cross the Atlantic . On June 28 , 1812 , HMS Colibri was despatched from Halifax under a flag of truce to New York . On July 9 , she anchored off Sandy Hook , and three days later sailed on her return with a copy of the declaration of war , in addition to transporting the British ambassador to the United States , Mr. Foster and consul , Colonel Barclay . She arrived in Halifax , Nova Scotia eight days later . The news of the declaration took even longer to reach London . However , the British commander in Upper Canada received news of the American declaration of war much faster . In response to the U.S. declaration of war , Isaac Brock issued a proclamation alerting the citizenry in Upper Canada of the state of war and urging all military personnel `` to be vigilant in the discharge of their duty '' to prevent communication with the enemy and to arrest anyone suspected of helping the Americans . He also issued orders to the commander of the British post at Fort St. Joseph to initiate offensive operations against U.S. forces in northern Michigan , who it turned out , were not yet aware of their own government 's declaration of war . The resulting Siege of Fort Mackinac on July 17 was the first major land engagement of the war , and ended in an easy British victory . Course of war See also : Timeline of the War of 1812 The war was conducted in three theatres : The Great Lakes and the Canadian frontier At sea , principally the Atlantic Ocean and the east coast of North America The Southern states and southwestern territories Unpreparedness Although the outbreak of the war had been preceded by years of angry diplomatic dispute , neither side was ready for war when it came . Britain was heavily engaged in the Napoleonic Wars , most of the British Army was deployed in the Peninsular War ( in Portugal and Spain ) , and the Royal Navy was compelled to blockade most of the coast of Europe . The number of British regular troops present in Canada in July 1812 was officially stated to be 6,034 , supported by Canadian militia . Throughout the war , the British Secretary of State for War and the Colonies was Earl Bathurst . For the first two years of the war , he could spare few troops to reinforce North America and urged the commander - in - chief in North America ( Lieutenant General Sir George Prévost ) to maintain a defensive strategy . The naturally cautious Prévost followed these instructions , concentrating on defending Lower Canada at the expense of Upper Canada ( which was more vulnerable to American attacks ) and allowing few offensive actions . This painting of the Battle of Queenston Heights depicts the unsuccessful American landing on October 13 , 1812 . The United States was not prepared to prosecute a war , for Madison had assumed that the state militias would easily seize Canada and that negotiations would follow . In 1812 , the regular army consisted of fewer than 12,000 men . Congress authorized the expansion of the army to 35,000 men , but the service was voluntary and unpopular ; it offered poor pay , and there were few trained and experienced officers , at least initially . The militia objected to serving outside their home states , were not open to discipline , and performed poorly against British forces when outside their home states . American prosecution of the war suffered from its unpopularity , especially in New England , where anti-war speakers were vocal . `` Two of the Massachusetts members ( of Congress ) , Seaver and Widgery , were publicly insulted and hissed on Change in Boston ; while another , Charles Turner , member for the Plymouth district , and Chief - Justice of the Court of Sessions for that county , was seized by a crowd on the evening of August 3 , ( 1812 ) and kicked through the town '' . The United States had great difficulty financing its war . It had disbanded its national bank , and private bankers in the Northeast were opposed to the war . The United States was able to obtain financing from London - based Barings Bank to cover overseas bond obligations . The failure of New England to provide militia units or financial support was a serious blow . Threats of secession by New England states were loud , as evidenced by the Hartford Convention . Britain exploited these divisions , blockading only southern ports for much of the war and encouraging smuggling . Great Lakes and western territories Invasions of Upper and Lower Canada , 1812 Map showing the northern theatre of the War of 1812 U.S. leaders assumed that Canada could be easily overrun . Former President Jefferson optimistically referred to the conquest of Canada as `` a matter of marching '' . Many Loyalist Americans had migrated to Upper Canada after the Revolutionary War . There was also significant non-Loyalist American immigration to the area due to the offer of land grants to immigrants , and the U.S. assumed the latter would favour the American cause , but they did not . In prewar Upper Canada , General Prévost was in the unusual position of having to purchase many provisions for his troops from the American side . This peculiar trade persisted throughout the war in spite of an abortive attempt by the U.S. government to curtail it . In Lower Canada , which was much more populous , support for Britain came from the English elite with strong loyalty to the Empire , and from the French - speaking Canadien elite , who feared American conquest would destroy the old order by introducing Protestantism , Anglicization , republican democracy , and commercial capitalism ; and weakening the Catholic Church . The Canadien inhabitants feared the loss of a shrinking area of good lands to potential American immigrants . In 1812 -- 13 , British military experience prevailed over inexperienced American commanders . Geography dictated that operations take place in the west : principally around Lake Erie , near the Niagara River between Lake Erie and Lake Ontario , and near the Saint Lawrence River area and Lake Champlain . This was the focus of the three - pronged attacks by the Americans in 1812 . Although cutting the St. Lawrence River through the capture of Montreal and Quebec would have made Britain 's hold in North America unsustainable , the United States began operations first in the western frontier because of the general popularity there of a war with the British , who had sold arms to the Native Americans opposing the settlers . The British scored an important early success when their detachment at St. Joseph Island , on Lake Huron , learned of the declaration of war before the nearby American garrison at the important trading post at Mackinac Island in Michigan . A scratch force landed on the island on July 17 , 1812 , and mounted a gun overlooking Fort Mackinac . After the British fired one shot from their gun , the Americans , taken by surprise , surrendered . This early victory encouraged the natives , and large numbers moved to help the British at Amherstburg . The island totally controlled access to the Old Northwest , giving the British nominal control of this area , and , more vitally , a monopoly on the fur trade . Kensett 's engraving of Upper & Lower Canada 1812 An American army under the command of William Hull invaded Canada on July 12 , with his forces chiefly composed of untrained and ill - disciplined militiamen . Once on Canadian soil , Hull issued a proclamation ordering all British subjects to surrender , or `` the horrors , and calamities of war will stalk before you '' . This led many of the British forces to defect . John Bennett , printer and publisher of the York Gazette & Oracle , was a prominent defector . Andrew Mercer , who had the publication 's production moved to his house , lost the press and type destroyed during American occupation , an example of what happened to resisters . He also threatened to kill any British prisoner caught fighting alongside a native . The proclamation helped stiffen resistance to the American attacks . Hull 's army was too weak in artillery and badly supplied to achieve its objectives , and had to fight just to maintain its own lines of communication . The senior British officer in Upper Canada , Major General Isaac Brock , felt that he should take bold measures to calm the settler population in Canada , and to convince the aboriginals who were needed to defend the region that Britain was strong . He moved rapidly to Amherstburg near the western end of Lake Erie with reinforcements and immediately decided to attack Detroit . Hull , fearing that the British possessed superior numbers and that the Indians attached to Brock 's force would commit massacres if fighting began , surrendered Detroit without a fight on August 16 . Knowing of British - instigated indigenous attacks on other locations , Hull ordered the evacuation of the inhabitants of Fort Dearborn ( Chicago ) to Fort Wayne . After initially being granted safe passage , the inhabitants ( soldiers and civilians ) were attacked by Potowatomis on August 15 after travelling only 2 miles ( 3.2 km ) in what is known as the Battle of Fort Dearborn . The fort was subsequently burned . Brock promptly transferred himself to the eastern end of Lake Erie , where American General Stephen Van Rensselaer was attempting a second invasion . An armistice ( arranged by Prévost in the hope the British renunciation of the Orders in Council to which the United States objected might lead to peace ) prevented Brock from invading American territory . When the armistice ended , the Americans attempted an attack across the Niagara River on October 13 , but suffered a crushing defeat at Queenston Heights . Brock was killed during the battle . While the professionalism of the American forces improved by the war 's end , British leadership suffered after Brock 's death . A final attempt in 1812 by American General Henry Dearborn to advance north from Lake Champlain failed when his militia refused to advance beyond American territory . In contrast to the American militia , the Canadian militia performed well . French Canadians , who found the anti-Catholic stance of most of the United States troublesome , and United Empire Loyalists , who had fought for the Crown during the American Revolutionary War , strongly opposed the American invasion . Many in Upper Canada were recent settlers from the United States who had no obvious loyalties to the Crown ; nevertheless , while there were some who sympathized with the invaders , the American forces found strong opposition from men loyal to the Empire . American Northwest , 1813 Oliver Hazard Perry 's message to William Henry Harrison after the Battle of Lake Erie began with one of the most famous sentences in American military history : `` We have met the enemy and they are ours '' . This 1865 painting by William H. Powell shows Perry transferring to a different ship during the battle . Main article : Ohio in the War of 1812 After Hull 's surrender of Detroit , General William Henry Harrison was given command of the U.S. Army of the Northwest . He set out to retake the city , which was now defended by Colonel Henry Procter in conjunction with Tecumseh . A detachment of Harrison 's army was defeated at Frenchtown along the River Raisin on January 22 , 1813 . Procter left the prisoners with an inadequate guard , who could not prevent some of his North American aboriginal allies from attacking and killing perhaps as many as sixty Americans , many of whom were Kentucky militiamen . The incident became known as the River Raisin Massacre . The defeat ended Harrison 's campaign against Detroit , and the phrase `` Remember the River Raisin ! '' became a rallying cry for the Americans . In May 1813 , Procter and Tecumseh set siege to Fort Meigs in northwestern Ohio . American reinforcements arriving during the siege were defeated by the natives , but the fort held out . The Indians eventually began to disperse , forcing Procter and Tecumseh to return north to Canada . A second offensive against Fort Meigs also failed in July . In an attempt to improve Indian morale , Procter and Tecumseh attempted to storm Fort Stephenson , a small American post on the Sandusky River , only to be repulsed with serious losses , marking the end of the Ohio campaign . On Lake Erie , American commander Captain Oliver Hazard Perry fought the Battle of Lake Erie on September 10 , 1813 . His decisive victory at `` Put - In - Bay '' ensured American military control of the lake , improved American morale after a series of defeats , and compelled the British to fall back from Detroit . This paved the way for General Harrison to launch another invasion of Upper Canada , which culminated in the U.S. victory at the Battle of the Thames on October 5 , 1813 , in which Tecumseh was killed . Niagara frontier , 1813 Historical map of the Niagara River area during the War of 1812 Because of the difficulties of land communications , control of the Great Lakes and the St. Lawrence River corridor was crucial . When the war began , the British already had a small squadron of warships on Lake Ontario and had the initial advantage . To redress the situation , the Americans established a Navy yard at Sackett 's Harbor in northwestern New York . Commodore Isaac Chauncey took charge of the large number of sailors and shipwrights sent there from New York ; they completed the second warship built there in a mere 45 days . Ultimately , almost 3,000 men worked at the naval shipyard , building eleven warships and many smaller boats and transports . Having regained the advantage by their rapid building program , Chauncey and Dearborn attacked York , on the northern shore of the lake , the capital of Upper Canada , on April 27 , 1813 . The Battle of York was a `` pyrrhic '' American victory , marred by looting and the burning of the small Provincial Parliament buildings and a library ( resulting in a spirit of revenge by the British / Canadians led by Gov. George Prévost , who later demanded satisfaction encouraging the British Admiralty to issue orders to their officers later operating in the Chesapeake Bay region to exact similar devastation on the American Federal capital village of Washington the following year ) . However , Kingston was strategically much more valuable to British supply and communications routes along the St. Lawrence corridor . Without control of Kingston , the U.S. Navy could not effectively control Lake Ontario or sever the British supply line from Lower Canada . On May 25 , 1813 the guns of the American Lake Ontario squadron joined by Fort Niagara began bombarding Fort George . On May 27 , 1813 , an American amphibious force from Lake Ontario assaulted Fort George on the northern end of the Niagara River and captured it without serious losses . The British also abandoned Fort Erie and headed towards the Burlington Heights . With the British position in Upper Canada on the verge of collapse , the Iroquois Indians living along the banks of the Grand River considered changing side and ignored a British appeal to come to their aid . The retreating British forces were not pursued , however , until they had largely escaped and organized a counteroffensive against the advancing Americans at the Battle of Stoney Creek on June 5 . With Upper Canada on the line , the British a surprise attack at Stoney Creek at 2 : 00 am , leading to much confused fighting . Through tactically a draw , the battle was a strategic British victory as the Americans pulled back to Forty Mile Creek rather than continuing their advance into Upper Canada . At this point , the Six Nations living on the Grand River began to come out to fight for the British as an American victory no longer seemed inevitable . The Iroquis ambushed an American patrol at Forty Mile Creek while the Royal Navy squadron based in Kingston came to bombard the American camp , leading to General Dearborn to retreat back to Fort George as he now mistakenly believed he was outnumbered and outgunned . The British commander , General John Vincent was heartened by the fact that more and more First Nations warriors were now arriving to assist him , providing about 800 additional men . On June 24 , with the help of advance warning by Laura Secord , another American force was forced to surrender by a much smaller British and native force at the Battle of Beaver Dams , marking the end of the American offensive into Upper Canada . The British commander General Francis de Rottenberg did not have the strength to retake Fort George , so he build a blockade , hoping to starve the Americans into surrender . Meanwhile , Commodore James Lucas Yeo had taken charge of the British ships on the lake and mounted a counterattack , which was nevertheless repulsed at the Battle of Sackett 's Harbor . Thereafter , Chauncey and Yeo 's squadrons fought two indecisive actions , neither commander seeking a fight to the finish . Late in 1813 , the Americans abandoned the Canadian territory they occupied around Fort George . They set fire to the village of Newark ( now Niagara - on - the - Lake ) on December 10 , 1813 , incensing the Canadians and politicians in control . Many of the inhabitants were left without shelter , freezing to death in the snow . This led to British retaliation following the Capture of Fort Niagara on December 18 , 1813 . Early the next morning on December 19 , the British and their native allies stormed the neighbouring town of Lewiston , New York , torching homes and buildings and killing about a dozen civilians . As the British were chasing the surviving residents out of town , a small force of Tuscarora natives intervened and stopped the pursuit , buying enough time for the locals to escape to safer ground . It is notable in that the Tuscaroras defended the Americans against their own Iroquois brothers , the Mohawks , who sided with the British . Later , the British attacked and burned Buffalo on December 30 , 1813 . In 1814 , the contest for Lake Ontario turned into a building race . Naval superiority shifted between the opposing fleets as each built new , bigger ships . However , neither was able to bring the other to battle when in a position of superiority , leaving the Engagements on Lake Ontario a draw . At war 's end , the British held the advantage with the 112 - gun HMS St Lawrence , but the Americans had laid down two even larger ships . The majority of these ships never saw action and were decommissioned after the war . St. Lawrence and Lower Canada , 1813 Attack on Fort Oswego ( May 1814 ) Sakawarton ( John Smoke Johnson ) , John Tutela , and Young Warner , three Six Nations veterans of the War of 1812 . Photographed in 1882 . The British were potentially most vulnerable over the stretch of the St. Lawrence where it formed the frontier between Upper Canada and the United States . During the early days of the war , there was illicit commerce across the river . Over the winter of 1812 and 1813 , the Americans launched a series of raids from Ogdensburg on the American side of the river , which hampered British supply traffic up the river . On February 21 , Sir George Prévost passed through Prescott on the opposite bank of the river with reinforcements for Upper Canada . When he left the next day , the reinforcements and local militia attacked . At the Battle of Ogdensburg , the Americans were forced to retire . For the rest of the year , Ogdensburg had no American garrison , and many residents of Ogdensburg resumed visits and trade with Prescott . This British victory removed the last American regular troops from the Upper St. Lawrence frontier and helped secure British communications with Montreal . Late in 1813 , after much argument , the Americans made two thrusts against Montreal . Taking Montreal would have cut off the British forces in Upper Canada and thus potentially changed the war . The plan eventually agreed upon was for Major General Wade Hampton to march north from Lake Champlain and join a force under General James Wilkinson that would embark in boats and sail from Sackett 's Harbor on Lake Ontario and descend the St. Lawrence . Hampton was delayed by bad roads and supply problems and also had an intense dislike of Wilkinson , which limited his desire to support his plan . On October 25 , his 4,000 - strong force was defeated at the Chateauguay River by Charles de Salaberry 's smaller force of Canadian Voltigeurs and Mohawks . Salaberry 's force of Lower Canada militia and Indians numbered only 339 , but had a strong defensive position . Wilkinson 's force of 8,000 set out on October 17 , but was also delayed by bad weather . After learning that Hampton had been checked , Wilkinson heard that a British force under Captain William Mulcaster and Lieutenant Colonel Joseph Wanton Morrison was pursuing him , and by November 10 , he was forced to land near Morrisburg , about 150 kilometres ( 90 mi ) from Montreal . On November 11 , Wilkinson 's rear guard , numbering 2,500 , attacked Morrison 's force of 800 at Crysler 's Farm and was repulsed with heavy losses . After learning that Hampton could not renew his advance , Wilkinson retreated to the U.S. and settled into winter quarters . He resigned his command after a failed attack on a British outpost at Lacolle Mills . Had the Americans taken Montreal as planned , Upper Canada would have certainly been lost and the failure of the campaign ended in the greatest British defeat in the Canadas during the war . Niagara and Plattsburgh campaigns , 1814 American Infantry attacks at Lundy 's Lane Rather trying to take Montreal or Kingston , the Americans chose again to invade the Niagara frontier to take Upper Canada , largely because the Americans had occupied southwestern Upper Canada after their victory in Moraviantown , and it was believed in Washington that if the Americans could take the rest of Upper Canada , then they would force the British to cede that province to them when it came time to negotiate the peace . The end of the war in Europe in April 1814 meant that the British could now redeploy their Army to North America , so the Americans were anxious to have Upper Canada to negotiate from a position of strength . The plan for 1814 to invade Upper Canada via the Niagara frontier while sending another force to recapture Mackinac . The British were sending supplies to the Indians in the Old Northwest from Montreal via Mackinac , so is why the island was considered important . By the middle of 1814 , American generals , including Major Generals Jacob Brown and Winfield Scott , had drastically improved the fighting abilities and discipline of the army . The Americans ' renewed attack on the Niagara peninsula quickly captured Fort Erie on July 3 , 1814 with the 170 garrison quickly surrendering to the 5 , 000 Americans . General Phineas Riall rushed towards the frontier and unaware of Fort Erie 's fall or the size of the American force chose to engage in battle . Winfield Scott then gained a victory over an inferior British force at the Battle of Chippawa on July 5 . The Americans brought out overwhelming firepower against the attacking British who lost about 600 dead to the 350 dead on the American side . An attempt to advance further ended with a hard - fought but inconclusive Battle of Lundy 's Lane on July 25 . Both sides stood their ground , but after the battle , the American commander , General Jacob Brown , pulled back to Fort George while the British did not pursue them . The outnumbered Americans withdrew but withstood a prolonged Siege of Fort Erie . The British tried to storm Fort Erie on August 14 , 1814 , but suffered heavy losses losing 950 killed , wounded and captured compared to only 84 dead and wounded on the American side . The British suffered heavy casualties in a failed assault and were weakened by exposure and shortage of supplies in their siege lines . Eventually the British raised the siege , but American Major General George Izard took over command on the Niagara front and followed up only halfheartedly . An American raid along the Grand River destroyed many farms that weakened British logistics . In October 1814 the American advanced into Upper Canada , engaged in skirmishes at Cook 's Mill , but pulled back when they heard that the new British warship , HMS St. Lawrence armed with 104 guns , which had been launched in Kingston that September was on its way . The Americans lacked provisions , and eventually destroyed the Fort Erie and retreated across the Niagara . War of 1812 Re-enactment , Old Fort Erie , Ontario Meanwhile , following the abdication of Napoleon , 15,000 British troops were sent to North America under four of Wellington 's ablest brigade commanders . Fewer than half were veterans of the Peninsula and the rest came from garrisons . Prévost was ordered to neutralize American power on the lakes by burning Sackets Harbor , gain naval control of Lake Erie , Lake Ontario and the Upper Lakes , and defend Lower Canada from attack . He did defend Lower Canada but otherwise failed to achieve his objectives . Given the late season he decided to invade New York State . His army outnumbered the American defenders of Plattsburgh , but he was worried about his flanks so he decided he needed naval control of Lake Champlain . On the lake , the British squadron under Captain George Downie and the Americans under Master Commandant Thomas Macdonough were more evenly matched . On reaching Plattsburgh , Prévost delayed the assault until the arrival of Downie in the hastily completed 36 - gun frigate HMS Confiance . Prévost forced Downie into a premature attack , but then unaccountably failed to provide the promised military backing . Downie was killed and his naval force defeated at the naval Battle of Plattsburgh in Plattsburgh Bay on September 11 , 1814 . The Americans now had control of Lake Champlain ; Theodore Roosevelt later termed it `` the greatest naval battle of the war '' . The successful land defence was led by Alexander Macomb . To the astonishment of his senior officers , Prévost then turned back , saying it was too hazardous to remain on enemy territory after the loss of naval supremacy . Prévost was recalled and in London , a naval court - martial decided that defeat had been caused principally by Prévost 's urging the squadron into premature action and then failing to afford the promised support from the land forces . Prévost died suddenly , just before his own court - martial was to convene . Prévost 's reputation sank to a new low , as Canadians claimed that their militia under Brock did the job and he failed . Recently , however , historians have been more kindly , measuring him not against Wellington but against his American foes . They judge Prévost 's preparations for defending the Canadas with limited means to be energetic , well - conceived , and comprehensive ; and against the odds , he had achieved the primary objective of preventing an American conquest . To the east , the northern part of Massachusetts , soon to be Maine , was invaded . Fort Sullivan at Eastport was taken by Sir Thomas Hardy on July 11 . Castine , Hampden , Bangor , and Machias were taken , and Castine became the main British base till April 15 , 1815 , when the British left , taking £ 10,750 in tariff duties , the `` Castine Fund '' which was used to found Dalhousie University . Eastport was not returned to the United States till 1818 . American West , 1813 -- 15 The Upper Mississippi River during the War of 1812 . 1 : Fort Bellefontaine U.S. headquarters ; 2 : Fort Osage , abandoned 1813 ; 3 : Fort Madison , defeated 1813 ; 4 : Fort Shelby , defeated 1814 ; 5 : Battle of Rock Island Rapids , July 1814 and the Battle of Credit Island , Sept. 1814 ; 6 : Fort Johnson , abandoned 1814 ; 7 : Fort Cap au Gris and the Battle of the Sink Hole , May 1815 Plans of the original Fort Madison in 1810 , captured by British - supported Indians in 1813 The Mississippi River valley was the western frontier of the United States in 1812 . The territory acquired in the Louisiana Purchase of 1803 contained almost no U.S. settlements west of the Mississippi except around Saint Louis and a few forts and trading posts . Fort Bellefontaine , an old trading post converted to a U.S. Army post in 1804 , served as regional headquarters . Fort Osage , built in 1808 along the Missouri was the western-most U.S. outpost , it was abandoned at the start of the war . Fort Madison , built along the Mississippi in what is now Iowa , was also built in 1808 , and had been repeatedly attacked by British - allied Sauk since its construction . In September 1813 Fort Madison was abandoned after it was attacked and besieged by natives , who had support from the British . This was one of the few battles fought west of the Mississippi . Black Hawk played a leadership role . Little of note took place on Lake Huron in 1813 , but the American victory on Lake Erie and the recapture of Detroit isolated the British there . During the ensuing winter , a Canadian party under Lieutenant Colonel Robert McDouall established a new supply line from York to Nottawasaga Bay on Georgian Bay . When he arrived at Fort Mackinac with supplies and reinforcements , he sent an expedition to recapture the trading post of Prairie du Chien in the far west . The Siege of Prairie du Chien ended in a British victory on July 20 , 1814 . Earlier in July , the Americans sent a force of five vessels from Detroit to recapture Mackinac . A mixed force of regulars and volunteers from the militia landed on the island on August 4 . They did not attempt to achieve surprise , and at the brief Battle of Mackinac Island , they were ambushed by natives and forced to re-embark . The Americans discovered the new base at Nottawasaga Bay , and on August 13 , they destroyed its fortifications and the schooner Nancy that they found there . They then returned to Detroit , leaving two gunboats to blockade Mackinac . On September 4 , these gunboats were taken unawares and captured by British boarding parties from canoes and small boats . These Engagements on Lake Huron left Mackinac under British control . The British garrison at Prairie du Chien also fought off another attack by Major Zachary Taylor . In this distant theatre , the British retained the upper hand until the end of the war , through the allegiance of several indigenous tribes that received British gifts and arms , enabling them to take control of parts of what is now Michigan and Illinois , as well as the whole of modern Wisconsin . In 1814 U.S. troops retreating from the Battle of Credit Island on the upper Mississippi attempted to make a stand at Fort Johnson , but the fort was soon abandoned , along with most of the upper Mississippi valley . After the U.S. was pushed out of the Upper Mississippi region , they held on to eastern Missouri and the St. Louis area . Two notable battles fought against the Sauk were the Battle of Cote Sans Dessein , in April 1815 , at the mouth of the Osage River in the Missouri Territory , and the Battle of the Sink Hole , in May 1815 , near Fort Cap au Gris . At the conclusion of peace , Mackinac and other captured territory was returned to the United States . At the end of the war , some British officers and Canadians objected to handing back Prairie du Chien and especially Mackinac under the terms of the Treaty of Ghent . However , the Americans retained the captured post at Fort Malden , near Amherstburg , until the British complied with the treaty . Fighting between Americans , the Sauk , and other indigenous tribes continued through 1817 , well after the war ended in the east . Atlantic theatre Opening strategies Map of Chesapeake 's first cruise during the War of 1812 . Modern boundaries are shown . In 1812 , Britain 's Royal Navy was the world 's largest , with over 600 cruisers in commission and some smaller vessels . Although most of these were involved in blockading the French navy and protecting British trade against ( usually French ) privateers , the Royal Navy still had 85 vessels in American waters , counting all British Navy vessels in North American and the Caribbean waters . However , the Royal Navy 's North American squadron based in Halifax , Nova Scotia ( which bore the brunt of the war ) , numbered one small ship of the line , seven frigates , nine smaller sloops and brigs along with five schooners . By contrast , the United States Navy comprised 8 frigates , 14 smaller sloops and brigs , and no ships of the line . The U.S. had embarked on a major shipbuilding program before the war at Sackets Harbor , New York and continued to produce new ships . Three of the existing American frigates were exceptionally large and powerful for their class , larger than any British frigate in North America . Whereas the standard British frigate of the time was rated as a 38 gun ship , usually carrying up to 50 guns , with its main battery consisting of 18 - pounder guns ; USS Constitution , President , and United States , in comparison , were rated as 44 - gun ships , carrying 56 -- 60 guns with a main battery of 24 - pounders . USS Constitution defeats HMS Guerriere , a significant event during the war . The British strategy was to protect their own merchant shipping to and from Halifax , Nova Scotia , and the West Indies , and to enforce a blockade of major American ports to restrict American trade . Because of their numerical inferiority , the American strategy was to cause disruption through hit - and - run tactics , such as the capture of prizes and engaging Royal Navy vessels only under favourable circumstances . Days after the formal declaration of war , however , it put out two small squadrons , including the frigate President and the sloop Hornet under Commodore John Rodgers , and the frigates United States and Congress , with the brig Argus under Captain Stephen Decatur . These were initially concentrated as one unit under Rodgers , who intended to force the Royal Navy to concentrate its own ships to prevent isolated units being captured by his powerful force . Large numbers of American merchant ships were returning to the United States with the outbreak of war , and if the Royal Navy was concentrated , it could not watch all the ports on the American seaboard . Rodgers ' strategy worked , in that the Royal Navy concentrated most of its frigates off New York Harbor under Captain Philip Broke , allowing many American ships to reach home . But , Rodgers ' own cruise captured only five small merchant ships , and the Americans never subsequently concentrated more than two or three ships together as a unit . Single - ship actions HMS Shannon leading the captured American frigate Chesapeake into Halifax , Nova Scotia ( 1813 ) Both American and British naval honor had been challenged in the leadup to the war . The Chesapeake -- Leopard Affair had left the United States insulted by the Royal Navy 's impressment of sailors . Given that honor was at stake , the appropriate method for the United States Navy to redeem itself was by dueling . Similarly , British honor was challenged in the Little Belt Affair where the British sloop Little Belt was fired upon by the United States frigate USS President after the President had mistaken Little Belt for the British frigate HMS Guerriere . Captain James Dacres of the Guerriere began a cycle of frigate duels by challenging the USS President to a single ship duel to avenge the losses aboard the Little Belt . Commodore John Rodgers of the USS President declined the challenge because he feared the intervention of the rest of British squadron under Commodore Philip Broke that Guerriere was part of . Meanwhile , the USS Constitution , commanded by Captain Isaac Hull , sailed from the Chesapeake Bay on July 12 . On July 17 , Commodore Broke 's British squadron which included Guerriere gave chase off New York , but Constitution evaded her pursuers after two days . Constitution briefly called at Boston to replenish water . Commodore Borke detached Guerriere from his squadron to seek out repairs as Guerriere being a French - built ship had weak scantlings ( beams fastened with a thickened clamp rather than vertical and horizontal knees ) and had , therefore , become leaky and rotten . Furthermore , she had been struck by lightning severely damaging her masts . Constitution encountered and engaged engaged the HMS Guerriere in a duel to redeem American honor . Captain Dacres was eager to engage the American frigate as Constitution was the sister ship of President and would serve equally well as ship to duel against to redeem British honor . USS Constitution had nearly 50 percent more men , more firepower , heavier tonnage and heavier scantlings ( which determine how much damage enemy shot does to a ship ) than Guerriere . Unsurprisingly , Constitution emerged the victor . After a 35 - minute battle , Guerriere had been dis - masted and captured , and was later burned . Constitution earned the nickname `` Old Ironsides '' following this battle as many of the British cannonballs were seen to bounce off her hull due to Constitution 's heavy scantlings . Hull returned to Boston with news of this significant victory . Similarly , On October 25 , USS United States , commanded by Captain Decatur , captured the British frigate HMS Macedonian , which he then carried back to port . At the close of the month , Constitution sailed south , now under the command of Captain William Bainbridge . On December 29 , off Bahia , Brazil , she met the British frigate HMS Java . After a battle lasting three hours , Java struck her colors and was burned after being judged unsalvageable . Constitution , at first seemed relatively undamaged in the battle , but it was later determined that Java had successfully hit Constitution 's masts with 18 - pounder shot , but the mast had n't fallen due to its immense diameter . Constitution 's fell while she was docked . United States , Constitution and President were all almost 50 percent larger by tonnage , crew , firepower , and scantling size than the Macedonian , Guerriere and Java ( Guerriere was rotten and had lightning damage as well as being weakly built as a French ship , Java had extra marines onboard making the disparity in crew more similar although she too was a French - built ship , Macedonian fitted the 50 percent statistic near perfectly ) The United States Navy 's sloops had also won several victories over Royal Navy sloops of approximately equal armament , although the American sloops Hornet , Wasp 1807 , Argus ( 1813 ) , Erie ( 1813 ) , Ontario , Peacock ( 1813 ) , Wasp ( 1813 ) , Frolic ( 1813 ) were all ship - rigged and the British Cruizer - class sloops which they encountered were brig rigged which gave the American 's a significant advantage . Ship rigged vessels are more maneuverable in battle because they have a wider variety of sails the can back allowing ship - rigged vessels to wear as well as heave to . More significantly , if some spars are shot away on a brig because it is more difficult to wear , the brig loses the ability to steer , while a ship could adjust its more diverse canvas as if to wear to compensate for the imbalance caused by damage in battle . Furthermore , ship - rigged vessels which three masts simply have more masts to shoot away than brigs with two masts before the vessel is unmanagable . In addition While the American ships had experienced and well - drilled volunteer crews , the enormous size of the overstretched Royal Navy meant that many ships were shorthanded and the average quality of crews suffered and the constant sea duties of those serving in North America interfered with their training and exercises . The only engagement between two brig - sloops was between the British Cruizer class brig Pelican and the United States ' Argus where the Pelican emerged the victor as she had greater firepower and tonnage , despite having fewer crew . Although not a sloop , the gun - brig Boxer was taken by the brig - sloop Enterprise in a bloody battle where the Enterprise emerged the victor again due to superior force . It was clear that in single ship battle 's superior force was the most significant factor . In response to the majority of the American ship 's being of greater force than the British ships of the same class . Britain to constructed five 40 - gun , 24 - pounder heavy frigates and two `` spar - decked '' frigates ( the 60 - gun HMS Leander and HMS Newcastle ) and to razee three old 74 - gun ships of the line to convert them to heavy frigates. . To counter the American sloops of war , the British constructed the Cyrus - class ship - sloops of 22 guns . The British Admiralty also instituted a new policy that the three American heavy frigates should not be engaged except by a ship of the line or frigates in squadron strength . Commodore Philip Broke had lost Guerriere to Constitution from his very own squadron . He knew that Dacres of the Guerriere intended to duel American frigate to avenge the losses on the Little Belt caused by the USS President in 1811 . Since , Constitution had taken Guerriere , Broke intended to redeem Dacres ' honor by taking the Constitution which was undergoing repairs in Boston in early 1813 . Broke found that Constitution was not ready for sea . Instead , he decided to challenge Chesapeake as Broke was short on water and provisions and could not wait for Constitution . Captain James Lawrence of the Chesapeake was misguided by propaganda intended to boost American morale ( and successfully did ) that claimed that the three frigate duels of 1812 were of equal force leading Lawrence to believe taking Broke 's Shannon would be easy . Lawrence even went to the extent of preemptively arranging for a banquet to be held for his victorious crew . Broke , on the other hand had spend years training his crew and developing artillery innovations on his ship , making Shannon particularly well prepared for battle . On June 1 , 1813 , Shannon took Chesapeake in a duel that lasted less than fifteen minutes in Boston Harbor . Lawrence was mortally wounded and famously cried out , `` Tell the men to fire faster ! Do n't give up the ship ! '' The two frigates were of near - identical armament and length . Chesapeake 's crew was larger , had greater tonnage and was of greater scantling strength ( which lead to the British claiming she was overbuilt ) but many of her crew had not served or trained together . Shannon had been at sea for a long time and her hull had begun to rot further exaggerating the disparity in scantling strength . Nevertheless , this engagement proved to the only single ship action where both ships were of essentially equal force during the War of 1812 . British citizens reacted with celebration and relief that the run of American victories had ended . Notably , this action was by ratio one of the bloodiest contests recorded during this age of sail due to the close range engagement , the boarding ( hand to hand combat ) and Broke 's philosophy of artillery being `` Kill the men and the ship is yours '' , with more dead and wounded than HMS Victory suffered in four hours of combat at Trafalgar . Captain Lawrence was killed and Captain Broke was so badly wounded that he never again held a sea command . The Americans then did as the British had done in 1812 and ban single ship duels after this engagement . Marines aboard USS Wasp engage HMS Reindeer June 1814 In January 1813 , the American frigate Essex , under the command of Captain David Porter , sailed into the Pacific to harass British shipping . Many British whaling ships carried letters of marque allowing them to prey on American whalers , and they nearly destroyed the industry . Essex challenged this practice . She inflicted considerable damage on British interests . Essex consort USS Essex Junior ( armed with twenty guns ) were captured off Valparaíso , Chile , by the British frigate HMS Phoebe and the sloop HMS Cherub on March 28 , 1814 it what statistically appeared to be a battle of equal force as Essex and Phoebe were of similar tonnage , scantling , and broadside weight as well as Cherub and Essex Junior ( with the exception of scantling , which Essex Junior was much more lightly built than Cherub ) . Once again the Americans had more men . Nevertheless , Phoebe was armed with long guns which none of the other ships engaged had . Furthermore , Captain Hillyar had used Phillip Broke 's methods of artillery on Phoebe and Cherub with tangent and dispart sights . This gave the British ships a significant advantage at the range at which the battle was fought . Once again proving that superior force was the deciding factor . To conclude the cycle of duels cause by the Little Belt affair , the USS President was finally captured in January 1815 . Unlike the previous engagements , President was not taken in a duel . Following the both Royal Navy 's requirements , President was pursued by a squadron consisting of four frigates , one being a 56 - gun razee . President was an extremely fast ship and successfully outsailed the fast British squadron with the exception of the HMS Endymion which has been regarded as the fastest ship in the age of fighting sail . Captain Henry Hope of the Endymion had fitted his ship with Phillip Broke 's technology as Captain Hillyar had done on the Phoebe . This gave him the slight advantage at range and slowed President . Commodore Decatur on the President had the advantage in scantling strength , firepower , crew , and tonnage , but not in maneuverability . Despite having fewer guns , Endymion was armed with 24 - pounders just like the President . This meant that Endymion shot could pierce the hull of President unlike the Guerriere 's which bounced of the Constitution 's hull or the Java 's that failed to cut through Constitution 's mast . Following Broke 's philosophy of `` Kill the man and the ship is your 's '' , Endymion fired into President 's hull severely damaging her ( shot holes below the waterline , 10 / 15 starboard guns on the gundeck disabled , water in the hold , and shot from Endymion found inside President 's Magazine . ) . Decatur knew his only hope was to dismantle Endymion and sail away from the rest of the squadron . When he failed , he surrendered his ship to `` the captain of the black frigate ( Endymion ) '' . Decatur took advantage of the fact the Endymion had no boats that were intact and attempted to sneak away under the cover of night , only to be caught up by the HMS Pomone . Decatur surrendered without a fight . Decatur had surrendered the United States finest frigate and flagship President to a smaller ship , but part of a squadron of greater force . Decatur gave unreliable accounts of the battle stating that President was already `` severely damaged '' by a grounding before the engagement , but undamaged after the engagement with Endymion . He stated Pomone caused `` significant '' losses aboard President , although President 's crew claim they were below deck gathering their belongings as the had already surrendered . Despite saying `` I surrender my ship to the captain of the black frigate '' , Decatur also writes that he said , `` I surrender to the squadron '' . Nevertheless , many historians such as Ian Toll , Theodore Roosevelt , and William James quote Decatur 's remarks to either enforce that Endymion alone took President or that President surrendered to the whole squadron , when actually it was something in - between . These arguments show the significance to honor of last frigate engagement 's of the War of 1812 as the question as to how President was taken is only significant to honor as the outcome is maintained that President was taken . British honor was finally redeemed as President was taken and the Little Belt was avenged . Furthermore , President was used as an example to prove to the British that the American 44 - gun frigates were nowhere near evenly matched to the standard British 38 - gun frigates which had been taken in 1812 . Nevertheless , this was not a duel ( which was stressed by Decatur ) and the United States still maintained greater success in frigate duels , and American honor was maintained . Both countries therefore emerged with the sense that the had redeemed their honor . Success in single ship battles raised American morale after the repeated failed invasion attempts in Upper and Lower Canada . However , these single ship victories had no military effect on the war at sea as they did not alter the balance of naval power , impede British supplies and reinforcements , or even raise insurance rates for British trade . During the war , the United States Navy captured 165 British merchantmen ( although privateers captured many more ) while the Royal Navy captured 1,400 American merchantmen . More significantly , the British blockade of the Atlantic coast caused the majority warships to be unable to put to sea and devastated the United States economy . Privateering The operations of American privateers proved a more significant threat to British trade than the U.S. Navy . They operated throughout the Atlantic and continued until the close of the war , most notably from ports such as Baltimore . American privateers reported taking 1300 British merchant vessels , compared to 254 taken by the U.S. Navy . although the insurer Lloyd 's of London reported that only 1,175 British ships were taken , 373 of which were recaptured , for a total loss of 802 . The Canadian historian Carl Benn wrote that American privateers took 1 , 344 British ships , of which 750 were retaken by the British . However the British were able to limit privateering losses by the strict enforcement of convoy by the Royal Navy and by capturing 278 American privateers . Due to the massive size of the British merchant fleet , American captures only affected 7.5 % of the fleet , resulting in no supply shortages or lack of reinforcements for British forces in North America . Of 526 American privateers , 148 were captured by the Royal Navy and only 207 ever took a prize . Due to the large size of their navy , the British did not rely as much on privateering . The majority of the 1,407 captured American merchant ships were taken by the Royal Navy . The war was the last time the British allowed privateering , since the practice was coming to be seen as politically inexpedient and of diminishing value in maintaining its naval supremacy . However privateering remained popular in British colonies . It was the last hurrah for privateers in Bermuda who vigorously returned to the practice after experience in previous wars . The nimble Bermuda sloops captured 298 American ships . Privateer schooners based in British North America , especially from Nova Scotia took 250 American ships and proved especially effective in crippling American coastal trade and capturing American ships closer to shore than the Royal Navy cruisers . Blockade Captain Broke leads the boarding party to USS Chesapeake The naval blockade of the United States began informally in 1812 and expanded to cut off more ports as the war progressed . Twenty ships were on station in 1812 and 135 were in place by the end of the conflict . In March 1813 , the Royal Navy punished the Southern states , who most vocal about annexing British North America by blockading Charleston , Port Royal , Savannah and New York city was well . However , as additional ships were sent to North America in 1813 , the Royal Navy was able to tighten the blockade and extend it , first to the coast south of Narragansett by November 1813 and to the entire American coast on May 31 , 1814 . In May 1814 , following the abdication of Napoleon , and the end of the supply problems with Wellington 's army , New England was blockaded . The British government , having need of American foodstuffs for its army in Spain , benefited from the willingness of the New Englanders to trade with them , so no blockade of New England was at first attempted . The Delaware River and Chesapeake Bay were declared in a state of blockade on December 26 , 1812 . Illicit trade was carried on by collusive captures arranged between American traders and British officers . American ships were fraudulently transferred to neutral flags . Eventually , the U.S. government was driven to issue orders to stop illicit trading ; this put only a further strain on the commerce of the country . The overpowering strength of the British fleet enabled it to occupy the Chesapeake and to attack and destroy numerous docks and harbours . The blockade of American ports later tightened to the extent that most American merchant ships and naval vessels were confined to port . The American frigates USS United States and Macedonian ended the war blockaded and hulked in New London , Connecticut . The USS United States and USS Macedonian attempted to set sail to raid British shipping in the Caribbean , but were forced to turn back when confronted with a British squadron , and by the end of the war , the United States had six frigates and four ships - of - the - line sitting in port . Some merchant ships were based in Europe or Asia and continued operations . Others , mainly from New England , were issued licences to trade by Admiral Sir John Borlase Warren , commander in chief on the American station in 1813 . This allowed Wellington 's army in Spain to receive American goods and to maintain the New Englanders ' opposition to the war . The blockade nevertheless resulted in American exports decreasing from $130 million in 1807 to $7 million in 1814 . Most of these were food exports that ironically went to supply their enemies in Britain or British colonies . The blockade had a devastating effect on the American economy with the value of American exports and imports falling from $114 million in 1811 down to $20 million by 1814 while the US Customs took in $13 million in 1811 and $6 million in 1814 , despite the fact that Congress had voted to double the rates . The British blockade further damaged the American economy by forcing merchants to abandon the cheap and fast coastal trade to the slow and more expensive inland roads . In 1814 , only 1 out of 14 American merchantmen risked leaving port as a high probability that any ship leaving port would be seized . As the Royal Navy base that supervised the blockade , Halifax profited greatly during the war . From that base British privateers seized many French and American ships and sold their prizes in Halifax . Freeing and recruiting slaves The British Royal Navy 's blockades and raids allowed about 4,000 African Americans to escape slavery by fleeing American plantations to find freedom aboard British ships , migrants known , as regards those who settled in Canada , as the Black Refugees . The blockading British fleet in Chesapeake Bay received increasing numbers of enslaved black Americans during 1813 . By British government order they were treated as free persons when reaching British hands . Alexander Cochrane 's proclamation of April 2 , 1814 , invited Americans who wished to emigrate to join the British , and though not explicitly mentioning slaves was taken by all as addressed to them . About 2,400 of the escaped slaves and their families who were carried on ships of the Royal Navy following their escape settled in Nova Scotia and New Brunswick during and after the war . From May 1814 , younger men among the volunteers were recruited into a new Corps of Colonial Marines . They fought for Britain throughout the Atlantic campaign , including the Battle of Bladensburg and the attacks on Washington , D.C. and Battle of Baltimore , later settling in Trinidad after rejecting British government orders for transfer to the West India Regiments , forming the community of the Merikins . The slaves who escaped to the British represented the largest emancipation of African Americans before the American Civil War . Occupation of Maine Maine , then part of Massachusetts , was a base for smuggling and illegal trade between the U.S. and the British . Until 1813 the region was generally quiet except for privateer actions near the coast . In September 1813 , there was a notable naval action when the U.S. Navy 's brig Enterprise fought and captured the Royal Navy brig Boxer off Pemaquid Point . The first British assault came in July 1814 , when Sir Thomas Masterman Hardy took Moose Island ( Eastport , Maine ) without a shot , with the entire American garrison of Fort Sullivan -- which became the British Fort Sherbrooke -- surrendering . Next , from his base in Halifax , Nova Scotia , in September 1814 , Sir John Coape Sherbrooke led 3,000 British troops in the `` Penobscot Expedition '' . In 26 days , he raided and looted Hampden , Bangor , and Machias , destroying or capturing 17 American ships . He won the Battle of Hampden ( losing two killed while the Americans lost one killed ) . Retreating American forces were forced to destroy the frigate Adams . The British occupied the town of Castine and most of eastern Maine for the rest of the war , re-establishing the colony of New Ireland . The Treaty of Ghent returned this territory to the United States , though Machias Seal Island has remained in dispute . The British left in April 1815 , at which time they took ₤ 10,750 obtained from tariff duties at Castine . This money , called the `` Castine Fund '' , was used to establish Dalhousie University , in Halifax , Nova Scotia . Chesapeake campaign and `` the Star - Spangled Banner '' Following their victory at the Battle of Bladensburg , the British entered Washington D.C. The strategic location of the Chesapeake Bay near America 's new national capital , Washington , D.C. on the major tributary of the Potomac River , made it a prime target for the British and their Royal Navy and the King 's Army . Starting in March 1813 , a squadron under Rear Admiral George Cockburn started a blockade of the mouth of the Bay at Hampton Roads harbour and raided towns along the Bay from Norfolk , Virginia , to Havre de Grace , Maryland . On July 4 , 1813 , Commodore Joshua Barney , a Revolutionary War naval hero , convinced the U.S. Navy Department to build the Chesapeake Bay Flotilla , a squadron of twenty barges powered by small sails or oars ( sweeps ) to defend the Chesapeake Bay . Launched in April 1814 , the squadron was quickly cornered in the Patuxent River , and while successful in harassing the Royal Navy , they were powerless to stop the British campaign that ultimately led to the `` Burning of Washington '' . This expedition , led by Cockburn and General Robert Ross , was carried out between August 19 and 29 , 1814 , as the result of the hardened British policy of 1814 ( although British and American commissioners had convened peace negotiations at Ghent in June of that year ) . As part of this , Admiral Warren had been replaced as commander in chief by Admiral Alexander Cochrane , with reinforcements and orders to coerce the Americans into a favourable peace . Burning of Washington , August 1814 A force of 2,500 soldiers under General Ross had just arrived in Bermuda aboard HMS Royal Oak , three frigates , three sloops and ten other vessels . Released from the Peninsular War in Spain and Portugal by British victory , the British intended to use them for diversionary raids along the coasts of Maryland and Virginia . In response to Prévost 's request , they decided to employ this force , together with the naval and military units already on the station , to strike at the `` Federal City '' of Washington , D.C. On August 24 , U.S. Secretary of War John Armstrong Jr. insisted that the British were going to attack Baltimore rather than Washington , even when units of the British Army , accompanied by major ships of the Royal Navy , were obviously on their way to the capital . The inexperienced American militia , which had congregated nearby at Bladensburg , Maryland , to protect the capital , were defeated in the Battle of Bladensburg , opening the route to Washington . While First Lady Dolley Madison saved valuables from the then named `` President 's House '' ( or `` President 's Palace '' ( executive mansion ) -- now the `` White House '' ) , Fourth President James Madison and the government with members of the Presidential Cabinet , fled to Virginia . Seeing that the Battle of Bladensburg , northeast of the town in rural Prince George 's County was not going well , Secretary of the Navy William Jones ordered Captain Thomas Tingey , commandant of the Washington Naval Yard on the Eastern Branch of the Potomac River ( now the Anacostia River ) , to set the facility ablaze to prevent the capture of American naval ships , buildings , shops and supplies . Tingey had overseen the Naval Yard 's planning and development since the national capital had been moved from Philadelphia to Washington in 1800 , and waited until the very last possible minute , nearly four hours after the order was given to execute it . The destruction included most of the facility as well as the nearly - completed frigate `` Columbia '' and the sloop `` Argus '' . The British commanders ate the supper that had been prepared for the President and his departmental secretaries after returning from hopeful glorious U.S. victory , before they burned the Executive Mansion ; American morale was reduced to an all - time low . The British viewed their actions as retaliation for the destructive American invasions and raids into Canada , most notably the Americans ' burning of York earlier in 1813 . Later that same evening , a furious storm ( some later weather experts called it a thunderstorm , almost a hurricane ) swept into Washington , D.C. , sending one or more tornadoes into the rough , unfinished town that caused more damage but finally extinguished the fires with torrential rains , leaving fire - blackened walls and partial ruins of the President 's House , The Capitol and Treasury Department that were set alight the first night . In addition , the combustibles used to finish off the Navy Yard destruction that the Americans had started , exploded , killing or maiming a large number of `` Red - Coats . '' The British left Washington , D.C. the day after the storm subsided . Having destroyed Washington 's public buildings , including the President 's Mansion and the Treasury , the British army and navy next moved several weeks later to capture Baltimore , forty miles northeast , a busy port and a key base for American privateers . However , by not immediately going overland to the port city they sneeringly called a `` nest of pirates '' , but returning to their ships anchored in the Patuxent River and proceeding later up to the Upper Bay , they gave the Baltimoreans plenty of time to reinforce their fortifications and gather regular U.S. Army and state militia troops from surrounding counties and states . The subsequent `` Battle for Baltimore '' began with the British landing on Sunday , September 12 , 1814 , at North Point , where the Baltimore harbour 's Patapsco River met the Chesapeake Bay , where they were met by American militia further up the `` Patapsco Neck '' peninsula . An exchange of fire began , with casualties on both sides . Major Gen. Robert Ross was killed by American snipers as he attempted to rally his troops in the first skirmish . The snipers were killed moments later , and the British paused , then continued to march northwestward to the stationed Maryland and Baltimore City militia units deployed further up Long Log Lane on the peninsula at `` Godly Wood '' where the later Battle of North Point was fought for several afternoon hours in a musketry and artillery duel under command of British Col. Arthur Brooke and American commander for the Maryland state militia and its Third Brigade ( or `` Baltimore City Brigade '' ) , Brig. Gen. John Stricker . The British also planned to simultaneously attack Baltimore by water on the following day , September 13 , to support their military now arrayed facing the massed , heavily dug - in and fortified American units of approximately 15,000 with about a hundred cannon gathered along the eastern heights of the city named `` Loudenschlager 's Hill '' ( later `` Hampstead Hill '' - now part of Patterson Park ) . These overall Baltimore defences had been planned in advance and foreseen by the state militia commander , Maj. Gen. Samuel Smith , who had been set in charge of the Baltimore defences instead of the discredited U.S. Army commander for the Mid-Atlantic's 10th Military District ( following the debacle the previous month at Bladensburg ) , William H. Winder. Smith had been earlier a Revolutionary War officer and commander , then wealthy city merchant and U.S. Representative , Senator and later Mayor of Baltimore . The `` Red Coats '' were unable to immediately reduce Fort McHenry , at the entrance to Baltimore Harbor to allow their ships to provide heavier naval gunfire to support their troops to the northeast . An artist 's rendering of the bombardment at Fort McHenry , where Francis Scott Key placed off - shore in a U.S. truce ship was inspired to write the four - stanza poem he originally titled `` The Defence of Fort McHenry '' , which later when set to music became named `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' , adopted as the national anthem in 1931 . At the bombardment of Fort McHenry , the British naval guns , mortars and revolutionary new `` Congreve rockets '' had a longer range than the American cannon onshore , and the ships mostly stood off out of the Americans ' range , bombarding the fort , which returned very little fire and was not too heavily damaged during the onslaught except for a burst over a rear brickwall knocking out some fieldpieces and resulting in a few casualties . Despite however the heavy bombardment , casualties in the fort were slight and the British ships eventually realized that they could not force the passage to attack Baltimore in coordination with the land force . After a last ditch night feint and barge attack during the heavy rain storm at the time led by Capt . Charles Napier around the fort up the Middle Branch of the river to the west which was split and misdirected partly in the storm , then turned back with heavy casualties by alert gunners at supporting western batteries Fort Covington and Battery Babcock , so the British called off the attack and sailed downriver to pick up their army which had retreated from the east side of Baltimore . All the lights were extinguished in Baltimore the night of the attack , and the fort was bombarded for 25 hours . The only light was given off by the exploding shells over Fort McHenry , illuminating the flag that was still flying over the fort . The defence of the fort inspired the American lawyer Francis Scott Key to write `` Defence of Fort M'Henry '' , a poem that was set to music as `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . Southern theatre Creek war Main article : Creek War Before 1813 , the war between the Creeks ( or Muscogee ) had been largely an internal affair sparked by the ideas of Tecumseh farther north in the Mississippi Valley . A faction known as the Red Sticks , so named for the color of their war paint , had broken away from the rest of the Creek Confederacy , which wanted peace with the United States . The Red Sticks were allied with Tecumseh , who about a year before 1813 had visited the Creeks and encouraged greater resistance to the Americans . The Creek Nation was a trading partner of the United States actively involved with Spanish and British trade as well . The Red Sticks , as well as many southern Muscogeean people like the Seminole , had a long history of alliance with the Spanish and British Empires . This alliance helped the North American and European powers protect each other 's claims to territory in the south . The Battle of Burnt Corn between Red Sticks and U.S. troops , occurred in the southern parts of Alabama on July 27 , 1813 . It prompted the state of Georgia as well as the Mississippi territory militia to immediately take major action against Creek offensives . The Red Sticks chiefs gained power in the east along the Alabama , Coosa , and Tallapoosa Rivers -- Upper Creek territory . The Lower Creek lived along the Chattahoochee River . Many Creeks tried to remain friendly to the United States , and some were organized by federal Indian Agent Benjamin Hawkins to aid the 6th Military District under General Thomas Pinckney and the state militias . The United States combined forces were large . At its peak the Red Stick faction had 4,000 warriors , only a quarter of whom had muskets . On August 30 , 1813 , Red Sticks , led by chiefs Red Eagle and Peter McQueen , attacked Fort Mimms , north of Mobile , the only American - held port in the territory of West Florida . The attack on Fort Mimms resulted in the death of 400 settlers and became an ideological rallying point for the Americans . The Fort Mims massacre in 1813 . The Creek warriors attacked the fort , and killed a total of 400 to 500 people . The Indian frontier of western Georgia was the most vulnerable but was partially fortified already . From November 1813 to January 1814 , Georgia 's militia and auxiliary Federal troops - from the Creek and Cherokee Indian nations and the states of North Carolina and South Carolina -- organized the fortification of defences along the Chattahoochee River and expeditions into Upper Creek territory in present - day Alabama . The army , led by General John Floyd , went to the heart of the `` Creek Holy Grounds '' and won a major offensive against one of the largest Creek towns at Battle of Autosee , killing an estimated two hundred people . In November , the militia of Mississippi with a combined 1200 troops attacked the `` Econachca '' encampment ( `` Battle of Holy Ground '' ) on the Alabama River . Tennessee raised a militia of 5,000 under Major Generals Andrew Jackson and Brigadier General John Coffee and won the battles of Tallushatchee and Talladega in November 1813 . Jackson suffered enlistment problems in the winter . He decided to combine his force with that of the Georgia militia . However , from January 22 -- 24 , 1814 , while on their way , the Tennessee militia and allied Muscogee were attacked by the Red Sticks at the Battles of Emuckfaw and Enotachopo Creek . Jackson 's troops repelled the attackers , but outnumbered , were forced to withdraw to his base at Fort Strother . In January Floyd 's force of 1,300 state militia and 400 Creek Indians moved to join the U.S forces in Tennessee , but were attacked in camp on the Calibee Creek by Tuckaubatchee Indians on the 27th . Jackson 's force increased in numbers with the arrival of U.S. Army soldiers and a second draft of Tennessee state militia and Cherokee and Creek allies swelled his army to around 5,000 . In March 1814 they moved south to attack the Creek . On March 27 , Jackson decisively defeated the Creek Indian force at Horseshoe Bend , killing 800 of 1,000 Creeks at a cost of 49 killed and 154 wounded out of approximately 2,000 American and Cherokee forces . The American army moved to Fort Jackson on the Alabama River . On August 9 , 1814 , the Upper Creek chiefs and Jackson 's army signed the `` Treaty of Fort Jackson '' . The most of western Georgia and part of Alabama was taken from the Creeks to pay for expenses borne by the United States . The Treaty also `` demanded '' that the `` Red Stick '' insurgents cease communicating with the Spanish or British , and only trade with U.S. - approved agents . British aid to the Red Sticks arrived after the end of the Napoleonic Wars in April 1814 and after Admiral Sir Alexander Cochrane assumed command from Admiral Warren in March . The Creek promised to join any body of ' troops that should aid them in regaining their lands , and suggesting an attack on the tower off Mobile . ' In April 1814 the British established an outpost on the Apalachicola River at Prospect Bluff ( Fort Gadsden ) . Cochrane sent a company of Royal Marines , the vessels HMS Hermes and HMS Carron , commanded by Edward Nicolls , with further supplies to meet the Indians . In addition to training the Indians , Nicolls was tasked to raise a force from escaped slaves , as part of the Corps of Colonial Marines . In July 1814 , General Jackson complained to the Governor of Pensacola , Mateo Gonzalez Manrique , that combatants from the Creek War were being harboured in Spanish territory , and made reference to the British presence on Spanish soil . Although he gave an angry reply to Jackson , Manrique was alarmed at the weak position he found himself in . He appealed to the British for help , with Woodbine arriving on July 28 , and Nicolls arriving at Pensacola on August 24 . The first engagement of the British and their Creek allies against the Americans on the Gulf Coast was the attack on Fort Bowyer September 14 , 1814 . Captain William Percy tried to take the U.S. fort , hoping to then move on Mobile and block U.S. trade and encroachment on the Mississippi . After the Americans repulsed Percy 's forces , the British established a military presence of up to 200 Marines at Pensacola . In November , Jackson 's force of 4,000 men took the town in November . This underlined the superiority of numbers of Jackson 's force in the region . The U.S force moved to New Orleans in late 1814 . Jackson 's army of 1,000 regulars and 3,000 to 4,000 militia , pirates and other fighters , as well as civilians and slaves built fortifications south of the city . Gulf coast Main article : Battle of New Orleans American forces under General James Wilkinson , who was himself earning $4,000 per year as a Spanish secret agent , took the Mobile area -- formerly part of West Florida -- from the Spanish in March 1813 ; this was the only territory permanently gained by the U.S. during the war . The Americans built Fort Bowyer , a log and earthenwork fort with 14 guns , on Mobile Point . At the end of 1814 , the British launched a double offensive in the South weeks before the Treaty of Ghent was signed . On the Atlantic coast , Admiral George Cockburn was to close the Intracoastal Waterway trade and land Royal Marine battalions to advance through Georgia to the western territories . On the Gulf coast , Admiral Alexander Cochrane moved on the new state of Louisiana and the Mississippi Territory . Admiral Cochrane 's ships reached the Louisiana coast December 9 , and Cockburn arrived in Georgia December 14 . The Battle of New Orleans , January 1815 On January 8 , 1815 , a British force of 8,000 under General Edward Pakenham attacked Jackson 's defences in New Orleans . The Battle of New Orleans was an American victory , as the British failed to take the fortifications on the East Bank . The British suffered high casualties : 291 dead , 1262 wounded , and 484 captured or missing whereas American casualties were 13 dead , 39 wounded , and 19 missing . It was hailed as a great victory across the U.S. , making Jackson a national hero and eventually propelling him to the presidency . The American garrison at Fort St. Philip endured ten days of bombardment from Royal Navy guns , which was a final attempt to invade Louisiana ; British ships sailed away from the Mississippi River on January 18 . However , it was not until January 27 , 1815 , that the army had completely rejoined the fleet , allowing for their departure . After New Orleans , the British tried to take Mobile a second time ; General John Lambert laid siege for five days and took the fort , winning the Second Battle of Fort Bowyer on February 12 , 1815 . HMS Brazen brought news of the Treaty of Ghent the next day , and the British abandoned the Gulf coast . In January 1815 , Admiral Cockburn succeeded in blockading the southeastern coast by occupying Camden County , Georgia . The British quickly took Cumberland Island , Fort Point Peter , and Fort St. Tammany in a decisive victory . Under the orders of his commanding officers , Cockburn 's forces relocated many refugee slaves , capturing St. Simons Island as well , to do so . During the invasion of the Georgia coast , an estimated 1,485 people chose to relocate in British territories or join the military . In mid-March , several days after being informed of the Treaty of Ghent , British ships finally left the area . Postwar fighting In May 1815 , a band of British - allied Sauk , unaware that the war had ended months before , attacked a small band of U.S. soldiers northwest of St. Louis . Intermittent fighting , primarily with the Sauk , continued in the Missouri Territory well into 1817 , although it is unknown if the Sauk were acting on their own or on behalf of British agents . Several uncontacted isolated warships continued fighting well into 1815 and were the last American forces to take offensive action against the British . Treaty of Ghent Main article : Treaty of Ghent Factors leading to the peace negotiations By 1814 , both sides had either achieved their main war goals or were weary of a costly war that offered little but stalemate . They both sent delegations to a neutral site in Ghent , Flanders ( now part of Belgium ) . The negotiations began in early August and concluded on December 24 , when a final agreement was signed ; both sides had to ratify it before it could take effect . Meanwhile , both sides planned new invasions . In 1814 the British began blockading the United States , and brought the American economy to near bankruptcy , forcing it to rely on loans for the rest of the war . American foreign trade was reduced to a trickle . The parlous American economy was thrown into chaos with prices soaring and unexpected shortages causing hardship in New England which was considering secession . The Hartford Convention led to widespread fears that the New England states might attempt to leave the Union , which was exaggerated as most New Englanders did not wish to leave the Union and merely wanted an end to a war which was bringing much economic hardship , suggested that the continuation of the war might threaten the union . But also to a lesser extent British interests were hurt in the West Indies and Canada that had depended on that trade . Although American privateers found chances of success much reduced , with most British merchantmen now sailing in convoy , privateering continued to prove troublesome to the British , as shown by high insurance rates . British landowners grew weary of high taxes , and colonial interests and merchants called on the government to reopen trade with the U.S. by ending the war . Negotiations and peace At last in August 1814 , peace discussions began in the neutral city of Ghent . Both sides began negotiations warily The British diplomats stated their case first , demanding the creation of an Indian barrier state in the American Northwest Territory ( the area from Ohio to Wisconsin ) . It was understood the British would sponsor this Indian state . The British strategy for decades had been to create a buffer state to block American expansion . Britain demanded naval control of the Great Lakes and access to the Mississippi River . The Americans refused to consider a buffer state and the proposal was dropped . Although article IX of the treaty included provisions to restore to Natives `` all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' , the provisions were unenforceable ; the British did not try and the Americans simply broke the treaty . The Americans ( at a later stage ) demanded damages for the burning of Washington and for the seizure of ships before the war began . American public opinion was outraged when Madison published the demands ; even the Federalists were now willing to fight on . The British had planned three invasions . One force burned Washington but failed to capture Baltimore , and sailed away when its commander was killed . In northern New York State , 10,000 British veterans were marching south until a decisive defeat at the Battle of Plattsburgh forced them back to Canada . Nothing was known of the fate of the third large invasion force aimed at capturing New Orleans and southwest . The Prime Minister wanted the Duke of Wellington to command in Canada and take control of the Great Lakes . Wellington said that he would go to America but he believed he was needed in Europe . Wellington emphasized that the war was a draw and the peace negotiations should not make territorial demands : I think you have no right , from the state of war , to demand any concession of territory from America ... You have not been able to carry it into the enemy 's territory , notwithstanding your military success and now undoubted military superiority , and have not even cleared your own territory on the point of attack . You can not on any principle of equality in negotiation claim a cessation of territory except in exchange for other advantages which you have in your power ... Then if this reasoning be true , why stipulate for the uti possidetis ? You can get no territory : indeed , the state of your military operations , however creditable , does not entitle you to demand any . The Prime Minister , Lord Liverpool , aware of growing opposition to wartime taxation and the demands of Liverpool and Bristol merchants to reopen trade with America , realized Britain also had little to gain and much to lose from prolonged warfare especially after the growing concern about the situation in Europe . After months of negotiations , against the background of changing military victories , defeats and losses , the parties finally realized that their nations wanted peace and there was no real reason to continue the war . The main focus on British foreign policy was the Congress of Vienna , during which British diplomats had clashed with Russian and Prussian diplomats over the terms of the peace with France , and there were fears at the Britain might have go to war with Russia and Prussia . Now each side was tired of the war . Export trade was all but paralyzed and after Napoleon fell in 1814 France was no longer an enemy of Britain , so the Royal Navy no longer needed to stop American shipments to France , and it no longer needed to impress more seamen . It had ended the practices that so angered the Americans in 1812 . The British were preoccupied in rebuilding Europe after the apparent final defeat of Napoleon . British negotiators were urged by Lord Liverpool to offer a status quo and dropped their demands for the creation of an Indian barrier state , which was in any case hopeless after the collapse of Tecumseh 's alliance . This allowed negotiations to resume at the end of October . British diplomats soon offered the status quo to the U.S. negotiators , who accepted them . Prisoners were to be exchanged and captured slaves returned to the United States or paid for by Britain . At this point , the number of slaves was approximately 6,000 . Britain eventually refused the demand , allowing many to either emigrate to Canada or Trinidad . On December 24 , 1814 the diplomats had finished and signed the Treaty of Ghent . The treaty was ratified by the British three days later on December 27 and arrived in Washington on February 17 where it was quickly ratified and went into effect , thus finally ending the war . The terms called for all occupied territory to be returned , the prewar boundary between Canada and the United States to be restored , and the Americans were to gain fishing rights in the Gulf of Saint Lawrence . The Treaty of Ghent failed to secure official British acknowledgement of American maritime rights or ending impressment . However , in the century of peace until World War I these rights were not seriously violated . The defeat of Napoleon made irrelevant all of the naval issues over which the United States had fought . The Americans had achieved their goal of ending the Indian threat ; furthermore the American armies had scored enough victories ( especially at New Orleans ) to satisfy honour and the sense of becoming fully independent from Britain . Losses and compensation British losses in the war were about 1,160 killed in action and 3,679 wounded ; 3,321 British died from disease . American losses were 2,260 killed in action and 4,505 wounded . While the number of Americans who died from disease is not known , it is estimated that about 15,000 died from all causes directly related to the war . These figures do not include deaths among Canadian militia forces or losses among native tribes . There have been no estimates of the cost of the American war to Britain , but it did add some £ 25 million to the national debt . In the U.S. , the cost was $105 million , about the same as the cost to Britain . The national debt rose from $45 million in 1812 to $127 million by the end of 1815 , although by selling bonds and treasury notes at deep discounts -- and often for irredeemable paper money due to the suspension of specie payment in 1814 -- the government received only $34 million worth of specie . Stephen Girard , the richest man in America at the time , was one of those who personally funded the United States government involvement in the war . In addition , at least 3,000 American slaves escaped to the British lines . Many other slaves simply escaped in the chaos of war and achieved their freedom on their own . The British settled some of the newly freed slaves in Nova Scotia . Four hundred freedmen were settled in New Brunswick . The Americans protested that Britain 's failure to return the slaves violated the Treaty of Ghent . After arbitration by the Tsar of Russia the British paid $1,204,960 in damages to Washington , which reimbursed the slaveowners . Memory and historiography Popular views During the 19th century the popular image of the war in the United States was of an American victory , and in Canada , of a Canadian victory . Each young country saw its self - perceived victory as an important foundation of its growing nationhood . The British , on the other hand , who had been preoccupied by Napoleon 's challenge in Europe , paid little attention to what was to them a peripheral and secondary dispute , a distraction from the principal task at hand . Canadian Canadian Voltigeurs in action at the Battle of the Chateauguay In British North America , the War of 1812 was seen by Loyalists as a victory , as they had claimed they had successfully defended their country from an American takeover . A long - term consequence of the Canadian militia 's success was the view widely held in Canada at least until the First World War that Canada did not need a regular professional army . While Canadian militia units had played instrumental roles in several engagements , such as at the Battle of the Chateauguay , it was the regular units of the British Army , including its `` Fencible '' regiments which were recruited within North America , which ensured that Canada was successfully defended . The U.S. Army had done poorly , on the whole , in several attempts to invade Canada , and the Canadians had fought bravely to defend their territory . But the British did not doubt that the thinly populated territory would remain vulnerable in a third war . `` We can not keep Canada if the Americans declare war against us again '' , Admiral Sir David Milne wrote to a correspondent in 1817 , although the Rideau Canal was built for just such a scenario . By the 21st century it was a forgotten war in Britain , although still remembered in Canada , especially Ontario . In a 2009 poll , 37 % of Canadians said the war was a Canadian victory , 9 % said the U.S. won , 15 % called it a draw , and 39 % said they knew too little to comment . A 2012 poll found that in a list of items that could be used to define Canadians ' identity , the belief that Canada successfully repelled an American invasion in the War of 1812 places second ( 25 % ) . American Today , American popular memory includes the British capture and the burning of Washington in August 1814 , which necessitated its extensive renovation . The fact that before the war , many Americans wanted to annex British North America was swiftly forgotten , and instead American popular memory focused on the victories at Baltimore , Plattsburg and New Orleans to present the war as a successful effort to assert American national honour , the `` second war of independence '' that saw the mighty British empire humbled and humiliated . In a speech before Congress on February 18 , 1815 , President Madison proclaimed the war a complete American victory . This interpretation of the war was and remains the dominant American view of the war The American newspaper the Niles Register in an editorial on September 14 , 1816 announced that the Americans had crushed the British , declaring `` ... we did virtually dictate the treaty of Ghent to the British '' . A minority of Americans , mostly associated with the Federalists saw the war as a defeat and an act of folly on Madison 's part , caustically asking if the Americans were `` dictating '' the terms of the treaty of Ghent , why the British Crown did not cede British North America to the United States ? However , the Federalist view of the war is not the mainstream American memory of the war . The view of Congressman George Troup who stated in a speech in 1815 that the Treaty of Ghent was `` the glorious termination of the most glorious war ever waged by any people '' is the way that most Americans remembered the war . Another memory is the successful American defence of Fort McHenry in September 1814 , which inspired the lyrics of the U.S. national anthem , `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' . The successful captains of the U.S. Navy became popular heroes with plates with the likeness of Decatur , Steward , Hull , and others , becoming popular items . Ironically , many were made in England . The Navy became a cherished institution , lauded for the victories that it won against all odds . After engagements during the final actions of the war , U.S. Marines had acquired a well - deserved reputation as excellent marksmen , especially in ship - to - ship actions . Historians ' views Historians have differing and complex interpretations of the war . In recent decades the view of the majority of historians has been that the war ended in stalemate , with the Treaty of Ghent closing a war that had become militarily inconclusive . Neither side wanted to continue fighting since the main causes had disappeared and since there were no large lost territories for one side or the other to reclaim by force . Insofar as they see the war 's resolution as allowing two centuries of peaceful and mutually beneficial intercourse between the U.S. , Britain and Canada , these historians often conclude that all three nations were the `` real winners '' of the War of 1812 . These writers often add that the war could have been avoided in the first place by better diplomacy . It is seen as a mistake for everyone concerned because it was badly planned and marked by multiple fiascoes and failures on both sides , as shown especially by the repeated American failures to seize parts of Canada , and the failed British attack on New Orleans and upstate New York . However , other scholars hold that the war constituted a British victory and an American defeat . They argue that the British achieved their military objectives in 1812 ( by stopping the repeated American invasions of Canada ) and retaining their Canadian colonies . By contrast , they say , the Americans suffered a defeat when their armies failed to achieve their war goal of seizing part or all of Canada . Additionally , they argue the U.S. lost as it failed to stop impressment , which the British refused to repeal until the end of the Napoleonic Wars , arguing that the U.S. actions had no effect on the Orders in Council , which were rescinded before the war started . Historian Troy Bickham , author of The Weight of Vengeance : The United States , the British Empire , and the War of 1812 , sees the British as having fought to a much stronger position than the United States . `` Even tied down by ongoing wars with Napoleonic France , the British had enough capable officers , well - trained men , and equipment to easily defeat a series of American invasions of Canada . In fact , in the opening salvos of the war , the American forces invading Upper Canada were pushed so far back that they ended up surrendering Michigan Territory . The difference between the two navies was even greater . While the Americans famously ( shockingly for contemporaries on both sides of the Atlantic ) bested British ships in some one - on - one actions at the war 's start , the Royal Navy held supremacy throughout the war , blockading the U.S. coastline and ravaging coastal towns , including Washington , D.C. Yet in late 1814 , the British offered surprisingly generous peace terms despite having amassed a large invasion force of veteran troops in Canada , naval supremacy in the Atlantic , an opponent that was effectively bankrupt , and an open secessionist movement in New England . '' He considers that the British offered the United States generous terms , in place of their initially harsh terms ( which included massive forfeiture of land to Canada and the American Indians ) , because the `` reigning Liverpool ministry in Britain held a loose grip on power and feared the war - weary , tax - exhausted public . '' The war was also technically a British victory `` because the United States failed to achieve the aims listed in its declaration of war . '' A second minority view is that both the U.S. and Britain won the war -- that is , both achieved their main objectives , while the Indians were the losing party . The British won by losing no territories and achieving their great war goal , the total defeat of Napoleon . U.S. won by ( 1 ) securing her honor and successfully resisting a powerful empire once again , thus winning a `` second war of independence '' ; and ( 2 ) ending the threat of Indian raids and the British plan for a semi-independent Indian sanctuary -- thereby opening an unimpeded path for the United States ' westward expansion . Indians as losers Historians generally agree that the real losers of the War of 1812 were the Indians ( called First Nations in Canada ) . Hickey says : The big losers in the war were the Indians . As a proportion of their population , they had suffered the heaviest casualties . Worse , they were left without any reliable European allies in North America ... The crushing defeats at the Thames and Horseshoe Bend left them at the mercy of the Americans , hastening their confinement to reservations and the decline of their traditional way of life . The Indians of the Old Northwest ( the modern Midwest ) had hoped to create an Indian state to be a British protectorate . American settlers into the Middle West had been repeatedly blocked and threatened by Indian raids before 1812 , and that now came to an end . Throughout the war the British had played on terror of the tomahawks and scalping knives of their Indian allies ; it worked especially at Hull 's surrender at Detroit . By 1813 Americans had killed Tecumseh and broken his coalition of tribes . Jackson then defeated the Creek in the Southwest . Historian John Sugden notes that in both theatres , the Indians ' strength had been broken prior to the arrival of the major British forces in 1814 . The one campaign that the Americans had decisively won was the campaign in the Old Northwest , which put the British in a weak hand to insist upon an Indian state in the Old Northwest . Notwithstanding the sympathy and support from commanders ( such as Brock , Cochrane and Nicolls ) , the policymakers in London reneged in assisting the Indians , as making peace was a higher priority for the politicians . At the peace conference the British demanded an independent Indian state in the Midwest , but , although the British and their Indian allies maintained control over the territories in question ( i.e. most of the Upper Midwest ) , British diplomats did not press the demand after an American refusal , effectively abandoning their Indian allies . The withdrawal of British protection gave the Americans a free hand , which resulted in the removal of most of the tribes to Indian Territory ( present - day Oklahoma ) . In that sense according to historian Alan Taylor , the final victory at New Orleans had `` enduring and massive consequences '' . It gave the Americans `` continental predominance '' while it left the Indians dispossessed , powerless , and vulnerable . The Treaty of Ghent technically required the United States to cease hostilities and `` forthwith to restore to such Tribes or Nations respectively all possessions , rights and privileges which they may have enjoyed , or been entitled to in 1811 '' ; the United States ignored this article of the treaty and proceeded to expand into this territory regardless ; Britain was unwilling to provoke further war to enforce it . A shocked Henry Goulburn , one of the British negotiators at Ghent , remarked : Till I came here , I had no idea of the fixed determination which there is in the heart of every American to extirpate the Indians and appropriate their territory . The Creek War came to an end , with the Treaty of Fort Jackson being imposed upon the Indians . About half of the Creek territory was ceded to the United States , with no payment made to the Creeks . This was , in theory , invalidated by Article 9 of the Treaty of Ghent . The British failed to press the issue , and did not take up the Indian cause as an infringement of an international treaty . Without this support , the Indians ' lack of power was apparent and the stage was set for further incursions of territory by the United States in subsequent decades . Long - term consequences Main article : Results of the War of 1812 Neither side lost territory in the war , nor did the treaty that ended it address the original points of contention -- and yet it changed much between the United States of America and Britain . The Treaty of Ghent established the status quo ante bellum ; that is , there were no territorial losses by either side . The issue of impressment was made moot when the Royal Navy , no longer needing sailors , stopped impressment after the defeat of Napoleon . Except for occasional border disputes and the circumstances of the American Civil War , relations between the U.S. and Britain remained generally peaceful for the rest of the 19th century , and the two countries became close allies in the 20th century . The Rush -- Bagot Treaty between the United States and Britain was enacted in 1817 . It provided for the demilitarization of the Great Lakes and Lake Champlain , where many British naval arrangements and forts still remained . The treaty laid the basis for a demilitarized boundary and was indicative of improving relations between the United States and Great Britain in the period following the War of 1812 . It remains in effect to this day . Border adjustments between the U.S. and British North America were made in the Treaty of 1818 . Eastport , Massachusetts , was returned to the U.S. in 1818 ; it became part of the new State of Maine in 1820 . A border dispute along the Maine -- New Brunswick border was settled by the 1842 Webster -- Ashburton Treaty after the bloodless Aroostook War , and the border in the Oregon Country was settled by splitting the disputed area in half by the 1846 Oregon Treaty . A further dispute about the line of the border through the island in the Strait of Juan de Fuca resulted in another almost bloodless standoff in the Pig War of 1859 . The line of the border was finally settled by an international arbitration commission in 1872 . United States The 1812 N Moore office tower , completed in 2013 near Washington D.C. , was named after the war . The U.S. suppressed the Native American resistance on its western and southern borders . The nation also gained a psychological sense of complete independence as people celebrated their `` second war of independence '' . Nationalism soared after the victory at the Battle of New Orleans . The opposition Federalist Party collapsed , and the Era of Good Feelings ensued . No longer questioning the need for a strong Navy , the U.S. built three new 74 - gun ships of the line and two new 44 - gun frigates shortly after the end of the war . ( Another frigate had been destroyed to prevent it being captured on the stocks . ) In 1816 , the U.S. Congress passed into law an `` Act for the gradual increase of the Navy '' at a cost of $1,000,000 a year for eight years , authorizing 9 ships of the line and 12 heavy frigates . The Captains and Commodores of the U.S. Navy became the heroes of their generation in the U.S. Decorated plates and pitchers of Decatur , Hull , Bainbridge , Lawrence , Perry , and Macdonough were made in Staffordshire , England , and found a ready market in the United States . Several war heroes used their fame to win election to national office . Andrew Jackson and William Henry Harrison both took advantage of their military successes to win the presidency , while Richard Mentor Johnson used his wartime exploits to help attain the vice presidency . During the war , New England states became increasingly frustrated over how the war was being conducted and how the conflict was affecting them . They complained that the U.S. government was not investing enough in the states ' defences militarily and financially , and that the states should have more control over their militias . The increased taxes , the British blockade , and the occupation of some of New England by enemy forces also agitated public opinion in the states . As a result , at the Hartford Convention ( December 1814 -- January 1815 ) Federalist delegates deprecated the war effort and sought more autonomy for the New England states . They did not call for secession but word of the angry anti-war resolutions appeared at the same time that peace was announced and the victory at New Orleans was known . The upshot was that the Federalists were permanently discredited and quickly disappeared as a major political force . This war enabled thousands of slaves to escape to British lines or ships for freedom , despite the difficulties . The planters ' complacency about slave contentment was shocked by their seeing slaves , who risked so much to be free . After the decisive defeat of the Creek Indians at the battle of Horseshoe Bend in 1814 , some Indian warriors escaped to join the Seminoles in Florida . The remaining Creek chiefs signed away about half their lands , comprising 23,000,000 acres , covering much of southern Georgia and two thirds of modern Alabama . The Creeks were now separated from any future help from the Spanish in Florida , or from the Choctaw and Chickasaw to the west . During the war the United States seized Mobile , Alabama , which was a strategic location providing oceanic outlet to the cotton lands to the north . Jackson invaded Florida in 1818 , demonstrating to Spain that it could no longer control that territory with a small force . Spain sold Florida to the United States in 1819 in the Adams - Onís Treaty following the First Seminole War . Pratt concludes : Thus indirectly the War of 1812 brought about the acquisition of Florida ... To both the Northwest and the South , therefore , the War of 1812 brought substantial benefits . It broke the power of the Creek Confederacy and opened to settlement a great province of the future Cotton Kingdom . British North America ( Canada ) Douglas Coupland 's ' Monument to the War of 1812 ' ( 2008 ) in Toronto ; depicts a larger - than - life Canadian soldier triumphing over an American ; both are depicted as metallic toy soldiers of the sort small children play with . Pro-British leaders demonstrated a strong hostility to American influences in western Canada ( Ontario ) after the war and shaped its policies , including a hostility to American - style republicanism . Immigration from the U.S. was discouraged , and favour was shown to the Anglican church as opposed to the more Americanized Methodist church . The Battle of York showed the vulnerability of Upper and Lower Canada . In the 1820s , work began on La Citadelle at Quebec City as a defence against the United States . Additionally , work began on the Halifax citadel to defend the port against foreign navies . From 1826 to 1832 , the Rideau Canal was built to provide a secure waterway not at risk from American cannon fire . To defend the western end of the canal , the British Army also built Fort Henry at Kingston . Indigenous nations The Native Americans allied to the British lost their cause . The British proposal to create a `` neutral '' Indian zone in the American West was rejected at the Ghent peace conference and never resurfaced . After 1814 the natives , who lost most of their fur - gathering territory , became an undesirable burden to British policymakers who now looked to the United States for markets and raw materials . British agents in the field continued to meet regularly with their former American Indian partners , but they did not supply arms or encouragement and there were no American Indian campaigns to stop U.S. expansionism in the Midwest . Abandoned by their powerful sponsor , American Great Lakes - area Indians ultimately migrated or reached accommodations with the American authorities and settlers . Bermuda Bermuda had been largely left to the defences of its own militia and privateers before U.S. independence , but the Royal Navy had begun buying up land and operating from there in 1795 , as its location was a useful substitute for the lost U.S. ports . It originally was intended to be the winter headquarters of the North American Squadron , but the war saw it rise to a new prominence . As construction work progressed through the first half of the 19th century , Bermuda became the permanent naval headquarters in Western waters , housing the Admiralty and serving as a base and dockyard . The military garrison was built up to protect the naval establishment , heavily fortifying the archipelago that came to be described as the `` Gibraltar of the West '' . Defence infrastructure remained the central leg of Bermuda 's economy until after World War II . Britain The war is seldom remembered in Great Britain . The massive ongoing conflict in Europe against the French Empire under Napoleon ensured that the War of 1812 against America was never seen as more than a sideshow to the main event by the British . Britain 's blockade of French trade had been entirely successful and the Royal Navy was the world 's dominant nautical power ( and remained so for another century ) . While the land campaigns had contributed to saving Canada , the Royal Navy had shut down American commerce , bottled up the U.S. Navy in port and heavily suppressed privateering . British businesses , some affected by rising insurance costs , were demanding peace so that trade could resume with the U.S. The peace was generally welcomed by the British , though there was disquiet at the rapid growth of the U.S. However , the two nations quickly resumed trade after the end of the war and , over time , a growing friendship . Hickey argues that for Britain : the most important lesson of all ( was ) that the best way to defend Canada was to accommodate the United States . This was the principal rationale for Britain 's long - term policy of rapprochement with the United States in the nineteenth century and explains why they were so often willing to sacrifice other imperial interests to keep the republic happy . See also War of 1812 portal History of Canada portal Bibliography of early American naval history Elgin Military Museum Indiana in the War of 1812 Kentucky in the War of 1812 Bibliography of the War of 1812 List of War of 1812 Battles Opposition to the War of 1812 in the United States Timeline of the War of 1812 War of 1812 Campaigns Notes Jump up ^ All U.S. figures are from Donald Hickey ( Hickey 2006 , p. 297 ) Jump up ^ The British were unsure whether the attack on Baltimore was a failure , but Plattsburg was a humiliation that called for court martial ( Latimer 2007 , pp. 331 , 359 , 365 ) . Jump up ^ As Winston Churchill concluded , `` The lessons of the war were taken to heart . Anti-American feeling in Great Britain ran high for several years , but the United States were never again refused proper treatment as an independent power '' . From A History of the English - speaking Peoples : The age of revolution , Volume 3 of A History of the English - speaking Peoples , p. 366 . Jump up ^ Spain , a British ally , lost control of the Mobile , Alabama , area to the Americans . References Jump up ^ Battle of the Thames , Encyclopædia Britannica , `` Many British troops were captured and Tecumseh was killed , destroying his Indian alliance and breaking the Indian power in the Ohio and Indiana territories . After this battle , most of the tribes abandoned their association with the British . '' Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Jump up ^ Upton 2003 . Jump up ^ Allen 1996 , p. 121 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 . Jump up ^ Weiss , John McNish ( 2013 ) . `` The Corps of Colonial Marines : Black freedom fighters of the War of 1812 '' . mcnishandweiss.co.uk . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=hVSrJBQYAk8C&pg=PA311&dq=1812+Casualties&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiA2ZzM_ILYAhUF7RQKHaJsCzE4ChDoAQg0MAI#v=onepage&q=Casualties&f=false Jump up ^ https://books.google.co.uk/books?id=wU8LNjjfLmQC&printsec=frontcover&dq=War+Of+1812+A+Short+History&hl=en&sa=X&ved=0ahUKEwiEgbrs_oLYAhUBLhQKHQZwC20Q6AEIKTAA#v=onepage&q=Prisons&f=false ^ Jump up to : `` War of 1812 -- Statistics '' . historyguy.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Of these , upwards of 800 were killed at sea , 1,160 were British Army regulars , and the rest were militia . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 245 . Includes 2,250 men of the Royal Navy . Jump up ^ Clodfelter , page 244 Jump up ^ Clodfelter , p. 245 ; includes 1,000 combat casualties on the northern front . ^ Jump up to : Hooks , J. `` Redeemed honor : the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' The Historian , ( 1 ) , 1 ( 2012 ) ^ Jump up to : Hickey 1989 , p. 22 . Jump up ^ Stagg 1983 , p. 4 . ^ Jump up to : Woodsworth 1812 . Jump up ^ Trautsch 2013 , pp. 273 -- 293 ; Egan 1974 ; Goodman 1941 , pp. 171 -- 186 . Jump up ^ Scott A. Silverstone ( 2004 ) . Divided Union : The Politics of War in the Early American Republic . Cornell University Press . p. 95 . ISBN 0801442303 . Jump up ^ Risjord 1961 , pp. 196 -- 210 . Jump up ^ Brands 2005 , p. 163 . Jump up ^ Hickey , Donald R. ed. The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( 2013 ) . Jump up ^ Lambert 2012 . Jump up ^ Fanis 2011 , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Horsman 1962 , p. 264 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 281 . Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , p. 382 . Jump up ^ Rodger , N.A.M. ( 2005 ) . Command of the Ocean . London : Penguin Books . pp. 565 -- 566 . ISBN 0 - 140 - 28896 - 1 . Jump up ^ Latimer 2007 , p. 17 . Jump up ^ Caffrey 1977 , p. 60 Jump up ^ Toll 2006 , pp. 278 -- 279 . Jump up ^ Black 2002 , p. 44 . Jump up ^ Taylor 2010 , p. 104 . Jump up ^ Hooks , J.W. ( 2009 ) . `` A friendly salute the President - Little Belt Affair and the coming of the war of 1812 '' Ebscohost P ii Jump up ^ `` John P. Deeben , `` The War of 1812 Stoking the Fires : The Impressment of Seaman Charles Davis by the U.S. Navy '' , Prologue Magazine , U.S. National Archives and Records Administration , Summer 2012 , Vol. 44 , No. 2 `` . October 26 , 2012 . Retrieved October 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ White 2010 , p. 416 . Jump up ^ Willig 2008 , p. 207 . ^ Jump up to : Benn 2002 , p. 18 . Jump up ^ Hitsman 1965 , p. 27 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 504 ; Zuehlke 2007 , p. 62 . Jump up ^ Heidler & Heidler 1997 , pp. 253 , 392 . Jump up ^ Pratt 1955 , p. 126 . Jump up ^ `` American Military History , Army Historical Series , Chapter 6 '' . Retrieved July 1 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Smith 1989 , pp. 46 -- 63 , esp . pp. 61 -- 63 ; Carroll 2001 , p. 23 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , Cohen & Bailey 2010 , p. 244 . ^ Jump up to : Bowler 1988 , pp. 11 -- 32 . 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Lord Liverpool : The Life and Political Career of Robert Banks Jenkinson , Second Earl of Liverpool , 1770 -- 1828 . Weidenfeld and Nicolson . pp. 111 -- 119 . ISBN 0 - 297 - 78453 - 6 . Goodman , Warren H. ( 1941 ) . `` The Origins of the War of 1812 : A Survey of Changing Interpretations '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . 28 ( 2 ) : 171 -- 186 . doi : 10.2307 / 1896211 . JSTOR 3738032 . Grodzinski , John R. ( September 2010 ) . `` Review '' . Canadian Historical Review . 91 ( 3 ) : 560 -- 1 . doi : 10.1353 / can. 2010.0011 . Gwyn , Julian ( 2003 ) . Frigates and Foremasts : The North American Squadron in Nova Scotian Waters , 1745 -- 1815 . UBC Press . p. 134 . Hacker , Louis M. ( March 1924 ) . `` Western Land Hunger and the War of 1812 : A Conjecture '' . Mississippi Valley Historical Review . X ( 4 ) : 365 -- 395 . JSTOR 1892931 . Hannay , David ( 1911 ) . `` American War of 1812 '' . In Chisholm , Hugh . Encyclopædia Britannica. 1 ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . Harvey , D.C. ( July 1938 ) . `` The Halifax -- Castine expedition '' . Dalhousie Review . 18 ( 2 ) : 207 -- 13 . Hayes , Derek ( 2008 ) . Canada : An Illustrated History . Douglas & McIntyre . p. 117 . ISBN 9781553652595 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. , eds. ( 1997 ) . `` Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 '' . Encyclopedia of the War of 1812 . Naval Institute Press . ISBN 1 - 59114 - 362 - 4 . Heidler , David S. ; Heidler , Jeanne T. ( 2002 ) . The War of 1812 . Westport ; London : Greenwood Press . ISBN 0 - 313 - 31687 - 2 . Hibbert , Christopher ( 1997 ) . Wellington : A Personal History . Reading , MA : Perseus Books . ISBN 0 - 7382 - 0148 - 0 . Hickey , Donald ( 1989 ) . The War of 1812 : A Forgotten Conflict . Urbana ; Chicago : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 01613 - 0 . Hickey , Donald R ( 1995 ) . The War of 1812 : A Short History . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 0 - 252 - 06430 - 5 . Hickey , Donald R ( July 2001 ) . `` The War of 1812 : Still a Forgotten Conflict ? '' . The Journal of Military History . 65 ( 3 ) : 741 -- 769 . doi : 10.2307 / 2677533 . JSTOR 2677533 . Hickey , Donald R ( Sep 2013 ) . `` 1812 : The Old History and the New '' . Reviews in American History . 41 ( 3 ) : 436 -- 44 . doi : 10.1353 / rah. 2013.0081 . Hickey , Donald R ( 2006 ) . Do n't Give Up the Ship ! Myths of The War of 1812 . Urbana : University of Illinois Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 03179 - 3 . Hitsman , J. Mackay ( 1965 ) . The Incredible War of 1812 . Toronto : University of Toronto Press . p. 27 . Horsman , Reginald ( 1962 ) . The Causes of the War of 1812 . Philadelphia : University of Pennsylvania Press . ISBN 0 - 498 - 04087 - 9 . Howe , Daniel Walker ( 2007 ) . What Hath God Wrought . Oxford University Press . p. 74 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 507894 - 7 . Jones , Elwood H. ( 1983 ) . `` Willcocks , Joseph '' . In Halpenny , Francess G. Dictionary of Canadian Biography . V ( 1801 -- 1820 ) ( online ed . ) . University of Toronto Press . Kaufman , Erik ( 1997 ) . `` Condemned to Rootlessness : The Loyalist Origins of Canada 's Identity Crisis '' . Nationalism and Ethnic Politics . 3 ( 1 ) : 110 -- 135 . doi : 10.1080 / 13537119708428495 . Kennedy , David M ; Cohen , Lizabeth ; Bailey , Thomas A ( 2010 ) . The American Pageant . Volume I : To 1877 ( 14th ed . ) . Boston : Wadsworth Cengage Learning . p. 244 . ISBN 0 - 547 - 16659 - 1 . Lambert , Andrew ( 2012 ) . The Challenge : Britain Against America in the Naval War of 1812 . Faber and Faber . ISBN 978 - 0 - 571 - 27319 - 5 Landon , Fred ( 1941 ) . Western Ontario and the American Frontier . McGill - Queen 's Press . p. 123 . Langguth , A.J. ( 2006 ) . Union 1812 : the Americans who fought the Second War of Independence . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7432 - 2618 - 9 . Latimer , Jon ( 2007 ) . 1812 : War with America . Cambridge : Belknap Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 674 - 02584 - 4 . Latimer , Jon ( 2009 ) . Niagara 1814 : The final invasion . Osprey Publishing . ISBN 9781846034398 . Leckie , Robert ( 1998 ) . The Wars of America . University of Michigan . ISBN 0 - 06 - 012571 - 3 . Lindsay , Arnett G. ( October 1920 ) . `` Diplomatic Relations Between the United States and Great Britain Bearing on the Return of Negro Slaves , 1783 - 1828 '' . Journal of Negro History . 55 ( 4 ) . Mills , Dudley ( 1921 ) . `` The Duke of Wellington and the Peace Negotiations at Ghent in 1814 '' . Canadian Historical Review . 2 ( 1 ) : 19 -- 32 . doi : 10.3138 / CHR - 02 - 01 - 02 . Morison , E. ( 1941 ) . The Maritime History of Massachusetts , 1783 -- 1860 . Houghton Mifflin Co. pp. 205 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 9728155 - 6 - 2 . Nolan , David J. ( 2009 ) . `` Fort Johnson , Cantonment Davis , and Fort Edwards '' . In William E. Whittaker . Frontier Forts of Iowa : Indians , Traders , and Soldiers , 1682 -- 1862 . Iowa City : University of Iowa Press . pp. 85 -- 94 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58729 - 831 - 8 . Nugent , Walter ( 2008 ) . Habits of Empire : A History of American Expansionism . New York , NY : Random House . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4000 - 7818 - 9 . Perkins , Bradford ( 1964 ) . Castereagh and Adams : England and The United States , 1812 -- 1823 . Berkeley and Los Angeles : University of California Press . Pratt , Julius W. ( 1925 ) . Expansionists of 1812 . New York : Macmillan . Pratt , Julius W. ( 1955 ) . A history of United States foreign - policy . p. 126 . Quimby , Robert S. ( 1997 ) . The U.S. Army in the War of 1812 : An Operational and Command Study . East Lansing : Michigan State University Press . pp. 2 -- 12 . Reilly , Robin ( 1974 ) . The British at the Gates : The New Orleans Campaign in The War of 1812 . New York : GP Putnam 's Sons . pp. 303 , 306 . Remini , Robert V. ( 1977 ) . Andrew Jackson and the Course of American Empire , 1767 -- 1821 . New York : Harper & Row Publishers , Inc . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 5912 - 3 . Remini , Robert ( 1999 ) . The Battle of New Orleans : Andrew Jackson and America 's First Military Victory . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 100179 - 8 . Remini , Robert V. ( 2002 ) . Andrew Jackson and His Indian Wars . London , UK : Penguin Books . ISBN 0 - 14 - 200128 - 7 . Risjord , Norman K. ( 1961 ) . `` 1812 : Conservatives , War Hawks , and the Nation 's Honor '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 18 ( 2 ) : 196 -- 210 . doi : 10.2307 / 1918543 . JSTOR 1918543 . Rodriguez , Junius P. ( 2002 ) . The Louisiana Purchase : A Historical and Geographical Encyclopedia . Santa Barbara , CA : ABC - Clio . p. 270 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 188 - 5 . Roosevelt , Theodore ( 1902 ) . The Naval War of 1812 or the History of the United States Navy during the Last War with Great Britain to Which Is Appended an Account of the Battle of New Orleans . Part II . New York and London : G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Smith , Dwight L ( 1989 ) . `` A North American Neutral Indian Zone : Persistence of a British Idea '' . Northwest Ohio Quarterly . 61 ( 2 -- 4 ) : 46 -- 63 . Smith , Joshua ( 2007 ) . Borderland Smuggling . Gainesville , FL : University Press of Florida . pp. 81 -- 94 . ISBN 0 - 8130 - 2986 - 4 . Smith , Joshua ( 2011 ) . Battle for the Bay : The War of 1812 . Fredericton , NB : Goose Lane Editions . pp. 75 -- 91 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 86492 - 644 - 9 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( January 1981 ) . `` James Madison and the Coercion of Great Britain : Canada , the West Indies , and the War of 1812 '' . William and Mary Quarterly . 38 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 34 . doi : 10.2307 / 1916855 . JSTOR 1916855 . Stagg , John C.A. ( 1983 ) . Mr. Madison 's War : Politics , Diplomacy , and Warfare in the Early American republic , 1783 -- 1830 . Princeton , NJ : Princeton University Press . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge University Press . pp. 5 -- 6 . Stearns , Peter N. , ed. ( 2008 ) . The Oxford encyclopedia of the modern world . 7 . p. 547 . Stevens , Walter B. ( 1921 ) . Centennial history of Missouri ( the center state ) one hundred years in the union . St. Louis and Chicago : S.J. Clarke . Strannack , Lt. Commander Ian ( 1909 ) . The Andrew And The Onions : The Story Of The Royal Navy In Bermuda , 1795 -- 1975 . The Bermuda Maritime Museum Press , The Bermuda Maritime Museum . ISBN 0 - 921560 - 03 - 6 . Stuart , Reginald ( 1988 ) . United States Expansionism and British North America , 1775 - 1871 . The University of North Carolina Press . p. 76 . Sugden , John ( January 1982 ) . `` The Southern Indians in the War of 1812 : The Closing Phase '' . Florida Historical Quarterly . Tanner , Helen H. ( 1987 ) . Atlas of Great Lakes Indian History . University of Oklahoma Press . p. 120 . ISBN 0 - 8061 - 2056 - 8 . Toll , Ian W. ( 2006 ) . Six Frigates : The Epic History of the Founding of the U.S. Navy . New York : W.W. Norton . ISBN 978 - 0 - 393 - 05847 - 5 . Taylor , Alan ( 2010 ) . The Civil War of 1812 : American Citizens , British Subjects , Irish Rebels , & Indian Allies . Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group . ISBN 1 - 4000 - 4265 - 8 . Trautsch , Jasper M. ( January 2013 ) . `` The Causes of the War of 1812 : 200 Years of Debate '' . Journal of Military History . 77 ( 1 ) : 273 -- 293 . Trautsch , Jasper . `` Whose War of 1812 ? Competing Memories of the Anglo - American Conflict '' Reviews and History ( 2013 ; updated 2014 ) online Tucker , Spencer C. ( 2011 ) . The Encyclopedia of North American Indian Wars , 1607 -- 1890 : A Political , Social , and Military History . ABC - CLIO . p. 1097 . ISBN 9781851096039 . Turner , Wesley B. ( 2000 ) . The War of 1812 : The War That Both Sides Won . Toronto : Dundurn Press . ISBN 9781550023367 . Turner , Wesley B. ( July 4 , 2011 ) . The Astonishing General : The Life and Legacy of Sir Isaac Brock . Dundurn Press . p. 311 . Updyke , Frank Arthur ( 1915 ) . The diplomacy of the war of 1812 . Johns Hopkins U.P. , full text online Upton , David ( November 22 , 2003 ) . `` Soldiers of the Mississippi Territory in the War of 1812 '' . Internet Archive . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2007 . Retrieved September 23 , 2010 . Watts , Steven ( 1987 ) . The Republic Reborn : War and the Making of Liberal America , 1790 -- 1820 . Baltimore : The Johns Hopkins University Press . p. 316 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 3420 - 1 . White , Richard ( 2010 ) . The Middle Ground : Indians , Empires , and Republics in the Great Lakes Region , 1650 - 1815 . Cambridge U.P. p. 416 . ISBN 9781107005624 . Wilentz , Sean ( 2005 ) . Andrew Jackson . New York : Henry Holt and Company . ISBN 0 - 8050 - 6925 - 9 . Williams , William Appleman ( 1961 ) . The Contours of American History . W.W. Norton . p. 196 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 30561 - 9 . Willig , Timothy D ( 2008 ) . Restoring the Chain of Friendship : British Policy and the Indians of the Great Lakes , 1783 -- 1815 . Lincoln & London : University of Nebraska Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8032 - 4817 - 5 . Wilson , Major L. ( 1974 ) . Space , Time , and Freedom : The Quest for Nationality and the Irrepressible Conflict , 1815 -- 1861 . p. 4 . Woodsworth , Samuel ( July 4 , 1812 ) . `` By the President of the United States of America : A Proclamation '' . The War . Zuehlke , Mark ( 2007 ) . For Honour 's Sake : The War of 1812 and the Brokering of an Uneasy Peace . Random House . ISBN 978 - 0 - 676 - 97706 - 6 . Further reading Main article : War of 1812 bibliography Center for Military History . U.S. Army Campaigns of the War of 1812 : Online free Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1813 . ( 2013 ) ISBN 9780160920844 Barbuto , Richard V . The Canadian Theater 1814 . ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160923845 Blackmon , Richard D . The Creek War 1813 - 1814 ; 43pp ISBN 9780160925429 Maass , John R. Defending A New Nation 1783 - 1811 ( 2013 ) 59pp Neimeyer , Charles P . The Chesapeake Campaign , 1813 -- 1814 ( 2014 ) ISBN 9780160925351 Rauch , Steven J. The Campaign of 1812 ( 2013 ) ; 58pp ISBN 9780160920929 Stoltz III , Joseph F. The Gulf Theater , 1813 - 1815 Cleves , Rachel Hope ; Eustace , Nicole ; Gilje , Paul ( September 2012 ) . `` Interchange : The War of 1812 '' . Journal of American History . 99 ( 2 ) : 520 -- 555 . doi : 10.1093 / jahist / jas236 . historiography Collins , Gilbert ( 2006 ) . Guidebook to the historic sites of the War of 1812 . Dundurn . ISBN 1 - 55002 - 626 - 7 . Daughan , George C. ( 2011 ) . 1812 : The Navy 's War , Basic Books , New York , pp. 491 , ISBN 9780465020461 Url Hickey , Donald R. and Connie D. Clark , eds . The Routledge Handbook of the War of 1812 ( 2015 ) 336 pages James , William , ( 1847 / 1859 ) , The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 5 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 458 , Url James , William ( 1837 ) The naval history of Great Britain ... Volume 6 , Richard Bentley , London , pp. 468 , Ebook ( full view ) Jensen , Richard . `` Military history on the electronic frontier : Wikipedia fights the War of 1812 . '' Journal of Military History 76.4 ( 2012 ) : 523 - 556 ; Examines this Wikipedia article Online Malcomson , Robert . Historical Dictionary of the War of 1812 . Landham , Md. : Scarecrow . Misiak , Zig . War of 1812 : Highlighting Native Nations . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9811880 - 2 - 7 . Perkins , Bradford ( 1961 ) . Prologue to war : England and the United States , 1805 -- 1812 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 12 - 03 . Sapio , Victor . Pennsylvania and the War of 1812 ( University Press of Kentucky , 2015 ) . Smith , Gene Allen . The Slaves ' Gamble : Choosing Sides in the War of 1812 . New York : Palgrave Macmillan , 2013 . Stagg , J.C.A. ( 2012 ) . The War of 1812 : Conflict for a Continent . Cambridge Essential Histories . ISBN 0 - 521 - 72686 - 7 . Suthren , Victor ( 1999 ) . The War of 1812 . ISBN 0 - 7710 - 8317 - 3 . Stacey , CP ( 1964 ) . `` The War of 1812 in Canadian History '' . In Zaslow ; Morris ; Turner , Wesley B . The Defended Border : Upper Canada and the War of 1812 . Toronto . Smith , Joshua M. ( June 2011 ) . `` The Yankee Soldier 's Might : The District of Maine and the Reputation of the Massachusetts Militia , 1800 -- 1812 '' . New England Quarterly . LXXXIV ( 2 ) : 234 -- 264 . doi : 10.1162 / tneq_a_00088 . Primary sources Hickey , Donald R. , ed . The War of 1812 : Writings from America 's Second War of Independence ( New York : Library of America , 2013 ) . xxx , 892 pp . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to War of 1812 . Library resources about War of 1812 Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries `` War of 1812 '' bibliographical guide by David Curtis Skaggs ( 2015 ) ; Oxford Bibliographies Online The War of 1812 , Government of Canada website The War of 1812 , Department of National Defence ( Canada ) website Library of Congress Guide to the War of 1812 , Kenneth Drexler The War of 1812 in the South , The William C. Cook Collection , The Williams Research Center , The Historic New Orleans Collection American Military History , Chapter 6 -- The War of 1812 , Office of the Chief of Military History , United States Army , 1989 War of 1812 collection William L. Clements Library . The War of 1812 Website , MilitaryHeritage.com `` Treaty of Ghent '' . Primary Documents in American History . The Library of Congress . 2010 . `` War of 1812 '' . Galafilm. 2008 . Archived from the original on 2000 - 01 - 19 . Key Events of the War of 1812 , chart by Greg D. Feldmeth , Polytechnic School ( Pasadena , California ) , 1998 . `` War of 1812 '' . historycentral.com. 2000 . Archived from the original on 2001 - 02 - 21 . `` The War of 1812 '' . Archives of Ontario . 2009 -- 2010 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 04 . Black Americans in the U.S. Military from the American Revolution to the Korean War : The War of 1812 , David Omahen , New York State Military Museum and Veteran Research Center , 2006 President Madison 's War Message , lesson plan with extensive list of documents , EDSitement.com ( National Endowment for the Humanities ) PBS Documentary The War of 1812 The short film `` The War of 1812 '' U.S. Navy is available for free download at the Internet Archive Indexed eLibrary of War of 1812 Resources at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site Illustrated War of 1812 Timelines at Fire Along the Frontier Resource Site War of 1812 Reenactment Groups BBC Radio 4 : In Our Time . 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Monarchy of the United Kingdom - wikipedia Monarchy of the United Kingdom Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the monarchy of the United Kingdom . For information on the other countries which share the same person as monarch , see Commonwealth realm . For the current monarch of the United Kingdom , see Elizabeth II . `` British sovereign '' redirects here . For the coin , see Sovereign ( British coin ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Queen of the United Kingdom <Td_colspan="2"> Royal coat of arms <Th_colspan="2"> Incumbent <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Elizabeth II since 6 February 1952 ( 1952 - 02 - 06 ) <Th_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Details Heir apparent Charles , Prince of Wales Residence List Appointer Hereditary Website royal.uk United Kingdom This article is part of a series on the politics and government of the United Kingdom Constitution ( show ) Constitution Cabinet Manual Erskine May Taxation The Crown ( show ) British Monarchy Monarch Queen Elizabeth II Heir apparent The Prince of Wales Royal family Succession to the British throne Royal prerogative Executive ( show ) HM Government Prime Minister Theresa May Cabinet Current ministry Her Majesty 's Civil Service Departments Executive agencies Public bodies Privy Council Crown - in - Council Queen Elizabeth II Legislature ( show ) Parliament ( 56th Parliament ) Crown - in - Parliament Queen Elizabeth II House of Lords Lord Speaker The Lord Fowler House of Commons Speaker John Bercow Leader of the Opposition Jeremy Corbyn Her Majesty 's Loyal Opposition Shadow Cabinet State Opening of Parliament Prime Minister 's Questions Act of Parliament Statutory Instruments Judiciary ( show ) Supreme Court President The Baroness Hale of Richmond Deputy President The Lord Mance Judges of the Supreme Court Courts of the United Kingdom Courts of England and Wales Courts of Scotland Courts of Northern Ireland Devolution ( show ) Joint Ministerial Committee Scotland Government Parliament Wales Government National Assembly Reserved matters Northern Ireland Executive Assembly Administrative geography ( show ) England Subdivisions of England Local government in England Scotland Subdivisions of Scotland Local government in Scotland Wales Local government in Wales Northern Ireland Local government in Northern Ireland Elections ( show ) Parliament constituencies Political parties Last election Next election Referendums Foreign relations ( show ) History Foreign policy UK and the United Nations Politics of the European Union Commonwealth of Nations United Kingdom portal Other countries Atlas The monarchy of the United Kingdom , commonly referred to as the British monarchy , is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom , its dependencies and its overseas territories . The current monarch and head of state , Queen Elizabeth II , ascended the throne on the death of her father , King George VI , on 6 February 1952 . The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official , ceremonial , diplomatic and representational duties . As the monarchy is constitutional , the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister . The monarch is commander - in - chief of the British Armed Forces . Though the ultimate formal executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch 's royal prerogative , these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and , in practice , within the constraints of convention and precedent . The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo - Saxon England , which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century AD . In 1066 , the last crowned Anglo - Saxon monarch , Harold Godwinson , was defeated and killed during the Norman conquest of England and the English monarchy passed to the Normans ' victorious leader , William the Conqueror , and his descendants . From the 1080s , the lordships of South Wales were held by a succession of Norman families inter-married with older Welsh houses loyal to the English throne , with many lordships also held by the English King in his own right . The process was completed in the 13th century when the north of Wales , as a principality , became a client state of the English kingdom , while Magna Carta began a process of reducing the English monarch 's political powers . From 1603 , when the Scottish monarch James VI inherited the English throne as James I , both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign . From 1649 to 1660 , the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England , which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . The Act of Settlement 1701 excluded Roman Catholics , or those who married Catholics , from succession to the English throne . In 1707 , the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain , and in 1801 , the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire , which covered a quarter of the world 's surface at its greatest extent in 1921 . In the early 1920s , five - sixths of Ireland seceded from the Union as the Irish Free State , and the Balfour Declaration recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate , self - governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations . After the Second World War , the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent , effectively bringing the empire to an end . George VI and his successor , Elizabeth II , adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states . The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms . The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in reference to the shared individual and institution ; however , each country is sovereign and independent of the others , and the monarch has a different , specific , and official national title and style for each realm . Contents ( hide ) 1 Constitutional role 1.1 Appointment of the Prime Minister 1.2 Dissolution of Parliament 1.3 Royal Prerogative 2 History 2.1 English monarchy 2.2 Scottish monarchy 2.3 Personal union and republican phase 2.4 After the 1707 Acts of Union 2.5 Shared monarchy 2.6 Monarchy in Ireland 2.7 Modern status 3 Religious role 4 Succession 4.1 Restrictions by gender and religion 4.2 Regency 5 Finances 6 Residences 7 Style 8 Arms 9 See also 10 Notes 11 References 12 External links Constitutional role ( edit ) In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom , the Monarch ( otherwise referred to as the Sovereign or `` His / Her Majesty '' , abbreviated H.M. ) is the Head of State . Oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors . `` God Save the Queen '' ( or `` God Save the King '' ) is the British national anthem , and the monarch appears on postage stamps , coins and banknotes . The Monarch takes little direct part in Government . The decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch , either by statute or by convention , to Ministers or officers of the Crown , or other public bodies , exclusive of the Monarch personally . Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown , such as Crown Appointments , even if personally performed by the Monarch , such as the Queen 's Speech and the State Opening of Parliament , depend upon decisions made elsewhere : Legislative power is exercised by the Queen - in - Parliament , by and with the advice and consent of Parliament , the House of Lords and the House of Commons . Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty 's Government , which comprises Ministers , primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet , which is technically a committee of the Privy Council . They have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown , the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services ( the Queen receives certain foreign intelligence reports before the Prime Minister does ) . Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary , who by constitution and statute have judicial independence of the Government . The Church of England , of which the Monarch is the head , has its own legislative , judicial and executive structures . Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council , Royal Commission or otherwise . The Sovereign 's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions , such as granting honours . This role has been recognised since the 19th century . The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the `` dignified part '' rather than the `` efficient part '' of government . The English Bill of Rights of 1689 curtailed the monarch 's governmental power . Appointment of the Prime Minister ( edit ) Whenever necessary , the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister ( who by convention appoints and may dismiss every other Minister of the Crown , and thereby constitutes and controls the government ) . In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions , the Sovereign must appoint an individual who commands the support of the House of Commons , usually the leader of the party or coalition that has a majority in that House . The Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience , and after `` kissing hands '' that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument . In a hung parliament where no party or coalition holds a majority , the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support , though it would usually be the leader of the largest party . Since 1945 , there have only been three hung parliaments . The first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition . Although Wilson 's Labour Party did not have a majority , they were the largest party . The second followed the May 2010 general election , in which the Conservatives ( the largest party ) and Liberal Democrats ( the third largest party ) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II . The third occurred shortly thereafter , in June 2017 , when the Conservative Party lost its majority in a snap election , though the party remained in power as a minority government . Dissolution of Parliament ( edit ) In 1950 the King 's Private Secretary Sir Alan `` Tommy '' Lascelles , writing pseudonymously to The Times newspaper asserted a constitutional convention : according to the Lascelles Principles , if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position , the monarch could refuse , and would do so under three conditions . When Harold Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974 , the Queen granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition . The resulting general election gave Wilson a small majority . The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss a Prime Minister , but a Prime Minister 's term now comes to an end only by electoral defeat , death , or resignation . The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was William IV , who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834 . The Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch 's authority to dissolve Parliament ; the Act specifically retained the monarch 's power of prorogation however , which is a regular feature of the parliamentary calendar . Royal prerogative ( edit ) Main article : Royal prerogative in the United Kingdom Some of the government 's executive authority is theoretically and nominally vested in the Sovereign and is known as the royal prerogative . The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent , exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament , often through the Prime Minister or Privy Council . In practice , prerogative powers are exercised only on the Prime Minister 's advice -- the Prime Minister , and not the Sovereign , has control . The monarch holds a weekly audience with the Prime Minister . No records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential . The monarch may express his or her views , but , as a constitutional ruler , must ultimately accept the decisions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet ( providing they command the support of the House ) . In Bagehot 's words : `` the Sovereign has , under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights -- the right to be consulted , the right to encourage , the right to warn . '' Although the Royal Prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise , it is limited . Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament . For example , the monarch can not impose and collect new taxes ; such an action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament . According to a parliamentary report , `` The Crown can not invent new prerogative powers '' , and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation . The Royal Prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers , regulate the civil service , issue passports , declare war , make peace , direct the actions of the military , and negotiate and ratify treaties , alliances , and international agreements . However , a treaty can not alter the domestic laws of the United Kingdom ; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases . The monarch is the Head of the Armed Forces ( the Royal Navy , the British Army , and the Royal Air Force ) , and accredits British High Commissioners and ambassadors , and receives heads of missions from foreign states . It is the prerogative of the monarch to summon and prorogue Parliament . Each parliamentary session begins with the monarch 's summons . The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament , during which the Sovereign reads the Speech from the throne in the Chamber of the House of Lords , outlining the Government 's legislative agenda . Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins , and formally concludes the session . Dissolution ends a parliamentary term , and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of Commons . A general election is normally held five years after the previous one under the Fixed - term Parliaments Act 2011 , but can be held sooner if the Prime Minister loses a motion of confidence , or if two - thirds of the members of the House of Commons vote to hold an early election . Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law , the royal assent ( the monarch 's approval ) is required . In theory , assent can either be granted ( making the bill law ) or withheld ( vetoing the bill ) , but since 1707 assent has always been granted . The monarch has a similar relationship with the devolved governments of Scotland , Wales , and Northern Ireland . The Sovereign appoints the First Minister of Scotland on the nomination of the Scottish Parliament , and the First Minister of Wales on the nomination of the National Assembly for Wales . In Scottish matters , the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Scottish Government . However , as devolution is more limited in Wales , in Welsh matters the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom . The Sovereign can veto any law passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly , if it is deemed unconstitutional by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland . The Sovereign is deemed the `` fount of justice '' ; although the Sovereign does not personally rule in judicial cases , judicial functions are performed in his or her name . For instance , prosecutions are brought on the monarch 's behalf , and courts derive their authority from the Crown . The common law holds that the Sovereign `` can do no wrong '' ; the monarch can not be prosecuted for criminal offences . The Crown Proceedings Act 1947 allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity ( that is , lawsuits against the government ) , but not lawsuits against the monarch personally . The Sovereign exercises the `` prerogative of mercy '' , which is used to pardon convicted offenders or reduce sentences . The monarch is the `` fount of honour '' , the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom . The Crown creates all peerages , appoints members of the orders of chivalry , grants knighthoods and awards other honours . Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the Prime Minister , some honours are within the personal gift of the Sovereign , and are not granted on ministerial advice . The monarch alone appoints members of the Order of the Garter , the Order of the Thistle , the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of Merit . History ( edit ) English monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of English monarchs The Bayeux Tapestry depicts the Norman Conquest of 1066 . Following Viking raids and settlement in the ninth century , the Anglo - Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged as the dominant English kingdom . Alfred the Great secured Wessex , achieved dominance over western Mercia , and assumed the title `` King of the English '' . His grandson Æthelstan was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England , though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities . The 11th century saw England become more stable , despite a number of wars with the Danes , which resulted in a Danish monarchy for one generation . The conquest of England in 1066 by William , Duke of Normandy , was crucial in terms of both political and social change . The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo - Saxon period , while the Feudal System continued to develop . William was succeeded by two of his sons : William II , then Henry I. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter Matilda ( his only surviving child ) as his heir . Following Henry 's death in 1135 , one of William I 's grandsons , Stephen , laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons . Matilda challenged his reign ; as a result , England descended into a period of disorder known as the Anarchy . Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda 's son Henry would succeed him . Henry accordingly became the first Angevin king of England and the first monarch of the Plantagenet dynasty as Henry II in 1154 . The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility . Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons , the future monarchs Richard I and John . Nevertheless , Henry managed to expand his kingdom , forming what is retrospectively known as the Angevin Empire . Upon Henry 's death , his elder son Richard succeeded to the throne ; he was absent from England for most of his reign , as he left to fight in the Crusades . He was killed besieging a castle , and John succeeded him . John 's reign was marked by conflict with the barons , particularly over the limits of royal power . In 1215 , the barons coerced the king into issuing Magna Carta ( Latin for `` Great Charter '' ) to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility . Soon afterwards , further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the First Barons ' War . The war came to an abrupt end after John died in 1216 , leaving the Crown to his nine - year - old son Henry III . Later in Henry 's reign , Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion , beginning the Second Barons ' War . The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels , but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265 . The next monarch , Edward Longshanks , was far more successful in maintaining royal power and responsible for the conquest of Wales . He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland . However , gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor , Edward II , who also faced conflict with the nobility . In 1311 , Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of baronial `` ordainers '' ; however , military victories helped him regain control in 1322 . Nevertheless , in 1327 , Edward was deposed by his wife Isabella . His 14 - year - old son became Edward III . Edward III claimed the French Crown , setting off the Hundred Years ' War between England and France . His campaigns conquered much French territory , but by 1374 , all the gains had been lost . Edward 's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament , which came to be divided into two Houses . In 1377 , Edward III died , leaving the Crown to his 10 - year - old grandson Richard II . Like many of his predecessors , Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands . In 1399 , while he was campaigning in Ireland , his cousin Henry Bolingbroke seized power . Richard was deposed , imprisoned , and eventually murdered , probably by starvation , and Henry became king as Henry IV . Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of John of Gaunt , Duke of Lancaster ; hence , his dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster . For most of his reign , Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions ; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son , the future Henry V. Henry V 's own reign , which began in 1413 , was largely free from domestic strife , leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years ' War in France . Although he was victorious , his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son Henry VI on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule . The unpopularity of Henry VI 's counsellors and his belligerent consort , Margaret of Anjou , as well as his own ineffectual leadership , led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster . The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York , so called because its head , a descendant of Edward III , was Richard , Duke of York . Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460 , his eldest son , Edward IV , led the Yorkists to victory in 1461 . The Wars of the Roses , nevertheless , continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III . Edward V disappeared , presumably murdered by Richard . Ultimately , the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor , in 1485 , when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field . Now King Henry VII , he neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces , partly by marrying Elizabeth of York , a Yorkist heir . Through skill and ability , Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm , and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end . The reign of the second Tudor king , Henry VIII , was one of great political change . Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England ( the Anglican Church ) . Wales -- which had been conquered centuries earlier , but had remained a separate dominion -- was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542 . Henry VIII 's son and successor , the young Edward VI , continued with further religious reforms , but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis . He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half - sister Mary I to succeed , and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress . Jane 's reign , however , lasted only nine days ; with tremendous popular support , Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign . Mary I married Philip of Spain , who was declared king and co-ruler , pursued disastrous wars in France and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism , burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process . Upon her death in 1558 , the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half - sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World . Scottish monarchy ( edit ) See also : List of Scottish monarchs In Scotland , as in England , monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century . The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the Picts in the north east , the Britons in the south , including the Kingdom of Strathclyde , and the Gaels or Scotti ( who would later give their name to Scotland ) , of the Irish petty kingdom of Dál Riata in the west . Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland ( known as Scotia to writers in Latin , or Alba to the Scots ) . The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries , as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed . Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly ; instead the custom of tanistry was followed , where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin . As a result , however , the rival dynastic lines clashed , often violently . From 942 to 1005 , seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle . In 1005 , Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals . He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition , and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson , Duncan I , instead of a cousin , as had been usual . In 1040 , Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth , who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan 's son Malcolm . The following year , after killing Macbeth 's stepson Lulach , Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III . With a further series of battles and deposings , five of Malcolm 's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king . Eventually , the Crown came to his youngest son , David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV , and then by William the Lion , the longest - reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns . William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed , William was captured by the English . In exchange for his release , William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord . The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189 , in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades . William died in 1214 , and was succeeded by his son Alexander II . Alexander II , as well as his successor Alexander III , attempted to take over the Western Isles , which were still under the overlordship of Norway . During the reign of Alexander III , Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland ; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas . Alexander III 's unexpected death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis . Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir . Edward chose Alexander 's three - year - old Norwegian granddaughter , Margaret . On her way to Scotland in 1290 , however , Margaret died at sea , and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 13 rival claimants to the throne . A court was set up and after two years of deliberation , it pronounced John Balliol to be king . Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal , and tried to exert influence over Scotland . In 1295 , when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England , Edward I invaded . During the first ten years of the ensuing Wars of Scottish Independence , Scotland had no monarch , until Robert the Bruce declared himself king in 1306 . Robert 's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success , and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328 . However , only one year later , Robert died and was succeeded by his five - year - old son , David II . On the pretext of restoring John Balliol 's rightful heir , Edward Balliol , the English again invaded in 1332 . During the next four years , Balliol was crowned , deposed , restored , deposed , restored , and deposed until he eventually settled in England , and David remained king for the next 35 years . David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart . The reigns of both Robert II and his successor , Robert III , were marked by a general decline in royal power . When Robert III died in 1406 , regents had to rule the country ; the monarch , Robert III 's son James I , had been taken captive by the English . Having paid a large ransom , James returned to Scotland in 1424 ; to restore his authority , he used ruthless measures , including the execution of several of his enemies . He was assassinated by a group of nobles . James II continued his father 's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty , and a council of regents again assumed power . James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488 , leading to another boy - king : James IV . In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England , attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII . His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field ; the King , many senior noblemen , and hundreds of soldiers were killed . As his son and successor , James V , was an infant , the government was again taken over by regents . James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542 , and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six - day - old daughter , Mary I. Once again , a regency was established . Mary , a Roman Catholic , reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland . As a result of the efforts of reformers such as John Knox , a Protestant ascendancy was established . Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin , Lord Darnley , in 1565 . After Lord Darnley 's assassination in 1567 , Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the Earl of Bothwell , who was widely suspected of Darnley 's murder . The nobility rebelled against the Queen , forcing her to abdicate . She fled to England , and the Crown went to her infant son James VI , who was brought up as a Protestant . Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I . Personal Union and republican phase ( edit ) In 1603 James VI and I became the first monarch to rule over England , Scotland , and Ireland together . Elizabeth I 's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England . Since she had no children , she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI , who was the great - grandson of Henry VIII 's older sister and hence Elizabeth 's first cousin twice removed . James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the `` Union of the Crowns '' . Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch -- James I became the first monarch to style himself `` King of Great Britain '' in 1604 -- they remained two separate kingdoms . James I 's successor , Charles I , experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers , especially the power to impose taxes . He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640 , unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies ( many of which were offensive to the Scottish Presbyterians and the English Puritans ) . His attempt to enforce Anglicanism led to organised rebellion in Scotland ( the `` Bishops ' Wars '' ) and ignited the Wars of the Three Kingdoms . In 1642 , the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the English Civil War began . The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649 , the overthrow of the English monarchy , and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England . Charles I 's son , Charles II , was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland , but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester . In 1653 , Oliver Cromwell , the most prominent military and political leader in the nation , seized power and declared himself Lord Protector ( effectively becoming a military dictator , but refusing the title of king ) . Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658 , when he was succeeded by his son Richard . The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing ; he soon resigned . The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest , and for a popular desire to restore the monarchy . In 1660 , the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain . Charles II 's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England . Charles had no legitimate children , and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother , James , Duke of York . A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose ; the `` Petitioners '' , who supported exclusion , became the Whig Party , whereas the `` Abhorrers '' , who opposed exclusion , became the Tory Party . The Exclusion Bill failed ; on several occasions , Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass . After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681 , Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685 . When James succeeded Charles , he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics , thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects . Many opposed James 's decisions to maintain a large standing army , to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices , and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies . As a result , a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II 's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king . William obliged , arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support . Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials , James fled the realm and William and Mary ( rather than James II 's Catholic son ) were declared joint Sovereigns of England , Scotland and Ireland . James 's overthrow , known as the Glorious Revolution , was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power . The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy , and declared that the English people held certain rights , including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent . The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants , and provided that , after any children of William and Mary , Mary 's sister Anne would inherit the Crown . Mary died childless in 1694 , leaving William as the sole monarch . By 1700 , a political crisis arose , as all of Anne 's children had died , leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession . Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters , known as Jacobites , might attempt to reclaim the throne . Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701 , which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William 's nearest Protestant relations , the family of Sophia , Electress of Hanover , next in line to the throne after his sister - in - law Anne . Soon after the passage of the Act , William III died , leaving the Crown to Anne . After the 1707 Acts of Union ( edit ) England and Scotland were united as Great Britain under Queen Anne in 1707 . See also : List of British monarchs After Anne 's accession , the problem of the succession re-emerged . The Scottish Parliament , infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia 's family as the next heirs , passed the Act of Security 1704 , threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland . The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705 , threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade . The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Acts of Union 1707 , under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain , with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement . In 1714 , Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin , and Sophia 's son , George I , Elector of Hanover , who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719 . The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors , but retained control over his German kingdoms , with which Britain was now in personal union . Power shifted towards George 's ministers , especially to Sir Robert Walpole , who is often considered the first British prime minister , although the title was not then in use . The next monarch , George II , witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746 , when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated . During the long reign of his grandson , George III , Britain 's American colonies were lost , the former colonies having formed the United States of America , but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow , and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800 . The union of Great Britain and Ireland into the United Kingdom occurred in 1801 during the reign of King George III . From 1811 to 1820 , George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria , an illness rendering him incapable of ruling . His son , the future George IV , ruled in his stead as Prince Regent . During the Regency and his own reign , the power of the monarchy declined , and by the time of his successor , William IV , the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power . In 1834 , William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister , William Lamb , 2nd Viscount Melbourne , and appointed a Tory , Sir Robert Peel . In the ensuing elections , however , Peel lost . The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne . During William IV 's reign , the Reform Act 1832 , which reformed parliamentary representation , was passed . Together with others passed later in the century , the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament . The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV 's successor , Victoria . As a woman , Victoria could not rule Hanover , which only permitted succession in the male line , so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end . The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change , technological progress , and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world 's foremost powers . In recognition of British rule over India , Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876 . However , her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement , due in part to Victoria 's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861 . Victoria 's son , Edward VII , became the first monarch of the House of Saxe - Coburg and Gotha in 1901 . In 1917 , the next monarch , George V , changed `` Saxe - Coburg and Gotha '' to `` Windsor '' in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War . George V 's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland , which remained a part of the United Kingdom , and the Irish Free State , an independent nation , in 1922 . Shared monarchy ( edit ) Map of the British Empire in 1921 Map of the Commonwealth realms today During the twentieth century , the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire . Prior to 1926 , the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively ; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom . The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self - government to the Dominions , effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion . The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931 , which has been likened to `` a treaty among the Commonwealth countries '' . The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution , although it is often still referred to as `` British '' for legal and historical reasons and for convenience . The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom , monarch of Canada , monarch of Australia , and so forth . The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a personal union . George V 's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII , who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson , even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcées . Accordingly , Edward announced his intention to abdicate ; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request . Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession , and the Crown went to his brother , George VI . George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II , making morale - boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany . In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India , although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India . At first , every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom , but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950 , it would no longer share in a common monarchy . Instead , the British monarch was acknowledged as `` Head of the Commonwealth '' in all Commonwealth member states , whether they were realms or republics . The position is purely ceremonial , and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government . Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are known as Commonwealth realms . Monarchy in Ireland ( edit ) See also : Monarchy of Ireland In 1155 the only English pope , Adrian IV , authorised King Henry II of England to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship . The pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the Irish church into line with Rome , despite this process already underway in Ireland by 1155 . An all - island kingship of Ireland had been created in 854 by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid . His last successor was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair , who had become King of Ireland in early 1166 , and exiled Diarmait Mac Murchada , King of Leinster . Diarmait asked Henry II for help , gaining a group of Anglo - Norman aristocrats and adventurers , led by Richard de Clare , 2nd Earl of Pembroke , to help him regain his throne . Diarmait and his Anglo - Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again . De Clare married Diarmait 's daughter , and when Diarmait died in 1171 , de Clare became King of Leinster . Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom , so he took advantage of the papal bull and invaded , forcing de Clare and the other Anglo - Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the major Irish kings and lords to recognise him as their overlord . English lords came close to colonising the entire island , but a Gaelic resurgence from the 1260s resulted in the island divided between Gaelic - Irish and Anglo - Irish lords by 1400 . Many of the latter became completely Gaelicised , and did not recognise England 's kings except perhaps nominally . Some , such as Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill , 1st Earl of Tyrone , were kings themselves . By 1541 , King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England . The pope 's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid , so Henry summoned a meeting of the Irish Parliament to change his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland . However much of the island was beyond English control , resulting in the extended Tudor conquest of Ireland that only made the Kingdom of Ireland a reality in 1603 , at the conclusion of the Nine Years ' War ( Ireland ) . Nevertheless , Ireland retained its own parliament , becoming an independent state in 1642 - 1649 ( Confederate Ireland ) , and again in 1688 - 91 . Only warfare such as the Williamite War in Ireland and subsequent occupation enabled the English crown from 1692 , and successive British states from 1707 , to retain the country . In 1800 , as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798 , the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland . The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922 , when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State , a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth . The Irish Free State was renamed Éire ( or `` Ireland '' ) in 1937 , and in 1949 declared itself a republic , left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy . Northern Ireland remained within the Union . In 1927 , the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland , while the monarch 's style for the next twenty years became `` of Great Britain , Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas , King , Defender of the Faith , Emperor of India '' . Modern status ( edit ) In the 1990s , republicanism in the United Kingdom grew , partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family ( for instance , immediately following the death of Diana , Princess of Wales ) . However , polls from 2002 to 2007 showed that around 70 -- 80 % of the British public supported the continuation of the monarchy . Religious role ( edit ) The sovereign is the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England . Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch , on the advice of the Prime Minister , who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission . The Crown 's role in the Church of England is titular ; the most senior clergyman , the Archbishop of Canterbury , is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide Anglican Communion . The monarch takes an oath to preserve Church of Scotland and he or she holds the power to appoint the Lord High Commissioner to the Church 's General Assembly , but otherwise plays no part in its governance , and exerts no powers over it . The Sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished Church in Wales or Church of Ireland . Succession ( edit ) Main articles : Succession to the British throne and Coronation of the British monarch The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms . Succession is governed by statutes such as the Bill of Rights 1689 , the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707 . The rules of succession may only be changed by an Act of Parliament ; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession . The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover ( 1630 -- 1714 ) , a granddaughter of James I . Upon the death of a sovereign , his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds ( hence the phrase `` The king is dead , long live the king ! '' ) , and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an Accession Council that meets at St James 's Palace . Upon their accession , a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths : the Accession Declaration as first required by the Bill of Rights , and an oath that they will `` maintain and preserve '' the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union . The monarch is usually crowned in Westminster Abbey , normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury . A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign ; indeed , the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning . After an individual ascends the throne , he or she reigns until death . The only voluntary abdication , that of Edward VIII , had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament , His Majesty 's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936 . The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II , who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution . Restrictions by gender and religion ( edit ) See also : Succession to the Crown Act 2013 Succession was largely governed by male - preference cognatic primogeniture , under which sons inherit before daughters , and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same gender . The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom , David Cameron , announced at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 that all 16 Commonwealth realms , including the United Kingdom , had agreed to abolish the gender - preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting , 28 October 2011 . They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic -- a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701 . However , since the monarch is also the Supreme Governor of the Church of England , the law which prohibits a Roman Catholic from acceding to the throne remains . The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms . Only individuals who are Protestants may inherit the Crown . Roman Catholics are prohibited from succeeding . An individual thus disabled from inheriting the Crown is deemed `` naturally dead '' for succession purposes , and the disqualification does not extend to the individual 's legitimate descendants . Regency ( edit ) Main articles : Regency Acts and Counsellor of State The Regency Acts allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated . When a regency is necessary , the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent , unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated . Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953 , which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh ( the Queen 's husband ) could act as regent in these circumstances . During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom , the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to Counsellors of State , the monarch 's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession . The present Counsellors of State are : the Duke of Edinburgh , the Prince of Wales , the Duke of Cambridge , the Duke of Sussex and the Duke of York . Finances ( edit ) Main article : Finances of the British royal family Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues , which included the profits of the Crown Estate ( the royal property portfolio ) . King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List , and this arrangement persisted until 2012 . An annual Property Services Grant - in - aid paid for the upkeep of the royal residences , and an annual Royal Travel Grant - in - Aid paid for travel . The Civil List covered most expenses , including those for staffing , state visits , public engagements , and official entertainment . Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years ; any money saved was carried forward to the next 10 - year period . From 2012 until 2020 , the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid are to be replaced with a single Sovereign Grant , which will be set at 15 % of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate . The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom , with holdings of £ 7.3 billion in 2011 . It is held in trust , and can not be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity . In modern times , the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Civil List and Grants - in - Aid . For example , the Crown Estate produced £ 200 million in the financial year 2007 -- 8 , whereas reported parliamentary funding for the monarch was £ 40 million during the same period . Like the Crown Estate , the land and assets of the Duchy of Lancaster , a property portfolio valued at £ 383 million in 2011 , are held in trust . The revenues of the Duchy form part of the Privy Purse , and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants . The Duchy of Cornwall is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch 's eldest son . The Royal Collection , which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels , is not owned by the Sovereign personally and is held in trust , as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle . The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as value - added tax , and since 1993 the Queen has paid income tax and capital gains tax on personal income . Parliamentary grants to the Sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure . Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy , including security and potential income not claimed by the state , such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle , is £ 334 million a year . Estimates of the Queen 's wealth vary , depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation are included . Forbes magazine estimated her wealth at US $450 million in 2010 , but no official figure is available . In 1993 , the Lord Chamberlain said estimates of £ 100 million were `` grossly overstated '' . Jock Colville , who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank , Coutts , estimated her wealth in 1971 at £ 2 million ( the equivalent of about £ 26 million today ) . Residences ( edit ) Buckingham Palace , the monarch 's principal residence Holyrood Palace , the monarch 's official Scottish residence Main article : List of British royal residences The Sovereign 's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace . It is the site of most state banquets , investitures , royal christenings and other ceremonies . Another official residence is Windsor Castle , the largest occupied castle in the world , which is used principally at weekends , Easter and during Royal Ascot , an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar . The Sovereign 's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh . The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year , and when visiting Scotland on state occasions . Historically , the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London were the main residences of the English Sovereign until Henry VIII acquired the Palace of Whitehall . Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698 , leading to a shift to St James 's Palace . Although replaced as the monarch 's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837 , St James 's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial Royal residence . For example , foreign ambassadors are accredited to the Court of St James 's , and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the Accession Council . It is also used by other members of the Royal Family . Other residences include Clarence House and Kensington Palace . The palaces belong to the Crown ; they are held in trust for future rulers , and can not be sold by the monarch . Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the Queen . Style ( edit ) Main article : Style of the British sovereign The present Sovereign 's full style and title is `` Elizabeth the Second , by the Grace of God , of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen , Head of the Commonwealth , Defender of the Faith '' . The title `` Head of the Commonwealth '' is held by the Queen personally , and is not vested in the British Crown . Pope Leo X first granted the title `` Defender of the Faith '' to King Henry VIII in 1521 , rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the Protestant Reformation , particularly for his book the Defence of the Seven Sacraments . After Henry broke from the Roman Church , Pope Paul III revoked the grant , but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use . The Sovereign is known as `` His Majesty '' or `` Her Majesty '' . The form `` Britannic Majesty '' appears in international treaties and on passports to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers . The monarch chooses his or her regnal name , not necessarily his or her first name -- King George VI , King Edward VII and Queen Victoria did not use their first names . If only one monarch has used a particular name , no ordinal is used ; for example , Queen Victoria is not known as `` Victoria I '' , and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England . The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen 's use of `` Elizabeth II '' , on the grounds that there had never been an `` Elizabeth I '' in Scotland . In MacCormick v Lord Advocate , the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs , finding that the Queen 's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative . The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals , which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal . The Prime Minister confirmed this practice , but noted that `` neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors '' . Future monarchs will apply this policy . Traditionally , the signature of the monarch includes their regnal name but not ordinal , followed by the letter R , which stands for rex or regina ( Latin for king and queen , respectively ) . The present monarch 's signature is `` Elizabeth R '' . From 1877 until 1948 reigning monarchs added the letter I to their signatures , for imperator or imperatrix ( emperor or empress in Latin ) , from their status as Emperor or Empress of India . For example , Queen Victoria signed as `` Victoria RI '' from 1877 . Arms ( edit ) Main article : Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are `` Quarterly , I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or ( for England ) ; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory - counter-flory Gules ( for Scotland ) ; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent ( for Ireland ) '' . The supporters are the Lion and the Unicorn ; the motto is `` Dieu et mon droit '' ( French : `` God and my Right '' ) . Surrounding the shield is a representation of a Garter bearing the motto of the Chivalric order of the same name ; `` Honi soit qui mal y pense '' . ( Old French : `` Shame be to him who thinks evil of it '' ) . In Scotland , the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland , II England , and III Ireland . The mottoes are `` In Defens '' ( an abbreviated form of the Scots `` In My Defens God Me Defend '' ) and the motto of the Order of the Thistle ; `` Nemo me impune lacessit '' . ( Latin : `` No - one provokes me with impunity '' ) ; the supporters are the unicorn and lion , who support both the escutcheon and lances , from which fly the flags of Scotland and England . The coat of arms of Elizabeth II in the United Kingdom . The design , in use since the accession of Queen Victoria in 1837 , features the arms of England in the first and fourth quarters , Scotland in the second , and Ireland in the third . In Scotland a separate version is used ( shown right ) whereby the Arms of Scotland take precedence . The monarch 's official flag in the United Kingdom is the Royal Standard , which depicts the Royal Arms in banner form . It is flown only from buildings , vessels and vehicles in which the Sovereign is present . The Royal Standard is never flown at half - mast because there is always a sovereign : when one dies , his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly . The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom : The Monarch 's official flag The Royal Standard of the United Kingdom as used in Scotland When the monarch is not in residence , the Union Flag is flown at Buckingham Palace , Windsor Castle and Sandringham House , whereas in Scotland the Royal Standard of Scotland is flown at Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle . Union Flag of the United Kingdom The Royal Standard of Scotland See also ( edit ) Commonwealth realms portal Monarchy portal United Kingdom portal States headed by Elizabeth II List of monarchies House of Windsor Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ e.g. Citizenship ceremonies , Home Office : UK Border Agency , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Monarchy : National Anthem , Official website of the British Monarchy , archived from the original on 2 September 2014 , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Symbols of the Monarchy : Coinage and bank notes , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Crown Appointments Act 1661 c. 6 Jump up ^ `` In London , the revelations from ( 1989 Soviet defector Vladimir ) Pasechnik were summarized into a quick note for the Joint Intelligence Committee . The first recipient of such reports is always Her Majesty , The Queen . The second is the prime minister , who at the time was ( Margaret ) Thatcher . '' Hoffman , David E. ( Emanuel ) , The Dead Hand : The Untold Story of the Cold War Arms Race and Its Dangerous Legacy ( N.Y. : Doubleday , 1st ed. ( 1st printing ? ) ( ISBN 978 - 0 - 385 - 52437 - 7 ) 2009 ) , p. 336 ( author contributing editor & formerly U.S. White House , diplomatic , & Jerusalem correspondent , Moscow bureau chief , & foreign news asst . managing editor for The Wash . Post ) . Jump up ^ s3 . Constitutional Reform Act 2005 Jump up ^ Bagehot , p. 9 . Jump up ^ Brazier , p. 312 . Jump up ^ Waldron , pp. 59 -- 60 Jump up ^ Queen and Prime Minister , Official website of the British Monarchy , retrieved 18 June 2010 Jump up ^ Results and analysis : General election , 10 October 1974 , Political Science Resources , 11 March 2008 , retrieved 10 October 2008 Jump up ^ Brock , Michael ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` William IV ( 1765 -- 1837 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . 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Castor , Helen ( 2010 ) . She - Wolves : the Women who Ruled England Before Elizabeth . Faber and Faber . Cannon , John ; Griffiths , Ralph ( 1988 ) . The Oxford Illustrated History of the British Monarchy . Oxford : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 822786 - 8 Crabbe , V.C.R.A.C. ( 1994 ) . Understanding Statutes . Cavendish Publishing . Flanagan , M.T. ( 2004 ) . `` Mac Murchada , Diarmait ( c. 1110 -- 1171 ) '' and Clare , Richard fitz Gilbert de , second earl of Pembroke ( c. 1130 -- 1176 ) `` . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 14 October 2008 ( subscription required ) . Fraser , Antonia ( Editor ) ( 1975 ) . The Lives of the Kings & Queens of England . London : Weidenfeld & Nicolson . ISBN 0 - 297 - 76911 - 1 . Ives , E.W. ( September 2004 ; online edition , January 2008 ) . `` Henry VIII ( 1491 -- 1547 ) '' . Oxford Dictionary of National Biography . Oxford University Press . Retrieved 20 April 2008 ( subscription required ) . 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Aeschylus - wikipedia Aeschylus Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the ancient Greek playwright . For other uses , see Aeschylus ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Aeschylus <Td_colspan="2"> Bust of Aeschylus from Athens , Greece Native name Αἰσχύλος c. 523 BC Eleusis c. 456 BC ( aged c. 67 ) Gela Occupation Playwright and soldier Children Euphorion Euaeon Parent ( s ) Euphorion ( father ) Relatives Cynaegirus ( brother ) Ameinias ( brother ) Philopatho ( sister ) Philocles ( nephew ) Aeschylus ( / ˈiːskɪləs / or / ˈɛskɪləs / ; Greek : Αἰσχύλος Aiskhulos ; Ancient Greek : ( ai̯s. khý. los ) ; c. 525 / 524 -- c. 456 / 455 BC ) was an ancient Greek tragedian . He is often described as the father of tragedy . Academics ' knowledge of the genre begins with his work , and understanding of earlier tragedies is largely based on inferences from his surviving plays . According to Aristotle , he expanded the number of characters in theater allowing conflict among them ; characters previously had interacted only with the chorus . Only seven of his estimated seventy to ninety plays have survived , and there is a longstanding debate regarding his authorship of one of these plays , Prometheus Bound , which some believe his son Euphorion actually wrote . Fragments of some other plays have survived in quotes and more continue to be discovered on Egyptian papyrus , often giving us surprising insights into his work . He was probably the first dramatist to present plays as a trilogy ; his Oresteia is the only ancient example of the form to have survived . At least one of his plays was influenced by the Persians ' second invasion of Greece ( 480 -- 479 BC ) . This work , The Persians , is the only surviving classical Greek tragedy concerned with contemporary events ( very few of that kind were ever written ) , and a useful source of information about its period . The significance of war in Ancient Greek culture was so great that Aeschylus ' epitaph commemorates his participation in the Greek victory at Marathon while making no mention of his success as a playwright . Despite this , Aeschylus ' work -- particularly the Oresteia -- is generally acclaimed by modern critics and scholars . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life 1.1 Death 2 Personal life 3 Works 3.1 Trilogies 4 Surviving plays 4.1 The Persians 4.2 Seven against Thebes 4.3 The Suppliants 4.4 The Oresteia 4.4. 1 Agamemnon 4.4. 2 The Libation Bearers 4.4. 3 The Eumenides 4.5 Prometheus Bound 5 Lost plays 5.1 Myrmidons 5.2 Nereids 5.3 Phrygians , or Hector 's Ransom 5.4 Niobe 6 Influence 6.1 Influence on Greek drama and culture 6.2 Influence outside Greek culture 7 See also 8 Notes 9 Citations 10 Editions 11 References 12 External links Life ( edit ) Bust of Aeschylus at North Carolina Museum of Art Aeschylus was born in c. 525 BC in Eleusis , a small town about 27 kilometers northwest of Athens , which is nestled in the fertile valleys of western Attica , though the date is most likely based on counting back forty years from his first victory in the Great Dionysia . His family was wealthy and well established ; his father , Euphorion , was a member of the Eupatridae , the ancient nobility of Attica , though this might be a fiction that the ancients invented to account for the grandeur of his plays . As a youth , he worked at a vineyard until , according to the 2nd - century AD geographer Pausanias , the god Dionysus visited him in his sleep and commanded him to turn his attention to the nascent art of tragedy . As soon as he woke from the dream , the young Aeschylus began to write a tragedy , and his first performance took place in 499 BC , when he was only 26 years old . He won his first victory at the City Dionysia in 484 BC . In 510 BC , when Aeschylus was 15 years old , Cleomenes I expelled the sons of Peisistratus from Athens , and Cleisthenes came to power . Cleisthenes ' reforms included a system of registration that emphasized the importance of the deme over family tradition . In the last decade of the 6th century , Aeschylus and his family were living in the deme of Eleusis . The Persian Wars played a large role in the playwright 's life and career . In 490 BC , Aeschylus and his brother Cynegeirus fought to defend Athens against the invading army of Darius I of Persia at the Battle of Marathon . The Athenians emerged triumphant , a victory celebrated across the city - states of Greece . Cynegeirus , however , died in the battle , receiving a mortal wound while trying to prevent a Persian ship retreating from the shore , for which his countrymen extolled him as a hero . In 480 , Aeschylus was called into military service again , this time against Xerxes I 's invading forces at the Battle of Salamis , and perhaps , too , at the Battle of Plataea in 479 . Ion of Chios was a witness for Aeschylus 's war record and his contribution in Salamis . Salamis holds a prominent place in The Persians , his oldest surviving play , which was performed in 472 BC and won first prize at the Dionysia . Aeschylus was one of many Greeks who were initiated into the Eleusinian Mysteries , an ancient cult of Demeter based in his hometown of Eleusis . Initiates gained secret knowledge through these rites , likely concerning the afterlife . Firm details of specific rites are sparse , as members were sworn under the penalty of death not to reveal anything about the Mysteries to non-initiates . Nevertheless , according to Aristotle , Aeschylus was accused of revealing some of the cult 's secrets on stage . Other sources claim that an angry mob tried to kill Aeschylus on the spot , but he fled the scene . Heracleides of Pontus asserts that the audience tried to stone Aeschylus . He then took refuge at the altar in the orchestra of the Theater of Dionysus . At his trial , he pleaded ignorance . He was acquitted , with the jury sympathetic to the military service of Aeschylus and his brothers during the Persian Wars . According to the 2nd - century AD author Aelian , Aeschylus 's younger brother Ameinias helped to acquit Aeschylus by showing the jury the stump of the hand that he lost at Salamis , where he was voted bravest warrior . The truth is that the award for bravery at Salamis went not to Aeschylus ' brother but to Ameinias of Pallene . Aeschylus travelled to Sicily once or twice in the 470s BC , having been invited by Hiero I of Syracuse , a major Greek city on the eastern side of the island ; and during one of these trips he produced The Women of Aetna ( in honor of the city founded by Hieron ) and restaged his Persians . By 473 BC , after the death of Phrynichus , one of his chief rivals , Aeschylus was the yearly favorite in the Dionysia , winning first prize in nearly every competition . In 472 BC , Aeschylus staged the production that included the Persians , with Pericles serving as choregos . Death ( edit ) The death of Aeschylus illustrated in the 15th century Florentine Picture Chronicle by Maso Finiguerra In 458 BC , he returned to Sicily for the last time , visiting the city of Gela where he died in 456 or 455 BC . Valerius Maximus wrote that he was killed outside the city by a tortoise dropped by an eagle which had mistaken his bald head for a rock suitable for shattering the shell of the reptile . Pliny , in his Naturalis Historiæ , adds that Aeschylus had been staying outdoors to avoid a prophecy that he would be killed by a falling object . But this story may be legendary and due to a misunderstanding of the iconography on Aeschylus 's tomb . Aeschylus 's work was so respected by the Athenians that after his death , his were the only tragedies allowed to be restaged in subsequent competitions . His sons Euphorion and Euæon and his nephew Philocles also became playwrights . The inscription on Aeschylus 's gravestone makes no mention of his theatrical renown , commemorating only his military achievements : Αἰσχύλον Εὐφορίωνος Ἀθηναῖον τόδε κεύθει μνῆμα καταφθίμενον πυροφόροιο Γέλας ἀλκὴν δ ' εὐδόκιμον Μαραθώνιον ἄλσος ἂν εἴποι καὶ βαθυχαιτήεις Μῆδος ἐπιστάμενος Beneath this stone lies Aeschylus , son of Euphorion , the Athenian , who perished in the wheat - bearing land of Gela ; of his noble prowess the grove of Marathon can speak , and the long - haired Persian knows it well . According to Castoriadis , the inscription on his grave signifies the primary importance of `` belonging to the City '' ( polis ) , of the solidarity that existed within the collective body of citizen - soldiers . Personal life ( edit ) Aeschylus married and had two sons , Euphorion and Euaeon , both of whom became tragic poets . Euphorion won first prize in 431 in competition against both Sophocles and Euripides . His nephew , Philocles ( his sister 's son ) , was also a tragic poet , and won first prize in the competition against Sophocles ' Oedipus Rex . Aeschylus had at least two brothers , Cynegeirus and Ameinias . Works ( edit ) Modern picture of the Theatre of Dionysus in Athens , where many of Aeschylus 's plays were performed Tragoediae septem ( 1552 ) The roots of Greek drama are in religious festivals for the gods , chiefly Dionysus , the god of wine . During Aeschylus 's lifetime , dramatic competitions became part of the City Dionysia in the spring . The festival opened with a procession , followed with a competition of boys singing dithyrambs and culminated in a pair of dramatic competitions . The first competition Aeschylus would have participated in , consisted of three playwrights each presenting three tragic plays followed by a shorter comedic satyr play . A second competition of five comedic playwrights followed , and the winners of both competitions were chosen by a panel of judges . Aeschylus entered many of these competitions in his lifetime , and various ancient sources attribute between seventy and ninety plays to him . Only seven tragedies have survived intact : The Persians , Seven against Thebes , The Suppliants , the trilogy known as The Oresteia , consisting of the three tragedies Agamemnon , The Libation Bearers and The Eumenides , together with Prometheus Bound ( whose authorship is disputed ) . With the exception of this last play -- the success of which is uncertain -- all of Aeschylus 's extant tragedies are known to have won first prize at the City Dionysia . The Alexandrian Life of Aeschylus claims that he won the first prize at the City Dionysia thirteen times . This compares favorably with Sophocles ' reported eighteen victories ( with a substantially larger catalogue , at an estimated 120 plays ) , and dwarfs the five victories of Euripides , who is thought to have written roughly 90 plays . Trilogies ( edit ) One hallmark of Aeschylean dramaturgy appears to have been his tendency to write connected trilogies , in which each play serves as a chapter in a continuous dramatic narrative . The Oresteia is the only extant example of this type of connected trilogy , but there is evidence that Aeschylus often wrote such trilogies . The comic satyr plays that follow his trilogies also drew upon stories derived from myths . For example , the Oresteia 's satyr play Proteus treated the story of Menelaus ' detour in Egypt on his way home from the Trojan War . Based on the evidence provided by a catalogue of Aeschylean play titles , scholia , and play fragments recorded by later authors , it is assumed that three other of his extant plays were components of connected trilogies : Seven against Thebes being the final play in an Oedipus trilogy , and The Suppliants and Prometheus Bound each being the first play in a Danaid trilogy and Prometheus trilogy , respectively ( see below ) . Scholars have moreover suggested several completely lost trilogies derived from known play titles . A number of these trilogies treated myths surrounding the Trojan War . One , collectively called the Achilleis , comprised the titles Myrmidons , Nereids and Phrygians ( alternately , The Ransoming of Hector ) . Another trilogy apparently recounts the entry of the Trojan ally Memnon into the war , and his death at the hands of Achilles ( Memnon and The Weighing of Souls being two components of the trilogy ) ; The Award of the Arms , The Phrygian Women , and The Salaminian Women suggest a trilogy about the madness and subsequent suicide of the Greek hero Ajax ; Aeschylus also seems to have written about Odysseus ' return to Ithaca after the war ( including his killing of his wife Penelope 's suitors and its consequences ) in a trilogy consisting of The Soul - raisers , Penelope and The Bone - gatherers . Other suggested trilogies touched on the myth of Jason and the Argonauts ( Argô , Lemnian Women , Hypsipylê ) ; the life of Perseus ( The Net - draggers , Polydektês , Phorkides ) ; the birth and exploits of Dionysus ( Semele , Bacchae , Pentheus ) ; and the aftermath of the war portrayed in Seven against Thebes ( Eleusinians , Argives ( or Argive Women ) , Sons of the Seven ) . Surviving plays ( edit ) The Persians ( edit ) Main article : The Persians The Ghost of Darius Appearing to Atossa , drawing by George Romney . The earliest of his plays to survive is The Persians ( Persai ) , performed in 472 BC and based on experiences in Aeschylus 's own life , specifically the Battle of Salamis . It is unique among surviving Greek tragedies in that it describes a recent historical event . The Persians focuses on the popular Greek theme of hubris by blaming Persia 's loss on the pride of its king . It opens with the arrival of a messenger in Susa , the Persian capital , bearing news of the catastrophic Persian defeat at Salamis to Atossa , the mother of the Persian King Xerxes . Atossa then travels to the tomb of Darius , her husband , where his ghost appears to explain the cause of the defeat . It is , he says , the result of Xerxes ' hubris in building a bridge across the Hellespont , an action which angered the gods . Xerxes appears at the end of the play , not realizing the cause of his defeat , and the play closes to lamentations by Xerxes and the chorus . Seven against Thebes ( edit ) Main article : Seven against Thebes Seven against Thebes ( Hepta epi Thebas ) , which was performed in 467 BC , has the contrasting theme of the interference of the gods in human affairs . It also marks the first known appearance in Aeschylus 's work of a theme which would continue through his plays , that of the polis ( the city ) being a key development of human civilization . The play tells the story of Eteocles and Polynices , the sons of the shamed King of Thebes , Oedipus . The sons agree to alternate in the throne of the city , but after the first year Eteocles refuses to step down , and Polynices wages war to claim his crown . The brothers kill each other in single combat , and the original ending of the play consisted of lamentations for the dead brothers . A new ending was added to the play some fifty years later : Antigone and Ismene mourn their dead brothers , a messenger enters announcing an edict prohibiting the burial of Polynices ; and finally , Antigone declares her intention to defy this edict . The play was the third in a connected Oedipus trilogy ; the first two plays were Laius and Oedipus . The concluding satyr play was The Sphinx . The Suppliants ( edit ) Main article : The Suppliants ( Aeschylus ) Miniature by Robinet Testard showing the Danaids murdering their husbands Aeschylus continued his emphasis on the polis with The Suppliants in 463 BC ( Hiketides ) , which pays tribute to the democratic undercurrents running through Athens in advance of the establishment of a democratic government in 461 . In the play , the Danaids , the fifty daughters of Danaus , founder of Argos , flee a forced marriage to their cousins in Egypt . They turn to King Pelasgus of Argos for protection , but Pelasgus refuses until the people of Argos weigh in on the decision , a distinctly democratic move on the part of the king . The people decide that the Danaids deserve protection , and they are allowed within the walls of Argos despite Egyptian protests . The 1952 publication of Oxyrhynchus Papyrus 2256 fr. 3 confirmed a long - assumed ( because of The Suppliants ' cliffhanger ending ) Danaid trilogy , whose constituent plays are generally agreed to be The Suppliants , The Egyptians and The Danaids . A plausible reconstruction of the trilogy 's last two - thirds runs thus : In The Egyptians , the Argive - Egyptian war threatened in the first play has transpired . During the course of the war , King Pelasgus has been killed , and Danaus rules Argos . He negotiates a peace settlement with Aegyptus , as a condition of which , his fifty daughters will marry the fifty sons of Aegyptus . Danaus secretly informs his daughters of an oracle predicting that one of his sons - in - law would kill him ; he therefore orders the Danaids to murder their husbands on their wedding night . His daughters agree . The Danaids would open the day after the wedding . In short order , it is revealed that forty - nine of the Danaids killed their husbands as ordered ; Hypermnestra , however , loved her husband Lynceus , and thus spared his life and helped him to escape . Angered by his daughter 's disobedience , Danaus orders her imprisonment and , possibly , her execution . In the trilogy 's climax and dénouement , Lynceus reveals himself to Danaus , and kills him ( thus fulfilling the oracle ) . He and Hypermnestra will establish a ruling dynasty in Argos . The other forty - nine Danaids are absolved of their murderous crime , and married off to unspecified Argive men . The satyr play following this trilogy was titled Amymone , after one of the Danaids . The Oresteia ( edit ) Main article : Oresteia The only complete ( save a few missing lines in several spots ) trilogy of Greek plays by any playwright still extant is the Oresteia ( 458 BC ) ; although the satyr play that originally followed it , Proteus , is lost except for some fragments . The trilogy consists of Agamemnon , The Libation Bearers ( Choephoroi ) , and The Eumenides . Together , these plays tell the bloody story of the family of Agamemnon , King of Argos . Agamemnon ( edit ) The Murder of Agamemnon by Pierre - Narcisse Guérin ( 1817 ) Aeschylus begins in Greece describing the return of King Agamemnon from his victory in the Trojan War , from the perspective of the towns people ( the Chorus ) and his wife , Clytemnestra . However , dark foreshadowings build to the death of the king at the hands of his wife , who was angry at his sacrifice of their daughter Iphigenia , who was killed so that the gods would restore the winds and allow the Greek fleet to sail to Troy . She was also unhappy at his keeping of the Trojan prophetess Cassandra as a concubine . Cassandra foretells of the murder of Agamemnon , and of herself , to the assembled townsfolk , who are horrified . She then enters the palace knowing that she can not avoid her fate . The ending of the play includes a prediction of the return of Orestes , son of Agamemnon , who will seek to avenge his father . The Libation Bearers ( edit ) The Libation Bearers continues the tale , opening with Orestes 's arrival at Agamemnon 's tomb . At the tomb , Electra meets Orestes , who has returned from exile in Phocis , and they plan revenge upon Clytemnestra and her lover Aegisthus . Clytemnestra 's account of a nightmare in which she gives birth to a snake is recounted by the chorus ; and this leads her to order Electra , her daughter , to pour libations on Agamemnon 's tomb ( with the assistance of libation bearers ) in hope of making amends . Orestes enters the palace pretending to bear news of his own death , and when Clytemnestra calls in Aegisthus to share in the news , Orestes kills them both . Orestes is then beset by the Furies , who avenge the murders of kin in Greek mythology . The Eumenides ( edit ) The final play of The Oresteia addresses the question of Orestes ' guilt . The Furies drive Orestes from Argos and into the wilderness . He makes his way to the temple of Apollo and begs him to drive the Furies away . Apollo had encouraged Orestes to kill Clytemnestra , and so bears some of the guilt for the murder . The Furies are a more ancient race of the gods , and Apollo sends Orestes to the temple of Athena , with Hermes as a guide . The Furies track him down , and the goddess Athena , patron of Athens , steps in and declares that a trial is necessary . Apollo argues Orestes ' case and , after the judges , including Athena deliver a tie vote , Athena announces that Orestes is acquitted . She renames the Furies The Eumenides ( The Good - spirited , or Kindly Ones ) , and extols the importance of reason in the development of laws , and , as in The Suppliants , the ideals of a democratic Athens are praised . Prometheus Bound ( edit ) Main article : Prometheus Bound Prometheus Being Chained by Vulcan by Dirck van Baburen ( 1623 ) In addition to these six works , a seventh tragedy , Prometheus Bound , is attributed to Aeschylus by ancient authorities . Since the late 19th century , however , scholars have increasingly doubted this ascription , largely on stylistic grounds . Its production date is also in dispute , with theories ranging from the 480s BC to as late as the 410s . The play consists mostly of static dialogue , as throughout the play the Titan Prometheus is bound to a rock as punishment from the Olympian Zeus for providing fire to humans . The god Hephaestus , the Titan Oceanus , and the chorus of Oceanids all express sympathy for Prometheus ' plight . Prometheus meets Io , a fellow victim of Zeus ' cruelty ; and prophesies her future travels , revealing that one of her descendants will free Prometheus . The play closes with Zeus sending Prometheus into the abyss because Prometheus refuses to divulge the secret of a potential marriage that could prove Zeus ' downfall . The Prometheus Bound appears to have been the first play in a trilogy called the Prometheia . In the second play , Prometheus Unbound , Heracles frees Prometheus from his chains and kills the eagle that had been sent daily to eat Prometheus ' perpetually regenerating liver . Perhaps foreshadowing his eventual reconciliation with Prometheus , we learn that Zeus has released the other Titans whom he imprisoned at the conclusion of the Titanomachy . In the trilogy 's conclusion , Prometheus the Fire - Bringer , it appears that the Titan finally warns Zeus not to sleep with the sea nymph Thetis , for she is fated to give birth to a son greater than the father . Not wishing to be overthrown , Zeus marries Thetis off to the mortal Peleus ; the product of that union is Achilles , Greek hero of the Trojan War . After reconciling with Prometheus , Zeus probably inaugurates a festival in his honor at Athens . Lost plays ( edit ) Only the titles and assorted fragments of Aeschylus 's other plays have come down to us . We have enough fragments of some plays ( along with comments made by later authors and scholiasts ) to produce rough synopses of their plots . Myrmidons ( edit ) This play was based on books 9 and 16 in Homer 's Iliad . Achilles sits in silent indignation over his humiliation at Agamemnon 's hands for most of the play . Envoys from the Greek army attempt to reconcile him to Agamemnon , but he yields only to his friend Patroclus , who then battles the Trojans in Achilles ' armour . The bravery and death of Patroclus are reported in a messenger 's speech , which is followed by mourning . Nereids ( edit ) This play was based on books 18 , 19 , and 22 of the Iliad ; it follows the Daughters of Nereus , the sea god , who lament Patroclus ' death . In the play , a messenger tells how Achilles , perhaps reconciled to Agamemnon and the Greeks , slew Hector . Phrygians , or Hector 's ransom ( edit ) In this play , Achilles sits in silent mourning over Patroclus , after a brief discussion with Hermes . Hermes then brings in King Priam of Troy , who wins over Achilles and ransoms his son 's body in a spectacular coup de théâtre . A scale is brought on stage and Hector 's body is placed in one scale and gold in the other . The dynamic dancing of the chorus of Trojans when they enter with Priam is reported by Aristophanes . Niobe ( edit ) The children of Niobe , the heroine , have been slain by Apollo and Artemis because Niobe had gloated that she had more children than their mother , Leto . Niobe sits in silent mourning on stage during most of the play . In the Republic , Plato quotes the line `` God plants a fault in mortals when he wills to destroy a house utterly . '' These are the remaining 71 plays ascribed to Aeschylus which are known to us : Alcmene Amymone The Archer - Women The Argivian Women The Argo , also titled The Rowers Atalanta Athamas Attendants of the Bridal Chamber Award of the Arms The Bacchae The Bassarae The Bone - Gatherers The Cabeiroi Callisto The Carians , also titled Europa Cercyon Children of Hercules Circe The Cretan Women Cycnus The Danaids Daughters of Helios Daughters of Phorcys The Descendants The Edonians The Egyptians The Escorts Glaucus of Pontus Glaucus of Potniae Hypsipyle Iphigenia Ixion Laius The Lemnian Women The Lion Lycurgus Memnon The Men of Eleusis The Messengers The Myrmidons The Mysians Nemea The Net - Draggers The Nurses of Dionysus Orethyia Palamedes Penelope Pentheus Perrhaibides Philoctetes Phineus The Phrygian Women Polydectes The Priestesses Prometheus the Fire - Bearer Prometheus the Fire - Kindler Prometheus Unbound Proteus Semele , also titled The Water - Bearers Sisyphus the Runaway Sisyphus the Stone - Roller The Spectators , also titled Athletes of the Isthmian Games The Sphinx The Spirit - Raisers Telephus The Thracian Women Weighing of Souls Women of Aetna ( two versions ) Women of Salamis Xantriae The Youths Influence ( edit ) Influence on Greek drama and culture ( edit ) Mosaic of Orestes , main character in Aeschylus 's only surviving trilogy , The Oresteia When Aeschylus first began writing , the theatre had only just begun to evolve , although earlier playwrights like Thespis had already expanded the cast to include an actor who was able to interact with the chorus . Aeschylus added a second actor , allowing for greater dramatic variety , while the chorus played a less important role . He is sometimes credited with introducing skenographia , or scene - decoration , though Aristotle gives this distinction to Sophocles . Aeschylus is also said to have made the costumes more elaborate and dramatic , and having his actors wear platform boots ( cothurni ) to make them more visible to the audience . According to a later account of Aeschylus 's life , as they walked on stage in the first performance of the Eumenides , the chorus of Furies were so frightening in appearance that they caused young children to faint , patriarchs to urinate , and pregnant women to go into labour . His plays were written in verse , no violence is performed on stage , and the plays have a remoteness from daily life in Athens , either by relating stories about the gods or by being set , like The Persians , in far - away locales . Aeschylus 's work has a strong moral and religious emphasis . The Oresteia trilogy concentrated on man 's position in the cosmos in relation to the gods , divine law , and divine punishment . Aeschylus 's popularity is evident in the praise the comic playwright Aristophanes gives him in The Frogs , produced some half - century after Aeschylus 's death . Appearing as a character in the play , Aeschylus claims at line 1022 that his Seven against Thebes `` made everyone watching it to love being warlike '' ; with his Persians , Aeschylus claims at lines 1026 -- 7 that he `` taught the Athenians to desire always to defeat their enemies . '' Aeschylus goes on to say at lines 1039ff. that his plays inspired the Athenians to be brave and virtuous . Influence outside Greek culture ( edit ) Aeschylus 's works were influential beyond his own time . Hugh Lloyd - Jones draws attention to Richard Wagner 's reverence of Aeschylus . Michael Ewans argues in his Wagner and Aeschylus . The Ring and the Oresteia ( London : Faber. 1982 ) that the influence was so great as to merit a direct character by character comparison between Wagner 's Ring and Aeschylus 's Oresteia . A critic of his book however , while not denying that Wagner read and respected Aeschylus , has described his arguments as unreasonable and forced . Sir J.T. Sheppard argues in the second half of his Aeschylus and Sophocles : Their Work and Influence that Aeschylus , along with Sophocles , have played a major part in the formation of dramatic literature from the Renaissance to the present , specifically in French and Elizabethan drama . He also claims that their influence went beyond just drama and applies to literature in general , citing Milton and the Romantics . During his presidential campaign in 1968 , Senator Robert F. Kennedy quoted the Edith Hamilton translation of Aeschylus on the night of the assassination of Martin Luther King Jr . Kennedy was notified of King 's murder before a campaign stop in Indianapolis , Indiana and was warned not to attend the event due to fears of rioting from the mostly African - American crowd . Kennedy insisted on attending and delivered an impromptu speech that delivered news of King 's death to the crowd . Acknowledging the audience 's emotions , Kennedy referred to his own grief at the murder of his brother , President John F. Kennedy and , quoting a passage from the play Agamemnon ( in translation ) , said : `` My favorite poet was Aeschylus . And he once wrote : ' Even in our sleep , pain which can not forget falls drop by drop upon the heart , until in our own despair , against our will , comes wisdom through the awful grace of God . ' What we need in the United States is not division ; what we need in the United States is not hatred ; what we need in the United States is not violence and lawlessness ; but is love and wisdom , and compassion toward one another , and a feeling of justice toward those who still suffer within our country , whether they be white or whether they be black ... Let us dedicate ourselves to what the Greeks wrote so many years ago : to tame the savageness of man and make gentle the life of this world . '' The quotation from Aeschylus was later inscribed on a memorial at the gravesite of Robert Kennedy following his own assassination . See also ( edit ) 2876 Aeschylus , an asteroid named for him Theatre of ancient Greece Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The remnant of a commemorative inscription , dated to the 3rd century BC , lists four , possibly eight , dramatic poets ( probably including Choerilus , Phrynichus , and Pratinas ) who had won tragic victories at the Dionysia before Aeschylus had . Thespis was traditionally regarded the inventor of tragedy . According to another tradition , tragedy was established in Athens in the late 530s BC , but that may simply reflect an absence of records . Major innovations in dramatic form , credited to Aeschylus by Aristotle and the anonymous source The Life of Aeschylus , may be exaggerations and should be viewed with caution ( Martin Cropp ( 2006 ) , `` Lost Tragedies : A Survey '' in A Companion to Greek Tragedy , pp. 272 -- 74 ) Citations ( edit ) Jump up ^ Jones , Daniel ; Roach , Peter , James Hartman and Jane Setter , eds . Cambridge English Pronouncing Dictionary . 17th edition . Cambridge UP , 2006 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1999 , p. 243 Jump up ^ Schlegel , August Wilhelm von . Lectures on Dramatic Art and Literature . p. 121 . Jump up ^ R. Lattimore , Aeschylus I : Oresteia , 4 Jump up ^ Martin Cropp , ' Lost Tragedies : A Survey ' ; A Companion to Greek Tragedy , p. 273 Jump up ^ P. Levi , Greek Drama , 159 Jump up ^ S. Saïd , Aeschylean Tragedy , 215 Jump up ^ S. Saïd , Aeschylean Tragedy , 221 ^ Jump up to : Sommerstein 1996 , p. 33 ^ Jump up to : Bates 1906 , pp. 53 -- 59 Jump up ^ S. Saïd , Eschylean tragedy , 217 ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1999 , p. 241 ^ Jump up to : Kopff 1997 pp. 1 -- 472 Jump up ^ Sommerstein 1996 , p. 34 Jump up ^ Martin 2000 , § 10.1 Jump up ^ Nicomachean Ethics 1111a8 -- 10 . Jump up ^ Ursula Hoff ( 1938 ) . `` Meditation in Solitude '' . Journal of the Warburg Institute . The Warburg Institute . 1 ( 44 ) : 292 -- 294 . doi : 10.2307 / 749994 . JSTOR 749994 . ^ Jump up to : J.C. McKeown ( 2013 ) , A Cabinet of Greek Curiosities : Strange Tales and Surprising Facts from the Cradle of Western Civilization , Oxford University Press , p. 136 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 998210 - 3 , The unusual nature of Aeschylus 's death ... Jump up ^ Critchley 2009 Jump up ^ Anthologiae Graecae Appendix , vol. 3 , Epigramma sepulcrale . p. 17 . Jump up ^ Osborn , K. ; Burges , D. ( 1998 ) . The complete idiot 's guide to classical mythology . Penguin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 02 - 862385 - 6 . Jump up ^ Smith 2005 , p. 1 ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1999 , p. 242 ^ Jump up to : Pomeroy 1999 , p. 222 Jump up ^ Sommerstein 1996 Jump up ^ Sommerstein 2002 , 34 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1999 , p. 244 ^ Jump up to : Vellacott : 7 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1999 , pp. 244 -- 46 ^ Jump up to : Aeschylus . `` Prometheus Bound , The Suppliants , Seven Against Thebes , The Persians . '' Philip Vellacott 's Introduction , pp. 7 -- 19 . Penguin Classics . Jump up ^ Sommerstein 2002 , 23 . ^ Jump up to : Freeman 1999 , p. 246 Jump up ^ See ( e.g. ) Sommerstein 1996 , 141 -- 51 ; Turner 2001 , 36 -- 39 . ^ Jump up to : Sommerstein 2002 , 89 . Jump up ^ Griffith 1983 , pp. 32 -- 34 ^ Jump up to : For a discussion of the trilogy 's reconstruction , see ( e.g. ) Conacher 1980 , 100 -- 02 . Jump up ^ According to Vitruvius . See Summers 2007 , 23 . Jump up ^ Life of Aeschylus . ^ Jump up to : Pomeroy 1999 , p. 223 Jump up ^ Pomeroy 1999 , pp. 224 -- 25 Jump up ^ Furness , Raymond ( January 1984 ) . `` The Modern Language Review '' . 79 ( 1 ) : 239 -- 40 . JSTOR 3730399 . Jump up ^ Sheppard , J.T. ( 1927 ) . `` Aeschylus and Sophocles : their Work and Influence '' . Journal of Hellenic Studies . The Society for the Promotion of Hellenic Studies . 47 ( 2 ) : 265 . doi : 10.2307 / 625177 . JSTOR 625177 . ^ Jump up to : Virginia -- Arlington National Cemetery : Robert F. Kennedy Gravesite Editions ( edit ) Martin L. West , Aeschyli Tragoediae : cum incerti poetae Prometheo 2 ed. ( 1998 ) . The first translation of the seven plays into English was by Robert Potter in 1779 , using blank verse for the iambic trimeters and rhymed verse for the choruses , a convention adopted by most translators for the next century . Anna Swanwick produced a verse translation in English of all seven surviving plays as The Dramas of Aeschylus in 1886 full text Stefan Radt ( Hg . ) , Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta . Vol . III : Aeschylus ( Göttingen , Vandenhoeck & Ruprecht , 2009 ) ( Tragicorum Graecorum Fragmenta , 3 ) . Alan H. Sommerstein ( ed . ) , Aeschylus , Volume II , Oresteia : Agamemnon . Libation - bearers . Eumenides. 146 ( Cambridge , Mass. / London : Loeb Classical Library , 2009 ) ; Volume III , Fragments. 505 ( Cambridge , Mass. / London : Loeb Classical Library , 2008 ) . Library resources about Aeschylus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries By Aeschylus Online books Resources in your library Resources in other libraries References ( edit ) Bates , Alfred ( 1906 ) . `` The Drama : Its History , Literature , and Influence on Civilization , Vol. 1 '' . London : Historical Publishing Company . Bierl , A. Die Orestie des Aischylos auf der modernen Bühne : Theoretische Konzeptionen und ihre szenische Realizierung ( Stuttgart : Metzler , 1997 ) Cairns , D. , V. Liapis , Dionysalexandros : Essays on Aeschylus and His Fellow Tragedians in Honour of Alexander F. Garvie ( Swansea : The Classical Press of Wales , 2006 ) Critchley , Simon ( 2009 ) . The Book of Dead Philosophers . London : Granta Publications . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84708079 - 0 . Cropp , Martin ( 2006 ) . `` Lost Tragedies : A Survey '' . In Gregory , Justine . A Companion to Greek Tragedy . Blackwell Publishing . Deforge , B. Une vie avec Eschyle . Vérité des mythes ( Paris , Les Belles Lettres , 2010 ) Freeman , Charles ( 1999 ) . The Greek Achievement : The Foundation of the Western World . New York City : Viking Press . ISBN 0 - 670 - 88515 - 0 . Goldhill , Simon ( 1992 ) . Aeschylus , The Oresteia . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 40293 - X . Griffith , Mark ( 1983 ) . Aeschylus ' Prometheus Bound . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 27011 - 1 . Herington , C.J. ( 1986 ) . Aeschylus . New Haven , CT : Yale University Press . ISBN 0 - 300 - 03562 - 4 . Herington , C.J. ( 1967 ) . `` Aeschylus in Sicily '' . Journal of Hellenic Studies . 87 : 74 -- 85 . doi : 10.2307 / 627808 . Kopff , E. Christian ( 1997 ) . Ancient Greek Authors . Gale . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8103 - 9939 - 6 . Lattimore , Richmond ( 1953 ) . Aeschylus I : Oresteia . University of Chicago Press . Lefkowitz , Mary ( 1981 ) . The Lives of the Greek Poets . University of North Carolina Press Lesky , Albin ( 1979 ) . Greek Tragedy . London : Benn . Lesky , Albin ( 1966 ) . A History of Greek Literature . New York : Crowell . Levi , Peter ( 1986 ) . `` Greek Drama '' . The Oxford History of the Classical World . Oxford University Press . Martin , Thomas ( 2000 ) . `` Ancient Greece : From Prehistoric to Hellenistic Times '' . Yale University Press . Murray , Gilbert ( 1978 ) . Aeschylus : The Creator of Tragedy . Oxford : Clarendon Press . Podlecki , Anthony J. ( 1966 ) . The Political Background of Aeschylean Tragedy . Ann Arbor : University of Michigan Press . Pomeroy , Sarah B. ( 1999 ) . Ancient Greece : A Political , Social , and Cultural History . New York City : Oxford University Press . ISBN 0 - 19 - 509743 - 2 . Rosenmeyer , Thomas G. ( 1982 ) . The Art of Aeschylus . Berkeley : University of California Press . ISBN 0 - 520 - 04440 - 1 . Saïd , Suzanne ( 2006 ) . `` Aeschylean Tragedy '' . A Companion to Greek Tragedy . Blackwell Publishing . Smith , Helaine ( 2005 ) . Masterpieces of Classic Greek Drama . Greenwood . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33268 - 5 . Smyth , Herbert Weir ( 1922 ) . Aeschylus . Cambridge , MA : Harvard University Press . Sommerstein , Alan H. ( 2010 ) . `` Aeschylean Tragedy '' ( 2nd ed . ) . London : Duckworth . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7156 - 3824 - 8 . -- ( 2002 ) . Greek Drama and Dramatists . London : Routledge Press . ISBN 0 - 415 - 26027 - 2 Spatz , Lois ( 1982 ) . Aeschylus . Boston : Twayne Publishers Press . ISBN 0 - 8057 - 6522 - 0 . Summers , David ( 2007 ) . Vision , Reflection , and Desire in Western Painting . University of North Carolina Press Thomson , George ( 1973 ) Aeschylus and Athens : A Study in the Social Origin of Drama . London : Lawrence and Wishart ( 4th edition ) Turner , Chad ( 2001 ) . `` Perverted Supplication and Other Inversions in Aeschylus ' Danaid Trilogy '' . Classical Journal . 97 ( 1 ) : 27 -- 50 . JSTOR 3298432 . Vellacott , Philip , ( 1961 ) . Prometheus Bound and Other Plays : Prometheus Bound , Seven Against Thebes , and The Persians . New York : Penguin Classics . ISBN 0 - 14 - 044112 - 3 Winnington - Ingram , R.P. ( 1985 ) . `` Aeschylus '' . The Cambridge History of Classical Literature : Greek Literature . Cambridge University Press . Zeitlin , F.I. Under the sign of the shield : semiotics and Aeschylus ' Seven against Thebes ( Lanham , Md. : Lexington Books , 1982 ) ; 2nd ed. 2009 , ( Greek studies : interdisciplinary approaches ) Castoriadis , Cornelius . `` What Makes Greece , 1 . From Homer to Heraclitus . '' ( 2004 ) External links ( edit ) Find more aboutAeschylusat Wikipedia 's sister projects Definitions from Wiktionary Media from Wikimedia Commons Quotations from Wikiquote Texts from Wikisource Textbooks from Wikibooks Works by Aeschylus at Project Gutenberg Works by Aeschylus ( translated by George Gilbert Aimé ) at Faded Page ( Canada ) Works by or about Aeschylus at Internet Archive Works by Aeschylus at LibriVox ( public domain audiobooks ) Selected Poems of Aeschylus Aeschylus - related materials at the Perseus Digital Library Complete syntax diagrams at Alpheios Online English Translations of Aeschylus Photo of a fragment of The Net - pullers Crane , Gregory . `` Aeschylus ( 4 ) '' . 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1. Aeschylus - ancient Greek playwright 2. Father of tragedy 3. Surviving plays - The Persians, Seven against Thebes, The Suppliants, The Oresteia, Prometheus Bound 4. Influence on Greek drama and culture 5. Life and personal life of Aeschylus

the estates general was convened in 1789 in order to deal with

Estates General of 1789 - wikipedia Estates General of 1789 Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( May 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Engraving by Isidore - Stanislaus Helman ( 1743 -- 1806 ) following a sketch by Charles Monnet ( 1732 -- 1808 ) . The title is L'Ouverture des États Généraux à Versailles le 5 Mai 1789 , `` Opening of the Estates - General in Versailles 5 May 1789 . '' It was one of a series by Helman : Principales Journées de la Révolution . Painting by Auguste Couder showing the General The estates general , a general assembly representing the French estates of the realm : the clergy ( First Estate ) , the nobility ( Second Estate ) , and the commoners ( Third Estate ) . Summoned by King Louis XVI , it was brought to an end when the Third Estate formed into a National Assembly , inviting the other two to join , against the wishes of the King . This signals the outbreak of the French Revolution . Contents ( hide ) 1 The decision to summon the Estates 1.1 First Assembly of Notables and peasants 1.2 Rebellion of the parliament 1.3 The Return of Necker 2 Convening the Estates - General 2.1 Edict of 24 January 1789 2.2 Elections of early Spring 1789 2.3 Opening of the Convention 3 Proceedings and dissolution 4 See also 5 References 6 External links The decision to summon the Estates ( Edit ) First Assembly of Notables and peasants ( Edit ) The suggestion to summon the Estates General came from the Assembly of Notables installed by the King on 22 February 1787 . It had not met since 1626 . The usual business of registering the King 's edicts as law was performed by the Parlement of Paris . In this year it was refusing to cooperate with Charles Alexandre de Calonne 's program of badly needed financial reform , due to the special interests of its noble members . Calonne was the Controller - General of Finances , appointed by the King to address the state deficit . As a last measure , Calonne was hoping to bypass them by reviving an archaic institution . The initial roster of Notables included 137 nobles , among them many future revolutionaries , such as the Comte de Mirabeau and the Marquis de Lafayette , hero of the American Revolution . Lafayette had served in George Washington 's army . Much of the debt had been incurred on behalf of the Americans . The final defeat of Lord Cornwallis at the Battle of Yorktown was due in large part to the participation of the French army and navy . If Calonne thought he would find more cooperation by changing the assembly , he was mistaken . He proposed a `` land tax , '' Subvention Territoriale , to be imposed on all land - holders , rich or poor . A storm of protest arose . Charges of mismanagement were made . Calonne was dismissed on 8 April 1787 and then was exiled . He commented on the French political scene from London . Calonne 's replacement was Étienne Charles de Loménie de Brienne , President of the Assembly of Notables . He was offered the post of Prime Minister , which was to include being Controller . The Notables nevertheless remained recalcitrant . They made a number of proposals but they would not grant the King money . Lafayette suggested that the problem required a national assembly . Brienne asked him if he meant the Estates General . On receiving an affirmative answer , Brienne recorded it as a proposal . Frustrated by his inability to obtain money , the King staged a day - long harangue , and then on 25 May dissolved the Notables . Their proposals reverted to the Parlement . Rebellion of the parliament ( Edit ) Turning again to the parliament , the King found that they were inclined to continue the issues that had been raised in the Assembly of Notables . Their proper legal function , besides giving advice to the King , was only to register , or record , his edicts as law , a matter of simple obedience , which the King 's father and grandfather had been able to command , sometimes by sternness , threats , and losses of temper . Unless registered , the edicts were not lawful . On 6 July 1787 , Loménie forwarded the Subvention Territoriale and another tax , the Edit du Timbre , or `` Stamp Act , '' based on the American model , for registration . Parlement refused an illegal act , demanding accounting statements , or `` States , '' as a prior condition . It was the King 's turn to refuse . The members of the Parlement began to jest that they required either the accounting States or the Estates General . The King could not let this slight to his authority pass . Parlement was commanded to assemble at the King 's palace at Versailles where , on 6 August , he ordered them in person to register the taxes . On 7 August back in Paris , the Parlement declared , in earnest this time , that the order was null and void , repudiating all previous registrations of taxes . Only the Estates General , they said , could register taxes . For the second time , the King summoned Parlement away from Paris , where crowds of people cheered their every act from the street , this time to meet at Troyes , Champagne on 15 August . He did not personally appear . By messenger he and Parlement negotiated an agreement : the King withdrew the Stamp Tax and modified the Land Tax to exclude the lands of people of title in return for the assured registration of further loans . Parlement was allowed to return on 20 September . Encouraged , Loménie , with the support of the King , went beyond the intent of the Parlement which was to grant specific loans . He proposed an Emprunt Successif ( Successive Loan ) until 1792 giving the King a blank cheque . When Parlement delayed the King resorted to a ruse ; he scheduled a Royal Hunt for 19 November . On that day at 11 : 00 AM the King and his peers noisily entered the session of Parlement dressed in hunting clothes . They would confer with each other and have the decisions registered immediately , they said . Nearly the entire government was now face - to - face . They argued the problems and issues concerned until dusk , some six hours later . Parlement believed that the problem had gone beyond the government and needed the decisions of the Estates General which did not correspond to the King 's concept of monarchy . At the end of the day , the King demanded the registration of the Successive Loan . The Duc d'Orléans ( a previous Notable , a relative of the King , and an ardent revolutionary ) , known as Philippe Égalité , asked if this were a Royal Session of the Peers or a Session of Parlement . On being told it was a Royal Session he replied that edicts were not registered at Royal Sessions . The King retorted , Vous êtes bien le maître ( do as YOU will ) with some sarcasm as the King 's will was legally required , and strode angrily from the session with a retinue . Lettres de Cachet , or arbitrary arrest warrants , followed on the 20th for D'Orleans and two others . They were taken into custody and held under comfortable conditions away from Paris ; D'Orleans on his country estate . Parlement began a debate on the legality of Lettres de Cachet . The men being held became a cause célèbre . As the King and Parlement could accomplish no more together De Brienne , over the winter , pressed for an alternative plan ; to resurrect even more archaic institutions . The Grand Bailliages , or larger legal jurisdictions that once had existed , would assume Parlement legal functions , while the Plenary Court , last known under Louis IX , when it had the power to register edicts , would assume the registration duties of the Parlement , leaving it with no duties to perform . The King planned a sudden revelation and dismissal of Parlement . However , Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil heard the government presses running and bribed the printer to give him the proofs of the edict . Hearing it read the next day , 3 May 1788 , Parlement swore an oath not to be disbanded and defined a manifesto of their rights . Warrants were issued for Eprémesnil and another but they escaped from their homes over the rooftops in the early morning to seek refuge in Parlement . The King sent his guards into Parlement to arrest them . They surrendered . Parlement filed silently out between a line of guards . The commander gave the key to the building to the King . The return of Necker ( Edit ) The transfer of power to the new government was to begin on 8 May 1788 with the registration of the edicts establishing it in the regional Parlement . The latter refused unanimously following the Parlement of Paris . If the King 's commissioners forced the issue Parlement abandoned the meeting place only to return the next day to declare the registration null and void . Armed protest swept the kingdom . Street fighting broke out at Rennes , Brittany . A deputation sent to Paris from there was imprisoned in the Bastille . The Bretons in Paris founded the Breton Club , later the Jacobin Society . The Grand Bailliages could not be created and the Plenary Court met only once . Convening the Estates - General ( Edit ) Edict of 24 January 1789 ( Edit ) The Estates - General were summoned by a royal edict dated to 24 January 1789 . It comprised two parts : a Lettre du Roi , and a Règlement . The Lettre announces : `` We have need of a concourse of our faithful subjects , to assist us surmount all the difficulties we find relative to the state of our finances ... These great motives have resolved us to convoke the assemblée des États of all the provinces under our authority ... '' The King promises to address the grievances of his people . The `` most notable persons '' of each community and judicial district are summoned `` to confer and to record remonstrances , complaints , and grievances . '' Elections for Deputies are to be held . He says that he intends `` reform of abuse , '' `` establishment of a fixed and durable order , '' and `` general prosperity . '' The Lettre is signed `` Louis . '' Lettres de Convocation were sent to all the provinces with the Règlement prescribing the methods of election . During the preceding autumn the Parlement of Paris , an aristocratic advisory body to the King , had decided that the organization of the convention would be the same as in 1614 , the last time the Estates had met . As 175 years had gone by since then it is clear the Estates were not a functional institution in French society . By reviving them as much as possible like they had been the King and the Parlement intended to control the authority of the people . The previous Estates had voted by order ; that is , the Nobles and the Clergy could together outvote the Commons by 2 to 1 . If on the other hand , each delegate were to have one vote , the majority would prevail . The issue was widely discussed in the press during the autumn of 1788 . The people would nevertheless accept any national convention confident that enough members of the Nobility and the Clergy would be with them to sway the votes . A National Party was formed . It argued that France had never had a constitution and the proper function of the Convention was to establish one . The royalist defenders , however , accepted the absolute monarchy as the constitution . Just to be certain the press began to demand that the Commons be allocated twice as many delegates as each of the other two Estates . In an attempt to bolster his failing popularity the King acceded to this measure of `` doubling the Third . '' He was confident of his influence over the Nobility and Clergy . Elections of early spring 1789 ( Edit ) The First Estate represented 100 Catholic clergy ; the Church owned about 10 percent of the land and collected its own taxes ( the tithe ) on peasants . The lands were controlled by bishops and abbots of monasteries , but two - thirds of the 303 delegates from the First Estate were ordinary parish priests ; only 51 were bishops . The Second Estate represented the nobility , about 400 men and women who owned about 25 percent of the land and collected seigneurial dues and rents from their peasant tenants . About a third of the 282 deputies representing the Second Estate were nobles , mostly with minor holdings . The Third Estate representation was doubled to 578 men , representing 95 percent of the population . Half were well - educated lawyers or local officials . Nearly a third were in trades or industry ; 51 were wealthy land owners . The Réglement that went out by post in January thus specified separate voting for delegates of each Estate . Each tax district ( cities , boroughs , and parishes ) would elect their own delegates to the Third Estate . The Bailliages , or judicial districts , would elect delegates to the First and Second Estates in separate ballots . Each voting assembly would also collect a Cahier , or `` Notebook '' , of grievances to be considered by the Convocation . The election rules differed somewhat depending on the type of voting unit , whether city , parish or some other . Generally , the distribution of delegates was by population : the most populous locations had the greatest number of delegates . The City of Paris was thus dominant . The electorate consisted of males 25 years and older , property owners , and registered taxpayers . They could be native or naturalized citizens . The number of delegates elected was about 1,200 , half of whom formed the Third Estate . The First and Second Estates had 300 each . But French society had changed since 1614 , and these Estates - General were not identical to those of 1614 . Members of the nobility were not required to stand for election to the Second Estate , and many of them were elected to the Third Estate . The total number of nobles in the three Estates was about 400 . Noble representatives of the Third Estate were among the most passionate revolutionaries in attendance , including Jean Joseph Mounier and the comte de Mirabeau . Despite their status as elected representatives of the Third Estate , many of these nobles were executed by guillotine during the Terror . The Nobles in the Second Estate were the richest and most powerful in the kingdom . The King could count on them , but that was of little use to him in the succeeding course of history . He had also expected that the First Estate would be predominantly the noble Bishops . The electorate , however , returned mainly parish priests , most of whom were sympathetic to the Commons . The Third Estate elections returned predominantly magistrates and lawyers . The lower levels of society , the landless , working men , though present in large numbers in street gangs , were totally absent from the Estates - General , as the King had called for `` the most notable persons '' . The grievances returned were mainly about taxes , which the people considered a crushing burden . Consequently , the people and the King were totally at odds from the very beginning . Aristocratic privilege was also attacked . The people resented the fact that nobles could excuse themselves from most of the burden of taxation and service that fell on the ordinary people . A third type complained that the ubiquitous tolls and duties levied by the nobility hindered internal commerce . Opening of the convention ( Edit ) On 5 May 1789 , amidst general festivities , the Estates - General convened in an elaborate but temporary Île des États set up in one of the courtyards of the official Hôtel des Menus Plaisirs in the town of Versailles near the royal château . With the étiquette of 1614 strictly enforced , the clergy and nobility ranged in tiered seating in their full regalia , while the physical locations of the deputies from the Third Estate were at the far end , as dictated by the protocol . When Louis XVI and Charles Louis François de Paule de Barentin , the Keeper of the Seals of France , addressed the deputies on 6 May , the Third Estate discovered that the royal decree granting double representation also upheld the traditional voting `` by orders '' , i.e. that the collective vote of each estate would be weighed equally . The apparent intent of the King and of Barentin was for everyone to get directly to the matter of taxes . The larger representation of the Third Estate would remain merely a symbol while giving them no extra power . Director - General of Finance Jacques Necker had more sympathy for the Third Estate , but on this occasion he spoke only about the fiscal situation , leaving it to Barentin to speak on how the Estates - General was to operate . Trying to avoid the issue of representation and to focus solely on taxes , the King and his ministers had gravely misjudged the situation . The Third Estate wanted the estates to meet as one body and for each delegate to have one vote . The other two estates , while having their own grievances against royal absolutism , believed -- correctly , as history was to prove -- that they stood to lose more power to the Third Estate than they stood to gain from the King . Necker sympathized with the Third Estate in this matter , but the astute financier lacked equal astuteness as a politician . He decided to let the impasse play out to the point of stalemate before he would enter the fray . As a result , by the time the King yielded to the demand of the Third Estate , it seemed to all to be a concession wrung from the monarchy , rather than a magnanimous gift that would have convinced the populace of the King 's goodwill . Proceedings and dissolution ( Edit ) The Estates - General reached an impasse . The Second Estate pushed for meetings that were to transpire in three separate locations , as they had traditionally . The Comte de Mirabeau , a noble himself but elected to represent the Third Estate , tried but failed to keep all three orders in a single room for this discussion . Instead of discussing the King 's taxes , the three estates began to discuss separately the organization of the legislature . These efforts continued without success until 27 May , when the nobles voted to stand firm for separate verification . The following day , the Abbé Sieyès ( a senior member of the clergy , but , like Mirabeau , elected to represent the Third Estate ) moved that the representatives of the Third Estate , who now called themselves the Communes ( `` Commons '' ) , proceed with verification and invite the other two estates to take part , but not to wait for them . On 13 June 1789 , the Third Estate had arrived at a resolution to examine and settle the powers of the three orders . They invited the clergy and nobles to work with them on this endeavor . On 17 June , with the failure of efforts to reconcile the three estates , the Communes completed their own process of verification and almost immediately voted a measure far more radical : they declared themselves redefined as the National Assembly , an assembly not of the estates , but of the people . They invited the other orders to join them but made it clear that they intended to conduct the nation 's affairs with or without them . As their numbers exceeded the combined numbers of the other estates , they could dominate any combined assembly . The King tried to resist . Under the influence of the courtiers of his privy council , he resolved to go in state to the Assembly , annul its decrees , command the separation of the orders , and dictate the reforms to be effected by the restored Estates - General . On 20 June , he ordered the hall where the National Assembly met , closed . The Assembly moved their deliberations to the nearby tennis court , where they proceeded to swear the ' Tennis Court Oath ' , by which they agreed not to separate until they had settled the constitution of France . Two days later , deprived of the use of the tennis court as well , the Assembly met in the Church of Saint Louis , where the majority of the representatives of the clergy joined them : efforts to restore the old order had served only to accelerate events . In the séance royale of 23 June , the King granted a Charte octroyée , a constitution granted by royal favor , which affirmed , subject to the traditional limitations , the right of separate deliberation for the three orders , which constitutionally formed three chambers . This move failed ; soon , that part of the deputies of the nobles who still stood apart joined the National Assembly at the request of the King . The Estates - General had ceased to exist , having become the National Assembly ( and after 9 July 1789 , the National Constituent Assembly ) . See also ( edit ) The French Revolution : A History References ( Edit ) Jump up ^ Portalis , Roger ; Béraldi , Henri ( 1881 ) . Les Graveurs du Dix - Huitième Siècle . Tome Second . Paris : Damascène Morgand et Charles Fatout . p. 397 . Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902 , p. 63 Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902 , pp. 63 -- 66 Jump up ^ Carlyle : 1902 , pp. 70 -- 73 Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902 , pp. 75 -- 77 Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902 , pp. 81 -- 84 Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902 , p. 85 Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902 , pp. 86 -- 95 Jump up ^ Carlyle 1902 , pp. 95 -- 97 Jump up ^ Louis XVI ( 1789 ) . Lettre du Roi pour la Convocation des États - Généraux a Versailles , le 27 Avril , 1789 , et Règlement y Annexé . Paris : L'Imprimerie Royale . p. 3 . Nous avons besoin du concours de nos fidèles Sujets , pour nous aider à surmonter toutes les difficultés où nous nous trouvons relativement à l'état de nos finances ... Ces grands motifs nous ont déterminés à convoquer l'assemblée des États de toutes les Provinces de notre obéissance ... Jump up ^ The analysis of the preceding two paragraphs is that of Neely 2008 , pp. 55 -- 58 Jump up ^ William Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) p 59 Jump up ^ Doyle , The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp. 99 -- 101 Jump up ^ Albert Soboul , The French Revolution 1787 -- 1799 ( 1975 ) pp. 127 -- 29 . Jump up ^ Boyer , John W. ; Kirshner , Julius ( 1986 ) . Baker , Keith Michael , ed . From Reform to Revolution . The Old Regime and the French Revolution . University of Chicago readings in Western civilization . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . pp. 180 -- 84 . Jump up ^ von Guttner , Darius ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Nelson Cengage . p. 225 . Jump up ^ Schwab , Gail M. ; Jeanneney , John R. ( 1995 - 01 - 01 ) . The French Revolution of 1789 and Its Impact . Greenwood Publishing Group . Jump up ^ Elections results come from Neely 2008 , pp. 61 -- 63 Jump up ^ Dyer , Thomas Henry ; Hassall , Arthur ( 1901 - 01 - 01 ) . 1679 - 1789 . G. Bell and sons . Jump up ^ SparkNotes : the French Revolution ( 1789 -- 1799 ) : The Estates - General : 1789 Jump up ^ Palmer , Robert R. ( 2016 - 06 - 10 ) . The World of the French Revolution . Routledge . ISBN 9781317189565 . Bibliography Carlyle , Thomas ( 1902 ) . The French Revolution : a History . New York : Thomas Nelson and Sons . Doyle , William . The Oxford History of the French Revolution ( 2003 ) Furet , Francois , and Mona Ozouf , eds . A Critical Dictionary of the French Revolution ( 1989 ) pp. 45 -- 53 von Guttner , Darius ( 2015 ) . The French Revolution . Melbourne : Nelson Cengage . Neely , Sylvia ( 2008 ) . A concise history of the French Revolution . Lanham , Maryland : Rowman & Littlefield . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Chisholm , Hugh , ed. ( 1911 ) . `` article name needed '' . Encyclopædia Britannica ( 11th ed . ) . Cambridge University Press . This article incorporates text from the public domain History of the French Revolution from 1789 to 1814 , by François Mignet ( 1824 ) , as made available by Project Gutenberg . External links ( Edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to French States - General . Wilde , Robert ( 2014 ) . `` The Estates General and the Revolution of 1789 '' . about.com . Retrieved 1 March 2014 . <Th_colspan="2"> French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> Causes Timeline Ancien Régime Revolution Constitutional monarchy Republic Directory Consulate Glossary <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Significant civil and political events by year 1788 Day of the Tiles ( 7 Jun 1788 ) Assembly of Vizille ( 21 Jul 1788 ) 1789 What Is the Third Estate ? ( Jan 1789 ) Réveillon riots ( 28 Apr 1789 ) Convocation of the Estates - General ( 5 May 1789 ) National Assembly ( 17 Jun -- 9 Jul 1790 ) Tennis Court Oath ( 20 Jun 1789 ) National Constituent Assembly ( 9 Jul -- 30 Sep 1791 ) Storming of the Bastille ( 14 Jul 1789 ) Great Fear ( 20 Jul -- 5 Aug 1789 ) Abolition of Feudalism ( 4 - 11 Aug 1789 ) Declaration of the Rights of Man and of the Citizen ( 27 Aug 1789 ) Women 's March on Versailles ( 5 Oct 1789 ) 1790 Abolition of the Parlements ( Feb -- Jul 1790 ) Abolition of the Nobility ( 19 Jun 1790 ) Civil Constitution of the Clergy ( 12 Jul 1790 ) 1791 Flight to Varennes ( 20 -- 21 Jun 1791 ) Champ de Mars Massacre ( 17 Jul 1791 ) Declaration of Pillnitz ( 27 Aug 1791 ) The Constitution of 1791 ( 3 Sep 1791 ) Legislative Assembly ( 1 Oct 1791 -- Sep 1792 ) 1792 France declares war ( 20 Apr 1792 ) Brunswick Manifesto ( 25 Jul 1792 ) Paris Commune becomes insurrectionary ( Jun 1792 ) 10th of August ( 10 Aug 1792 ) September Massacres ( Sep 1792 ) National Convention ( 20 Sep 1792 -- 26 Oct 1795 ) First republic declared ( 22 Sep 1792 ) 1793 Execution of Louis XVI ( 21 Jan 1793 ) Revolutionary Tribunal ( 9 Mar 1793 -- 31 May 1795 ) Reign of Terror ( 27 Jun 1793 -- 27 Jul 1794 ) Committee of Public Safety Committee of General Security Fall of the Girondists ( 2 Jun 1793 ) Assassination of Marat ( 13 Jul 1793 ) Levée en masse ( 23 Aug 1793 ) The Death of Marat ( painting ) Law of Suspects ( 17 Sep 1793 ) Marie Antoinette is guillotined ( 16 Oct 1793 ) Anti-clerical laws ( throughout the year ) 1794 Danton and Desmoulins guillotined ( 5 Apr 1794 ) Law of 22 Prairial ( 10 Jun 1794 ) Thermidorian Reaction ( 27 Jul 1794 ) Robespierre guillotined ( 28 Jul 1794 ) White Terror ( Fall 1794 ) Closing of the Jacobin Club ( 11 Nov 1794 ) 1795 Constitution of the Year III ( 22 Aug 1795 ) Conspiracy of the Equals ( Nov 1795 ) Directoire ( 1795 -- 99 ) Council of Five Hundred Council of Ancients 1797 Coup of 18 Fructidor ( 4 Sep 1797 ) Second Congress of Rastatt ( Dec 1797 ) 1799 Coup of 30 Prairial VII ( 18 Jun 1799 ) Coup of 18 Brumaire ( 9 Nov 1799 ) Constitution of the Year VIII ( 24 Dec 1799 ) Consulate <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Revolutionary campaigns 1792 Verdun Thionville Valmy Royalist Revolts Chouannerie Vendée Dauphiné Lille Siege of Mainz Jemappes Namur ( fr ) 1793 First Coalition Siege of Toulon ( 18 Sep -- 18 Dec 1793 ) War in the Vendée Battle of Neerwinden ) Battle of Famars ( 23 May 1793 ) Expédition de Sardaigne ( 21 Dec 1792 - 25 May 1793 ) Battle of Kaiserslautern Siege of Mainz Battle of Wattignies Battle of Hondschoote Siege of Bellegarde Battle of Peyrestortes ( Pyrenees ) First Battle of Wissembourg ( 13 Oct 1793 ) Battle of Truillas ( Pyrenees ) Second Battle of Wissembourg ( 26 -- 27 Dec 1793 ) 1794 Battle of Villers - en - Cauchies ( 24 Apr 1794 ) Battle of Boulou ( Pyrenees ) ( 30 Apr -- 1 May 1794 ) Battle of Tournay ( 22 May 1794 ) Battle of Fleurus ( 26 Jun 1794 ) Chouannerie Battle of Tourcoing ( 18 May 1794 ) Battle of Aldenhoven ( 2 Oct 1794 ) 1795 Peace of Basel 1796 Battle of Lonato ( 3 -- 4 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Castiglione ( 5 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Theiningen Battle of Neresheim ( 11 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Amberg ( 24 Aug 1796 ) Battle of Würzburg ( 3 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Rovereto ( 4 Sep 1796 ) First Battle of Bassano ( 8 Sep 1796 ) Battle of Emmendingen ( 19 Oct 1796 ) Battle of Schliengen ( 26 Oct 1796 ) Second Battle of Bassano ( 6 Nov 1796 ) Battle of Calliano ( 6 -- 7 Nov 1796 ) Battle of the Bridge of Arcole ( 15 -- 17 Nov 1796 ) The Ireland Expedition ( Dec 1796 ) 1797 Naval Engagement off Brittany ( 13 Jan 1797 ) Battle of Rivoli ( 14 -- 15 Jan 1797 ) Battle of the Bay of Cádiz ( 25 Jan 1797 ) Treaty of Leoben ( 17 Apr 1797 ) Battle of Neuwied ( 18 Apr 1797 ) Treaty of Campo Formio ( 17 Oct 1797 ) 1798 French invasion of Switzerland ( 28 January -- 17 May 1798 ) French Invasion of Egypt ( 1798 -- 1801 ) Irish Rebellion of 1798 ( 23 May -- 23 Sep 1798 ) Quasi-War ( 1798 -- 1800 ) Peasants ' War ( 12 Oct -- 5 Dec 1798 ) 1799 Second Coalition ( 1798 -- 1802 ) Siege of Acre ( 20 Mar -- 21 May 1799 ) Battle of Ostrach ( 20 -- 21 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Stockach ( 25 Mar 1799 ) Battle of Magnano ( 5 Apr 1799 ) Battle of Cassano ( 27 Apr 1799 ) First Battle of Zurich ( 4 -- 7 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Trebbia ( 19 Jun 1799 ) Battle of Novi ( 15 Aug 1799 ) Second Battle of Zurich ( 25 -- 26 Sep 1799 ) 1800 Battle of Marengo ( 14 Jun 1800 ) Battle of Hohenlinden ( 3 Dec 1800 ) League of Armed Neutrality ( 1800 -- 02 ) 1801 Treaty of Lunéville ( 9 Feb 1801 ) Treaty of Florence ( 18 Mar 1801 ) Algeciras Campaign ( 8 Jul 1801 ) 1802 Treaty of Amiens ( 25 Mar 1802 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Military leaders French Army Eustache Charles d'Aoust Pierre Augereau Alexandre de Beauharnais Jean - Baptiste Bernadotte Louis - Alexandre Berthier Jean - Baptiste Bessières Guillaume - Marie - Anne Brune Jean François Carteaux Jean Étienne Championnet Chapuis de Tourville Adam Philippe , Comte de Custine Louis - Nicolas Davout Louis Desaix Jacques François Dugommier Thomas - Alexandre Dumas Charles François Dumouriez Pierre Marie Barthélemy Ferino Louis - Charles de Flers Paul Grenier Emmanuel de Grouchy Jacques Maurice Hatry Lazare Hoche Jean - Baptiste Jourdan François Christophe de Kellermann Jean - Baptiste Kléber Pierre Choderlos de Laclos Jean Lannes Charles Leclerc Claude Lecourbe François Joseph Lefebvre Jacques MacDonald Jean - Antoine Marbot Jean Baptiste de Marbot François Séverin Marceau - Desgraviers Auguste de Marmont André Masséna Bon - Adrien Jeannot de Moncey Jean Victor Marie Moreau Édouard Mortier , duc de Trévise Joachim Murat Michel Ney Pierre - Jacques Osten ( fr ) Nicolas Oudinot Catherine - Dominique de Pérignon Jean - Charles Pichegru Józef Poniatowski Laurent de Gouvion Saint - Cyr Barthélemy Louis Joseph Schérer Jean - Mathieu - Philibert Sérurier Joseph Souham Jean - de-Dieu Soult Louis - Gabriel Suchet Belgrand de Vaubois Claude Victor - Perrin , Duc de Belluno French Navy Charles - Alexandre Linois Opposition Austria József Alvinczi Archduke Charles , Duke of Teschen Count of Clerfayt ( Walloon ) Karl Aloys zu Fürstenberg Friedrich Freiherr von Hotze ( Swiss ) Friedrich Adolf , Count von Kalckreuth Pál Kray ( Hungarian ) Charles Eugene , Prince of Lambesc ( French ) Maximilian Baillet de Latour ( Walloon ) Karl Mack von Leiberich Rudolf Ritter von Otto ( Saxon ) Prince Josias of Saxe - Coburg - Saalfeld Peter Vitus von Quosdanovich Prince Heinrich XV of Reuss - Plauen Johann Mészáros von Szoboszló ( Hungarian ) Karl Philipp Sebottendorf Dagobert von Wurmser Britain Sir Ralph Abercromby Admiral Sir James Saumarez Admiral Sir Edward Pellew Prince Frederick , Duke of York and Albany Dutch Republic William V , Prince of Orange Prussia Charles William Ferdinand , Duke of Brunswick - Wolfenbüttel Frederick Louis , Prince of Hohenlohe - Ingelfingen Russia Alexander Korsakov Alexander Suvorov Spain Luis Firmin de Carvajal Antonio Ricardos <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other significant figures and factions Society of 1789 Jean Sylvain Bailly Gilbert du Motier , Marquis de Lafayette François Alexandre Frédéric , duc de la Rochefoucauld - Liancourt Isaac René Guy le Chapelier Honoré Gabriel Riqueti , comte de Mirabeau Emmanuel Joseph Sieyès Charles - Maurice de Talleyrand - Périgord Nicolas de Condorcet Feuillants and monarchiens Madame de Lamballe Madame du Barry Louis de Breteuil Loménie de Brienne Charles Alexandre de Calonne de Chateaubriand Jean Chouan Grace Elliott Arnaud de La Porte Jean - Sifrein Maury Jacques Necker François - Marie , marquis de Barthélemy Guillaume - Mathieu Dumas Antoine Barnave Lafayette Alexandre - Théodore - Victor , comte de Lameth Charles Malo François Lameth André Chénier Jean - François Rewbell Camille Jordan Madame de Staël Boissy d'Anglas Jean - Charles Pichegru Pierre Paul Royer - Collard Girondists Jacques Pierre Brissot Roland de La Platière Madame Roland Father Henri Grégoire Étienne Clavière Marquis de Condorcet Charlotte Corday Marie Jean Hérault Jean Baptiste Treilhard Pierre Victurnien Vergniaud Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Jérôme Pétion de Villeneuve Jean Debry Jean - Jacques Duval d'Eprémesnil Olympe de Gouges Jean - Baptiste Robert Lindet Louis Marie de La Révellière - Lépeaux The Plain Abbé Sieyès de Cambacérès Charles François Lebrun Lazare Nicolas Marguerite Carnot Philippe Égalité Louis Philippe I Mirabeau Antoine Christophe Merlin de Thionville Jean Joseph Mounier Pierre Samuel du Pont de Nemours François de Neufchâteau Montagnards Maximilien Robespierre Georges Danton Jean - Paul Marat Camille Desmoulins Louis Antoine de Saint - Just Paul Nicolas , vicomte de Barras Louis Philippe I Louis Michel le Peletier de Saint - Fargeau Jacques - Louis David Marquis de Sade Jacques - Louis David Georges Couthon Roger Ducos Jean - Marie Collot d'Herbois Jean - Henri Voulland Philippe - Antoine Merlin de Douai Antoine Quentin Fouquier - Tinville Philippe - François - Joseph Le Bas Marc - Guillaume Alexis Vadier Jean - Pierre - André Amar Prieur de la Côte - d'Or Prieur de la Marne Gilbert Romme Jean Bon Saint - André Jean - Lambert Tallien Pierre Louis Prieur Bertrand Barère de Vieuzac Antoine Christophe Saliceti Hébertists and Enragés Jacques Hébert Jacques Nicolas Billaud - Varenne Pierre Gaspard Chaumette Charles - Philippe Ronsin Antoine - François Momoro François - Nicolas Vincent François Chabot Jean Baptiste Noël Bouchotte Jean - Baptiste - Joseph Gobel François Hanriot Jacques Roux Stanislas - Marie Maillard Charles - Philippe Ronsin Jean - François Varlet Theophile Leclerc Claire Lacombe Pauline Léon Gracchus Babeuf Sylvain Maréchal Others Charles X Louis XVI Louis XVII Louis XVIII Louis Antoine , Duke of Enghien Louis Henri , Prince of Condé Louis Joseph , Prince of Condé Marie Antoinette Napoléon Bonaparte Lucien Bonaparte Joseph Bonaparte Joseph Fesch Joséphine de Beauharnais Joachim Murat Jean Sylvain Bailly Jacques - Donatien Le Ray Guillaume - Chrétien de Malesherbes Talleyrand Thérésa Tallien Gui - Jean - Baptiste Target Catherine Théot List of people associated with the French Revolution <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Influential thinkers <Td_colspan="2"> Les Lumières Beaumarchais Edmund Burke Anacharsis Cloots Charles - Augustin de Coulomb Pierre Claude François Daunou Diderot Benjamin Franklin Thomas Jefferson Antoine Lavoisier Montesquieu Thomas Paine Jean - Jacques Rousseau Abbé Sieyès Voltaire Mary Wollstonecraft <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Cultural impact <Td_colspan="2"> La Marseillaise French Tricolour Liberté , égalité , fraternité Marianne Bastille Day Panthéon French Republican Calendar Cult of the Supreme Being Cult of Reason Temple of Reason Sans - culottes Metric system Phrygian cap Women in the French Revolution Symbolism in the French Revolution Historiography of the French Revolution Influence of the French Revolution VIAF : 136739051 SUDOC : 116831200 BNF : cb11686284v ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Estates_General_of_1789&oldid=809517253 '' Categories : 1789 events of the French Revolution Historical legislatures 1789 in France Political history of the Ancien Régime Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2010 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles incorporating a citation from the 1911 Encyclopaedia Britannica with no article parameter Wikipedia articles incorporating text from the 1911 Encyclopædia Britannica Use dmy dates from May 2011 Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Interlanguage link template link number Articles containing French - 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1. Estates General of 1789 2. French Revolution 3. Summoning of the Estates General 4. Representation of the three estates 5. Impasse and dissolution of the Estates General

where did fast and furious 4 take place

Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) - wikipedia Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) For other uses , see The Fast and the Furious ( disambiguation ) . `` Furious 4 '' redirects here . For the cancelled video game , see Brothers in Arms : Furious 4 . <Th_colspan="2"> Fast & Furious <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Justin Lin Produced by Neal H. Moritz Michael K Ross Vin Diesel Michael Fottrell Written by Chris Morgan Based on Characters by Gary Scott Thompson Starring Vin Diesel Paul Walker Michelle Rodriguez Jordana Brewster Gal Gadot Don Omar Tego Calderon John Ortiz Laz Alonso Music by Brian Tyler Cinematography Amir Mokri Edited by Christian Wagner Fred Raskin Production companies Original Film Relativity Media One Race Films Distributed by Universal Pictures Release date March 12 , 2009 ( 2009 - 03 - 12 ) ( Universal CityWalk ) April 3 , 2009 ( 2009 - 04 - 03 ) ( United States ) Running time 107 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $85 million Box office $363.2 million Fast & Furious ( alternatively known as The Fast and the Furious 4 , or Fast & Furious 4 ) is a 2009 American action film directed by Justin Lin and written by Chris Morgan . It is the fourth installment of The Fast and the Furious franchise . The film , which stars Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , Michelle Rodriguez , and Jordana Brewster , is set between the second and fifth Fast and the Furious installments and bridges from the first film into a present - day setting , with main members of the original cast reprising their roles . Originally released on April 3 , 2009 , it received negative reviews upon release , but was a box office success grossing $363 million worldwide . It was followed by Fast Five in 2011 . For this entry and onward Fast & Furious is the official brand name of the franchise , which was used for future installments , as well as video games and a theme park attraction . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Production 4 Music 5 Release 5.1 Home video 6 Reception 6.1 Critical response 6.2 Box office 7 Sequel 8 References 9 External links Plot ( edit ) Five years after the first film , Dominic Toretto and his new crew , consisting of his girlfriend Letty , Tego Leo , Rico Santos , Cara and Han Lue , are hijacking fuel tankers in the Dominican Republic . Dominic suspects that the police are on their trail , forcing the crew to disband and go their separate ways , with Han deciding to go to Tokyo . Realizing that he must leave , Dominic runs , leaving Letty behind to protect her from harm . Three months later , Dominic is now residing in Panama City . He gets a call from his sister , Mia Toretto , who tells him that Letty has been murdered . Dominic heads back to Los Angeles to attend her funeral and examine the crash and finds traces of nitromethane on the ground . He visits the only car mechanic that sells nitromethane in LA and forces him into giving him the name David Park , the man who ordered the fuel , and informs him that the only car that uses nitromethane in the area is a green 1972 Ford Gran Torino Sport . Meanwhile , FBI agent Brian O'Conner is trying to track down a Mexican drug lord , Arturo Braga . His search leads him to David Park , and he tracks him down using an illegal modification record on his car . Dominic arrives at Park 's apartment first and hangs him out of the window by his ankles before Brian arrives . Brian saves Park and Park becomes the FBI 's new informant . Park gets Brian into a street race . Brian selects a modified 2002 Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 from the impound lot . Dominic races in his modified 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS 454 . Gisele Yashar , the liaison for Braga , reveals that the winner will become the last driver on a team that traffics heroin between the Mexico -- United States border . Dominic wins by bumping Brian 's car while it is in nitro , making him lose control . Brian uses his power as an FBI agent to arrest another driver , Dwight Mueller , and takes his place on the team . The team meets up with Braga 's personal henchman , Fenix , and Dominic notices that Fenix drives the same Torino the mechanic described . They drive across the border using underground tunnels to avoid detection . Brian has prior knowledge that after the heroin was delivered , Braga ordered the drivers to be killed . Upon discovering this , Dominic confronts Fenix and learns that he himself killed Letty when she tried to escape him . A stand - off ensues , though not before Dominic creates a diversion by loosening his car with nitrous -- sparking a vehicle explosion that destroys his car and several others , including Brian 's . In the ensuing chaos , Dominic and Brian hijack a 1999 Hummer H1 with $60 million worth of heroin in it . Dominic and Brian drive back to LA and hide the heroin in a police impound lot , where Brian picks up a modified Subaru Impreza WRX STI Hatchback ; they subsequently drive back to Dominic 's house , where they reunite with Mia . Dominic finds out Brian was the last person to contact Letty , which results in Dominic attacking Brian until Brian explains that Letty was working undercover - she was tracking down Braga in exchange for clearing Dominic 's record . Brian tells his superiors that in exchange for Dominic 's pardon , he will lure Braga into a trap , forcing him to show up to exchange money for the heroin . At the drop site , the man who claims to be `` Braga '' is revealed as a decoy , and `` Campos '' -- the real Braga -- escapes with Fenix and the pair flee to Mexico . In the ensuing chaos , Fenix nearly runs over Gisele , before Dom saves her . Brian and Dominic travel to Mexico to catch Braga , with the help of Gisele , who gives them directions as a favored return for Dom saving her life . Brian and Dom find him at a church and apprehend him . As Braga 's henchmen try to rescue him , Brian and Dominic drive through the underground tunnels back to the United States . Brian crashes his car after taking fire from Braga 's men . He is then injured after being T - boned by Fenix . Before Fenix can kill Brian , Dominic drives into and kills Fenix . As police and helicopters approach the crash site on the American side of the border , Brian tells Dominic to leave , but Dominic refuses -- saying he is not running anymore . Despite Brian 's request for clemency , the judge sentences Dominic to 25 years to life . Brian resigns from the FBI and Dominic boards a prison bus that will transport him to Lompoc penitentiary . As the bus drives down the road , Brian , Mia , Leo , and Santos arrive in their cars to intercept it . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Fast and the Furious characters Vin Diesel as Dominic Toretto , an auto mechanic , ex-convict , elite street racer , and a street smart hijacker from the United States . Dominic is wanted for committing numerous semi-truck hijackings . At the beginning of the film , he is living in the Dominican Republic and drives a black Buick Grand National to hijack fuel trucks . Paul Walker as Brian O'Conner , a former police officer , auto mechanic and elite street racer . Brian is now an FBI agent on the trail of the Mexican drug lord Arturo Braga . He drives a Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 , and then switches to a Subaru Impreza WRX Hatchback . Michelle Rodríguez as Leticia `` Letty '' Ortiz , a street racer , mechanic , and Dominic 's girlfriend who lives with him in the Dominican Republic . She drives a grey 1970 Plymouth Satellite also driven by Dominic at the end of The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift . Jordana Brewster as Mia Toretto , Dominic 's younger sister and Brian 's girlfriend . She drives a Honda NSX - R ( although she also owns a white Honda Integra Type R ) . Gal Gadot as Gisele Yashar , a liaison for Braga . She drives a white Porsche Cayman . John Ortiz as Arturo Braga / Ramon Campos , a Mexican drug lord who wants drivers to smuggle heroin across the U.S. - Mexico border . Laz Alonso as Fenix Calderon , Arturo Braga 's main henchman . He is Letty 's murderer and he drives a green 1972 Ford Gran Torino Sport . Jack Conley as Penning , head of the Los Angeles FBI office Shea Whigham as Michael Stasiak , a sarcastic FBI agent and Brian 's colleague . Tego Calderón as Tego , ex-convict and a member of Dominic 's crew . Don Omar as Rico Santos , a member of Dominic 's crew . He drives a 1986 Nissan Silvia Nismo . Sung Kang as Han Lue , a street racer , mechanic , and member of Dominic 's crew , who also appeared in Tokyo Drift ( setting this film as a prequel ) . Liza Lapira as Sophie Trinh , an FBI agent and Brian 's colleague . Mirtha Michelle as Cara , a member of Dominic 's crew and Han 's girlfriend . Greg Cipes as Dwight Mueller , Braga 's Camaro driver . Ron Yuan as David Park , a street racer , and scout for street racers for Braga . Neil Brown Jr. as Malik Herzon . Wilmer Calderon as Tash Barilla . Brandon T. Jackson as Alex . Mousa Kraish as Silvia S14 driver . Alejandro Patino as Petrol truck driver . Greg Collins as FBI investigator . Production ( edit ) The film was announced in July 2007 . Vin Diesel , Paul Walker , and the rest of the cast of the original film all reprised their roles . Filming began in 2008 . The movie cars were built in Southern California 's San Fernando Valley . Around 240 cars were built for the film . However , the replica vehicles do not match the specifications they were supposed to represent . For example , the replica version of F - Bomb , a 1973 Chevrolet Camaro built by Tom Nelson of NRE and David Freiburger of Hot Rod magazine , included a 300 hp crate V8 engine with a 3 - speed automatic transmission , whereas the actual car included a twin - turbo 1,500 hp engine and a 5 - speed transmission . The original Dodge Charger 426 Hemi R / T that was used in the original movie was a 1970 , but the car in this movie was a 1969 Dodge Charger R / T 426 Hemi with a slightly modified front grill and rear tail lights to appear as a 1970 car ; the original 1970 Dodge Charger was in pieces , being totally disassembled for restoration . The original red 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS 454 seen in the end credits of the first Fast & Furious movie , also makes an appearance but is later highly modified for a street race . The most radical vehicles built for the film were the Chevy trucks constructed for the fuel heist . Powered by 502ci GM big block motors , the ' 67 had a giant ladder - bar suspension with airbags using a massive 10 - ton semi rear axle with the biggest and widest truck tires they could find . The ' 88 Chevy Crew Cab was built with twin full - floating GM 1 - ton axles equipped with Detroit Lockers and a transfer case directing power to both axles and capable of four - wheel burnouts . Another vehicle built for the film was the blue Nissan Skyline GT - R R34 owned by an uncredited owner which brought a 241 - mile per hour top speed at the Bayshore Route Highway in Japan . It was a hard car to build by the production so they made clones by acquiring Nissan Skyline 25GT 's and made them look like the original car . The Skyline that was also used at the desert was actually a dune buggy using a Skyline R34 's shell . Music ( edit ) Main articles : Fast & Furious ( soundtrack ) and Fast & Furious ( Original Motion Picture Score ) The score to Fast & Furious was composed by Brian Tyler , who recorded his score with the Hollywood Studio Symphony at the Newman Scoring Stage at 20th Century Fox . The score album was released on CD by Varèse Sarabande Records with over 78 minutes worth of music . The trailers for the film feature the track `` We Are Rockstars '' by Does It Offend You , Yeah ? and a Travis Barker - remixed version of `` Crank That '' by Soulja Boy Tell ' Em . The official soundtrack was released on March 31 , 2009 on Star Trak . The first single from the soundtrack was titled `` Blanco '' and is by Pitbull featuring Pharrell Williams and is produced by The Neptunes . The second single from the album is `` Krazy '' by Pitbull featuring Lil Jon . The track is also featured on Pitbull 's album Rebelution . The third and final single from the album is `` Bad Girls '' by Robin Thicke . The soundtrack also features the song `` G - Stro '' by Busta Rhymes featuring Pharrell Williams and also produced by The Neptunes . The track is a leftover track from Busta Rhymes ' album Back on My B.S. Amazon.com gave the album an average score of 3.5 out of 5 , calling it a Spanish - themed rap soundtrack with mostly average tracks . Interscope and Star Trak Records released the soundtrack for the film with `` Crank That '' not included . Another song that was omitted from the album was song `` Rising Sun '' by South Korean group TVXQ . The Japanese version of the movie features the song `` Before I Decay '' by Japanese rock group The GazettE . Also featured in the background under a club scene which was omitted from the album , was song `` Ride '' written by Kervins Joseph and Travis Baker , published by InDigi Avenue Music Publishing ( ASCAP ) , courtesy InDigi Music , and Virtual Diva performed by Don Omar . Release ( edit ) It was originally set to release on June 12 , 2009 , but moved it up to April 3 , 2009 instead . It was the first motion - enhanced theatrical film to feature D - BOX motion feedback technology in selected theaters . Home video ( edit ) Fast & Furious was released on DVD and Blu - ray on July 28 , 2009 . The DVD is a two - disc set that includes : Digital copy of the film Under the Hood : Muscle Cars & Imports High Octane Action : The Stunts Shooting the Big Rig Heist Driving School with Vin Diesel Original short film Los Bandoleros , the never - before - seen short film that reveals the events leading up to the explosive beginning of Fast & Furious . It is written and directed by Vin Diesel and was produced in the Dominican Republic . This was released on the iTunes Store as a free download . As of July 29 , 2011 the DVD has sold 3,324,117 copies generating $53,879,547 in sales revenue for a combined total of $417,043,812 including worldwide movie ticket sales . It was re-released in Australia on Blu - ray including a digital copy and re-titled Fast & Furious 4 on March 30 , 2011 . Reception ( edit ) Critical response ( edit ) Fast & Furious received generally negative reviews from professional critics . The film is rated at 28 % based on 173 reviews collected on the Rotten Tomatoes website and 45 on Metacritic based on 27 reviews . Lisa Schwarzbaum of Entertainment Weekly gives the film a B+ , saying , `` Fast & Furious is still no Point Break . But it 's perfectly aware of its limited dramatic mission ... and ... it offers an attractive getaway route from self - importance , snark , and chatty comedies about male bonding . '' Kirk Honeycutt of The Hollywood Reporter thought this movie was the first real sequel to the first and also gave it a positive review , writing , `` Fast & Furious is the first true sequel of the bunch . By reuniting the two male stars from the original and ... continuing the story from the first film , this new film should re-ignite the franchise . '' Betsy Sharkey of the Los Angeles Times gave it a positive review , providing viewers were car fans , writing , `` If you 're a lover of stomach - clenching speed that turns the world into a neon blur ... then Fast & Furious , the fourth edition of that metal - twisting series , should leave you exhausted and satiated for a very long time . '' Roger Ebert , who gave positive reviews to the previous films , gave an unfavorable review of the film , writing , `` I admire the craft involved , but the movie leaves me profoundly indifferent . After three earlier movies in the series , which have been transmuted into video games , why do we need a fourth one ? Oh . I just answered my own question . '' Box Office ( edit ) On its first day of release the movie grossed $30.6 million , and peaked at the top spot of the weekend box office with $70,950,500 , more than Tokyo Drift earned in its entire domestic run . The film had the sixth - biggest opening weekend of 2009 and was double what most industry observers expected . It also held the record for the highest - grossing opening weekend in April and of any car - oriented film , the record having been previously held by Cars , which grossed $60.1 million . Both of these records were broken two years later by Fast Five , which grossed $86.2 million . Fast & Furious also held the record for the highest opening weekend for a Spring release , until it was broken by Tim Burton 's Alice in Wonderland . Its worldwide gross on its opening weekend stands at $102.6 million with $7.2 million coming from the UK , $8.6 million from Russia , $6 million in France and $3 million from Germany . The film ended its theatrical release on July 2 , 2009 with a gross of $155,064,265 in the United States and $208,100,000 internationally for a worldwide total of $363,164,265 ( making it the fifth most successful film in the franchise behind Furious 7 , The Fate of the Furious , Fast & Furious 6 , and Fast Five ) . It is also the 17th highest - grossing film of 2009 and the fifth highest film of 2009 to gross $300 million worldwide behind Star Trek , Monsters vs. Aliens , X-Men Origins : Wolverine , and Terminator Salvation . Sequel ( edit ) Main article : Fast Five Vin Diesel and Paul Walker reunited for a Fast & Furious sequel , entitled Fast Five . Justin Lin directed , while Chris Morgan wrote the screenplay . It was released in April 2011 . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious '' . British Board of Film Classification . Retrieved April 14 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Fast and Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Merrick ( March 6 , 2008 ) . `` Another Familiar Face Is Returning For The New FAST AND THE FURIOUS Film ! ! '' . AintItCool.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Chris Beaumont ( March 7 , 2008 ) . `` Michelle Rodriguez Joins Walker and Diesel for The Fast and the Furious 4 '' . FilmSchoolRejects.com . Retrieved March 9 , 2008 . Jump up ^ 2002 Nissan Skyline GT - R ( R34 ) Jump up ^ ( 1 ) , http://jalopnik.com/5151136/fast-and-furious-1987-buick-grand-national-gnx , later on drives a prestine red 1970 Chevrolet Chevelle SS 454 which he then repaints to a grey primer , then finally to his old 1970 Dodge Charger R / T B - body ( which Letty restored ) . Jump up ^ More Cars and More Action in Fast & Furious Archived April 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . pedal to the floor March 20 , 2015 Jump up ^ The F - Bomb Drops on Fast & Furious Edmunds Insideline March 13 , 2009 Jump up ^ Fast & Furious Movie Cars -- Faster And More Furious Hod Rod Magazine , May 2009 ^ Jump up to : Dan Goldwasser ( February 24 , 2009 ) . `` Brian Tyler scores fast and furious with Fast & Furious '' . ScoringSessions.com . Retrieved February 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ford , Allan ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Fast & Furious 4 To Be First Theatrical D - BOX Release '' . Retrieved December 22 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Blu-ray.com -- Fast & Furious Blu - ray '' . Jump up ^ `` Vin Diesel `` adores '' Dominicans , presents ' Los Bandoleros ' `` . dominicantoday.com . Archived from the original on June 4 , 2013 . Retrieved May 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious -- Box Office Data , Movie News , Cast Information '' . The Numbers . Nash Information Services . Retrieved July 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Flixster . Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious '' . Metacritic . CBS . Jump up ^ Schwarzbaum , Lisa ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Honeycutt , Kirk ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Film Review : Fast & Furious '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Sharkey , Betsy ( April 3 , 2009 ) . `` Video review : Fast & Furious '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Roger Ebert ( April 1 , 2009 ) . `` Fast & Furious '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved April 25 , 2001 . Jump up ^ `` Daily Box Office for Friday , 3 April 2009 '' . Box Office Mojo . Amazon.com . Jump up ^ Rich , Joshua ( April 5 , 2009 ) . `` Fast & Furious shatters box office records '' . Entertainment Weekly . Time Inc . Retrieved April 5 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Walker , Diesel will return for ' Furious ' sequel -- Access Hollywood '' . MSNBC. April 12 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Weekend Report : ' Fast Five ' Packs Record Heat Jump up ^ `` Fast & Furious speeds to No. 1 worldwide '' . Reuters. April 5 , 2009 . Retrieved April 29 , 2010 . Jump up ^ The `` Fast & Furious '' international cume stands Archived April 2 , 2015 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` 2009 WORLDWIDE GROSSES '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved 2009 - 10 - 29 . Jump up ^ Reynolds , Simon ( February 4 , 2010 ) . `` Universal greenlights fifth Fast And Furious '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved February 4 , 2010 . External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Fast & Furious ( 2009 film ) Official website Fast & Furious on IMDb Fast & Furious at Rotten Tomatoes Fast & Furious at Metacritic Fast & Furious at Box Office Mojo <Th_colspan="2"> The Fast and the Furious Characters Dominic Toretto Brian O'Conner Han Lue Gisele Yashar Films The Fast and the Furious album 2nd album 2 Fast 2 Furious album The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift Fast & Furious album score Fast Five album score Fast & Furious 6 album Furious 7 album score The Fate of the Furious album score Television series Fast & Furious Short films The Turbo Charged Prelude for 2 Fast 2 Furious Los Bandoleros Video games The Fast and the Furious Fast & Furious : Showdown Attractions Fast & Furious : Supercharged Related `` Act a Fool '' `` Tokyo Drift '' `` Conteo '' `` See You Again '' `` Gang Up '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by Justin Lin <Td_colspan="2"> Shopping for Fangs ( 1997 ) Better Luck Tomorrow ( 2002 ) Annapolis ( 2006 ) The Fast and the Furious : Tokyo Drift ( 2006 ) Finishing the Game ( 2007 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Star Trek Beyond ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Vin Diesel Director and writer Multi-Facial ( 1995 ) Strays ( 1997 ) Los Bandoleros ( 2009 ) Producer A Man Apart ( 2003 ) The Chronicles of Riddick ( 2004 ) Fast & Furious ( 2009 ) Fast Five ( 2011 ) Fast & Furious 6 ( 2013 ) Riddick ( 2013 ) Furious 7 ( 2015 ) xXx : Return of Xander Cage ( 2017 ) The Fate of the Furious ( 2017 ) Video games Wheelman ( 2009 , executive producer ) Related Dominic Toretto One Race Films Racetrack Records Tigon Studios Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Fast_%26_Furious_(2009_film)&oldid=856427820 '' Categories : 2009 films English - language films 2000s action thriller films 2000s crime thriller films 2000s prequel films American films American action thriller films American sequel films Auto racing films D - Box motion - enhanced films The Fast and the Furious Federal Bureau of Investigation in fiction Films scored by Brian Tyler Films about Mexican drug cartels Films about revenge Films directed by Justin Lin Films set in the Dominican Republic Films set in Los Angeles Films set in Mexico Films set in Panama Films set in 2009 Films shot in Los Angeles Prequel films Relativity Media films One Race Films films Original Film films Universal Pictures films Screenplays by Chris Morgan Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Use mdy dates from December 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from November 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Azərbaycanca Български Bosanski Català Čeština Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Magyar Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Română Русский Simple English Српски / srpski Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 31 more Edit links This page was last edited on 25 August 2018 , at 03 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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1. Fast & Furious franchise 2. Vin Diesel and Paul Walker 3. Action film 4. Car racing 5. Box office success

mike and mechanics all i need is a miracle

All I Need is a Miracle - wikipedia All I Need is a Miracle Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> `` All I Need Is a Miracle '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Mike + The Mechanics <Th_colspan="2"> from the album Mike + The Mechanics B - side `` You Are the One '' Released 3 February 1986 Format 7 ' 12 '' Recorded 1985 Genre Pop rock , soft rock Length 4 : 10 Label Atlantic -- Atlantic 89450 Songwriter ( s ) Mike Rutherford , Christopher Neil Producer ( s ) Christopher Neil <Th_colspan="2"> Mike + The Mechanics singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Silent Running ( On Dangerous Ground ) '' ( 1985 ) `` All I Need Is a Miracle '' ( 1986 ) `` Taken In '' ( 1986 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Silent Running ( On Dangerous Ground ) '' ( 1985 ) `` All I Need Is a Miracle '' ( 1986 ) `` Taken In '' ( 1986 ) `` All I Need Is a Miracle '' is a song performed by Mike + The Mechanics . Written by guitarist Mike Rutherford and producer Christopher Neil , it was first included on their 1985 self - titled debut album , and later released as a single in early 1986 in the USA , where it reached number 5 on the Billboard Hot 100 . The song was sung by Paul Young on both the original recording and the 1996 re-recording for the band 's Hits compilation album . In an interview prior to the song 's release as a single , Rutherford commented , `` The thing that makes ' Miracle ' different , to me , is that it 's a happy song -- or it 's primarily a happy song . It 's ' up ' . And I do n't do that very often ... It may not be optimistic , but it 's a positive attitude to life . '' Contents ( hide ) 1 Details 2 Music Video 3 Covers 4 Chart performance 5 References 6 External links Details ( edit ) `` All I Need Is a Miracle '' was the second single released by Mike + The Mechanics , following `` Silent Running ( On Dangerous Ground ) '' , which also reached the top 10 . `` All I Need Is a Miracle '' featured lead vocals by former Sad Café vocalist Paul Young . The cover of the single was twice recycled for Mike + The Mechanics albums , first for their greatest hits package Hits in 1996 , and then for Mike & the Mechanics in 1999 . A new version of the song , titled `` All I Need Is a Miracle ' 96 '' , was included on Hits . In 1987 the song was nominated for `` Best Pop Performance By A Duo Or Group '' at the 29th Annual Grammy Awards Ceremony . Music video ( edit ) The music video for `` Silent Running ( On Dangerous Ground ) '' ends with footage of Mike + The Mechanics performing the song at a restaurant , and segues into the video for `` Miracle '' . In the video , `` All I Need is a Miracle '' is the final song in the band 's fictional set , so Mike + The Mechanics ' tour manager ( played by Roy Kinnear ) attempts to settle up with the restaurant owner ( played by Victor Spinetti ) for the agreed sum of £ 250 . However , the owner points out that due to the gig being arranged at the last minute , the restaurant is more than half empty , and refuses to pay . Moreover , he threatens to hold all the band 's equipment ( and `` the guitarist 's right arm '' the early airings ) as collateral until he is paid £ 500 . The bulk of the video then alternates between the band 's performance ( with Paul Carrack acting as the bassist ) and the manager 's adventures in trying to acquire the necessary £ 500 . The manager 's conflicts get worse when a Chinese hoodlum swipes his money while riding a bike . The manager runs after the thief and follows him to the basement of a restaurant in Chinatown where his money is being gambled away . There he attempts to gamble his money back by playing mah - jong . However , as he is winning , the thief and his cronies kick him out of the building . As he sits in despair , he attains his goal when he finds a lost dog and the grateful owner hands him some money . Thinking nothing of this encounter , the manager eventually glances at the money and realises that the man handed him a thousand - pound note by mistake . He tries to return the money , but the dog owner is already gone . He then returns to the restaurant , pays the owner the £ 500 , and gives the change to Rutherford , telling him to split it among the band . Both the greenhorn tour manager and the closing quip `` That 's an easy way of making a living '' would make return appearances in the video for `` Taken In '' . Covers ( edit ) In 1988 Rutherford 's other band Genesis performed a section of the song as part of a solo career medley on the 1988 Atlantic Records 40th Anniversary concert . It is the only Mike + The Mechanics song to have been played live by the band . Genesis vocalist Phil Collins covered the song at the picnic by the lake in 1989 . It was also referenced by him often during Genesis concerts , especially during the `` Turn It On Again '' medley . In 2003 , the song was covered by classically trained vocalist Tina Ann . In May 2005 the song was covered by Red Kult . Chart performance ( edit ) Chart ( 1986 ) Peak position Australia ( Kent Music Report ) 8 Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) 35 Canada Top Singles ( RPM ) 10 Germany ( Media Control Charts ) 26 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 31 United Kingdom ( The Official Charts Company ) 53 US Billboard Hot 100 5 US Billboard Adult Contemporary 7 US Billboard Dance Play Singles 24 US Billboard Top Rock Tracks 6 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Boone , Brian ( 2 August 2011 ) . `` I Love Rock ' n ' Roll ( Except When I Hate It ) : Extremely Important Stuff About the Songs and Bands You Love , Hate , Love to Hate , and Hate to Love '' . Penguin -- via Google Books . ^ Jump up to : Whitburn , Joel ( 2004 ) . The Billboard Book of Top 40 Hits ( 8th Edition ) . Billboard Books . p. 425 . ISBN 0 - 8230 - 7499 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mike + the Mechanics : Hits '' . allmusic . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Neer , Dan ( 1985 ) . Mike on Mike ( interview LP ) , Atlantic Recording Corporation . Jump up ^ Mike + The Mechanics ( Media notes ) . Mike + The Mechanics. 1985 . Jump up ^ Kevin Lewis ( 14 April 2012 ) . `` Phil Collins - All I Need Is A Miracle '' -- via YouTube . Jump up ^ `` Tina Ann : Songs : All Songs '' . allmusic . Retrieved 21 September 2010 . Jump up ^ Kent , David ( 1993 ) . Australian Chart Book 1970 -- 1992 . St Ives , NSW : Australian Chart Book . ISBN 0 - 646 - 11917 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Mike & The Mechanics -- All I Need Is a Miracle '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Jump up ^ `` Chartverfolgung / Mike + The Mechanics / Single '' . Music Line ( in German ) . Germany : Media Control Charts . Retrieved 16 November 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.org.nz -- Mike & The Mechanics -- All I Need Is a Miracle '' . Top 40 Singles . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Mike and the Mechanics <Td_colspan="2"> Mike Rutherford Anthony Drennan Tim Howar Luke Juby Andrew Roachford Gary Wallis Paul Carrack Paul Young Peter Van Hooke Adrian Lee Studio albums Mike + The Mechanics Living Years Word of Mouth Beggar on a Beach of Gold Mike & The Mechanics Rewired The Road Let Me Fly Mike Rutherford solo Smallcreep 's Day Acting Very Strange Compilation albums Hits Favourites / The Very Best Of Singles `` Silent Running ( On Dangerous Ground ) '' `` All I Need Is a Miracle '' `` Taken In '' `` The Living Years '' `` Word of Mouth '' `` Over My Shoulder '' Related Mike + The Mechanics discography Genesis Christopher Neil B.A. Robertson Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=All_I_Need_Is_a_Miracle&oldid=807127942 '' Categories : 1986 singles Mike + The Mechanics songs Song recordings produced by Christopher Neil Songs written by Mike Rutherford Songs written by Christopher Neil Atlantic Records singles Rock ballads Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) EngvarB from June 2014 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hAudio microformats Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for New Zealand Talk Contents About Wikipedia ქართული Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 02 : 22 . About Wikipedia

1. "All I Need Is a Miracle" - song by Mike + The Mechanics 2. Mike + The Mechanics - band 3. Paul Young - vocalist for Mike + The Mechanics 4. Music video for "All I Need Is a Miracle" 5. Chart performance of the song

how many episodes in a season of days of our lives

Days of Our Lives - wikipedia Days of Our Lives Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Days of Our Lives ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Days of Our Lives <Td_colspan="2"> Also known as DAYS DOOL Genre Soap opera Created by Ted Corday Betty Corday Written by Ron Carlivati Directed by Herb Stein Phil Sogard Albert Alarr Grant Johnson Steven Williford Starring Present cast Former cast Theme music composer Charles Albertine , Tommy Boyce , and Bobby Hart Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of episodes 13,350 ( as of May 25 , 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Ken Corday , Albert Alarr and Greg Meng Producer ( s ) See below Location ( s ) The Burbank Studios , Burbank , California Running time 30 minutes ( 1965 -- 75 ) 60 minutes ( 1975 -- present ) Production company ( s ) Corday Productions Screen Gems ( 1965 -- 74 ) Columbia Pictures Television ( 1974 -- 2001 ) Columbia TriStar Television ( 2001 -- 02 ) Sony Pictures Television ( 2002 -- present ) Distributor Sony Pictures Television <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 1965 -- 2010 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2010 -- present ) Audio format Stereophonic Original release November 8 , 1965 ( 1965 - 11 - 08 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows Another World <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Days of Our Lives ( also stylized as Days of our Lives ; often abbreviated to DOOL or Days ) is an American daytime soap opera broadcast on the NBC television network . It is one of the longest - running scripted television programs in the world , airing nearly every weekday since November 8 , 1965 . It has since been syndicated to many countries around the world . Until the network 's closure in 2013 , Soapnet rebroadcast episodes of Days on a same - day basis each weeknight at 8 : 00 and 10 : 00 ( Eastern and Pacific Time ) . The series was created by husband - and - wife team Ted Corday and Betty Corday . Irna Phillips was a story editor for Days of Our Lives and many of the show 's earliest storylines were written by William J. Bell . Due to the series ' success , it was expanded from 30 minutes to 60 minutes on April 21 , 1975 . The series focuses on its core families , the Hortons and the Bradys . Several other families have been added to the cast , and many of them still appear on the show . Frances Reid , the matriarch of the series ' Horton family remained with the show from its inception to her death on February 3 , 2010 . Suzanne Rogers celebrated 40 years on Days of Our Lives in 2013 , appearing on the show more or less since her first appearance in 1973 . Susan Seaforth Hayes is the only cast member to appear on Days of Our Lives in all five decades it has been on air . Days of Our Lives aired its 10,000 th episode on February 21 , 2005 , and its 12,000 th episode aired on January 11 , 2013 . The soap was given the title of most daring drama in the seventies due to covering topics other soaps would not dare to do . The show 's executive producer is Ken Corday , and co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Albert Alarr . In 2018 , NBC renewed the serial through fall 2019 . Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States . The show has been parodied by SCTV ( as `` The Days of the Week '' ) and the television sitcom Friends , with some cast members making crossover appearances on the show , including Kristian Alfonso , Roark Critchlow , Matthew Ashford , Kyle Lowder , and Alison Sweeney . The show has had high - profile fans such as actress Julia Roberts , and the Supreme Court justice Thurgood Marshall . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Storyline 2.1 Best - remembered stories 3 Cast 4 Executive producing and head writing team 5 Domestic broadcast 5.1 Local scheduling variations 5.2 Nielsen ratings history 6 International broadcast 6.1 Americas 6.2 Oceania 6.3 Europe 6.4 African / Eastern 7 Opening title sequences and theme song 8 Parodies 9 Fans 10 Awards and nominations 11 See also 12 References 13 External links History ( edit ) The Horton Family in 1973 : Back Row : Edward Mallory ( Bill ) , John Clarke ( Mickey ) , Marie Cheatham ( Marie ) , John Lupton ( Tommy ) . Front Row : Frances Reid ( Alice ) , Macdonald Carey ( Tom ) , Patricia Barry ( Addie ) . The Cordays and Bell combined the `` hospital soap '' idea with the tradition of centering a series on a family , by making the show about a family of doctors , including one who worked in a mental hospital . Storylines in the show follow the lives of middle - and upper - class professionals in Salem , a middle - America town , with the usual threads of love , marriage , divorce , and family life , plus the medical story lines and character studies of individuals with psychological problems . Former executive producer Al Rabin took pride in the characters ' passion , saying that the characters were not shy about `` sharing what 's in their gut . '' Critics originally praised the show for its non-reliance on nostalgia ( in contrast to shows such as As the World Turns ) and its portrayal of `` real American contemporary families . '' By the 1970s , critics deemed Days of Our Lives to be the most daring daytime drama , leading the way in using themes other shows of the period would not dare touch , such as artificial insemination and interracial romance . The January 12 , 1976 cover of Time magazine featured Days of Our Lives ' Bill Hayes and Susan Seaforth Hayes , the only daytime actors ever to appear on its cover . The Hayeses themselves were a couple whose on - screen and real - life romance ( they met on the series in 1970 and married in 1974 ) was widely covered by both the soap opera magazines and the mainstream press . In the 1990s , the show branched out into supernatural story lines , which critics immediately panned , as it was seen as a departure from more realistic storylines for which the show had originally become known . However , these storylines did have the desired effect , making Days of Our Lives the most - watched daytime soap among young and middle - aged women , also becoming one of NBC 's five most profitable shows in any time slot . In 2006 , when asked about his character , Jack Deveraux , `` coming back from the dead '' -- for the third time -- actor Matthew Ashford responded , `` It is hard to play that because at a certain point it becomes too unreal ... actors look at that and think , ' What is this -- the Cartoon Network ' ? '' In addition to receiving critical acclaim in print journalism , the series has won a number of awards , including a Daytime Emmy for Best Drama in 1978 and 2013 and a Writers Guild of America , East Award for Best Drama in 2000 and 2013 . Days of Our lives actors have also won awards : Macdonald Carey ( Dr. Tom Horton ) won Best Actor in 1974 and 1975 . Susan Flannery ( Laura Horton ) and Eileen Davidson ( Kristen DiMera ) won Best Actress in 1975 and 2014 , respectively . Suzanne Rogers ( Maggie Horton ) , Leann Hunley ( Anna DiMera ) , and Tamara Braun ( Ava Vitali ) won Best Supporting Actress for , respectively , 1979 , 1986 , and 2009 and Billy Warlock ( Frankie Brady ) won Best Younger Actor for 1988 . In 2009 , Darin Brooks ( Max Brady ) took home the Emmy for Best Younger Actor `` , and Tamara Braun ( Ava Vitali ) won for Best Supporting Actress , the show 's first acting victories in over 21 and 23 years , respectively As with all other network programming , Days of Our Lives ' ratings have declined somewhat since the 1990s . In January 2007 it was suggested by NBC that the show `` is unlikely to continue ( on NBC ) past 2009 . '' In November 2008 , in an eleventh - hour decision , it was announced the show had been renewed through September 2010 . The 18 - month renewal was down from its previous renewal , which was for five years . The show made somewhat of a comeback in 2009 , with ratings increasing as the year progressed . In March 2010 , the show was renewed once again through September 2011 ; then again on November 8 , 2010 , its 45th anniversary , the show was renewed for two more years through September 2013 , with an option for an additional year which would keep the soap on through 2014 , its 49th year on the air . The series received a two - year renewal in January 2014 that is set to last until September 2016 . Beginning on November 8 , 2010 , which marked Days of Our Lives ' 45th anniversary , the show began airing in high definition . The show was officially `` rebooted '' on September 26 , 2011 , in an effort to gain back its lapsed audience , appeal to long - term loyal fans , begin new stories , and boost ratings . Former fan favorite characters were reintroduced as part of the reboot . These included Jack Deveraux ( Matthew Ashford ) , Carrie Brady ( Christie Clark ) , and Austin Reed ( Patrick Muldoon ) . All three , including actress Sarah Brown , were fired from the show in an effort to lower production costs . The reboot was met with mixed reviews from critics . Head writers hired to handle the reboot , Marlene McPherson , and Darrell Ray Thomas Junior were subsequently fired due to declining ratings . Chris Whitesell , and former Days executive producer Gary Tomlin were rehired after being fired as part of the show 's revamp . Daytime Emmy award winner Lorraine Broderick was hired as a member of the breakdown writing team in April 2012 . Days of Our Lives is noted as the fourth longest running soap opera in the United States . On November 30 , 2014 , NBC launched a new logo for Days of Our Lives at the 2014 Hollywood Christmas Parade , in celebration of the series ' fiftieth anniversary On February 11 , 2016 , NBC renewed Days of Our Lives for one - year , with the option of an additional year . In January 2017 , while discussion the potential of a renewal for the soap , NBC chairman Bob Greenblatt stated : `` We do n't make a decision for another couple months . ( ... ) But I do n't think it 's over yet . '' In February 2017 , NBC officially renewed Days of Our Lives for an additional year . Jennifer Salke , President of NBC Entertainment , said in a statement : `` We feel so privileged to be able to continue the remarkable legacy of Days of our Lives . ( ... ) We thank ( exec producer ) Ken Corday and his team for their incredible accomplishments and look forward to all the stories from Salem that will continue to unfold . '' In March 2018 , NBC announced their decision to renewal Days of Our Lives through fall 2019 . Storyline ( edit ) Long - time actors Deidre Hall and Drake Hogestyn , who portray Marlena Evans and John Black , are known for being featured in some of the show 's most famous storylines . When Days of Our Lives premiered in 1965 , the show revolved around the tragedies and triumphs of the suburban Horton family . Over time , additional families were brought to the show to interact with the Hortons and serve as springboards for more dramatic storylines . Originally led by patriarch Dr. Tom Horton and his wife , homemaker Alice , the Hortons remain a prominent fixture in current continuity . One of the longest - running story lines involved the rape of Mickey Horton 's wife Laura by Mickey 's brother Bill . Laura confides in her father - in - law Dr. Tom , and the two agree that her husband Mickey should never know . The secret , involving the true parentage of Michael Horton ( a product of the rape ) and Mickey 's subsequent health issues as a result of the revelation , spanned episodes from 1968 to 1975 . This plotline was made even more complex with the presence of Linda Patterson ( originally Margaret Mason for many years , later Elaine Princi ) who claimed that her daughter Melissa had been fathered by Mickey . When Mickey married the lovely Maggie Simmons ( Suzanne Rogers ) , Linda became even more involved in the story line as the show 's main villainess , marrying the wealthy Bob Anderson ( Mark Tapscott ) and taking over the running of Anderson Manufacturing when he became ill . The story line involving Mickey , Laura and Bill was the first to bring the show to prominence , and put it near the top of the Nielsen daytime ratings . Another love triangle , between lounge singer Doug Williams , Tom and Alice 's daughter Addie , and Addie 's own daughter , Julie , proved to be very popular around the same time . The storyline culminated in the death of Addie in 1974 and the marriage of Doug and Julie in 1976 . In the early 1980s , the Brady and DiMera families were introduced , and their rivalry quickly cemented their places as core families in Salem beside the Hortons . Around the same time , with the help of head writers Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina , and Leah Laiman , action / adventure story lines and supercouples such as Bo and Hope , Shane and Kimberly , and Patch and Kayla reinvigorated the show , previously focused primarily on the domestic troubles of the Hortons . Since the 1990s , with the introduction of writer James E. Reilly , Days of Our Lives has moved from traditional plots to some supernatural and science - fiction - themed stories , in conjunction with the rivalry of good vs. evil , in a Hatfield / McCoy feud style the Bradys versus the DiMeras . Under the tenure of Reilly , ratings rose to number two , and stayed there until he left in 1999 to start his own creation of Passions . Despite the introduction of new head writer Hogan Sheffer in 2006 , ratings failed to revive , which led the show 's producers to hire a few past fan favorites to stop the ratings hemorrhage . Best - remembered stories ( edit ) In addition to the love triangles of Bill / Laura / Mickey and Addie / Doug / Julie , other memorable storylines include the 1968 story of amnesiac Tom Horton , Jr. , who returns from Korea believing he is someone else and then proceeds to romance his younger sister Marie ; the 20 - year tragic love triangle when John Black has an affair with Marlena Brady , who is married to Roman ; the 1982 `` Salem Strangler '' ( Jake Kositchek , who was nicknamed `` Jake the Ripper '' ) who stalks and murders women ; the 1984 Gone with the Wind story line in which Hope Williams Brady and Bo Brady hide out on a Southern plantation and dress up as Scarlett O'Hara and Rhett Butler ( devised to keep viewers tuned in while rival network ABC 's soaps were preempted due to the 1984 Summer Olympics ) ; and `` The Cruise of Deception '' in 1990 , when madman Ernesto Toscano invites all his enemies aboard a ship , the S.S. Loretta , and holds them captive . In 1992 , the show received a reboot with additions such as refurbished sets , the debut of the Brady Pub , the addition of new characters such as Vivian Alamain , Lisanne Gardner , Billie Reed , and Kate Roberts . Later that same year , Days of Our Lives introduced its highly popular teen scene with new characters such as a SORASed Sami Brady , played by Alison Sweeney , Carrie Brady , played by Tracy Middendorf , and then back to Christie Clark again , Austin Reed portrayed by Patrick Muldoon , Lucas Roberts played by Bryan Dattilo , Abe Carver 's younger brother Jonah Carver , played by Thyme Lewis , Jamie Caldwell , played by Miriam Parish , and Wendy Reardon played by Tammy Townsend to appeal to younger viewers . However , by 1997 , the characters of Jonah , Jamie , and Wendy had been written out or faded into the background , proving to be unsuccessful and the Carrie / Austin / Sami / Mike love triangle and the Will Horton paternity issue / custody battle storyline had now been taking most of the series ' air time . The shocking and ratings - grabbing 1993 plot when Vivian Alamain buried Dr. Carly Manning alive ( the first controversial storyline from head writer Reilly ) ; and the 1994 -- 1995 story line in which the town 's Christmas tree burns down and Marlena becomes possessed in Exorcist fashion . Also from 1993 to 1998 , the soap saw a lot of actress Eileen Davidson . Her character , Kristen DiMera suffers a miscarriage in secret , and in a panic to keep John Black away from Marlena , pretends to still be pregnant with John 's child . Stefano hires a doppelganger , Susan Banks to conceive and bear a child for her ( which resulted in the birth of EJ DiMera ) . Eileen Davidson portrayed the entire Banks family clan , four in total ( including one male ) , as well as her main character . 2000 saw the departures of front - and - center cast members , Louise Sorel as Vivian Alamain and Jensen Ackles as Eric Brady . Ackles and the character of Eric had been one of the main focus of the series for the past three years prior , in which the void would be hard to fill . Ken Corday and NBC announced plans to re-introduced a SORAS Brady Black , immediately following the conclusion of Eric 's storyline . That spring , Kyle Lowder was cast as the new Brady Black , whom would now be aged to his early 20 's , first appearing on August 21 , 2000 , a month following Eric 's exit . Lowder 's Brady did prove to win over the majority of viewers , as his pairing with Chloe Lane proved highly popular . The pair married and left town in 2005 when Lowder 's contract was not renewed . 2003 -- 2004 's `` Melaswen '' , saw several characters purportedly die at the hands of a masked psychopath ; they are later revealed to have been kidnapped to the secret island of Melaswen ( New Salem spelled backwards ) . 2007 's `` Bradys and DiMeras : The Reveal '' , told the story regarding how the Brady / DiMera feud started . Past characters returned in June 2010 to honor the passing of matriarch Alice Horton , whose character died on June 23 , 2010 . On June 23 , 2011 , Days of Our Lives introduced Sonny Kiriakis , the show 's first contract gay character onto the canvas to be featured in the show 's first gay story line . Freddie Smith ( Sonny ) said in an interview , `` He 's very confident and mature , he 's traveled the world and is very open - minded . I 'm very excited to portray him . '' Subsequent to Sonny 's arrival , Will Horton investigates his own sexuality , and reveals himself to be gay . He later starts a romantic relationship with Sonny . They eventually marry . On January 26 , 2012 , episode 11765 was a tribute to soldiers who have served in Afghanistan and previous wars with a PTSD therapy group for Jack Deveraux to talk over his time held captive there . This was also when the inline ' ' Next On ' ' promos were discontinued in favor of an external weekly promo . Cast ( edit ) See also : Days of Our Lives cast members Veteran actors Peter Reckell and Kristian Alfonso , who portray supercouple Bo and Hope Brady , have played both characters on and off since their first appearances in 1983 . When Days of Our Lives debuted the cast consisted of seven main characters ( Tom Horton , Alice Horton , Mickey Horton , Marie Horton , Julie Olson , Tony Merritt , and Craig Merritt ) . When the show expanded to one hour in April 1975 , the cast increased to 27 actors . By the 25th anniversary in 1990 , 40 actors appeared on the show in contract or recurring roles , which is the approximate number of actors the show has used since then . Original cast member Frances Reid , who played Alice Horton , remained on contract with Days of Our Lives until her death on February 3 , 2010 , though she last appeared on the show in December 2007 . Original cast member John Clarke , who played Mickey Horton , left the series in 2004 . Suzanne Rogers , who plays Maggie Horton has been on the show since 1973 , and Susan Seaforth Hayes has played Julie Olson Williams since 1968 with a few breaks in between , and also her husband Bill Hayes , who has played Doug Williams since 1970 , though neither Seaforth Hayes nor Hayes is employed with the serial on contract . In recent years , Days of Our Lives has hired back many former cast members . Twenty of the current contract cast members have been with the show , off - and - on , since at least 1999 . Since 2005 , cast members from the 1980s and 1990s , such as Christie Clark ( Carrie Brady ) , Stephen Nichols ( Steve Johnson ) , Austin Peck ( Austin Reed ) , Mary Beth Evans ( Kayla Brady ) , Joseph Mascolo ( Stefano DiMera ) , and Thaao Penghlis ( Tony DiMera ) have been brought back to Days of Our Lives . More additions to the show include the returns of Crystal Chappell ( Dr. Carly Manning ) , and Louise Sorel ( Vivian Alamain ) . In June 2010 , characters such as Jennifer Horton , Bill Horton , Shane Donovan , and Kimberly Brady returned for a short time and were featured heavily in a tribute to Alice Horton . Guest cast members have included Elizabeth Alley . In late 2012 , the show reintroduced actress Eileen Davidson in the role of Kristen Blake DiMera after a fourteen - year absence . In mid 2013 , the show debuted new characters such as JJ Deveraux and Theresa Donovan to appeal to younger viewers . In celebration of the soap 's fiftieth anniversary in 2015 , several cast members returned to the soap , including Peter Reckell , Stephen Nichols and Penghlis . Executive producing and head writing team ( edit ) Main article : Days of Our Lives producers and writers The co-creator and original executive producer , Ted Corday , was only at the helm for eight months before dying of cancer in 1966 . His widow , Betty , was named executive producer upon his death . She continued in that role , with the help of H. Wesley Kenney and Al Rabin as supervising producers , before she semi-retired in 1985 . When Mrs. Corday semi-retired in 1985 , and later died in 1987 , her son , Ken , became executive producer and took over the full - time , day - to - day running of the show , a title he still holds today . The series ' current co-executive producers are Greg Meng and Lisa de Cazotte . In March 2015 , it was reported that de Cazotte would no longer serve as a co-executive producer for the series . Albert Alarr was announced as de Cazotte 's replacement as a co-executive producer . The first long - term head writer , William J. Bell , started writing for Days of Our Lives in 1966 and continued until 1975 , a few years after he had created his own successful soap , The Young and the Restless . He stayed with the show as a story line consultant until 1978 . During the late 1970s and early 1980s , many writing changes occurred . In the early 1980s , Margaret DePriest helped stabilize the show with her serial killer story line . Later head writers , such as Sheri Anderson , Thom Racina , and Leah Laiman , built on that stability and crafted story lines of their own , temporarily bringing up ratings . Many writing changes occurred after Laiman left the series in 1989 and would not become stable again until James E. Reilly started with the show in 1993 . His tenure , which lasted for four - and - a-half years , was credited with bringing ratings up to the second place spot in the Nielsens . Other writers who succeeded him , such as Sally Sussman Morina and Tom Langan , failed to keep the ratings success , and another writer turnover continued until Reilly returned to the series in 2003 . Five - time Daytime Emmy winner Hogan Sheffer was named head writer with great fanfare in October 2006 , but lasted less than 16 months with the show , with his last episode airing in January 2008 . Former head writer Dena Higley 's first episode aired on April 23 , 2008 . Her co-head writer was Christopher Whitesell until February 2011 . On May 18 , 2011 , Dena Higley was fired . The new head writers were Marlene McPherson and Darrell Ray Thomas Jr . In April 2012 , it was confirmed that McPherson and Thomas Jr. were fired from their positions as co-head writers . Gary Tomlin and Christopher Whitesell were hired for the position . It was later confirmed that former All My Children headwriter Lorraine Broderick would join Tomlin and Whitesell as a breakdown writer on the series . In February 2015 , Soap Opera Digest confirmed that both Tomlin and Whitesell had been ousted in their roles as head - writers ; they further confirmed that former head writer Higley would return , alongside former The Young and the Restless head writer Josh Griffith . The change took effect on February 16 , 2015 . In August 2015 , reports stated that Higley would be taking a leave of absence from the show . In her place , Sony would be sending a writer from The Young and the Restless to help Griffith with the transition . The writer was later revealed to be former head writer Beth Milstein . In February 2016 , several days after the show was renewed for another year , Soap Opera Digest exclusively reported that Griffith has departed the show as head writer with Higley remaining ; they further revealed that script writer Ryan Quan has been promoted to replace Griffith . On January 23 , 2017 , Soap Opera Digest broke news that both Higley and Quan had been let go from their positions as co-head writers . According to the report , Quan was given a new title of Creative Consultant , while Higley was let go all - together . Former One Life to Live and General Hospital head writer Ron Carlivati was named as Higley 's replacement , `` effective immediately '' . In addition to Carlivati 's appointment , it was also announced that Anderson would return to the soap , sharing the role of Creative Consultant with Quan . Carlivati will receive his first episodic credit as head writer on July 19 , 2017 . Days of Our Lives won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Writing Team in June , 2012 and April , 2018 . It also won the Daytime Emmy Award for Outstanding Drama Series in June , 2013 and April , 2018 . Domestic broadcast ( edit ) According to Variety , Days of Our Lives is the most widely distributed soap opera in the United States , with episodes not just broadcast via NBC , but also via cable ( SOAPnet ) , and as of June 2007 , episodes are offered via iTunes . For the first three years on the air , Days of Our Lives was near the bottom of the Nielsen ratings , and close to cancellation . However , its ascent to the top was rapid ; as the 1969 TV season ended , it became an effective tool of NBC , which attempted to dethrone daytime leader CBS . By 1973 the show , pitted against CBS ' popular Guiding Light and ABC 's The Newlywed Game at 2 p.m. ( ET ) / 1 p.m. ( CT ) , had matched the first - place ratings of As the World Turns and sister NBC soap Another World . Due to the success of the program , it expanded from a half - hour to one hour on April 21 , 1975 . This expansion had followed the lead of Another World , which became TV 's first - ever hour - long soap on January 6 , three - and - a-half months earlier . Further , Days of Our Lives ' new starting time of 1 : 30 p.m. / 12 : 30 finally solved a scheduling problem that began in 1968 when NBC lost the game Let 's Make a Deal to ABC , and in its wake , eight different shows were placed into the slot ( Hidden Faces , You 're Putting Me On , Life with Linkletter , Words & Music , Memory Game , Three on a Match , Jeopardy ! , and How to Survive a Marriage ) . However , this first golden period for NBC daytime proved to be short - lived , as Days of Our Lives ' ratings began to decline in 1977 . Much of the decline was due to ABC 's expansion of its increasingly popular soap All My Children to a full hour , the last half of which overlapped with the first half of Days of Our Lives By January 1979 , the network , in a mode of desperation more than anything else , decided to jump headlong against AMC and moved the show ahead to the same 1 : 00 p.m. / 12 Noon time slot . In exchange to its affiliates for taking away the old half - hour access slot at 1 : 00 / Noon , NBC gave them the 4 p.m. / 3 slot , which many ( if not most ) stations had been preempting for years anyway . By 1986 , ABC and CBS followed suit , under the intense pressure of lucrative ( and cheap ) syndicated programming offered to affiliates . By 1980 , Days of Our Lives had displaced Another World as NBC 's highest - rated soap . However , the entire NBC soap lineup was in ratings trouble . In fact , by 1982 , all of its shows were rated above only one ABC soap ( The Edge of Night ) and below all four CBS soaps . The `` supercouple '' era of the 1980s , however , helped bring about a ratings revival , and the 1983 -- 1984 season saw Days of Our Lives experience a surge in ratings . It held onto its strong numbers for most of the 1980s , only to decline again by 1990 , eventually falling back into eighth place . In the mid-1990s , however , the show experienced a resurgence in popularity and the show reached number two in the ratings , where it remained for several years before experiencing another ratings decline beginning in 1999 , the year that Days of Our Lives became NBC 's longest - running daytime program ( upon the cancellation of Another World ) . Throughout the 2000s ( decade ) , Days of Our Lives and all the other remaining network daytime serials have witnessed a steady erosion of viewers , mainly due to vastly altered viewing habits induced by cable networks and alternative genres such as reality and talk shows on minor network affiliates . On January 17 , 2007 , NBC Universal Television president Jeff Zucker remarked that Days of Our Lives would most likely not `` continue past 2009 . '' This contributed to an immediate ratings decline for Days of Our Lives . The show was averaging a 2.4 rating prior to the announcement , dropped to a 2.2 average household rating in the months after . In an April 2007 interview with Soap Opera Digest , executive producer Ken Corday commented on the ratings decline of the previous months , `` If I do n't pay attention to the ratings and what the viewers are saying , I 'm an ostrich . I have not seen a decline in the ratings on the show this precipitous -- ever . I 've never seen this much of a percentage decline . '' Days of Our Lives had finished the 2008 - 2009 television season with a substantial increase in viewers ( 3.0 million vs. 2.8 million ) and had risen to the # 3 spot behind The Young and the Restless and The Bold and the Beautiful , respectively . It was the # 2 daytime program behind The Young and the Restless in the much coveted 18 - 49 demographic . During the first few months of the 2009 - 2010 season , Days of Our Lives increased its average household rating to 2.4 , and averaged consistently over 3,000,000 viewers . It was only one point behind the # 2 daytime drama The Bold and the Beautiful , and has beat that soap on several days during the season . In 2010 , Days of Our Lives continued to increase viewership , reaching as high as 3.6 million viewers on several days . A substantial increase in viewership such as Days of Our Lives has had lately also bucks the viewership trend in daytime dramas , which had declined since the 1990s for all other daytime drama series . Days of Our Lives was the only daytime drama series to increase in viewers between 2008 and 2010 and had reduced its operating budget , making it a profitable asset to NBC 's broadcast line - up . However starting in 2011 , Days of Our Lives started to lose ground significantly to the point that it sometimes occupied the last position among all soaps for both total viewership and the 18 - 49 women demographic . The cancellation of All My Children on ABC combined with the return of several cast members allowed a brief resurgence of Days of Our Lives in October 2011 , but ratings soon declined again . In December 2011 before the cancellation of One Life to Live , Days of Our Lives recorded three consecutive weeks of new lows in the 18 - 49 women key demo category , and again another consecutive three weeks of low ratings in the same demographic during March -- April 2012 . As of 2012 , Days of Our Lives generally ranks # 3 among the four daytime soap operas on the air when it comes to the total number of viewers ( surpassing only General Hospital ) . However , Days of Our Lives is last among all soap operas for the numbers of viewers in the targeted demographic of women aged between 18 and 49 years old . Local scheduling variations ( edit ) Since January 1993 after the cancellation of Santa Barbara , WPXI - TV in Pittsburgh airs Days weekdays during its 3 : 00 p.m. time slot while some stations such as WJAC - TV in Johnstown , Pennsylvania air the program during the 2 : 00 p.m. timeslot , but most stations continue to air Days at its 1 p.m. time slot . Some Central Time Zone affiliates carry it at noon with the main Eastern feed , such as Green Bay , Wisconsin 's WGBA - TV , which uses it as an alternative to programming what would likely be a low - rated local newscast against long - established local competition . However , the program received schedule and station shifts with the start of the 2013 - 14 television season . One NBC station , KSNV - DT in Las Vegas , stopped carrying the show on August 19 , 2013 due to a long - term move to an all - news schedule outside of network news and primetime programming ; the program moved to the market 's CW affiliate KVCW , where it aired at its traditional 1 : 00 p.m. time slot until an ownership change saw the show return to KSNV in late December 2014 as part of a change in the all - news plans . With the cancellation of Passions , Days is now NBC 's last remaining daytime soap opera , as well as the network 's last remaining daytime program . Salt Lake City 's KSL - TV moved the show to the late night 1 : 05 a.m. slot three weeks later on September 9 for unknown reasons , though a romantic plot line between two gay characters was theorized as a reason for the move ; the station is owned by the broadcasting arm of the LDS Church . Nielsen ratings History ( edit ) End of season number of metered viewers ( listed as a Nielsen share in millions ) and ranking ( against other soap operas ) from the first broadcast to the reporting week of August 24 to August 28 , 2015 . Main article : List of US daytime soap opera ratings § 1960s Season Share Ranking 1 ( 1965 ) 5.3 10 / 17 2 ( 1966 ) 6.9 10 / 13 3 ( 1967 ) 8.7 10 / 13 4 ( 1968 ) 9.3 5 / 14 5 ( 1969 ) 8.8 7 / 19 6 ( 1970 ) 9.4 4 / 18 7 ( 1971 ) 9.9 3 / 17 8 ( 1972 ) 9.9 2 / 17 9 ( 1973 ) 9.7 1 / 16 10 ( 1974 ) 9.7 2 / 14 11 ( 1975 ) 8.3 4 / 14 12 ( 1976 ) 7.8 7 / 15 13 ( 1977 ) 6.9 10 / 14 14 ( 1978 ) 6.8 10 / 14 15 ( 1979 ) 6.6 10 / 13 16 ( 1980 ) 5.6 9 / 13 17 ( 1981 ) 5.5 10 / 15 18 ( 1982 ) 5.7 8 / 14 19 ( 1983 ) 7.1 7 / 14 20 ( 1984 ) 7.1 6 / 14 Season Share Ranking 21 ( 1985 ) 7.2 5 / 13 22 ( 1986 ) 7.0 4 / 14 23 ( 1987 ) 7.1 5 / 12 24 ( 1988 ) 6.5 5 / 13 25 ( 1989 ) 5.4 7 / 12 26 ( 1990 ) 5.2 7 / 12 27 ( 1991 ) 5.4 7 / 11 28 ( 1992 ) 4.9 8 / 11 29 ( 1993 ) 5.6 6 / 10 30 ( 1994 ) 5.3 6 / 10 31 ( 1995 ) 5.8 2 / 11 32 ( 1996 ) 5.8 2 / 12 33 ( 1997 ) 5.1 2 / 11 34 ( 1998 ) 5.8 2 / 12 35 ( 1999 ) 4.2 3 / 11 36 ( 2000 ) 3.8 3 / 10 37 ( 2001 ) 3.6 3 / 10 38 ( 2002 ) 3.1 4 / 10 39 ( 2003 ) 3.1 4 / 10 40 ( 2004 ) 2.7 5 / 9 Season Share Ranking 41 ( 2005 ) 2.6 4 / 9 42 ( 2006 ) 2.3 6 / 9 43 ( 2007 ) 2.1 5 / 8 44 ( 2008 ) 2.2 3 / 8 45 ( 2009 ) 2.2 3 / 7 46 ( 2010 ) 2.0 4 / 6 47 ( 2011 ) 2.0 5 / 5 48 ( 2012 ) 2.1 4 / 4 49 ( 2013 ) 1.85 4 / 4 50 ( current ) 2.05 4 / 4 Primetime Episode Share Ranking `` One Stormy Night '' ( 1992 ) 10.5 64 / 92 `` Night Sins '' ( 1993 ) 7.9 72 / 87 `` Winter Heat '' ( 1994 ) 8.0 78 / 94 # 7315 ( 1994 ) 6.3 64 / 91 # 7316 ( 1994 ) 6.1 68 / 91 International broadcast ( edit ) Americas ( edit ) Throughout Canada , Days of Our Lives currently airs either at 1 : 00 PM or 2 : 00 PM depending on location on Global Television Network . Episodes are aired in sync with the NBC broadcast to take advantage of simultaneous substitution regulations . In Barbados the show was very popular , though it ran several years behind the U.S. ( the series began in Barbados in 1980 from the very first episode ) , and was aired on the island 's lone television broadcaster , CBC TV 8 . In 2014 , the channel dropped the series . Belize 's Tropical Vision Limited features Days of Our Lives as an afternoon staple . Currently it airs at 3 : 00 pm UTC - 6 Central Time , though it previously aired as early as 1 : 00 pm or as late as 5 : 30 pm as a lead - in to the news . Oceania ( edit ) See also : Screening of soap operas in Australia In Australia , Days of Our Lives was initially broadcast on the Nine Network from March 25 , 1968 , until April 26 , 2013 , when the network axed the show based on a commercial decision . During its run on the Nine Network in the early 2000s , episodes ended up being nearly five years behind the United States , due to the network 's coverage of cricket each summer . In an attempt to get viewers up to date with the US , Nine aired a one - hour special on September 13 , 2004 , titled , Days of Our Lives : A New Day , which summarized four years of storylines and caused mixed feelings among regular viewers . This special was followed by episodes airing at the same pace as the US . However , the show ended up being behind the US again , and by April 2013 , episodes were airing at a delay of 16 months . On June 17 , 2013 , Days of Our Lives resumed to Australian viewers free and on - demand through Sony 's Crackle service , as well as across Crackle 's web apps on mobile devices , connected TVs and game consoles . Crackle picked up where the Nine Network left off with 10 new episodes in its first week and seven new episodes every Monday thereafter . From January 20 , 2014 , Crackle began releasing five episodes each week . Days of Our Lives is currently six years behind the US . Days of Our Lives returned to Australian television on Foxtel 's channel Arena in April 2014 . It airs weekdays before The Young and the Restless at 12 : 00 pm AEST . In order to bring TV viewers up to date , Arena screened ten catch up episodes , each presented by Days of Our Lives cast members , from April 1 to April 14 , 2014 , featuring key story lines missed during the 11 - month Australian television hiatus . Then on April 15 , 2014 , Arena began airing episodes at the same pace as the US . Arena also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday around 7 : 00 am AEST . New Zealand has aired Days of Our Lives along with The Young and the Restless since 1975 , debuting on Television New Zealand ( TVNZ ) . Originally airing weekdays on TV2 was shifted to TV One in 2003 , where it was put in a 2pm time slot . The soap was approximately five seasons behind the NBC season due to being preempted by holiday and sporting programming . During October 2009 , TVNZ announced that they were ending their exclusive contract with Sony Pictures . Despite a national petition from fans Days of Our Lives ended on May 19 , 2010 . On February 27 , 2013 , nearly three years the series ' final broadcast on TVNZ , ChoiceTV announced their decision to pick up the series ; the series began broadcasting on March 11 , 2013 , weekdays at 1 : 30pm . Broadcasting began with the series ' 46th season ( 2011 -- 12 ) , meaning the show would be only 18 months behind the current NBC season in the US . ChoiceTV also re-airs the last five aired episodes shown as an omnibus catch up edition each Sunday , beginning at 9 AM NZST , when due to government broadcasting restrictions are shown without advertisements . By December 20 , 2013 , ChoiceTV had removed the show from their schedule for summer hiatus . However , the series resumed airing on February 10 , 2014 from episode 11,880 . As of April 25 , 2014 , New Zealand viewers are up to episode 11,933 , as ChoiceTV decides on if they will renew the show . Europe ( edit ) Channel 5 aired episodes of Days of our Lives in the United Kingdom from March 2000 to April 2001 , eventually pulling it off the air ; network executives deemed its audience of 200,000 viewers as too low a figure . Days had previously aired in the United Kingdom and Ireland on the Sky Soap channel between 1994 and 1999 ; episodes were three years behind U.S. telecasts . Days of Our Lives became available to viewers again in the United Kingdom in 2007 - 2010 ; CBS Drama ended the run after relegating the show from daytime to 1.00 am . African / Eastern ( edit ) In South Africa , the soap aired on SABC 1 for ten years , from 1996 until March 2006 , weekdays at 17 : 10 to 18 : 00 local standard time . As of April 2005 , the soap airs on SABC 3 , each weekday from 17 : 00 to 17 : 50 . Beginning September 4 , 2017 , the show moves to ETV at 17 : 30pm according to promos posted online . Opening title sequences and theme song ( edit ) Original main title ; the registered trademark next to the title was later removed . Almost unmodified since the show 's debut in 1965 , the title sequence of Days of Our Lives features an hourglass , with sand slowly trickling to the bottom against the backdrop of a partly cloudy sky , as well as the trademark voiceover , `` Like sands through the hourglass , so are the Days of Our Lives . '' From the show 's debut in 1965 until March 1966 , announcer Ed Prentiss spoke the phrase , adding `` Days of Our Lives , a new dramatic serial starring Macdonald Carey . '' Since April 1966 , the voice has been that of Macdonald Carey , who played Dr. Thomas Horton from the show 's premiere until the actor 's 1994 death from lung cancer . From 1966 to 1994 , he would add `` This is Macdonald Carey , and these are the Days of Our Lives . '' After Carey 's death in 1994 , this second part was removed out of respect for Carey and his family . At intermission ( between 1975 and 2011 ) , his voice would also say `` We will return for the second half of Days of Our Lives in just a moment '' . Days of Our Lives opening theme ( 1973 ) Narrated by Macdonald Carey <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The only major visual change to the title sequence was in 1993 when the show began using a CGI animated hourglass and backdrop . The theme that regularly accompanies each sequence was composed by Charles Albertine , Tommy Boyce , and Bobby Hart . The theme has only been modified a few times since Days of Our Lives premiered : in 1972 ; in 1993 , when the opening titles were changed to computerized visuals ( designed by Wayne Fitzgerald and Judy Loren ) ; in 2004 , with an orchestral arrangement that was only used in eight episodes , after which time the theme was reverted to the 1993 arrangement ; and in 2009 , when the theme was edited for time and shortened . Beginning with the November 8 , 2010 episode , there were slight changes to the coloring of the sky background in the sequence now being displayed in 16 : 9 widescreen . However , there was very little change in the sequence 's appearance from the 1993 version . Parodies ( edit ) SCTV had a recurring soap opera sketch called `` Days of the Week '' which featured Martin Short and Andrea Martin . Days of Our Lives was somewhat satirized ( or perhaps merely referenced ) on the hit NBC sitcom Friends when series regular Joey Tribbiani ( Matt LeBlanc ) was cast as `` Dr. Drake Ramoray '' on the show , despite Joey living in New York when Days of Our Lives is shot in California . Subsequent episodes featured pseudo-Days of Our Lives storylines invented for the sitcom , and included some guest appearances by real - life cast members from the soap opera . Joey 's stint on the show ended when he angered the show 's writers ; his character was killed after falling down an elevator shaft . Later , his character was brought back to life thanks to a brain transplant from the character Jessica Lockhart , played by Susan Sarandon . Alison Sweeney ( Sami Brady ) appeared on Friends as faux Days character `` Jessica Lockhart '' , Kristian Alfonso as Hope Brady , and Roark Critchlow as Mike Horton . In an episode in which Joey hosts a `` soap opera party '' on the roof , Matthew Ashford and Kyle Lowder make appearances as his co-stars . In the spin - off sitcom Joey , Joey is nominated for `` best death scene '' after his character is stabbed while performing surgery . The show was also parodied as `` Light of Our Love '' , or `` LOOL '' , in the Nancy Drew video game Stay Tuned for Danger . The Simpsons episode `` Pygmoelian '' features a fictional soap opera , `` It Never Ends '' , based on Days of Our Lives . Days of our Mornings is a long - running radio parody , broadcast weekday mornings on 5FM in South Africa . The Fairly OddParents episode `` Add a Dad '' features a parody name as `` Dads of our Lives '' . Totally Spies ! episode `` Starstruck '' features a television set of a parody show `` Days of Our Spies '' . House episode `` Gut Check '' features House hiring a kid who plays a fictional character of the fictionalized version of the show . Blue Collar TV featured a sketch as a parody of the show called `` White Trash Days of Our Lives '' with the opening epitaph slightly changed . `` Like beer through a redneck , so flows the white trash days of our lives . '' Gilmore Girls : Just after Emily goes to walk after her and Richard 's fight , Lorelai says Like sands through the hourglass , so are the Gilmores of Our Lives . This happened at season 2 in episode 10 ( `` The Bracebridge Dinner '' ) . Fans ( edit ) The show has had many high - profile fans . In 1976 , TIME magazine reported that then - Justice of the Supreme Court Thurgood Marshall would call a recess around the 1 p.m. hour to watch Days of Our Lives . Actress Julia Roberts admitted at the 2002 People 's Choice Awards that she was a fan of Days of Our Lives , asked to be seated near the cast , and upon winning her award stated , `` I 'm very nervous because the cast of Days of Our Lives is here . '' In 2004 , during the show 's Melaswen storyline , Roberts ' interest was considered notable enough that Entertainment Weekly quoted her saying that `` the show has gotten a little wacko . '' A 1998 TIME article mentioned that Monica Lewinsky was a passionate fan of Days of Our Lives , so much so that she wrote a poem about the series in her high school yearbook . The article compared her whirlwind experiences in the White House to a story on Days of Our Lives . Best - selling novelist Brian Keene has stated in interviews that he has watched the show since 1983 , and pauses from writing each day during the hour it is on . Awards and nominations ( edit ) Main article : List of awards and nominations received by Days of Our Lives See also ( edit ) List of Days of Our Lives cast members List of Days of Our Lives characters Minor characters of Days of Our Lives References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Matriarch Frances Reid Has Died '' . ET. 2010 - 02 - 04 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 10 . Retrieved 2011 - 02 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Episode Schedule '' . United States : NBCUniversal . May 25 , 2018 . Retrieved May 25 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Alliaume , Curt . `` NBC Daytime '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Cinema '' . Time . 1965 - 11 - 05 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` A new day for Nine '' . Melbourne : The Age . 2004 - 08 - 26 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` TVNZ Schedules '' . TVNZ . Archived from the original on 2009 - 05 - 25 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Days Yanked in UK '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Days Summary '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Frances Reid -- Days of our Lives -- Bio -- DAYS -- ALice '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on 2005 - 03 - 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` The Suzanne Rogers Interview '' . Daily Radar.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 10 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Seaforth Hayes Bio '' . Soap Opera Digest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives Season 40 , Ep 10,000 '' . OVGuide.com . Archived from the original on March 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives Celebration '' . Soap Opera Digest.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 02 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : `` TIME Rates the Soaps '' . TIME. 1976 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . ^ Jump up to : Soap Opera Digest article , issue of 10 February 1998 , page 42 ^ Jump up to : Josef Adalian ( 2007 - 06 - 10 ) . `` iTunes plays Days '' . Variety . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One That Could Have Been , Part I '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One After the Super Bowl '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Friends : The One With Joey 's Award '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : Fonseca , Nicholas ( 2004 - 05 - 28 ) . `` Daytime 's Secret Weapon '' . Entertainment Weekly . Archived from the original on October 12 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Suffering in the Afternoon '' . TIME. 1976 - 01 - 12 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 110 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 111 . Jump up ^ Shapiro , Walter ( 1987 - 05 - 11 ) . `` Move Over , Sam Ervin '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 109 Jump up ^ `` Soap Star Stats : Susan Seaforth Hayes ( Julie , DAYS ) '' . SoapOperaDigest.com . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2010 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Schemering , Christopher ( September 1985 ) . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia ( 1st ed . ) . pp. 66 -- 73 . ISBN 0 - 345 - 32459 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Sex and Suffering in the Afternoon '' . Time . Time.com . January 12 , 1976 . Retrieved May 20 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Waggett , Gerard J. ( November 1997 ) . `` One Life to Live '' . The Soap Opera Encyclopedia . Harper Paperbacks . p. 91 . ISBN 0 - 06 - 101157 - 6 . ^ Jump up to : Bellafante , Ginia ( 1995 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Soap Operas : The Old and the Desperate '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Bellafante , Ginia ( 1999 - 07 - 12 ) . `` Love , Money , Witches and Beach Grass '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` What you did n't see at the Daytime Emmys '' . USA Today . 2006 - 05 - 01 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1977 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` 52nd Annual Writers Guild Awards '' . Writers Guild of America . Archived from the original on 2007 - 04 - 30 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1973 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Daytime Emmys - 1974 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` The National Academy Of Arts & Sciences Announces The Winners For The 41st Annual Daytime Emmy Awards '' . NATAS . Retrieved 2014 - 06 - 28 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1978 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1985 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Daytime Emmys - 1987 '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` BREAKING : Darin Brooks Wins Younger Actor '' . Daytime Confidential . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved June 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Tamara Braun Bags The `` Best Supporting Actress Award '' At The Emmy 's `` . Daytime Confidential . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Published : August 30 , 2009 10 : 59 PM By The Associated Press ( 2009 - 08 - 30 ) . `` The Long Island and New York City News Source '' . Newsday . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Levin , Gary ( 2007 - 01 - 17 ) . `` No surprises at NBC '' . USA Today . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ ' Days Of Our Lives ' Renewed Through 2010 - 11 Season ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives ' Renewed Through 2010 - 11 Season '' . Nbc.com . Archived from the original on March 23 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Mar 19 , 2010 12 : 14 PM ( 2010 - 03 - 19 ) . `` NBC renews ' Days of our Lives ' - The Live Feed THR '' . Livefeed.hollywoodreporter.com . Retrieved 2010 - 05 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official -- Days Renewed ! '' . Soapoperadigest.com . Archived from the original on March 3 , 2010 . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ Stelter , Brian ( 2010 - 11 - 07 ) . `` Days of Our Lives ' Renewed for 2 More Years '' . Mediadecoder.blogs.nytimes.com . Retrieved 2011 - 06 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS RENEWED FOR TWO YEARS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . January 22 , 2014 . Retrieved January 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kroll , Dan J. `` DAYS News : DAYS to broadcast in high - definition Days of our Lives at '' . Soapcentral.com . Retrieved 2011 - 01 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` OPINION : DAYS OF OUR LIVES Reboot Day One - Does It Get The Boot ? '' . We Love Soaps. 2012 - 09 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Deanna , Deanna ( 2012 - 04 - 10 ) . `` Casting Cuts Have Started on ' Days of Our Lives ' '' . MSN Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 15 , 2012 . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Ungrey , Steve ( 2011 - 11 - 27 ) . `` DAYS OF OUR LIVES : MY THOUGHTS ON THE REBOOT '' . We Love Soaps . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( 2012 - 04 - 04 ) . `` Deep Soap : ' Days of Our Lives ' Fires Its Head writers , Replaces Them With Their Predecessors '' . Xfinity . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Nobles , Omar ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) . `` * Update * ' Days of our Lives ' Adds Emmy Winner Lorraine Broderick To Writing Team '' . TV Source Magazine . Retrieved 2013 - 03 - 04 . Jump up ^ Rose , Violet . `` The Five Longest Running Soap Operas in the United States '' . Yahoo ! Voices . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2012 . Retrieved 13 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Clifford , Kambra ( November 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' DAYS ' Kicks Off 50th Anniversary Celebration With Reveal of New Logo During the Hollywood Christmas Parade ! '' . United States : Soapoperanetwork.com . Retrieved November 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( February 11 , 2016 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed By NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 12 , 2016 . Retrieved February 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Nemetz , Dave ( January 18 , 2017 ) . `` Is Days of Our Lives Cancelled ? NBC Boss Says : ' I Do n't Think It 's Over Yet ' '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on January 19 , 2017 . Retrieved January 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the 52nd renewal of Days of Our Lives : SOD ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` NBC Renews DAYS OF OUR LIVES '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Andreeva , Nellie ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed For Season 52 By NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Ausiello , Michael ( February 21 , 2017 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Renewed at NBC '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on February 21 , 2017 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Various citations concerning the 54th season renewal of Days of Our Lives : SOD ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` DAYS Renewed For Another Year ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . Rice , Lynette ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Days of Our Lives renewed for a 54th season '' . Entertainment Weekly . United States : Time Inc . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Pedersen , Erik ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Days Of Our Lives Renewed For Season 54 On NBC '' . Deadline Hollywood . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Mathews , Liam ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Renewed for Season 54 '' . TV Guide . United States : CBS Interactive . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . Roots , Kimberly ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` Days of Our Lives Renewed at NBC '' . TVLine . United States : Penske Media Corporation . Archived from the original on March 9 , 2018 . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Bonderoff , Jason . `` Unforgettable Stories '' . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Annie , All My Afternoons , p. 112 . ^ Jump up to : `` Mascolo Brings Stefano Back to Salem '' . Soap Central . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ Zoglin , Richard ( 1984 - 08 - 13 ) . `` Where 's the Soaps ? '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` Buried Alive Carly vs. Sheridan '' . DaytimeConfidential. 2010 - 10 - 10 . Archived from the original on April 7 , 2012 . Retrieved 2011 - 10 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` Susan Banks Crumb Played by Brynn Thayer on Days of Our Lives - Soaps.com '' . Soaps.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 07 - 26 . Archived from the original on July 26 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . Web.archive.org. 2010 - 08 - 24 . Archived from the original on August 24 , 2010 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Bonderoff , Jason . `` Unforgettable Stories '' . SOAPnet . Archived from the original on 2007 - 03 - 19 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Suzanne says : ( 2010 - 03 - 17 ) . `` DAYS brings back fan favorites for Alice Horton Memorial ! Michael Fairman On - Air On - Soaps Daytime Soap Interviews , News , Updates and Previews , Video and Audio Interviews '' . Michaelfairmansoaps.com . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Lynette Rice ( June 17 , 2011 ) . `` Official : ' Days of Our Lives ' begins gay story line -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved 2010 - 06 - 15 . Jump up ^ Greg Hernandez ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) . `` Will Horton to come out on April 4 ! And Neil , the guy Will kissed last month , returns for at least three episodes ! '' . GreginHollywood.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ GaysofDays.com ( 2012 - 09 - 25 ) . `` The Gays of Days Episode # 156 - September 24 , 2012 '' . GaysofDays.com . Retrieved 2012 - 09 - 29 . ^ Jump up to : Days of Our Lives : A Complete History of the Long - Running Soap Opera . McFarland . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol . `` Casey Moss Joins ' Days of our Lives ' as JJ Devereaux '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Lauro , Janet . `` Theresa Donovan Quick Profile '' . About.com Days of our Lives Fans . Retrieved 12 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Paula Hendrickson ( November 5 , 2015 ) . `` ' Days of Our Lives ' Rings in 50th Anniversary '' . Variety . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( March 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' DAYS '' Lisa de Cazotte OUT ! Albert Alarr Upped to Co-Executive Producer `` . Soap Opera Network . United States : Manti , Inc . Retrieved March 2 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The Powers that be '' . EW.com. 2008 - 03 - 26 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` DAYS Writers OUT '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved April 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` It 's Official : DAYS Names New Writing Team '' . Soap Opera Digest . 2012 - 04 - 06 . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 9 , 2015 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! MAJOR WRITER SWITCH AT DAYS ! '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved February 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Giddens , Jamey ( August 12 , 2015 ) . `` REPORT : Dena Higley Takes Leave of Absence From Days of Our Lives '' . Daytime Confidential . United States : Confidential Media , Inc . ( SAY Media ) . Retrieved August 12 , 2015 . Jump up ^ SOD ( February 18 , 2016 ) . `` EXCLUSIVE ! BEHIND THE SCENES CHANGE AT DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : soapoperadigest.com . American Media . Retrieved February 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ SOD ( January 24 , 2017 ) . `` Breaking News : Higley Out , Carlivati In At DAYS '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Fairman , Michael ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Carlivati IN as Head Writer At Days of our Lives ; Dena Higley OUT ! '' . On - Air On - Soaps . United States : Michael Fairman Soaps , Inc . Archived from the original on January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ SOD ( June 21 , 2017 ) . `` Ron Carlivati Announces First DAYS Airdate '' . Soap Opera Digest . United States : American Media , Inc . Odyssey Magazine Publishing Group Inc . Retrieved June 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' General Hospital ' scores 5 Daytime Emmys , including best drama ; ' Today , ' ' Jeopardy ! ' also win '' . Associated Press . 2012 - 06 - 23 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 25 . Retrieved June 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Nordyke , Kimberly ( June 16 , 2013 ) . `` Daytime Emmy Awards : ' Days of our Lives Wins Best Drama ; Georgle Lucas Nabs First Emmy '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 21 August 2013 . Jump up ^ Alliaume , Curt . `` NBC Daytime '' . `` Curt Alliaume 's Utterly Irrelevant Web Site '' . Archived from the original on April 9 , 2002 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Soap Opera Digest . `` Crisis at DAYS ! The Secret Plan to Save It '' . April 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` No surprises at NBC - Days of our Lives Renewed '' . NBC . January 17 , 2007 . Archived from the original on March 8 , 2010 . Retrieved June 8 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2011 - 12 - 16 ) . `` Ratings : New Lows For DAYS & Y&R in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2011 - 12 - 23 ) . `` Ratings : Another New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 01 - 03 ) . `` Ratings : DAYS Hits Lows For Third Straight Week '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 02 - 10 ) . `` Ratings : DAYS Hits New Low in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Lewis , Errol ( 2012 - 03 - 30 ) . `` ' The Revolution ' Hits New Series Low , Bringing Down ' General Hospital ' '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( 2012 - 04 - 06 ) . `` Ratings : Another New Low For DAYS in Women 18 - 49 Viewers '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ Ratings : New Lows For DAYS / Y&R ; Another Horrible Week For Soaps Soap Opera Network ^ Jump up to : Lewis , Errol . `` Ratings '' . Soap Opera Network . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . ^ Jump up to : Andreeva , Nellie . `` ' Revolution ' Renewal In Doubt - ' General Hospital ' Could Benefit From New ABC Show 's Weak Ratings '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of Our Lives Weekly Nielsen Ratings Charts '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 01 - 10 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` KSL wo n't be airing ' Days of Our Lives ' during day '' . The Salt Lake Tribune . Archived from the original on October 2 , 2013 . Retrieved 6 September 2013 . CS1 maint : Unfit url ( link ) Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Ratings : Great Week for GH / Y&R / B&B '' . Soap Opera Network . Manti , Inc . Retrieved December 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Toups , Xavier ( November 20 , 2015 ) . `` Ratings : Good Week for Y&R / DAYS / B&B '' . Soap Opera Network . Manti , Inc . Retrieved November 20 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives - GlobalTV.com : Global Television Official Site '' . GlobalTV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Those were the Days of our Lives '' . GNationnews . October 11 , 2014 . Retrieved May 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Knox , David ( April 15 , 2014 ) . `` Nine axes Days of Our Lives after 45 years '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( June 12 , 2013 ) . `` Days of our Lives episodes to resume online for Aussie fans '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved February 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Days of Our Lives Online Free '' . Crackle.com . Archived from the original on July 22 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Knox , David ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Foxtel to fast - track Days of Our Lives '' . TV Tonight . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . ^ Jump up to : B , Alicia ( 2014 - 02 - 24 ) . `` Days of Our Lives is Coming Back -- EXPRESS ! '' . Throng Australia . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 24 . Jump up ^ `` Broadcasting Act 1989 - Section 81 '' . Legislation.govt.nz. 2013 - 08 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 11 - 07 . Jump up ^ `` Days of our Lives '' . ChoiceTV . January 30 , 2014 . Archived from the original on February 2 , 2014 . Retrieved January 30 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Digital Developments . `` TV Guide '' . Archived from the original on October 21 , 2014 . Retrieved October 21 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Opening and Closing Credits '' . Beth 's Days Page . Archived from the original on 2007 - 10 - 27 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Milestones : MacDonald Carey obituary '' . TIME magazine . 1994 - 04 - 04 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Bobby Hart Biography '' . Yahoo ! Music . Archived from the original on July 8 , 2012 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . ^ Jump up to : `` Increasingly , TV Shows Are Talking About Themselves '' . Brandweek . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One Where Dr. Ramoray Dies '' . TBS . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2007 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Friends : The One With Joey 's New Brain '' . TBS . Archived from the original on September 6 , 2006 . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Joey : Joey and the Wrong Name '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ Marshall , Ingeborg ( 1998 ) . A History and Ethnography of the Beothuk . McGill - Queen 's University Press . p. 13 . ISBN 0 - 7735 - 1774 - X . ^ Jump up to : Ratnesar , Romesh ( 1998 - 02 - 02 ) . `` The Days of Her Life '' . TIME . Retrieved 2007 - 06 - 09 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Days of our Lives . Wikinews has related news : Two veteran actors to depart beleaguered soap ' Days of our Lives ' Official website Days of Our Lives on IMDb Days of Our Lives - SoapCentral.com <Th_colspan="2"> Days of Our Lives Current characters Vivian Alamain Brady Black John Black Caroline Brady Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Andre DiMera Anna DiMera Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Parker Jonas Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams Notable past characters Alice Horton Tom Horton Lawrence Alamain Susan Banks Belle Black Bo Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Dr. Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Xander Cook Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Jack Deveraux Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Kristen DiMera Johnny DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Calliope Jones Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Ben Rogers Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston Related information Cast members Producers and writers Awards and nominations 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Will and Sonny Shane and Kimberly Salem Cruise of Deception Fictional families DiMera family Horton family Brady family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family <Th_colspan="2"> Days of Our Lives characters <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Present and future characters <Td_colspan="2"> Brady Black John Black Tate Black Ciara Brady Claire Brady Eric Brady Hope Brady Kayla Brady Roman Brady Abe Carver Tripp Dalton Abigail Deveraux JJ Deveraux Chad DiMera Stefan DiMera Thomas DiMera Eve Donovan Theresa Donovan Marlena Evans Eli Grant Valerie Grant Gabi Hernandez Rafe Hernandez Arianna Horton Jennifer Horton Lucas Horton Maggie Horton Will Horton Adrienne Johnson Steve Johnson Justin Kiriakis Sonny Kiriakis Victor Kiriakis Xander Kiriakis Chloe Lane Paul Narita Lani Price Kate Roberts Ben Weston Doug Williams Julie Olson Williams <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Past characters <Td_colspan="2"> Tom Horton Alice Horton Hattie Adams Lawrence Alamain Vivian Alamain Susan Banks Bart Beiderbecke Belle Black Peter Blake Eugene Bradford Bo Brady Caroline Brady Carrie Brady Cassie Brady Chelsea Brady Frankie Brady Kimberly Brady Max Brady Rex Brady Sami Brady Shawn Brady Shawn - Douglas Brady Lexie Carver Theo Carver Liz Chandler Don Craig Neil Curtis Cameron Davis Anjelica Deveraux Jack Deveraux André DiMera Anna DiMera Daphne DiMera EJ DiMera Johnny DiMera Kristen DiMera Santo DiMera Stefano DiMera Sydney DiMera Tony DiMera Drew Donovan Shane Donovan Lee DuMonde Renée DuMonde Nick Fallon Megan Hathaway Benjy Hawk Arianna Hernandez Dario Hernandez Eduardo Hernandez Addie Horton Allie Horton Bill Horton Jeremy Horton Laura Horton Marie Horton Melissa Horton Mickey Horton Nathan Horton Sarah Horton Tommy Horton Robin Jacobs Madison James Aiden Jennings Chase Jennings Joey Johnson Stephanie Johnson Daniel Jonas Melanie Jonas Parker Jonas Calliope Jones Bradford Alexander Kiriakis Deimos Kiriakis Philip Kiriakis Maxine Landis Paige Larson Bonnie Lockhart Mimi Lockhart Patrick Lockhart Carly Manning Alex Marshall Serena Mason Mia McCormick Jade Michaels Anne Milbauer Colin Murphy Tori Narita Celeste Perrault Austin Reed Billie Reed Curtis Reed Jordan Ridgeway Wilhelm Rolf Jan Spears Isabella Toscano Ava Vitali Gina Von Amberg Brandon Walker Fay Walker Nicole Walker Taylor Walker Nancy Wesley Clyde Weston <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Character lists <Td_colspan="2"> 1960s 1970s 1980s 1990s 2000s 2010s Cast members Previous cast members Producers and writers Doug and Julie Bo and Hope Sami and EJ John and Marlena Jack and Jennifer Steve and Kayla Shawn and Belle Lucas and Sami Shane and Kimberly Will and Sonny Salem Cruise of Deception Horton family Brady family DiMera family Kiriakis family Johnson family Roberts family <Th_colspan="2"> Daytime television soap operas in the United States Current The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1940s debuts Faraway Hill ( 1946 ) Highway to the Stars ( 1947 ) These Are My Children ( 1949 ) A Woman to Remember ( 1949 ) 1950s debuts As the World Turns ( 1956 -- 2010 ) The Brighter Day ( 1954 -- 1962 ) The Edge of Night ( 1956 -- 1984 ) The First Hundred Years ( 1950 -- 1952 ) First Love ( 1954 -- 1955 ) From These Roots ( 1958 -- 1961 ) Golden Windows ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Guiding Light ( 1952 -- 2009 ) Hawkins Falls ( 1950 -- 1955 ) Love of Life ( 1951 -- 1980 ) Miss Susan ( 1951 ) One Man 's Family ( 1954 -- 1955 ) Portia Faces Life ( 1954 -- 1955 ) The Secret Storm ( 1954 -- 1974 ) Search for Tomorrow ( 1951 -- 1986 ) Three Steps to Heaven ( 1953 -- 1954 ) Young Doctor Malone ( 1958 -- 1963 ) 1960s debuts Another World ( 1964 -- 1999 ) Bright Promise ( 1969 -- 1972 ) The Clear Horizon ( 1960 -- 1962 ) Dark Shadows ( 1966 -- 1971 ) Days of Our Lives ( 1965 -- present ) The Doctors ( 1963 -- 1982 ) A Flame in the Wind ( 1964 -- 1966 ) General Hospital ( 1963 -- present ) Hidden Faces ( 1968 -- 1969 ) Love is a Many Splendored Thing ( 1967 -- 1973 ) Morning Star ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Never Too Young ( 1965 -- 1966 ) The Nurses ( 1965 -- 1967 ) One Life to Live ( 1968 -- 2012 ) Our Five Daughters ( 1962 ) Paradise Bay ( 1965 -- 1966 ) Where the Heart Is ( 1969 -- 1973 ) The Young Marrieds ( 1964 -- 66 ) 1970s debuts All My Children ( 1970 -- 2011 ) The Best of Everything ( 1970 ) How to Survive a Marriage ( 1974 -- 1975 ) Lovers and Friends ( 1977 -- 1978 ) Return to Peyton Place ( 1972 -- 1974 ) Ryan 's Hope ( 1975 -- 1989 ) Somerset ( 1970 -- 1976 ) A World Apart ( 1970 -- 1971 ) The Young and the Restless ( 1973 -- present ) 1980s debuts Another Life ( 1981 -- 1984 ) The Bold and the Beautiful ( 1987 -- present ) Capitol ( 1982 -- 1987 ) Generations ( 1989 -- 1991 ) Loving ( 1983 -- 1995 ) Rituals ( 1984 -- 1985 ) Santa Barbara ( 1984 -- 1993 ) Texas ( 1980 -- 1982 ) 1990s debuts The City ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Passions ( 1999 -- 2008 ) Port Charles ( 1997 -- 2003 ) Sunset Beach ( 1997 -- 1999 ) Swans Crossing ( 1992 ) Tribes ( 1990 ) Undressed ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 2000s debuts Spyder Games ( 2001 ) Web series All My Children ( 2013 ) Anacostia ( 2009 -- present ) As the Cookie Crumbles ( 2008 ) The Bay ( 2010 -- present ) Beacon Hill ( 2014 -- present ) The Cavanaughs ( 2010 -- 2011 ) DeVanity ( 2011 -- 2014 ) East Los High ( 2013 -- present ) EastSiders ( 2012 -- present ) Miss Behave ( 2010 -- 2012 ) One Life to Live ( 2013 ) Ragged Isle ( 2011 -- 2014 ) River Ridge ( 2012 ) The Spot ( 1995 -- 1997 ) Tainted Dreams ( 2013 -- 2014 ) They Go On ( 1997 ) Venice : The Series ( 2009 -- present ) What If ... 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monetary policy of the federal reserve system great depression

Causes of the Great Depression - wikipedia Causes of the Great Depression USA annual real GDP from 1910 to 1960 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) highlighted Money supply decreased significantly between Black Tuesday , October 24 , 1929 , and the Bank Holiday in March 1933 when there were massive bank runs across the United States . The causes of the Great Depression in the early 20th century have been extensively discussed by economists and remain a matter of active debate . They are part of the larger debate about economic crises . The specific economic events that took place during the Great Depression are well established . There was an initial stock market crash that triggered a `` panic sell - off '' of assets . This was followed by a deflation in asset and commodity prices , dramatic drops in demand and credit , and disruption of trade , ultimately resulting in widespread unemployment ( over 13 million people were unemployed by 1932 ) and impoverishment . However , economists and historians have not reached a consensus on the causal relationships between various events and government economic policies in causing or ameliorating the Depression . Current mainstream theories may be broadly classified into two main points of view . The first are the demand - driven theories , from Keynesian and institutional economists who argue that the depression was caused by a widespread loss of confidence that led to underconsumption . The demand - driven theories argue that the financial crisis following the 1929 crash led to a sudden and persistent reduction in consumption and investment spending . Once panic and deflation set in , many people believed they could avoid further losses by keeping clear of the markets . Holding money therefore became profitable as prices dropped lower and a given amount of money bought ever more goods , exacerbating the drop in demand . Second , there are the monetarists , who believe that the Great Depression started as an ordinary recession , but that significant policy mistakes by monetary authorities ( especially the Federal Reserve ) caused a shrinking of the money supply which greatly exacerbated the economic situation , causing a recession to descend into the Great Depression . Related to this explanation are those who point to debt deflation causing those who borrow to owe ever more in real terms . There are also several various heterodox theories that reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists . Some new classical macroeconomists have argued that various labor market policies imposed at the start caused the length and severity of the Great Depression . The Austrian school of economics focuses on the macroeconomic effects of money supply and how central banking decisions can lead to malinvestment . Marxist economists view the Great Depression , with all other economic crises , as a symptom of the cyclical nature of capitalism and the instability that is inherent in the capitalist model . Contents ( hide ) 1 General theoretical reasoning 1.1 Mainstream theories 1.1. 1 Keynesian 1.1. 2 Monetarist 1.1. 3 Additional modern nonmonetary explanations 1.1. 3.1 Debt deflation 1.1. 3.2 Expectations hypothesis 1.2 Heterodox theories 1.2. 1 Austrian School 1.2. 2 Marxian 2 Specific theories of cause 2.1 Non-debt deflation 2.2 Productivity or technology shock 2.3 Disparities in wealth and income 2.4 Gold Standard system 2.5 Financial institution structures 2.6 Protectionism 2.7 International debt structure 2.8 Population dynamics 3 Role of economic policy 3.1 Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 29 ) 3.2 Leave - it - alone liquidationism ( 1929 -- 33 ) 3.2. 1 Overview 3.2. 2 Criticism 3.3 Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 33 ) 3.3. 1 Economic policy 3.3. 2 Federal spending 3.3. 3 Tax policy 3.4 Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) 3.4. 1 Arguments for key to recovery 3.4. 2 Arguments for prolongation of the Great Depression 4 See also 5 Notes 6 References 7 Further reading 7.1 World 7.2 United States 7.3 Role of the United States Federal Reserve General theoretical reasoning ( edit ) The two classical competing theories of the Great Depression are the Keynesian ( demand - driven ) and the monetarist explanation . There are also various heterodox theories that downplay or reject the explanations of the Keynesians and monetarists . Economists and economic historians are almost evenly split as to whether the traditional monetary explanation that monetary forces were the primary cause of the Great Depression is right , or the traditional Keynesian explanation that a fall in autonomous spending , particularly investment , is the primary explanation for the onset of the Great Depression . Today the controversy is of lesser importance since there is mainstream support for the debt deflation theory and the expectations hypothesis that building on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz add non-monetary explanations . There is consensus that the Federal Reserve System should have cut short the process of monetary deflation and banking collapse . If the Fed had done that , the economic downturn would have been far less severe and much shorter . Mainstream theories ( edit ) Keynesian ( edit ) In his book The General Theory of Employment , Interest and Money ( 1936 ) , British economist John Maynard Keynes introduced concepts that were intended to help explain the Great Depression . He argued that there are reasons why the self - correcting mechanisms that many economists claimed should work during a downturn might not work . One argument for a non-interventionist policy during a recession was that if consumption fell due to savings , the savings would cause the rate of interest to fall . According to the classical economists , lower interest rates would lead to increased investment spending and demand would remain constant . However , Keynes argues that there are good reasons why investment does not necessarily increase in response to a fall in the interest rate . Businesses make investments based on expectations of profit . Therefore , if a fall in consumption appears to be long - term , businesses analyzing trends will lower expectations of future sales . Therefore , the last thing they are interested in doing is investing in increasing future production , even if lower interest rates make capital inexpensive . In that case , the economy can be thrown into a general slump due to a decline in consumption . According to Keynes , this self - reinforcing dynamic is what occurred to an extreme degree during the Depression , where bankruptcies were common and investment , which requires a degree of optimism , was very unlikely to occur . This view is often characterized by economists as being in opposition to Say 's Law . The idea that reduced capital investment was a cause of the depression is a central theme in secular stagnation theory . Keynes argued that if the national government spent more money to help the economy to recover the money normally spent by consumers and business firms , then unemployment rates would fall . The solution was for the Federal Reserve System to `` create new money for the national government to borrow and spend '' and to cut taxes rather than raising them , in order for consumers to spend more , and other beneficial factors . Hoover chose to do the opposite of what Keynes thought to be the solution and allowed the federal government to raise taxes exceedingly to reduce the budget shortage brought upon by the depression . Keynes proclaimed that more workers could be employed by decreasing interest rates , encouraging firms to borrow more money and make more products . Employment would prevent the government from having to spend any more money by increasing the amount at which consumers would spend . Keynes ' theory was then confirmed by the length of the Great Depression within the United States and the constant unemployment rate . Employment rates began to rise in preparation for World War II by increasing government spending . `` In light of these developments , the Keynesian explanation of the Great Depression was increasingly accepted by economists , historians , and politicians '' . Monetarist ( edit ) The Great Depression in a monetary view . In their 1963 book A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 , Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz laid out their case for a different explanation of the Great Depression . Essentially , the Great Depression , in their view , was caused by the fall of the money supply . Friedman and Schwartz write : `` From the cyclical peak in August 1929 to a cyclical trough in March 1933 , the stock of money fell by over a third . '' The result was what Friedman calls the `` Great Contraction '' -- a period of falling income , prices , and employment caused by the choking effects of a restricted money supply . Friedman and Schwartz argue that people wanted to hold more money than the Federal Reserve was supplying . As a result , people hoarded money by consuming less . This caused a contraction in employment and production since prices were not flexible enough to immediately fall . The Fed 's failure was in not realizing what was happening and not taking corrective action . After the Depression , the primary explanations of it tended to ignore the importance of the money supply . However , in the monetarist view , the Depression was `` in fact a tragic testimonial to the importance of monetary forces . '' In their view , the failure of the Federal Reserve to deal with the Depression was not a sign that monetary policy was impotent , but that the Federal Reserve implemented the wrong policies . They did not claim the Fed caused the depression , only that it failed to use policies that might have stopped a recession from turning into a depression . The U.S. economy during this period went through a number of cycles of boom and bust . The depressions often seemed to be set off by bank panics , the most significant occurring in 1873 , 1893 , 1901 , 1907 , and 1920 . Before the 1913 establishment of the Federal Reserve , the banking system had dealt with these crises in the U.S. ( such as in the Panic of 1907 ) by suspending the convertibility of deposits into currency . Starting in 1893 , there were growing efforts by financial institutions and business men to intervene during these crises , providing liquidity to banks that were suffering runs . During the banking panic of 1907 , an ad - hoc coalition assembled by J.P. Morgan successfully intervened in this way , thereby cutting off the panic , which was likely the reason why the depression that would normally have followed a banking panic did not happen this time . A call by some for a government version of this solution resulted in the establishment of the Federal Reserve . But in 1928 -- 32 , the Federal Reserve did not act to provide liquidity to banks suffering runs . In fact , its policy contributed to the banking crisis by permitting a sudden contraction of the money supply . During the Roaring Twenties , the central bank had set as its primary goal `` price stability '' , in part because the governor of the New York Federal Reserve , Benjamin Strong , was a disciple of Irving Fisher , a tremendously popular economist who popularized stable prices as a monetary goal . It had kept the number of dollars at such an amount that prices of goods in society appeared stable . In 1928 , Strong died , and with his death this policy ended , to be replaced with a real bills doctrine requiring that all currency or securities have material goods backing them . This policy permitted the US money supply to fall by over a third from 1929 to 1933 . When this money shortage caused runs on banks , the Fed maintained its true bills policy , refusing to lend money to the banks in the way that had cut short the 1907 panic , instead allowing each to suffer a catastrophic run and fail entirely . This policy resulted in a series of bank failures in which one - third of all banks vanished . According to Ben Bernanke , the subsequent credit crunches led to waves of bankruptcies . Friedman said that if a policy similar to 1907 had been followed during the banking panic at the end of 1930 , perhaps this would have stopped the vicious circle of the forced liquidation of assets at depressed prices . Consequently , the banking panics of 1931 , 1932 , and 1933 might not have happened , just as suspension of convertibility in 1893 and 1907 had quickly ended the liquidity crises at the time . '' Monetarist explanations had been rejected in Samuelson 's work Economics , writing `` Today few economists regard Federal Reserve monetary policy as a panacea for controlling the business cycle . Purely monetary factors are considered to be as much symptoms as causes , albeit symptoms with aggravating effects that should not be completely neglected . '' According to Keynesian economist Paul Krugman , the work of Friedman and Schwartz became dominant among mainstream economists by the 1980s but should be reconsidered in light of Japan 's Lost Decade of the 1990s . The role of monetary policy in financial crises is in active debate regarding the 2007 -- 12 global financial crisis ; see Causes of the 2007 -- 12 global financial crisis . Additional modern non-monetary explanations ( edit ) The monetary explanation has two weaknesses . First it is not able to explain why the demand for money was falling more rapidly than the supply during the initial downturn in 1930 -- 31 . Second it is not able to explain why in March 1933 a recovery took place although short term interest rates remained close to zero and the Money supply was still falling . These questions are addressed by modern explanations that build on the monetary explanation of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz but add non-monetary explanations . Debt deflation ( edit ) Crowd at New York 's American Union Bank during a bank run early in the Great Depression . Crowd gathering on Wall Street after the 1929 crash . Main article : Debt deflation Total debt to GDP levels in the U.S. reached a high of just under 300 % by the time of the Depression . This level of debt was not exceeded again until near the end of the 20th century . Jerome ( 1934 ) gives an unattributed quote about finance conditions that allowed the great industrial expansion of the post WW I period : Probably never before in this country had such a volume of funds been available at such low rates for such a long period . Furthermore , Jerome says that the volume of new capital issues increased at a 7.7 % compounded annual rate from 1922 -- 29 at a time when the Standard Statistics Co. 's index of 60 high grade bonds yielded from 4.98 % in 1923 to 4.47 % in 1927 . There was also a real estate and housing bubble in the 1920s , especially in Florida , which burst in 1925 . Alvin Hansen stated that housing construction during the 1920s decade exceeded population growth by 25 % . See also : Florida land boom of the 1920s Statistics kept by Cook County , Illinois show over 1 million vacant plots for homes in the Chicago area , despite only 950,000 plots being occupied , the result of Chicago 's explosive population growth in combination with a real estate bubble . Irving Fisher argued the predominant factor leading to the Great Depression was over-indebtedness and deflation . Fisher tied loose credit to over-indebtedness , which fueled speculation and asset bubbles . He then outlined nine factors interacting with one another under conditions of debt and deflation to create the mechanics of boom to bust . The chain of events proceeded as follows : Debt liquidation and distress selling Contraction of the money supply as bank loans are paid off A fall in the level of asset prices A still greater fall in the net worths of business , precipitating bankruptcies A fall in profits A reduction in output , in trade and in employment . Pessimism and loss of confidence Hoarding of money A fall in nominal interest rates and a rise in deflation adjusted interest rates . During the Crash of 1929 preceding the Great Depression , margin requirements were only 10 % . Brokerage firms , in other words , would lend $90 for every $10 an investor had deposited . When the market fell , brokers called in these loans , which could not be paid back . Banks began to fail as debtors defaulted on debt and depositors attempted to withdraw their deposits en masse , triggering multiple bank runs . Government guarantees and Federal Reserve banking regulations to prevent such panics were ineffective or not used . Bank failures led to the loss of billions of dollars in assets . Outstanding debts became heavier , because prices and incomes fell by 20 -- 50 % but the debts remained at the same dollar amount . After the panic of 1929 , and during the first 10 months of 1930 , 744 US banks failed . ( In all , 9,000 banks failed during the 1930s ) . By April 1933 , around $7 billion in deposits had been frozen in failed banks or those left unlicensed after the March Bank Holiday . Bank failures snowballed as desperate bankers called in loans , which the borrowers did not have time or money to repay . With future profits looking poor , capital investment and construction slowed or completely ceased . In the face of bad loans and worsening future prospects , the surviving banks became even more conservative in their lending . Banks built up their capital reserves and made fewer loans , which intensified deflationary pressures . A vicious cycle developed and the downward spiral accelerated . The liquidation of debt could not keep up with the fall of prices it caused . The mass effect of the stampede to liquidate increased the value of each dollar owed , relative to the value of declining asset holdings . The very effort of individuals to lessen their burden of debt effectively increased it . Paradoxically , the more the debtors paid , the more they owed . This self - aggravating process turned a 1930 recession into a 1933 great depression . Fisher 's debt - deflation theory initially lacked mainstream influence because of the counter-argument that debt - deflation represented no more than a redistribution from one group ( debtors ) to another ( creditors ) . Pure re-distributions should have no significant macroeconomic effects . Building on both the monetary hypothesis of Milton Friedman and Anna Schwartz as well as the debt deflation hypothesis of Irving Fisher , Ben Bernanke developed an alternative way in which the financial crisis affected output . He builds on Fisher 's argument that dramatic declines in the price level and nominal incomes lead to increasing real debt burdens which in turn leads to debtor insolvency and consequently leads to lowered aggregate demand , a further decline in the price level then results in a debt deflationary spiral . According to Bernanke , a small decline in the price level simply reallocates wealth from debtors to creditors without doing damage to the economy . But when the deflation is severe falling asset prices along with debtor bankruptcies lead to a decline in the nominal value of assets on bank balance sheets . Banks will react by tightening their credit conditions , that in turn leads to a credit crunch which does serious harm to the economy . A credit crunch lowers investment and consumption and results in declining aggregate demand which additionally contributes to the deflationary spiral . Economist Steve Keen revived the debt - reset theory after he accurately predicted the 2008 recession based on his analysis of the Great Depression , and recently advised Congress to engage in debt - forgiveness or direct payments to citizens in order to avoid future financial events . Some people support the debt - reset theory . Expectations hypothesis ( edit ) Expectations have been a central element of macroeconomic models since the economic mainstream accepted the new neoclassical synthesis . While not rejecting that it was inadequate demand that sustained the depression , according to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer the key to recovery and the end of the Great Depression was the successful management of public expectations . This thesis is based on the observation that after years of deflation and a very severe recession , important economic indicators turned positive in March 1933 , just as Franklin D. Roosevelt took office . Consumer prices turned from deflation to a mild inflation , industrial production bottomed out in March 1933 , investment doubled in 1933 with a turnaround in March 1933 . There were no monetary forces to explain that turnaround . Money supply was still falling and short term interest rates remained close to zero . Before March 1933 , people expected a further deflation and recession so that even interest rates at zero did not stimulate investment . But when Roosevelt announced major regime changes people began to expect inflation and an economic expansion . With those expectations , interest rates at zero began to stimulate investment as planned . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments . The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , a balanced budget in times of crises and small government led to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change had not happened and the Hoover policy had continued , the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933 , and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933 . The recession of 1937 -- 38 , which slowed down economic recovery from the great depression , is explained by fears of the population that the moderate tightening of the monetary and fiscal policy in 1937 would be first steps to a restoration of the pre March 1933 policy regime . Heterodox theories ( edit ) Austrian school ( edit ) Austrian economists argue that the Great Depression was the inevitable outcome of the monetary policies of the Federal Reserve during the 1920s . In their opinion , the central bank 's policy was an `` easy credit policy '' which led to an unsustainable credit - driven boom . In the Austrian view , the inflation of the money supply during this period led to an unsustainable boom in both asset prices ( stocks and bonds ) and capital goods . By the time the Federal Reserve belatedly tightened monetary policy in 1928 , it was too late to avoid a significant economic contraction . Austrians argue that government intervention after the crash of 1929 delayed the market 's adjustment and made the road to complete recovery more difficult . Acceptance of the Austrian explanation of what primarily caused the Great Depression is compatible with either acceptance or denial of the Monetarist explanation . Austrian economist Murray Rothbard , who wrote America 's Great Depression ( 1963 ) , rejected the Monetarist explanation . He criticized Milton Friedman 's assertion that the central bank failed to sufficiently increase the supply of money , claiming instead that the Federal Reserve did pursue an inflationary policy when , in 1932 , it purchased $1.1 billion of government securities , which raised its total holding to $1.8 billion . Rothbard says that despite the central bank 's policies , `` total bank reserves only rose by $212 million , while the total money supply fell by $3 billion '' . The reason for this , he argues , is that the American populace lost faith in the banking system and began hoarding more cash , a factor very much beyond the control of the Central Bank . The potential for a run on the banks caused local bankers to be more conservative in lending out their reserves , which , according to Rothbard 's argument , was the cause of the Federal Reserve 's inability to inflate . Friedrich Hayek had criticised the FED and the Bank of England in the 1930s for not taking a more contractionary stance . However , in 1975 , Hayek admitted that he made a mistake in the 1930s in not opposing the Central Bank 's deflationary policy and stated the reason why he had been ambivalent : `` At that time I believed that a process of deflation of some short duration might break the rigidity of wages which I thought was incompatible with a functioning economy . In 1978 , he made it clear that he agreed with the point of view of the Monetarists , saying , `` I agree with Milton Friedman that once the Crash had occurred , the Federal Reserve System pursued a silly deflationary policy '' , and that he was as opposed to deflation as he was to inflation . Concordantly , economist Lawrence White argues that the business cycle theory of Hayek is inconsistent with a monetary policy which permits a severe contraction of the money supply . Hans Sennholz argued that most boom and busts that plagued the American economy in 1819 -- 20 , 1839 -- 43 , 1857 -- 60 , 1873 -- 78 , 1893 -- 97 , and 1920 -- 21 , were generated by government creating a boom through easy money and credit , which was soon followed by the inevitable bust . The spectacular crash of 1929 followed five years of reckless credit expansion by the Federal Reserve System under the Coolidge Administration . The passing of the Sixteenth Amendment , the passage of The Federal Reserve Act , rising government deficits , the passage of the Hawley - Smoot Tariff Act , and the Revenue Act of 1932 , exacerbated the crisis , prolonging it . Marxian ( edit ) This section needs expansion . You can help by adding to it . ( April 2017 ) See also : Marxian criticisms of capitalism Marxists generally argue that the Great Depression was the result of the inherent instability of the capitalist model . Specific theories of cause ( edit ) Non-debt deflation ( edit ) In addition to the debt deflation there was a component of productivity deflation that had been occurring since The Great Deflation of the last quarter of the 19th century . There may have also been a continuation of the correction to the sharp inflation caused by WW I . Oil prices reached their all - time low in the early 1930s as production began from the East Texas Oil Field , the largest field ever found in the lower 48 states . With the oil market oversupplied prices locally fell to below ten cents per barrel . Productivity or technology shock ( edit ) In the first three decades of the 20th century productivity and economic output surged due in part to electrification , mass production and the increasing motorization of transportation and farm machinery . Electrification and mass production techniques such as Fordism permanently lowered the demand for labor relative to economic output . By the late 1920s the resultant rapid growth in productivity and investment in manufacturing meant there was a considerable excess production capacity . Sometime after the peak of the business cycle in 1923 , more workers were displaced by productivity improvements than growth in the employment market could meet , causing unemployment to slowly rise after 1925 . Also , the work week fell slightly in the decade prior to the depression . Wages did not keep up with productivity growth , which led to the problem of underconsumption . Henry Ford and Edward A. Filene were among prominent businessmen who were concerned with overproduction and underconsumption . Ford doubled wages of his workers in 1914 . The over-production problem was also discussed in Congress , with Senator Reed Smoot proposing an import tariff , which became the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act . The Smoot -- Hawley Tariff was enacted in June , 1930 . The tariff was misguided because the U.S. had been running a trade account surplus during the 1920s . Another effect of rapid technological change was that after 1910 the rate of capital investment slowed , primarily due to reduced investment in business structures . The depression led to additional large numbers of plant closings . It can not be emphasized too strongly that the ( productivity , output and employment ) trends we are describing are long - time trends and were thoroughly evident prior to 1929 . These trends are in nowise the result of the present depression , nor are they the result of the World War . On the contrary , the present depression is a collapse resulting from these long - term trends . -- M. King Hubbert In the book Mechanization in Industry , whose publication was sponsored by the National Bureau of Economic Research , Jerome ( 1934 ) noted that whether mechanization tends to increase output or displace labor depends on the elasticity of demand for the product . In addition , reduced costs of production were not always passed on to consumers . It was further noted that agriculture was adversely affected by the reduced need for animal feed as horses and mules were displaced by inanimate sources of power following WW I. As a related point , Jerome also notes that the term `` technological unemployment '' was being used to describe the labor situation during the depression . Some portion of the increased unemployment which characterized the post-War years in the United States may be attributed to the mechanization of industries producing commodities of inelastic demand . -- Fredrick C. Wells , 1934 The dramatic rise in productivity of major industries in the U.S. and the effects of productivity on output , wages and the work week are discussed by a Brookings Institution sponsored book . Corporations decided to lay off workers and reduced the amount of raw materials they purchased to manufacture their products . This decision was made to cut the production of goods because of the amount of products that were not being sold . Joseph Stiglitz and Bruce Greenwald suggested that it was a productivity - shock in agriculture , through fertilizers , mechanization and improved seed , that caused the drop in agricultural product prices . Farmers were forced off the land , further adding to the excess labor supply . The prices of agricultural products began to decline after WW I and eventually many farmers were forced out of business , causing the failure of hundreds of small rural banks . Agricultural productivity resulting from tractors , fertilizers and hybrid corn was only part of the problem ; the other problem was the change over from horses and mules to internal combustion transportation . The horse and mule population began declining after WW 1 , freeing up enormous quantities of land previously used for animal feed . The rise of the internal combustion engine and increasing numbers of motorcars and buses also halted the growth of electric street railways . The years 1929 to 1941 had the highest total factor productivity growth in the history of the U.S. , largely due to the productivity increases in public utilities , transportation and trade . Disparities in wealth and income ( edit ) Economists such as Waddill Catchings , William Trufant Foster , Rexford Tugwell , Adolph Berle ( and later John Kenneth Galbraith ) , popularized a theory that had some influence on Franklin D. Roosevelt . This theory held that the economy produced more goods than consumers could purchase , because the consumers did not have enough income . According to this view , in the 1920s wages had increased at a lower rate than productivity growth , which had been high . Most of the benefit of the increased productivity went into profits , which went into the stock market bubble rather than into consumer purchases . Thus workers did not have enough income to absorb the large amount of capacity that had been added . According to this view , the root cause of the Great Depression was a global overinvestment while the level of wages and earnings from independent businesses fell short of creating enough purchasing power . It was argued that government should intervene by an increased taxation of the rich to help make income more equal . With the increased revenue the government could create public works to increase employment and ' kick start ' the economy . In the USA the economic policies had been quite the opposite until 1932 . The Revenue Act of 1932 and public works programmes introduced in Hoover 's last year as president and taken up by Roosevelt , created some redistribution of purchasing power . The stock market crash made it evident that banking systems Americans were relying on were not dependable . Americans looked towards insubstantial banking units for their own liquidity supply . As the economy began to fail , these banks were no longer able to support those who depended on their assets -- they did not hold as much power as the larger banks . During the depression , `` three waves of bank failures shook the economy . '' The first wave came just when the economy was heading in the direction of recovery at the end of 1930 and the beginning of 1931 . The second wave of bank failures occurred `` after the Federal Reserve System raised the rediscount rate to staunch an outflow of gold '' around the end of 1931 . The last wave , which began in the middle of 1932 , was the worst and most devastating , continuing `` almost to the point of a total breakdown of the banking system in the winter of 1932 -- 1933 . '' The reserve banks led the United States into an even deeper depression between 1931 and 1933 , due to their failure to appreciate and put to use the powers they withheld -- capable of creating money -- as well as the `` inappropriate monetary policies pursued by them during these years '' . Gold standard system ( edit ) According to the gold standard theory of the Depression , the Depression was largely caused by the decision of most western nations after World War I to return to the gold standard at the pre-war gold price . Monetary policy , according to this view , was thereby put into a deflationary setting that would over the next decade slowly grind away at the health of many European economies . This post-war policy was preceded by an inflationary policy during World War I , when many European nations abandoned the gold standard , forced by the enormous costs of the war . This resulted in inflation because the supply of new money that was created was spent on war , not on investments in productivity to increase demand that would have neutralized inflation . The view is that the quantity of new money introduced largely determines the inflation rate , and therefore , the cure to inflation is to reduce the amount of new currency created for purposes that are destructive or wasteful , and do not lead to economic growth . After the war , when America and the nations of Europe went back on the gold standard , most nations decided to return to the gold standard at the pre-war price . When Britain , for example , passed the Gold Standard Act of 1925 , thereby returning Britain to the gold standard , the critical decision was made to set the new price of the Pound Sterling at parity with the pre-war price even though the pound was then trading on the foreign exchange market at a much lower price . At the time , this action was criticized by John Maynard Keynes and others , who argued that in so doing , they were forcing a revaluation of wages without any tendency to equilibrium . Keynes ' criticism of Winston Churchill 's form of the return to the gold standard implicitly compared it to the consequences of the Treaty of Versailles . One of the reasons for setting the currencies at parity with the pre-war price was the prevailing opinion at that time that deflation was not a danger , while inflation , particularly the inflation in the Weimar Republic , was an unbearable danger . Another reason was that those who had loaned in nominal amounts hoped to recover the same value in gold that they had lent . Because of the reparations that Germany had to pay France , Germany began a credit - fueled period of growth in order to export and sell enough goods abroad to gain gold to pay the reparations . The U.S. , as the world 's gold sink , loaned money to Germany to industrialize , which was then the basis for Germany paying back France , and France paying back loans to the U.K. and the U.S. This arrangement was codified in the Dawes Plan . In some cases , deflation can be hard on sectors of the economy such as agriculture , if they are deeply in debt at high interest rates and are unable to refinance , or that are dependent upon loans to finance capital goods when low interest rates are not available . Deflation erodes the price of commodities while increasing the real liability of debt . Deflation is beneficial to those with assets in cash , and to those who wish to invest or purchase assets or loan money . More recent research , by economists such as Temin , Ben Bernanke , and Barry Eichengreen , has focused on the constraints policy makers were under at the time of the Depression . In this view , the constraints of the inter-war gold standard magnified the initial economic shock and were a significant obstacle to any actions that would ameliorate the growing Depression . According to them , the initial destabilizing shock may have originated with the Wall Street Crash of 1929 in the U.S. , but it was the gold standard system that transmitted the problem to the rest of the world . According to their conclusions , during a time of crisis , policy makers may have wanted to loosen monetary and fiscal policy , but such action would threaten the countries ' ability to maintain their obligation to exchange gold at its contractual rate . The gold standard required countries to maintain high interest rates to attract international investors who bought foreign assets with gold . Therefore , governments had their hands tied as the economies collapsed , unless they abandoned their currency 's link to gold . Fixing the exchange rate of all countries on the gold standard ensured that the market for foreign exchange can only equilibrate through interest rates . As the Depression worsened , many countries started to abandon the gold standard , and those that abandoned it earlier suffered less from deflation and tended to recover more quickly . Richard Timberlake , economist of the free banking school and protégé of Milton Friedman , specifically addressed this stance in his paper Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy , wherein he argued that the Federal Reserve actually had plenty of lee - way under the gold standard , as had been demonstrated by the price stability policy of New York Fed governor Benjamin Strong , between 1923 and 1928 . But when Strong died in late 1928 , the faction that took over dominance of the Fed advocated a real bills doctrine , where all money had to be represented by physical goods . This policy , forcing a 30 % deflation of the dollar that inevitably damaged the US economy , is stated by Timberlake as being arbitrary and avoidable , the existing gold standard having been capable of continuing without it : This shift in control was decisive . In accordance with the precedent Strong had set in promoting a stable price level policy without heed to any golden fetters , real bills proponents could proceed equally unconstrained in implementing their policy ideal . System policy in 1928 -- 29 consequently shifted from price level stabilization to passive real bills . `` The '' gold standard remained where it had been -- nothing but formal window dressing waiting for an opportune time to reappear . Financial Institution structures ( edit ) New York stock market index Economic historians ( especially Friedman and Schwartz ) emphasize the importance of numerous bank failures . The failures were mostly in rural America . Structural weaknesses in the rural economy made local banks highly vulnerable . Farmers , already deeply in debt , saw farm prices plummet in the late 1920s and their implicit real interest rates on loans skyrocket . Their land was already over-mortgaged ( as a result of the 1919 bubble in land prices ) , and crop prices were too low to allow them to pay off what they owed . Small banks , especially those tied to the agricultural economy , were in constant crisis in the 1920s with their customers defaulting on loans because of the sudden rise in real interest rates ; there was a steady stream of failures among these smaller banks throughout the decade . The city banks also suffered from structural weaknesses that made them vulnerable to a shock . Some of the nation 's largest banks were failing to maintain adequate reserves and were investing heavily in the stock market or making risky loans . Loans to Germany and Latin America by New York City banks were especially risky . In other words , the banking system was not well prepared to absorb the shock of a major recession . Economists have argued that a liquidity trap might have contributed to bank failures . Economists and historians debate how much responsibility to assign the Wall Street Crash of 1929 . The timing was right ; the magnitude of the shock to expectations of future prosperity was high . Most analysts believe the market in 1928 -- 29 was a `` bubble '' with prices far higher than justified by fundamentals . Economists agree that somehow it shared some blame , but how much no one has estimated . Milton Friedman concluded , `` I do n't doubt for a moment that the collapse of the stock market in 1929 played a role in the initial recession '' . The idea of owning government bonds initially became ideal to investors when Liberty Loan drives encouraged this possession in America during World War I . This strive for dominion persisted into the 1920s . After World War I , the United States became the world 's creditor and was depended upon by many foreign nations . `` Governments from around the globe looked to Wall Street for loans '' . Investors then started to depend on these loans for further investments . Chief counsel of the Senate Bank Committee , Ferdinand Pecora , disclosed that National City executives were also dependent on loans from a special bank fund as a safety net for their stock losses while American banker , Albert Wiggin , `` made millions selling short his own bank shares '' . Economist David Hume stated that the economy became imbalanced as the recession spread on an international scale . The cost of goods remained too high for too long during a time where there was less international trade . Policies set in selected countries to `` maintain the value of their currency '' resulted in an outcome of bank failures . Governments that continued to follow the gold standard were led into bank failure , meaning that it was the governments and central bankers that contributed as a stepping stool into the depression . The debate has three sides : one group says the crash caused the depression by drastically lowering expectations about the future and by removing large sums of investment capital ; a second group says the economy was slipping since summer 1929 and the crash ratified it ; the third group says that in either scenario the crash could not have caused more than a recession . There was a brief recovery in the market into April 1930 , but prices then started falling steadily again from there , not reaching a final bottom until July 1932 . This was the largest long - term U.S. market decline by any measure . To move from a recession in 1930 to a deep depression in 1931 -- 32 , entirely different factors had to be in play . Protectionism ( edit ) Protectionism , such as the American Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act , is often indicated as a cause of the Great Depression , with countries enacting protectionist policies yielding a beggar thy neighbor result . The Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act was especially harmful to agriculture because it caused farmers to default on their loans . This event may have worsened or even caused the ensuing bank runs in the Midwest and West that caused the collapse of the banking system . A petition signed by over 1,000 economists was presented to the U.S. government warning that the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act would bring disastrous economic repercussions ; however , this did not stop the act from being signed into law . Governments around the world took various steps into spending less money on foreign goods such as : `` imposing tariffs , import quotas , and exchange controls '' . These restrictions formed a lot of tension between trade nations , causing a major deduction during the depression . Not all countries enforced the same measures of protectionism . Some countries raised tariffs drastically and enforced severe restrictions on foreign exchange transactions , while other countries condensed `` trade and exchange restrictions only marginally '' : `` Countries that remained on the gold standard , keeping currencies fixed , were more likely to restrict foreign trade . '' These countries `` resorted to protectionist policies to strengthen the balance of payments and limit gold losses . '' They hoped that these restrictions and depletions would hold the economic decline . Countries that abandoned the gold standard , allowed their currencies to depreciate which caused their Balance of payments to strengthen . It also freed up monetary policy so that central banks could lower interest rates and act as lenders of last resort . They possessed the best policy instruments to fight the Depression and did not need protectionism . `` The length and depth of a country 's economic downturn and the timing and vigor of its recovery is related to how long it remained on the gold standard . Countries abandoning the gold standard relatively early experienced relatively mild recessions and early recoveries . In contrast , countries remaining on the gold standard experienced prolonged slumps . '' In a 1995 survey of American economic historians , two - thirds agreed that the Smoot - Hawley tariff act at least worsened the Great Depression . However , many economists believe that the Smoot - Hawley tariff act was not a major contributor to the great depression . Economist Paul Krugman holds that , `` Where protectionism really mattered was in preventing a recovery in trade when production recovered '' . He cites a report by Barry Eichengreen and Douglas Irwin : Figure 1 in that report shows trade and production dropping together from 1929 to 1932 , but production increasing faster than trade from 1932 to 1937 . The authors argue that adherence to the gold standard forced many countries to resort to tariffs , when instead they should have devalued their currencies . Peter Temin argues that contrary the popular argument , the contractionary effect of the tariff was small . He notes that exports were 7 percent of GNP in 1929 , they fell by 1.5 percent of 1929 GNP in the next two years and the fall was offset by the increase in domestic demand from tariff . International debt structure ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) When the war came to an end in 1918 , all European nations that had been allied with the U.S. owed large sums of money to American banks , sums much too large to be repaid out of their shattered treasuries . This is one reason why the Allies had insisted ( to the consternation of Woodrow Wilson ) on reparation payments from Germany and Austria -- Hungary . Reparations , they believed , would provide them with a way to pay off their own debts . However , Germany and Austria - Hungary were themselves in deep economic trouble after the war ; they were no more able to pay the reparations than the Allies to pay their debts . The debtor nations put strong pressure on the U.S. in the 1920s to forgive the debts , or at least reduce them . The American government refused . Instead , U.S. banks began making large loans to the nations of Europe . Thus , debts ( and reparations ) were being paid only by augmenting old debts and piling up new ones . In the late 1920s , and particularly after the American economy began to weaken after 1929 , the European nations found it much more difficult to borrow money from the U.S. At the same time , high U.S. tariffs were making it much more difficult for them to sell their goods in U.S. markets . Without any source of revenue from foreign exchange to repay their loans , they began to default . Beginning late in the 1920s , European demand for U.S. goods began to decline . That was partly because European industry and agriculture were becoming more productive , and partly because some European nations ( most notably Weimar Germany ) were suffering serious financial crises and could not afford to buy goods overseas . However , the central issue causing the destabilization of the European economy in the late 1920s was the international debt structure that had emerged in the aftermath of World War I . The high tariff walls such as the Smoot -- Hawley Tariff Act critically impeded the payment of war debts . As a result of high U.S. tariffs , only a sort of cycle kept the reparations and war - debt payments going . During the 1920s , the former allies paid the war - debt installments to the U.S. chiefly with funds obtained from German reparations payments , and Germany was able to make those payments only because of large private loans from the U.S. and Britain . Similarly , U.S. investments abroad provided the dollars , which alone made it possible for foreign nations to buy U.S. exports . The Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act was instituted by Senator Reed Smoot and Representative Willis C. Hawley , and signed into law by President Hoover , to raise taxes on American imports by about 20 percent during June 1930 . This tax , which added to already shrinking income and overproduction in the U.S. , only benefitted Americans in having to spend less on foreign goods . In contrast , European trading nations frowned upon this tax increase , particularly since the `` United States was an international creditor and exports to the U.S. market were already declining '' . In response to the Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act , some of America 's primary producers and largest trading partner , Canada , chose to seek retribution by increasing the financial value of imported goods favoured by the Americans . In the scramble for liquidity that followed the 1929 stock market crash , funds flowed back from Europe to America , and Europe 's fragile economies crumbled . By 1931 , the world was reeling from the worst depression of recent memory , and the entire structure of reparations and war debts collapsed . Population dynamics ( edit ) In 1939 , prominent economist Alvin Hansen discussed the decline in population growth in relation to the Depression . The same idea was discussed in a 1978 journal article by Clarence Barber , an economist at the University of Manitoba . Using `` a form of the Harrod model '' to analyze the Depression , Barber states : In such a model , one would look for the origins of a serious depression in conditions which produced a decline in Harrod 's natural rate of growth , more specifically , in a decline in the rate of population and labour force growth and in the rate of growth of productivity or technical progress , to a level below the warranted rate of growth . Barber says , while there is `` no clear evidence '' of a decline in `` the rate of growth of productivity '' during the 1920s , there is `` clear evidence '' the population growth rate began to decline during that same period . He argues the decline in population growth rate may have caused a decline in `` the natural rate of growth '' which was significant enough to cause a serious depression . Barber says a decline in the population growth rate is likely to affect the demand for housing , and claims this is apparently what happened during the 1920s . He concludes : the rapid and very large decline in the rate of growth of non-farm households was clearly the major reason for the decline that occurred in residential construction in the United States from 1926 on . And this decline , as Bolch and Pilgrim have claimed , may well have been the most important single factor in turning the 1929 downturn into a major depression . The decline in housing construction that can be attributed to demographics has been estimated to range from 28 % in 1933 to 38 % in 1940 . Among the causes of the decline in the population growth rate during the 1920s were a declining birth rate after 1910 and reduced immigration . The decline in immigration was largely the result of legislation in the 1920s placing greater restrictions on immigration . In 1921 , Congress passed the Emergency Quota Act , followed by the Immigration Act of 1924 . Factors that majorly contributed to the failing of the economy since 1925 , was a decrease in both residential and non-residential buildings being constructed . It was the debt as a result of the war , less families being formed , and an imbalance of mortgage payments and loans in 1928 -- 29 that mainly contributed to the decline in the number of houses being built . This ( What ? ) caused the population growth rate to decelerate ( How ? ) . Though non-residential units continued to be built `` at a high rate throughout the decade '' , the demand for such units was actually very low Role of economic policy ( edit ) Calvin Coolidge ( 1923 -- 29 ) ( edit ) There is an ongoing debate between historians as to what extent President Calvin Coolidge 's laissez - faire hands - off attitude has contributed to the Great Depression . Despite a growing rate of bank failures he did not heed voices that predicted the lack of banking regulation as potentially dangerous . He did not listen to members of Congress warning that stock speculation had gone too far and he ignored criticisms that workers did not participate sufficiently in the prosperity of the Roaring Twenties . Leave - it - alone liquidationism ( 1929 -- 33 ) ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The Great Depression in an international context . From the point of view of today 's mainstream schools of economic thought , government should strive to keep some broad nominal aggregate on a stable growth path ( for proponents of new classical macroeconomics and monetarism , the measure is the nominal money supply ; for Keynesian economists it is the nominal aggregate demand itself ) . During a depression the central bank should pour liquidity into the banking system and the government should cut taxes and accelerate spending in order to keep the nominal money stock and total nominal demand from collapsing . The United States government and the Federal Reserve did not do that during the 1929 ‐ 32 slide into the Great Depression The existence of `` liquidationism '' played a key part in motivating public policy decisions not to fight the gathering Great Depression . An increasingly common view among economic historians is that the adherence of some Federal Reserve policymakers to the liquidationist thesis led to disastrous consequences . Regarding the policies of President Hoover , economists Barry Eichengreen and J. Bradford DeLong point out that the Hoover administration 's fiscal policy was guided by liquidationist economists and policy makers , as Hoover tried to keep the federal budget balanced until 1932 , when Hoover lost confidence in his Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon and replaced him . Hoover wrote in his memoirs he did not side with the liquidationists , but took the side of those in his cabinet with `` economic responsibility '' , his Secretary of Commerce Robert P. Lamont and Secretary of Agriculture Arthur M. Hyde , who advised the President to `` use the powers of government to cushion the situation '' . But at the same time he kept Andrew Mellon as Secretary of the Treasury until February 1932 . It was during 1932 that Hoover began to support more aggressive measures to combat the Depression . In his memoirs , President Hoover wrote bitterly about members of his Cabinet who had advised inaction during the downslide into the Great Depression : The leave - it - alone liquidationists headed by Secretary of the Treasury Mellon ... felt that government must keep its hands off and let the slump liquidate itself . Mr. Mellon had only one formula : `` Liquidate labor , liquidate stocks , liquidate the farmers , liquidate real estate ... It will purge the rottenness out of the system . High costs of living and high living will come down . People will work harder , live a more moral life . Values will be adjusted , and enterprising people will pick up the wrecks from less competent people . '' Before the Keynesian Revolution , such a liquidationist theory was a common position for economists to take and was held and advanced by economists like Friedrich Hayek , Lionel Robbins Joseph Schumpeter , Seymour Harris and others . According to the liquidationists a depression is good medicine . The function of a depression is to liquidate failed investments and businesses that have been made obsolete by technological development in order to release factors of production ( capital and labor ) from unproductive uses . These can then be redeployed in other sectors of the technologically dynamic economy . They pointed to the short duration of the Depression of 1920 -- 21 was due to the policy of letting the liquidation occur and argued that the crisis had laid the groundwork for the prosperity of the later 1920s . They pushed for deflationary policies ( which were already executed in 1921 ) which -- in their opinion -- would assist the release of capital and labor from unproductive activities to lay the groundwork for a new economic boom . The liquidationists argued that even if self - adjustment of the economy took mass bankruptcies , then so be it . Postponing the liquidation process would only magnify the social costs . Schumpeter wrote that it ... leads us to believe that recovery is sound only if it does come of itself . For any revival which is merely due to artificial stimulus leaves part of the work of depressions undone and adds , to an undigested remnant of maladjustment , new maladjustment of its own which has to be liquidated in turn , thus threatening business with another ( worse ) crisis ahead . Despite liquidationist expectations , a large proportion of the capital stock was not redeployed and vanished during the first years of the Great Depression . According to a study by Olivier Blanchard and Lawrence Summers , the recession caused a drop of net capital accumulation to pre-1924 levels by 1933 . Criticism ( edit ) Economists such as John Maynard Keynes and Milton Friedman suggested that the do - nothing policy prescription which resulted from the liquidationist theory contributed to deepening the Great Depression . With the rhetoric of ridicule Keynes tried to discredit the liquidationist view in presenting Hayek , Robbins and Schumpeter as ... austere and puritanical souls ( who ) regard ( the Great Depression ) ... as an inevitable and a desirable nemesis on so much `` overexpansion '' as they call it ... It would , they feel , be a victory for the mammon of unrighteousness if so much prosperity was not subsequently balanced by universal bankruptcy . We need , they say , what they politely call a ' prolonged liquidation ' to put us right . The liquidation , they tell us , is not yet complete . But in time it will be . And when sufficient time has elapsed for the completion of the liquidation , all will be well with us again ... Milton Friedman stated that at the University of Chicago such `` dangerous nonsense '' was never taught and that he understood why at Harvard -- where such nonsense was taught -- bright young economists rejected their teachers ' macroeconomics , and become Keynesians . He wrote : I think the Austrian business - cycle theory has done the world a great deal of harm . If you go back to the 1930s , which is a key point , here you had the Austrians sitting in London , Hayek and Lionel Robbins , and saying you just have to let the bottom drop out of the world . You 've just got to let it cure itself . You ca n't do anything about it . You will only make it worse. ... I think by encouraging that kind of do - nothing policy both in Britain and in the United States , they did harm . Economist Lawrence White , while acknowledging that Hayek and Robbins did not actively oppose the deflationary policy of the early 1930s , nevertheless challenges the argument of Milton Friedman , J. Bradford DeLong et al. that Hayek was a proponent of liquidationism . White argues that the business cycle theory of Hayek and Robbins ( which later developed into Austrian business cycle theory in its present - day form ) was actually not consistent with a monetary policy which permitted a severe contraction of the money supply . Nevertheless , White says that at the time of the Great Depression Hayek `` expressed ambivalence about the shrinking nomimal income and sharp deflation in 1929 -- 32 '' . In a talk in 1975 , Hayek admitted the mistake he made over forty years earlier in not opposing the Central Bank 's deflationary policy and stated the reason why he had been `` ambivalent '' : `` At that time I believed that a process of deflation of some short duration might break the rigidity of wages which I thought was incompatible with a functioning economy . '' 1979 Hayek strongly criticized the Fed 's contractionary monetary policy early in the Depression and its failure to offer banks liquidity : I agree with Milton Friedman that once the Crash had occurred , the Federal Reserve System pursued a silly deflationary policy . I am not only against inflation but I am also against deflation . So , once again , a badly programmed monetary policy prolonged the depression . Herbert Hoover ( 1929 -- 33 ) ( edit ) Unemployment rate in the US 1910 -- 60 , with the years of the Great Depression ( 1929 -- 39 ) highlighted ; accurate data begins in 1939 . Economic policy ( edit ) Historians gave Hoover credit for working tirelessly to combat the depression and noted that he left government prematurely aged . But his policies are rated as simply not far - reaching enough to address the Great Depression . He was prepared to do something , but nowhere near enough . Hoover was no exponent of laissez - faire . But his principal philosophies were voluntarism , self - help , and rugged individualism . He refused direct federal intervention . He believed that government should do more than his immediate predecessors ( Warren G. Harding , Calvin Coolidge ) believed . But he was not willing to go as far as Franklin D. Roosevelt later did . Therefore , he is described as the `` first of the new presidents '' and `` the last of the old '' . Hoover 's first measures were based on voluntarism by businesses not to reduce their workforce or cut wages . But businesses had little choice and wages were reduced , workers were laid off , and investments postponed . The Hoover administration extended over $100 million in emergency farm loans and some $915 million in public works projects between 1930 and 1932 . Hoover urged bankers to set up the National Credit Corporation so that big banks could help failing banks survive . But bankers were reluctant to invest in failing banks , and the National Credit Corporation did almost nothing to address the problem . In 1932 Hoover reluctantly established the Reconstruction Finance Corporation , a Federal agency with the authority to lend up to $2 billion to rescue banks and restore confidence in financial institutions . But $2 billion was not enough to save all the banks , and bank runs and bank failures continued . Federal spending ( edit ) Federal spending in millions of dollars ( 1910 -- 60 ) . The time period of the Hoover administration , the New Deal and World War II are highlighted . J. Bradford DeLong explained that Hoover would have been a budget cutter in normal times and continuously wanted to balance the budget . Hoover held the line against powerful political forces that sought to increase government spending after the Depression began for fully two and a half years . During the first two years of the Depression ( 1929 and 1930 ) Hoover actually achieved budget surpluses of about 0.8 % of gross domestic product ( GDP ) . In 1931 , when the recession significantly worsened and GDP declined by 15 % , the federal budget had only a small deficit of 0.6 % of GDP . It was not until 1932 ( when GDP declined by 27 % compared to 1929 - level ) that Hoover pushed for measures ( Reconstruction Finance Corporation , Federal Home Loan Bank Act , direct loans to fund state Depression relief programs ) that increased spending . But at the same time he pushed for the Revenue Act of 1932 that massively increased taxes in order to balance the budget again . Uncertainty was a major factor , argued by several economists , that contributed to the worsening and length of the depression . It was also said to be responsible `` for the initial decline in consumption that marks the '' beginning of the Great Depression by economists Paul R. Flacco and Randall E. Parker . Economist Ludwig Lachmann argues that it was pessimism that prevented the recovery and worsening of the depression President Hoover is said to have been blinded from what was right in front of him . Economist James Deusenberry argues economic imbalance was not only a result of World War I , but also of the structural changes made during the first quarter of the Twentieth Century . He also states the branches of the nation 's economy became smaller , there was not much demand for housing , and the stock market crash `` had a more direct impact on consumption than any previous financial panic '' Economist William A. Lewis describes the conflict between America and its primary producers : Misfortunes ( of the 1930 's ) were due principally to the fact that the production of primary commodities after the war was somewhat in excess of demand . It was this which , by keeping the terms of trade unfavourable to primary producers , kept the trade in manufactures so low , to the detriment of some countries as the United Kingdom , even in the twenties , and it was this which pulled the world economy down in the early thirties .... If primary commodity markets had not been so insecure the crisis of 1929 would not have become a great depression ... It was the violent fall of prices that was deflationary . The stock market crash was not the first sign of the Great Depression . `` Long before the crash , community banks were failing at the rate of one per day '' . It was the development of the Federal Reserve System that misled investors in the ' 20s into relying on federal banks as a safety net . They were encouraged to continue buying stocks and to overlook any of the fluctuations . Economist Roger Babson tried to warn the investors of the deficiency to come , but was ridiculed even as the economy began to deteriorate during the summer of 1929 . While England and Germany struggled under the strain on gold currencies after the war , economists were blinded by an unsustainable ' new economy ' they sought to be considerably stable and successful . Since the United States decided to no longer comply with the gold standard , `` the value of the dollar could change freely from day to day '' . Although this imbalance on an international scale led to crisis , the economy within the nation remained stable . The depression then affected all nations on an international scale . `` The German mark collapsed when the chancellor put domestic politics ahead of sensible finance ; the bank of England abandoned the gold standard after a subsequent speculative attack ; and the U.S. Federal Reserve raised its discount rate dramatically in October 1931 to preserve the value of the dollar '' . The Federal Reserve drove the American economy into an even deeper depression . Tax policy ( edit ) In 1929 the Hoover administration responded to the economic crises by temporarily lowering income tax rates and the corporate tax rate . At the beginning of 1931 , tax returns showed a tremendous decline in income due to the economic downturn . Income tax receipts were 40 % less than in 1930 . At the same time government spending proved to be a lot greater than estimated . As a result , the budget deficit increased tremendously . While Secretary of the Treasury Andrew Mellon urged to increase taxes , Hoover had no desire to do so since 1932 was an election year . In December 1931 , hopes that the economic downturn would come to an end vanished since all economic indicators pointed to a continuing downward trend . On January 7 , 1932 , Andrew Mellon announced that the Hoover administration would end a further increase in public debt by raising taxes . On June 6 , 1932 , the Revenue Act of 1932 was signed into law . Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1933 -- 45 ) ( edit ) USA GDP annual pattern and long - term trend , 1920 -- 40 , in billions of constant dollars . Roosevelt won the 1932 presidential election promising to promote recovery with a New Deal for the American people . He enacted a series of programs , including Social Security , banking reform , and suspension of the gold standard . The majority of historians and economists argue that the New Deal was beneficial to recovery , however some argue that it prolonged the Great Depression . In a survey of economic historians conducted by Robert Whaples , Professor of Economics at Wake Forest University , anonymous questionnaires were sent to members of the Economic History Association . Members were asked to either disagree , agree , or agree with provisos with the statement that read : `` Taken as a whole , government policies of the New Deal served to lengthen and deepen the Great Depression . '' While only 6 % of economic historians who worked in the history department of their universities agreed with the statement , 27 % of those that work in the economics department agreed . Almost an identical percent of the two groups ( 21 % and 22 % ) agreed with the statement `` with provisos '' ( a conditional stipulation ) , while 74 % of those who worked in the history department , and 51 % in the economic department disagreed with the statement outright . Arguments for key to recovery ( edit ) According to Peter Temin , Barry Wigmore , Gauti B. Eggertsson and Christina Romer the biggest primary impact of the New Deal on the economy and the key to recovery and to end the Great Depression was brought about by a successful management of public expectations . Before the first New Deal measures people expected a contractionary economic situation ( recession , deflation ) to persist . Roosevelt 's fiscal and monetary policy regime change helped to make his policy objectives credible . Expectations changed towards an expansionary development ( economic growth , inflation ) . The expectation of higher future income and higher future inflation stimulated demand and investments . The analysis suggests that the elimination of the policy dogmas of the gold standard , balanced budget and small government led to a large shift in expectation that accounts for about 70 -- 80 percent of the recovery of output and prices from 1933 to 1937 . If the regime change would not have happened and the Hoover policy would have continued , the economy would have continued its free fall in 1933 , and output would have been 30 percent lower in 1937 than in 1933 . Arguments for prolongation of the Great Depression ( edit ) In the new classical macroeconomics view of the Great Depression large negative shocks caused the 1929 -- 33 downturn -- including monetary shocks , productivity shocks , and banking shocks -- but those developments become positive after 1933 due to monetary and banking reform policies . According to the model Cole - Ohanian impose , the main culprits for the prolonged depression were labor frictions and productivity / efficiency frictions ( perhaps , to a lesser extent ) . Financial frictions are unlikely to have caused the prolonged slump . In the Cole - Ohanian model there is a slower than normal recovery which they explain by New Deal policies which they evaluated as tending towards monopoly and distribution of wealth . The key economic paper looking at these diagnostic sources in relation to the Great Depression is Cole and Ohanian 's work . Cole - Ohanian point at two policies of New Deal : the National Industrial Recovery Act and National Labor Relations Act ( NLRA ) , the latter strengthening NIRA 's labor provision . According to Cole - Ohanian New Deal policies created cartelization , high wages , and high prices in at least manufacturing and some energy and mining industries . Roosevelts policies against the severity of the Depression like the NIRA , a `` code of fair competition '' for each industry were aimed to reduce cutthroat competition in a period of severe deflation , which was seen as the cause for lowered demand and employment . The NIRA suspended antitrust laws and permitted collusion in some sectors provided that industry raised wages above clearing level and accepted collective bargaining with labor unions . The effects of cartelization can be seen as the basic effect of monopoly . The given corporation produces too little , charges too high of a price , and under - employs labor . Likewise , an increase in the power of unions creates a situation similar to monopoly . Wages are too high for the union members , so the corporation employs fewer people and , produces less output . Cole - Ohanian show that 60 % of the difference between the trend and realized output is due to cartelization and unions . Chari , Kehoe , McGrattan also present a nice exposition that 's in line with Cole - Ohanian ... This type of analysis has numerous counterarguments including the applicability of the equilibrium business cycle to the Great Depression . See also ( edit ) Book : Great Depression Political philosophy Timeline of the Great Depression Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Field , Alexander J. ( 2011 ) . A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . p. 182 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 < Field cites Freeman & Schwartz ( 1963 ) , Temin ( 1976 ) , Bernanke ( 1983 ) , Field ( 1984 ) , Romer ( 1990 ) , Eighengreen ( 1992 ). > Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , p. 150 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , p. 143 in JSTOR . Jump up ^ Keen 2000 , p. 198 . ^ Jump up to : Caldwell , J. , & O'Driscoll , T.G. ( 2007 ) . What Caused the Great Depression ? . Social Education , 71 ( 2 ) , 70 - 74 Jump up ^ Paul Krugman , `` Who Was Milton Friedman ? '' New York Review of Books Volume 32 , Number 32 February 3 , 2007 online community Jump up ^ Friedman 1965 , p. 4 . Jump up ^ The History of Economic Downturns in the US -- But Now You Know.net Jump up ^ * Bruner , Robert F. ; Carr , Sean D. ( 2007 ) . The Panic of 1907 : Lessons Learned from the Market 's Perfect Storm . Hoboken , New Jersey : John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 15263 - 8 Jump up ^ Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in US Monetary Policy , Richard H Timberlake , published in Econ Journal Watch , August 2005 -- http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/TimberlakeIntellectualTyrannyAugust2005.pdf Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Elgar publishing , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1843763352 , p. 11 Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke , `` Non-monetary effects of the financial crisis in the propagation of the Great Depression '' , ( 1983 ) American Economic Review . Am 73 # 3 257 -- 76 . Jump up ^ Friedman 2007 , p. 15 . Jump up ^ ( Samuelson 1948 , p. 353 ) Jump up ^ Samuelson , Friedman , and monetary policy , Paul Krugman , New York Times Blog , December 14 , 2009 Jump up ^ Robert Whaples , Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions. , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( March 1995 ) , p. 150 , in JSTOR Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Several graphs of total debt to GDP can be found on the Internet . ^ Jump up to : Jerome , Harry ( 1934 ) . Mechanization in Industry , National Bureau of Economic Research . Jump up ^ Hansen , Alvin ( 1939 ) . `` Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth '' . American Economic Review . 29 ( March ) . ^ Jump up to : Fisher , Irving ( October 1933 ) . `` The Debt - Deflation Theory of Great Depressions '' . Econometrica . The Econometric Society . 1 ( 4 ) : 337 -- 357 . doi : 10.2307 / 1907327 . JSTOR 1907327 . Jump up ^ Fortune , Peter ( Sep -- Oct 2000 ) . `` Margin Requirements , Margin Loans , and Margin Rates : Practice and Principles -- analysis of history of margin credit regulations -- Statistical Data Included '' . New England Economic Review . ^ Jump up to : `` Bank Failures '' . Living History Farm . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` Friedman and Schwartz , Monetary History of the United States '' , 352 Jump up ^ Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Edward Elgar Publishing , 2003 , ISBN 9781843765509 , p. 14 - 15 Jump up ^ Bernanke , Ben S ( June 1983 ) . `` Non-Monetary Effects of the Financial Crisis in the Propagation of the Great Depression '' . The American Economic Review . The American Economic Association . 73 ( 3 ) : 257 -- 276 . JSTOR 1808111 . Jump up ^ Mishkin , Fredric ( December 1978 ) . `` The Household Balance and the Great Depression '' . Journal of Economic History . 38 ( 4 ) : 918 -- 37 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700087167 . Jump up ^ Keen , Steve ( 2012 - 12 - 06 ) . `` Briefing for Congress on the Fiscal Cliff : Lessons from the 1930s - Steve Keen 's Debtwatch '' . Debtdeflation.com . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ http://libertyloveandjusticeforall.com/2012/12/08/debt-reset-is-inevitable/ Jump up ^ Friedersdorf , Conor ( 2012 - 12 - 05 ) . `` What If the Fiscal Cliff Is the Wrong Cliff ? '' . The Atlantic . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Private Debt Caused The Current Great Depression , Not Public Debt - Michael Clark '' . Seeking Alpha . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Gauti B. Eggertsson , Great Expectations and the End of the Depression , American Economic Review 2008 , 98 : 4 , 1476 -- 1516 ^ Jump up to : The New York Times , Christina Romer , The Fiscal Stimulus , Flawed but Valuable , October 20 , 2012 Jump up ^ Peter Temin , Lessons from the Great Depression , MIT Press , 1992 , ISBN 9780262261197 , p. 87 - 101 Jump up ^ Gauti B. Eggertsson , Great Expectations and the End of the Depression , The American Economic Review , Vol. 98 , No. 4 ( Sep. , 2008 ) , S. 1476 - 1516 , p. 1480 Jump up ^ Murray Rothbard , America 's Great Depression ( Ludwig von Mises Institute , 2000 ) , pp. 159 -- 63 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , America 's Great Depression , pp. 19 -- 21 '' Jump up ^ Mises , Ludwig von ( 2006 ) . The Causes of the Economic Crisis ; and Other Essays Before and After the Great Depression . Ludwig von Mises Institute . p. 207 . ISBN 978 - 1933550039 . Jump up ^ Rothbard , A History of Money and Banking in the United States , pp. 293 -- 94 . Jump up ^ John Cunningham Wood , Robert D. Wood , Friedrich A. Hayek , Taylor & Francis , 2004 , ISBN 9780415310574 , p. 115 ^ Jump up to : White , Clash of Economic Ideas , p. 94 . See also White , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression ? '' . Journal of Money , Credit and Banking . 40 ( 40 ) : 751 -- 768 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 4616.2008. 00134. x . ^ Jump up to : F.A. Hayek , interviewed by Diego Pizano July , 1979 published in : Diego Pizano , Conversations with Great Economists : Friedrich A. Hayek , John Hicks , Nicholas Kaldor , Leonid V. Kantorovich , Joan Robinson , Paul A. Samuelson , Jan Tinbergen ( Jorge Pinto Books , 2009 ) . Jump up ^ Sennholz , Hans ( October 1 , 1969 ) . `` The Great Depression '' . Foundation for Economic Education . Retrieved October 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Lewis Corey : The Decline of American Capitalism ( 1934 ) '' . Marxists.org. 2007 - 09 - 30 . Retrieved 2014 - 12 - 01 . ^ Jump up to : Bell , Spurgeon ( 1940 ) . `` Productivity , Wages and National Income , The Institute of Economics of the Brookings Institution '' . Jump up ^ Yergin , Daniel ( 1992 ) . The Prize : The Epic Quest for Oil , Money $ Power . ^ Jump up to : Beaudreau , Bernard C. ( 1996 ) . Mass Production , the Stock Market Crash and the Great Depression . New York , Lincoln , Shanghi : Authors Choice Press . ^ Jump up to : Vatter , Harold G. ; Walker , John F. ; Alperovitz , Gar ( 2005 ) . `` The onset and persistence of secular stagnation in the U.S. economy : 1910 - 1990 , Journal of Economic Issues '' . Jump up ^ Beaudreau ( 1996 ) cites capacity utilization at 84 - 86 % , which would be a decent number today ; however , there were some industrial leaders who complained of overcapacity , as did Senator Smoot . Jump up ^ Jerome , Harry ( 1934 ) . Mechanization in Industry , National Bureau of Economic Research < For the several industries studied industry expansion offset most of the productivity gains that would otherwise have resulted in many more job losses than actually occurred . To prevent rising unemployment the laid off workers would have to have changed industries , but it was noted that even if workers were successful at such a change the time typically took 18 months or more . The employment statistics for the 1930 census reflect conditions after the start of the depression so the actual employment situation prior to the depression is unknown. > Jump up ^ `` Hours of Work in U.S. History '' . 2010 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 10 - 26 . Jump up ^ Whaples , Robert ( June 1991 ) . `` The Shortening of the American Work Week : An Economic and Historical Analysis of Its Context , Causes , and Consequences '' . Journal of Economic History . 51 ( 2 ) : 454 -- 57 . doi : 10.1017 / S0022050700039073 . Jump up ^ Field , Alexander ( 2004 ) . `` Technological Change and Economic Growth the Interwar Years and the 1990s '' ( PDF ) . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 2012 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ Hubbert , M. King ( 1940 ) . `` Man Hours and Distribution , Derived from Man Hours : A Declining Quantity , Technocracy , Series A , No. 8 , August 1936 '' . Jump up ^ Stiglitz , Joseph ( 2011 ) . `` The Book of Jobs '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 2011 - 12 - 23 Jump up ^ Ayres , R.U. ; Ayres , L.W. ; Warr , B. ( 2002 ) . `` Exergy , Power and Work in the U.S. Economy 1900 -- 1998 , Insead 's Center For the Management of Environmental Resources , 2002 / 52 / EPS / CMER '' ( PDF ) < Fig. 4 in Appendix > From one - sixth to one - quarter of all land had been used to grow animal feed . Jump up ^ Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. pp. 574 -- 6 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ General Motors and the Decline of Streetcars Jump up ^ Field , Alexander J. ( 2011 ) . A Great Leap Forward : 1930s Depression and U.S. Economic Growth . New Haven , London : Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 15109 - 1 . Jump up ^ Kennedy , David M. ( 1999 ) . Freedom From Fear , The American People in Depression and War 1929 -- 1945 . Oxford University Press . pp. 122 , 123 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 503834 - 7 . Jump up ^ Dorfman , 1959 Jump up ^ Allgoewer , Elisabeth ( May 2002 ) . `` Underconsumption theories and Keynesian economics . Interpretations of the Great Depression '' ( PDF ) . Discussion paper no . 2002 - 14 . ^ Jump up to : Clemens , Peter ( 2008 ) . Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 . Hodder Education . p. 108 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 . Jump up ^ The Road to Plenty ( 1928 ) ^ Jump up to : Chapter 15 : The Great Depression . ( 1999 ) . Growth of the International Economy 1820 -- 2000 ( pp. 226 -- 34 ) . Taylor & Francis Ltd / Books . Jump up ^ Ben Bernanke , Studies on the Great Depression , Princeton University Press , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eichengreen 1992 , p. xi Jump up ^ Bernanke 2002 , p. 80 Jump up ^ Gold Standards and the Real Bills Doctrine in U.S. Monetary Policy , RICHARD H. TIMBERLAKE http://www.econjournalwatch.org/pdf/TimberlakeIntellectualTyrannyAugust2005.pdf Jump up ^ Parker , p. 49 . ^ Jump up to : Chernow , R. ( 2009 , Oct 23 ) . Everyman 's financial meltdown . New York Times ( 1923 - Current File ) . Retrieved from http://search.proquest.com/docview/1030683641 ^ Jump up to : Temin , P. ( 2010 ) . The Great Recession & the Great Depression . Daedalus , 139 ( 4 ) , 115 -- 24 . Jump up ^ White , 1990 . Jump up ^ Protectionism and the Great Depression , Paul Krugman , New York Times , November 30 , 2009 Jump up ^ The protectionist temptation : Lessons from the Great Depression for today , VOX , Barry Eichengreen , Douglas Irwin , 17 March 2009 ^ Jump up to : EICHENGREEN , B. , & IRWIN , D.A. ( 2010 ) . The Slide to Protectionism in the Great Depression : Who Succumbed and Why ? . Journal of Economic History , 70 ( 4 ) , 871 -- 97 . ^ Jump up to : Robert Whaples , `` Where Is There Consensus Among American Economic Historians ? The Results of a Survey on Forty Propositions '' , Journal of Economic History , Vol. 55 , No. 1 ( Mar. , 1995 ) , pp. 139 -- 54 in JSTOR Jump up ^ `` Protectionism and the Great Depression '' . Paul Krugman Blog . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 23 . Jump up ^ Temin , P. 1989 . Lessons from the Great Depression , MIT Press , Cambridge , Mass ( 2 ) Jump up ^ Hansen , Alvin ( 1939 ) . `` Economic Progress and Declining Population Growth '' . ISBN 978 - 1162557823 < Originally printed in a journal . Reprinted 2004 , 2010 > ^ Jump up to : Barber , Clarence L. `` On the Origins of the Great Depression '' , Southern Economic Journal , January , 1978 , 44 ( 3 ) , pp. 432 -- 56 . Jump up ^ Barber , Clarence L. `` On the Origins of the Great Depression '' , Southern Economic Journal , January 1978 , 44 ( 3 ) , pp. 432 -- 56 . See also Bolch , B.W. and J.D. Pilgrim , `` A Reappraisal of Some Factors Associated with Fluctuations in the United States in the Interwar Period . '' Southern Economic Journal , January 1973 , pp. 327 -- 44 . Jump up ^ Atack , Jeremy ; Passell , Peter ( 1994 ) . A New Economic View of American History . New York : W.W. Norton and Co. p. 599 . ISBN 0 - 393 - 96315 - 2 . Jump up ^ Longman , Philip ( 2004 ) . The Empty Cradle : How Falling Birthrates Threaten World Prosperity And What to Do About It . p. 87 . ISBN 0 - 465 - 05050 - 6 . Jump up ^ Urofsky , Melvin I . The American Presidents : Critical Essays . p. 391 . ISBN 0 - 8153 - 2184 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : De Long , J. Bradford ( December 1990 ) . `` ' Liquidation ' Cycles : Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression '' . NBER Working Paper No. 3546 : 1 . doi : 10.3386 / w3546 . Jump up ^ White , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression ? '' . Journal of Money , Credit , and Banking . 40 ( 40 ) : 751 -- 768 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 4616.2008. 00134. x . ^ Jump up to : White , Lawrence ( 2008 ) . `` Did Hayek and Robbins Deepen the Great Depression ? '' . Journal of Money , Credit and Banking . 40 ( 40 ) : 751 -- 768 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1538 - 4616.2008. 00134. x . Jump up ^ De Long , J. Bradford ( December 1990 ) . `` ' Liquidation ' Cycles : Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression '' . NBER Working Paper No. 3546 : 5 . doi : 10.3386 / w3546 . ^ Jump up to : Randall E. Parker , Reflections on the Great Depression , Elgar publishing , 2003 , ISBN 978 - 1843763352 , p. 9 Jump up ^ Hoover , Herbert . The Memoirs of Herbert Hoover , p. 31 Archived December 17 , 2008 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : Bradford DeLong , What Was Herbert Hoover 's Fiscal Policy ? Jump up ^ De Long , J. Bradford ( December 1990 ) . `` ' Liquidation ' Cycles : Old Fashioned Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression '' . NBER Working Paper No. 3546 : 33 . doi : 10.3386 / w3546 . Jump up ^ Lawrence White , The Clash of Economic Ideas : The Great Policy Debates and Experiments of the 20th Century ( Cambridge University Press ) , p. 94 . Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 4 . Auflage , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , pp. 110 -- 11 Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 4 . Auflage , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 120 Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 4 . Auflage , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 113 Jump up ^ `` Reconstruction Finance Corporation '' . EH.net Encyclopedia . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Peter Clemens , Prosperity , Depression and the New Deal : The USA 1890 -- 1954 , Hodder Education , 4 . Auflage , 2008 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 340 - 965887 , p. 114 Jump up ^ Houck , D.W. ( 2000 ) . RHETORIC AS CURRENCY : HERBERT HOOVER AND THE 1929 STOCK MARKET CRASH . Rhetoric & Public Affairs , 3 ( 2 ) , 155 -- 81 . Jump up ^ Barber , C.L. ( 1978 ) . `` On the Origins of the Great Depression '' . Southern Economic Journal , 44 ( 3 ) , 432 . Jump up ^ Lewis , W.A. Economic Survey , 1919 -- 1929 . London : Allen and Unwin , 1949 . ^ Jump up to : Roy G. Blakey , Gladys C. Blakey , The Federal Income Tax , 2006 , p. 301 Jump up ^ Roy G. Blakey , Gladys C. Blakey , The Federal Income Tax , 2006 , pp. 302 -- 03 Jump up ^ Roy G. Blakey , Gladys C. Blakey , The Federal Income Tax , 2006 , p. 304 Jump up ^ Roy G. Blakey , Gladys C. Blakey , The Federal Income Tax , 2006 , p. 305 Jump up ^ Walsh , Kenneth T. ( September 10 , 2008 ) The Most Consequential Elections in History : Franklin Delano Roosevelt and the Election of 1932 -- US News and World Report . Usnews.com . Retrieved on July 14 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Cole , Harold L. , and Lee E. Ohanian . `` The Great Depression from a Neoclassical Perspective . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . < https://www.minneapolisfed.org/research/qr/qr2311.pdf > . ^ Jump up to : Chari , V.V. , Patrick J. Kehoe , and Ellen R. McGrattan . `` Accounting for the Great Depression . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . < https://www.minneapolisfed.org/research/qr/qr2721.pdf > . Jump up ^ De Vroey , Michel R. `` Real Business Cycle Theory and the Great Depression : The Abandonment of the Abstentionist Viewpoint . '' N.p. , n.d. Web . < http://www.econ.umn.edu/~tkehoe/classes/DevroeyPensieroso.pdf > . References ( edit ) Dorfman , Joseph ( 1959 ) . `` Economic Mind in American Civilization '' vol 4 and 5 cover the ideas of all American economists of 1918 - 1933 . Friedman , Milton and Anna Jacobson Schwartz , A Monetary History of the United States , 1867 -- 1960 ( 1963 ) Meltzer , Allan H. 2003 A History of the Federal Reserve Volume I : 1913 -- 1951 Chicago University Press , Chicago , IL Rothbard , Murray N. 1963 America 's Great Depression D. Van Nostrand Company , Princeton , NJ Rothbard , Murray N. A History of Money and Banking in the United States : The Colonial Era to World War II ( 2002 ) Samuelson , Paul ( 1948 ) . `` Economics '' . White , Eugene N. `` The Stock Market Boom and Crash of 1929 Revisited '' Journal of Economic Perspectives , Vol. 4 , No. 2 ( Spring , 1990 ) , pp. 67 -- 83 ; examines different theories Further reading ( edit ) World ( edit ) Ambrosius , G. and W. Hibbard . A Social and Economic History of Twentieth - Century Europe ( 1989 ) Barber , Clarence Lyle ( University of Manitoba ) `` On the Origins of the Great Depression '' ( 1978 ) Bordo , Michael , and Anna J. Schwartz , eds . A Retrospective on the Classical Gold Standard , 1821 -- 1931 ( 1984 ) ( National Bureau of Economic Research Conference Report ) Bordo , Michael et al. eds . The Gold Standard and Related Regimes : Collected Essays ( 1999 ) Brown , Ian . The Economies of Africa and Asia in the Inter-War Depression ( 1989 ) Davis , Joseph S . The World Between the Wars , 1919 -- 39 : An Economist 's View ( 1974 ) Eichengreen , Barry . Golden Fetters : The Gold Standard and the Great Depression , 1919 -- 1939 ( NBER Series on Long - Term Factors in Economic Development ) , 1996 , ISBN 0 - 19 - 510113 - 8 Eichengreen , Barry , and Marc Flandreau , eds . The Gold Standard in Theory and History ( 1997 ) Feinstein , Charles H. The European Economy Between the Wars ( 1997 ) Garraty , John A . The Great Depression : An Inquiry into the Causes , Course , and Consequences of the Worldwide Depression of the Nineteen - Thirties , as Seen by Contemporaries and in Light of History ( 1986 ) Garraty , John A. Unemployment in History ( 1978 ) Garside , William R. Capitalism in Crisis : International Responses to the Great Depression ( 1993 ) Haberler , Gottfried . The World Economy , Money , and the Great Depression 1919 -- 1939 ( 1976 ) Hall , Thomas E. and J. David Ferguson . The Great Depression : An International Disaster of Perverse Economic Policies ( 1998 ) Kaiser , David E. Economic Diplomacy and the Origins of the Second World War : Germany , Britain , France and Eastern Europe , 1930 -- 1939 ( 1980 ) Kindleberger , Charles P . The World in Depression , 1929 -- 1939 ( 1983 ) ; Tipton , F. and R. Aldrich . An Economic and Social History of Europe , 1890 -- 1939 ( 1987 ) United States ( edit ) Ben S. Bernanke . Essays on the Great Depression ( 2000 ) Bernstein , Michael A . The Great Depression : Delayed Recovery and Economic Change in America , 1929 -- 1939 ( 1989 ) focus on low - growth and high - growth industries Bordo , Michael D. , Claudia Goldin , and Eugene N. White , eds . The Defining Moment : The Great Depression and the American Economy in the Twentieth Century ( 1998 ) . Advanced economic history . Chandler , Lester . America 's Greatest Depression ( 1970 ) . economic history overview . De Long , Bradford . Liquidation Cycles and the Great Depression ( 1991 ) Jensen , Richard J. `` The Causes and Cures of Unemployment in the Great Depression , '' Journal of Interdisciplinary History 19 ( 1989 ) 553 -- 83 . online at JSTOR in most academic libraries McElvaine , Robert S . The Great Depression ( 2nd ed 1993 ) social history Mitchell , Broadus . Depression Decade : From New Era through New Deal , 1929 -- 1941 ( 1964 ) , standard economic history overview . Warren , Harris Gaylord . Herbert Hoover and the Great Depression ( 1959 ) . Role of the United States Federal Reserve ( edit ) Chandler , Lester V. American Monetary Policy , 1928 -- 41 . ( 1971 ) . Epstein , Gerald and Thomas Ferguson . `` Monetary Policy , Loan Liquidation and Industrial Conflict : Federal Reserve System Open Market Operations in 1932 . '' Journal of Economic History 44 ( December 1984 ) : 957 -- 84 . in JSTOR Kubik , Paul J. , `` Federal Reserve Policy during the Great Depression : The Impact of Interwar Attitudes regarding Consumption and Consumer Credit . '' Journal of Economic Issues . Vo : 30 . Issue : 3 . Publication Year : 1996 . pp 829 + . Mayhew , Anne . `` Ideology and the Great Depression : Monetary History Rewritten . '' Journal of Economic Issues 17 ( June 1983 ) : 353 -- 60 . Meltzer , Allan H. A History of the Federal Reserve , Volume 1 : 1913 -- 1951 ( 2004 ) the standard scholarly history Steindl , Frank G. Monetary Interpretations of the Great Depression . ( 1995 ) . Temin , Peter . Did Monetary Forces Cause the Great Depression ? ( 1976 ) . Wicker , Elmus R. `` A Reconsideration of Federal Reserve Policy during the 1920 -- 1921 Depression , '' Journal of Economic History ( 1966 ) 26 : 223 -- 38 , in JSTOR Wicker , Elmus . Federal Reserve Monetary Policy , 1917 -- 33 . ( 1966 ) . Wells , Donald R . The Federal Reserve System : A History ( 2004 ) Wueschner , Silvano A. Charting Twentieth - Century Monetary Policy : Herbert Hoover and Benjamin Strong , 1917 -- 1927 Greenwood Press . ( 1999 ) <Th_colspan="2"> hide Great Depression Topics Causes Wall Street Crash of 1929 Smoot - Hawley Tariff Act Dust Bowl New Deal Recession of 1937 -- 1938 Effects by area Australia Canada Chile Central Europe France Germany India Japan Latin America Netherlands South Africa United Kingdom United States Cities <Td_colspan="2"> Commons Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Causes_of_the_Great_Depression&oldid=848453092 '' Categories : 1920s economic history Great Depression Causes of events Hidden categories : Articles with inconsistent citation formats Webarchive template wayback links All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from October 2013 Articles to be expanded from April 2017 All articles to be expanded Articles using small message boxes All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2012 Articles with unsourced statements from June 2007 Articles needing additional references from June 2015 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from January 2013 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español עברית 日本 語 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 July 2018 , at 00 : 16 ( UTC ) . 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1. Causes of the Great Depression 2. Demand-driven theories 3. Monetarist explanation 4. Debt deflation 5. Role of economic policy

who has the most passing yards in college football

List of NCAA Division I FBS career Passing yards Leaders - wikipedia List of NCAA Division I FBS career Passing yards Leaders Jump to : navigation , search The following is a list of football quarterbacks in NCAA Division I FBS and its predecessors who have thrown for 12,000 yards or more in their collegiate careers . Statistics are current through the end of the 2017 season . Players active during the 2017 season are shown in bold . Rank Player University ( Seasons ) Total passing yards Case Keenum Houston ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 19,217 Timmy Chang Hawaii ( 2000 -- 2004 ) 17,072 Landry Jones Oklahoma ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 16,646 Graham Harrell Texas Tech ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 15,793 Ty Detmer BYU ( 1988 -- 1991 ) 15,031 6 Kellen Moore Boise State ( 2008 -- 2011 ) 14,667 7 Baker Mayfield Texas Tech ( 2013 ) , Oklahoma ( 2015 -- 2017 ) 14,607 8 Luke Falk Washington State ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 14,481 9 Colt Brennan Hawaii ( 2005 -- 2007 ) 14,193 10 Rakeem Cato Marshall ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 14,079 11 Mason Rudolph Oklahoma State ( 2014 -- 2017 ) 13,618 12 Sean Mannion Oregon State ( 2011 -- 2014 ) 13,600 13 Philip Rivers NC State ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 13,484 14 Corey Robinson Troy ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 13,477 15 Colt McCoy Texas ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 13,253 16 Aaron Murray Georgia ( 2010 -- 2013 ) 13,166 17 Kevin Kolb Houston ( 2003 -- 2006 ) 12,964 18 Dan LeFevour Central Michigan ( 2006 -- 2009 ) 12,905 19 Cooper Rush Central Michigan ( 2013 -- 2016 ) 12,884 20 Brandon Doughty Western Kentucky ( 2011 -- 2015 ) 12,855 21 Derek Carr Fresno State ( 2009 -- 2013 ) 12,843 22 Tim Rattay Louisiana Tech ( 1997 -- 1999 ) 12,746 23 Ryan Lindley San Diego State ( 2008 -- 2011 ) 12,690 24 Luke McCown Louisiana Tech ( 2000 -- 2003 ) 12,666 25 Chris Redman Louisville ( 1996 -- 1999 ) 12,541 26 Chase Daniel Missouri ( 2005 -- 2008 ) 12,515 27 Trevor Vittatoe UTEP ( 2007 -- 2010 ) 12,439 28 Kliff Kingsbury Texas Tech ( 1999 -- 2002 ) 12,429 29 Matt Barkley USC ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 12,327 30 Jared Goff California ( 2013 -- 2015 ) 12,195 31 Zach Terrell Western Michigan ( 2013 -- 2016 ) 12,100 32 Zac Dysert Miami ( Ohio ) ( 2009 -- 2012 ) 12,016 References ( edit ) `` Career Leaders and Records for Passing Yards '' . Sports Reference . Retrieved 2015 - 11 - 08 . <Th_colspan="2"> NCAA Division I FBS statistical leaders Career Passing touchdowns Passing yards Rushing touchdowns Rushing yards Receiving touchdowns Receiving yards Field goals Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NCAA_Division_I_FBS_career_passing_yards_leaders&oldid=819877145 '' Categories : Lists of college football individual records Talk About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 11 January 2018 , at 19 : 35 . About Wikipedia

1. NCAA Division I FBS career Passing yards Leaders 2. Football quarterbacks 3. College football individual records 4. Case Keenum 5. Timmy Chang

when was the last solar eclipse seen in pa

List of Solar eclipses visible from the United states - wikipedia List of Solar eclipses visible from the United states Jump to : navigation , search Totality over Timothy Lake , Oregon , during the solar eclipse of August 21 , 2017 . Lists of solar eclipses Geometry of a total solar eclipse ( not to scale ) Centuries BC ( show ) 20th 19th 18th 17th 16th 15th 14th 13th 12th 11th 10th 9th 8th 7th 6th 5th 4th 3rd 2nd 1st AD 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Eclipses seen from Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States See also Lists of lunar eclipses This is an incomplete list of solar eclipses visible from the United States between 1901 and 2050 . All eclipses whose path of totality or annularity passes through the land territory of the current fifty U.S. states are included . For lists of eclipses worldwide , see the list of 20th - century solar eclipses and 21st - century solar eclipses . Contents ( hide ) 1 1900 -- 1950 2 1951 -- 2000 3 2001 -- 2050 4 References 1900 -- 1950 ( edit ) June 28 , 1908 Annular June 8 , 1918 Total November 22 , 1919 Annular September 10 , 1923 Total January 24 , 1925 Total June 29 , 1927 Total April 28 , 1930 Hybrid August 31 , 1932 Total April 19 , 1939 Annular April 7 , 1940 Annular February 4 , 1943 Total July 9 , 1945 Total May 9 , 1948 Annular 1951 -- 2000 ( edit ) September 1 , 1951 Annular June 30 , 1954 Total October 2 , 1959 Total July 20 , 1963 Total March 7 , 1970 Total July 10 , 1972 Total February 26 , 1979 Total May 30 , 1984 Annular July 22 , 1990 Total July 11 , 1991 Total January 4 , 1992 Annular May 10 , 1994 Annular 2001 -- 2050 ( edit ) May 20 , 2012 Annular August 21 , 2017 Total October 14 , 2023 Annular April 8 , 2024 Total March 30 , 2033 Total June 21 , 2039 Annular August 23 , 2044 Total August 12 , 2045 Total February 5 , 2046 Annular June 11 , 2048 Annular <Th_colspan="2"> Solar eclipses Lists of eclipses By century Antiquity 20th BC 19th BC 18th BC 17th BC 16th BC 15th BC 14th BC 13th BC 12th BC 11th BC 10th BC 9th BC 8th BC 7th BC 6th BC 5th BC 4th BC 3rd BC 2nd BC 1st BC 1st 2nd 3rd 4th 5th 6th 7th 8th 9th 10th 11th 12th 13th 14th 15th 16th 17th 18th 19th 20th 21st 22nd 23rd 24th 25th 26th 27th 28th 29th 30th Saros series 110 111 112 113 114 115 116 117 118 119 120 121 122 123 124 125 126 127 128 129 130 131 132 133 134 135 136 137 138 139 140 141 142 143 144 145 146 147 148 149 150 151 152 153 154 155 156 157 158 159 160 161 162 Visibility Australia China Philippines Russia Ukraine United Kingdom United States Historical Mursili 's eclipse ( 1312 BC ) Assyrian eclipse ( 763 BC ) Eclipse of Thales ( 585 BC ) Total / hybrid eclipses → symbol denotes next total / hybrid eclipse 1560 Aug 21 1598 Mar 7 1652 Apr 8 1654 Aug 12 1673 Aug 12 1699 Sep 23 1715 May 3 1724 May 22 1766 Feb 9 1778 Jun 24 1780 Oct 27 1806 Jun 16 1816 Nov 19 1824 Jun 26 1842 Jul 8 1851 Jul 28 1853 Nov 30 1857 Mar 25 1858 Sep 7 1860 Jul 18 1865 Apr 25 1867 Aug 29 1868 Aug 18 1869 Aug 7 1870 Dec 22 1871 Dec 12 1874 Apr 16 1875 Apr 6 1878 Jul 29 1882 May 17 1883 May 6 1885 Sep 8 1886 Aug 29 1887 Aug 19 1889 Jan 1 1889 Dec 22 1893 Apr 16 1896 Aug 9 1898 Jan 22 1900 May 28 1901 May 18 1903 Sep 21 1904 Sep 9 1905 Aug 30 1907 Jan 14 1908 Jan 3 1908 Dec 23 1909 Jun 17 1910 May 9 1911 Apr 28 1912 Apr 17 1912 Oct 10 1914 Aug 21 1916 Feb 3 1918 Jun 8 1919 May 29 1921 Oct 1 1922 Sep 21 1923 Sep 10 1925 Jan 24 1926 Jan 14 1927 Jun 29 1928 May 19 1929 May 9 1930 Apr 28 1930 Oct 21 1932 Aug 31 1934 Feb 14 1936 Jun 19 1937 Jun 8 1938 May 29 1939 Oct 12 1940 Oct 1 1941 Sep 21 1943 Feb 4 1944 Jan 25 1944 Jul 20 1945 Jul 9 1947 May 20 1948 Nov 1 1950 Sep 12 1952 Feb 25 1954 Jun 30 1955 Jun 20 1956 Jun 8 1957 Oct 23 1958 Oct 12 1959 Oct 2 1961 Feb 15 1962 Feb 5 1963 Jul 20 1965 May 30 1966 Nov 12 1967 Nov 2 1968 Sep 22 1970 Mar 7 1972 Jul 10 1973 Jun 30 1974 Jun 20 1976 Oct 23 1977 Oct 12 1979 Feb 26 1980 Feb 16 1981 Jul 31 1983 Jun 11 1984 Nov 22 1985 Nov 12 1986 Oct 3 1987 Mar 29 1988 Mar 18 1990 Jul 22 1991 Jul 11 1992 Jun 30 1994 Nov 3 1995 Oct 24 1997 Mar 9 1998 Feb 26 1999 Aug 11 2001 Jun 21 2002 Dec 4 2003 Nov 23 2005 Apr 8 2006 Mar 29 2008 Aug 1 2009 Jul 22 2010 Jul 11 2012 Nov 13 2013 Nov 3 2015 Mar 20 2016 Mar 9 2017 Aug 21 → 2019 Jul 2 2020 Dec 14 2021 Dec 4 2023 Apr 20 2024 Apr 8 2026 Aug 12 2027 Aug 2 2028 Jul 22 2030 Nov 25 2031 Nov 14 2033 Mar 30 2034 Mar 20 2035 Sep 2 2037 Jul 13 2038 Dec 26 2039 Dec 15 2041 Apr 30 2042 Apr 20 2043 Apr 9 2044 Aug 23 2045 Aug 12 2046 Aug 2 2048 Dec 5 2049 Nov 25 2050 May 20 2052 Mar 30 2053 Sep 12 2055 Jul 24 2057 Jan 5 2057 Dec 26 2059 May 11 2060 Apr 30 2061 Apr 20 2063 Aug 24 2064 Aug 12 2066 Dec 17 2067 Dec 6 2068 May 31 2070 Apr 11 2071 Sep 23 2072 Sep 12 2073 Aug 3 2075 Jan 16 2076 Jan 6 2077 May 22 2078 May 11 2079 May 1 2081 Sep 3 2082 Aug 24 2084 Dec 27 2086 Jun 11 2088 Apr 21 2089 Oct 4 2090 Sep 23 2091 Aug 15 2093 Jan 27 2094 Jan 16 2095 Jun 2 2096 May 22 2097 May 11 2099 Sep 14 2100 Sep 4 2114 Jun 3 2132 Jun 13 2150 Jun 25 2168 Jul 5 2186 Jul 16 Annular eclipses → symbol denotes next annular eclipse 1820 Sep 7 1854 May 26 1879 Jan 22 1889 Jun 28 1901 Nov 11 1903 Mar 29 1904 Mar 17 1905 Mar 6 1907 Jul 10 1908 Jun 28 1911 Oct 22 1914 Feb 25 1915 Feb 14 1915 Aug 10 1916 Jul 30 1917 Dec 14 1918 Dec 3 1919 Nov 22 1921 Apr 8 1922 Mar 28 1923 Mar 17 1925 Jul 20 1926 Jul 9 1927 Jan 3 1929 Nov 1 1932 Mar 7 1933 Feb 24 1933 Aug 21 1934 Aug 10 1935 Dec 25 1936 Dec 13 1937 Dec 2 1939 Apr 19 1940 Apr 7 1941 Mar 27 1943 Aug 1 1945 Jan 14 1947 Nov 12 1948 May 9 1950 Mar 18 1951 Mar 7 1951 Sep 1 1952 Aug 20 1954 Jan 5 1954 Dec 25 1955 Dec 14 1957 Apr 30 1958 Apr 19 1959 Apr 8 1961 Aug 11 1962 Jul 31 1963 Jan 25 1965 Nov 23 1966 May 20 1969 Mar 18 1969 Sep 11 1970 Aug 31 1972 Jan 16 1973 Jan 4 1973 Dec 24 1976 Apr 29 1977 Apr 18 1979 Aug 22 1980 Aug 10 1981 Feb 4 1983 Dec 4 1984 May 30 1987 Sep 23 1988 Sep 11 1990 Jan 26 1991 Jan 15 1992 Jan 4 1994 May 10 1995 Apr 29 1998 Aug 22 1999 Feb 16 2001 Dec 14 2002 Jun 10 2003 May 31 2005 Oct 3 2006 Sep 22 2008 Feb 7 2009 Jan 26 2010 Jan 15 2012 May 20 2013 May 10 2014 Apr 29 2016 Sep 1 2017 Feb 26 → 2019 Dec 26 2020 Jun 21 2021 Jun 10 2023 Oct 14 2024 Oct 2 2026 Feb 17 2027 Feb 6 2028 Jan 26 2030 Jun 1 2031 May 21 2032 May 9 2034 Sep 12 2035 Mar 9 2038 Jan 5 2038 Jul 2 2039 Jun 21 2041 Oct 25 2042 Oct 14 2043 Oct 3 2044 Feb 28 2045 Feb 16 2046 Feb 5 2048 Jun 11 2049 May 31 2052 Sep 22 2053 Mar 20 2056 Jan 16 2056 Jul 12 2057 Jul 1 2059 Nov 5 2060 Oct 24 2061 Oct 13 2063 Feb 28 2064 Feb 17 2066 Jun 22 2067 Jun 11 2070 Oct 4 2071 Mar 31 2074 Jan 27 2074 Jul 24 2075 Jul 13 2077 Nov 15 2078 Nov 4 2079 Oct 24 2081 Mar 10 2082 Feb 27 2084 Jul 3 2085 Jun 22 2085 Dec 16 2088 Oct 14 2089 Apr 10 2092 Feb 7 2092 Aug 3 2093 Jul 23 2095 Nov 27 2096 Nov 15 2097 Nov 4 2099 Mar 21 2100 Mar 10 Partial eclipses → symbol denotes next partial eclipse 1902 Apr 8 1902 May 7 1902 Oct 31 1906 Feb 23 1906 Jul 21 1906 Aug 20 1909 Dec 12 1910 Nov 2 1913 Apr 6 1913 Aug 31 1913 Sep 30 1916 Dec 24 1917 Jan 23 1917 Jun 19 1917 Jul 19 1920 May 18 1920 Nov 10 1924 Mar 5 1924 Jul 31 1924 Aug 30 1927 Dec 24 1928 Jun 17 1928 Nov 12 1931 Apr 18 1931 Sep 12 1931 Oct 11 1935 Jan 5 1935 Feb 3 1935 Jun 30 1935 Jul 30 1938 Nov 21 1942 Mar 16 1942 Aug 12 1942 Sep 10 1946 Jan 3 1946 May 30 1946 Jun 29 1946 Nov 23 1949 Apr 28 1949 Oct 21 1953 Feb 14 1953 Jul 11 1953 Aug 9 1956 Dec 2 1960 Mar 27 1960 Sep 20 1964 Jan 14 1964 Jun 10 1964 Jul 9 1964 Dec 4 1967 May 9 1968 Mar 28 1971 Feb 25 1971 Jul 22 1971 Aug 20 1974 Dec 13 1975 May 11 1975 Nov 3 1978 Apr 7 1978 Oct 2 1982 Jan 25 1982 Jun 21 1982 Jul 20 1982 Dec 15 1985 May 19 1986 Apr 9 1989 Mar 7 1989 Aug 31 1992 Dec 24 1993 May 21 1993 Nov 13 1996 Apr 17 1996 Oct 12 1997 Sep 2 2000 Feb 5 2000 Jul 1 2000 Jul 31 2000 Dec 25 2004 Apr 19 2004 Oct 14 2007 Mar 19 2011 Jan 4 2011 Jun 1 2011 Jul 1 2011 Nov 25 2014 Oct 23 2015 Sep 13 → 2018 Feb 15 2018 Jul 13 2018 Aug 11 2019 Jan 6 2022 Apr 30 2022 Oct 25 2025 Mar 29 2025 Sep 21 2029 Jan 14 2029 Jun 12 2029 Jul 11 2032 Nov 3 2033 Sep 23 2036 Feb 27 2036 Jul 23 2036 Aug 21 2037 Jan 16 2040 May 11 2040 Nov 4 2047 Jan 26 2047 Jun 23 2047 Jul 22 2047 Dec 16 2050 Nov 14 2051 Apr 11 2051 Oct 4 2054 Mar 9 2054 Aug 3 2054 Sep 2 2055 Jan 27 2058 May 22 2058 Jun 21 2058 Nov 16 2062 Mar 11 2062 Sep 3 2065 Feb 5 2065 Jul 3 2065 Aug 2 2065 Dec 27 2068 Nov 24 2069 Apr 21 2069 May 20 2069 Oct 15 2072 Mar 19 2073 Feb 7 2076 Jun 1 2076 Jul 1 2076 Nov 26 2083 Feb 16 2083 Jul 15 2083 Aug 13 2084 Jan 7 2086 Dec 6 2087 May 2 2087 Jun 1 2087 Oct 26 2090 Mar 31 2091 Feb 18 2094 Jun 13 2094 Jul 12 2094 Dec 7 2098 Apr 1 2098 Sep 25 2098 Oct 24 Other bodies Mars Moon Jupiter Neptune Pluto Saturn Uranus Related topics Eclipse chasing Solar viewer Planetary transit Solar eclipses in fiction <Td_colspan="2"> Book Commons Portal WikiProject References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2012 May 20 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2017 Aug 21 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2023 Oct 14 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2024 Apr 08 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2033 Mar 30 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2039 Jun 21 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2044 Aug 23 '' . NASA . Retrieved 10 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2045 Aug 12 '' . NASA . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2046 Feb 05 '' . NASA . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . Jump up ^ Espenak , Fred . `` Total Solar Eclipse of 2048 Jun 11 '' . NASA . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_solar_eclipses_visible_from_the_United_States&oldid=797598983 '' Categories : Solar eclipses by country Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 03 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Solar eclipses visible from the United States 2. Total solar eclipses 3. Annular solar eclipses 4. Solar eclipses between 1901 and 2050 5. Solar eclipses in the 20th and 21st centuries

explain the importance of institution design of india

List of Institutes of National Importance - Wikipedia List of Institutes of National Importance Institute of National Importance ( INI ) is a status that may be conferred to a premier public higher education institution in India by an act of Parliament of India , an institution which `` serves as a pivotal player in developing highly skilled personnel within the specified region of the country / state '' . Institutes of National Importance receive special recognition and funding from the Government of India . Contents 1 Acts 2 Institutes of National Importance 3 Proposed Institutes of National Importance ( INIs ) 4 Footnotes 5 References Acts ( edit ) Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research was declared as Institute of National Importance through Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Act , 2010 . All India Institutes of Medical Sciences are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the All India Institute of Medical Sciences ( Amendment ) Act , 2012 . Indian Institutes of Technology are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the Institutes of Technology Act , 1961 . National Institutes of Technology are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the National Institutes of Technology Act , 2007 . Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology was declared as Institute of National Importance through Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Act , 2007 . Four Indian Institutes of Information Technology are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the Indian Institute of Information Technology Act , 2014 . 11 more were declared through The Indian Institutes of Information Technology ( Public - Private Partnership ) Act , 2017 . Footwear Design and Development Institute is declared as Institute of National Importance through the Footwear Design and Development Institute Act , 2017 . Indian Institutes of Management are declared as Institutes of National Importance through the Indian Institutes of Management Act , 2017 . Institutes of National Importance ( edit ) Madras Delhi Guwahati Kanpur Kharagpur Bombay Roorkee Varanasi Bhubaneswar Gandhinagar Hyderabad Indore Jodhpur Mandi Patna Ropar Dhanbad Palakkad Panjim Raipur Tirupati Jammu Dharwad Location of IITs. 23 functioning IITs ( green ) Patna Raipur Warangal Bhopal Durgapur Jamshedpur Nagpur Srinagar ( JK ) Surathkal Allahabad Calicut Rourkela Surat Jaipur Kurukshetra Trichy Agartala Silchar Hamirpur Jalandhar Goa Karaikal New Delhi Srinagar ( UK ) Ravangla Aizawl Shillong Imphal Dimapur Tadepalligudem Yupia Location of the 31 NITs . New Delhi Bhubaneswar Jodhpur Patna Bhopal Raipur Rishikesh Mangalagiri Nagpur Location of the 9 AIIMSs Berhampur Mohali Kolkata Pune Bhopal Thiruvananthapuram Tirupati Location of the 7 functioning IISERs New Delhi Bhopal Vijayawada Location of the SPAs Mohali Ahmedabad Hajipur Hyderabad Kolkata Raebareli Guwahati Location of the seven functioning NIPERs Ahmedabad Bangalore Indore Calcutta Kozhikode Lucknow Shillong Ranchi Rohtak Raipur Tiruchirappalli Kashipur Udaipur Nagpur Sirmaur Amritsar Gaya Sambalpur Visakhapatnam Jammu Location of the 20 functioning IIMs Gwalior Allahabad Jabalpur Kanchipuram Sricity Guwahati Vadodara Kota Tiruchirappalli Una Sonipat Kalyani Lucknow Dharwad Kurnool Kottayam Manipur Nagpur Pune Ranchi Location of the 5 MHRD Funded IIITs ( Green ) and 15 PPP IIITs with INI status ( Red ) Institutes of National Importance No . Institute City State Founded Type Specialization Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research Ghaziabad Uttar Pradesh AcSIR Sciences All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Bhopal Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2012 AIIMS Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Odisha 2012 AIIMS Medicine All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Jodhpur Jodhpur Rajasthan 2012 AIIMS Medicine 5 All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Delhi Delhi Delhi 1956 AIIMS Medicine 6 All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Patna Patna Bihar 2012 AIIMS Medicine 7 All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Raipur Raipur Chhattisgarh 2012 AIIMS Medicine 8 All India Institute of Medical Sciences , Rishikesh Rishikesh Uttarakhand 2012 AIIMS Medicine 9 Dakshina Bharat Hindi Prachar Sabha Chennai Tamil Nadu 1918 NA Language Studies 10 Dr. B.R. Ambedkar National Institute of Technology Jalandhar Jalandhar Punjab NIT Engineering 11 Atal Bihari Vajpayee Indian Institute of Information Technology and Management , Gwalior Gwalior Madhya Pradesh IIIT Information Technology 12 Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology , Shibpur Howrah West Bengal 1856 IIEST Science and Engineering 13 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Allahabad Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 1999 IIIT Information Technology 14 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Design and Manufacturing , Kancheepuram Kanchipuram Tamil Nadu 2007 IIIT Information Technology 15 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Design and Manufacturing , Jabalpur Jabalpur Madhya Pradesh 2005 IIIT Information Technology 16 Indian Institute of Petroleum and Energy Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 2016 NA Petroleum Engineering 17 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Bhopal Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2008 IISER Sciences 18 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Kolkata Kolkata West Bengal 2006 IISER Sciences 19 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Mohali Mohali Punjab 2007 IISER Sciences 20 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Pune Pune Maharashtra 2006 IISER Sciences 21 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Thiruvananthapuram Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 2008 IISER Sciences 22 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research Berhampur Berhampur Odisha 2016 IISER Sciences 23 Indian Institute of Science Education and Research , Tirupati Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 2015 IISER Sciences 24 Indian Institute of Technology Bhubaneswar Bhubaneswar Odisha 2008 IIT Engineering 25 Indian Institute of Technology Bombay Mumbai Maharashtra 1958 IIT Engineering 26 Indian Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi Delhi 1963 IIT Engineering 27 Indian Institute of Technology Dharwad Dharwad Karnataka 2016 IIT Engineering 28 Indian Institute of Technology Gandhinagar Gandhinagar Gujarat 2008 IIT Engineering 29 Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati Guwahati Assam IIT Engineering 30 Indian Institute of Technology Hyderabad Hyderabad Telangana 2008 IIT Engineering 31 Indian Institute of Technology Indore Indore Madhya Pradesh 2009 IIT Engineering 32 Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur Jodhpur Rajasthan 2008 IIT Engineering 33 Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur Kharagpur West Bengal 1951 IIT Engineering 34 Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur Uttar Pradesh 1959 IIT Engineering 35 Indian Institute of Technology Madras Chennai Tamil Nadu 1959 IIT Engineering 36 Indian Institute of Technology Mandi Mandi Himachal Pradesh 2009 IIT Engineering 37 Indian Institute of Technology Patna Patna Bihar 2008 IIT Engineering 38 Indian Institute of Technology Palakkad Palakkad Kerala 2015 IIT Engineering 39 Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee Roorkee Uttarakhand 1847 IIT Engineering 40 Indian Institute of Technology Ropar Ropar Punjab 2008 IIT Engineering 41 Indian Institute of Technology ( BHU ) Varanasi Varanasi Uttar Pradesh 1919 IIT Engineering 42 Indian Institute of Technology ( Indian School of Mines ) , Dhanbad Dhanbad Jharkhand 1926 IIT Engineering 43 Indian Institute of Technology Goa Farmagudi Goa 2016 IIT Engineering 44 Indian Institute of Technology Tirupati Tirupati Andhra Pradesh 2015 IIT Engineering 45 Indian Statistical Institute Kolkata West Bengal 1931 NA Statistics 46 Jawaharlal Institute of Postgraduate Medical Education and Research Pondicherry Puducherry 1823 NA Medicine 47 Kalakshetra Foundation Chennai Tamil Nadu 1936 NA Music and Dance 48 Malaviya National Institute of Technology , Jaipur Jaipur Rajasthan 1963 NIT Engineering 49 Maulana Azad National Institute of Technology Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 1960 NIT Engineering 50 Motilal Nehru National Institute of Technology Allahabad Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 1961 NIT Engineering 51 National Institute of Technology , Andhra Pradesh Tadepalligudem Andhra Pradesh 2015 NIT Engineering 52 National Institute of Technology Agartala Agartala Tripura 1965 NIT Engineering 53 National Institute of Technology , Arunachal Pradesh Yupia Arunachal Pradesh NIT Engineering 54 National Institute of Technology Calicut Kozhikode Kerala 1961 NIT Engineering 55 National Institute of Technology Delhi Delhi Delhi NIT Engineering 56 National Institute of Technology , Durgapur Durgapur West Bengal 1960 NIT Engineering 57 National Institute of Technology Goa Farmagudi Goa NIT Engineering 58 National Institute of Technology , Hamirpur Hamirpur Himachal Pradesh 1986 NIT Engineering 59 National Institute of Technology , Jamshedpur Jamshedpur Jharkhand 1960 NIT Engineering 60 National Institute of Technology , Karnataka Mangalore Karnataka 1960 NIT Engineering 61 National Institute of Technology , Kurukshetra Kurukshetra Haryana 1963 NIT Engineering 62 National Institute of Technology , Manipur Imphal Manipur NIT Engineering 63 National Institute of Technology , Meghalaya Shillong Meghalaya NIT Engineering 64 National Institute of Technology Mizoram Aizawl Mizoram NIT Engineering 65 National Institute of Technology Nagaland Dimapur Nagaland NIT Engineering 66 National Institute of Technology , Patna Patna Bihar 1886 NIT Engineering 67 National Institute of Technology , Puducherry Karaikal Puducherry NIT Engineering 68 National Institute of Technology , Raipur Raipur Chhattisgarh 1956 NIT Engineering 69 National Institute of Technology , Rourkela Rourkela Odisha 1961 NIT Engineering 70 National Institute of Technology Sikkim Ravangla Sikkim NIT Engineering 71 National Institute of Technology , Silchar Silchar Assam 1967 NIT Engineering 72 National Institute of Technology , Srinagar Srinagar Jammu and Kashmir 1960 NIT Engineering 73 National Institute of Technology , Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 1964 NIT Engineering 74 National Institute of Technology Uttarakhand Srinagar Uttarakhand NIT Engineering 75 National Institute of Technology , Warangal Warangal Telangana 1959 NIT Engineering 76 National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences Bangalore Karnataka 1925 NA Medicine 77 National Institute of Design Ahmedabad Gujarat 1960 NID Design 78 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Mohali Punjab 1998 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 79 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Ahmedabad Gujarat 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 80 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hajipur Bihar 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 81 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Hyderabad Telangana 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 82 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Kolkata West Bengal 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 83 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Raebareli Uttar Pradesh 2007 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 84 National Institute of Pharmaceutical Education and Research Guwahati Assam 2008 NIPER Pharmaceutical Science 85 Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research Chandigarh Chandigarh 1962 NA Medicine 86 Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Amethi Uttar Pradesh 2007 NA Petroleum Engineering 87 Rajiv Gandhi National Institute of Youth Development Sriperumbudur Tamil Nadu NA Youth Affairs 88 Sree Chitra Tirunal Institute for Medical Sciences and Technology Thiruvananthapuram Kerala 1973 NA Medicine 89 Sardar Vallabhbhai National Institute of Technology , Surat Surat Gujarat 1961 NIT Engineering 90 School of Planning and Architecture , Bhopal Bhopal Madhya Pradesh 2008 SPA Architecture 91 School of Planning and Architecture , Delhi New Delhi Delhi 1941 SPA Architecture 92 School of Planning and Architecture , Vijayawada Vijayawada Andhra Pradesh 2008 SPA Architecture 93 Visvesvaraya National Institute of Technology Nagpur Maharashtra 1960 NIT Engineering 94 Rani Lakshmi Bai Central Agricultural University Jhansi Uttar Pradesh 2014 NA Agricultural Sciences 95 Indian Institute of Information Technology Design and Manufacturing , Kurnool Kurnool Andhra Pradesh 2015 IIIT Information Technology 96 Indian Institute of Technology Bhilai Bhilai Chhattisgarh 2016 IIT Engineering 97 Indian Institute of Technology Jammu Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 2016 IIT Engineering 99 Regional Centre for Biotechnology Faridabad Haryana 2009 NA Bio-Technology 100 Nalanda University Rajgir Bihar NA General 101 University of Allahabad Allahabad Uttar Pradesh 1887 NA General 102 Visva - Bharati University Santiniketan West Bengal 1921 NA General 103 Rajendra Central Agricultural University Samastipur Bihar 1905 NA Agricultural Sciences 104 Indian Institute of Management Calcutta Kolkata West Bengal 1961 IIM Management 105 Indian Institute of Management Ahmedabad Ahmedabad Gujarat 1961 IIM Management 106 Indian Institute of Management Bangalore Bangalore Karnataka 1973 IIM Management 107 Indian Institute of Management Lucknow Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 1984 IIM Management 108 Indian Institute of Management Kozhikode Kozhikode Kerala IIM Management 109 Indian Institute of Management Indore Indore Madhya Pradesh IIM Management 110 Indian Institute of Management Shillong Shillong Meghalaya 2007 IIM Management 111 Indian Institute of Management Rohtak Rohtak Haryana IIM Management 112 Indian Institute of Management Ranchi Ranchi Jharkhand IIM Management 113 Indian Institute of Management Raipur Raipur Chhattisgarh IIM Management 114 Indian Institute of Management Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 2011 IIM Management 115 Indian Institute of Management Kashipur Kashipur Uttarakhand 2011 IIM Management 116 Indian Institute of Management Udaipur Udaipur Rajasthan 2011 IIM Management 117 Indian Institute of Management Nagpur Nagpur Maharashtra 2015 IIM Management 118 Indian Institute of Management Visakhapatnam Visakhapatnam Andhra Pradesh 2015 IIM Management 119 Indian Institute of Management Bodh Gaya Bodh Gaya Bihar 2015 IIM Management 120 Indian Institute of Management Amritsar Amritsar Punjab 2015 IIM Management 121 Indian Institute of Management , Sambalpur Sambalpur Odisha 2015 IIM Management 122 Indian Institute of Management , Sirmaur Sirmaur district Himachal Pradesh 2015 IIM Management 123 Indian Institute of Management , Jammu Jammu Jammu and Kashmir 2016 IIM Management 124 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Sri City Chittoor Andhra Pradesh 2013 IIIT Information Technology 125 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Guwahati Guwahati Assam 2013 IIIT Information Technology 126 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Vadodara Vadodara Gujarat 2013 IIIT Information Technology 127 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Sonepat Sonepat Haryana 2014 IIIT Information Technology 128 Indian Institute of Information Technology Una Una Himachal Pradesh 2014 IIIT Information Technology 129 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Kota Kota Rajasthan 2013 IIIT Information Technology 130 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Tiruchirappalli Tiruchirappalli Tamil Nadu 2013 IIIT Information Technology 131 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Kalyani Kalyani West Bengal 2014 IIIT Information Technology 132 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Lucknow Lucknow Uttar Pradesh 2015 IIIT Information Technology 133 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Dharwad Dharwad Karnataka 2015 IIIT Information Technology 134 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Kottayam Kottayam Kerala 2015 IIIT Information Technology 135 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Manipur Manipur Manipur 2015 IIIT Information Technology 136 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Nagpur Nagpur Maharashtra 2016 IIIT Information Technology 137 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Pune Pune Maharashtra 2016 IIIT Information Technology 138 Indian Institute of Information Technology , Ranchi Ranchi Jharkhand 2016 IIIT Information Technology Proposed Institutes of National Importance ( INIs ) ( edit ) National Council of Educational Research and Training ( NCERT ) Indian National Defence University ( INDU ) Homi Bhabha National Institute ( HBNI ) Footnotes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : IIT Roorkee was included in the IIT system in 2001 ; IIT BHU was included in the IIT system in 2012 ; ISM Dhanbad was included in the IIT system in 2016 Jump up ^ Ecole de Médicine de Pondichéry was re-established as JIPMER in 1964 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research , 2010 '' . The Gazette of India . Government of India . 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` All India Institute of Medical Sciences ( Amendment ) Act , 2012 '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` Rajiv Gandhi Institute of Petroleum Technology Act , 2007 '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . Government of India . 20 December 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Indian Institute of Information Technology Bill , 2014 '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . Government of India . Jump up ^ `` The Indian Institutes of Information Technology ( Public - Private Partnership ) Act , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . egazette.nic.in. 9 August 2017 . Retrieved 11 August 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Footwear Design and Development Institute Act , 2017 '' ( PDF ) . The Gazette of India . Government of India . 5 August 2017 . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PRS Bill Track The Indian Institutes of Management Bill , 2017 '' . www.prsindia.org . Retrieved 24 May 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Institutions of National Importance '' . Ministry of Human Resource Development , Government of India . 30 January 2016 . Retrieved 30 January 2016 . Jump up ^ http://pib.nic.in/newsite/PrintRelease.aspx?relid=160972 Jump up ^ `` Act Kalakshetra Foundation '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PRS Bill Track The National Institute of Mental Health and Neuro - Sciences , Bangalore Bill , 2010 '' . www.prsindia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ http://www.newindianexpress.com/education/NID-Becomes-41st-Institute-of-National-Importance/2014/07/14/article2330125.ece Jump up ^ http://www.rlbcau.ac.in/pdf/rlbcau_caugazette.pdf Jump up ^ `` PRS Bill Track The Regional Centre for Biotechnology Bill , 2016 '' . www.prsindia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` PRS Bill Track The Nalanda University Bill , 2010 '' . www.prsindia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Act University of Allahabad '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Act Visva Bharati University '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` PRS Bill Track The Rajendra Central Agricultural University Bill , 2015 '' . www.prsindia.org . Retrieved 2018 - 07 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` Act for proposal NCERT '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Act for proposal INDU '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Jump up ^ `` HBNI Act proposal '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved 18 July 2018 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Institutes_of_National_Importance&oldid=857061729 '' Categories : Lists of universities and colleges in India Government universities and colleges in India Hidden categories : Use Indian English from November 2016 All Wikipedia articles written in Indian English Use dmy dates from May 2014 Talk Contents About Wikipedia தமிழ் తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 29 August 2018 , at 09 : 11 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. Institutes of National Importance in India 2. Premier public higher education institutions 3. Special recognition and funding from the Government of India 4. Indian Institutes of Technology (IITs) 5. Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs)

the traditional division of angiosperms is two groups called

Dicotyledon - wikipedia Dicotyledon Jump to : navigation , search `` Dicot '' redirects here . For the band , see Dicot ( band ) . This article relies largely or entirely on a single source . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . Please help improve this article by introducing citations to additional sources . ( May 2009 ) Dicotyledon Lamium album ( white dead nettle ) Scientific classification Kingdom : Plantae ( unranked ) Angiosperms Included groups Eudicots Magnoliids Amborella Nymphaeales Austrobaileyales Chloranthales Ceratophyllum Excluded groups Monocots Synonyms Dicotyledoneae Magnoliatae Takht . dicotyledon plant - let Young castor oil plant showing its prominent two embryonic leaves ( cotyledons ) , that differ from the adult leaves . The dicotyledons , also known as dicots ( or more rarely dicotyls ) , were one of the two groups into which all the flowering plants or angiosperms were formerly divided . The name refers to one of the typical characteristics of the group , namely that the seed has two embryonic leaves or cotyledons . There are around 200,000 species within this group . The other group of flowering plants were called monocotyledons or monocots , typically having one cotyledon . Historically , these two groups formed the two divisions of the flowering plants . Largely from the 1990s onwards , molecular phylogenetic research confirmed what had already been suspected , namely that dicotyledons are not a group made up of all the descendants of a common ancestor ( i.e. they are not a monophyletic group ) . Rather , a number of lineages , such as the magnoliids and groups now collectively known as the basal angiosperms , diverged earlier than the monocots did . The traditional dicots are thus a paraphyletic group . The largest clade of the dicotyledons are known as the eudicots . They are distinguished from all other flowering plants by the structure of their pollen . Other dicotyledons and monocotyledons have monosulcate pollen , or forms derived from it , whereas eudicots have tricolpate pollen , or derived forms , the pollen having three or more pores set in furrows called colpi . Contents ( hide ) 1 Comparison with monocotyledons 2 Classification 2.1 Historical 2.2 APG ( Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ) vs. Cronquist Classification 2.3 Dahlgren and Thorne systems 3 See also 4 References 5 Bibliography 6 External links Comparison with monocotyledons ( edit ) Aside from cotyledon number , other broad differences have been noted between monocots and dicots , although these have proven to be differences primarily between monocots and eudicots . Many early - diverging dicot groups have `` monocot '' characteristics such as scattered vascular bundles , trimerous flowers , and non-tricolpate pollen . In addition , some monocots have dicot characteristics such as reticulated leaf veins . Feature In monocots In dicots Number of parts of each flower In threes ( flowers are trimerous ) In fours or fives ( tetramerous or pentamerous ) Number of furrows or pores in pollen One Three Number of cotyledons ( leaves in the seed ) One Two Arrangement of vascular bundles in the stem Scattered In concentric circles Roots Are adventitious Develop from the radicle Arrangement of major leaf veins Parallel Reticulate Secondary growth Absent Often present Classification ( edit ) Historical ( edit ) Traditionally the dicots have been called the Dicotyledones ( or Dicotyledoneae ) , at any rank . If treated as a class , as in the Cronquist system , they could be called the Magnoliopsida after the type genus Magnolia . In some schemes , the eudicots were treated as a separate class , the Rosopsida ( type genus Rosa ) , or as several separate classes . The remaining dicots ( palaeodicots or basal angiosperms ) may be kept in a single paraphyletic class , called Magnoliopsida , or further divided . Some botanists prefer to retain the dicotyledons as a valid class , arguing its practicality and that it makes evolutionary sense . APG ( angiosperm phylogeny group ) vs. Cronquist classification ( edit ) The following lists show the orders in the APG IV system traditionally called dicots , together with the older Cronquist system . APG IV ( polyphyletic ) Cronquist system ( classis Magnoliopsida ) Amborellales Austrobaileyales Nymphaeales magnoliids Canellales Laurales Magnoliales Piperales unplaced independent lineage Chloranthales probable sister of eudicots Ceratophyllales eudicots Buxales Proteales Ranunculales Trochodendrales core eudicots Dilleniales Gunnerales superrosids Brassicales Celastrales Crossosomatales Cucurbitales Fabales Fagales Geraniales Huerteales Malpighiales Malvales Myrtales Oxalidales Picramniales Rosales Sapindales Saxifragales Vitales Zygophyllales superasterids Apiales Aquifoliales Asterales Berberidopsidales Boraginales Bruniales Caryophyllales Cornales Dipsacales Ericales Escalloniales Garryales Gentianales Icacinales Lamiales Metteniusales Paracryphiales Santalales Solanales Vahliales Magnoliidae ( mostly basal dicots ) Magnoliales Laurales Piperales Aristolochiales Illiciales Nymphaeales Ranunculales Papaverales Hamamelidae Trochodendrales Hamamelidales Daphniphyllales Didymelales Eucommiales Urticales Leitneriales Juglandales Myricales Fagales Casuarinales Caryophyllidae Caryophyllales Polygonales Plumbaginales Dilleniidae Dilleniales Theales Malvales Lecythidales Nepenthales Violales Salicales Capparales Batales Ericales Diapensiales Ebenales Primulales Rosidae Rosales Fabales Proteales Podostemales Haloragales Myrtales Rhizophorales Cornales Santalales Rafflesiales Celastrales Euphorbiales Rhamnales Linales Polygalales Sapindales Geraniales Apiales Asteridae Gentianales Solanales Lamiales Callitrichales Plantaginales Scrophulariales Campanulales Rubiales Dipsacales Calycerales Asterales Dahlgren and Thorne systems ( edit ) In the Dahlgren and the Thorne systems , the subclass name Magnoliidae was used for the dicotyledons . This is also the case in some of the systems derived from the Cronquist system . For each system , only the superorders are listed . The sequence of each system has been altered to pair corresponding taxa , although circumscription of superorders with the same name is not always the same . The Thorne system ( 1992 ) as depicted by Reveal is : Dahlgren system Thorne system Magnolianae Ranunculanae Magnolianae Rafflesianae Nymphaeanae Nymphaeanae Caryophyllanae Caryophyllanae Theanae Plumbaginanae Polygonanae Primulanae Ericanae Theanae Malvanae Malvanae Violanae Violanae Rosanae Rosanae Proteanae Proteanae Myrtanae Myrtanae Rutanae Rutanae Celastranae Geranianae Santalanae Santalanae Balanophoranae Santalanae Asteranae Asteranae Solananae Solananae Cornanae Vitanae Cornanae Aralianae Loasanae Loasanae Gentiananae Lamianae Gentiananae See also ( edit ) Calyciflorae References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Takhtajan 1964 . Jump up ^ `` Dicotyl '' . The Free Dictionary . Retrieved 2 January 2016 . Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alan ; Hamilton , Patrick ( 2006 ) , Plant conservation : an ecosystem approach , London : Earthscan , p. 2 , ISBN 978 - 1 - 84407 - 083 - 1 ^ Jump up to : `` Monocots versus Dicots '' . University of California Museum of Paleontology . Retrieved 25 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Stuessy , Tod F. ( 2010 ) . `` Paraphyly and the origin and classification of angiosperms . '' ( PDF ) . Taxon. 59 : 689 -- 693 . Jump up ^ Angiosperm Phylogeny Group ( 2016 ) , `` An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants : APG IV '' ( PDF ) , Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society , 181 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20 , doi : 10.1111 / boj. 12385 , retrieved 2016 - 06 - 11 Bibliography ( edit ) Takhtajan , A. ( June 1964 ) . `` The Taxa of the Higher Plants above the Rank of Order '' . Taxon. 13 ( 5 ) : 160 -- 164 . JSTOR 10.2307 / 1216134 . doi : 10.2307 / 1216134 . Wikispecies has information related to : Magnoliopsida External links ( edit ) Wikispecies has information related to : Magnoliopsida World list of dicot species via the Catalogue of Life Tree browser for dicot orders , families and genera with species counts and estimates via the Catalogue of Life NDL : 00571461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Dicotyledon&oldid=803822737 '' Categories : Plant morphology Plant taxonomy Historically recognized angiosperm taxa Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from May 2009 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Bân - lâm - gú Башҡортса Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български Bosanski Čeština Cymraeg Deutsch Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Interlingua Íslenska עברית ქართული Kreyòl ayisyen Latviešu Magyar Македонски മലയാളം მარგალური Bahasa Melayu Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Українська اردو Tiếng Việt West - Vlams 粵語 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 4 October 2017 , at 21 : 24 . 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1. Dicotyledon classification 2. Characteristics of dicotyledons 3. Comparison between dicots and monocots 4. Dicotyledon taxonomy 5. Dicotyledon evolution

who played benjamin franklin in the movie john paul jones

John Paul Jones ( film ) - wikipedia John Paul Jones ( film ) <Th_colspan="2"> John Paul Jones <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release lobby card Directed by John Farrow Produced by Samuel Bronston Written by John Farrow Jesse Lasky Jr . Ben Hecht Based on Nor'wester by Clements Ripley Starring Robert Stack Bette Davis Marisa Pavan Music by Max Steiner Cinematography Michel Kelber Edited by Eda Warren Distributed by Warner Bros . Release date June 16 , 1959 ( 1959 - 06 - 16 ) Running time 126 mins Country United States Language English Box office $1 million ( est . US / Canada rentals ) John Paul Jones is a Technicolor 1959 biographical epic film in Technirama about John Paul Jones . The film , shot in Spain , was made by Samuel Bronston Productions and released by Warner Bros. It was directed by John Farrow and produced by Samuel Bronston from a screenplay by John Farrow , Ben Hecht , and Jesse Lasky Jr. from the story Nor'wester by Clements Ripley . The music score was by Max Steiner , the cinematography by Michel Kelber . It was the final film directed by Farrow . The film starred Robert Stack in the title role , Marisa Pavan , Charles Coburn , Macdonald Carey , Jean - Pierre Aumont , David Farrar , Peter Cushing , Basil Sydney , Thomas Gomez and the director 's daughter Mia Farrow in her film debut . Bette Davis made a cameo appearance as Empress Catherine the Great . Contents 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Comic book adaption 5 Notes 6 Bibliography 7 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins with a United States Navy officer telling sailors the story of John Paul Jones . By age 17 , John Paul ( Robert Stack ) , a native of Scotland , is an experienced ship 's navigator . In 1773 , nine years later , he is master of a ship in the West Indies , but after an incident that results in the governor of Tobago advising him to leave , John Paul adds the surname Jones and goes to visit a brother who lives in Fredericksburg , Virginia . The brother has recently died . Jones hires his attorney , Patrick Henry ( Macdonald Carey ) , to assist in business matters . He also takes a romantic interest in Henry 's sweetheart , Dorothea Danders ( Erin O'Brien ) . After serving as second - in - command of a man - of - war in the Bahamas , his adopted countrymen sign the American Declaration of Independence . Jones receives his first command , sets sail towards Newfoundland and seizes eighteen enemy ships , sending their supplies to American general George Washington ( John Crawford ) . Washington sends the young officer to France , where he is appreciated for heroic feats at sea . Benjamin Franklin ( Charles Coburn ) then urges Jones to take a frigate and invade the British Isles . A new vessel is built for him at the suggestion of Marie Antoinette ( Susana Canales ) , and the only condition of his majesty King Louis XVI ( Jean - Pierre Aumont ) is that Jones ' ship sail under an American flag . Jones ' successes ultimately lead him to Russia in 1790 at the behest of the empress , Catherine the Great ( Bette Davis ) . He returns to Paris ill . A dying Jones , begins to dictate to Aimee ( Marisa Pavan ) the type of man required and training to be given a future United States Navy officer . The final scenes show the present day ( 1959 ) Midshipmen of the United States Naval Academy at Annapolis , Maryland . Admiral John Paul Jones gains acclaim as one of the bravest and most daring naval figures of his time and in the United States Navy of all time . John Paul Jones remains are located beneath in the Naval Academy Chapel rotunda in Annapolis , Maryland . Cast ( edit ) Robert Stack as John Paul Jones Marisa Pavan as Aimee de Tellison Charles Coburn as Benjamin Franklin Erin O'Brien as Dorothea Danders Macdonald Carey as Patrick Henry Bette Davis as Empress Catherine the Great Jean - Pierre Aumont as King Louis XVI David Farrar as John Wilkes Peter Cushing as Captain Pearson Susana Canales as Marie Antoinette Georges Rivière as Russian Chamberlain Tom Brannum as Peter Wooley Bruce Cabot as Gunner Lowrie Basil Sydney as Sir William Young John Crawford as George Washington Archie Duncan as Duncan MacBean Thomas Gomez as Esek Hopkins Bob Cunningham as Lt. Wallingford John Charles Farrow as John Paul Eric Pohlmann as King George III Reception ( edit ) In his review of the film for The New York Times , Bosley Crowther observed : `` Stack performs the knotty little Scotsman as though he were a slightly dull but talkative member of a conservative gentleman 's club '' . Musician John Paul Jones ( born John Baldwin ) , best known as the bassist of English rock band Led Zeppelin , took his stage name at the suggestion of Andrew Loog Oldham , who had seen the film 's poster . Comic book adaption ( edit ) Dell Four Color # 1007 ( September 1959 ) Th . The Dell comic was drawn by Dan Spiegle . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` 1959 : Probable Domestic Take '' , Variety , January 6 , 1960 p 34 Jump up ^ Variety film review ; June 17 , 1959 , page 6 . Jump up ^ Harrison 's Reports film review ; June 13 , 1959 , page 94 . Jump up ^ Vansittart p. 2 Jump up ^ Pencak p. 347 Jump up ^ Thompson p. 162 Jump up ^ Jump up ^ Dell Four Color # 1007 at the Comic Book DB Bibliography ( edit ) Pencak , William . Pennsylvania 's revolution . Pennsylvania State University Press , 2010 . Thompson , Gordon . Please please me : sixties British pop , inside out . Oxford University Press , 2008 . Vansittart , Peter . John Paul Jones : a restless spirit . Robson Books , 2004 . External links ( edit ) John Paul Jones on IMDb John Paul Jones at AllMovie John Paul Jones at the TCM Movie Database John Paul Jones at the American Film Institute Catalog <Th_colspan="2"> Films directed by John Farrow <Td_colspan="2"> The Spectacle Maker ( 1934 ) ( short ) Tarzan Escapes ( 1936 ) ( partial ) Men in Exile ( 1937 ) West of Shanghai ( 1937 ) She Loved a Fireman ( 1937 ) Broadway Musketeers ( 1938 ) Little Miss Thoroughbred ( 1938 ) The Invisible Menace ( 1938 ) My Bill ( 1938 ) Comet Over Broadway ( 1938 ) ( uncredited ) Women in the Wind ( 1939 ) The Saint Strikes Back ( 1939 ) Sorority House ( 1939 ) Five Came Back ( 1939 ) Full Confession ( 1939 ) Reno ( 1939 ) A Bill of Divorcement ( 1940 ) Married and in Love ( 1940 ) Wake Island ( 1942 ) Commandos Strike at Dawn ( 1942 ) China ( 1943 ) The Hitler Gang ( 1944 ) You Came Along ( 1945 ) Two Years Before the Mast ( 1946 ) California ( 1947 ) Blaze of Noon ( 1947 ) Calcutta ( 1947 ) Easy Come , Easy Go ( 1947 ) Beyond Glory ( 1948 ) The Big Clock ( 1948 ) Night Has a Thousand Eyes ( 1948 ) Red , Hot and Blue ( 1949 ) Alias Nick Beal ( 1949 ) Where Danger Lives ( 1950 ) Copper Canyon ( 1950 ) Submarine Command ( 1951 ) His Kind of Woman ( 1951 ) Ride , Vaquero ! ( 1953 ) Hondo ( 1953 ) Plunder of the Sun ( 1953 ) Botany Bay ( 1953 ) A Bullet Is Waiting ( 1954 ) The Sea Chase ( 1955 ) Back from Eternity ( 1956 ) The Unholy Wife ( 1957 ) John Paul Jones ( 1959 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=John_Paul_Jones_(film)&oldid=830225944 '' Categories : 1959 films English - language films American films 1950s biographical films 1950s drama films Warner Bros. films American biographical films Samuel Bronston Productions films Films directed by John Farrow American Revolutionary War films Films set in the 1770s Films set in the 1780s Films set in the 1790s Films set in Russia Films set in France Films set in England Films set in Scotland Films set in the United States American epic films Films shot in Madrid Films adapted into comics Cultural depictions of George Washington Cultural depictions of Benjamin Franklin Cultural depictions of Catherine the Great Cultural depictions of George III Cultural depictions of Marie Antoinette Cultural depictions of Louis XVI Cultural depictions of Patrick Henry Hidden categories : Comics articles needing issue citations Articles with unsourced statements from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български فارسی Français Italiano Nederlands Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 13 March 2018 , at 15 : 05 ( UTC ) . About Wikipedia

1. John Paul Jones (film) 2. Biographical epic film 3. Robert Stack 4. American Revolutionary War 5. Bette Davis cameo appearance

when does emma tells mads she isn't sutton

The lying game ( season 1 ) - Wikipedia The lying game ( season 1 ) This is the current revision of this page , as edited by 1.32. 72.179 ( talk ) at 20 : 56 , 28 June 2017 ( → ‎ Cast and characters ) . The present address ( URL ) is a permanent link to this version . Revision as of 20 : 56 , 28 June 2017 by 1.32. 72.179 ( talk ) ( → ‎ Cast and characters ) ( diff ) ← Previous revision Latest revision ( diff ) Newer revision → ( diff ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Lying Game ( season 1 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Season 1 promotional poster Country of origin United States No. of episodes 20 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ABC Family Original release August 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 15 ) -- March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> Next → Season 2 <Td_colspan="2"> List of The Lying Game episodes The first season of The Lying Game , based on the books of the same name by Sara Shepard , premiered on August 15 , 2011 and concluded on March 5 , 2012 on ABC Family . It follows long - lost twins Emma and Sutton . Separated under mysterious circumstances , Sutton was adopted by the wealthy Mercer family in Phoenix , while Emma grew up in the foster system . When the twins reunite as teenagers , they keep it a secret . While Sutton goes in search of the truth , Emma takes over her life and discovers more secrets and lies than she could have imagined . The show premiered to 1.39 million viewers and the summer finale accumulated 1.28 million viewers . The show went on hiatus and returned with its winter premiere on January 5 , 2012 , and has hit its series high with 1.8 million viewers and has continued for three consecutive weeks . Contents ( hide ) 1 Cast and characters 1.1 Main cast 1.2 Recurring cast 1.3 Guest cast 2 Episodes 3 References Cast and characters ( edit ) Main cast ( edit ) Alexandra Chando as Emma Becker and Sutton Mercer Andy Buckley as Ted Mercer Allie Gonino as Laurel Mercer Alice Greczyn as Madeline `` Mads '' Rybak Sharon Pierre - Louis as Nisha Randall Kirsten Prout as Charlotte `` Char '' Chamberlin Blair Redford as Ethan Whitehorse Helen Slater as Kristin Mercer Recurring cast ( edit ) Adrian Pasdar as Alec Rybak Tyler Christopher as Dan Whitehorse Christian Alexander as Thayer Rybak Randy Wayne as Justin Miller Charisma Carpenter as Annie `` Rebecca '' Sewell Ben Elliott as Derek Rogers Adam Brooks as Baz Misha Crosby as Ryan Harwell Rick Malambri as Eduardo Diaz Sydney Barrosse as Phyllis Chamberlin Guest Cast ( edit ) Stacy Edwards as Annie Hobbs Gil Birmingham as Ben Whitehorse Kenneth Miller as Travis Boyle Dora Madison Burge as Lexi Samuels Jennifer Griffin as Dr. Hughes Yara Martinez as Theresa Lopez Craig Nigh as Officer Harry Katherine Willis as Nancy Rogers ^ Note 1 : Sharon Pierre - Louis is credited as a series regular up until episode 10 . From episode 11 onwards , she is no longer credited . ^ Note 2 : Kirsten Prout is credited as a series regular up until episode 10 . From episode 11 through to episode 12 , she is credited as a guest star and episode 13 onwards , she is no longer credited . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Lying Game episodes This section 's plot summary may be too long or excessively detailed . Please help improve it by removing unnecessary details and making it more concise . ( May 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) No. in series No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date U.S. viewers ( million ) 1 1 `` Pilot '' Mark Piznarski Teleplay by : Charles Pratt , Jr . August 15 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 15 ) 1.39 <Td_colspan="7"> Prior to the events that occurred in the pilot , Emma Becker and Sutton Mercer found out that they were identical twins that were separated at birth . Sutton was adopted by a wealthy family at a young age . Emma was placed in the foster care system her whole life . After her foster brother , Travis , frames her for stealing from her foster mother , Emma goes on the run and decides to meet up with Sutton . Already having leads on their birth parents , Sutton wants to go to Los Angeles and find more information about them , convincing Emma to take her place for the next few days . In Sutton 's place , Emma manages to slightly confuse the Mercers ( although they do n't suspect a thing ) and break up with Sutton 's cheating `` fake '' boyfriend . Along the way , Emma meets Ethan , Sutton 's secret boyfriend who soon figures out her secret . After Sutton mysteriously does n't show up at their scheduled meeting place , they both agree to continue the charade until Sutton returns . Someone breaks into Sutton 's room and steals her laptop . A scene is then shown of Sutton , sitting in a car , listening to the radio . The car door suddenly opens and Sutton lets out a gasp . 2 2 `` Being Sutton '' Wendey Stanzler Charles Pratt , Jr . August 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 22 ) 1.47 <Td_colspan="7"> With no word from Sutton , Emma must continue to take her place until she returns from Los Angeles . She also learns of `` the lying games '' , a series of uploaded pranks Sutton and her two best friends used to play . Emma takes dancing lessons from Ethan to take Sutton 's place at an upcoming father - daughter dance . Meanwhile , Laurel becomes suspicious of the new - and - improved Sutton and even gets a bit jealous . She later catches Emma with Ethan and assumes that Sutton is involved in a relationship with him . Emma defends Sutton 's best friends , including standing up for Char against her over-the - top mother and starts to bond with them . At the dance , Emma ( as Sutton ) is thrown into a fight with Madeline and her drunk father , resulting in Ethan slamming him against a wall as a way of defending Emma . At home , Sutton 's mother finds Emma 's cell phone and confusingly answers a call from her foster brother , asking for an `` Emma '' . Later , Sutton video - chats Emma , telling her that she has faced a few setbacks in L.A. and has to stay in town for a few more days . Sutton also discovers that Ethan has found out about Emma , whom she had never spoken to him about . As she logs off , it is shown that Sutton is actually working with Thayer , Madeline 's brother who 's trying to make it in L.A. despite his father 's disapproval . Laurel tells her parents about Sutton and Ethan after her father becomes suspicious of him after what happened at the dance and they go upstairs to confront her about it , only to find that Ethan was in her room . At the end of the episode , it is revealed that Madeline 's father was behind the theft of Sutton 's laptop , meaning that he also has some secrets of his own . 3 3 `` Double Dibs '' Michael Grossman Stacy Rukeyser August 29 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 29 ) 1.31 <Td_colspan="7"> After the Mercers find out that Sutton is dating Ethan , Emma ( as Sutton ) suggests that he come for dinner so that they could get to know him better . Ethan reluctantly agrees and they both decide to keep the relationship private . Laurel meets a new guy in town , Justin and quickly falls for him . Later at school , Char also meets Justin in the hallway and ' calls dibs ' on him , a term Sutton coined that is used to reserve boys . It is obvious that Justin has feelings for Laurel , but because of Char , Laurel is forced to stepped back and she seeks advice from Sutton , who would n't normally be helpful in this type of situation . Meanwhile in Los Angeles , Sutton and Thayer find Ruth Peterson , who was listed as Sutton and Emma 's birth mother on their birth certificate and find out that she was paid to sign the papers , telling them that she is n't their real mother . Ruth also lets them know that both Sutton and Emma were adopted into wealthy families before she lost contact with them . They go on to find the Websters , Emma 's former adoptive parents . They are then informed that while the Websters did in fact adopt Emma , a woman claiming to be Ruth came back for her and they had to legally hand her over . Sutton and Thayer begin to suspect that the Mercers knew something was going on all along . At the Mercer family dinner , Dan unexpectedly drops by to take Ethan home , saying that it was a family emergency . It turns out that Madeline 's father 's accomplice had framed Ethan for stealing Sutton 's laptop . Because of this , Emma no longer knows who she can trust and begins to doubt her bond with Ethan . When they return to Thayer 's place , Sutton and Thayer find out that the house had been broken into and that the laptop had been used . When the screen zooms out , it is revealed that Thayer 's father is in L.A. and is spying on them from the yard , indicting that he was the one who had broken in . At Char 's party , Justin tells Sutton that he likes Laurel , and Sutton gives him her address since Laurel planned on staying home that night . He later shows up at her door and Laurel agrees to go on a date . Emma goes to apologize to Ethan and they share a romantic moment , although they pull back because Ethan was supposed to be in love with the real Sutton , not Emma . Back at the Mercer house , Sutton video - chats with Emma and shows Emma a picture of her as a baby , with her birth mother , a photo which was given to Sutton by Mr. Webster . 4 4 `` Twinsense and Sensibility '' David Jackson Mark Driscoll September 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 05 ) 1.46 <Td_colspan="7"> During a nightly run , Emma runs into Alec , who seems to have been following her , and he offers her a ride home . Alec tells Ted that he needs to keep an eye on her to prevent her from finding out any sort of information . Meanwhile , Char seems to believe that Sutton , Mads , and herself are drifting apart as best friends : Sutton sides with Laurel when it comes to who should date Justin and Mads is having a secret affair with her ballet instructor without telling her . This sudden paranoia comes from Nisha , who after joining ballet at her tennis coach 's request , tries to break up their friendship . Back in L.A. , Sutton and Thayer are able to zoom in on the old photograph of Emma and their birth mother and find out that it was taken in rural Fillmore , CA . Emma experiences a nightmare in which she is trapped in an unknown place and is unable to breathe , assuming that she must have been drowning . Sutton , who had also experienced the same nightmare in the past , encourages Emma to tap into her childhood memories , as Sutton thinks that Emma is the key to finding their birth mother . Laurel stages a confession in which she takes the blame for stealing Sutton 's laptop as opposed to Ethan , who was to be on trial for the crime , saying that it was to repay Sutton for setting her up with Justin . Later , when Emma meets up with Ethan in the middle of the night , he tries to help her recover her memories to no avail . When Emma sees the sparks from their fire rise into the starry sky , she suddenly remembers that she was n't drowning in her nightmare at all - she was trapped in a fire when she was young . With this information in hand , Sutton and Thayer are able to locate the burnt home in Fillmore and Emma is able to remember many details of her childhood home , from the swing in the doorway to the stars painted on the ceiling . Sutton then finds the name `` Annie Hobbs '' also painted on the ceiling and Emma immediately thinks that it was the name of their mother . Alec and Ted are beginning to get more suspicious of Sutton and it is clear that they are hiding something about Annie and the girls ' past , while Kristin seems to not know anything about the situation at all . 5 5 `` Overexposed '' Elodie Keene Tamar Laddy September 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 12 ) 1.30 <Td_colspan="7"> As the homecoming dance is approaching , Emma ( as Sutton ) is pressured to run for homecoming queen . She initially drops out of the race , but after realizing that Char and Mads have done a lot on her campaign , and the fact that it would be too suspicious for her to not go through with it , she reluctantly agrees to run against Nisha . Laurel 's boyfriend Justin is also running for homecoming court and she enlists herself as his campaign manager . In L.A. , Sutton and Thayer continue the search for Annie , but get a bit discouraged when they find out that there are hundreds of women with the name `` Annie Hobbs '' in the United States . When Ted and Emma are going through his old high school photos , he comes across a picture of his younger self , Ted , and a mystery girl and proceeds to tear it out of the album . Ted and Kristin find out that Emma is actually a very talented artist and they begin to wonder if any of her birth parents had the same skills . When Eduardo comes to Mads ' house to talk about the status of her relationship , Alec comes home early and she hides him a closet . While in hiding , Eduardo overhears a phone conversation between Alec and an unknown nurse . Alec tells her to watch out for Sutton if she ever comes looking for Annie . Meanwhile , Sutton is clearly upset when Emma informs her that she is running for homecoming queen in her place and reminds her that she will take her life back . When Sutton rants to Ethan about Emma taking over her life , he defends Emma and tells her that she most likely never had the intention of telling the world about their relationship and breaks it off with her . At the homecoming dance , Sutton and Justin win the title of homecoming queen and king . During the king - and - queen dance , Ethan shows up and cuts in , asking Emma for a dance . They then share a kiss in the middle of the dance floor , officially publicizing their relationship . Alec receives a picture message of Mads and Eduardo ( most likely from Nisha ) and confronts Mads . When she admits that Eduardo was indeed inside their house earlier , he goes to confront him about the phone call that he might have overheard , only to be interrupted by Mads at the door . When Sutton sees the homecoming photos online , she stares at screen in disbelief when she comes across a picture of Emma and Ethan 's kiss . As revenge , Sutton begins to make out with Thayer , who obviously had feelings for her despite the fact that she had a boyfriend . Emma finds the photo that Ted hid and figures out that it was a picture of Ted , Alec , and Annie as teenagers . At the end of the episode in an unknown hospital , the girls ' mother , Annie , is shown furiously painting a portrait of twin girls , while many other like portraits are seen in the background . 6 6 `` Bad Boys Break Hearts '' Fred Gerber R. Lee Fleming , Jr . September 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 19 ) 1.19 <Td_colspan="7"> While exchanging `` Annie '' information with Sutton , Emma finds out that Sutton has been staying with Thayer in L.A. and suspects that they are romantically involved , although Sutton is technically still dating Ethan . Emma confronts Ethan about the kiss and tells him that they 'll never work , as she is n't who she says she is and he is dating her twin sister . Laurel and her parents invite Justin and his parents over for a barbecue , but after he continues to give excuses , Laurel decides to pay his house a visit . It turns out that Justin did n't live at the address he provided to the school and this leads Laurel to investigate what exactly is going on with her boyfriend . Sutton is using Thayer as revenge in L.A. while Thayer continues to pour his feelings out towards her . They find an art gallery that takes contributions from an artist named Annie Hobbs and are convinced that she 's the one that they 've been looking for . After thinking about what Emma said , Ethan breaks up with Sutton to date her , although to the rest of the world , they 're still the same person . Meanwhile , backlash from Madeline and Eduardo 's flirtationship continues as Mads finds out that Eduardo quit his choreographing job and is leaving town . She suspects that this has something to do with the conversation that he had with her father , and while Eduardo confirms this , he was sworn to secrecy about what exactly went on . Following Emma ( as Sutton ) 's suggestion , Laurel drives around Justin 's suspected neighborhood and finds out that he 's actually a runaway orphan trying to make it through life playing golf . Later , Emma finally decides to tell Ethan about Sutton cheating on him with Thayer , but his reaction was n't at all what she expected and he breaks up with her for not telling her as soon as she found out . While at Char 's house helping her prepare for her date with Derek ( Alec 's partner - in - crime ) , Emma sees a picture of Annie on the wall and confronts Phyllis about it , only to have her freak out and tell her that Annie moved to L.A. after Ted and Alec `` broke her heart . '' Derek hears this and reports it to Alec . Back in L.A. , Thayer is upset that Sutton is still hung over Ethan and tells her that he 's leaving for a few days and that she better leave before he comes back . Emma talks to Kristin about Annie and she openly talks about what she knew about her ( which was very little ) , much to Ted 's surprise , who was eavesdropping from the hallway . Mads finds out that Eduardo had been in a car accident and is in critical condition , calling Emma ( as Sutton ) and Char to the hospital for support . Ethan accidentally talks about an `` Emma '' in front of Char , leading her to believe that he was cheating on Sutton ( which is really Emma ) with another girl . At the hospital , all the cards are laid out on the table as Char tells Emma ( as Sutton ) about Ethan 's `` cheating '' , Ethan arrives to explain the situation to a very confused Char , Thayer is about to blow Sutton & Emma 's secret out of anger , and Ethan punches Thayer for getting with Sutton . In the last scene , the real Sutton is shown arriving at Dowinger Clinic , looking for Annie . The receptionist falsely tells her that Annie is n't there ( as she was forewarned by Alec ) and Sutton goes exploring within the clinic anyway . She finds Annie sitting in her room and as she whispers `` Mom '' , someone grabs her from behind , to Annie 's horror . 7 7 `` Escape from Sutton Island '' John Scott Stacy Rukeyser September 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 09 - 26 ) 1.06 <Td_colspan="7"> Sutton has been held hostage at the mental hospital where Annie Hobbs is being kept . Dr. Hughes calls Alec and tells him that she has the `` Sutton Mercer '' that he warned her about locked up . Alec then tells her to keep an eye on her because the real Sutton ( actually Emma ) was in a Phoenix hospital with him . After a series of misunderstandings , Dr. Hughes thinks that Sutton is actually Emma Becker pretending to be Sutton Mercer and does n't catch on to the fact that they are twins . At the hospital , Mads overhears Emma , Ethan , and Thayer talking about Sutton , which then leads to broken trust between Emma ( as Sutton ) , Mads , and Char . Mads suspects that Emma ( as Sutton ) has been keeping secrets from her and their friendship is strained when it matters the most . Ethan begins to show signs of jealousy when he sees Emma exchanging search information with Thayer . Emma , however , is not fully convinced that Ethan is completely over Sutton after what happened at the hospital . Alec is getting more and more suspicious of Emma ( as Sutton ) and tries to keep everyone away from Eduardo , who might know a secret of his or two . Meanwhile , Laurel convinces herself that Justin is `` the one '' and wants to take their relationship to the next step , asking her sister for advice ( although unlike Sutton , Emma is n't experienced in that field at all ) . Thayer gets Char to talk to her new boyfriend , Derek ( Alec 's undercover accomplice ) , about why he 's been exchanging multiple phone calls with Alec . Emma and Thayer hack into Ted 's computer to find a password for the hospital doors after visitation hours to hopefully get more information from Eduardo . At the door , Emma runs into Ethan , who wo n't leave her alone , saying that he 's only looking out for her . She also runs into Mads and Char , who demand to know why she 's sneaking around , especially with Ethan , who they still think cheated on her with `` Emma . '' Eduardo is in a critical state and the girls are forced out of the hospital . Alec had also paid him a visit , allowing him to keep seeing Mads as long as he does n't say a word about the phone call he overheard . Back at Char 's house , Emma ( as Sutton ) decides to come clean to Mads and Char ( to Ethan and Thayer 's concern ) and tells them that she 's been looking for her birth mother and that Alec has been keeping vital information about her . Mads is also shocked to find out that her father paid Eduardo to leave town , leading to his tragic accident , although their important conversation is cut short when Alec walks in to check up on his daughter . At the Dowinger clinic , Sutton gets a male nurse to let her out of her room for 15 minutes to meet Annie . Annie recognizes Sutton and Sutton is eager to ask her questions about their adoption , Ted & Alec , and why she 's been in hiding . Annie reveals that either Ted or Alec told her that Emma had died that day in the Fillmore house fire and she had blamed herself all these years , driving her to insanity . When Sutton tells her that Emma was indeed alive and taking her place in Arizona , Annie goes crazy and calls security on a heartbroken Sutton . Ted and Kristin find Laurel in bed with Justin through a phone - tracking device . In the ending scene , Emma is getting dressed for bed when she finds Travis , her foster brother from Las Vegas , in her room and is shocked to find out that he knows about her being a twin . 8 8 `` Never Have I Ever '' Norman Buckley Mark Driscoll October 3 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 03 ) 1.23 <Td_colspan="7"> Sutton is being held under multiple charges at the Las Vegas Juvenile Detention Center , mostly due to Emma . Madeline finds out that Eduardo has moved to an anonymous hospital . After being exposed by her parents , Laurel convinces them to find Justin a place to stay so that he can stay in Phoenix . Travis wants Emma to help him steal from the Mercers and Emma stalls him with Char 's costume jewelry . Ethan tries to make amends with Emma , but she continues to push him away due to Travis being in town . Annie calls Alec from the mental clinic and asks him about Emma , the daughter that she thought she had unintentionally killed . He tells her to drop the situation and that she 's living in a better place . At Justin 's new living space at the country club , Ted notices a crate of his things and almost looks at it , only to be detoured onto another topic by Justin . Travis continues to make sexual advances towards Emma and one night , Ethan catches Travis kissing Emma . Not knowing who Travis was , Ethan starts to ignore Emma out of jealousy . Meanwhile , Laurel and Emma host a small house party while the Mercers are away at the plastic surgeons convention . Thayer invites Ethan to the party , telling Emma that they need to make up since he thinks they are perfect for one another . Emma reveals her current emotions to Ethan , although he does n't show that he feels the same way anymore . Laurel , Justin , Char , Derek , Mads , Thayer , Ethan , and Emma all start to play `` Never Have I Ever . '' At the convention , Ted meets up with an old high school friend who thinks that Kristin 's name is Annie . This raises some red flags for Kristin about her husband . After the game , Char , Derek , Mads , and Thayer all head home , while Laurel leaves with Justin to his place . A slightly drunk Emma makes moves on Ethan , who turns her down . In the middle of the night , Sutton tries to call home from jail , although Emma is too slow to answer and she does n't want to leave a message . Emma finds Travis lurking outside of the Mercer home and tells her that he found out about the fake jewelry . He almost sexually assaults her , but Ethan manages to knock him out . After telling Ethan about everything that had been going on lately , and it is implied that they have reconciled . Back at home , Kristin becomes obsessed with finding out more about Annie after her name was dropped at the convention and this leads to Ted becoming paranoid about keeping his secrets hidden . Ethan threatens Travis into leaving town . Sutton writes an angry letter back home , telling her parents about Emma taking her place . Emma , Ethan , and Thayer find out that Sutton had been held at the detention center in Las Vegas , but had just been bailed out by an anonymous donor . Justin is shown holding a picture of the Mercer family in his room that he tore out from their family photo album . Annie has run away from the mental clinic . On her release day , Sutton is picked up by Lexi , Emma 's best friend , who had mistaken her for Emma . Alec sees all of this from his car across the street and he was most likely the anonymous person who bailed Sutton ( presumably Emma ) out of the juvenile detention center . 9 9 `` Sex , Lies and Hard Knocks High '' Joe Lazarov R. Lee Fleming , Jr . October 10 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 10 ) 1.10 <Td_colspan="7"> Sutton ( as Emma ) stays with Emma 's best friend Lexi in Las Vegas after she is released from jail . She is later aggressively confronted by Emma 's former foster mother , Clarice , who was most upset about not receiving any more money after her fostering license was taken away when Emma fled town . Emma and Ethan overhear Ted and Kristen arguing about whether or not to `` tell Sutton the truth . '' They then listen in on a phone conversation between Ted and Alec . This prompts Emma to investigate what Kristen might know . Laurel 's lies to her parents about her and Justin are exposed and this causes a rift between the four of them until Emma gives her a little advice about family honesty . Alec is unhappy about Derek 's growing bond with Char ( which was supposed to be fake so he could spy on Sutton ) and tells him to break up with her on their tenth day anniversary , which he does to Char 's surprise . Emma suspects that Alec had something to do with it . Back in Vegas , Sutton is looking for a way back to Phoenix , but does n't have any money for a bus ticket . After giving Emma 's image a makeover , Sutton catches the attention of some boys at Emma 's school and they invite her and Lexi to a casino party . Sutton sees this as an opportunity for a way out . A person named `` Annie '' calls Char in Phoenix to talk , but Phyllis grabs the phone before she could say anything . It is revealed that she is Phyllis ' younger sister whom she had stopped contact with over the years . When Char tells this to Mads , Derek is shown eavesdropping in the background . He later meets up with Alec and tells him that he 'll only tell him what he knows if he could get back with Char . At the casino party , Sutton manages to get the money she needs after a series of `` extremely lucky '' rounds of blackjack . The male nurse back at the Dowinger Clinic contacts Sutton to tell her that Annie had gone to find her . In the end , Laurel decides to be honest with her mother , bringing the two together , while Ted lays it down on Justin during a round of golf , leading Justin to believe that Ted is n't the honest , wholesome guy everyone might think he is . Lexi reveals to Sutton that she knew that she was n't Emma all along and urges her to make up with Emma when she returns to Phoenix , which Sutton is reluctant to do . The letter of secrets that Sutton sent the Mercers during her time in jail arrives in the mail and Emma is able to intercept it before Kristen opens it , saying that she wrote it out of anger , but she does n't mean it now . She tears it up in front of Kristen , but later tapes it back together and reads it to Ethan . Emma starts thinking about how she 'll say goodbye to everyone she 'll have to leave , but Ethan promises her that he 'll follow her to wherever she 'll have to go . 10 10 `` East of Emma '' Ron Lagomarsino Charles Pratt , Jr . October 17 , 2011 ( 2011 - 10 - 17 ) 1.28 <Td_colspan="7"> It 's Emma and Sutton 's 17th birthday and the Mercers promise Sutton a day full of festivities . Emma is aware that her time in Phoenix is coming to an end and she wants to come clean to the Mercers about her true identity before she leaves . She starts giving heartfelt goodbyes to Kristin , Ted , and Laurel , who have grown to be like family to her even though she has n't been honest with them . Sutton arrives in Phoenix just in time for her birthday and her first order of business is to reel Emma in using Ethan as bait . Ethan declares his love for Emma to Sutton , who assumes her sister 's identity at the computer . After speaking with Alec , Derek shows up at Char 's house to win her back , but before she can respond , the police show up to take Derek into custody after receiving an anonymous tip about him . Char stands up to her mother at the police station when she wants to stay and vouch for Derek , but Alec insists that the two return home . Laurel wants Justin to be her date to Sutton 's birthday party , but he is reluctant to face Ted after their last encounter . Emma returns to Sutton 's room and finds an alert from Ethan telling her to meet him at the cabin , which was actually written by Sutton as a ploy . Sutton shows up to meet Ethan at the cabin and he assumes that she is Emma . The real Emma walks in just as Sutton and Ethan are making out . The twins have a bitter confrontation as Sutton accuses Emma of stealing her life ( although it was Sutton who told Emma to take over her identity in the first place ) and Emma defends herself , saying that all she really wanted in Phoenix was to build a relationship with her biological sister . Sutton then storms out and heads to her party to reveal Emma 's lies . Emma and Ethan have a fall - out as Emma desperately wants to leave Phoenix before anything else happens and Ethan pushes her to fight for herself and not succumb to what Sutton wants . Emma calls Lexi to tell her how everything turned out and after their conversation , Emma decides to show up at Sutton 's party after all . Emma and Ethan declare their love to each other and they wonder why Sutton had yet to arrive since she left the cabin long before they did . It turns out that while Sutton was driving to the party , a mysterious figure popped up from her back seat and shocked Sutton to the point that she had lost control of her vehicle and had driven into a lake . When it is time for Sutton 's birthday speech , Emma is fully prepared to reveal herself to Sutton 's family and friends , but as she is about to reveal her secret , she notices a strange figure behind one of the outdoor curtains and ends her speech before revealing anything . She heads out to find the mysterious person and Kristin follows her , identifying the person as `` Annie . '' The last scene of the episode shows a panicked Sutton drowning with no one in sight . 11 11 `` O Twin , Where Art Thou ? '' Fred Gerber Charles Pratt , Jr . January 2 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 02 ) 1.76 <Td_colspan="7"> Back at Sutton 's birthday party , Emma ( as Sutton ) and Kristin come across Char 's aunt Annie , who now goes by Rebecca . It appears that Kristin , Ted , and Alec were all familiar with her during their high school days , the men especially . Phyllis is outraged that Char invited Rebecca back to town and ends up with a DUI after she angrily leaves the party drunk . After a talk with Alec , Rebecca asks him to submit a letter that would require Phyllis to spend some time in rehab , leaving Char in her care . Meanwhile , a spare car has gone missing from the Mercer family garage and Emma and Ethan suspect that Sutton had taken it , while Dan and Laurel suspect Emma ( as Sutton ) and Ethan . Laurel loses the vintage bracelet that Justin had given her . Later , Dan finds the missing car in a lake after a nearby fisherman had spotted it . They open up the car and realize that Sutton was n't in there , but she had left her purse and cell phone behind . Dan claims that Emma ( as Sutton ) had taken the car after all and when Emma fails to logically explain what had occurred the night before , Ethan steps in and takes the blame for her , telling Dan that he had taken the car to take Sutton out for a `` birthday joyride . '' After Alec gets them out of custody , Dan confronts Ethan about constantly sticking up for Sutton and how she would n't do the same for him . Thayer suspects that Ethan had something to do with Sutton 's absence and although Emma does not fully believe him , she begins to act cautious around Ethan . Ethan confronts Thayer about his accusations , but Alec breaks up the argument before they get anywhere . Ted is shown to have taken Laurel 's bracelet while a very upset Laurel shows up at Justin 's place and tells him that she lost it . Justin seems worried when she tells him that she told her family that it was his mother 's when they were all looking for it and he tells her that his mother wore the bracelet when she died . Emma brings Ethan and Thayer together at the Mercer house to work out their trust issues , when Kristin brings Emma another birthday present . Thayer is suspicious of the wrapping and prompts Emma to open it . Inside the box was a piece of Sutton 's birthday dress that she wore the night she disappeared with a threatening note that read , `` Keep on being Sutton ... or you 're next . '' 12 12 `` When We Dead Awaken '' David Jackson Mark Driscoll January 9 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 09 ) 1.50 <Td_colspan="7"> Ethan and Thayer suspect Sutton of sending Emma the mysterious package and believe that she is playing another one of her `` lying games '' to spite Emma . Derek is back at school . While practicing tennis , she meets the tennis scout of Ted 's alma mater and they see this as a way of getting Sutton to come forward when she hears that Emma is using her name for personal gain . Justin and Ted continue to be suspicious of one another . Rebecca tries to get custody of Char . Now living in fear of Sutton , Emma almost confesses her identity to Dan , but when Ethan and Emma pull up to his trailer and see his brother in a heated argument with Alec , she backs out . Later , Ethan asks Dan about the encounter and he tells Ethan about how Alec bailed him out of a tough situation a long time ago . Meanwhile , Emma is off on the college visit with Ted and seems serious about the idea of going to college and playing tennis , something that seemed a bit out of Sutton 's character . Justin breaks up with Laurel , leaving her confused as it came out of the blue . However , she feels that Ted is somehow involved . Emma and Ethan find out that Thayer is off following his own lead on Sutton . Ted and Alec are suspicious of Rebecca 's motives . Laurel confronts Justin about what had happened between them , but Justin brushes her off , saying that there was n't anything else he needed to talk about . Back in his room , an upset Justin kicks his `` special box '' and some of the contents spill out , including one of an autopsy report , presumably his mother 's . Thayer shows up at Ethan 's place and is convinced that Annie Hobbs has killed Sutton . They then head to the Mercer home to break the news to Sutton 's family . As the three reflect on their good times with Sutton , Justin is shown burning his box . It also turns out that Sutton is n't dead after all . 13 13 `` Pleased to Meet Me '' Joe Lazarov R. Lee Fleming , Jr . January 16 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 16 ) 1.70 <Td_colspan="7"> Sutton is back and says that someone had tried to kill her on the night of her birthday . Supposedly , Annie Hobbs had followed her that night and saved her from the lake after the suspect fled the scene , taking Sutton back to the motel that she had been staying at and caring for her . Emma believes that Sutton is telling some aspect of the truth , while Ethan and Thayer do n't seem to be buying her act . Sutton takes them back to the motel , but Annie has taken off . Sutton is instructed to stay at Ethan 's place during the day so that she does n't run into anybody ( since Emma is still pretending to be Sutton at this point because of Sutton 's noticeable injury ) . Nonetheless , Sutton sneaks into the Mercer home to freshen up and play around in her room , but is caught by Kristin . Emma happens to come home and witnesses Sutton disrespecting Kristin , which leads to Emma confronting Sutton about the way she treats the people that care about her . To Emma 's surprise , Sutton tells her that after she officially takes her life back , she actually wants Emma to stick around . Meanwhile , Ryan , a proclaimed bad boy who had been kicked out of boarding school returns to Arroyo and seeks Mads ' attention , although she is convinced that he never changed . Kristin and Rebecca are planning an annual charity event . When Emma leaves Sutton alone to attend the event , someone breaks into the house , causing Sutton to flee , further puncturing her wound when she hits the window on her way out . She goes to the event to find Emma , Ethan , and Thayer , and as Thayer escorts her away from the party , Kristin finds her and sees her wound . Sutton and Emma later switch places ( Emma now officially being herself and Sutton now taking her identity back ) , seeing as everyone already saw Sutton with a wound . Rebecca encourages Laurel to perform in front of an audience . After the festivities end , Laurel runs into Justin on her way out . He admits that he had been hiding something from her and reluctantly tells her his secret : He says that Ted is responsible for his mother 's death , as she was one of his patients . His mother went in for a low - risk appendectomy , but Ted was n't being careful and was distracted by some news that he had received that night , resulting in her unexpected death . Laurel breaks down after she realizes how much Justin has lied to her and warns him to stay away from her family . Since her charade is now over , Emma leaves during the night , not before seeing Sutton , Ted , and Kristin back together as one happy family . 14 14 `` Black and White and Green All Over '' Fred Gerber Stacy Rukeyser January 23 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 23 ) 1.66 <Td_colspan="7"> Now stepping back into her old lifestyle , Sutton 's personality shift is noticeable among her family members . Sutton does n't want Emma staying with her , so she moves into the Mercer family cabin . Ethan wants Emma to run away with him , but she is reluctant to leave her sister behind unprotected . Justin approaches Laurel to apologize , but Laurel is still questioning everything about him . Later , Sutton spills Justin 's secret to Ted without Laurel 's consent and Ted goes to talk to him , leading to a confrontation that leaves Laurel upset at Justin , Ted , and Sutton . Ethan plans a public breakup with Sutton so that he could leave with Emma without suspicion . Mads encourages her father to take Rebecca as his date to the Black & White Ball and in turn , Rebecca tells her to take a chance with Ryan . Kristin reveals to Laurel that because of what happened with Justin 's mother , Ted had lost his residency in L.A. , which forced them to relocate to Phoenix . Sutton shows up at the cabin and tries to get Emma to stay , saying that she 'll tell her parents about her . Emma is n't easily convinced by Sutton 's sudden change of heart , but chooses to believe her , as she has always wanted to be a part of a family . At the ball , Justin shows up for Laurel , but Kristin tells him off . Sutton tries to get Ethan 's affection in public and it seems like she might still have feelings for him . Ethan leaves early to be with Emma for the night , while Thayer asks Sutton for a dance . It is later revealed that the reason why Sutton hates Ryan is because they had a fling back in the ninth grade . Alec tells Ted that he 'll date Rebecca to keep her from saying anything . Dan shows up to tell Alec that he had found Annie Hobbs lurking near the Mercer home ; Sutton has been eavesdropping . Justin tells Laurel that he loves her . Sutton goes to get Emma and walks in on Emma and Ethan 's make - out session . She tells them that they need to get to Annie before Alec does so that Emma could finally see her . When they finally meet Annie together , she tells them that she is n't their mother . Her own baby had died at birth and when she heard that a woman was giving up twins ( Sutton and Emma ) at the same hospital , she wanted one of them and ended up taking Emma . When the girls bring up Alec 's name , Annie insists that they are in danger . Kristin thinks Ted is hiding things from her . In the last scene , Rebecca appears to be in the same hospital that Annie is currently being held in . 15 15 `` Dead Man Talking '' Larry Shaw Tamar Laddy January 30 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 30 ) 1.68 <Td_colspan="7"> After what they had learned from Annie at the hospital , the group is on the lookout for the person who had tried to kill Sutton . At school , Sutton notices a snake tattoo on Derek 's wrist and Ethan immediately questions him , although he does n't say anything before a teacher breaks them up . Laurel tells the Mercers that she is now happily single , but in reality , she is back in a relationship with Justin . Mads tries to get Sutton to cover for her while she 's on another date with Ryan during midterms week , against her father 's wishes . It appears that Alec and Rebecca are now in a relationship . Sutton and Ethan wait to confront Derek after class , but learn that he had left school early , adding more suspicion . Sutton , Thayer , and Ethan drive over to Derek 's house , only to find his mother , who tells them that Derek had gotten a ride from Dan on the night of the party , after his car supposedly broke down by the lake . Emma offers to temporarily trade places with Sutton , as she is the one that is capable of passing midterms and Sutton wants to find out more about Derek . Baz , a guitarist from the band Laurel had played with during the Black & White Ball , asks her to be a part of the band . Emma ( as Sutton ) raises suspicion in the Mercer household , as Ted and Kristin try to deal with Sutton 's recent unruly behavior . Sutton and Thayer find out that Derek spends a lot of time at a body shop , so Sutton and Ethan go there to confront him . Taking a more aggressive approach than before , Ethan gets Derek to tell his story of what had happened on the night of Sutton 's birthday : He was supposed to instruct Sutton to drive to a parking lot and the lake incident was an accident . Derek and Ethan then get in a physical fight , although both do n't appear to have any huge injuries . When a car pulls up to the shop , Ethan and Sutton flee the scene . They are then pulled over by a cop , who is a friend of Dan 's , for a broken taillight . The next day , Derek is found dead just outside the body shop , due to a serious injury to the head . Arriving at the scene , Dan senses a possible connection between his brother and the victim . While he does believe that Ethan is innocent , he tells him to leave town immediately to avoid any charges . Ethan , Thayer , and Sutton are all confused as to what had happened , and Ethan goes to get Emma so that they could run away together . At Arroyo , Ethan and Emma attempt to leave the building , but they run into the cops at the front door . As they 're turning back to the other hallway , Emma trips and breaks a heel while Ethan hides in a closet . As the cops take Emma ( as Sutton ) for questioning , Ethan slips away . Ultimately , Emma and Thayer are left behind in Phoenix while Ethan and Sutton leave town . In the final moments , Rebecca is shown trying on engagement rings . 16 16 `` Reservation for Two '' John Scott Melissa Carter February 6 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 06 ) 1.41 <Td_colspan="7"> Emma ( as Sutton ) is being interrogated by the police after Derek 's murder , as Sutton is the only potential witness in the case . Since Emma was n't actually at the scene , she stumbles on her words while trying to re-enact what had gone on between Ethan and Derek . Alec picks up on this and is suspicious of both Emma ( as Sutton ) and Dan , who he thinks is trying to hide Ethan ( which is n't true ) . Sutton and Ethan arrive at the reservation that Ethan grew up in . She also meets his father , Ben , who is anything but friendly to the two of them . Sutton and Ethan also warm up to each other again during their time in hiding . Tribal police officers show up at Ben 's ranch , looking for Ethan as he is wanted for murder . Ben does n't rat him out and simply says that he has n't heard from either of his sons since he kicked them out a while back . He then tells Ethan that he has a week to leave . Emma ( as Sutton ) is on bad terms with Mads and Ryan , as she is unable to keep up with Sutton 's inconsistencies . Emma and Alec have a brief exchange at Derek 's funeral regarding the night of the crime when they try to get a read on one another as they both think that the other was involved . Laurel performs with Baz 's band for the first time . Ryan tells Mads that Sutton had hit on him at the Black & White Ball . Alec spends the night at Rebecca 's . After tensions mount between Emma ( as Sutton ) and Mads because of what Sutton did , Emma reveals her true identity in order to salvage their friendship , leaving Mads shocked and confused . 17 17 `` No Country for Young Love '' Michael Grossman Justin W. Lo February 13 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 13 ) 1.25 <Td_colspan="7"> Emma and Thayer update Mads on the twin situation . Alec demands that Dan find Ethan and bring him home as soon as possible , as he is Alec 's `` prime suspect . '' At the reservation , Sutton and Ethan notice Ben talking to a woman who is supposedly into him , although he never reciprocated those feelings . They invite her over for dinner and while Sutton tries to break the ice at the quiet table , Ben gets up and leaves , saying that he does n't do small talk . Emma , Mads , and Thayer head off to find a college boy who was involved in drug - dealing with Derek , as they 're desperate for any leads on who might 've killed him to prove Ethan 's innocence . Justin is a bit jealous of all of the time Laurel has been spending with Baz due to music commitments . Meanwhile , Rebecca knows of a music producer than could help Laurel 's band produce a demo . While Ted is hesitant at first ( presumably because of the tie with Rebecca ) , Kristin steps in and allows her to do it . Kristin is now more suspicious of her husband as she notices that Ted gets weary whenever Rebecca 's name is mentioned . Alec is wondering why Rebecca wants to work close to the Mercers . Too many coincidences have led Emma and Thayer to believe that Alec was involved in the Derek 's death , while Mads refuses to believe that her father would be a part of such a thing . Sutton tries to get Ethan to reconcile with his father and Ben ends up apologizing for being so harsh on Ethan all these years . After getting advice from Emma ( as Sutton ) , Laurel decides to break up with Justin . Emma and Thayer interrogate two guys at a fraternity house , the frat leader and a pledge , who might know something and both were at the scene when the murderer killed Derek . The pledge then tells the trio that the murderer was none other than Alec ( along with his unknown alibi ) , but he never told anyone because of Alec 's ties to the fraternity . Ted confronts Rebecca about her hanging around his family after Emma and Mads go to ask her questions about Alec . Ted refuses to talk to Kristin about Rebecca and Kristin is tired of all of his lies . Sutton tells Ethan that she loves him and they kiss . The cops find Ethan and arrest him on the charges of murder . 18 18 `` Not Guilty As Charged '' Bobby Roth Mark Driscoll February 20 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 20 ) 1.32 <Td_colspan="7"> Ethan is taken in at a county jail and Alec reveals that he has a star prosecutor working on Derek 's side in the case , as he wants Ethan to be found guilty . Dan contacts his old girlfriend , an attorney , who might be able to help him . Sutton returns from the reservation and Thayer suspects that something had gone on between her and Ethan . Mads is angry at Sutton for hitting on Ryan and for not letting her in on all of the things that had been happening recently . She then tells Sutton that Emma is already a `` friend for life , '' which is something that she could n't say about Sutton at the moment , pushing Sutton to a breaking point when it comes to the comparisons between her and her sister . Laurel is the only Mercer that is supportive of Emma ( as Sutton ) during this time . Baz tells her that their band got a spot as an alternate at Coachella , but Laurel is n't sure if her parents would let her go . Theresa Lopez , Dan 's ex , agrees to take Ethan 's case . When she asks about any other possible persons of interest in the case , Emma and Thayer tell her about Alec Rybak , which upsets Mads . Emma ( as Sutton ) goes to Rebecca for help , but it is uncertain which side she 's really on . Ted creates a lot of tension in the household with the three Mercer women . Rebecca starts to question Alec during their dinner date , while a note arrives at the table telling her to `` not trust her date . '' Alec is quick to refute all of her questions . Sutton and Emma catch up at the cabin and when Emma goes inside for a moment , Theresa sends her a text saying that she could finally see Ethan in jail . Sutton sees the message and responds to it , making sure to delete it right afterwards to leave Emma clueless . Sutton later shows up at the jailhouse , posing as Emma . Not knowing that it was n't really Emma , Ethan tells her that Sutton means nothing to him . A distraught Sutton ( as Emma ) then lies and tells him that she ( Emma ) slept with Thayer . Rebecca gets sent a picture of Alec preparing to hit Derek with a tire iron at the body shop . Ethan is dismissed from custody due to insufficient evidence . Emma is upset when Ethan does n't come up to her after the hearing and that night , Sutton comes to her and claims that she and Ethan had slept together ( which was also untrue ) . 19 19 `` Weekend of Living Dangerously '' Joanna Kerns R. Lee Fleming , Jr . February 27 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 27 ) 1.20 <Td_colspan="7"> Emma and Mads go to confront Ethan about what had happened between him and Sutton at the reservation , but he refuses to speak to her . Dan tells Ethan that Emma ( as Sutton ) was the only one who stood by his side during the trial , but because of Sutton 's lie , Ethan is still mad at Emma . Ted comes home to find Kristin looking through his old files on Justin 's case . Emma then confronts Sutton and Sutton wants to pay Emma to leave town . At the end of their argument , Emma tells Sutton that she 's going to reveal herself to the Mercers before she goes anywhere . Emma finds Kristin crying in the country club bathroom and tries to comfort her while Sutton looks on . She finds out that Kristin thinks that Ted and Rebecca had an affair . Kristin also wants Emma to accompany Laurel to the Coachella festival . Meanwhile , Mads and Ryan have n't been spending any time together because of her recent involvement with the twins and what happened with Derek . She hints that she thinks her dad is involved and Ryan tells her that she should find out the truth sooner than later . Emma finally catches Ethan and they figure out the truth about Sutton 's lies . The group decides to focus on Rebecca and her possible involvement with everything that has been going on . Dan is getting suspicious of Alec . Emma , Laurel , Ethan , and the band are stranded in Buford Falls when their van breaks down . Ted assures Kristin that the phone call he had received the night Justin 's mother died was from a doctor and not from Rebecca . It is later revealed in a conversation with Alec that Ted was lying . Theresa and Dan reconnect and it turns out that they had broken up because of Alec . Sutton and Thayer are researching Rebecca and find out that she was once married to a very wealthy man . They call up his residence and his housekeeper picks up . She was close to Rebecca and tells them that Rebecca had longed to return to Phoenix after the divorce , since the `` love of her life '' had lived there . Although she never knew his name , the housekeeper also tells them that she kept a locket with his photo in it , which prompts the two to go looking for it . Emma ( as Sutton ) tells Laurel that she is a virgin and Laurel tries to get her and Ethan together . Right after Mads and Thayer find out that Alec had proposed to Rebecca , Sutton and Thayer find out that the photo in Rebecca 's locket was of Ted . Ethan finally admits to Emma that he had kissed Sutton on the ranch and an upset Emma tells him that a part of him will always wish that he could be with Sutton . 20 20 `` Unholy Matrimony '' Fred Gerber Charles Pratt , Jr. and Stacy Rukeyser March 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 03 - 05 ) 1.24 <Td_colspan="7"> Emma and Ethan have officially broken up . Thayer questions Rebecca and his father as to why they need to plan a wedding in just two days . Sutton finds out about the breakup and quickly hits on Ethan , although he assures her that his feelings for her are long gone . Kristin runs into Alec and Rebecca and learns about their wedding . She tells Rebecca that she and Ted had `` talked '' and that everything was okay , which Rebecca misinterpreted and thought that Ted had finally revealed their secret to her , leaving Kristin confused . Later , Emma shows Kristin the locket that Sutton and Thayer had found . Sutton and Thayer approach Dan and Theresa for help , but Dan tells them to drop the case . Kristin begins distancing herself from Ted since she is now certain that he had lied to her . Emma goes to Thayer for support and he begins to show feelings towards her . During Ted 's toast at Alec & Rebecca 's dinner , Kristin storms out of the room , with Rebecca close behind . Kristin finds out about the affair , with neither Rebecca nor Ted denying it . She leaves the dinner with Emma ( as Sutton ) and Laurel by her side . Ethan and Sutton break into Rebecca 's house during the dinner , looking for clues . They stumble upon the photo of Alec at the crime scene on her computer . Ted and Alec have a fall - out , with Ted angrily telling Alec that he never had his back - Alec reminds him that Kristin does n't know `` half the secret . '' Ethan wants Emma back , but she says that they 're over for good . Emma ( as Sutton ) reluctantly attends the wedding ( without any of the Mercers ) to witness a plan that Dan & Thayer had come up with . Laurel shuts the door on a guilty Ted when he decides to come home . Emma ( as Sutton ) confronts Rebecca right before the wedding , but she insists that Alec was with her the entire night of Derek 's murder . Dan and his police crew do a thorough search of Alec 's house while the Rybaks are gone and find the murder weapon , a bloody tire iron , in his golf club bag . Alec gets arrested right after he is officially married . Ethan decides to go to the wedding to find Emma , but instead , sees her hugging Thayer . Sutton is shown overlooking the entire event and Rebecca walks in , with Sutton addressing her as `` Mom '' . It is later revealed that Sutton and Rebecca had known about each other for some time and had planned for the events to occur . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ http://thefutoncritic.com/news/2011/07/05/the-drama-and-deception-is-doubled-in-the-new-abc-family-original-series-the-lying-game-premiering-on-monday-august-15th-at-900-pm-et-pt-905321/20110705abcfamily01/ Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 16 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars , ' Jets - Texans , ' WWE RAW ' Top Night + ' Closer , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' Warehouse 13 ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 24 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable : Bears - Giants Preseason Wins + ' WWE RAW , ' ' Rizzoli , ' ' T.O. Show , ' ' Alpha 's ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 24 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 30 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable : ' WWE RAW ' Tops Night , ' Ridiculousness , ' , ' American Chopper , ' ' Basketball Wives LA , ' ' Carfellas ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 30 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 5 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable : ' Pawn Stars ' Back On Top , ' Kardashians ' Finale , ' The Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' WWE RAW ' & More - Ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 13 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable : ' Monday Night Football ' Rules ; ' Pawn Stars , ' ' The Closer , ' ' Rizzoli & Isles , ' ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 20 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops Cable , But Sheen Roast Sets Records + ' Eureka ' Season Finale & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 28 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Huge ; WWE RAW , ' Pawn Stars , ' ' American Pickers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 4 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Shrinks , But Wins ; WWE RAW , ' Warehouse 13 ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 11 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops ; WWE RAW , ' Kardashians , ' ' Housewives BH , ' Cards / Brewers & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( October 18 , 2011 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Monday Night Football ' Tops ; WWE RAW , ' American Chopper , ' ' Housewives of Beverly Hills , ' ' Bad Girls Club ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 4 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Rose Bowl , ' ' Fiesta Bowl ' Tops + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' American Pickers , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 10 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : BCS Championship Down , But On Top + ' Pawn Stars , ' ' Pretty Little Liars . ' ' T.I. and Tiny , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 18 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Back On Top + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' WWE RAW ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules , ' Pretty Little Liars , ' Love & Hip Hop ' Rise + ' Being Human , ' ' Lost Girl , ' ' WWE RAW ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 24 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 31 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' Lost Girl , ' ' WWE RAW , ' ' Housewives BH ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 7 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' WWE RAW , ' ' Housewives BH ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 14 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human , ' ' WWE RAW , ' ' Housewives BH ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 22 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Rules Again + ' WWE RAW , ' ' T.I. and Tiny , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Being Human ' & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 28 , 2012 ) . `` Monday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Comes Out on Top , Closely Followed by ' WWE RAW ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 28 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monday 's Cable Ratings : No Stopping `` Pawn Stars '' on History `` . The Futon Critic . March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved March 6 , 2012 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Lying_Game_(season_1)&oldid=787993894 '' Categories : 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention from May 2016 All Wikipedia articles with plot summary needing attention Talk Article Talk More Contents About Wikipedia Español Français Italiano Edit links This page was last edited on 28 June 2017 , at 20 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Lying Game (season 1) 2. Twins separated at birth 3. Secrets and lies 4. Search for birth parents 5. Love triangles and betrayals

who wrote the song rise up by andra day

Andra Day - wikipedia Andra Day Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Andra Day <Td_colspan="2"> Andra Day in 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Birth name Cassandra Monique Batie Also known as Andra Day ( 1984 - 12 - 30 ) December 30 , 1984 ( age 32 ) Spokane , Washington , U.S. Origin San Diego , California Genres Soul R&B jazz blues disco pop swing Occupation ( s ) Singer songwriter Instruments Vocals Years active 2012 -- present Labels Warner Bros Buskin Website Official website Cassandra Monique `` Andra '' Batie ( born December 30 , 1984 ) , known professionally as Andra Day , is an American singer and songwriter from San Diego , California who is currently signed to Warner Bros. Records . Her debut album , Cheers to the Fall , was released in 2015 and peaked at number 48 on the US Billboard 200 chart . The album was nominated for Best R&B Album and the album 's main single , `` Rise Up '' , was nominated for Best R&B Performance at the 2016 Grammy Awards . Day also notably appeared alongside Stevie Wonder , who is partially credited for her discovery , in an ad for Apple TV in late 2015 . Her Cheers to the Fall Tour began in November 2016 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life and education 2 Career 3 Discography 3.1 Studio albums 3.2 Extended plays 3.3 Singles 3.4 Other appearances 4 Awards and nominations 4.1 BET Awards 4.2 Billboard Awards 4.3 Grammy Awards 4.4 NAACP Awards 4.5 Soul Train Awards 5 Notes 6 References 7 External links Early life and education ( edit ) Day was born on December 30 , 1984 in Spokane , Washington . She moved to Southern California at age three , and grew up in and around San Diego , California , with her family . She began singing at a young age at the First United Methodist Church in Chula Vista , California . Day also began taking dance lessons at age 5 ( a discipline she continued into her 20s ) . She attended Valencia Park Elementary School which she credits with fostering her interest in performing arts . At age 12 , Day was introduced to the sounds of prominent jazz vocalists like Billie Holiday , Ella Fitzgerald , and Dinah Washington , all of whom she counts as early influences on her sound . Day attended the San Diego School of Creative and Performing Arts where she graduated in 2003 . Career ( edit ) After high school , Day worked about 20 different jobs including one as a children 's entertainer . In 2010 , Stevie Wonder 's then wife , Kai Millard , noticed Day performing at a strip mall and brought her to the attention of her husband . Day received a call from Wonder himself soon after . No immediate partnership was formed , but the two reconnected around a year later . Wonder introduced Day to producer Adrian Gurvitz at that time . Gurvitz would eventually collaborate on Day 's debut album a few years later . Day earned a record deal with Warner Bros. Records in part because of the popularity of her numerous unplugged covers and mashups on her YouTube channel , most of which were filmed in her sister 's bedroom in San Diego . Her covers include Jessie J 's `` Mamma Knows Best '' , Eminem 's `` Lose Yourself '' , and Muse 's `` Uprising '' among others . She was also known for mashups including one that patched together The Notorious B.I.G. 's `` Big Poppa '' with Marvin Gaye 's `` Let 's Get It On '' and another that combined Amy Winehouse 's `` He Can Only Hold Her '' and Lauryn Hill 's `` Doo Wop ( That Thing ) '' . During that time , Day was also working with Gurvitz on around 40 original songs . Other producers and contributors to what would eventually become her debut studio album included Raphael Saadiq , Questlove , James Poyser , DJ Jazzy Jeff , and The Dap - Kings . Day performed at the 2014 Sundance Film Festival and caught the eye of director , Spike Lee . He volunteered to direct the video for her single , `` Forever Mine '' . Day has also performed at the 2015 BET Awards , the closing ceremonies of the 2015 Special Olympics , the Essence Music Festival , and on television shows like Jimmy Kimmel Live ! , Good Morning America , and numerous others . She also performed Nina Simone 's `` Mississippi Goddam '' for the soundtrack for the Netflix documentary , What Happened , Miss Simone ? . Andra Day performing at Radio City Music Hall in New York City , March 2016 . Her first studio album , Cheers to the Fall , was released on August 28 , 2015 . It was met with critical acclaim with NPR 's Katie Presley saying Day 's voice has `` Eartha Kitt 's unflappable confidence , Amy Winehouse 's effortless grasp of classic jazz , Billie Holiday 's access to raw emotion and Adele 's range and pop sensibility . '' The album was nominated for Best R&B Album and `` Rise Up '' was nominated for Best R&B Performance at the 58th Grammy Awards in 2016 ( an event at which she also performed ) . The album also peaked at number 48 on the Billboard 200 list . In September 2015 , `` Rise Up '' was used in an advertisement for Beats by Dre that featured tennis player , Serena Williams . In November and December 2015 , Day appeared alongside Stevie Wonder in an Apple TV commercial in which the two sang Wonder 's song , `` Someday at Christmas '' . Her first national tour took place in August and September 2015 when she opened up for Lenny Kravitz . In October 2015 , she sang `` Rise Up '' at The White House and again performed the song for A&E 's live special , Shining a Light : A Concert for Progress on Race in America . In May 2016 , Day entered into an agreement with McDonald 's and Coca - Cola that saw her image on around 50 million cups at McDonald 's . The partnership is part of the `` Share a Cup '' lyrics program and will also feature lyrics from Day 's `` Rise Up '' . Purchasers of the cups at McDonald 's could enter a sweepstakes that would have allowed them to see Day perform at the Essence Music Festival in June 2016 . Her Cheers to the Fall Tour is set to begin in November 2016 and will start in her hometown of San Diego . Day performed on the second day of the 2016 Democratic National Convention in Philadelphia to rousing applause . She followed immediately after a moving address by Mothers of the Movement , a group of black mothers who had lost a child through encounters with police and gun violence . In December 2016 , Andra Day received the Powerhouse Award at the Billboard Women in Music event . When asked what makes a ' powerhouse ' powerful to others , Day responded , `` I think you just remind them of their value , you remind them of their purpose . You remind them that you are not here just to exist , you 're here to impact people in their lives ... I think it just reinforces that . '' Discography ( edit ) Studio albums ( edit ) List of studio albums , with selected chart positions , sales figures and certifications Title Album details <Th_colspan="3"> Peak chart positions US US R&B / Hip - Hop US R&B Cheers to the Fall Released : August 28 , 2015 Label : Buskin , Warner Bros . Formats : CD , LP , digital download 48 6 Extended plays ( edit ) Title EP details Merry Christmas from Andra Day Released : October 28 , 2016 Label : Warner Bros . Format : Digital download Singles ( edit ) Title Year <Th_colspan="8"> Peak chart position Certifications Album US Bub . US R&B / HH US R&B US Adult Pop FRA SCO UK UK Download `` Forever Mine '' 2015 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Cheers to the Fall `` Rise Up '' 31 13 26 115 13 61 20 RIAA : Platinum `` Someday at Christmas '' ( featuring Stevie Wonder ) -- -- 24 -- -- -- -- -- Non-album single `` Gold '' 2016 -- -- -- -- -- -- -- -- Cheers to the Fall Other appearances ( edit ) Title Year Other artist ( s ) Album `` New York '' 2015 Sal Filipelli This Day in Music History `` The Only Way Out '' 2016 N / A Ben - Hur `` God Rest You Merry , Gentlemen '' Jennifer Nettles To Celebrate Christmas `` Burn '' N / A The Hamilton Mixtape `` Hard Love '' Needtobreathe Hard Love `` Visiting Hour '' 2017 Raekwon The Wild Awards and nominations ( edit ) BET Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2016 `` Rise Up '' Centric Award Nominated Cheers to the Fall Best Female R&B Artist Nominated Cheers to the Fall Best New Artist Nominated Billboard Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2016 Andra Day Powerhouse Won Grammy Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2016 `` Rise Up '' Best R&B Performance Nominated Cheers to the Fall Best R&B Album Nominated NAACP Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2016 Andra Day Outstanding New Artist Nominated Soul Train Awards ( edit ) Year Nominee / work Award Result 2016 Andra Day The Ashford & Simpson Songwriter 's Award Won Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Someday at Christmas '' did not enter the US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs chart , but peaked at number 12 on the R&B / Hip - Hop Digital Songs chart . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ McGuire , Jen . `` Who Is Andra Day ? The New Rising Star Of R&B Is Seriously Talented '' . Romper . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 15 . ^ Jump up to : Varga , George ( February 25 , 2016 ) . `` Andra Day rises up to music stardom '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Phull , Hardeep ( December 18 , 2015 ) . `` This singer was shocked by Stevie Wonder 's blind jokes '' . New York Post . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andra Day - Chart History - Billboard 200 '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : McCarty , Sarah A. ( December 2015 ) . `` Andra Day : The Best of What 's Next '' . Paste . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Johnson , Laura ( December 21 , 2015 ) . `` Spokane - born singer gets Christmassy with Stevie Wonder '' . The Inlander . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Varga , George ( June 21 , 2016 ) . `` Andra Day sets new tour , will begin in San Diego '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Mistakes Work ID No. 888648708 ISWC No . T9166826068 '' . American Society of Composers , Authors and Publishers . Archived from the original on March 6 , 2013 . Retrieved December 27 , 2015 . Work ID No. 888648708 ISWC No . T9166826068 ^ Jump up to : Gamboa , Glenn ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Andra Day : Rising star opens up about newfound fame '' . Newsday . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Goodman , William ( October 17 , 2012 ) . `` Listen to a stunning cover of `` Mamma Knows Best '' `` . CBS News . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` 10 New Artists You Need to Know : July 2015 - Andra Day '' . Rolling Stone . July 13 , 2015 . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Horwitz , Josh ( September 7 , 2015 ) . `` Andra Day , the voice behind the Serena Williams Beats ad , is the latest born - on - YouTube star '' . Quartz . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Kunthara , Sophia ( August 3 , 2015 ) . `` Special Olympics World Games Come to a Close '' . KNBC . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` San Diego native Andra Day to appear on 40 million Coke cups at McDonald 's '' . San Diego Voice & Viewpoint. April 29 , 2016 . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brodsky , Rachel ( October 2 , 2015 ) . `` Andra Day Belts ' Rise Up ' and ' Gold ' on ' Kimmel ' '' . Spin . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Robin Roberts ( host ) , Andra Day ( performer ) ( August 27 , 2015 ) . Andra Day Performs Live on ' GMA ' . Good Morning America . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Dederko , Michelle ( March 2 , 2016 ) . `` Andra Day roars in pajamas at homecoming show '' . San Diego Union - Tribune . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Presley , Katie ( August 11 , 2015 ) . `` First Watch : Andra Day , ' Gold ' '' . NPR . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Landrum , Jr. , Jonathan ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Andra Day to appear on 50 million Coke cups at McDonald 's '' . MSN . Retrieved July 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Platon , Adelle ( December 9 , 2016 ) . `` Andra Day Receives Powerhouse Award & Delivers Soul - Stirring ' Rise Up ' Performance at Billboard Women in Music 2016 '' . Billboard . Retrieved December 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andra Day - Chart History - Top R&B / Hip Hop Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Andra Day - Chart History - Top R&B Albums '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Andra Day - Search Results '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ http://www.lescharts.com/showitem.asp?interpret=Andra+Day&titel=Rise+Up&cat=s Jump up ^ http://www.officialcharts.com/artist/49593/ANDRA-DAY Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Andra Day -- Rise Up '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH External links ( edit ) Official website VIAF : 393144647697144480710 LCCN : no2015127303 GND : 1097622932 MusicBrainz : 802a3ea8 - bd1b - 4f97 - 9998 - cbdd099d63d9 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Andra_Day&oldid=802116109 '' Categories : American female singers People from San Diego 21st - century American singers African - American singers American blues singers American jazz singers American soul singers American rhythm and blues singers Living people 1984 births Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2016 Use mdy dates from July 2016 Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch فارسی Français 한국어 Português 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 September 2017 , at 02 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Andra Day - American singer and songwriter 2. Debut album "Cheers to the Fall" 3. Nominated for Grammy Awards 4. Collaboration with Stevie Wonder 5. Rise to fame through YouTube covers and mashups

who started the ganesh chaturthi festival in india

Ganesh Chaturthi - wikipedia Ganesh Chaturthi <Th_colspan="2"> Ganesh Chaturthi <Td_colspan="2"> Lalbaugcha Raja , Mumbai Official name Chaturthi / Vinayaka Chaturthi / Vinayaka Chavithi Also called Chavath , Ganeshotsav Observed by Hindus Type Religious Celebrations Chanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts , prayers , last day : processions , idol immersion Begins Bhadrapada Shukla Chaturthi Ends 11 day after the start Date Bhadrapada ( August -- September ) 2017 date Friday , 25 August 2018 date Thursday , 13 September 2019 date Monday , 2 September Frequency Annual Ganesh Chaturthi ( IAST : Gaṇēśa Chaturthī ) , also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi ( Vināyaka Chaturthī ) or Vinayaka Chavithi ( Vināyaka Chavithī ) is the Hindu festival that reveres god Ganesha . A ten - day festival , it starts on the fourth day of Hindu luni - solar calendar month Bhadrapada , which typically falls in the months of August or September of the Gregorian calendar . The festival is marked with the installation of Ganesha clay idols privately in homes , or publicly on elaborate pandals ( temporary stages ) . Observations include chanting of Vedic hymns and Hindu texts such as Ganapati Upanishad , prayers and vrata ( fasting ) . Offerings and prasadam from the daily prayers , that is distributed from the pandal to the community , include sweets such as modaka believed to be a favorite of the elephant - headed deity . The festival ends on the tenth day after start , wherein the idol is carried in a public procession with music and group chanting , then immersed in a nearby body of water such as a river or ocean . In Mumbai alone , around 150,000 statues are immersed annually . thereafter the clay idol dissolves and Ganesha is believed to return to Mount Kailash to Parvati and Shiva . The festival celebrates Lord Ganesha as the God of New Beginnings and the Remover of Obstacles as well as the god of wisdom and intelligence and is observed throughout India , especially in the states such as Maharashtra , Goa , Telangana , Gujarat and Chhattisgarh , and is usually celebrated privately at home in states such as Karnataka , Tamil Nadu , Andhra Pradesh and Madhya Pradesh . Ganesh Chaturthi is also observed in Nepal and by the Hindu diaspora elsewhere such as in the Trinidad , Suriname , Fiji , Mauritius , United States and in Europe ( in Tenerife ) . At public venues , along with the reading of texts and group feasting , athletic and martial arts competitions are also held . Contents 1 History 1.1 Ganesha 1.2 Festival 2 Celebrations 2.1 India 2.1. 1 At home 2.1. 2 In public 2.2 Abroad 3 Foods 4 Environmental Impact 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 Notes 8 References 8.1 Bibliography History ( edit ) Ganesha , Basohli miniature , circa 1730 . It is unclear when the festival started , it became a major social and public event with sponsorship of Shivaji after Mughal - Maratha wars , and again in the 19th century after public appeal by Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak , who championed it as a means to circumvent the colonial British government ban on Hindu gatherings through its anti-public assembly legislation in 1892 . Ganesha ( edit ) Further information : Ganesha The earliest mention of Ganapati , now considered equivalent to Ganesha or Vinayaka , is found in the Rigveda . It appears twice in the Rigveda , once in hymn 2.23. 1 , as well as in hymn 10.112. 9 . Both of these hymns imply a role of Ganapati as `` the seer among the seers , abounding beyond measure in food presiding among the elders and being the lord of invocation '' , while the hymn in mandala 10 states that without Ganapati `` nothing nearby or afar is performed without thee '' , according to Michael . However , it is uncertain that the Vedic term Ganapati which literally means `` guardian of the multitudes '' , referred specifically to later era Ganesha , nor do the Vedic texts mention Ganesha Chaturthi . Ganapati appears in post-Vedic texts such as the Grhya Sutras and thereafter ancient Sanskrit texts such as the Vajasaneyi Samhita , the Yajnavalkya Smriti and the Mahabharata mention Ganapati as Ganesvaras and Vinayakas . Ganesha appears in the medieval Puranas in the form of `` god of success , obstacle remover '' . The Skanda Purana , Narada Purana and the Brahma Vaivarta Purana , in particular , profusely praise him . Beyond textual interpretations , archeological and epigraphical evidence suggest Ganesha had become popular , was revered before the 8th century CE and numerous images of him are traceable to the 7th century or earlier . For example , carvings at Hindu , Buddhist and Jain temples such as at the Ellora Caves , dated between the 5th and 8th century show Ganesha reverentially seated with major Hindu goddess ( Shakti ) . Festival ( edit ) Although it is unknown when ( or how ) Ganesha Chaturthi was first observed , the festival has been publicly celebrated in Pune since the era of Shivaji ( 1630 -- 1680 , founder of the Maratha Empire ) . After the start of the British Raj , the Ganesha festival lost state patronage and became a private family celebration in Maharashtra until its revival by Indian freedom fighter and social reformer Lokmanya Tilak . The festival , along with processions , was already in vogue as a public and a private celebration in Mumbai ( then called Bombay ) in 1885 , according to the eyewitness account by a visiting Italian Sanskrit professor Anglo de Gubernatis : I followed with the greatest curiosity crowds who carried in procession an infinite number of idols of the god Ganesh . Each little quarter of the town , each family with its adherents , each little street corner I may almost say , organizes a procession of its own , and the poorest may be seen carrying on a simple plank their little idol or of papier mâché ... A crowd , more or less numerous , accompanies the idol , clapping hands and raises cries of joy , while a little orchestra generally precedes the idol . -- Angelo de Gubernatis , Bombay Gazette ( 1886 ) According to others such as Kaur , the festival became a public event later , in 1892 when Bhausaheb Laxman Javale ( also known as Bhau Rangari ) , installed the first sarvajanik ( public ) Ganesha idol in Pune . In 1893 , the Indian freedom fighter Lokmanya Tilak praised the celebration of sarvajanik Ganesha utsav in his newspaper , Kesari , and dedicated his efforts to launch the annual domestic festival into a large , well - organised public event . Tilak recognized Ganesha 's appeal as `` the god for everybody '' , and according to Robert Brown , he chose Ganesha as the god that bridged `` the gap between Brahmins and non-Brahmins '' , thereby building a grassroots unity across them to oppose British colonial rule . Other scholars state that the British Empire , after 1870 out of fear of seditious assemblies , had passed a series of ordinances that banned public assembly for social and political purposes of more than 20 people in British India , but exempted religious assembly for Friday mosque prayers under pressure from the Indian Muslim community . Tilak believed that this effectively blocked the public assembly of Hindus whose religion did not mandate daily prayers or weekly gatherings , and he leveraged this religious exemption to make Ganesh Chaturthi to circumvent the British colonial law on large public assembly . He was the first to install large public images of Ganesha in pavilions in Bombay Presidency , and other celebratory events at the festival . God Ganesha : political obstacle remover Why should n't we convert the large religious festivals into mass political rallies ? -- Lokmanya Tilak , Kesari , 8 September 1896 According to Richard Cashman , Tilak recruited and passionately committed himself to god Ganesha after the 1893 Hindu - Muslim communal violence in Bombay and the Deccan riots , when he felt that the British India government under Lord Harris had repeatedly taken sides and not treated Hindus fairly because Hindus were not well organized . In Tilak 's estimate , Ganesha worship and processions were already popular in rural and urban Hindu populations , across social castes and classes in Baroda , Gwalior , Pune and most of the Maratha region in the 18th century . In 1893 , Tilak helped expand Ganesh Chaturthi festival into a mass community event and a hidden means for political activism , intellectual discourse , poetry recitals , plays , concerts , and folk dances . In Goa , Ganesha Chaturthi predates the Kadamba era . The Goa Inquisition had banned Hindu festivals , and Hindus who did not convert to Christianity were severely restricted . However , Hindu Goans continued to practice their religion despite the restrictions . Many families worship Ganesha in the form of patri ( leaves used for worshiping Ganesha or other gods ) , a picture drawn on paper or small silver idols . In some households Ganesha idols are hidden , a feature unique to Ganesh Chaturthi in Goa due to a ban on clay Ganesha idols and festivals by the Jesuits as part of the Inquisition . Celebrations ( edit ) Artist preparing Ganesha 's image for the festival in Margao , Goa The Lalbaugcha Raja ( the most renowned version of Ganesha in Mumbai ) in procession . Public preparations for the festivities begin months in advance . Local Mandapa or Pandal 's are usually funded either from donations by local residents or hosted by businesses or community organizations . The making of the Murti in Maharashtra usually begins with `` Padya pooja '' or worshipping the feet of Lord Ganesh . The Murti 's are brought to `` pandals '' on the day or a day before the festival begins . The pandals have elaborate decoration and lighting . At home , the festival preparation includes purchases such as puja items or accessories a few days in advance and booking the ganesh murti as early as a month beforehand ( from local artisans ) . The murti is brought home either a day before or on the day of the ganesh chaturthi itself . Families decorate a small , clean portion of the house with flowers and other colourful items before installing the idol . When the Murti is installed , it and its shrine are decorated with flowers and other materials . On the day of the festival , The ceremonial installation of the clay murti ( idol ) is done along with chans of holy mantras and pooja including bhajans during a certain auspicious period of the day . In preparation for the festival , artisans create clay models of Ganesha for sale . The Murti 's range in size from ⁄ inch ( 1.9 cm ) for homes to over 70 ft ( 21 m ) for large community celebrations . The date for the festival is usually decided by the presence of Chaturthi Thithi . The festival is held during `` Bhadrapada Madyahanaa Purvabaddha '' . If the chaturthi thiti begins at night on previous day and gets over by morning on next day then the next day is observed as vinayaka chaturthi . In the consecration ceremony , a priest performs a Prana Pratishtha to invite Ganesha like a guest . This is followed by the 16 - step Shodashopachara ritual , ( Sanskrit : Shodash , 16 ; Upachara , process ) during which coconut , jaggery , modaks , durva grass and red hibiscus ( Jaswand ) flowers are offered to the idol . Depending on the region and timezone , the ceremony commences with hymns from the Rigveda , the Ganapati Atharvashirsa , the Upanishads and the Ganesha stotra ( prayer ) from the Narada Purana are chanted . In Maharashtra as well as Goa , Aartis are performed with friends and family , typically in the morning and evening . India ( edit ) In India , Ganesha Chaturthi is primarily celebrated at home and in public by local community groups in the central and western states of Madhya Pradesh , Maharashtra , Gujarat and Goa and the southern states of Karnataka , Kerala , Andhra Pradesh , Telangana , Tamil Nadu and Eastern states of Odisha . At home ( edit ) A domestic celebration of Ganesh during Ganesh Chaturthi in a Maharashtrian home At homes in Maharashtra , families install small clay statues for worship during the festival . The Murti is worshiped in the morning and evening with offerings of flowers , durva ( strands of young grass ) , karanji and modaks ( jaggery and coconut flakes wrapped in rice flour dumplings ) . The worship ends with the singing of an aarti in honour of Ganesha , other Gods and Saints . In Maharashtra the Marathi aarti `` Sukhakarta Dukhaharta '' , composed by the 17th century saint , Samarth Ramdas is sung . Family traditions differ about when to end the celebration . Domestic celebrations end after ​ 1 ⁄ , 3 , 5 , 7 or 11 days . At that time the Murti is ceremoniously brought to a body of water ( such as a lake , river or the sea ) for immersion . In Maharashtra , Ganeshotsav also incorporates other festivals , namely Hartalika and the Gauri festival , the former is observed with a fast by women on the day before Ganesh Chaturthi whilst the latter by the installation of Murti 's of Gauris . In Goa , Ganesh Chaturthi is known as Chavath in Konkani and Parab or Parva ( `` auspicious celebration '' ) ; it begins on the third day of the lunar month of Bhadrapada . On this day Parvati and Shiva are worshiped by women , who fast . Instruments such as ghumots , Crash cymbals ( ताळ ( taal ) in Konkani ) and pakhavaj ( an Indian barrel - shaped , two - headed drum ) are played during the rituals . The harvest festival , Navyachi Pancham , is celebrated the next day ; freshly harvested paddy is brought home from the fields ( or temples ) and a puja is conducted . Communities who ordinarily eat seafood refrain from doing so during the festival . In Karnataka the Gowri festival precedes Ganesha Chaturthi , and people across the state wish each other well . In Andhra Pradesh , Ganesha Murti'so of clay ( Matti Vinayakudu ) and turmeric ( Siddhi Vinayakudu ) are usually worshiped at home with plaster of Paris Murti 's . In public ( edit ) Ganesha Visarjan in Mumbai Ganpati idol in Pune Public celebrations of the festival are popular , and are organised by local youth groups , neighborhood associations or groups of tradespeople . Funds for the public festival are collected from members of the association arranging the celebration , local residents and businesses . The Ganesha idols and accompanying statues are installed in temporary shelters , known as mandaps or pandals . The festival features cultural activities such as singing , theater and orchestral performances and community activities such as free medical checkups , blood - donation sites and donations to the poor . Ganesh Chaturthi , in addition to its religious aspects , is an important economic activity in Mumbai , Surat , Pune , Hyderabad , Bangalore and Chennai . Many artists , industries , and businesses earn a significant amount of their living from the festival , which is a stage for budding artists . Members of other religions also participate in the celebration . In Tamil Nadu the festival , also known as Vinayaka Chaturthi or Pillayar Chaturthi , falls on the fourth day after the new moon in the month of Āvaṇi in the Tamil calendar . The idols are usually made of clay or papier - mâché , since plaster of Paris idols have been banned by the state government. . Idols are also made of coconuts and other organic products . They are worshiped for several days in pandals , and immersed in the Bay of Bengal the following Sunday . In Kerala the festival is also known as Lamboodhara Piranalu , which falls in the month of Chingam . In Thiruvananthapuram a procession marches from the Pazhavangadi Ganapathi Temple to Shankumugham Beach , with tall statues of Ganesha made from organic items and milk immersed in the sea . Abroad ( edit ) Ganesha Chaturthi is celebrated in the UK by British Hindu population living there . The Hindu Culture and Heritage Society , a Southall - based organisation , celebrated Ganesha Chaturthi for the first time in London in 2005 at the Vishwa Hindu Temple ; the idol was immersed in the River Thames at Putney Pier . Another celebration , organised by a Gujarati group , has been celebrated in Southend - on - Sea and attracted an estimated 18,000 devotees . Annual celebrations are also held on the River Mersey in Liverpool . The Philadelphia Ganesha Festival is one of the most popular celebrations of Ganesha Chaturthi in North America , and it is also celebrated in Canada , Mauritius , Malaysia and Singapore . The Mauritius festival dates back to 1896 , and the Mauritian government has made it a public holiday . In Malaysia and Singapore , the festival is more commonly known as Vinayagar Chaturthi because of the large Tamil - speaking Hindu minority . In Metropolitan France , Ganesh Chaturthee remains the main Hindu religious festival . The first Hindu Temple dedicated to Ganesh on Continental France opened in 1985 and the first procession took place in 1995 . Since then , every year , the La Chapelle Quarters of Paris are the sight of a major procession with thousands of pilgrims and visitors . The organisation is mainly conducted by the Tamil speaking Sri Lanka community and the pilgrims are mostly Tamil Hindus from Sri Lanka and to a lesser extent Hindi - speaking Hindus from Mauritius . Foods ( edit ) Modaka are sweet dumplings , the traditional offerings and prasada in Ganesh Chaturthi . Left : steamed with fillings , Right : Fried The primary sweet dish during the festival is modak ( modak in Marathi and Konkani , modakam or kudumu in Telugu , modaka or kadubu in Kannada , kozhakatta or modakkam in Malayalam and kozhukattai or modagam in Tamil ) . A modak is a dumpling made from rice or wheat flour , stuffed with grated coconut , jaggery , dried fruits and other condiments and steamed or fried . Another popular sweet dish is the karanji ( karjikai in Kannada ) , similar to modak in composition and taste but in a semicircular shape . This sweet meal is called Nevri in Goa and is synonymous with Ganesh festival amongst the Goans and the Konkani diaspora . In Andhra Pradesh and Telangana modak , laddu , vundrallu ( steamed , coarsely ground rice - flour balls ) , panakam ( a jaggery - , black pepper - and cardamom - flavored drink ) , vadapappu ( soaked moong lentils ) and chalividi ( a cooked rice flour and jaggery mixture ) are offered to Ganesha . These offerings are known as naivedya , and a plate of modak traditionally holds 21 pieces of the sweet . In Goa , modak and a Goan version of idli ( sanna ) is popular . Panchakajjaya is an offering made to Lord Ganesha during this festival in parts of Karnataka . It is a mixture of desiccated coconut , roasted Bengal gram powder , sugar , ghee and sesame . Different versions of panchakajjaya are made . Roasted Bengal gram , green gram , roasted chana dal ( putani ) or aval can be used . Environmental impact ( edit ) The Madras High Court ruled in 2004 that immersion of Ganesh idols is unlawful because it incorporates chemicals that pollute the sea water . In Goa the sale of plaster - of Paris Ganesha idols has been banned by the state government and celebrants are encouraged to buy traditional , artisan - made clay idols . Recent initiatives to produce traditional clay Ganesha idols in Hyderabad have been sponsored by the Andhra Pradesh Pollution Control Board . Due to environmental concerns , a number of families now avoid bodies of water and let the clay statue disintegrate in a barrel of water at home . After a few days , the clay is spread in the garden . In some cities a public , eco-friendly process is used for the immersion . Gallery ( edit ) Ganesh idol at a public pandal in Hyderabad A Ganesha idol in a home during the festival Procession in Mumbai Procession in Pune Procession in Surat Immersion in sea , Chennai Immersion of idol in Bangalore See also ( edit ) Maharashtra portal Cultural depictions of elephants Durga Puja Durga puja of West Bengal Surath Garh Jungle Mantrapushpanjali Ganesha Jayanti Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ The transformation of Ganesh Chaturthi into a major annual religious and politically significant procession event started in 1894 . According to Aslam Syed , the Ganesha statue immersion ritual in the western states of India may have grown because the annual gathering and procession by Shia Muslims on Muharram was allowed by the colonial British government in the 19th and early 20th century , and after the ritual mourning of the death of the 7th century Imam , they would immerse Tazia ( Taboots ) into river or ocean . The Hindus expanded their own Ganesha processions by walking through the streets , joyfully dancing and reciting their scriptural verses and ended their procession with a ceremonial immersion of Ganesh . The colonial British government attempted to introduce procession license , to Muslims only , which Hindu leaders presented as evidence of discriminatory oppression by the Muslims and the British . The Hindu leaders such as Tilak defied any attempts to selectively stop the Hindu congregational gathering and processions associated with Ganesh Chaturthi . The right to organize processions and immersion rituals of Tazia by Muslims , and Ganesha by Hindus , have remained a religious and equal rights issue ever since , particularly when the religious calendars overlap . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Ganesh Chaturthi : Hindu Festival , Encyclopædia Britannica ( 2014 ) ^ Jump up to : Darra Goldstein ( 2015 ) . The Oxford Companion to Sugar and Sweets . Oxford University Press . pp. 82 , 254 , 458 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 931361 - 7 . Jump up ^ K.T. Achaya ( 2001 ) . A Historical Dictionary of Indian Food . Oxford University Press . pp. 68 -- 69 , 132 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 565868 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesh Chaturthi '' . ^ Jump up to : Patrick Taylor ; Frederick I. Case ( 2013 ) . The Encyclopedia of Caribbean Religions . University of Illinois Press . p. 332 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 252 - 09433 - 0 . Jump up ^ Heras 1972 , p. 58 . Jump up ^ Getty 1936 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Lawrence A. Babb ( 1975 ) . The Divine Hierarchy : Popular Hinduism in Central India . Columbia University Press . pp. 62 -- 63 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 231 - 08387 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Christian Roy ( 2005 ) . Traditional Festivals : A Multicultural Encyclopedia . ABC - CLIO . pp. 178 -- 180 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 57607 - 089 - 5 . Jump up ^ Ramesh Dutt Ramdoyal ( 1990 ) . Festivals of Mauritius . Editions de l'Océan Indien . pp. 21 -- 22 . Jump up ^ `` Festivals , Cultural Events and Public Holidays in Mauritius '' . Mauritius Tourism Authority . Archived from the original on 20 January 2012 . Retrieved 28 January 2012 . Jump up ^ Ganesh Chaturthi in Tenerife Jump up ^ Royina Grewal ( 2009 ) . The Book of Ganesha . Penguin Books . pp. 143 -- 146 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 306760 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : Paul B. Courtright ( 1985 ) . Ganesa . Oxford University Press . pp. 230 -- 237 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 503572 - 8 . ^ Jump up to : Trimbak Vishnu Parvate ( 1958 ) . Bal Gangadhar Tilak : A Narrative and Interpretative Review of His Life , Career and Contemporary Events . Navajivan . pp. 96 -- 102 . Jump up ^ Sohoni , Ashutosh ( 2011 ) . `` Ganesh Temple at Tasgaon : Apotheosis of Maratha Temple Architecture '' . South Asian Studies . Informa UK Limited . 27 ( 1 ) : 51 -- 73 . doi : 10.1080 / 02666030.2011. 556011 . ^ Jump up to : Michael 1983 , pp. 99 - 102 . ^ Jump up to : Rigveda Mandala 2 , Hymn 2.23. 1 , Wikisource , Quote : गणानां त्वा गणपतिं हवामहे कविं कवीनामुपमश्रवस्तमम् । ज्येष्ठराजं ब्रह्मणां ब्रह्मणस्पत आ नः शृण्वन्नूतिभिः सीद सादनम् ॥ १ ॥ ; For translation , see Grimes ( 1995 ) , pp. 17 - 19 Jump up ^ Sanskrit Original : नि षु सीद गणपते गणेषु त्वामाहुर्विप्रतमं कवीनाम् । न ऋते त्वत्क्रियते किं चनारे महामर्कं मघवञ्चित्रमर्च ॥ ९ ॥ -- Rigveda 10.112. 9 ; Wikisource Jump up ^ Alain Daniélou ( 1954 ) , The meaning of Ganapati , The Adyar library bulletin XV III . Madras : The Adyar Library , pages 110 - 111 Jump up ^ Grimes 1995 , pp. 17 - 19 , 201 . Jump up ^ Michael 1983 , pp. 107 - 109 . Jump up ^ Michael 1983 , pp. 109 - 110 . ^ Jump up to : Kapoor , Subodh . The Indian Encyclopaedia . Cosmo Publications . p. 2514 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 7755 - 257 - 7 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Cashman ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . University of California Press . p. 76 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02407 - 6 . Jump up ^ Robin Jeffrey ( 1990 ) . India : rebellion to republic , selected writings 1857 - 1990 . Stirling . pp. 40 -- 41 . ISBN 978 - 8120711075 . Jump up ^ Kaur , R. ( 2003 ) . Performative politics and the cultures of Hinduism : Public uses of religion in western India . Anthem Press , page 38 - 48 . Jump up ^ Metcalf , Thomas R. ; Metcalf , Barbara Daly . A Concise History of India . ISBN 0 - 521 - 63027 - 4 . , Metcalf and Metcalf , p. 150 . Jump up ^ Momin , A.R. , The Legacy Of G.S. Ghurye : A Centennial Festschrift , p. 95 . Jump up ^ Brown , Robert L. ( 1991 ) . Ganesh : Studies of an Asian God . Albany : State University of New York . p. 9 . ISBN 0 - 7914 - 0657 - 1 . Jump up ^ For Tilak as the first to use large public images in maṇḍapas ( pavilions or tents ) see : Thapan , p. 225 . Thapan , Anita Raina ( 1997 ) . Understanding Gaņapati : Insights into the Dynamics of a Cult . New Delhi : Manohar Publishers . ISBN 81 - 7304 - 195 - 4 . ^ Jump up to : Aslam Syed ( 2014 ) . David Jones ; Michele Marion , eds . The Dynamics of Cultural Counterpoint in Asian Studies . SUNY Press . pp. 97 -- 98 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4384 - 5191 - 6 . Jump up ^ Shabnum Tejani ( 2008 ) . Indian Secularism : A Social and Intellectual History , 1890 -- 1950 . Indiana University Press . pp. 58 -- 61 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 22044 - 0 . Jump up ^ HC 's 2 - hour immersion breather for home Pujas The Times of India ( 7 October 2016 ) . Jump up ^ Peter van der Veer ( 2015 ) . Handbook of Religion and the Asian City : Aspiration and Urbanization in the Twenty - First Century . University of California Press . pp. 95 -- 100 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 96108 - 1 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Cashman ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . University of California Press . p. 75 with footnote 1 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02407 - 6 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Cashman ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . University of California Press . pp. 70 -- 73 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02407 - 6 . Jump up ^ Richard I. Cashman ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . University of California Press . pp. 75 -- 77 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 520 - 02407 - 6 . Jump up ^ Cashman , Richard I. ( 1975 ) . The Myth of the Lokamanya Tilak and Mass Politics in Maharashtra . Berkeley and Los Angeles , California : University of California Press . pp. 75 -- 91 . ISBN 0 - 520 - 02407 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Of fervour & Traditions '' . http://timesofindia.indiatimes.com/ . TOI . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Andhra laddu - maker eyes to break own Guinness Record with 8000 kg laddu '' . Daily News and Analysis India . Daily News and Analysis India . 16 September 2015 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 ... ready for delivery tomorrow to an 80 - feet tall Ganesha Murti put up by Visakha Integrated Social Welfare Association supported by NRIs at the Gajuwaka area in Visakhapatnam . Jump up ^ `` Rituals Explained '' . thehindutemple.org . Retrieved 21 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Kolte , R.R. , Kulkarni , R.S. , Shinde , P.V. , Padvekar , H.K. , Magadum , V.G. and Apate , S.A. , Studies on the ethno - medicinal plants used on the occasion of festivals with special reference to Ratnagiri district from Maharashtra state ( 1 ) . Jump up ^ `` Ganesh Chaturthi Festival Guide '' . Jump up ^ `` What is the significance of ' durva ' in Ganesh Poojan ? '' . sanatan.org/ . Retrieved 3 January 2015 . Jump up ^ Sharma , Usha ( 2008 ) . Festivals In Indian Society ( 2 Vols . Set ) . New Delhi : Mittal publications . p. 144 . ISBN 81 - 8324 - 113 - 1 . Jump up ^ Shanbag , Arun ( 2007 ) . Prarthana : A Book of Hindu Psalms . Arlington , MA : Arun Shanbag . p. 163 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 9790081 - 0 - 8 . Jump up ^ Pattanaik , Devdutt ( 2011 ) . 99 thoughts on Ganesha : ( stories , symbols and rituals of India 's beloved elephant - headed deity ) . Mumbai : Jaico Pub House . p. 61 . ISBN 978 - 81 - 8495 - 152 - 3 . Retrieved 29 August 2016 . Jump up ^ Goa , Daman and Diu ( India ) . Directorate of Archives , Archaeology , and Museum . Purabhilekh - puratatva : Journal of the Directorate of Archives , Archaeology and Museum , Volume 2 . Panaji - Goa : The Directorate , 1984 . p. 94 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) ^ Jump up to : `` GANESH CHATURTHI or CHOVOTH '' . goatourism.gov.in . Government of Goa . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Singbal , Anwesha . `` Bringing the local beat back '' . thegoan.net/ . The Goan . Archived from the original on 26 August 2014 . Retrieved 23 August 2014 . Jump up ^ Courtright , P.B. ( 1988 ) . The Ganesh Festival in Maharashtra : Some Observations . The Experience of Hinduism : Essays on Religion in Maharashtra , 84 -- 86 . Jump up ^ `` Kolhapur Muslims mark Ganesha festival with Hindu brothers in mosque '' . Oneindia . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Tv9 Gujarat -- Hindu - Muslim celebrates Ganesh Chaturthi together , Ahmedabad '' . TV9 ( Gujarati ) . Missing or empty url = ( help ) ; access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Hindu , Muslim families celebrate Ganesh Puja '' . India Today . Headlines Today . 24 August 2009 . Retrieved 9 September 2015 . Jump up ^ http://www.ganeshchaturthigifts.com/ganesh-chaturthi-pooja.html Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 25 September 2015 . Retrieved 17 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Thousands turn out for Hindu Festival at Shoebury East Beach '' . Southend Standard . 1 September 2009 . Retrieved 25 September 2015 . It is thought as many as 18,000 people attended from across Essex , Kent , Middlesex , London , the Midlands and even India . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- UK -- England -- Merseyside -- River marks religious ceremony '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ `` Liverpool Echo : Latest Liverpool and Merseyside news , sports and what 's on '' . liverpoolecho . Jump up ^ Kalyana Ramanathan ; Indira Kannan ( 11 September 2010 ) . `` Non-resident gods '' . Business Standard . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mauritius takes the day off for Ganesh Chaturthi '' . aglobalworld.com . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 29 . Jump up ^ Patrick Eisenlohr ( 2006 ) . Little India : Diaspora , Time , and Ethnolinguistic Belonging in Hindu Mauritius . University of California Press . p. 153 . ISBN 9780520248793 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Hindus celebrate Vinayagar Chathurthi '' . The Malaysian Times . 9 September 2013 . Retrieved 14 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Ganesh Chaturthi festival fervour grips Goa '' . http://indianexpress.com/ . PTI . Retrieved 27 November 2015 . External link in website = ( help ) Jump up ^ Gazetteer of the Union Territory Goa , Daman and Diu : district gazetteer , Volume 1 . Goa , Daman and Diu ( India ) . Gazetteer Dept. 1979 . p. 258 . Jump up ^ Ferro - Luzzi , G.E. , 1977 . The logic of South Indian food offerings . Anthropos , ( H. 3. / 4 ) , pp. 529 - 556 . Jump up ^ `` BBC NEWS -- South Asia -- Ganesha immersions ruled unlawful '' . bbc.co.uk . Jump up ^ Special Correspondent . `` Goa bans plaster of Paris Ganesha idols '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Editor . `` The Environmentally Friendly Ganesh '' . chakranews.com . Jump up ^ `` Ganesha immersion : temple 's awareness campaign finds many takers '' . The Hindu . Jump up ^ Zha , Bagish K. ( 20 September 2013 ) . `` Eco-friendly ' Ganesh Visarjan ' save water and soil from getting polluted in Indore '' . The Times of India . Retrieved 12 February 2014 . Bibliography ( edit ) Grimes , John A. ( 1995 ) , Ganapati : Song of the Self , SUNY Series in Religious Studies , Albany : State University of New York Press , ISBN 0 - 7914 - 2440 - 5 Michael , S.M. ( 1983 ) . `` The Origin of the Ganapati Cult '' . Asian Folklore Studies . 42 ( 1 ) : 91 -- 116 . doi : 10.2307 / 1178368 . 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1. Ganesh Chaturthi festival 2. Hindu religious celebrations 3. Installation of Ganesha clay idols 4. Processions and idol immersion 5. Observance in India and abroad

who killed winry's parents in fullmetal alchemist

Winry Rockbell - wikipedia Winry Rockbell Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Winry Rockbell <Td_colspan="2"> Fullmetal Alchemist character <Td_colspan="2"> Winry Rockbell by Hiromu Arakawa First appearance Fullmetal Alchemist manga chapter 9 Created by Hiromu Arakawa Voiced by Japanese Megumi Toyoguchi ( 1st series ) Megumi Takamoto ( 2nd series ) English Caitlin Glass Portrayed by Tsubasa Honda <Th_colspan="2"> Profile Relatives Pinako Rockbell ( Grandmother ) Edward Elric ( Husband ) Alphonse Elric ( Brother - in - law ) Unnamed son Unnamed daughter Winry Rockbell ( Japanese : ウィンリィ ・ ロック ベル , Hepburn : Winryi Rokkuberu ) is a fictional character from Hiromu Arakawa 's Fullmetal Alchemist manga series and its adaptations . Winry is a 15 - to 16 - year - old mechanic who often spends time with the central characters , brothers Edward ( Ed ) and Alphonse Elric ( Al ) , who are childhood friends of hers . Specializing in mechanical repair , specifically prostheses called automail , Winry services Ed 's replacement arm and leg . Originally meant to be introduced in the series ' first chapters due to its lack of female characters , some of Winry 's traits are based on Arakawa 's own life . In the first anime adaptation , Fullmetal Alchemist , Winry is voiced by Megumi Toyoguchi in Japanese and by Caitlin Glass in the English version . In the second anime adaptation , Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood , she is voiced by Megumi Takamoto in Japanese , with Glass reprising the role in English . Besides being in the manga and anime series , Winry is also in the first anime 's sequel film and original video animations ( OVAs ) . Readers of the manga have ranked her among the top ten characters in the series . Periodicals and other media for manga and anime fans have praised her for her attitude , her relationship with the Elric brothers , and her development across the manga series . Contents ( hide ) 1 Appearances 1.1 In the first anime 1.2 In other media 2 Creation and conception 3 Reception 4 References Appearances ( edit ) Winry 's first appearance in the manga is when the Elric brothers return to Resembool in order to ask Winry and Pinako to create another automail for Edward 's right arm after it was destroyed by the criminal Scar . Winry is portrayed in the series as kind , optimistic , and sincere , acting as a concerned family member to the Elrics in their company . She had known Edward and Alphonse since childhood . In the story , she was orphaned at a young age when her parents were killed while serving as doctors in the Ishvalan war . She lived with her grandmother in Resembool from then on . Known as an `` Automail Otaku '' , she is fascinated by any and all types of machines , tools , and excels in building and repairing automail . Along with her grandmother , Pinako , also a famous automail engineer , the two run a small shop out of their home . They made and installed Edward 's automail arm and leg after he lost his original limbs in a failed human transmutation of his mother . Winry takes it upon herself to make sure that his automail is in top form , and travels to service it when as needed . This dedication is either out of enthusiasm ( due to these moments making up most of the moments she gets to be with Edward and Alphonse , as well as getting paid for each ) or out of frustration ( due to Edward constantly breaking his automail , which she views as precious , and because the repair constantly wastes time ) . In the first anime series , it is hinted that Winry and Edward share romantic feelings for each other , but this is never confirmed . In the manga and second anime series , Edward is unnaturally flustered by the mere thought of being romantically linked to Winry , while Winry eventually realizes that she loves Edward and has for most of her life . After three all - nighters , she forgets to add a screw to Edward 's automail and so it breaks after one of his fights . Winry goes to Central City to fix Edward 's automail , feeling guilty ( as Edward is in the hospital as well ) , but quickly overcomes it when she realizes no one else has any idea about the screw . She then spends the night at the house of Maes Hughes . While the Elrics continue their search for the Philosopher 's Stone , they decide to go meet their old mentor , Izumi Curtis . Winry gets them to take her to Rush Valley , the automail capital of the world , along the way , much to their dismay . There she meets a pickpocket named Paninya . They become friends because Winry is interested in her automail legs and Winry convinces her to try to earn her money honestly . Winry also meets the family of Dominic , an automail engineer , and when Dominic 's daughter - in - law goes into labor , Winry successfully delivers her baby . She asks to be Dominic 's apprentice , but is refused both because Dominic does n't take apprentices and because he has an unexplained past with her grandmother , Pinako , and is terrified of her . He introduces her to another engineer named Garfiel , who happily takes her on . Some time later , Winry returns with the Elrics to Central Headquarters and finds that Hughes was murdered , leaving Winry grieving . When the Elrics confront the criminal Scar once again to get closer to the Philosopher 's Stone , Winry goes there to try to help them , only to discover during the fight that Scar killed her parents during the Ishvalan War . She points a gun at Scar , but Ed jumps in front of her and pins the gun down , allowing Scar to flee with Al in pursuit . Winry becomes distressed that she could n't bring herself to shoot , but Ed reassures her that her hands are n't meant to kill , but are meant for saving lives . After Ed delivers her to the custody of others , despite her desire to have him stay , Winry spends the rest of the day with King Bradley . After Scar escapes , Winry returns to Rush Valley , and Ed tells her the next time he makes her cry they will be tears of joy . After this , she realizes she has been in love with him . After the Elrics and Roy Mustang discover Bradley is a Humonculus , Winry and Riza Hawkeye respectively are used as hostages by the military to gain their obedience . Winry later discovers that the Elrics have traveled North , and she heads there as well since Ed 's automail is not suited for those conditions ; State Alchemist Solf J. Kimblee escorts her there to emphasize her `` imprisonment '' and gains her trust . After Winry replaces Ed 's arm , he tells her he is being forced to capture Scar for the military , but does n't tell the entire truth . Winry goes with him and Al , but once they capture him , Winry bandages wounds sustained in a fight with Kimblee 's chimeras , as she thinks her parents would have done the same . In order to both evade the military so she can no longer be used against the Elrics and secure freedom for her allies , she decides to pretend to be Scar 's hostage to cover her group 's escape . After staying in Liore for a short time , Winry is taken on a military train back into Resembool in a water tank . When she goes into her house , she tries to change clothes , only to find Ed in her room , and later Greed and Kimblee 's chimeras . After everything settles down and his arm is prepared , Ed tells her to leave the country , but she promptly refuses , telling him to give it all he has and not doubt himself . Winry is killed upon the activation of the Gate , her final word being `` Ed '' , but is resurrected along with the rest of the country by Van Hohenheim . The Elrics return afterwards , where she keeps her promise by crying upon seeing their bodies restored and hugging them . Two years after the Elrics return to Resembool , the Elrics leave to research alchemy . Winry sees Ed off and the train station , whereupon he proposes to her in a clumsy , alchemy - based fashion , but she accepts regardless in an equally - awkward manner , much to Ed 's amusement . It is shown that they later marry , and both are seen in the epilogue with their son and daughter . In the first anime ( edit ) Winry 's role changes in the first anime . In Rush Valley , Winry meets the Elrics ' teacher Izumi Curtis and learns how her stillborn son became the homunculus Wrath . Winry continues traveling with the Elrics until she learns that her parents were killed in the Isbalan massacre by Ed 's superior Roy Mustang on military orders . Winry goes to Central to meet Mustang , but is unable to talk to him when she hears from several people that he is highly respected by his friends , including the deceased Maes Hughes . Winry later meets the librarian Sheska who suspected the woman Juliet Douglas , who is in fact the homunculus Sloth , for being responsible for Hughes ' death . Both are attacked by Sloth , but the homunculus retreats when Winry recognizes her as Ed and Al 's mother . Winry and Sheska go to Resembool to tell the Elrics about Sloth . Ed and Al soon set out to fight the homunculi , but only Al returns as Ed finds himself in a parallel universe . In the movie sequel , Winry learns of Izumi 's death . Later , Winry and Sheska set out to find Al who is trying to bring Ed back home . Upon Ed 's return , Winry reveals she has prepared a new automail for and attaches them to him . After the Elrics are forced to leave for good , Winry continues working on automail with her grandmother . In other Media ( edit ) In the first 2007 OVA , a drunken Winry confronts Edward about pictures of him and Noah that appeared in a magazine featuring shots and tidbits of the movie . In a second OVA , Edward is shown as a grandfather with three grandchildren with one of them being identical to Winry . In the third OVA , Winry herself does not appear , though Envy takes on her form and is kidnapped by Greed together with Al . Winry has her own character CD named Hagaren Song File - Winry Rockbell ( Hagaren Song File - ウィンリィ ・ ロック ベル ) . Released on June 22 , 2009 , the CD features tracks based on her character performed by her Japanese voice actress in the first Fullmetal Alchemist anime series , Megumi Toyoguchi . Additionally , in the upcoming live - action of the series , Winry will be portrayed by Tsubasa Honda . Creation and conception ( edit ) Hiromu Arakawa wanted to introduce Winry in Chapter 3 of the manga due to the lack of female characters in the first two chapters and because of her importance , but her editor told her it was too soon to do it . Arakawa was satisfied with her debut , considering Winry a `` buffer '' who helps the reader understand the Elric brothers ' problems , since , although she finds it hard to talk to them , she is able to understand their feelings . Thus Arakawa thinks Winry has the most difficult position of the three . Winry 's occupation in the series was inspired by Arakawa 's opinions about how people had to work hard in order to eat . Additionally , the way Winry and her grandmother Pinako welcome the Elrics into their home after the Elrics ' mother 's death reflected Arakawa 's views on how people should react to social problems . When asked in 2006 who her favorite Fullmetal Alchemist characters are , Arakawa found it hard to decide , but at the time she picked Winry along with the Elrics and Riza Hawkeye . Arakawa has also stated that she enjoys drawing Winry immensely . Megumi Toyoguchi voices Winry in the first Fullmetal Alchemist anime series , but Megumi Takamoto voices her in the second . In both English adaptations , Caitlin Glass wound up voicing Winry , even though she never thought to audition for the role . Glass tried out for Al , Rose , Lust , and Hawkeye ; it was her audition for the character of Rose and her previous `` hyper '' voice in the Spiral series that won her the role , after reading only a single line of Winry 's dialogue . Glass reprised her role in the second anime series . Reception ( edit ) Caitlin Glass , who voices the character in English received praise for her chemistry with Vic Mignogna In popularity polls from the manga published in Square Enix 's Monthly Shōnen Gangan Winry was commonly featured in the top ten , reaching fifth place in 2009 . In the July 2009 issue from Newtype , Winry ranked ninth in the survey of best anime female characters . In the 2004 Animage Anime Grand Prix poll , Winry was voted as the third most popular female character . Several types of merchandising exploit based on Winry , including action figures , key - chains and patches . Critical response to Winry 's character has generally been positive . Writing for Pop Culture Shock , Lydia Hojnacki listed Winry as a female characters she likes from the Fullmetal Alchemist while commenting on her relation with the Elric brothers . Mania Entertainment 's Jarred Pine liked how Winry 's character is further developed in the manga than in the first anime , highlighting her first meeting with Riza Hawkeye , writing `` It is such a simple scene , but it really speaks volumes about the characters . '' Her confrontation against Scar in the manga was praised by Sakura Eries from the same site , who was `` on the verge of tears '' . Holly Ellingwood , a writer for Active Anime , also praised the moment , describing it as an `` emotional struggle '' and noting that `` her own actions afterwards are some of the most riveting of these latest chapters '' . Ellingwood also praised Winry 's appearance in the first anime noting that her `` enthusiasm for anything and everything mechanical and sheer enthusiasm is a welcome change from the dire episodes preceding her arrival . '' However , she was saddened that her character did not appear until later episodes as the series ' focus moved to the search for the Philosopher 's Stone . Similarly , Ben Moscrop from UK Anime Network found the episode in which the Elrics and Winry go to Rush Valley as it helps developing her character regarding her relationship with the Elrics to the point she `` really shines through . '' Anime News Network 's Carlo Santos praised how her appearance in the north from Amestris while meeting the Elrics brothers was a `` complete game - changer '' due to her status as a hostage . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Director : Seiji Mizushima ( October 18 , 2003 ) . `` おかあさん ... '' . Fullmetal Alchemist . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Director : Yasuhiro Irie ( May 10 , 2009 ) . `` 希望 の 道 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist : Brotherhood . Tokyo Broadcasting System . Jump up ^ Director : Seiji Mizushima ( November 20 , 2004 ) . `` Mother '' . Fullmetal Alchemist . Cartoon Network . ^ Jump up to : Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 9 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 3 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 925 - 3 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 71 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 18 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2536 - 5 . ^ Jump up to : Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 70 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 18 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2536 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 14 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 4 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 59116 - 929 - 1 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2005 ) . `` Chapter 19 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 5 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0175 - 8 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 35 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 9 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0460 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2006 ) . `` Chapter 36 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 9 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0460 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 46 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 12 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0839 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 47 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 12 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0839 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2007 ) . `` Chapter 48 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 12 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0839 - 9 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 72 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 18 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2536 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2008 ) . `` Chapter 73 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 18 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 2536 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2009 ) . `` Chapter 84 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 21 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3232 - 5 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2011 ) . `` Chapter 108 '' . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 27 . Viz Media . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 3984 - 3 . Jump up ^ Director : Seiji Mizushima ( October 15 , 2005 ) . `` Sin '' . Fullmetal Alchemist . Episode 31 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Director : Seiji Mizushima ( November 19 , 2005 ) . `` The Sinner Within '' . Fullmetal Alchemist . Episode 36 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Director : Seiji Mizushima ( December 3 , 2005 ) . `` With the River 's Flow '' . Fullmetal Alchemist . Episode 38 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Director : Seiji Mizushima ( January 21 , 2006 ) . `` The Stray Dog '' . Fullmetal Alchemist . Episode 43 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Director : Seiji Mizushima ( March 18 , 2006 ) . `` Laws and Promises '' . Fullmetal Alchemist . Episode 51 . Cartoon Network . Jump up ^ Mizushima , Seiji ( Director ) ( July 23 , 2005 ) . Fullmetal Alchemist the Movie : Conqueror of Shamballa ( Motion picture ) . Japan : Bones . Jump up ^ Fullmetal Alchemist : Premium OVA Collection ( DVD ) . Funimation. 2009 . Jump up ^ `` HAGAREN SONG FILE - WINRY ROCKBELL - Single Maxi '' ( in Japanese ) . Amazon.com . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Dean Fujioka and Others Join Live - Action `` Fullmetal Alchemist '' Film `` . Crunchyroll. April 3 , 2016 . Retrieved April 3 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2005 ) . 鋼 の 錬金術 師 パーフェクト ガイド ブック 2 . Square Enix . pp. 168 -- 172 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 1426 - 3 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2007 ) . Fullmetal Alchemist , Volume 12 . Viz Media . p. 185 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4215 - 0839 - 9 . ^ Jump up to : `` Equivalent Change '' . Newtype USA . A.D. Vision . January 2006 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2006 ) . Fullmetal Alchemist Profiles . Viz Media . pp. 100 -- 105 . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0768 - 4 . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Margaret ( 2007 - 01 - 08 ) . `` Sequential Tart -- The Fullmetal Interview Part 1 '' . Sequentalart.com . Retrieved 2009 - 06 - 08 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2006 ) . Fullmetal Alchemist Profiles . Viz Media . p. 5 . ISBN 1 - 4215 - 0768 - 4 . Jump up ^ Arakawa , Hiromu ( 2009 ) . 鋼 の 錬金術 師 キャラクター ガイド ( Fullmetal Alchemist Character Guide ) . Square Enix . p. 3 . ISBN 978 - 4 - 7575 - 2574 - 0 . Jump up ^ `` NT Research '' . Newtype , Issue 8 . Kadokawa Shoten . July 2009 . Jump up ^ 第 26 回 アニメ グランプリ 2004 年 6 月 号 ( in Japanese ) . Animage . Retrieved April 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist Winry Rockbell Action Figure '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Fullmetal Alchemist Zip Charm Part 2 ( Set of 4 ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` FullMetal Alchemist : Patch -- Winry ( Iron - On ) '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Hojnacki , Lydia ( December 31 , 2008 ) . `` Three Reasons Why I Love Fullmetal Alchemist '' . Pop Culture Shock . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Pine , Jarred ( July 25 , 2007 ) . `` Fullmetal Alchemist Vol. # 16 '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved July 13 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Eries , Sakura ( May 3 , 2006 ) . `` Fullmetal Alchemist Vol. # 12 '' . Mania Entertainment . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellingwood , Holly ( March 20 , 2008 ) . `` FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST ( VOL. 6 ) ADVANCE REVIEW '' . Active Anime . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Ellingwood , Holly ( October 17 , 2007 ) . `` FULLMETAL ALCHEMIST SEASON ONE PART ONE DVD BOX SET '' . Active Anime . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Moscrop , Ben ( September 25 , 2006 ) . `` RIGHT TURN ONLY ! ! Sodium Hypochlorite '' . UK Anime Network . Retrieved September 19 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Santos , Carlo ( May 26 , 2009 ) . `` RIGHT TURN ONLY ! ! Sodium Hypochlorite '' . Anime News Network . Retrieved July 15 , 2009 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Fullmetal Alchemist by Hiromu Arakawa Media Chapters Light novels 2003 anime Episodes Conqueror of Shamballa Brotherhood Episodes The Sacred Star of Milos Fullmetal Alchemist ( film ) Video games Broken Angel Curse of the Crimson Elixir Kami o Tsugu Shōjo Dream Carnival Dual Sympathy Characters Edward Elric Alphonse Elric Roy Mustang Scar Winry Rockbell Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Winry_Rockbell&oldid=837648230 '' Categories : Comics characters introduced in 2002 Female characters in anime and manga Fictional mechanics Fictional female engineers Fullmetal Alchemist characters Orphan characters in anime and manga Teenage characters in anime and manga Teenage characters in television Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - language sources ( ja ) CS1 uses Japanese - language script ( ja ) Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles using Infobox character with multiple unlabeled fields Articles containing Japanese - language text Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Español Français Italiano Magyar Polski Português Русский Türkçe 中文 3 more Edit links This page was last edited on 22 April 2018 , at 03 : 40 . 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1. Winry Rockbell - Fullmetal Alchemist character 2. Mechanic specializing in automail repair 3. Childhood friend of Edward and Alphonse Elric 4. Romantic feelings for Edward Elric 5. Important role in the manga and anime series

which of the following phrase(s) describe(s) the nature of entrepreneurship

Social entrepreneurship - wikipedia Social entrepreneurship Jump to : navigation , search Student organizers from the Green Club at Newcomb College Institute have formed a social entrepreneurship organization in 2010 that aimed to encourage people to reduce waste and live in a more environmentally conscious way . Social entrepreneurship is the use of the techniques by start up companies and other entrepreneurs to develop , fund and implement solutions to social , cultural , or environmental issues . This concept may be applied to a variety of organizations with different sizes , aims , and beliefs . For - profit entrepreneurs typically measure performance using business metrics like profit , revenues and increases in stock prices , but social entrepreneurs are either non-profits or blend for - profit goals with generating a positive `` return to society '' and therefore must use different metrics . Social entrepreneurship typically attempts to further broad social , cultural , and environmental goals often associated with the voluntary sector in areas such as poverty alleviation , health care and community development . At times , profit - making social enterprises may be established to support the social or cultural goals of the organization but not as an end in itself . For example , an organization that aims to provide housing and employment to the homeless may operate a restaurant , both to raise money and to provide employment for the homeless . In the 2010s , social entrepreneurship is facilitated by the use of the Internet , particularly social networking and social media websites . These websites enable social entrepreneurs to reach a large number of people who are not geographically close yet who share the same goals and encourage them to collaborate online , learn about the issues , disseminate information about the group 's events and activities , and raise funds through crowdfunding . Contents ( hide ) 1 Modern definition 2 Characteristics 3 Challenges 4 History 5 2000s 5.1 Major organizations 5.2 Types 6 International presence 7 Role of technology 8 Public opinion 8.1 Controversy 9 See also 10 References 11 Further reading Modern definition ( edit ) Grameen Bank founder and Nobel Peace Prize winner Muhammad Yunus ( left ) with two young social entrepreneurs ( right ) . In the 2000s , scholars and practitioners have debated which individuals or organizations can be considered to be social entrepreneurs . Thus far , there has been no firm consensus on the definition of social entrepreneurship , as so many different fields , disciplines and organization types are associated with social entrepreneurship , ranging from for - profit businesses to hybrid models combining charitable work with business activities , to non-profit charities , voluntary sector organizations and non-governmental organizations . Philanthropists , social activists , environmentalists , and other socially - oriented practitioners are often referred to as social entrepreneurs . Social entrepreneurs can include a range of career types and professional backgrounds , ranging from social work and community development to entrepreneurship and environmental science . For this reason , it is difficult to determine who is a social entrepreneur . David Bornstein has even used the term `` social innovator '' interchangeably with social entrepreneur , due to the creative , non-traditional strategies that many social entrepreneurs use . For a clearer definition of what social entrepreneurship entails , it is necessary to set the function of social entrepreneurship apart from other voluntary sector and charity - oriented activities and identify the boundaries within which social entrepreneurs operate . Some scholars have advocated restricting the term to founders of organizations that primarily rely on earned income ( meaning income earned directly from paying consumers ) , rather than income from donations or grants . Others have extended this to include contracted work for public authorities , while still others include grants and donations . Social entrepreneurship in modern society offers an altruistic form of entrepreneurship that focuses on the benefits that society may reap . Simply put , entrepreneurship becomes a social endeavor when it transforms social capital in a way that affects society positively . It is viewed as advantageous because the success of social entrepreneurship depends on many factors related to social impact that traditional corporate businesses do not prioritize . Social entrepreneurs recognize immediate social problems , but also seek to understand the broader context of an issue that crosses disciplines , fields , and theories . Gaining a larger understanding of how an issue relates to society allows social entrepreneurs to develop innovative solutions and mobilize available resources to affect the greater global society . Unlike traditional corporate businesses , social entrepreneurship ventures focus on maximizing gains in social satisfaction , rather than maximizing profit gains . Both private and public agencies worldwide have had billion - dollar initiatives to empower deprived communities and individuals . Such support from organizations in society , such as government - aid agencies or private firms , may catalyze innovative ideas to reach a larger audience . Prominent individuals associated with social entrepreneurship include Pakistani Akhter Hameed Khan and Bangladeshi Muhammad Yunus . Yunus was the founder of Grameen Bank , which pioneered the concept of microcredit for supporting innovators in multiple developing countries in Asia , Africa , and Latin America . He received a Nobel Peace Prize for his efforts . Others , such as former Indianapolis mayor Stephen Goldsmith addressed social efforts on a local level by using the private sector to provide city services . Characteristics ( edit ) Joewana Domicillo founded Ashokas in 2017 , an organization which supports local social entrepreneurs . Drayton tells his employees to look for four qualities : creativity , entrepreneurial quality , social impact of the idea , and ethical fiber . Creativity has two parts : goal - setting and problem - solving . Social entrepreneurs are creative enough to have a vision of what they want to happen and how to make that vision happen . In their book The Power of Unreasonable People John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan identify why social entrepreneurs are , as they put it , unreasonable . They argue that these men and women seek profit in social output where others would not expect profit . They also ignore evidence suggesting that their enterprises will fail and attempt to measure results which no one is equipped to measure . About this , the Schwab Foundation says that entrepreneurs have , `` A zeal to measure and monitor their impact . Entrepreneurs have high standards , particularly in relation to their own organization 's efforts and in response to the communities with which they engage . Data , both quantitative and qualitative , are their key tools , guiding continuous feedback and improvement . '' Ashoka operates in multiple countries . Entrepreneurial quality builds from creativity . Not only do entrepreneurs have an idea that they must implemented , they know how to implement it and are realistic in the vision of implementing it . Drayton says that , `` Entrepreneurs have in their heads the vision of how society will be different when their idea is at work , and they ca n't stop until that idea is not only at work in one place , but is at work across the whole society . '' This manifests through a clear idea of what they believe the future will look and a drive to make this come true . Besides this , entrepreneurs are not happy with the status quo ; they want healthy change . Social impact measures whether the idea itself will be able to cause change after the original founder is gone . If an idea has intrinsic worth , once implemented it will cause change even without the charismatic leadership of the first entrepreneur . One reason that these entrepreneurs are unreasonable is that they are unqualified for the task they take on . Most entrepreneurs have not studied the skills needed to implement their ideas . Instead , they bring a team of qualified people around themselves . It is the idea that draws this team . Ethical fiber is important because leaders who are about to change the world must be trustworthy . Drayton described this to his employees by suggesting that they picture a situation that frightens them and then place the candidate in the situation with them . If they feel comfortable in this scenario , the entrepreneur has ethical fiber . One distinguishing attribute of entrepreneurs is that they rarely take credit for making change . They insist that the change they have brought about is due to everyone around them . They also tend to be driven by emotion ; they are not trying primarily to make a profit but to address suffering . Muhammad Yunus says about this characteristic , `` He ( or she ) competes in the marketplace with all other competitors but is inspired by a set of social objectives . This is the basic reason for being in the business . '' An example in history , discussed in the fourth chapter of the book titled `` How to Change the World - Social Entrepreneurs and the Power to New Ideas '' ( 2007 ) by David Bornstein , is Florence Nightingale the `` lady of the lamp '' . Nightingale was able to help as a nurse in Scutari . She improved the sanitary conditions of the wards , raised money for supplies , and lifted the morale of the men . Nightingale arrived in November of 1854 , the death rate almost 50 percent . But by May it was down to only 2 percent . When she returned to England , Nightingale turned her focus to the army barracks where mortality rates were almost double what civilians were . Nightingale used statistics to move the heart of the people toward improving conditions in the barracks , writing a book titled `` Notes on Matters Affecting the Health , Efficiency and Hospital Administration of the British Army '' ( 1858 ) . A medical school and statistical department was established due to her efforts , and barracks were remodeled cutting mortality rates in half . Later Nightingale applied the same strategies in India . `` As a child , '' writes Bornstein `` I imagined Florence Nightingale to be sweet and gentle , which she was not ... I still ca n't get used to thinking of her as an `` entrepreneur , '' although she certainly fits the original definition , '' Bornstein later reflects on her work and writes `` Changing a system means changing attitudes , prejudice , and fear ... This may be one reason why society needs ethically driven social entrepreneurs like Florence Nightingale to break out of negative patterns and to initiate new orders of things . '' This is what social entrepreneurs try to do , this is what Florence Nightingale did , they change society for the better . Challenges ( edit ) Because the world of social entrepreneurship is relatively new , there are many challenges facing those who delve into the field . First , social entrepreneurs are trying to predict , address , and creatively respond to future problems . Unlike most business entrepreneurs , who address current market deficiencies , social entrepreneurs tackle hypothetical , unseen or often less - researched issues , such as overpopulation , unsustainable energy sources , food shortages . Founding successful social businesses on merely potential solutions can be nearly impossible as investors are much less willing to support risky ventures . The lack of eager investors leads to the second problem in social entrepreneurship : the pay gap . Elkington and Hartigan note that `` the salary gap between commercial and social enterprises ... remains the elephant in the room , curtailing the capacity of ( social enterprises ) to achieve long - term success and viability . '' Social entrepreneurs and their employees are often given diminutive or non-existent salaries , especially at the onset of their ventures . Thus , their enterprises struggle to maintain qualified , committed employees . Though social entrepreneurs are tackling the world 's most pressing issues , they must also confront skepticism and stinginess from the very society they seek to serve . Another reason social entrepreneurs are often unsuccessful is because they typically offer help to those least able to pay for it . Capitalism is founded upon the exchange of capital ( most obviously , money ) for goods and services . However , social entrepreneurs must find new business models that do n't rely on standard exchange of capital in order to make their organizations sustainable . This self - sustainability is what distinguishes social businesses from charities , who rely almost entirely on donations and outside funding . History ( edit ) Social entrepreneurship is distinct from the concept of entrepreneurship , yet still shares several similarities with its business cousin . Jean - Baptiste Say ( 1767 -- 1832 ) , a French economist , defined an entrepreneur as a person who `` undertakes '' an idea and shifts perspectives in a way that it alters the effect that an idea has on society . An entrepreneur is further defined by Say as someone who `` shifts economic resources out of an area of lower and into an area of higher productivity and greater yield . '' The difference between `` entrepreneurship '' and `` social entrepreneurship '' , however , stems from the purpose of a creation . Social entrepreneurs seek to transform societies at large , rather than transforming their profit margin , as classic entrepreneurs typically seek to do . Social entrepreneurs use a variety of resources to bring societies into a better state of well - being . The concept of `` social entrepreneurship '' is not a novel idea , but in the 2000s , it has become more popular among society and academic research , notably after the publication of `` The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur '' by Charles Leadbeater . Many activities related to community development and higher social purpose fall within the modern definition of social entrepreneurship . Despite the established definition nowadays , social entrepreneurship remains a difficult concept to define , since it may be manifested in multiple forms . A broad definition of the concept allows interdisciplinary research efforts to understand and challenge the notions behind social entrepreneurship . No matter in which sector of society certain organizations are ( i.e. corporations or unincorporated associations , societies , associations or cooperatives ) , social entrepreneurship focuses on the social impact that an endeavor aims at . Whether social entrepreneurship is altruistic or not is less important than the effect it has on society . The terms social entrepreneur and social entrepreneurship were used first in the literature in 1953 by H. Bowen on his book `` Social Responsibilities of the Businessman '' . The terms came into widespread use in the 1980s and 1990s , promoted by Bill Drayton , Charles Leadbeater , and others . From the 1950s to the 1990s , the politician Michael Young was a leading promoter of social entrepreneurship and in the 1980s , he was described by Professor Daniel Bell at Harvard University as the `` world 's most successful entrepreneur of social enterprises '' . Young created more than sixty new organizations worldwide , including the School for Social Entrepreneurs ( SSE ) which exists in the UK , Australia , and Canada and which supports individuals to realize their potential and to establish , scale , and sustain , social enterprises and social businesses . Another notable British social entrepreneur is Andrew Mawson OBE , who was given a peerage in 2007 because of his urban regeneration work including the Bromley by Bow Centre in East London . Although the terms are relatively new , social entrepreneurs and social entrepreneurship may be found throughout history . A list of a few noteworthy people whose work exemplifies the modern definition of `` social entrepreneurship '' includes Florence Nightingale , founder of the first nursing school and developer of modern nursing practices ; Robert Owen , founder of the cooperative movement ; and Vinoba Bhave , founder of India 's Land Gift Movement . During the nineteenth and twentieth centuries some of the most successful social entrepreneurs straddled the civic , governmental , and business worlds . These pioneers promoted new ideas that were taken up by mainstream public services in welfare , schools , and health care . 2000s ( edit ) Major organizations ( edit ) A panel discusses social entrepreneurship in the health care sector in 2015 . Groups focused on social entrepreneurship may be divided into several categories : community - based enterprises , socially responsible enterprises , social services industry professionals , and socio - economic enterprises . Community - based enterprises are based on the social ventures aimed at and involving an entire community . These enterprises build on the community 's culture and capital ( e.g. , volunteer resources , financing , in - kind donations , etc . ) to empower the enterprise and the community . Socially responsible enterprises focus on creating sustainable development through their initiatives that focus mostly on creating societal gains for the community . Social service industry professionals such as social workers and public health nurses work in social services , either for a government or a non-profit organization . They aim to expand social capital for individuals , communities , and organizations . Socio - economic enterprises include corporations that balance earning profits with nonprofit goals , such as seeking social change for communities . Some social entrepreneurship organizations are not enterprises in a business sense ; instead , they may be charities , non-profit organizations or voluntary sector organizations . In addition , there are support organizations dedicated to empowering social entrepreneurs , connecting them with mentors , strengthening their enterprise models , and preparing them for capital investments . These incubators and accelerator organizations provide office and meeting space ( often free ) , mentoring and coaching for social enterprise founders and leaders to help them develop their enterprises by improving the effectiveness of their business model , marketing , and strategy . Some accelerator organizations help social entrepreneur leaders to scale up their organization , either by taking it from a local scale to a national scale or from a national scale to a global scale . Some entrepreneurship support organizations also provide mentoring and coaching to social entrepreneurs . One well - known social entrepreneur is Muhammad Yunus , who founded the Grameen Bank in 1976 . He is known as the `` father of microcredit , '' and established the microfinance movement , which aims to help millions of people rural communities to access small loans . For his work , he was awarded a Nobel Peace Prize in 2006 . The work that Yunus did through Grameen Bank has been described as a major influence on later social entrepreneurs . Larger countries in Europe and South America have tended to work more closely with public organizations at both the national and local level . Types ( edit ) In The Power of Unreasonable People , John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan describe social entrepreneurs ' business structures as falling under three different models , applicable in different situations and economic climates : Leveraged non-profit : This business model leverages financial and other resources in an innovative way to respond to social needs . Hybrid non-profit : This organizational structure can take a variety of forms , but is distinctive because the hybrid non-profit is willing to use profit from some activities to sustain its other operations which have a social or community purpose . Hybrid non-profits are often created to deal with government failures or market failures , as they generate revenue to sustain the operation without requiring loans , grants , and other forms of traditional funding . Social business venture : These models are set up as businesses that are designed to create change through social means . Social business ventures evolved through a lack of funding . Social entrepreneurs in this situation were forced to become for - profit ventures , because loans and equity financing are hard to get for social businesses . There are also a broader range of hybrid profit models , where a conventional business invests some portion of its profits on socially , culturally or environmentally beneficial activities . The term `` Philanthropreneurship '' has been applied to this type of activity . Corporate employees can also engage in social entrepreneurship , which may or may not be officially sanctioned by the company . This has been described as corporate social entrepreneurship . One private foundation has staked the ground of more precise lexicon following the Newman 's Own model having coined the phrase `` Commercial Philanthropy '' where commercial businesses are held and operated with all net proceeds going to serve social service needs . International presence ( edit ) Organizations such as the Skoll Foundation , the Omidyar Network , the Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurship , Tasamy , Athgo , New Profit Inc. , National Social Entrepreneurship Forum , Echoing Green , and the Global Social Benefit Institute among others , promote and providing resources to advance the initiatives of social entrepreneurs . The North American organizations tend to have a strongly individualistic stance focused on a handful of exceptional leaders . For example , The Skoll Foundation , created by eBay 's first president , Jeff Skoll , makes capacity - building `` mezzanine level '' grants to social entrepreneurial organizations that already have reached a certain level of effectiveness . Role of technology ( edit ) The Internet , social networking websites and social media have been pivotal resources for the success and collaboration of many social entrepreneurs . In the 2000s , the Internet has become especially useful in disseminating information to a wide range of like - minded supporters in short amounts of time , even if these individuals are geographically dispersed . In addition , the Internet allows for the pooling of design resources using open source principles . Using wiki models or crowdsourcing approaches , for example , a social entrepreneur organization can get hundreds of people from across a country ( or from multiple countries ) to collaborate on joint online projects ( e.g. , developing a business plan or a marketing strategy for a social entrepreneurship venture ) . These websites help social entrepreneurs to disseminate their ideas to broader audiences , help with the formation and maintenance of networks of like - minded people and help to link up potential investors , donors or volunteers with the organization . This enables social entrepreneurs to achieve their goals with little or no start - up capital and little or no `` bricks and mortar '' facilities ( e.g. , rented office space ) . For example , the rise of open - source appropriate technology as a sustainable development paradigm enables people all over the world to collaborate on solving local problems , just as open source software development leverages collaboration from software experts from around the world . Public opinion ( edit ) Controversy ( edit ) Many initiatives carried out with social entrepreneurs while innovative , have had problems becoming sustainable and effective initiatives that ultimately were able to branch out and reach the larger society as a whole ( versus a small community or group of people ) . Studies of the qualities of social entrepreneurs have shown that very few individuals possess the talent and skills of entrepreneurs while at the same time having a primarily socially motivated outlook . Thus , compromises in social initiatives were developed , which often did not reach large audiences or help larger communities . Since the concept of social entrepreneurship has been popularized in the 2000s , some advocates suggest that there needs to be some standardization of the process in scaling up social endeavors to increase the impact of these ventures across the globe . Policymakers around the globe may need to learn more about social initiatives , to increase the sustainability , effectiveness , and efficiency of these projects . Involvement and collaboration between private corporations and government agencies allows for increased support for carrying out social entrepreneurship initiatives , increased accountability on both ends , and increased connections with communities , individuals , or agencies in need . For example , private organizations or nonprofit organizations have tackled unemployment issues in communities . One challenge is that in some cases , social entrepreneurs may only propose short - term solutions , or that they are unable to scale up their virtual , online organization to a larger degree to maximize the number of people who are helped . Government program are able to tackle large issues ; however , there is often little collaboration between governments and social entrepreneurs , which may have limited the effectiveness of social entrepreneurship . This lack of inter-sectoral collaboration may lead to stagnation , if the motives and goals of social enterprises and of those in policy - making and programs are not aligned . Those in policy - making and the development of delivery of government programs tend to have different priorities than social entrepreneurs , resulting in slow growth and expansion of social initiatives . Since social entrepreneurship has only started to gain momentum in the 2000s , current social entrepreneurs are encouraging social advocates and activists to develop into innovative social entrepreneurs . Increasing the scope and scale of social entrepreneurship may increase the likelihood of an efficient , sustainable , and effective initiative ; although it may also render social entrepreneurship more challenging . Increased participation draws more attention to social entrepreneurship ventures from policymakers and privately owned corporations . The increased involvement from corporations and governments may help to strengthen social entrepreneurship , as it may lead to policy changes and to the development of training programs and leadership development programs for social entrepreneurs . Simultaneously , research shows that as social entrepreneurs attempt to widen their impact and scale their efforts , external institutions will have a key role to play in their success . See also ( edit ) Appropriate technology B Corporation ( certification ) Business ethics Collaborative method Geotourism List of social entrepreneurs Microfranchising Social innovation Social venture capital Triple bottom line -- business theory References ( edit ) Jump up ^ The New Heros , What is Social Entrepreneurship , Oregon Public Broadcasting , 2005 Jump up ^ `` The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship , '' J. Gregory Dees , 1998 , rev 2001 `` The Meaning of Social Entrepreneurship '' . caseatduke.org . Retrieved 2013 - 05 - 03 . Jump up ^ Thompson , J.L. ( 2002 ) . `` The World of the Social Entrepreneur '' . The International Journal of Public Sector Management . 15 ( 4 / 5 ) : 413 . Jump up ^ David Bornstein , `` How to Change the World '' ( New York : Oxford University Press , 2007 ) , 1 , 92 Jump up ^ Abu - Saifan , S. 2012 . Social Entrepreneurship : Definition and Boundaries . Technology Innovation Management Review . February 2012 : 22 - 27 . ^ Jump up to : Wee - Liang , Williams , John , and Tan , Teck - Meng . `` Defining the ' Social ' in ' Social Entrepreneurship ' : Altruism and Entrepreneurship . '' The International Entrepreneurship and Management Journal . no . 3 ( 2005 ) : 353 - 365 . ^ Jump up to : Alvord , Sarah H. , Brown , David L. , and Letts , Christine W. `` Social Entrepreneurship and Societal Transformation : An Exploratory Study . '' The Journal of Applied Behavioral Science . no . 3 ( 2004 ) : 260 - 282 . Jump up ^ Baron , David P. `` Corporate Social Responsibility and Social Entrepreneurship . '' Journal of Economics & Management Strategy . no . 3 ( 2007 ) : 683 - 717 . ^ Jump up to : Martin , R.L. ; Osberg , S. ( 2007 ) . `` Social entrepreneurship : The case for definition '' . Stanford social innovation review . 5 ( 2 ) : 28 -- 39 . Jump up ^ `` Let 's hear those ideas '' . The Economist . August 12 , 2010 . Retrieved July 28 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Goldsmith , Stephen ( March 2010 ) . The Power of Social Innovation : How Civic Entrepreneurs Ignite Community Networks for Good . Jossey - Bass . ISBN 978 - 0 - 470 - 57684 - 7 . Jump up ^ Bornstein , David ( 2007 ) . How to Change the World . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 121 -- 122 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533476 - 0 . Jump up ^ Bornstein , David ( 2007 ) . How to Change the World . New York : Oxford University Press . p. 124 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533476 - 0 . Jump up ^ Elkington , John ( 2008 ) . The Power of Unreasonable People . Boston : Harvard Business Press . pp. 15 -- 19 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4221 - 0406 - 4 . Jump up ^ `` What is a Social Entrepreneur ? '' . Schwab Foundation for Social Entrepreneurs . Retrieved 28 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Bornstein , David ( 2007 ) . How to Change the World . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 124 -- 126 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533476 - 0 . Jump up ^ Elkington , John ( 2008 ) . The Power of Unreasonable People . Boston : Harvard Business Press . pp. 11 -- 13 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4221 - 0406 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bornstein , David ( 2007 ) . How to Change the World . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 126 -- 127 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533476 - 0 . Jump up ^ Elkington , John ( 2008 ) . The Power of Unreasonable People . Boston : Harvard Business Press . p. 21 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4221 - 0406 - 4 . Jump up ^ Bornstein , David ( 2007 ) . How to Change the World . New York : Oxford University Press . pp. 127 -- 128 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 533476 - 0 . Jump up ^ Elkington , John ( 2008 ) . The Power of Unreasonable People . Boston : Harvard Business Press . pp. 12 , 23 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4221 - 0406 - 4 . Jump up ^ Yunus , Muhhamad ( 2007 ) . Banker to the Poor . New York : PublicAffairs . p. 251 . ISBN 9781586481988 . Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People ; Elkington , John , Hartigan , Pamela ; Harvard Business Press , 2008 ; p. 86 Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People ; Elkington , John , Hartigan , Pamela ; Harvard Business Press , 2008 ; pp. 86 - 115 Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People ; Elkington , John , Hartigan , Pamela ; Harvard Business Press , 2008 ; p. 201 Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People ; Elkington , John , Hartigan , Pamela ; Harvard Business Press , 2008 ; p. 201 Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People ; Elkington , John , Hartigan , Pamela ; Harvard Business Press , 2008 ; p. 200 Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People ; Elkington , John , Hartigan , Pamela ; Harvard Business Press , 2008 ; pp. 31 - Jump up ^ Peter F. Drucker , Innovation and Entrepreneurship ( New York : Harper Business , 1993 ) , 21 ^ Jump up to : Mair , Johanna , and Marti , Ignasi . `` Social entrepreneurship research : A source of explanation , prediction , and delight . '' Journal of World Business.no. 1 ( 2006 ) : 36 - 44 . Jump up ^ For example , the phrase was used as a description of Howard Bowen , Social Responsibilities of the Businessman , America , 1953 Jump up ^ `` The Social Entrepreneur Bill Drayton '' . US News & World Report . 2005 - 10 - 31 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ ' The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur , Demos , London , 1996 Jump up ^ Peredo , Ana Maria ; Chrisman , James J. ( 2006 ) . `` Toward a theory of community - based enterprise '' . Academy of Management Review . 31 ( 2 ) : 309 -- 328 . doi : 10.5465 / amr. 2006.20208683 . Jump up ^ `` The Nobel Peace Prize 2006 '' . Nobel Foundation . 2006 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Business - Social Ventures Reaching for Major Impact '' . Changemakers . November 2003 . Archived from the original on 2006 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2006 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People , 2008 . pg. 31 Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People , 2008 . pg. 37 Jump up ^ The Power of Unreasonable People , 2008 . pg. 42 Jump up ^ Hemingway , Christine A. Corporate Social Entrepreneurship : Integrity Within . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press , 2013 . pg. 135 ISBN 978 - 1 - 107 - 44719 - 6 . Jump up ^ `` Newman 's Own Foundation - The Power of Philanthropy to Transform Lives '' . Jump up ^ Foundation for Commercial Philanthropy , Inc . Jump up ^ Pearce , Joshua M. ( 2012 ) . `` The Case for Open Source Appropriate Technology '' . Environment , Development and Sustainability. 14 : 425 -- 431 . doi : 10.1007 / s10668 - 012 - 9337 - 9 . Jump up ^ Malecki , E.J. ( 1997 ) . Technology and economic development : the dynamics of local , regional , and national change . University of Illinois at Urbana - Champaign 's Academy for Entrepreneurial Leadership Historical Research Reference in Entrepreneurship . Jump up ^ Seelos , Christian , and Mair , Johanna . `` Social entrepreneurship : Creating new business models to serve the poor . '' Business Horizons . no . 3 ( 2005 ) : 241 - 246 . ^ Jump up to : Cook , Beth , Dodds , Chris , and Mitchell , William . `` Social Entrepreneurship : False Premises and Dangerous Forebodings . '' The Australian Journal of Social Issues . no . 1 ( 2003 ) : 57 - 72 . ^ Jump up to : Drayton , William . `` The Citizen Sector : BECOMING AS ENTREPRENEURIAL AND COMPETITIVE AS BUSINESS . '' California management review 44 , no . 3 ( 2002 ) . Jump up ^ Sud , M. ; VanSandt , C.V. ; Baugous , A. ( 2009 ) . `` Social Entrepreneurship : The Role of Institutions '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 85 : 201 -- 216 . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 008 - 9939 - 1 . Further reading ( edit ) Wikiversity has learning resources about social entrepreneurship at Portal : Social entrepreneurship Wikiversity has learning resources about Appropriate technology Designs Abu - Saifan , S. 2012 . Social Entrepreneurship : Definition and Boundaries . Technology Innovation Management Review . February 2012 : 22 - 27 . David Bornstein , How to Change the World : Social Entrepreneurs and the Power of New Ideas , Oxford University Press ( and others ) ISBN 0 - 19 - 513805 - 8 Charles Leadbeater , The Rise of the Social Entrepreneur , Demos , 1996 London , T. 2016 . The Base of the Pyramid Promise : Building Businesses with Impact and Scale , Stanford , CA : Stanford Business Books . Joanna Mair , Jeffrey Robinson , and Kai Hockerts , Social Entrepreneurship , Palgrave Macmillan , 2006 . ISBN 1 - 4039 - 9664 - 4 Peredo , A.M. ; McLean , M. ( 2006 ) . `` Social Entrepreneurship : A Critical Review of the Concept '' . Journal of World Business . 41 ( 1 ) : 56 -- 65 . doi : 10.1016 / j. jwb. 2005.10. 007 . Munoz , J. Mark ( 2010 ) . International Social Entrepreneurship : Pathways to Personal and Corporate Impact . Business Expert Press : NY . ISBN 9781606491065 John Elkington and Pamela Hartigan , The Power of Unreasonable People : How Entrepreneurs Creates Markets to Change the World , Harvard Business Press , 2008 Chris Durkin and Robert Gunn , Social Entrepreneurship : A Skills Approach , Policy Press , 2016 . ISBN 1 - 4473 - 3171 - 0 Muhammad Yunus , Bertrand Moingeon , Laurence Lehmann - Ortega , `` Building Social Business Models : Lessons from the Grameen Experience '' , April - June , vol 43 , n ° 2 - 3 , Long Range Planning , 2010 , p. 308 - 325 '' Jacques Defourny , Marthe Nyssens , Conceptions of social enterprise and social entrepreneurship in Europe and the United States : Convergences and divergences , Journal of Social Entrepreneurship , 2010 . Vol 1 ( Issue 1 ) , pages 32 -- 53 . Social Entrepreneurship : The Case for Definition , Sally R. Osberg and Roger Martin Social Entrepreneurship : Definition and Boundaries , Samer Abu - Saifan Agafonow , Alejandro ( 2014 ) . `` Toward A Positive Theory of Social Entrepreneurship . On Maximizing Versus Satisficing Value Capture '' . Journal of Business Ethics. 125 ( 4 ) : 709 -- 713 . doi : 10.1007 / s10551 - 013 - 1948 - z . Agafonow , Alejandro ( 2014 ) . `` Value Creation , Value Capture , and Value Devolution : Where Do Social Enterprises Stand ? '' . Administration & Society . 47 : 1038 -- 1060 . doi : 10.1177 / 0095399714555756 . Class on Social Entrepreneurship from Prof. Hockerts , Copenhagen Lombard , K-J ( 2012 ) . `` ' Social entrepreneurship in youth culture : Organics , Russell Simmons and Emile ' XY ' Jensen . ' '' . Journal for Cultural Research . 16 ( 1 ) : 1 -- 20 . doi : 10.1080 / 14797585.2011. 633833 . NDL : 01137920 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Social_entrepreneurship&oldid=818229601 '' Categories : Social entrepreneurship Entrepreneurship Non-profit organizations Activism Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from January 2015 Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Башҡортса Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti فارسی Français ગુજરાતી Հայերեն हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Ирон Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Қазақша Magyar 日本 語 Norsk Português Русский Саха тыла සිංහල Slovenčina Suomi Svenska తెలుగు Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 2 January 2018 , at 10 : 17 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . 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who wrote sare jahan se acha in hindi

Sare Jahan se Accha - wikipedia Sare Jahan se Accha This article is about the Urdu poem . For other use ( s ) , see Sare Jahan se Accha ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Sare Jahan se Accha '' <Th_colspan="2"> Song Language Urdu Published 16 August 1904 ( 1904 - 08 - 16 ) Genre Patriotic song Songwriter ( s ) Muhammad Iqbal `` Sare Jahan se Accha '' ( Urdu : سارے جہاں سے اچھا ‬ ‎ , Hindi : सारे जहां से अच्छा ; Sāre Jahāṉ se Acchā ) , formally known as `` Tarānah - i - Hindi '' ( Urdu : ترانۂ ہندی ‬ ‎ , Hindi : तराना - ए - हिंदी ; `` Anthem of the People of India '' ) , is an Urdu language patriotic song written for children by poet Muhammad Iqbal in the ghazal style of Urdu poetry . The poem was published in the weekly journal Ittehad on 16 August 1904 . Publicly recited by Iqbal the following year at Government College , Lahore , British India ( now in Pakistan ) it quickly became an anthem of opposition to the British Raj . The song , an ode to Hindustan -- the land comprising present - day Bangladesh , India and Pakistan , was later published in 1924 in the Urdu book Bang - i - Dara . The song has remained popular , especially in India . An abridged version is sung and played frequently as a patriotic song and as a marching song of the Indian Armed Forces . A satirical version of the same from a 1958 Hindi movie also remains popular . Its popular fast tempo tune was composed by Pandit Ravi Shankar in 1945 based on raga Mishra Pilu , and it was set as a marching tune by Professor Antsher Lobo . Contents 1 Text 2 English Translation 3 Composition 4 Iqbal 's transformation and Tarana - e-Milli 5 Popularity in India and in popular culture 6 Notes and references 6.1 Notes 6.2 Citations 7 See also 8 External links Text ( edit ) Urdu <Td_colspan="2"> Hindi Romanisation ( ALA - LC ) <Td_colspan="2"> سارے جہاں سے اچھا ہندوستاں ہمارا ہم بلبلیں ہیں اس کی ، یہ گلستاں ہمارا غربت میں ہوں اگر ہم ، رہتا ہے دل وطن میں سمجھو وہیں ہمیں بھی دل ہو جہاں ہمارا پربت وہ سب سے اونچا ، ہمسایہ آسماں کا وہ سنتری ہمارا ، وہ پاسباں ہمارا گودی میں کھیلتی ہیں اس کی ہزاروں ندیاں گلشن ہے جن کے دم سے رشکِ جناں ہمارا اے آبِ رودِ گنگا ! وہ دن ہیں یاد تجھ کو ؟ اترا ترے کنارے جب کارواں ہمارا مذہب نہیں سکھاتا آپس میں بیر رکھنا ہندی ہیں ہم ، وطن ہے ہندوستاں ہمارا یونان و مصر و روما سب مٹ گئے جہاں سے اب تک مگر ہے باقی نام و نشاں ہمارا کچھ بات ہے کہ ہستی مٹتی نہیں ہماری صدیوں رہا ہے دشمن دورِ زماں ہمارا اقبال ! کوئی محرم اپنا نہيں جہاں میں معلوم کیا کسی کو دردِ نہاں ہمارا ! ‏ सारे जहाँ से अच्छा हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा हम बुलबुलें हैं इसकी यह गुलसिताँ हमारा ग़ुर्बत में हों अगर हम , रहता है दिल वतन में समझो वहीं हमें भी दिल हो जहाँ हमारा परबत वह सबसे ऊँचा , हम्साया आसमाँ का वह संतरी हमारा , वह पासबाँ हमारा गोदी में खेलती हैं इसकी हज़ारों नदियाँ गुल्शन है जिनके दम से रश्क - ए - जनाँ हमारा ऐ आब - ए - रूद - ए - गंगा ! वह दिन हैं याद तुझको ? उतरा तिरे किनारे जब कारवाँ हमारा मज़्हब नहीं सिखाता आपस में बैर रखना हिंदी हैं हम , वतन है हिन्दोसिताँ हमारा यूनान - ओ - मिस्र - ओ - रूमा सब मिट गए जहाँ से अब तक मगर है बाक़ी नाम - ओ - निशाँ हमारा कुछ बात है कि हस्ती मिटती नहीं हमारी सदियों रहा है दुश्मन दौर - ए - ज़माँ हमारा इक़्बाल ! कोई महरम अपना नहीं जहाँ में मालूम क्या किसी को दर्द - ए - निहाँ हमारा ! Sāre jahāṉ se acchā , Hindositāṉ hamārā Ham bulbuleṉ haiṉ is kī , yih gulsitāṉ hamārā G̱ẖurbat meṉ hoṉ agar ham , rahtā hai dil wat̤an meṉ Samjho wuhīṉ hameṉ bhī dil ho jahāṉ hamārā Parbat wuh sab se ūṉchā , hamsāyah āsmāṉ kā Wuh santarī hamārā , wuh pāsbāṉ hamārā Godī meṉ kheltī haiṉ is kī hazāroṉ nadiyāṉ Guls̱ẖan hai jin ke dam se ras̱ẖk - i janāṉ hamārā Ai āb - i rūd - i Gangā ! wuh din haiṉ yād tujh ko ? Utrā tire kināre jab kārwāṉ hamārā Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā Hindī haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai Hindositāṉ hamārā Yūnān o - Miṣr o - Rūmā , sab miṭ ga'e jahāṉ se Ab tak magar hai bāqī , nām o - nis̱ẖaṉ hamārā Kuch bāt hai kih hastī , miṭtī nahīṉ hamārī Ṣadiyoṉ rahā hai dus̱ẖman daur - i zamāṉ hamārā Iqbāl ! ko'ī maḥram apnā nahīṉ jahāṉ meṉ Maʿlūm kyā kisī ko dard - i nihāṉ hamārā ! English translation ( edit ) Better than the entire world , is our Hindustan , We are its nightingales , and it ( is ) our garden abode If we are in an alien place , the heart remains in the homeland , Know us to be only there where our heart is . That tallest mountain , that shade - sharer of the sky , It ( is ) our sentry , it ( is ) our watchman In its lap where frolic thousands of rivers , Whose vitality makes our garden the envy of Paradise . O the flowing waters of the Ganges , do you remember that day When our caravan first disembarked on your waterfront ? Religion does not teach us to bear animosity among ourselves We are of Hind , our homeland is Hindustan . In a world in which ancient Greece , Egypt , and Rome have all vanished Our own attributes ( name and sign ) live on today . There is something about our existence for it does n't get wiped Even though , for centuries , the time - cycle of the world has been our enemy . Iqbal ! We have no confidant in this world What does any one know of our hidden pain ? Composition ( edit ) Iqbal was a lecturer at the Government College , Lahore at that time , and was invited by a student Lala Har Dayal to preside over a function . Instead of delivering a speech , Iqbal sang `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' . The song , in addition to embodying yearning and attachment to the land of Hindustan , expressed `` cultural memory '' and had an elegiac quality . In 1905 , the 27 - year - old Iqbal viewed the future society of the subcontinent as both a pluralistic and composite Hindu - Muslim culture . Later that year he left for Europe for a three - year sojourn that was to transform him into an Islamic philosopher and a visionary of a future Islamic society . Iqbal 's transformation and Tarana - e-Milli ( edit ) In 1910 , Iqbal wrote another song for children , `` Tarana - e-Milli '' ( Anthem of the Religious Community ) , which was composed in the same metre and rhyme scheme as `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' , but which renounced much of the sentiment of the earlier song . The sixth stanza of `` Saare Jahan Se Achcha '' ( 1904 ) , which is often quoted as proof of Iqbal 's secular outlook : Maẕhab nahīṉ sikhātā āpas meṉ bair rakhnā Hindī haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai Hindūstāṉ hamārā Religion does not teach us to bear ill - will among ourselves We are of Hind , our homeland is Hindustan . contrasted significantly with the first stanza of Tarana - e-Milli ( 1910 ) reads : Cīn o - ʿArab hamārā , Hindūstāṉ hamārā Muslim haiṉ ham , wat̤an hai sārā jahāṉ hamārā Central Asia and Arabia are ours , Hindustan is ours We are Muslims , the whole world is our homeland . Iqbal 's world view had now changed ; it had become both global and Islamic . Instead of singing of Hindustan , `` our homeland , '' the new song proclaimed that `` our homeland is the whole world . '' Two decades later , in his presidential address to the Muslim League annual conference in Allahabad in 1930 , he supported a separate nation - state in the Muslim majority areas of the sub-continent , an idea that inspired the creation of Pakistan . Popularity in India and in popular culture ( edit ) Saare Jahan Se Achcha has remained popular in India for nearly a century . Mahatma Gandhi is said to have sung it over a hundred times when he was imprisoned at Yerawada Jail in Pune in the 1930s . In the 1930s and 1940s , it was sung to a slower tune . In 1945 , while working in Mumbai with IPTA ( Indian Peoples Theater Association ) , the sitarist Pandit Ravi Shankar was asked to compose the music for the K.A. Abbas movie Dharti ka Laal and the Chetan Anand movie Neecha Nagar . During this time , Ravi Shankar was asked to compose music for the song Saare jahan se accha . In an interview in 2009 with Shekhar Gupta , Ravi Shankar recounts that he felt that the existing tune was too slow and sad . To give it a more inspiring impact , he set it to a stronger tune which is today the popular tune of this song , which they then tried out as a group song . It was later recorded by the singer Lata Mangeshkar to a 3rd altogether different tune . Stanzas ( 1 ) , ( 3 ) , ( 4 ) , and ( 6 ) of the song became an unofficial national song in India , and the Ravi Shankar version was adopted as the official quick march of the Indian Armed Forces . Rakesh Sharma , the first Indian astronaut , employed the first line of the song in 1984 to describe to then prime minister Indira Gandhi how India appeared from outer space . In his inaugural speech , the former prime minister of India Manmohan Singh quoted this poem at his first press conference after becoming the Prime Minister . The song is popular in India in schools , and as a marching song for the Indian armed forces , played during public events and parades . It is played by the Armed forces Massed Bands each year for the Indian Independence day , republic day and at the culmination of Beating the Retreat ) . A parody of the song was written by the Urdu poet Sahir Ludhianvi for the 1958 Hindi film Phir Subah Hogi and sung by Mukesh . With the title `` Cheeno arab hamara '' , the song drew the irony between the reality of life for the common and poor people , with the idealized context drawn in the original song . Notes and references ( edit ) Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` ' Taranah - e Hindi ' ( 1904 ) was explicitly written as a patriotic song for children ; Iqbal also composed a number of others meant for children , but this one has always been the most popular . This little ghazal , composed by the man widely considered to be the philosophical father of Pakistan , is now extremely popular -- but only in India . '' Citations ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Pritchett , Frances. 2000 . `` Tarana - e-Hindi and Taranah - e-Milli : A Study in Contrasts . '' Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies . ^ Jump up to : `` Saare Jahan Se Accha : Facts about the song and its creator '' . India Today . 21 April 2016 . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Imam , Sharjeel ( 6 July 2016 ) . `` Sare Jahan Se Acha : The Idea of India in Early 20th Century Urdu Poetry '' . The Wire . Retrieved 17 October 2016 . Jump up ^ Jha , Subhash ( 14 December 2012 ) . `` Pandit Ravi Shankar composed ' Sare jahan se ... ' : Gulzar '' . Times of India . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Here they are to be pronounced not Hindūstāṉ and gu - lis - tāṉ , respectively , as usual , but Hindositāṉ and gul - si - tāṉ , respectively , to suit the meter . '' From : Pritchett , F. 2004 . `` Taraanah - i - Hindii '' Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Pronounced `` tiray '' to suit the meter , in contrast to the usual `` tayray . '' From : From : Pritchett , F. 2004 . `` Taraanah - i - Hindii '' Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . ^ Jump up to : Iqbal : Tarana - e-Milli , 1910 . Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Although `` Chin '' refers to China in modern Urdu , in Iqbal 's day it referred to Central Asia , coextensive with historical Turkestan . See also , Iqbal : Tarana - e-Milli , 1910 . Columbia University , Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ Pritchett , Frances. 2000 . Tarana - e-Hindi and Tarana - e-Milli : A Close Comparison . Columbia University Department of South Asian Studies . Jump up ^ A look at Iqbal ; The Sunday Tribune -- May 28 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Times of India : Saare Jahan Se ... , it 's 100 now Jump up ^ Gupta , Shekhar ( 5 December 2009 ) . `` Walk the talk - Interview with Pandit Ravi Shankar '' . NDTV . Retrieved 12 August 2015 . Jump up ^ Indian Military Marches . Jump up ^ India Empowered to Me Is : Saare Jahan Se Achcha , the home of world citizens Jump up ^ `` Indian tunes to set mood at ' Beating Retreat ' today '' . The Tribune . 29 January 2018 . Retrieved 5 June 2018 . See also ( edit ) Iqbal bibliography Amar Shonar Bangla Jana Gana Mana Vande Mataram Qaumi Tarana National Pledge ( India ) `` Dil Dil Pakistan '' External links ( edit ) `` Tarana - e-Hindi at Rabia Memorial School , Fatehpur Mau ( UP ) India '' . 23 January 2013 . ( Children singing the complete lyrics of the song . ) <Th_colspan="2"> Muhammad Iqbal Family Javed Iqbal ( son ) Yousuf Salahuddin ( grandson ) Waleed Iqbal ( grandson ) Prose The Reconstruction of Religious Thought in Islam The Development of Metaphysics in Persia Ilm Al - Iqtisad Poetry Asrar - i - Khudi ( `` The Secrets of the Self '' ) Rumuz - i - Bekhudi ( `` The Secrets of Selflessness '' ) Payam - i - Mashriq ( `` Message from the East '' ) Bang - i - Dara ( `` The Call Of The Marching Bell '' ) Zabur - i - Ajam ( `` Persian Psalms '' ) Javid Nama Bal - i - Jibril ( `` Gabriel 's Wing '' ) Zarb - i - Kalim ( `` The Rod of the Moses '' ) Pas Chih Bayad Kard ( `` What Should Then Be Done O People of the East '' ) Armaghan - i - Hijaz ( `` Gift from Hijaz '' ) Scholars Annemarie Schimmel Arthur J. Arberry R.A. Nicholson Javid Iqbal Muhammad Munawwar more Related topics Bibliography Iqbal Academy Pakistan Iqbal Academy , UK Iqbal Day Iqbal Review Pakistan Movement ( Allahabad Address ) Tomb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sare_Jahan_se_Accha&oldid=854964427 '' Categories : Poetry by Muhammad Iqbal Indian patriotic songs Indian poems Indian culture Literature of Indian independence movement Muhammad Iqbal Urdu words and phrases 1904 songs Indian military marches Hidden categories : EngvarB from August 2014 Use dmy dates from August 2015 Articles containing Urdu - language text All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা हिन्दी മലയാളം मराठी ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Simple English اردو Edit links This page was last edited on 15 August 2018 , at 00 : 14 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Sare Jahan se Accha - Urdu poem 2. Muhammad Iqbal - poet and songwriter 3. Patriotic song - anthem of opposition to British Raj 4. Composition - transformation of Iqbal's worldview 5. Popularity in India - used in schools and by Indian Armed Forces

when is the last time the titans won a playoff game

List of NFL franchise postseason droughts - wikipedia List of NFL franchise postseason droughts Jump to : navigation , search This is a list of current National Football League ( NFL ) franchise post-season and Super Bowl droughts ( multiple consecutive seasons of not winning ) . Listed here are both appearance droughts and winning droughts in almost every level of the NFL playoff system . As of the 2017 NFL season , every active NFL team has qualified for , and won a game in , the playoffs at least once . Teams that have never made it beyond each successive milestone are listed under the year in which they began NFL play . Of the 12 teams that have never won the Super Bowl , four ( 4 ) are expansion franchises younger than the Super Bowl itself ( Bengals , Panthers , Jaguars , and the Texans ) . The Falcons began playing during the season in which the Super Bowl was first played . The seven ( 7 ) other clubs ( Cardinals , Lions , Oilers / Titans , Chargers , Browns , Bills , and Vikings ) all won an NFL or AFL championship prior to the AFL -- NFL merger ; in the case of the Vikings , however , the Super Bowl existed at the time they won their league title , leaving them and the Falcons as the only two teams to have existed for as long as or longer than the Super Bowl and to have never secured the highest championship available to them . The longest drought since a championship of any kind is that of the Cardinals , at 69 seasons . Note that for continuity purposes , the Cleveland Browns are officially considered to have suspended operations for the 1996 , 1997 and 1998 seasons , Since returning 19 years ago they have only made playoffs once . While Baltimore Ravens are considered to be a separate team that began play in 1996 . The Ravens , as a result of the Cleveland Browns relocation controversy , absorbed the Browns ' personnel upon their suspension , but not their history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Active team droughts 1.1 Post-season droughts 1.2 Playoff game victory droughts 1.3 AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts 1.4 Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts 1.5 Super Bowl win droughts 1.6 Super Bowl crown droughts by division 1.7 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown 1.8 Division title droughts 2 Historical team droughts 2.1 Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl 2.2 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons 2.3 Most consecutive post-season losses in team history 2.4 Longest post-season droughts in team history 3 See also 4 References Active team droughts ( edit ) Postseason droughts ( edit ) Updated through the end of the 2017 NFL season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Playoff Droughts 0Team0 Last appearance in post-season Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ 2002 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2007 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 10 New York Jets 2010 AFC Championship Game 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Championship Game 7 Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Divisional Playoffs San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Championship Game Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Championship Game Cincinnati Bengals 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Washington Redskins 2015 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Championship Game Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 Miami Dolphins 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs Oakland Raiders 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs New York Giants 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Detroit Lions 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs Houston Texans 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs Dallas Cowboys 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Championship Game <Td_colspan="3"> 2017 Playoff Teams Buffalo Bills 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Kansas City Chiefs 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Carolina Panthers 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Los Angeles Rams 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs -- Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- Pittsburgh Steelers 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs -- New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs -- Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Championship Game -- Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Championship Game -- Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII -- New England Patriots Super Bowl LII -- Playoff game victory droughts ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 NFL season . Sortable table , click on header arrows . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 0 Most consecutive losses in team history 0 ¤ 0 Tied for most consecutive losses in team history 0 ♣ ♣ 0 Most consecutive losses in NFL history Current Playoff Loss Streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1990 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 27 8 1990 Divisional - Los Angeles Raiders 2005 Wild Card - Pittsburgh 2009 Wild Card - New York Jets 2011 Wild Card - Houston 2012 Wild Card - Houston 2013 Wild Card - San Diego 2014 Wild Card - Indianapolis 2015 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Detroit Lions 1991 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 26 ♣ ♣ 9 1991 NFC Championship - Washington 1993 Wild Card - Green Bay 1994 Wild Card - Green Bay 1995 Wild Card - Philadelphia 1997 Wild Card - Tampa Bay 1999 Wild Card - Washington 2011 Wild Card - New Orleans 2014 Wild Card - Dallas 2016 Wild Card - Seattle Buffalo Bills ^ 1995 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 22 5 1995 Divisional - Pittsburgh 1996 Wild Card - Jacksonville 1998 Wild Card - Miami 1999 Wild Card - Tennessee 2017 Wild Card - Jacksonville Cleveland Browns 1994 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 20 * * 1994 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2002 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Miami Dolphins ^ 2000 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 17 4 ¤ 2000 Divisional - Oakland 2001 Wild Card - Baltimore 2008 Wild Card - Baltimore 2016 Wild Card - Pittsburgh Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Championship * 15 2 ¤ 2002 Super Bowl - Tampa Bay 2016 Wild Card - Houston Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII * 15 2005 Wild Card - Washington 2007 Wild Card - New York Giants Los Angeles Rams 2004 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 13 2004 Divisional - Atlanta 2017 Wild Card - Atlanta Washington Redskins 2005 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 12 4 ¤ 2005 Divisional - Seattle 2007 Wild Card - Seattle 2012 Wild Card - Seattle 2015 Wild Card - Green Bay New York Jets 2010 AFC Divisional Playoffs 7 2010 AFC Championship - Pittsburgh Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 7 2010 NFC Championship - Green Bay New York Giants 2011 ! Super Bowl XLVI 6 2016 Wild Card - Green Bay Los Angeles Chargers 2013 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2013 Divisional - Denver San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2013 NFC Championship - Seattle Baltimore Ravens 2014 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - New England Dallas Cowboys 2014 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2014 Divisional - Green Bay 2016 Divisional - Green Bay Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2014 AFC Championship - New England Kansas City Chiefs 2015 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2015 Divisional - New England 2016 Divisional - Pittsburgh 2017 Wild Card - Tennessee Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 2015 NFC Championship - Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Championship * 2015 Super Bowl - Denver 2017 Wild Card - New Orleans Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 * 0 3 - game win streak Houston Texans 2016 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - New England Seattle Seahawks 2016 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 2016 Divisional - Atlanta Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 AFC Championship - New England 2017 Divisional - Jacksonville Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Divisional Playoffs 2016 NFC Championship - Atlanta 2017 Playoff 0 Winners Tennessee Titans 2017 AFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - New England Atlanta Falcons 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Philadelphia New Orleans Saints 2017 NFC Wild Card Playoffs 0 2017 Divisional - Minnesota Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Divisional Playoffs 0 2017 AFC Championship - New England Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Divisional Playoffs * 0 2017 NFC Championship - Philadelphia New England Patriots 2017 AFC Championship * 0 Super Bowl LII - Philadelphia Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII * 0 0 3 - game win streak Team Last playoff game win Seasons Since Win Loss Streak Playoff Losses - Teams ( * ) : Franchise earned a bye in the Wild Card round . Franchise dormant 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning team is 0 - 1 in playoffs . AFC / NFC Championship game appearance droughts ( edit ) This is also a list of the last time a particular club won a Divisional playoff game . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history 0 † 0 Tied for longest drought in team history Drought Reference Seasons Team Last appearance in Conference Championship Game Result 29 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1988 AFC Won vs. Buffalo 26 Washington Redskins ^ 1991 NFC Won vs. Detroit 26 Detroit Lions ^ 1991 NFC Lost vs. Washington 25 Miami Dolphins ^ 1992 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 25 Cleveland Browns ^ 1989 AFC Lost vs. Denver 24 Buffalo Bills ^ 1993 AFC Won vs. Kansas City 24 Kansas City Chiefs 1993 AFC Lost vs. Buffalo 22 Dallas Cowboys ^ 1995 NFC Won vs. Green Bay 16 Houston Texans ^ 1985 Never y -- 16 Los Angeles Rams ^ 2001 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2002 NFC Won vs. Philadelphia 15 Oakland Raiders ^ 2002 AFC Won vs. Tennessee 15 Tennessee Titans 2002 AFC Lost vs. Oakland 10 Los Angeles Chargers 2007 AFC Lost vs. New England 8 New Orleans Saints 2009 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 7 New York Jets 2010 AFC Lost vs. Pittsburgh 7 Chicago Bears 2010 NFC Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 2011 NFC Won vs. San Francisco 5 Baltimore Ravens 2012 AFC Won vs. New England San Francisco 49ers 2013 NFC Lost vs. Seattle Indianapolis Colts 2014 AFC Lost vs. New England Seattle Seahawks 2014 NFC Won vs. Green Bay Denver Broncos 2015 AFC Won vs. New England Arizona Cardinals 2015 NFC Lost vs. Carolina Carolina Panthers 2015 NFC Won vs. Arizona Pittsburgh Steelers 2016 AFC Lost vs. New England Green Bay Packers 2016 NFC Lost vs. Atlanta Atlanta Falcons 2016 NFC Won vs. Green Bay -. 75 Z2017 Conference Finalists 2030 z 0 Jacksonville Jaguars 2017 AFC Lost vs. New England 0 Minnesota Vikings 2017 NFC Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 2017 NFC Won vs. Minnesota 0 New England Patriots 2017 AFC Won vs. Jacksonville The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the NFC Championship game as the St. Louis Rams . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the AFC Championship game as the San Diego Chargers . The Texans first played in the 2002 season . The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 years ago , the Browns have never played in an AFC Championship Game . Super Bowl or NFL Championship appearance droughts ( edit ) Last appearance in Super Bowl or NFL Championship Seasons Team Last appearance in Super Bowl NFL Season Result 60 Detroit Lions 7003195700000000000 ♠ 1957 NFL Championship Game 1957 Won vs. Cleveland 49 New York Jets 7003196800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl III 1968 Won vs. Baltimore Colts 48 Kansas City Chiefs 7003196900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl IV 1969 Won vs. Minnesota 45 Cleveland Browns 7003196910000000000 ♠ 1969.1 1969 NFL Championship Game 1969 Lost vs. Minnesota 41 Minnesota Vikings 7003197700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XI 1976 Lost vs. Oakland 33 Miami Dolphins 7003198400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XIX 1984 Lost vs. San Francisco 29 Cincinnati Bengals 7003198800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIII 1988 Lost vs. San Francisco 26 Washington Redskins 7003199100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVI 1991 Won vs. Buffalo 24 Buffalo Bills 7003199300000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXVIII 1993 Lost vs. Dallas 23 Jacksonville Jaguars 7000100000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) z -- 23 Los Angeles Chargers 7003199400000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXIX 1994 Lost vs. San Francisco 22 Dallas Cowboys 7003199500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXX 1995 Won vs. Pittsburgh 18 Tennessee Titans 7003199900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 Lost vs. St. Louis Rams 16 Houston Texans 7000200000000000000 ♠ Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) z -- 16 Los Angeles Rams 7003200100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVI 2001 Lost vs. New England 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 7003200200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Won vs. Oakland 15 Oakland Raiders 7003200210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 Lost vs. Tampa Bay 11 Chicago Bears 7003200600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLI 2006 Lost vs. Indianapolis 9 Arizona Cardinals 7003200800000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIII 2008 Lost vs. Pittsburgh 8 New Orleans Saints 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Won vs. Indianapolis 8 Indianapolis Colts 7003200900000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIV 2009 Lost vs. New Orleans 7 Green Bay Packers 7003201000000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Won vs. Pittsburgh 7 Pittsburgh Steelers 7003201010000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLV Lost vs. Green Bay 6 New York Giants 7003201100000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVI 2011 Won vs. New England 5 Baltimore Ravens 7003201200000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Won vs. San Francisco 5 San Francisco 49ers 7003201210000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Lost vs. Baltimore Ravens Seattle Seahawks 7003201420000000000 ♠ Super Bowl XLIX 2014 Lost vs. New England Carolina Panthers 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Lost vs. Denver Denver Broncos 7003201500000000000 ♠ Super Bowl 50 2015 Won vs. Carolina Atlanta Falcons 7003201600000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LI 2016 Lost vs. New England . 75 ZSuper Bowl LII teams 2016 2016 zz 0 New England Patriots 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Lost vs. Philadelphia 0 Philadelphia Eagles 7003201700000000000 ♠ Super Bowl LII 2017 Won vs. New England The Browns were dormant from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning 19 seasons ago , Cleveland has never appeared in a Super Bowl or NFL championship game . The Los Angeles Chargers last appeared in the Super Bowl as the San Diego Chargers . The Los Angeles Rams last appeared in the Super Bowl as the St. Louis Rams . Super Bowl win droughts ( edit ) This list also counts all seasons since a team last won the league championship . Drought References Seasons Team Last Super Bowl crown ( 1966 -- present ) NFL Season Last League Championship crown Before 1970 Merger ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Seasons 52 Arizona Cardinals Never -- 1947 NFL Championship 70 52 Detroit Lions Never -- 1957 NFL Championship 60 52 Tennessee Titans Never -- 1961 AFL Championship 56 52 Los Angeles Chargers Never -- 1963 AFL Championship 54 52 Buffalo Bills Never -- 1965 AFL Championship 52 49 Cleveland Browns Never -- 1964 NFL Championship 50 52 Minnesota Vikings Never -- 1969 NFL Championship 48 52 Atlanta Falcons Never ( enfranchised 1966 ) -- 50 Cincinnati Bengals Never ( enfranchised 1968 ) -- 49 New York Jets Super Bowl III 1968 48 Kansas City Chiefs Super Bowl IV 1969 44 Miami Dolphins Super Bowl VIII 1973 34 Oakland Raiders Super Bowl XVIII 32 Chicago Bears Super Bowl XX 1985 26 Washington Redskins Super Bowl XXVI 1991 23 Jacksonville Jaguars Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 Carolina Panthers Never ( enfranchised 1995 ) -- 23 San Francisco 49ers Super Bowl XXIX 1994 22 Dallas Cowboys Super Bowl XXX 1995 18 Los Angeles Rams Super Bowl XXXIV 1999 16 Houston Texans Never ( enfranchised 2002 ) -- 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers Super Bowl XXXVII 2002 11 Indianapolis Colts Super Bowl XLI 2006 9 Pittsburgh Steelers Super Bowl XLIII 2008 8 New Orleans Saints Super Bowl XLIV 2009 7 Green Bay Packers Super Bowl XLV 6 New York Giants Super Bowl XLVI 2011 5 Baltimore Ravens Super Bowl XLVII 2012 Seattle Seahawks Super Bowl XLVIII 2013 Denver Broncos Super Bowl 50 2015 New England Patriots Super Bowl LI 2016 . 75 ZDefending champion 2015 z 0 Philadelphia Eagles Super Bowl LII 2017 Team won as the Chicago Cardinals in 1947 . Team won as the Houston Oilers in 1961 . AFL and NFL league champions met in Super Bowls I thru IV before the 1970 merger ( 1966 -- 1969 ) . They are not generally counted in the overall league championship list . Browns suspended operations from 1996 -- 1998 . Since returning to the league , they have never appeared in or won a Super Bowl . Super Bowl winner was not the NFL league champion till after 1970 merger ( Super Bowl V ) . Team was based in Los Angeles when it won Super Bowl XVIII . Team was based in St. Louis when it won Super Bowl XXXIV . Super Bowl crown droughts by division ( edit ) Division Last Super Bowl crown Seasons AFC South XLI -- Colts 11 NFC South XLIV -- Saints 8 NFC North XLV -- Packers 7 AFC North XLVII -- Ravens 5 NFC West XLVIII -- Seahawks AFC West 50 -- Broncos AFC East LI -- Patriots NFC East LII -- Eagles 0 Cities / regions awaiting first Super Bowl crown ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Current NFL cities / regions only . Last city to leave list : Philadelphia , 2017 season City / region Seasons waited Conference Title ( s ) Team ( s ) Notes Detroit 52 None Detroit Lions ( 1966 -- present ) Played in the 1991 NFC Championship Game . Last NFL Championship won in 1957 . Buffalo 52 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Buffalo Bills ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXV , XXVI , XXVII , and XXVIII . Last AFL Championship won in 1965 ( pre-merger ) . Atlanta 52 1998 , 2016 Atlanta Falcons ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXIII and LI . Minneapolis -- St. Paul 52 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Minnesota Vikings ( 1966 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls IV , VIII , IX , and XI . NFL Championship won in 1969 was last title before formal AFL -- NFL merger later in 1970 . Cincinnati 50 1981 , 1988 Cincinnati Bengals ( 1968 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XVI and XXIII . Cleveland 49 None Cleveland Browns ( 1966 -- 1995 , 1999 -- present ) Played in the 1986 , 1987 , and 1989 AFC Championship Games . Last NFL Championship won in 1964 ( pre-merger ) . Houston 47 None 31 Oilers seasons ( 1966 -- 1996 ) and 16 Texans seasons ( 2002 -- present ) Played in the 1978 and 1979 AFC Championship Games . The Oilers franchise in Houston won the AFL Championship in 1960 and 1961 ( pre-merger ) . Phoenix 30 2008 Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals ( 1988 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XLIII . Jacksonville 23 None Jacksonville Jaguars ( 1995 -- present ) Played in the 1996 , 1999 and 2017 AFC Championship Games . Charlotte 23 2003 , 2015 Carolina Panthers ( 1995 -- present ) Played in Super Bowls XXXVIII and 50 . Nashville 21 1999 Tennessee Oilers / Titans ( 1997 -- present ) Played in Super Bowl XXXIV . Division title droughts ( edit ) Listed according to seasons waited . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Longest drought in team history Franchise 0 0 Most recent 0 0 division title 0Year0 Seasons Cleveland Browns ^ AFC Central 1989 25 * * Detroit Lions ^ NFC Central 1993 24 Buffalo Bills ^ AFC East 1995 22 Oakland Raiders ^ AFC West 2002 15 New York Jets AFC East 2002 15 Tampa Bay Buccaneers NFC South 2007 10 Miami Dolphins ^ AFC East 2008 9 Tennessee Titans AFC South 2008 9 Los Angeles Chargers AFC West 2009 8 Chicago Bears NFC North 7 New York Giants NFC East 2011 6 Baltimore Ravens AFC North 2012 5 San Francisco 49ers NFC West 2012 5 Indianapolis Colts AFC South 2014 Cincinnati Bengals AFC North 2015 Denver Broncos AFC West 2015 Washington Redskins NFC East 2015 Carolina Panthers NFC South 2015 Arizona Cardinals NFC West 2015 Houston Texans AFC South 2016 Dallas Cowboys NFC East 2016 Green Bay Packers NFC North 2016 Atlanta Falcons NFC South 2016 Seattle Seahawks NFC West 2016 <Td_colspan="4"> 2017 Division Champions New England Patriots AFC East 2017 -- Pittsburgh Steelers AFC North 2017 -- Jacksonville Jaguars AFC South 2017 -- Kansas City Chiefs AFC West 2017 -- Philadelphia Eagles NFC East 2017 -- Minnesota Vikings NFC North 2017 -- New Orleans Saints NFC South 2017 -- Los Angeles Rams NFC West 2017 -- * * Does not include the three seasons ( 1996 -- 1998 ) during which the franchise suspended operations . Historical team droughts ( edit ) Closest approaches without winning the Super Bowl ( edit ) Counted from the first Super Bowl season , 1966 , to present . Updated through the Super Bowl LII . Last team to leave this list - 2017 Philadelphia Eagles Team Wild Card appearances Divisional Round appearances Conference Final appearances Super Bowl appearances Fewest wins short of Super Bowl Title Minnesota Vikings 12 21 9 1 win short : 1969 , 1973 , 1974 , 1976 Buffalo Bills 7 10 5 1 win short : 1990 , 1991 , 1992 , 1993 Cincinnati Bengals 8 6 1 win short : 1982 , 1988 Atlanta Falcons 7 10 1 win short : 1998 , 2016 Carolina Panthers 7 1 win short : 2003 , 2015 Los Angeles Chargers 6 10 1 win short : 1994 Tennessee Titans 13 13 1 win short : 1999 Arizona Cardinals 6 1 win short : 2008 Cleveland Browns 8 6 2 wins short : 1968 , 1969 , 1986 , 1987 , 1989 Jacksonville Jaguars 6 5 2 wins short : 1996 , 1999 , 2017 Detroit Lions 8 2 wins short : 1991 Houston Texans 3 wins short : 2011 , 2012 , 2016 Playoff droughts of 5 plus seasons ( edit ) Updated through the 2017 season . Sort by clicking on desired column heading . When sorting , Indianapolis and Baltimore Colts are grouped together , Arizona , Phoenix , St. Louis and Chicago Cardinals are grouped together , Tennessee Titans , Houston Oilers and Tennessee Oilers are grouped together , Los Angeles , St. Louis and Cleveland Rams are grouped together , Oakland and Los Angeles Raiders are grouped together . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak Last place NFL finishes Last place AFL finishes ( 1960 -- 1969 ) 7003197800000000000 ♠ List of Droughts Seasons Team Drought Duration <Th_colspan="2"> Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought League Worst win - loss record during drought Last Place Seasons 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Washington Redskins A ! Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 1950 , 1952 , 1960 -- 1961 1961 7001250000000000000 ♠ 25 Arizona Cardinals A ! Chicago / St. Louis Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 5 1951 , 1953 -- 1954 , 1957 , 1959 1953 , 1954 , 1957 tie , 1959 1959 tie 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 Pittsburgh Steelers A ! Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 5 1955 , 1965 , 1967 -- 1969 1965 , 1969 tie 7001200000000000000 ♠ 20 New Orleans Saints A ! New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 9 1967 , 1970 -- 1972 , 1975 , 1977 , 1980 -- 1981 , 1986 1975 1975 tie , 1980 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Denver Broncos A ! Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 8 1960 , 1963 -- 1967 , 1970 -- 1971 1960 , 1963 , 1964 , 1965 tie , 1967 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Philadelphia Eagles A ! Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 7 1962 -- 1963 , 1968 -- 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1968 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 9 1964 , 1966 , 1971 , 1973 -- 1974 , 1976 -- 1978 , 1980 1964 , 1966 , 1974 tie 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 Buffalo Bills A ! Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 8 2001 -- 2002 , 2008 -- 2013 -- 7001160000000000000 ♠ 16 Detroit Lions A ! Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 1942 , 1946 -- 1948 1942 , 1946 , 1948 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals B ! Chicago Cardinals 1932 -- 1946 10 1933 , 1935 -- 1936 , 1938 -- 1940 , 1943 -- 1946 1933 , 1938 tie , 1939 , 1943 , 1944 tie , 1945 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Green Bay Packers A ! Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 1949 , 1953 , 1957 , 1958 1957 tie , 1958 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 Arizona Cardinals C ! St. Louis / Phoenix / Arizona Cardinals 1983 -- 1997 7 1985 -- 1986 , 1990 -- 1992 , 1995 , 1997 -- 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 ^ Cleveland Browns A ! Cleveland Browns 2003 -- 2017 13 2003 -- 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 , 2011 -- 2017 2015 tie , 2016 , 2017 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Pittsburgh Steelers B ! Pittsburgh Pirates / Steelers 1933 -- 1946 7 1933 -- 1934 , 1938 -- 1939 , 1941 , 1944 -- 1945 1938 tie , 1941 , 1944 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Philadelphia Eagles B ! Philadelphia Eagles 1933 -- 1946 5 1935 -- 1937 , 1940 , 1942 1935 , 1936 , 1940 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Kansas City Chiefs A ! Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 5 1977 -- 1979 , 1983 , 1985 1977 1977 tie 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers A ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 8 1983 , 1985 -- 1986 , 1989 , 1991 , 1993 -- 1995 1983 1983 tie , 1985 tie , 1986 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 Cincinnati Bengals A ! Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 6 1991 -- 1993 , 1998 , 2001 -- 2002 1993 , 1998 tie , 2002 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Chicago Bears A ! Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 5 1969 -- 1970 , 1972 -- 1974 1969 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 San Diego Chargers A ! San Diego Chargers 1966 -- 1978 1972 -- 1973 , 1975 1975 tie 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 Oakland Raiders A ! Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 6 2004 -- 2007 , 2013 -- 2014 2003 tie , 2006 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Detroit Lions B ! Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1969 1966 , 1968 -- 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 San Francisco 49ers A ! San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 1963 -- 1964 , 1969 1963 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 New England Patriots A ! Boston / New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 1967 , 1970 , 1972 , 1975 1970 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Atlanta Falcons A ! Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 1967 -- 1968 , 1974 1967 , 1968 tie 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 Los Angeles Rams A ! St. Louis / Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 6 2007 -- 2009 , 2011 , 2013 -- 2014 2009 , 2011 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Los Angeles Rams B ! Los Angeles Rams 1956 -- 1966 1956 , 1959 , 1962 , 1965 1959 1959 tie , 1962 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 New York Jets A ! New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 1980 -- 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions C ! Detroit Lions 1971 -- 1981 1979 1979 1979 tie 7001110000000000000 ♠ 11 Detroit Lions D ! Detroit Lions 2000 -- 2010 6 2001 -- 2003 , 2006 , 2008 -- 2009 2008 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Philadelphia Eagles C ! Philadelphia Eagles 1950 -- 1959 1956 , 1958 1956 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Green Bay Packers B ! Green Bay Packers 1983 -- 1992 1988 -- 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 Seattle Seahawks A ! Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 1992 -- 1994 , 1996 1992 tie 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 ^ Tampa Bay Buccaneers B ! Tampa Bay Buccaneers 2008 -- 2017 7 2009 , 2011 -- 2015 , 2017 2014 2014 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Green Bay Packers C ! Green Bay Packers 1973 -- 1981 1976 , 1980 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Indianapolis Colts A ! Baltimore / Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 1978 - 1979 , 1982 , 1986 1981 tie , 1982 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 San Diego Chargers B ! San Diego Chargers 1983 -- 1991 1984 , 1986 , 1989 , 1991 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Los Angeles Rams C ! Los Angeles / St. Louis Rams 1990 -- 1998 6 1991 -- 1994 , 1997 -- 1998 -- 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Arizona Cardinals E ! Arizona Cardinals 1999 -- 2007 2000 , 2002 -- 2003 , 2006 2003 tie 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Houston Texans A ! Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 5 2002 -- 2003 , 2005 -- 2007 2005 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 Jacksonville Jaguars A ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 2008 -- 2009 , 2012 , 2016 2012 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 New York Jets B ! New York Titans / Jets 1960 -- 1967 1962 -- 1963 -- 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans A ! Houston Oilers 1970 -- 1977 1970 , 1972 -- 1973 , 1976 1972 , 1973 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers B ! San Francisco 49ers 1973 -- 1980 1978 -- 1979 1978 , 1979 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Atlanta Falcons B ! Atlanta Falcons 1983 -- 1990 7 1983 -- 1985 , 1987 -- 1990 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Diego Chargers C ! San Diego Chargers 1996 -- 2003 5 1997 -- 1998 , 2000 -- 2001 , 2003 2000 , 2003 tie 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 San Francisco 49ers C ! San Francisco 49ers 2003 -- 2010 2004 -- 2005 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 Tennessee Titans B ! Tennessee Titans 2009 -- 2016 2010 , 2014 -- 2015 2014 2014 tie , 2015 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Los Angeles Rams D ! Cleveland Rams 1937 -- 1944 1937 , 1941 1937 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 San Francisco 49ers D ! San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1956 0 -- -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Oakland Raiders B ! Oakland Raiders 1960 -- 1966 1961 -- 1962 1961 , 1962 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Minnesota Vikings A ! Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 1961 , 1966 -- 1967 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Buffalo Bills B ! Buffalo Bills 1967 -- 1973 1968 , 1971 1968 1971 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Cleveland Browns B ! Cleveland Browns 1973 -- 1979 1974 -- 1975 , 1977 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Seattle Seahawks B ! Seattle Seahawks 1976 -- 1982 1976 , 1980 -- 1981 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Detroit Lions E ! Detroit Lions 1984 -- 1990 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New England Patriots A ! New England Patriots 1987 -- 1993 1990 , 1992 1990 , 1992 tie 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Indianapolis Colts B ! Indianapolis Colts 1988 -- 1994 1991 , 1993 1991 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 New Orleans Saints B ! New Orleans Saints 1993 -- 1999 1995 -- 1996 , 1999 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 Miami Dolphins A ! Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 2015 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ Chicago Bears B ! Chicago Bears 2011 -- 2017 2014 -- 2017 -- 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 ^ New York Jets C ! New York Jets 2011 -- 2017 2014 , 2016 -- 2017 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears C ! Chicago Bears 1957 -- 1962 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Dallas Cowboys A ! Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 1960 1960 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Arizona Cardinals E ! St. Louis Cardinals 1976 -- 1981 1979 , 1981 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Tennessee Titans C ! Houston Oilers 1981 -- 1986 1983 -- 1986 1983 1983 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Buffalo Bills C ! Buffalo Bills 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 1985 1984 , 1985 tie 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Philadelphia Eagles D ! Philadelphia Eagles 1982 -- 1987 1984 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 New York Jets D ! New York Jets 1992 -- 1997 1994 -- 1996 1995 , 1996 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Washington Redskins B ! Washington Redskins 1993 -- 1998 1993 -- 1994 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Oakland Raiders C ! Los Angeles / Oakland Raiders 1994 -- 1999 0 -- -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Chicago Bears D ! Chicago Bears 1995 -- 2000 1997 -- 2000 -- 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Carolina Panthers A ! Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 2001 -- 2002 2001 7000600000000000000 ♠ 6 Miami Dolphins B ! Miami Dolphins 2002 -- 2007 2004 , 2006 -- 2007 2007 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New York Giants D ! New York Giants 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Chicago Bears E ! Chicago Bears 1951 -- 1955 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Indianapolis Colts C ! Baltimore Colts 1953 -- 1957 1954 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cleveland Browns C ! Cleveland Browns 1959 -- 1963 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Buffalo Bills D ! Buffalo Bills 1975 -- 1979 1976 -- 1977 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals B ! Cincinnati Bengals 1976 -- 1980 1978 -- 1980 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins C ! Washington Redskins 1977 -- 1981 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Cincinnati Bengals C ! Cincinnati Bengals 1983 -- 1987 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Dallas Cowboys B ! Dallas Cowboys 1986 -- 1990 1988 , 1989 1988 , 1989 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Tennessee Titans D ! Houston / Tennessee Oilers 1994 -- 1998 1994 1994 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Kansas City Chiefs B ! Kansas City Chiefs 1998 -- 2002 2002 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Washington Redskins D ! Washington Redskins 2000 -- 2004 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Jacksonville Jaguars B ! Jacksonville Jaguars 2000 -- 2004 0 -- -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 New Orleans Saints C ! New Orleans Saints 2001 -- 2005 2005 -- 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 Denver Broncos B ! Denver Broncos 2006 -- 2010 -- Seasons Team Drought Duration Last Place Seasons League Worst win - loss record during drought <Th_colspan="2"> Division or Conference Last Place finishes during drought In 1944 , during World War II , Pittsburgh and the Chicago Cardinals were a combined team called Card - Pitt . The Cleveland Rams suspended operations in the 1943 season due to World War II . Most consecutive postseason losses in team history ( edit ) This is a sortable table of all 32 current NFL teams . Ten teams have multiple losing streaks where they lost an equal number of post season games before breaking the drought . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active drought Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Losses Score Opponent Next win Arizona Cardinals 7001510000000000000 ♠ 51 years 1947 Championship 4.1 ! 4 1948 NFL Champ . 1974 Div . 1975 Div . 1982 1st Round - 1 ! 0 -- 7 14 -- 30 23 -- 35 16 -- 41 Eagles Vikings Rams Packers 1998 Wild Card Atlanta Falcons 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2004 Divisional 4.2 ! 4 2004 NFC Champ . 2008 Wild Card 2010 Div . 2011 Wild Card 10 -- 27 24 -- 30 21 -- 48 2 -- 24 Eagles Cardinals Packers Giants 2012 Divisional Baltimore Ravens 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years 2001 Wild Card 3.1 ! 3 2001 Div . 2003 Wild Card 2006 Div . 10 -- 27 17 -- 20 6 -- 15 Steelers Titans Colts 2008 Wild Card Buffalo Bills ^ 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1995 Div ! 1995 Wild Card 5.3 ! 5 1995 Div . 1996 Wild Card 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2017 Wild Card 21 -- 40 27 -- 30 17 -- 24 16 -- 22 3 -- 10 Steelers Jaguars Dolphins Titans Jaguars TBD Carolina Panthers 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 2005 Divisional 2005 NFC Champ . 2008 Div . 2013 Div . 14 -- 34 13 -- 33 10 -- 23 Seahawks Cardinals 49ers 2014 Div ! 2014 Wild Card Chicago Bears 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1994 AF ! 1994 Wild Card 3.2 ! 3 1994 Div . 2001 Div . 2005 Div . 15 -- 44 19 -- 33 21 -- 29 49ers Eagles Panthers 2006 Divisional Cincinnati Bengals ^ 7001270000000000000 ♠ 27 years 1990 Div ! 1990 Wild Card 8 1990 Div . 2005 Wild Card 2009 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 17 -- 31 14 -- 24 10 -- 31 13 -- 19 10 -- 27 10 -- 26 16 -- 18 Raiders Steelers Jets Texans Texans Chargers Colts Steelers TBD Cleveland Browns 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1969 Divisional 6 1969 NFL Champ . 1971 Div . 1972 Div . 1980 Div . 1982 1st Round 1985 Div . 7 -- 27 3 -- 20 14 -- 20 12 -- 14 10 -- 27 21 -- 24 Vikings Colts Dolphins Raiders Raiders Dolphins 1986 Divisional Dallas Cowboys 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years Div ! 1996 Wild Card 6.2 ! 6 1996 Div . 1998 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2006 Wild Card 2007 Div . 17 -- 26 7 -- 20 10 -- 27 10 -- 29 20 -- 21 17 -- 21 Panthers Cardinals Vikings Panthers Seahawks Giants 2009 Wild Card Denver Broncos 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1977 Conference Championship 5.1 ! 5 1977 ! Super Bowl XII 1978 Div . 1979 Wild Card 1983 Wild Card 1984 Div . 10 -- 27 10 -- 33 7 -- 13 7 -- 31 17 -- 24 Cowboys Steelers Oilers Seahawks Steelers 1986 Divisional Detroit Lions ^ 7001260000000000000 ♠ 26 years 1991 Divisional 9 1991.2 ! 1991 NFC Champ . 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1995 Wild Card 1997 Wild Card 1999 Wild Card 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 10 -- 41 24 -- 28 12 -- 16 37 -- 58 10 -- 20 13 -- 27 28 -- 45 20 -- 24 6 - 26 Redskins Packers Packers Eagles Buccaneers Redskins Saints Cowboys Seahawks TBD Green Bay Packers 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1997 Conference Championship 2.2 ! 2 1997.2 ! Super Bowl XXXII 1998 Wild Card 24 -- 31 27 -- 30 Broncos 49ers 2001 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2001 Wild Card 2.3 ! 2 2001.1 ! 2001 Div . 2002 Wild Card 17 -- 45 7 -- 27 Rams Falcons 2003 Wild Card 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2003 Wild Card 2.4 ! 2 2003.1 ! 2003 Div . 2004 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 17 -- 31 Eagles Vikings 2007 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 2007 Divisional 2.5 ! 2 2007.2 ! 2007 NFC Champ . 2009 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 45 -- 51 ( OT ) Giants Cardinals 2010 Wild Card 7000200000000000000 ♠ 2 years 2012 Wild Card 2.6 ! 2 2012 Div . 2013 Wild Card 31 -- 45 20 -- 23 49ers 49ers 2014 Divisional Houston Texans 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2012 Wild Card 2012.1 ! 2012 Divisional 2015 Wild Card 28 -- 41 0 -- 30 Patriots Chiefs 2016 Wild Card Indianapolis Colts 002 ( 5 loss ) streaks 7001240000000000000 ♠ 24 years 1971 Divisional 5.2 ! 5 1971.1 ! 1971 AFC Champ . 1975 Div . 1976 Div . 1977 Div . 1987 Div . 0 -- 21 10 -- 28 14 -- 40 31 -- 37 ( 2 OT ) 21 -- 38 Dolphins Steelers Steelers Raiders Browns 1995 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1995 Divisional 5.3 ! 5 1995.3 ! 1995 AFC Champ . 1996 Wild Card 1999 Div . 2000 Wild Card 2002 Wild Card 16 -- 20 14 -- 42 16 -- 19 17 -- 23 ( OT ) 0 -- 41 Steelers Steelers Titans Dolphins Jets 2003 Wild Card Jacksonville Jaguars 002 ( 2 loss ) streaks 2 years Divisional 2.6 ! 2 1996.2 ! 1996 AFC Champ . 1997 Wild Card 6 -- 20 17 -- 42 Patriots Broncos 1998 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1999 Divisional 2.7 ! 2 1999.2 ! 1999 AFC Champ . 2005 Wild Card 14 -- 33 3 -- 28 Titans Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Kansas City Chiefs 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1993 Divisional 8 1993.2 ! 1993 AFC Champ . 1994 Wild Card 1995 Div . 1997 Div . 2003 Div . 2006 Wild Card 2010 Wild Card 2013 Wild Card 13 -- 30 17 -- 27 7 -- 10 10 -- 14 31 -- 38 8 -- 23 7 -- 30 44 -- 45 Bills Dolphins Colts Broncos Colts Colts Ravens Colts 2015 Wild Card Los Angeles Chargers 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 1994 AFC Championship 4.8 ! 4 1994.2 ! Super Bowl XXIX 1995 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 2006 Div . 26 -- 49 20 -- 35 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 21 -- 24 49ers Colts Jets Patriots 2007 Div ! 2007 Wild Card Los Angeles Rams 7001230000000000000 ♠ 23 years 1951 Championship 5.5 ! 5 1952 Nat . Conf . 1955 NFL Champ . 1967 NFL W Conf . 1969 NFL W Conf . 1973 Div . 21 -- 31 14 -- 38 7 -- 28 20 -- 23 16 -- 27 Lions Browns Packers Vikings Cowboys 1974 Divisional Miami Dolphins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1973 Super Bowl 4.5 ! 4 1974 Div . 1978 Wild Card 1979 Div . 1981 Div . 26 -- 28 9 -- 17 14 -- 34 38 -- 41 ( OT ) Raiders Oilers Steelers Chargers 1982 First Round 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 2000 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2000 Div . 2001 Wild Card 2008 Wild Card 2016 Wild Card 0 -- 27 3 -- 20 9 -- 27 12 -- 30 Raiders Ravens Ravens Steelers TBD Minnesota Vikings 7000900000000000000 ♠ 9 years 1988 Wild Card 6.3 ! 6 1988 Div . 1989 Div . 1992 Wild Card 1993 Wild Card 1994 Wild Card 1996 Wild Card 9 -- 34 13 -- 41 7 -- 24 10 -- 17 18 -- 35 15 -- 45 49ers 49ers Redskins Giants Bears Cowboys 1997 Wild Card New England Patriots 7001220000000000000 ♠ 22 years 1963 Divisional 4.6 ! 4 1963 AFL Champ . 1976 Div . 1978 Div . 1982 1st Round 10 -- 51 21 -- 24 14 -- 31 13 -- 28 Chargers Raiders Oilers Dolphins 1985 Wild Card New Orleans Saints 7001320000000000000 ♠ 32 years 1967 Enfranchised No Playoff Wins till 2000 4.7 ! 4 1987 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 1991 Wild Card 1992 Wild Card 10 -- 44 6 -- 16 20 -- 27 20 -- 36 Vikings Bears Falcons Eagles 2000 Wild Card New York Giants 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1938 Championship 6.4 ! 6 1939 NFL Champ . 1941 NFL Champ . 1943 East Div . 1944 NFL Champ . 1946 NFL Champ . 1950 Am. Conf . 0 -- 27 9 -- 37 0 -- 28 7 -- 14 14 -- 24 3 -- 8 Packers Bears Redskins Packers Bears Browns 1956 Championship New York Jets 005 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7001140000000000000 ♠ 14 years 1968 Super Bowl III 2.8 ! 2 1969 AFL Div . 1981 Wild Card 6 -- 13 27 -- 31 Chiefs Bills 1982 First Round 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1982 2nd Round 2.9 ! 2 1982.1 ! 1982 AFC Champ . 1985 Wild Card 0 -- 14 14 -- 26 Dolphins Patriots 1986 Wild Card 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1986 Wild Card 2.91 ! 2 1986 Div . 1991 Wild Card 20 -- 23 ( 2 OT ) 10 -- 17 Browns Oilers 1998 World ! 1998 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1998 Divisional 2.92 ! 2 1998.1 ! 1998 AFC Champ . 2001 Wild Card 10 -- 23 24 -- 38 Broncos Raiders 2002 Div ! 2002 Wild Card 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years Wild Card 2.93 ! 2 2004.1 ! 2004 Divisional 2006 Wild Card 17 -- 20 ( OT ) 16 -- 37 Steelers Patriots 2009 Wild Card Oakland Raiders ^ 004 ( 2 loss ) streaks 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1970 Divisional 2.94 ! 2 1970 AFC Champ . 1972 Div . 17 -- 27 7 -- 13 Colts Steelers 1973 Divisional 7000700000000000000 ♠ 7 years Super Bowl XVIII 2.95 ! 2 1984 Wild Card 1985 Div . 7 -- 13 20 -- 27 Seahawks Patriots 1990 Divisional 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1990 Divisional 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! 1990 AFC Champ . 1991 Wild Card 3 -- 51 6 -- 10 Bills Chiefs 1993 Wild Card 7001150000000000000 ♠ 15 years 2002 AFC Championship 2.96 ! 2 1990.2 ! Super Bowl XXXVIII 2016 Wild Card 24 - 41 14 - 27 Bucs Texans TBD Philadelphia Eagles 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 1980 Conference Championship 5.4 ! 5 1980.1 ! Super Bowl XV 1981 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 27 21 -- 27 12 -- 20 7 -- 21 6 -- 20 Raiders Giants Bears Rams Redskins 1992 Wild Card Pittsburgh Steelers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7000500000000000000 ♠ 5 years 1989 Wild Card 3.3 ! 3 1989.1 ! 1989 Div . 1992 Div . 1993 Wild Card 23 -- 24 3 -- 24 24 -- 27 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1994 Divisional 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 2010 AFC Championship 2010.1 ! Super Bowl XLV 2011 Wild Card 2014 Wild Card 25 -- 31 23 -- 29 17 -- 30 Packers Broncos Ravens 2015 Wild Card San Francisco 49ers 7000400000000000000 ♠ 4 years 1984 Super Bowl XIX 3.4 ! 3 1985 Wild Card 1986 Div . 1987 Div . 3 -- 17 3 -- 49 24 -- 36 Giants Giants Vikings 1988 Divisional Seattle Seahawks 7001210000000000000 ♠ 21 years 1984 Su ! 1984 Wild Card 6.5 ! 6 1984.2 ! 1984 Div . 1987 Wild Card 1988 Div . 1999 Wild Card 2003 Wild Card 2004 Wild Card 10 -- 31 20 -- 23 ( OT ) 13 -- 21 17 -- 20 27 -- 33 ( OT ) 20 -- 27 Dolphins Oilers Bengals Dolphins Packers Rams 2005 Divisional Tampa Bay Buccaneers 002 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001180000000000000 ♠ 18 years 1979 Divisional 3.5 ! 3 1979.2 ! 1979 NFC Champ . 1981 Div . 1982 1st Round 0 -- 9 0 -- 38 17 -- 30 Rams Cowboys Cowboys 1997 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1999 Divisional 3.6 ! 3 1999.3 ! 1999 NFC Champ . 2000 Wild Card 2001 Wild Card 6 -- 11 3 -- 21 9 -- 31 Rams Eagles Eagles 2002 Divisional Tennessee Titans 004 ( 3 loss ) streaks 7001170000000000000 ♠ 17 years 1961 AFL Championship 3.7 ! 3 1962 AFL Champ . 1967 AFL Champ . 1969 AFL Div . 17 -- 20 ( 2 OT ) 7 -- 40 7 -- 56 Chief ! Dallas Texans Raiders Raiders 1978 Wild Card 7000300000000000000 ♠ 3 years 1988 Wild Card 3.8 ! 3 1988 Div . 1989 Wild Card 1990 Wild Card 10 -- 17 23 -- 26 ( OT ) 14 -- 41 Bills Steelers Bengals 1991 Wild Card 7000800000000000000 ♠ 8 years 1991 Div ! 1991 Wild Card 3.9 ! 3 1991.1 ! 1991 Divisional 1992 Wild Card 1993 Divisional 24 -- 26 38 -- 41 ( OT ) 20 -- 28 Broncos Bills Chiefs 1999 Wild Card 7001130000000000000 ♠ 13 years 2003 Wild Card 3.91 ! 3 2003.3 ! 2003 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2008 Div . 14 -- 17 6 -- 17 10 -- 13 Patriots Chargers Ravens 2017 Wild Card Washington Redskins ^ 002 ( 4 loss ) streaks 7001100000000000000 ♠ 10 years 1972 NFC Championship 4.9 ! 4 1972.2 ! Super Bowl VII 1973 Div . 1974 Div . 1976 Div . 7 -- 14 20 -- 27 10 -- 19 20 -- 35 Dolphins Vikings Rams Vikings 1982 First Round 7001120000000000000 ♠ 12 years 2005 Wild Card 4.9 ! 4 2005 Div . 2007 Wild Card 2012 Wild Card 2015 Wild Card 10 -- 20 14 -- 35 14 -- 24 18 -- 35 Seahawks Seahawks Seahawks Packers TBD Team Streak lasted Last win Games Lost Playoff Games Score Opponent Next win Longest postseason droughts in team history ( edit ) Note that the NFL did not institute a permanent playoff tournament until 1967 and that the NFL Championship Game and any impromptu one - game playoffs ( played only in the event of a tie atop the division standings ) were the only postseason matchups in this era ( the Bert Bell Benefit Bowl is considered an exhibition game for the purpose of this list ) . Updated through the 2017 season . 0 ^ 0 Denotes active streak No post season appearances Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons Washington Redskins 1946 -- 1970 25 Arizona Cardinals 1949 -- 1973 25 Pittsburgh Steelers 1948 -- 1971 24 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1986 20 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1977 17 New York Giants 1964 -- 1980 17 Buffalo Bills 2000 -- 2016 17 Detroit Lions 1936 -- 1951 16 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1959 15 Cleveland Browns ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 Kansas City Chiefs 1972 -- 1985 14 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1983 -- 1996 14 Cincinnati Bengals 1991 -- 2004 14 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1976 13 Los Angeles Chargers 1966 -- 1978 13 Oakland Raiders 2003 -- 2015 13 San Francisco 49ers 1958 -- 1969 12 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1975 12 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 12 Los Angeles Rams 2005 -- 2016 12 New York Jets 1970 -- 1980 11 Seattle Seahawks 1989 -- 1998 10 Indianapolis Colts 1978 -- 1986 9 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Tennessee Titans 1970 -- 1977 2009 -- 2016 8 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1967 7 Miami Dolphins 2009 -- 2015 7 Dallas Cowboys 1960 -- 1965 6 Carolina Panthers 1997 -- 2002 6 Baltimore Ravens 1996 -- 1999 Team Longest streak with no post-season appearances Seasons No post season victories Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons Arizona Cardinals 1948 -- 1997 50 Pittsburgh Steelers 1933 -- 1971 39 Detroit Lions 1958 -- 1990 33 New Orleans Saints 1967 -- 1999 33 Washington Redskins 1944 -- 1971 28 Cincinnati Bengals ^ 1991 -- 2017 ^ 27 Indianapolis Colts 1972 -- 1994 23 Los Angeles Rams 1952 -- 1973 22 New York Giants 1959 -- 1980 22 Buffalo Bills ^ 1996 -- 2017 ^ 22 New England Patriots 1964 -- 1984 21 Kansas City Chiefs 1970 -- 1990 1994 -- 2014 21 San Francisco 49ers 1950 -- 1969 20 Chicago Bears 1964 -- 1983 20 Seattle Seahawks 1985 -- 2004 20 Cleveland Browns ^ 1995 , 1999 -- 2017 ^ 20 Philadelphia Eagles 1961 -- 1978 18 Denver Broncos 1960 -- 1976 17 Tampa Bay Buccaneers 1980 -- 1996 17 Miami Dolphins ^ 2001 -- 2017 ^ 17 Green Bay Packers 1945 -- 1960 16 Tennessee Titans 1962 -- 1977 16 Los Angeles Chargers 1964 -- 1979 16 Oakland Raiders ^ 2003 -- 2017 ^ 15 New York Jets 1969 -- 1981 13 Atlanta Falcons 1966 -- 1977 ; 1979 -- 1990 12 Dallas Cowboys 1997 -- 2008 12 Houston Texans 2002 -- 2010 9 Jacksonville Jaguars 2008 -- 2016 9 Minnesota Vikings 1961 -- 1968 ; 1989 -- 1996 8 Carolina Panthers 2006 -- 2013 8 Baltimore Ravens 2002 -- 2007 6 Team Longest streak with no post-season victories Seasons See also ( edit ) List of NFL franchise post-season streaks List of current National Football League consecutive playoff appearances List of last undefeated NFL teams by season List of NFL champions ( 1920 -- 69 ) List of Super Bowl Champions List of Major League Baseball franchise postseason droughts List of MLS club post-season droughts List of NBA franchise post-season droughts List of NHL franchise post-season droughts References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Season Index '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` NFL Playoff Picture '' . National Football League . November 5 , 2015 . Retrieved November 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Super Bowl List '' . pro-football-reference.com . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved June 10 , 2012 . <Th_colspan="2"> NFL playoffs <Td_colspan="2"> Conference tiebreakers <Td_colspan="2"> 1941 1943 1947 1950 1952 1957 1958 1965 <Td_colspan="2"> NFL playoff system <Td_colspan="2"> 1967 1968 1969 <Td_colspan="2"> 1970 -- 71 1971 -- 72 1972 -- 73 1973 -- 74 1974 -- 75 1975 -- 76 1976 -- 77 1977 -- 78 1978 -- 79 1979 -- 80 <Td_colspan="2"> 1980 -- 81 1981 -- 82 1982 -- 83 1983 -- 84 1984 -- 85 1985 -- 86 1986 -- 87 1987 -- 88 1988 -- 89 1989 -- 90 <Td_colspan="2"> 1990 -- 91 1991 -- 92 1992 -- 93 1993 -- 94 1994 -- 95 1995 -- 96 1996 -- 97 1997 -- 98 1998 -- 99 1999 -- 00 <Td_colspan="2"> 2000 -- 01 2001 -- 02 2002 -- 03 2003 -- 04 2004 -- 05 2005 -- 06 2006 -- 07 2007 -- 08 2008 -- 09 2009 -- 10 <Td_colspan="2"> 2010 -- 11 2011 -- 12 2012 -- 13 2013 -- 14 2014 -- 15 2015 -- 16 2016 -- 17 2017 -- 18 2018 -- 19 <Td_colspan="2"> American Football League playoffs <Td_colspan="2"> Post-season streaks Post-season droughts AFC Championship Game broadcasters AFL Championship Game broadcasters NFC Championship Game broadcasters NFL Championship Game broadcasters Playoff Bowl broadcasters Super Bowl broadcasters NFL playoff results NFL playoff games NFL starting quarterback playoff records Head coaches by playoff record <Th_colspan="2"> National Football League ( 2018 ) AFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Buffalo Bills Miami Dolphins New England Patriots New York Jets Baltimore Ravens Cincinnati Bengals Cleveland Browns Pittsburgh Steelers Houston Texans Indianapolis Colts Jacksonville Jaguars Tennessee Titans Denver Broncos Kansas City Chiefs Los Angeles Chargers Oakland Raiders NFC <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> East <Td_colspan="1"> North <Td_colspan="1"> South <Td_colspan="1"> West Dallas Cowboys New York Giants Philadelphia Eagles Washington Redskins Chicago Bears Detroit Lions Green Bay Packers Minnesota Vikings Atlanta Falcons Carolina Panthers New Orleans Saints Tampa Bay Buccaneers Arizona Cardinals Los Angeles Rams San Francisco 49ers Seattle Seahawks <Td_colspan="2"> Seasons Seasons ( by team ) Preseason Hall of Fame Game American Bowl Regular season Kickoff game Monday Night Football International Series London Toronto Bills Series List of games played outside the U.S. Thanksgiving games Christmas games Playoffs Streaks Droughts AFC Championship NFC Championship Super Bowl champions quarterbacks Pro Bowl History League history Executive history Championship history Timeline Defunct franchises Franchise moves and mergers Los Angeles team history Proposed stadiums 1995 -- 2016 American Football League ( 1960 -- 1969 ) Playoffs Merger NFL Championship ( 1920 -- 1969 ) Playoff Bowl Records individual team Super Bowl All time win -- loss Last undefeated Tied games Canceled games Controversies Business Owners Properties Management Council Competition Committee Collective Bargaining Agreement National Football League Players Association Lockouts Media TV NFL Network Radio Other Officials Stadiums Chronology Awards All - Pro Hall of Fame Foreign players Player conduct Suspensions Player misconduct Combine Draft Training camp Rivalries NFL Foundation Culture Cheerleading Mascots Lore Nicknames Numbers Retired Color Rush Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_NFL_franchise_post-season_droughts&oldid=827679496 '' Categories : National Football League lists National Football League playoffs Playoff streaks American football records and statistics Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 26 February 2018 , at 02 : 51 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. NFL franchise postseason droughts 2. Super Bowl droughts 3. Postseason appearance droughts 4. Playoff game victory droughts 5. AFC/NFC Championship game appearance droughts

who played justin starr on shake it up

Chris Trousdale - wikipedia Chris Trousdale Jump to : navigation , search This biography of a living person needs additional citations for verification . Please help by adding reliable sources . Contentious material about living persons that is unsourced or poorly sourced must be removed immediately , especially if potentially libelous or harmful . ( March 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Chris Trousdale Birth name Christopher Ryan Trousdale ( 1985 - 06 - 11 ) June 11 , 1985 ( age 32 ) Origin New Port Richey , Florida Genres Pop Occupation ( s ) Recording artist , actor Years active 1999 - 2002 ( Dream Street ) 2003 -- present Labels Independent Chris Trousdale ( born Christopher Ryan Trousdale ; June 11 , 1985 ) is an American actor and recording artist . He is a former member of the boyband Dream Street , working with Jesse McCartney , Frankie Galasso , Greg Raposo , and Matt Ballinger . Contents ( hide ) 1 Career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 External links Career ( edit ) Trousdale began his Broadway career when he was eight years old , touring with the production of Les Misérables , where he starred alongside Ashley Tisdale and after a successful run , moved to New York City at the age of ten , to join the Broadway production of the play with Ricky Martin and Lea Michele of Glee . While in New York , Trousdale joined the well known children 's group The Broadway Kids ( past members include Christy Carlson Romano , Jenna Ushkowitz , and Lacey Chabert ) and performed in popular plays such as Beauty and the Beast , The Wizard of Oz , and the Radio City Christmas Spectacular , to name a few . Trousdale 's ability to captivate audiences caught the attention of two producers who were putting together a boy band in New York City . Consisting of five members , including Jesse McCartney , Chris joined Dream Street in 1999 . The group released their self - titled debut album in 2001 which was # 1 on Billboard 's Independent Albums chart its first week of release . The album went on to sell a million copies nationwide . After three years together , `` Dream Street '' parted ways and Chris decided to embark on a career as a solo artist as well as finish his schooling at the renowned Professional Performing Arts School . Chris went on to record `` Kissless Christmas '' and `` Wild Christmas '' for School 's Out ! Christmas album in addition to the popular duets with the girl group Play ( rendition of `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' ) and solo artist Nikki Cleary ( remake of the Grease track `` You 're the One that I Want '' ) , which were huge hits on Radio Disney . However , shortly after his solo career started to take off , Chris put his career on hold in 2006 and moved back home to Michigan to take care of his ailing mother . On June 30 , 2014 , Chris announced via Twitter that he had joined the Spectra Music Group to work on his solo album . Filmography ( edit ) Film roles Year Title Role Notes 2002 The Biggest Fan Himself 2008 The Candlelight Murders Ed Dines 2009 Gone Astray N / A Television roles Year Title Role Notes 2011 Days of Our Lives Josh 2011 Shake It Up Justin Starr Episode : `` Age It Up '' 2015 Austin & Ally Rupert Episode : `` Burdens and Boynado '' 2016 Lucifer Young band boy Episode : Pilot References ( edit ) Jump up ^ ByA customer . `` Various Artists , Myra , Lynsey Bartilson , Taylor Momsen , Evan Rachel Wood , Mae Whitman , Ashlee Simpson , Arvie Lowe Jr. , Daveigh Chase , Tahj Mowry - School 's Out ! Christmas - Amazon.com Music '' . Amazon.com . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Chris Trousdale on Twitter : `` BIG NEWS ! I told you exciting things were on the horizon ! '' . Twitter.com. 2014 - 06 - 30 . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . Jump up ^ `` Pop Star Chris Trousdale Inks Deal With The Spectra Music Group - The Spectra Music Group '' . PRLog . Retrieved 2016 - 10 - 12 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Voice ( U.S. ) Seasons 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 Winners Javier Colon Jermaine Paul Cassadee Pope Danielle Bradbery Tessanne Chin Josh Kaufman Craig Wayne Boyd Sawyer Fredericks Jordan Smith Alisan Porter Sundance Head Chris Blue Chloe Kohanski Brynn Cartelli Winner 's singles `` Stitch by Stitch '' `` I Believe I Can Fly '' `` Cry '' `` Born to Fly '' `` Tumbling Down '' `` Set Fire to the Rain '' `` My Baby 's Got a Smile on Her Face '' `` Please '' `` Climb Ev'ry Mountain '' `` Down That Road '' `` Darlin ' Do n't Go '' `` Money on You '' `` Wish I Did n't Love You '' `` Walk My Way '' Runners - up Dia Frampton Juliet Simms Terry McDermott Michelle Chamuel Jacquie Lee Jake Worthington Matt McAndrew Meghan Linsey Emily Ann Roberts Adam Wakefield Billy Gilman Lauren Duski Addison Agen Britton Buchanan Other notable artists Vicci Martinez Frenchie Davis Rebecca Loebe Xenia Tje Austin Beverly McClellan Raquel Castro Nakia Serabee Casey Desmond Justin Grennan The Thompson Sisters Jared Blake Casey Weston RaeLynn Jesse Campbell Chris Mann Tony Lucca Gwen Sebastian Kim Yarbrough Angel Taylor Pip Katrina Parker Erin Martin Moses Stone Jordis Unga Naia Kete Charlotte Sometimes Tony Vincent Mathai Lex Land Nicholas David Amanda Brown Melanie Martinez MacKenzie Bourg Collin McLoughlin Suzanna Choffel Jordan Pruitt Rod Michael Chris Trousdale Anita Antoinette Cupid The Swon Brothers Sasha Allen Judith Hill Kris Thomas Jeff Lewis Julie Roberts Holly Tucker Will Champlin James Wolpert Cole Vosbury Josh Logan E.G. Daily Holly Henry Donna Allen Dominic Scott Kay Christina Grimmie Sisaundra Lewis Paula DeAnda Lindsay Pagano Chris Jamison Taylor John Williams Andy Cherry MEGG Koryn Hawthorne Barrett Baber Jeffery Austin Madi Davis Amy Vachal Viktor Király Keith Semple Alex Kandel Tyler Dickerson Mary Sarah Daniel Passino Owen Danoff Emily Keener Tamar Davis Chase Walker Chris Cron Josh Hoyer Hunter Plake Mark Isaiah Brooke Simpson Esera Tuaolo Katrina Rose Natalie Stovall Kyla Jade Spensha Baker Related articles Awards and nominations Discography Contestants The Voice : Neon Dreams External links ( edit ) Chris Trousdale on IMDb BNF : cb16568798h ( data ) ISNI : 0000 0000 5100 0191 VIAF : 26857623 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Chris_Trousdale&oldid=829809983 '' Categories : 1985 births American child singers American male child actors American pop singers The Voice ( TV series ) contestants American people of Greek descent American people of Irish descent American male singers Living people Dream Street members 20th - century American singers 21st - century American singers American male musicians American musicians Male actors of Greek descent Hidden categories : BLP articles lacking sources from March 2011 All BLP articles lacking sources Articles with hCards Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 10 March 2018 , at 23 : 11 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Chris Trousdale - American actor and recording artist 2. Former member of the boyband Dream Street 3. Broadway career and involvement with The Broadway Kids 4. Solo career and collaborations with Play and Nikki Cleary 5. Filmography and television roles

who got padma shri award in young age

List of Padma Shri award recipients ( 1954 -- 1959 ) - wikipedia List of Padma Shri award recipients ( 1954 -- 1959 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Padma Shri <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Awarded by Government of India Type Civilian National <Th_colspan="2"> Description Obverse A centrally located lotus flower is embossed and the text `` Padma '' written in Devanagari script is placed above and the text `` Shri '' is placed below the lotus . Reverse A platinum State Emblem of India placed in the centre with the national motto of India , `` Satyameva Jayate '' ( Truth alone triumphs ) in Devanagari Script Ribbon <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Instituted 1954 First awarded 1954 Total awarded 95 Previous name ( s ) Padma Vibhushan `` Tisra Warg '' ( Class III ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Award rank ← Padma Bhushan N / A → Padma Shri Award , India 's fourth highest civilian honours - Winners , 1954 - 1959 : Contents ( hide ) 1 List of recipients 2 References 3 Explanatory notes 4 External links List of recipients ( edit ) Award recipients by year Year Number of recipients 1954 17 1955 14 1956 9 1957 16 1958 19 1959 20 Award recipients by field Field Number of recipients Arts 9 Civil Service 19 Literature & Education 11 Medicine 13 Public Affairs 9 Science & Engineering 15 Social Work 13 Sports Trade & Industry List of Padma Shri award recipients , showing the year , field , and state / country Year Recipient Field State 1954 Aryanayakam , Asha Devi Asha Devi Aryanayakam Public Affairs Maharashtra 1954 Bhatia , Bir Bhan Bir Bhan Bhatia Medicine Delhi 1954 Captain , Perin Perin Captain Public Affairs Maharashtra 1954 Chakravorty , K.R. K.R. Chakravorty Science & Engineering West Bengal 1954 Das , Amalprava Amalprava Das Public Affairs Assam 1954 Das , Mathura Mathura Das Medicine Assam 1954 Dey , Surinder Kumar Surinder Kumar Dey Civil Service West Bengal 1954 Khanolkar , Ramji Vasant Ramji Vasant Khanolkar Medicine Maharashtra 1954 Mathai , Achamma Achamma Mathai Public Affairs Maharashtra 1954 Mehta , Bhag Bhag Mehta Civil Service Gujarat 1954 Mitra , Akhil Chandra Akhil Chandra Mitra Science & Engineering Uttar Pradesh 1954 Pant , Apa Saheb Bala Saheb Apa Saheb Bala Saheb Pant Civil Service Maharashtra 1954 Pillai , K. Shankar K. Shankar Pillai Literature & Education Delhi 1954 Ray , Mirnamayee Mirnamayee Ray Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh 1954 Singh , Tarlok Tarlok Singh Civil Service Punjab 1954 Somappa , Machani Machani Somappa Public Affairs Andhra Pradesh 1954 Thorat , S.P. Patil S.P. Patil Thorat Civil Service Maharashtra 1955 Benjamin , Perakath Verghese Perakath Verghese Benjamin Medicine Kerala 1955 Choudhary , Kewal Singh Kewal Singh Choudhary Civil Service Punjab 1955 Currimbhoy , Zarina Zarina Currimbhoy Social Work Maharashtra 1955 Handique , Krishna Kanta Krishna Kanta Handique Literature & Education Assam 1955 Jadhav , Mary Clubwala Mary Clubwala Jadhav Social Work Tamil Nadu 1955 Joglekar , Digamber Vasudev Digamber Vasudev Joglekar Civil Service Maharashtra 1955 Kaul , Sidda Nath Sidda Nath Kaul Medicine Delhi 1955 Maneckji , Manak Jehangir Bhickaji Manak Jehangir Bhickaji Maneckji Civil Service Maharashtra 1955 Mehray , Mahesh Prasad Mahesh Prasad Mehray Medicine Uttar Pradesh 1955 Mirza , Humayun Humayun Mirza Civil Service Karnataka 1955 Rahman , Habibur Habibur Rahman Science & Engineering Delhi 1955 Sahu , Laxminarayan Laxminarayan Sahu Literature & Education Odisha 1955 Shastri , Ratan Ratan Shastri Literature & Education Rajasthan 1955 Thakur , Omkarnath Omkarnath Thakur Arts Gujarat 1956 Bhakna , Sohan Singh Sohan Singh Bhakna Medicine Punjab 1956 Bhuyan , Surya Kumar Surya Kumar Bhuyan Literature & Education Assam 1956 Lal , Mohan Mohan Lal Medicine Uttar Pradesh 1956 Majumdar , Satish Chandra Satish Chandra Majumdar Science & Engineering West Bengal 1956 Modi , Murugappa Channaveerappa Murugappa Channaveerappa Modi Medicine Karnataka 1956 Pande , Sukhdav Sukhdav Pande Literature & Education Uttarakhand 1956 Pandit , Chintaman Govind Chintaman Govind Pandit Medicine Gujarat 1956 Rao , Sthanam Narasimha Sthanam Narasimha Rao Arts Andhra Pradesh 1956 Santra , Isaac Isaac Santra Medicine West Bengal 1957 Anjaria , Jaswantrai Jayantilal Jaswantrai Jayantilal Anjaria Civil Service Maharashtra 1957 Chellani , Atmaram Ramchand Atmaram Ramchand Chellani Civil Service Andhra Pradesh 1957 Chitale , Laxman Mahadeo Laxman Mahadeo Chitale Science & Engineering Maharashtra 1957 Devi , Nalini Bala Nalini Bala Devi Literature & Education Assam 1957 Dharmarajan , Narayan Swami Narayan Swami Dharmarajan Civil Service Tamil Nadu 1957 Dhillon , Gurbaksh Singh Gurbaksh Singh Dhillon Civil Service Tamil Nadu 1957 Gehlote , Ram Prakash Ram Prakash Gehlote Science & Engineering Delhi 1957 Jagadisan , Thackkadu Natesasastrigal Thackkadu Natesasastrigal Jagadisan Social Work Tamil Nadu 1957 Khastgir , Sudhir Sudhir Khastgir Arts Uttar Pradesh 1957 Khathing , Ralengnao Ralengnao Khathing Public Affairs Manipur 1957 Naidu , Dwaram Venkataswamy Dwaram Venkataswamy Naidu Arts Andhra Pradesh 1957 Ramiah , Krishnaswami Krishnaswami Ramiah Science & Engineering Andhra Pradesh 1957 Ranganathan , S.R. S.R. Ranganathan Literature & Education Karnataka 1957 Sen , Samarendranath Samarendranath Sen Civil Service West Bengal 1957 Singh , Balbir Balbir Singh Sports Chandigarh 1957 Singh , Khushdeva Khushdeva Singh Medicine Punjab 1958 Bose , Debaki Debaki Bose Arts West Bengal 1958 Ekambaranathan , Punamalai Punamalai Ekambaranathan Social Work Tamil Nadu 1958 Ismail , Fatima Fatima Ismail Social Work Maharashtra 1958 Maharaj , Shambhu Shambhu Maharaj Arts Uttar Pradesh 1958 Nargis , Nargis Arts Maharashtra 1958 Nijhawan , Bal Raj Bal Raj Nijhawan Science & Engineering Australia 1958 Pal , Benjamin Peary Benjamin Peary Pal Science & Engineering Delhi 1958 Parthasarthy , Navalpakkam Navalpakkam Parthasarthy Science & Engineering -- 1958 Puri , Balwant Sing Balwant Sing Puri Social Work Punjab 1958 Ramdas , Lakshminarayana Pulram Ananthakrishnan Lakshminarayana Pulram Ananthakrishnan Ramdas Science & Engineering Delhi 1958 Rani , Devika Devika Rani Arts Karnataka 1958 Rao , Argula Nagaraja Argula Nagaraja Rao Trade & Industry Andhra Pradesh 1958 Ray , Satyajit Satyajit Ray Arts West Bengal 1958 Satyanarayana , Moturi Moturi Satyanarayana Public Affairs Tamil Nadu 1958 Singh , Brig . Ram Brig . Ram Singh Civil Service Punjab 1958 Singh , Kunwar Digvijai Kunwar Digvijai Singh Sports Uttar Pradesh 1958 Subbalakshmi , R.S. R.S. Subbalakshmi Social Work Tamil Nadu 1958 Varma , Ram Chandra Ram Chandra Varma Literature & Education Uttar Pradesh 1958 Vyas , Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Magan Lal Tribhuvandas Vyas Literature & Education Gujarat 1959 Chandrasekharan , K.S. K.S. Chandrasekharan Literature & Education Tamil Nadu 1959 Das , Sailabala Sailabala Das Social Work Odisha 1959 Diwan , Manchar Balvant Manchar Balvant Diwan Social Work Maharashtra 1959 Issac , Mary Ratnamma Mary Ratnamma Issac Social Work Karnataka 1959 Jangpangi , Lakshman Singh Lakshman Singh Jangpangi Social Work Odisha 1959 Kar , Surendranath Surendranath Kar Science & Engineering West Bengal 1959 Karkhanis , Ganesh Gobind Ganesh Gobind Karkhanis Social Work Karnataka 1959 Majumdar , Parixitalal Lallu Bhai Parixitalal Lallu Bhai Majumdar Social Work Gujarat 1959 Mathulla , Mathew Kandathil Mathew Kandathil Mathulla Civil Service Karnataka 1959 Mathur , Om Prakash Om Prakash Mathur Science & Engineering West Bengal 1959 Mehta , Pratapri Girdhari Lal Pratapri Girdhari Lal Mehta Public Affairs Maharashtra 1959 Murthy , Onkar Srinivasa Onkar Srinivasa Murthy Civil Service Tamil Nadu 1959 Nag , Balwant Singh Balwant Singh Nag Civil Service Punjab 1959 Panikkar , Parameswaran Kuttapp Parameswaran Kuttapp Panikkar Civil Service Kerala 1959 Patwardhan , Shivaji Ganesh Shivaji Ganesh Patwardhan Medicine Maharashtra 1959 Ram , Atma Atma Ram Trade & Industry West Bengal 1959 Sen , Mihir Mihir Sen Sports West Bengal 1959 Sethna , Homi Homi Sethna Science & Engineering Maharashtra 1959 Singh , Milkha Milkha Singh Sports Chandigarh 1959 Uppal , Badri Nath Badri Nath Uppal Science & Engineering Chandigarh References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` Padma Awards Directory ( 1954 -- 2014 ) '' ( PDF ) . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . 21 May 2014 . pp. 2 -- 11 . Retrieved 22 March 2016 . Explanatory notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Navalpakkam Parthasarthy was citizen of Thailand . External links ( edit ) Official website `` Awards & Medals '' . Ministry of Home Affairs ( India ) . 14 September 2015 . Retrieved 22 October 2015 . <Th_colspan="2"> Padma Shri awards <Td_colspan="2"> 1954 -- 1959 1960 -- 1969 1970 -- 1979 1980 -- 1989 1990 -- 1999 2000 -- 2009 2010 -- 2019 <Th_colspan="2"> Indian honours and decorations Civilian National Bharat Ratna Padma Vibhushan Padma Bhushan Padma Shri Children National Bravery Award National Child Award for Exceptional Achievement National Bal Shree Honour Women Stree Shakti Puraskar Police President 's Police Medal for Gallantry Police Medal for Gallantry Central Ganga Sharan Award George Grierson Award Mahapandit Rahul Sankrityayan Award Moturi Satyanarayan Award National Award for Child Welfare Subramanya Bharathi Award By field Literature Sahitya Akademi Fellowship Sahitya Akademi Award Cinema Dadasaheb Phalke Award National Film Awards Other arts Sangeet Natak Akademi Fellowship Sangeet Natak Akademi Award Lalit Kala Akademi Fellowship Sports Rajiv Gandhi Khel Ratna Arjuna Award Dronacharya Award Dhyan Chand Award Science & Technology Shanti Swarup Bhatnagar Prize Kalinga Prize Gallantry Sarvottam Jeevan Raksha Padak Uttam Jeevan Raksha Padak Jeevan Raksha Padak Medical Dr. B.C. Roy Award International Gandhi Peace Prize Indira Gandhi Peace Prize Tagore Award for Cultural Harmony Military Wartime Param Vir Chakra Maha Vir Chakra Vir Chakra Peacetime Ashoka Chakra Kirti Chakra Shaurya Chakra Distinguished Service & Gallantry <Td_colspan="2"> Sena Medal Army Nao Sena Medal Navy Vayu Sena Medal Air Force Wartime Sarvottam Yudh Seva Medal Uttam Yudh Seva Medal Yudh Seva Medal Peacetime Param Vishisht Seva Medal Ati Vishisht Seva Medal Vishisht Seva Medal Service and campaign medals Wound Medal General Service Medal 1947 Samanya Seva Medal Special Service Medal Samar Seva Star Poorvi Star Paschimi Star Operation Vijay Star Siachen Glacier Medal Raksha Medal Sangram Medal Operation Vijay Medal Operation Parakram Medal Sainya Seva Medal High Altitude Service Medal Videsh Seva Medal Long service awards Meritorious Service Medal Long Service and Good Conduct Medal 30 Years Long Service Medal 20 Years Long Service Medal 9 Years Long Service Medal Territorial Army Decoration Territorial Army Medal Independence Awards Indian Independence Medal 50th Independence Anniversary Medal 25th Independence Anniversary Medal Other Awards Mention in Dispatches Commendation Card Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_Padma_Shri_award_recipients_(1954 -- 1959 ) &oldid = 797678985 '' Categories : Recipients of the Padma Shri Lists of Indian award winners 1950s in India 1950s - related lists Hidden categories : Pages using deprecated image syntax Articles with hCards Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français ગુજરાતી हिन्दी ಕನ್ನಡ मैथिली മലയാളം मराठी संस्कृतम् తెలుగు Edit links This page was last edited on 28 August 2017 , at 15 : 42 . About Wikipedia

1. Padma Shri award recipients (1954-1959) 2. Government of India 3. Civilian National Award 4. List of recipients by year and field 5. Indian honours and decorations

what body of congress approves presidential appointments to the court

Appointments Clause - wikipedia Appointments Clause Jump to : navigation , search This article is part of a series on the Constitution of the United States of America Preamble and Articles of the Constitution Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments to the Constitution Bill of Rights II III IV V VI VII VIII IX X XI XII XIII XIV XV XVI XVII XVIII XIX XX XXI XXII XXIII XXIV XXV XXVI XXVII Unratified Amendments Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Child Labor Equal Rights D.C. Voting Rights History Drafting and ratification timeline Convention Signing Federalism Republicanism Full text of the Constitution and Amendments Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments I -- X Amendments XI -- XXVII Unratified Amendments United States portal U.S. Government portal Law portal Wikipedia book The Appointments Clause is part of Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 of the United States Constitution , which empowers the President of the United States to appoint certain public officials with the `` advice and consent '' of the United States Senate . This clause also allows lower - level officials to be appointed without the advice and consent process . Contents ( hide ) 1 Text of the Appointments Clause 2 Appointments Clause aspects 2.1 Background and general aspects 2.2 Inferior officers 2.3 Appointments by heads of departments 3 List of cases 4 References 5 See also Text of the Appointments Clause ( edit ) The relevant provision of the Appointments Clause is : He ( the President ) ... shall nominate , and by and with the Advice and Consent of the Senate , shall appoint Ambassadors , other public Ministers and Consuls , Judges of the supreme Court , and all other Officers of the United States , whose Appointments are not herein otherwise provided for , and which shall be established by Law : but the Congress may by Law vest the Appointment of such inferior Officers as they think proper , in the President alone , in the Courts of Law , or in the Heads of Departments . The President shall have Power to fill up all Vacancies that may happen during the Recess of the Senate , by granting Commissions which shall expire at the End of their next Session . '' The first part of this clause is known as the Treaty Clause . Appointments Clause aspects ( edit ) Background and general aspects ( edit ) In the federal government of the United States , `` advice and consent '' is a power of the United States Senate -- in this instance , the power to approve appointments by the President of the United States to public positions , including Cabinet secretaries , federal judges , and ambassadors . The term `` advice and consent '' first appears in the United States Constitution in Article II , Section 2 , Clause 2 , referring to the Senate 's role in the signing and ratification of treaties . This term is then used again , to describe the Senate 's role in the appointment of public officials , immediately after describing the President 's duty to nominate such officials . Several framers of the U.S. Constitution explained that the required role of the Senate is to advise the President after the nomination has been made by the President . Roger Sherman believed that advice before nomination could still be helpful . Likewise , President George Washington took the position that pre-nomination advice was allowable but not mandatory . The notion that pre-nomination advice is optional has developed into the unification of the `` advice '' portion of the power with the `` consent '' portion , although several Presidents have consulted informally with Senators over nominations and treaties . The actual motion adopted by the Senate when exercising the power is `` to advise and consent '' , which shows how initial advice on nominations and treaties is not a formal power exercised by the Senate . On Nov. 21 , 2013 , the Senate changed its rules regarding the number of votes needed to end debate on a presidential nomination and bring it to a vote . Before that date , a minority of senators could engage in a filibuster and block a vote on a nomination unless three - fifths of senators voted to end debate . Under the new rules , a simple majority is all that is needed to end debate . The only exception was for nominations to the Supreme Court of the United States , which could still be blocked from going to a vote by a filibuster , until the Senate rules were again changed on April 6th , 2017 during Senate debate on the nomination of Neil Gorsuch to the Supreme Court . Congress itself may not exercise the appointment power ; its functions are limited to the Senate 's role in advice and consent , and to deciding whether to vest a direct appointment power over a given office in the President , a Head of Department , or the Courts of Law . The Framers of the U.S. Constitution were particularly concerned that Congress might seek to exercise the appointment power and fill offices with their supporters , to the derogation of the President 's control over the executive branch . The Appointments Clause thus functions as a restraint on Congress and as an important structural element in the separation of powers . Attempts by Congress to circumvent the Appointments Clause , either by making appointments directly , or through devices such as `` unilaterally appointing an incumbent to a new and distinct office '' under the guise of legislating new duties for an existing office , have been rebuffed by the courts . Inferior officers ( edit ) The Appointments Clause divides constitutional officers into two classes : principal officers , who must be appointed through the advice and consent mechanism ; and inferior officers , who may be appointed through advice and consent of the Senate , but whose appointment Congress may place instead in the President alone , in the Courts of Law , or in the Heads of Departments . An earlier version of the Appointments Clause would have given the President a broader power to `` appoint officers in all cases not otherwise provided for by this Constitution , '' but some delegates of the Philadelphia Constitutional Convention worried that this language would permit the President to create offices as well as to fill them , a classic case of institutional corruption . The requirement that the President can appoint inferior officers only when Congress has `` by Law vest ( ed ) '' that power in the President sought to preclude that possibility . One chief questions recurs under the `` by Law '' language : Who are `` inferior Officers , '' not subject to the requirement of advice and consent ; and ( 2 ) what constitutes a `` Department , '' when Congress seeks to place the appointment power away from the President ? As an initial matter , most government employees are not officers and thus are not subject to the Appointments Clause . In Buckley v. Valeo , the Supreme Court held that only those appointees `` exercising significant authority pursuant to the laws of the United States '' are `` Officers of the United States , '' and hence it is only those who exercise such `` significant authority '' who must be appointed by a mechanism set forth in the Appointments Clause . The Framers of the U.S. constitution did not define the line between principal officers and inferior officers , and the Supreme Court has been content to approach the analysis on a case - by - case basis rather than through a definitive test . The Court listed in Morrison v. Olson ( 1988 ) certain factors as hallmarks of `` inferior Officer '' status , such as removability by a higher executive branch official other than the President , and limitations on the officer 's duties , jurisdiction , and tenure . In Edmond v. United States ( 1997 ) the Court stated that `` ' inferior Officers ' are officers whose work is directed and supervised at some level by others who were appointed by Presidential nomination with the advice and consent of the Senate . '' Among those officers recognized as `` inferior '' are district court clerks , federal supervisors of elections , the Watergate Special Prosecutor , and an Independent Counsel appointed under the Ethics in Government Act of 1978 . Appointments by Heads of Departments ( edit ) Another chief question is , what constitutes a `` Department , '' when Congress seeks to place the appointment power away from the President ? The phrase `` Heads of Departments '' has not been precisely defined by the Supreme Court . On the one hand , judicial interpretations of the phrase refer to the heads of departments that are within the executive branch , or according to Buckley v. Valeo `` at least have some connection with that branch . '' Under this view , the heads of all agencies and departments exercising executive power under the President would seem to qualify as `` Heads of Departments . '' The Court interpreted in Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue ( 1991 ) `` Heads of Departments '' to refer `` to executive divisions like the Cabinet - level departments . '' The use of the phrase `` like the Cabinet - level departments '' could mean that , in addition to the Cabinet departments , other entities within the executive branch that are sufficiently analogous to the Cabinet departments may qualify as `` Departments '' for purposes of the Appointments Clause . On the other hand , the Freytag Court itself seemed unclear what it meant by the phrase `` like the Cabinet - level departments , '' and certainly stepped back from any bright - line test . The Freytag Court sought to harmonize its analysis with the interpretation given the different term `` executive Departments '' in the Opinion Clause ( which has been interpreted to refer only to Cabinet departments ) and with earlier cases that suggested that only the Cabinet Secretaries qualified as `` Heads of Departments . '' Ultimately , the Freytag Court seems to have reserved the question whether the heads of non-Cabinet executive - branch agencies could be deemed to be `` Heads of Departments '' for purposes of the Appointments Clause . Perhaps the phrase `` like the Cabinet - level departments '' was included in Freytag as an indication that the Court would not necessarily be inflexible about requiring Cabinet status in future cases . If that is so , then `` Heads of Departments '' would appear to include ( as Justice Antonin Scalia reasons in his concurrence in Freytag ) the heads of the Cabinet Departments and also the heads of `` all independent executive establishments . '' From 1999 to 2008 , a change in the statute governing the United States Patent and Trademark Office ( `` USPTO '' ) permitted a number of judges of the Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences and the Trademark Trial and Appeal Board to be appointed by the USPTO Director . This arrangement was challenged as unconstitutional under the Appointments Clause because the appointing party was not the Heads of the Department . In order to avoid the crisis that would result from new challenges to many BPAI and TTAB decisions made in that period , Congress passed a 2008 amendment to the statute which specifies that the Secretary of Commerce is responsible for such appointments , and permitting the Secretary to retroactively appoint those persons named by the USPTO Director . See also : List of positions filled by presidential appointment with Senate confirmation List of cases ( edit ) United States v. Hartwell , 73 U.S. ( 6 Wall . ) 385 ( 1868 ) United States v. Germaine , 99 U.S. ( 9 Otto ) 508 ( 1879 ) Ex parte Siebold , 100 U.S. ( 10 Otto ) 371 ( 1879 ) Shoemaker v. United States , 147 U.S. 282 ( 1893 ) Myers v. United States , 272 U.S. 52 ( 1926 ) Springer v. Philippine Islands , 277 U.S. 189 ( 1928 ) Humphrey 's Executor v. United States , 295 U.S. 602 ( 1935 ) Buckley v. Valeo , 424 U.S. 1 ( 1976 ) Morrison v. Olson , 487 U.S. 654 ( 1988 ) Freytag v. Commissioner of Internal Revenue , 501 U.S. 868 ( 1991 ) Weiss v. United States , 510 U.S. 163 ( 1994 ) Edmond v. United States , 520 U.S. 651 ( 1997 ) Free Enterprise Fund v. Public Company Accounting Oversight Board , 561 U.S. ____ ( 2010 ) National Labor Relations Board v. Noel Canning , 573 U.S. ___ ( 2014 ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Currie , David . The Constitution in Congress : The Federalist Period , 1789 - 1801 , page 25 ( University of Chicago Press 1997 ) via Google Books : `` Madison , Jefferson , and Jay all advised Washington not to consult the Senate before making nominations . '' Jump up ^ Hamilton , Alexander . Federalist No. 76 ( 1788 ) : `` In the act of nomination his judgment alone will be exercised . '' Jump up ^ Letter from Roger Sherman to John Adams ( July 1789 ) in The Founders Constitution : `` their advice may enable him to make such judicious appointments . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Senate history on the power to advise and consent : `` In selecting nominees , Washington turned to his closest advisers and to members of Congress , but the president resolutely insisted that he alone would be responsible for the final selection . He shared a common view that the Senate 's constitutionally mandated ' advice ' was to come after the nomination was made . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Rule 30 : `` On the final question to advise and consent to the ratification in the form agreed to , the concurrence of two - thirds of the Senators present shall be necessary to determine it in the affirmative . '' Jump up ^ U.S. Senate Rule 31 : `` the final question on every nomination shall be , ' Will the Senate advise and consent to this nomination ? ' '' Jump up ^ Christopher M. Davis ; Michael Greene . `` Presidential Appointee Positions Requiring Senate Confirmation and Committees Handling Nominations '' ( PDF ) . Congressional Research Service . Retrieved December 10 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Cox , Douglas . `` The Heritage Guide to the Constitution : Inferior Officers '' . The Heritage Foundation . Retrieved 27 October 2012 . Jump up ^ Translogic Technology , Inc. v. Dudas , U.S. , No. 07 - 1303 , 10 / 6 / 08 . See also ( edit ) Wikisource has original text related to this article : Appointments Clause of Section 2 of the full text Constitution of the United States of America List of clauses of the United States Constitution The Tenure of Office Acts of 1820 and 1867 Recess appointment Advice and consent <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bills of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Appointments_Clause&oldid=813961181 '' Categories : Clauses of the United States Constitution Legislative branch of the United States government Legal history of the United States United States Senate Appointments Clause case law Talk Contents About Wikipedia فارسی Edit links This page was last edited on 6 December 2017 , at 04 : 15 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Appointments Clause 2. United States Constitution 3. President's power to appoint officials 4. Advice and consent of the Senate 5. Separation of powers

who played beau in gone with the wind

Mickey Kuhn - Wikipedia Mickey Kuhn <Th_colspan="2"> Mickey Kuhn <Td_colspan="2"> Kuhn in The Strange Love of Martha Ivers ( 1946 ) Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn , Jr . ( 1932 - 09 - 21 ) September 21 , 1932 ( age 85 ) Waukegan , Illinois , U.S. Occupation Actor Years active 1934 -- 1957 Spouse ( s ) Barbara Traci ( 1984 - present ) Theodore Matthew Michael Kuhn , Jr. ( born September 21 , 1932 ) , known as Mickey Kuhn , is an American former child actor of the 1930s , 1940s and 1950s . He came to prominence in 1939 playing Beau Wilkes in Gone with the Wind . Contents ( hide ) 1 Life and career 2 Filmography 3 References 4 Bibliography 5 External links Life and career ( edit ) Born in Waukegan , Illinois of German descent , he started as a child actor in the 1930s and appeared opposite Conrad Nagel and Leslie Howard , amongst others . His first fame came in playing the role of Beau Wilkes ( Ashley and Melanie 's son ) in Gone with the Wind ( 1939 ) . He later went on to appear in Juarez ( 1939 ) opposite Bette Davis , as the adoptive son of John Wayne in Red River , and in A Streetcar Named Desire ( 1951 ) , in which he was reunited with Vivien Leigh a dozen years after they first worked together in Gone with the Wind . In A Streetcar Named Desire , Kuhn played a sailor who directs Blanche to the correct streetcar which will take her to her sister 's neighborhood at the beginning of the film . He is the only actor to share screen time with Leigh in each of her Oscar - winning performances . Kuhn left film business in 1957 and later worked for American Airlines and the Boston airport in administrative positions until his retirement . He now regularly visits film festivals dealing with his old films . Kuhn , along with Olivia de Havilland ( who portrayed his mother , Melanie Wilkes ) , is one of the last two surviving credited cast members from Gone with the Wind . Patrick Curtis is also a survivor , although his part of Melanie 's infant newborn son is uncredited . Kuhn currently lives in Naples , Florida and volunteers four hours per week at a local hospital . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role 1934 Change of Heart Adopted baby ( film debut ) 1937 A Doctor 's Diary Boy in hospital 1939 Juarez Agustín de Iturbide y Green Gone with the Wind Beau Wilkes 1940 I Want a Divorce David Holland , Jr . 1941 One Foot in Heaven Boy 1945 Roughly Speaking A Tree Grows in Brooklyn Boy Dick Tracy Junior 1946 The Strange Love of Martha Ivers Young Walter Three Little Girls in Blue Farm boy 1948 Red River Young Matt 1949 Scene of the Crime Ed Monigan , Jr . 1951 That 's My Boy Student A Streetcar Named Desire The Helpful Sailor On the Loose Bob Vance 1955 The Last Frontier Luke 1956 Away All Boats Seaman ( final film ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Excellent Portrayals in Red River '' . Del Rio News Herald . August 24 , 1948 . p. 3 . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Argetsinger , Amy ( December 15 , 2014 ) . `` A quiet 75th anniversary for ' Gone With the Wind ' and one of its last surviving actors , Mickey Kuhn '' . Washington Post . Retrieved June 27 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Noland , Claire ( April 8 , 2014 ) . `` Mary Anderson dies at 96 ; actress had role in ' Gone With the Wind ' '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved April 8 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Mickey Kuhn , child actor during Hollywood 's Golden Age , lives in Naples , Florida '' . Naples Daily News . Retrieved 22 December 2017 . Bibliography ( edit ) Goldrup , Tom and Jim ( 2002 ) . Growing Up on the Set : Interviews with 39 Former Child Actors of Film and Television . McFarland & Co. p. 178 - 185 . ISBN 1476613702 . Holmstrom , John ( 1996 ) . The Moving Picture Boy : An International Encyclopaedia from 1895 to 1995 . Norwich : Michael Russell , p. 178 . External links ( edit ) Mickey Kuhn on IMDb LCCN : no2009174328 VIAF : 102986731 This article about a United States film actor or actress born in the 1930s is a stub . You can help Wikipedia by expanding it . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Mickey_Kuhn&oldid=843856008 '' Categories : 1932 births Living people American male film actors American male child actors American people of German descent Actors from Waukegan , Illinois Male actors from Illinois 20th - century American male actors American film actor , 1930s birth stubs Hidden categories : Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2017 Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers All stub articles Talk Contents About Wikipedia تۆرکجه Deutsch فارسی Français Polski Português Русский Edit links This page was last edited on 31 May 2018 , at 22 : 39 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Mickey Kuhn - American former child actor 2. Gone with the Wind - Beau Wilkes role 3. Filmography - appearances in Juarez, Red River, A Streetcar Named Desire 4. Last surviving cast members from Gone with the Wind 5. Retirement and current life in Naples, Florida

who wrote the song stop in the name of love

Stop ! In the Name of Love - wikipedia Stop ! In the Name of Love Jump to : navigation , search For the La Toya Jackson album , see Stop in the Name of Love ( album ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' <Td_colspan="2"> Artwork for US vinyl single <Th_colspan="2"> Single by The Supremes <Th_colspan="2"> from the album More Hits by The Supremes B - side `` I 'm In Love Again '' Released February 8 , 1965 ( U.S. ) Format Vinyl record ( 7 '' 45 RPM ) Recorded January 5 , January 7 , and January 11 , 1965 Studio Hitsville U.S.A. ( Studio A ) Genre Pop , R&B , soul Length 2 : 52 Label Motown M 1074 Songwriter ( s ) Holland -- Dozier -- Holland Producer ( s ) Brian Holland Lamont Dozier <Th_colspan="2"> The Supremes singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Come See About Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' ( 1965 ) `` Back in My Arms Again '' ( 1965 ) <Td_colspan="2"> `` Come See About Me '' ( 1964 ) `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' ( 1965 ) `` Back in My Arms Again '' ( 1965 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> More Hits by The Supremes track listing <Td_colspan="2"> 12 tracks Side one `` Ask Any Girl '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' `` Mother Dear '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Honey Boy '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' Side two `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` He Holds His Own '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` ( I 'm So Glad ) Heartaches Do n't Last Always '' `` I 'm In Love Again '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Audio sample <Td_colspan="2"> file help <Td_colspan="2"> `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' is a 1965 song recorded by The Supremes for the Motown label . Written and produced by Motown 's main production team Holland -- Dozier -- Holland , `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' held the number one position on the Billboard pop singles chart in the United States from March 27 , 1965 through April 3 , 1965 , and reached the number - two position on the soul chart . Billboard named the song # 38 on their list of 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 Overview 1.2 Cover versions and other uses 2 Personnel 3 Charts 3.1 Weekly charts 3.2 Year - end charts 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Overview ( edit ) The Supremes recorded `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' in January 1965 and released as a single on February 8 . The song was included on the Supremes ' sixth album , More Hits by The Supremes , and was nominated for the 1966 Grammy Award for Best Contemporary Rock & Roll Group Vocal Performance , losing to `` Flowers on the Wall '' by the Statler Brothers . The song was also honored by inclusion in the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame 's permanent collection of the 500 Songs that Shaped Rock and Roll . The Supremes ' choreography for this song , with one hand on the hip and the other outstretched in a `` stop '' gesture , is legendary . Paul Williams and Melvin Franklin of The Temptations taught the girls the routine backstage in London , before the Supremes ' first televised performance of the single on the Ready Steady Go ! special `` The Sound of Motown , '' hosted by Motown enthusiast Dusty Springfield . They also performed the song on an episode of the ABC variety program Shindig ! which aired on Wednesday , February 24 , 1965 . Cover versions and other uses ( edit ) The Jackson 5 covered this in a live performance on the Carol Burnett Show in 1975 as they were paying tributes to the Supremes , the Mills Brothers and the Andrews Sisters . Cover versions were later recorded by Margie Joseph , Gene Pitney , Nicki French , Sinitta , Globe , Johnny Rivers , the L.A. heavy metal - Band Black Sheep , C : Real , Gloria Gaynor , Claude François ( as `` Stop au nom de l'amour '' , 1971 ) , Les Fizz ( as `` Stop , Tu N ' As Plus Le Droit '' , 1966 ) , Renata Pacini ( as `` In nome dell'amore '' , 1966 ) , Jacob Sisters ( as `` Was hab ' ich dir getan '' , 1966 ) and The Hollies ( who saw their version peaked in America at No. 29 and in Canada at No. 31 in 1983 ) . In 1996 , Los Flechazos recorded an instrumental version for his EP `` En tu Calle '' . In 1998 , a cover version by Jonell Mosser was included in the film Hope Floats . A eurodance remix was made for the 2002 Dancemania compilation Speed 8 . American rapper Lil Wayne sampled the song on his song `` Gossip . '' The lyrics are briefly quoted in The B - 52 's song `` Dance This Mess Around . '' American singer La Toya Jackson recorded the song for her 1995 album Stop in the Name of Love . In 2008 british girl groul Sugababes with Mary Wilson performed song on MOBO Awards . The song was performed by Florida , Willona and Thelma during a rent party in an episode of Good Times . The song was also covered as part of a mash - up on the Fox series Glee along with `` Free Your Mind '' by En Vogue in the episode `` Never Been Kissed . '' Claude François ' version appears in the 2014 superhero film X-Men : Days of Future Past , in a scene set in 1973 Paris . A random character called ' Elephant Head ' briefly sang the song in Summer Holiday , the final episode of The Young Ones . Personnel ( edit ) Lead vocals by Diana Ross Backing vocals by Florence Ballard , Mary Wilson All instruments by The Funk Brothers Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Peak position Australia 42 U.S. Billboard Hot 100 U.S. Billboard Hot Rhythm & Blues Singles U.S. Cash Box Pop Singles Chart Canadian RPM Singles Chart Germany UK 7 Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 1965 ) Rank U.S. Billboard Hot 100 20 U.S. Cash Box Top 100 24 UK 93 See also ( edit ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 1965 ( U.S. ) References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Company . 77 ( 13 ) : 32 . 1965 . Retrieved 9 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Billboard Hot 100 '' . Billboard . Nielsen Company . 77 ( 14 ) : 28 . 1965 . Retrieved 10 May 2011 . Jump up ^ `` 100 Greatest Girl Group Songs of All Time : Critics ' Picks '' . Billboard . Retrieved July 11 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilliland , John ( 1969 ) . `` Show 26 -- The Soul Reformation : Phase two , the Motown story . ( Part 5 ) '' ( audio ) . Pop Chronicles . University of North Texas Libraries . Jump up ^ Host : Dusty Springfield ( 28 April 1965 ) . `` The Sound of Motown '' . Ready Steady Go ! ( special ) . Season 2 . London . ITV . Jump up ^ `` Supremes / Barbarians / Neil Sedaka / Stan Getz / Ruth Price '' . Shindig ! . Season 1 . Episode 29 . Los Angeles . 24 February 1965 . ABC . KABC . Jump up ^ Joel Whitburn 's Top Pop Singles 1955 -- 2002 Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Hits of 1965 / Top 100 Songs of 1965 '' . Musicoutfitters.com . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2014 - 12 - 31 . Retrieved 2016 - 02 - 02 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 1965 -- UK Music Charts '' . Uk-charts.top-source.info . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 29 . External links ( edit ) Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics Preceded by `` Eight Days a Week '' by The Beatles Billboard Hot 100 number - one single March 27 , 1965 -- April 3 , 1965 ( two weeks ) Succeeded by `` I 'm Telling You Now '' by Freddie and the Dreamers <Th_colspan="2"> The Supremes <Td_colspan="2"> Diana Ross Florence Ballard Mary Wilson Barbara Martin Cindy Birdsong Jean Terrell Lynda Laurence Scherrie Payne Susaye Greene Betty McGlown Studio albums Meet The Supremes ( 1962 ) Where Did Our Love Go ( 1964 ) More Hits by The Supremes ( 1965 ) I Hear a Symphony ( 1966 ) The Supremes A ' Go - Go ( 1966 ) The Supremes Sing Holland -- Dozier -- Holland ( 1967 ) Reflections ( 1968 ) Love Child ( 1968 ) Let the Sunshine In ( 1969 ) Cream of the Crop ( 1969 ) Right On ( 1970 ) New Ways but Love Stays ( 1970 ) Touch ( 1971 ) Floy Joy ( 1972 ) The Supremes Produced and Arranged by Jimmy Webb ( 1972 ) The Supremes ( 1975 ) High Energy ( 1976 ) Mary , Scherrie & Susaye ( 1976 ) Collaborative albums Diana Ross & the Supremes Join The Temptations ( 1968 ) Together ( 1969 ) The Magnificent 7 ( 1970 ) The Return of the Magnificent Seven ( 1971 ) Dynamite ( 1971 ) Live albums The Supremes at the Copa ( 1965 ) Live at London 's Talk of the Town ( 1968 ) TCB ( 1968 ) On Broadway ( 1969 ) Farewell ( 1970 ) The Supremes Live ! In Japan ( 1973 ) Other albums A Bit of Liverpool ( 1964 ) The Supremes Sing Country , Western and Pop ( 1965 ) We Remember Sam Cooke ( 1965 ) Merry Christmas ( 1965 ) The Supremes Sing Rodgers & Hart ( 1967 ) Diana Ross & the Supremes Sing and Perform `` Funny Girl '' ( 1968 ) Singles `` Tears of Sorrow '' ( as The Primettes ) `` I Want a Guy '' `` Buttered Popcorn '' `` Your Heart Belongs to Me '' `` Let Me Go the Right Way '' `` My Heart Ca n't Take It No More '' `` A Breathtaking Guy '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' `` Run , Run , Run '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Baby Love '' `` Come See About Me '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' `` Things Are Changing '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' `` Children 's Christmas Song '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' `` The Happening '' `` Reflections '' `` In and Out of Love '' `` Forever Came Today '' `` Some Things You Never Get Used To '' `` Love Child '' `` I 'm Gonna Make You Love Me '' `` I 'm Livin ' in Shame '' `` I 'll Try Something New '' `` The Composer '' `` No Matter What Sign You Are '' `` The Weight '' `` I Second That Emotion '' `` Someday We 'll Be Together '' `` Why ( Must We Fall in Love ) '' `` Up the Ladder to the Roof '' `` Everybody 's Got the Right to Love '' `` Stoned Love '' `` River Deep -- Mountain High '' `` Nathan Jones '' `` You Gotta Have Love in Your Heart '' `` Touch '' `` Floy Joy '' `` Automatically Sunshine '' `` Without the One You Love '' `` Your Wonderful , Sweet Sweet Love '' `` I Guess I 'll Miss the Man '' `` Reach Out and Touch ( Somebody 's Hand ) '' `` Bad Weather '' `` Tossin ' and Turnin ' '' `` He 's My Man '' `` Where Do I Go from Here '' `` Early Morning Love '' `` I 'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking '' `` High Energy '' `` You 're My Driving Wheel '' `` Let Yourself Go '' `` Love , I Never Knew You Could Feel So Good '' Videography T.A.M.I. Show Greatest Hits : Live in Amsterdam Reflections : The Definitive Performances ( 1964 -- 1969 ) Motown 25 : Yesterday , Today , Forever Inspired works Sparkle ( 1976 film ) Dreamgirls ( musical ) Dreamgirls ( film ) Sparkle ( 2012 film ) Related topics Discography Chronology Members FLOS <Td_colspan="2"> Book <Th_colspan="2"> Gloria Gaynor Studio albums Never Can Say Goodbye Experience Gloria Gaynor I 've Got You Glorious Gloria Gaynor 's Park Avenue Sound Love Tracks I Have a Right Stories I Kinda Like Me Gloria Gaynor I Am Gloria Gaynor The Power of Gloria Gaynor The Answer I Wish You Love Singles `` Never Can Say Goodbye '' `` All I Need Is Your Sweet Lovin ' '' `` How High the Moon '' `` Substitute '' `` I Will Survive '' `` Stop in the Name of Love '' `` I Am What I Am '' `` Mighty High '' `` Oh , What a Life '' Related articles Discography <Td_colspan="2"> Book : Gloria Gaynor <Th_colspan="2"> Holland -- Dozier -- Holland <Td_colspan="2"> Brian Holland Lamont Dozier Eddie Holland Songs 1962 `` Dearest One '' `` Old Love ( Let 's Try It Again ) '' `` Darling , I Hum Our Song '' 1963 `` Leaving Here '' `` Locking Up My Heart '' `` What Goes Up Must Come Down '' / `` Come on Home '' `` Tie a String Around Your Finger '' `` Come and Get These Memories '' / `` Jealous Lover '' `` You Lost the Sweetest Boy '' `` Heat Wave '' / `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` ( He Wo n't Be True ) Little Girl Blue '' `` Mickey 's Monkey '' `` Too Hurt to Cry , Too Much in Love to Say Goodbye '' / `` Come on Home '' `` When the Lovelight Starts Shining Through His Eyes '' / `` Standing at the Crossroads of Love '' `` I Gotta Dance to Keep From Crying '' `` Quicksand '' / `` Darling I Hum Our Song '' `` Live Wire '' / `` Old Love ( Let 's Try It Again ) '' `` Run , Run , Run '' / `` I 'm Giving You Your Freedom '' `` Can I Get a Witness '' 1964 `` A Tear from a Woman 's Eyes '' `` My Lady Bug Stay Away from That Beatle '' `` Like a Nightmare '' / `` If You Were Mine '' `` In My Lonely Room '' `` Just Ai n't Enough Love '' `` Where Did Our Love Go '' `` Baby Do n't You Do It '' `` Guarantee for a Lifetime '' `` Baby I Need Your Loving '' / `` Call on Me '' `` Candy to Me '' / `` If You Do n't Want My Love '' `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` Baby Love '' / `` Ask Any Girl '' `` Come See About Me '' / ( You 're Gone But ) Always in My Heart '' `` Without the One You Love ( Life 's Not Worth While ) '' / `` Love has Gone '' `` You 're a Wonderful One '' `` How Sweet It Is ( To Be Loved by You ) '' 1965 `` Where Did You Go '' `` Stop ! In the Name of Love '' / `` I 'm in Love Again '' `` You 've Been a Long Time Coming '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` Nowhere to Run '' `` Back in My Arms Again '' / `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` I Ca n't Help Myself ( Sugar Pie Honey Bunch ) '' `` The Only Time I 'm Happy '' `` Mother Dear '' / `` He Holds His Own '' `` Nothing but Heartaches '' / `` He Holds His Own '' `` Love ( Makes Me Do Foolish Things ) '' `` It 's the Same Old Song '' / `` Your Love Is Amazing '' `` Mother Dear '' / `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` I Hear a Symphony '' / `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` Something About You '' `` Take Me in Your Arms ( Rock Me a Little While ) '' `` Darling Baby '' `` There 's a Ghost in My House '' 1966 `` ( I 'm a ) Roadrunner '' `` This Old Heart of Mine ( Is Weak for You ) '' `` Ask any Man '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` There 's No Love Left '' `` Shake Me , Wake Me ( When It 's Over ) '' / `` Just as Long as You Need Me '' `` Helpless '' / `` A Love Like Yours ( Do n't Come Knocking Everyday ) '' `` Call on Me '' `` Love Is Like an Itching in My Heart '' / `` He 's All I Got '' `` Who Could Ever Doubt My Love '' `` I Like Everything About You '' `` I Guess I 'll Always Love You '' `` Nothing but Soul '' `` Love 's Gone Bad '' / `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` You Ca n't Hurry Love '' / `` Put Yourself in My Place '' `` Little Darling ( I Need You ) '' `` Reach Out I 'll Be There '' / `` Until You Love Someone '' `` Stay in My Lonely Arms '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' / `` I Wanna Mother You , Smother You With Love '' `` You Keep Me Hangin ' On '' / `` Remove This Doubt '' `` Standing in the Shadows of Love '' / Since You 've Been Gone '' `` I 'm Ready for Love '' `` ( Come ' Round Here ) I 'm the One You Need '' `` Heaven Must Have Sent You '' 1967 `` Just One Last Look '' `` Love Is Here and Now You 're Gone '' / There 's No Stopping Us Now '' `` Your Love Is Amazing '' `` Jimmy Mack '' / `` Third Finger , Left Hand '' `` Bernadette '' / `` I Got a Feeling '' `` My World Is Empty Without You '' `` The Happening '' / `` All I Know About You '' `` Just Ai n't Enough Love '' `` 7 - Rooms of Gloom '' / `` I 'll Turn to Stone '' `` I Understand My Man '' `` Your Unchanging Love '' / `` I 'll Take Care of You '' `` Reflections '' / `` Going Down for the Third Time '' `` One Way Out '' `` You Keep Me Running Away '' / `` If You Do n't Want My Love '' `` I Got a Feeling '' `` In and Out of Love '' / `` I Guess I 'll Always Love You '' 1968 `` Whisper You Love Me Boy '' `` Forever Came Today '' `` I 'm in a Different World '' 1969 `` We 've Got a Way Out Love '' `` Crumbs off the Table '' 1970 `` Give Me Just a Little More Time '' `` ( You 've Got Me ) Dangling on a String '' `` Everything 's Tuesday '' `` Band of Gold '' `` Westbound # 9 '' 1972 `` The Day I Found Myself '' `` Do n't Leave Me Starvin ' for Your Love '' `` Why Ca n't We Be Lovers '' 1973 `` You 're Gonna Need Me '' `` We 're Almost There '' `` Just a Little Bit of You '' `` Early Morning Love '' `` Where Do I Go from Here '' 1976 `` I 'm Gonna Let My Heart Do the Walking '' `` High Energy '' `` Let Yourself Go '' 1982 `` We Can Never Light That Old Flame Again '' Related topics Motown Hot Wax Records Invictus Records List of songs written by Holland , Dozier and Holland Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stop!_In_the_Name_of_Love&oldid=837984547 '' Categories : 1965 singles 1983 singles The Supremes songs The Hollies songs Gloria Gaynor songs Motown singles Atlantic Records singles Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Songs written by Holland -- Dozier -- Holland 1965 songs Song recordings produced by Brian Holland Song recordings produced by Lamont Dozier The Jackson 5 songs Hidden categories : Music infoboxes with deprecated parameters Articles with hAudio microformats Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Русский Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 24 April 2018 , at 06 : 26 . 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1. "Stop! In the Name of Love" - The Supremes 2. Motown label 3. Holland-Dozier-Holland 4. Billboard pop singles chart 5. Girl group songs

what is the gold button for on america's got talent

America 's Got Talent - Wikipedia America 's Got Talent For the current season , see America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) . For Got Talent around the world , see Got Talent . <Th_colspan="2"> America 's Got Talent <Td_colspan="2"> Genre Reality Talent contest Created by Simon Cowell Directed by Russell Norman Creative director ( s ) Brian Friedman Presented by Regis Philbin Jerry Springer Nick Cannon Tyra Banks Judges Piers Morgan David Hasselhoff Brandy Norwood Sharon Osbourne Howard Stern Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell Country of origin United States Original language ( s ) English No. of seasons 13 No. of episodes 319 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Simon Cowell Sam Donnelly Jason Raff Rob Wade Trish Kinane Richard Wallace Running time 60 -- 120 minutes Production company ( s ) FremantleMedia North America SYCOtv Distributor FremantleMedia Enterprises <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Picture format NTSC ( 480i ) ( 2006 -- 08 ) HDTV 1080i ( 2009 -- ) Original release June 21 , 2006 ( 2006 - 06 - 21 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Related shows America 's Got Talent : The Champions <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Official website America 's Got Talent ( often abbreviated as AGT ) is a televised American talent show competition , broadcast on the NBC television network . It is part of the global Got Talent franchise created by Simon Cowell , and is produced by FremantleMedia North America and SYCOtv , with distribution done by Freemantle . Since its premiere in June 2006 , each season is run during the network 's summer schedule , with the show having featured various hosts - it is currently hosted by Tyra Banks , since 2017 . It is the first global edition of the franchise , after plans for a British edition in 2005 were suspended , following a dispute between Paul O'Grady , the planned host , and the British broadcaster ITV ; production of this edition later resumed in 2007 . The show attracts a variety of participants , from across the United States and abroad , to take part and who possess some form of talents , with acts ranging from singing , dancing , comedy , magic , stunts , variety , and other genres . Each participant who auditions attempts to secure a place in the live episodes of a season by impressing a panel of judges - the current line - up consists of Cowell , Howie Mandel , Mel B , and Heidi Klum . Those that make it into the live episodes compete against each other for both the judges ' and public 's vote in order to reach the live final , where the winner receives a large cash prize , paid over a period of time , and , since the third season , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Since its premiere , America 's Got Talent has helped to unearth new talent and kickstart / boost the careers of various performers who took part in the competition , while the show itself has been a rating success for NBC , drawing in on average around 10 million viewers per season . In 2013 , a book was entitled Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , was released , providing a description of the seasons , contestants , judges , and production techniques of the show , along with detailed interviews with contestants from all seasons , up to the date of the book 's of publication . At present , the show is currently airing its thirteenth season , which premiered on May 29 , 2018 . A winter - spin off edition is currently being planned , entitled America 's Got Talent : The Champions , featuring acts from previous seasons , as well as acts from international Got Talent shows . Contents 1 Format 1.1 Auditions 1.2 Judge Cuts 1.3 Live shows 2 Judges and Presenters 2.1 Judge Cuts Guest Judge 3 Season synopses 3.1 Season 1 ( 2006 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2007 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2008 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2009 ) 3.5 Season 5 ( 2010 ) 3.6 Season 6 ( 2011 ) 3.7 Season 7 ( 2012 ) 3.8 Season 8 ( 2013 ) 3.9 Season 9 ( 2014 ) 3.10 Season 10 ( 2015 ) 3.11 Season 11 ( 2016 ) 3.12 Season 12 ( 2017 ) 3.13 Season 13 ( 2018 ) 4 Post-show 4.1 America 's Got Talent Live 4.2 Holiday Spectacular 5 Reception 5.1 U.S. television ratings 5.2 Awards and nominations 5.3 Top - selling albums by former contestants 5.4 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows 6 International broadcasts 7 See also 8 References 9 External links Format ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2018 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Simon Cowell , creator of America 's Got Talent and the Got Talent franchise , is primarily a judge on the British international version of the franchise . He has operated as a judge on AGT since May 2017 . Auditions ( edit ) The general selection process of each season is begun by the production team with open auditions held in various cities across the United States . Dubbed `` Producers ' Auditions '' , they are held months before the main stage of auditions are held . Those that make it through the initial stage , become participants in the `` Judges ' Auditions '' , which are held in select cities across the country , and attended by the judges . Each participant is held offstage and awaits their turn to perform before the judges , whereupon they are given 90 seconds to demonstrate their act , with a live audience present for all performances . At the end of a performance , the judges give constructive criticism and feedback about what they saw , whereupon they each give a vote - a participant who receives a majority vote approving their performance , moves on to the next stage , otherwise they are eliminated from the programme at that stage . Each judge is given a buzzer , and may use it during a performance if they are unimpressed , hate what is being performed , or feel the act is a waste of their time ; if a participant is buzzed by all judges , their performance is automatically over and they are eliminated without being given a vote . Many acts that move on may be cut by producers and may forfeit due to the limited slots available for the second performance . Filming for each season always takes place when the Judges ' Auditions are taking place , with the show 's presenter standing in the wings of each venue 's stage to interview and give personal commentary on a participant 's performance . Jackie Evancho 's YouTube audition for Season Five of America 's Got Talent in 2010 was a critical turning point towards her becoming the youngest solo artist ever to go platinum in the U.S. Between the fifth and seventh season , acts who did not attend live auditions could instead submit a taped audition online via YouTube . Acts from the online auditions were then selected to compete in front of the judges and a live audience during the `` live shows '' part of the season , prior to the semi-finals . Before the inclusion of this round , the show had a separate audition episode in Seasons 3 and 4 ( 2008 -- 2009 ) for contestants who posted videos on MySpace . In the ninth season , the show added a new format to the auditions in the form of the `` Golden Buzzer '' , which began to make appearances within the Got Talent franchise , since it was first introduced on Germany 's Got Talent . During auditions , each judge is allowed to use the Golden Buzzer to send an act automatically into the live shows , regardless of the opinion of the other judges ; when it was initially used , the buzzer simply saved an act from elimination . The only rule to the buzzer was that a judge could use it only once per season ; the host was later allowed to use the Golden Buzzer for an act from the eleventh season . Judge Cuts ( edit ) Following auditions , successful entries take part in a second stage of the talent competition , in which they are separated out into a number of groups . Over the course of several weeks , each group performs per week , at a fixed venue , in which that group 's participants each attempt to secure a place in the live show by performing a new variation of their act for the judges . Of these acts , the judges chose around 10 from each group to perform in the live shows ; in some seasons , participants eliminated at this stage were given a chance to still appear in the live shows by being selected as a `` wildcard '' act . The judges have access to their buzzers and if an act is buzzed by all of them , they are immediately eliminated from the competition . Until the second season , acts did not have to perform a second time , instead moving on into the live shows , with the judges given a list of the acts who would appear in each live episode . From the second season to the eighth , this stage was dubbed as the `` Las Vegas '' due to the fixed venue being situated upon the Las Vegas Strip , while in the ninth series , acts performed in New York , with the stage dubbed `` Judgement Week '' . From the tenth season , the stage 's format was changed and renamed as `` Judge Cuts '' . In each round , the judging panel were joined by a guest judge who helped with making decisions on which act could move on to the live shows . Like the auditions , the guest judge could use a Golden Buzzer for an act , but once used , it could not be used again . Unlike previous seasons , the Judge Cuts featured twenty acts per round , with seven acts advancing into the live shows , including the one chosen by the guest 's golden buzzer . Unlike the previous format for the stage , the venue used varied , but included the CBS Studio Center and the NBC Universal Back Lot . Live shows ( edit ) During the live shows , the final selection of participants , which has ranged from between 20 to 60 acts and include those that were chosen as Wildcards by the judges or received the Golden Buzzer , are divided into groups and compete against each other for viewers ' and judges ' votes . The general structure of the live episodes focuses first on four quarterfinals , and then two semi-finals , aimed at finding that season 's finalists . Additional rounds are conducted when required ( such as a `` Top 8 '' or a `` Top 10 '' , depending on the season ) . Live episodes are broadcast weekly , and featured performances by guest stars , including previous winners of America 's Got Talent . During these stages , the judges still provide feedback on an act 's performance when it is over , and can use buzzers to prematurely end an performance before it is over ; in the first season , the judges could not end a performance before it was over . Acts which do n't secure a sufficient amount of votes by the public and / or the judges , are eliminated from the competition . Those that make it into the season 's final compete against each other to secure the most votes from the public , with the number of finalists varying between seasons . The act which does is declared the winner for that season , in which they secure the programme 's cash prize of $1 million , and , since Season 3 ( 2008 ) , a chance to headline a show on the Las Vegas Strip . Between the fifth and eighth season , the winner was also made the headline act of a national tour with runners up following the final show , stopping in 25 cities . For season nine , however ( 2014 ) , there was no tour ; two shows were held in Las Vegas for the winner and some of the runner - up acts . ( See # America 's Got Talent Live , below . ) Judges and presenters ( edit ) Tyra Banks , current host of America 's Got Talent since May 2017 . Howie Mandel is the longest serving judge on America 's Got Talent , since June 2010 . Nick Cannon is the longest serving host of the program , from June 2009 , to September 2016 . Season Presenter <Th_colspan="4"> Judges ( chair 's order ) Regis Philbin Piers Morgan Brandy David Hasselhoff N / A Jerry Springer Sharon Osbourne Nick Cannon 5 Howie Mandel 6 7 Howard Stern 8 Heidi Klum Mel B Howie Mandel 9 10 11 Howie Mandel Mel B Heidi Klum Simon Cowell 12 Tyra Banks 13 In its first season , the judging panel consisted originally of David Hasselhoff , Brandy Norwood , and Piers Morgan , with the program hosted by Regis Philbin . Prior to the start of the second season , Norwood was forced to step down due to a legal matter she was caught up in , leading to her being replaced by Sharon Osbourne , while Philbin was replaced by Jerry Springer as the show 's host . Further changes were made to the panel and show 's host , as a direct result of each respective member having a need to focus on other TV commitments - Springer was forced to leave after the third season , and was replaced by Nick Cannon for the fourth season ; Hasselhoff left the show after the fourth season , and so was replaced by Howie Mandel for the fifth season as a direct result ; Morgan left after the sixth season , leading to him being replaced by Howard Stern for the seventh season . In August 2012 , Osbourne left the program following a dispute with NBC . While the network replaced her with former Spice Girls member Mel B in February 2013 , the production staff decided to expand the number of judges in the panel to four - such a format change had already been occurring in other international versions of the competition , such as on Britain 's Got Talent two years prior . In March 2013 , supermodel Heidi Klum was announced as joining the panel for the eighth season , confirming reports that the show would include a fourth judge into its format . In October 2015 , Stern was replaced by Simon Cowell for the eleventh season . After his eighth year hosting America 's Got Talent , Cannon announced plans to retire from the show due to comments he made about the network ; despite being under contract to continue his hosting duties , NBC eventually replaced him with Tyra Banks for the twelfth season . Judge Cuts Guest Judge ( edit ) Season <Th_colspan="4"> Judge Cuts Guest Judge ( in order of appearance ) 10 Neil Patrick Harris Michael Bublé Marlon Wayans Piers Morgan 11 Ne - Yo Reba McEntire George Lopez Louis Tomlinson 12 Chris Hardwick DJ Khaled Laverne Cox Seal 13 Ken Jeong Olivia Munn Martina McBride Chris Hardwick Season synopses ( edit ) Season Premiere Finale Winner Runner - up Third place June 21 , 2006 August 17 , 2006 Bianca Ryan All That The Millers June 5 , 2007 August 21 , 2007 Terry Fator Cas Haley Butterscotch June 17 , 2008 October 1 , 2008 Neal E. Boyd Eli Mattson Nuttin ' But Stringz June 23 , 2009 September 16 , 2009 Kevin Skinner Bárbara Padilla Recycled Percussion 5 June 1 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 Michael Grimm Jackie Evancho Fighting Gravity 6 May 31 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . Silhouettes Team iLuminate 7 May 14 , 2012 September 13 , 2012 Olate Dogs Tom Cotter William Close 8 June 4 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 Kenichi Ebina Taylor Williamson Jimmy Rose 9 May 27 , 2014 September 17 , 2014 Mat Franco Emily West AcroArmy 10 May 26 , 2015 September 16 , 2015 Paul Zerdin Drew Lynch Oz Pearlman 11 May 31 , 2016 September 14 , 2016 Grace VanderWaal The Clairvoyants Jon Dorenbos 12 May 30 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 Darci Lynne Farmer Angelica Hale Light Balance 13 May 29 , 2018 September 19 , 2018 TBA TBA TBA Season 1 ( 2006 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 1 ) Bianca Ryan , season one winner In May 2006 , NBC announced the new show . The audition tour took place in June . Auditions were held in the following locations : Los Angeles , New York , and Chicago . Some early ads for the show implied that the winning act would also headline a show at a casino , possibly in Las Vegas ; however , this was replaced with a million dollars due to concerns of minors playing in Las Vegas , should one become a champion . More than 12 million viewers watched the series premiere ( which is more than American Idol got during its premiere in 2002 ) . The two - hour broadcast was the night 's most - watched program on U.S. television and the highest - rated among viewers aged 18 to 49 ( the prime - time audience that matters most to advertisers ) , Nielsen Media Research reported . On the season finale , there was an unaired segment that was scheduled to appear after Aly & AJ . The segment featured Tom Green dressing in a parrot costume and squawking with a live parrot to communicate telepathically . Green then proceeded to fly up above the audience , shooting confetti streamers out of his costume onto the crowd below . In season one , the show was hosted by Regis Philbin and judged by actor David Hasselhoff , singer Brandy Norwood , and journalist Piers Morgan . The winner of the season was 11 - year - old singer Bianca Ryan , and the runners - up were clogging group All That and musical group The Millers . Season 2 ( 2007 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 2 ) Terry Fator , season two winner After initially announcing in June 2006 that season two would premiere in January 2007 and would air at 8 pm on Sunday nights , with no separate results show , the network changed that , pushing the show back to the summer , where the first season had enjoyed great success . This move kept the show out of direct competition with American Idol , which had a similar premise and was more popular . In AGT 's place , another reality - based talent show , Grease : You 're The One That I Want , began airing on Sunday nights in the same time slot on NBC beginning in January . In March , NBC announced that Philbin would not return as host of the show , and that Jerry Springer would succeed him as host , with Sharon Osbourne ( formerly a judge on Cowell 's UK show The X Factor ) succeeding Brandy Norwood as a judge . The season finale was shown Tuesday , August 21 , with the winner being Terry Fator , a singing impressionist ventriloquist . The runner - up was singer Cas Haley . Season 3 ( 2008 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 3 ) Neal E. Boyd , season three winner Season three premiered on June 17 , 2008 . Auditions took place in Charlotte , Nashville , Orlando , New York , Dallas , Los Angeles , Atlanta , and Chicago from January to April . A televised MySpace audition also took place . Season three differed from the previous two in many ways . Auditions were held in well - known theaters across the nation , and a new title card was introduced , featuring the American flag as background . The X 's matched the ones on Britain 's Got Talent as did the judges ' table . Like the previous season , the Las Vegas callbacks continued , but there were forty acts selected to compete in the live rounds , instead of twenty . This season also contained several results episodes , but not on a regular basis . The show took a hiatus for two - and - a-half weeks for the 2008 Summer Olympics , but returned with the live rounds on August 26 . Neal E. Boyd , an opera singer , was named the winner on October 1 . Eli Mattson , a singer and pianist , was runner - up . Season 4 ( 2009 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 4 ) Kevin Skinner , season four winner Season four premiered on Tuesday , June 23 , 2009 . It was the first to be broadcast in high definition . Auditions for this season were held in more than nine major cities including New York , Los Angeles , Chicago , Washington , D.C. , Atlanta , Miami , Tacoma , Boston , and Houston . Los Angeles auditions kicked off the January 29 -- 31 tour at the Los Angeles Convention Center , followed by the February 7 -- 8 Atlanta auditions . New York and Miami auditions were held during March . Tacoma auditions were held April 25 and 26 . In addition to live auditions and the ability to send in a home audition tape , season four offered the opportunity for acts to upload their video direct to NBC.com/agt with their registration . This year 's host was Nick Cannon . Jerry Springer said that he could not return as host due to other commitments . The audition process in season four was the same as the previous season , but the ' Las Vegas Callbacks ' was renamed ' Vegas Verdicts ' . This was the first season since season one where results episodes lasted one hour on a regular basis . The title card this year featured bands of the American flag and stars waving around the America 's Got Talent logo . On September 16 , country music singer Kevin Skinner was named the season 's winner . The grand prize was $1 million and a 10 - week headline show at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino on the Las Vegas Strip . The runner - up was Bárbara Padilla , an opera singer . Season 5 ( 2010 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 5 ) Michael Grimm , season five winner For season five , the network had considered moving the show to the fall , after rival series So You Think You Can Dance transferred from the summer to fall season in 2009 . NBC ultimately decided to keep Talent a summer show . Open auditions were held in the winter to early spring of 2010 in Chicago , Dallas , Los Angeles , New York , Orlando , and Portland ( Oregon ) . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Atlanta and Philadelphia . For the first time , online auditions were also held via YouTube . David Hasselhoff left to host a new television show and was replaced by comedian and game show host Howie Mandel . This made Piers Morgan the only original judge left in the show . The show premiered Tuesday , June 1 , 2010 , at 8 pm ET . Afterward , Talent resumed the same time slot as the previous season . On September 15 , singer Michael Grimm was named the winner . He won a $1 million prize and a chance to perform at the Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , as well as headline the 25 - city America 's Got Talent Live Tour along with runner - up Jackie Evancho , Fighting Gravity , Prince Poppycock , and the other top ten finalists . Season 6 ( 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 6 ) Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , season six winner Season six premiered on Tuesday , May 31 , 2011 , with a two - hour special . Piers Morgan and Sharon Osbourne continued as judges after taking jobs on Piers Morgan Tonight and The Talk , respectively . On The Tonight Show with Jay Leno on July 27 , 2010 , Morgan officially stated that he had signed a three - year contract to stay on Talent . The show held televised auditions in Los Angeles , New York , Minneapolis , Atlanta , Seattle , and Houston . Non-televised producers ' auditions were also held in Denver and Chicago . Previews of auditions were shown during NBC 's The Voice premiere on April 26 . Online auditions via YouTube were also held for the second time in the show 's run , beginning on May 4 . Finalists for this audition circuit competed live on August 9 . On Wednesday , September 14 , Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr. , a Frank Sinatra - style singer , was named the winner . Dance group Silhouettes was runner - up . Season 7 ( 2012 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 7 ) Olate Dogs , season seven winners Season seven premiered on May 14 , 2012 . The first round of auditions , which are judged by producers , were held in New York , Washington , D.C. , Tampa , Charlotte , Austin , Anaheim , St. Louis , and San Francisco from October 2011 to February 2012 . The show began its live theater performances at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark on February 27 . Piers Morgan did not return as a judge for season seven , due to his work hosting CNN 's Piers Morgan Tonight , and he was replaced by Howard Stern . Since Stern hosts his SiriusXM radio show in New York City , the live rounds of the show were moved to nearby Newark , New Jersey . In December 2011 , Simon Cowell , the show 's executive producer , announced that the show would be receiving a `` top - to - bottom makeover '' , confirming that there would be new graphics , lighting , theme music , show intro , logo , and a larger live audience at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark . On July 2 , at the first live performance show of the season , their new location and stage were unveiled in a two - and - a-half - hour live special . A new set was also unveiled with a revised judges ' desk and a refreshed design of the `` X '' . On August 6 , Sharon Osbourne announced that she would leave America 's Got Talent after the current season , in response to allegations that her son Jack Osbourne was discriminated against by the producers of the upcoming NBC program Stars Earn Stripes . On September 13 , Olate Dogs were announced the winner of the season , becoming the show 's first completely non-singing act to win the competition and also the first non-solo act to win . Comedian Tom Cotter finished as the runner - up . Season 8 ( 2013 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 8 ) Season eight of AGT premiered on Tuesday , June 4 , 2013 . The new season was announced in a promotional video shown during a commercial break for season seven 's second live show . Sharon Osbourne initially stated that she would not return for the season , but later said that she was staying with the show `` for now . '' Osbourne confirmed that she would be leaving the show after a feud with NBC on August 6 , 2012 . On February 20 , 2013 , it was announced that one of the Spice Girls members , Mel B ( Melanie Brown ) , would be joining the show as the new fourth judge . Entertainment Weekly also reported at the same time that NBC was looking at a possible fourth judge to be added . On March 3 , it was announced that supermodel Heidi Klum would replace Sharon Osbourne as the third judge . An Audition Cities poll for the season was announced on July 11 , 2012 . The first batch of Audition Cities were announced as Los Angeles , Seattle , Portland ( Oregon ) , New Orleans , Birmingham , Memphis , Nashville , Savannah , Raleigh , Norfolk , San Antonio , New York , Columbus ( Ohio ) , and Chicago . This season , the auditions traveled to more cities than ever before . America 's Got Talent moved its live shows to Radio City Music Hall in New York for season eight . Auditions in front of the judges and an audience began taping on March 4 . The show traveled to New Orleans , New York , Chicago , Los Angeles , and San Antonio . On September 18 , 2013 , martial arts dancer / mime Kenichi Ebina was announced the winner of the season , the first dance act to win the competition . Stand - up comedian Taylor Williamson was the runner - up . Season 9 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 9 ) Mat Franco , season nine winner Season nine premiered on Tuesday , May 27 , 2014 , at 8 pm ET . The producers ' auditions began on October 26 , 2013 , in Miami . Other audition sites included Atlanta , Baltimore , Denver , Houston , Indianapolis , Los Angeles , and New York . Contestants could also submit a video of their audition online . Auditions in front of the judges were held February 20 -- 22 at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center in Newark , which also hosted the live shows during season seven . Judges ' auditions were held in New York City at Madison Square Garden from April 3 to 6 and in Los Angeles at the Dolby Theatre from April 21 to 26 . The live shows return to Radio City Music Hall on July 29 . There was also a new twist in the show , where `` Judgment Week '' was held in New York City instead of Las Vegas . Judgment Week was originally intended to be held in front of a live studio audience , but after three acts performed , the producers scrapped the live audience concept . This season also came with the addition of a `` Golden Buzzer , '' which was unveiled on that same year 's Britain 's Got Talent . Each judge can press the buzzer only once each season that can save an act , typically used when there is a tie . For this season , contestants were invited to submit a video of their performance to The Today Show website throughout June , and the top three entrants performed their acts on The Today Show on July 23 , 2014 . The performer with the most votes , Cornell Bhangra , filled the 48th spot in the quarterfinals . On September 17 , magician Mat Franco was announced the winner of the season , the first magic act to win the competition . Singer Emily West was the runner - up . Season 10 ( 2015 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 10 ) Season ten premiered on May 26 , 2015 . Producer auditions began on November 2 , 2014 , in Tampa . Other audition sites included Nashville , Richmond ( Virginia ) , New York , Chicago , St. Louis , San Antonio , Albuquerque , San Francisco , Seattle , Boise , Las Vegas , and Los Angeles . Online submissions were also accepted . Howard Stern rumored on his radio show on October 1 , 2014 , that he might not return , but announced on December 8 that he would return for the upcoming season . Nick Cannon returned for his seventh season as host . On February 9 , 2015 , Howie Mandel said he would return for season ten and Mel B announced the next day that she would be returning as well . It was revealed on February 11 that Heidi Klum would also be returning . It was announced on December 4 , 2014 , that Cris Judd would be named as a dance scout . He previously worked on the show as a choreographer behind the scenes , and on the New Zealand version of Got Talent as a judge . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 2 , 2015 , at the New Jersey Performing Arts Center . They continued at the Manhattan Center in New York City and the Dolby Theatre in Los Angeles . A special `` extreme '' audition session was held outside at the Fairplex in Pomona , California , where danger acts performed outside for the judges , who were seated at an outdoor stage . During NBC 's summer press tour , it was announced that America 's Got Talent would be making their `` Golden Buzzer '' more like Britain 's Got Talent where the contestant that gets the buzzer will be sent directly to the live shows . An official trailer for the season was released , which showed that Dunkin Donuts was the show 's official sponsor for the season , with their cups prominently placed on the judges ' desk . Dunkin replaced Snapple , which sponsored the show since season seven . On June 24 , Howard Stern announced on The Howard Stern Show that season ten would be his last season as judge . Stern said , `` In all seriousness , I 've told you , I 'm just too f * cking busy ... something 's got to give ... NBC 's already asked me what my intentions are for next year , whether or not I 'd come back , I kind of have told them I think this is my last season . Not I think , this is my last season '' . On September 16 , Paul Zerdin was announced the winner of the season , making him the second ventriloquist to win . Comedian Drew Lynch was runner - up , and magician mentalist Oz Pearlman was in Third Place . Season 11 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 11 ) America 's Got Talent was renewed for an eleventh season on September 1 , 2015 . The season will have preliminary open call auditions in Detroit , New York , Phoenix , Salt Lake City , Las Vegas , San Jose , San Diego , Kansas City , Los Angeles , Atlanta , Orlando , and Dallas . As in years past , hopeful contestants may also submit auditions online . On October 22 , 2015 , it was announced that creator Simon Cowell would replace Howard Stern as a judge for season 11 . Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel all returned as judges , with Nick Cannon returning as host . The live shows moved from New York back to Los Angeles , due to Stern 's departure , at the Dolby Theatre . Auditions in front of the judges began on March 3 , 2016 at the Pasadena Civic Auditorium in Pasadena , California . The season premiered on May 31 , 2016 . On September 14 , 12 - year - old singer - songwriter and ukulele player Grace VanderWaal was announced as the second female and second child to win America 's Got Talent ( Bianca Ryan , age 11 , was first ) . Magician mentalists The Clairvoyants were runners - up , and magician Jon Dorenbos placed third . Season 12 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 12 ) On August 2 , 2016 , it was announced that host Nick Cannon and all four judges would be returning for season 12 . Later that year , on October 4 , Simon Cowell signed a contract to remain as a judge through to 2019 ( Season 14 ) . On February 13 , 2017 , Cannon announced he would not return as host for the twelfth season , citing creative differences between him and executives at NBC . The resignation came in the wake of news that the network considered firing Cannon after he made disparaging remarks about NBC in his Showtime comedy special Stand Up , Do n't Shoot . NBC selected Tyra Banks as the new host for season 12 , which premiered on Tuesday , May 30 , 2017 . On September 20 , Darci Lynne Farmer won the twelfth season , becoming the third ventriloquist , third child act and the third female act to win the competition ( second year in a row after VanderWaal 's win in 2016 ) . Child singer Angelica Hale was announced as the runner - up , and Ukrainian dance act Light Balance finished in third place . Deaf musician Mandy Harvey and dog act Sara & Hero rounded out the top five . Season 13 ( 2018 ) ( edit ) Main article : America 's Got Talent ( season 13 ) On February 21 , 2018 , it was announced that judges Simon Cowell , Mel B , Heidi Klum and Howie Mandel along with Tyra Banks would all be returning . The season premiered on May 29 , 2018 . Post-show ( edit ) America 's Got Talent live ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( September 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) America 's Got Talent Live is a show on the Las Vegas Strip that features the winner of each season of America 's Got Talent as the main performance . In 2009 , America 's Got Talent Live appeared on the Las Vegas Strip appearing Wednesday through Sunday at the Planet Hollywood Resort and Casino in Las Vegas , in a limited ten - week run from October through January featuring winner Kevin Skinner , runner - up Barbara Padilla and fourth - place finisher The Texas Tenors . It featured the final ten acts which made it to the season four ( 2009 ) finale . Jerry Springer emceed , commuting weekly between Stamford , Connecticut , tapings of his self - named show and Las Vegas . In 2010 , on the first live show of season five , the winner headlined America 's Got Talent Live from Caesars Palace Casino and Resort on the Las Vegas Strip , which was part of a 25 - city tour that featured the season 's finalists . Jerry Springer returned as both host of the tour and the headliner of the show . In 2012 , the tour returned , featuring winners Olate Dogs , Spencer Horsman , Joe Castillo , Lightwire Theater , David Garibaldi and his CMYK 's , Jarrett and Raja , Tom Cotter , and other fan favorites . In 2013 , after the success of the 2012 tour , another tour was scheduled , featuring season eight 's winner , Kenichi Ebina , and finalists Collins Key , Jimmy Rose , Taylor Williamson , Cami Bradley , The KriStef Brothers , and Tone the Chiefrocca . Tone hosted the tour . In 2014 , America 's Got Talent Live announced that performances in Las Vegas on September 26 and 27 would feature Taylor Williamson , the season eight ( 2013 ) runner - up , and the top finalists for season nine : Mat Franco , Emily West , Quintavious Johnson , AcroArmy , Emil and Dariel , Miguel Dakota , and Sons of Serendip . In 2015 , no tour was held . Instead , three shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas featuring winner Paul Zerdin , runner - up Drew Lynch , and fan favorite Piff the Magic Dragon . In 2016 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured the top two finalists for season 11 , Grace VanderWaal and The Clairvoyants , as well as finalist Tape Face . In 2017 , four shows were given at the Planet Hollywood Resort in Las Vegas . They featured winner Darci Lynne , runner - up Angelica Hale , third - placed Light Balance , and finalist Preacher Lawson . Holiday Spectacular ( edit ) NBC broadcast the two - hour America 's Got Talent Holiday Spectacular on December 19 , 2016 , hosted by Cannon with performances by Grace VanderWaal , Jackie Evancho , Andra Day , Penn & Teller , Pentatonix , Terry Fator , Mat Franco , Piff the Magic Dragon , Olate Dogs , Professor Splash , Jon Dorenbos and others , and featuring the Season 11 judges , including Klum , who sang a duet with Season 11 finalist Sal Valentinetti . The special drew 9.5 million viewers . Reception ( edit ) U.S. television Ratings ( edit ) Since the show began , its ratings have been very high , ranging from 9 million viewers to as many as 16 million viewers , generally averaging around 11 million viewers . The show has also ranked high in the 18 -- 49 demographic , usually rating anywhere from as low as 1.6 to as high as 4.6 throughout its run . Audition shows and performance shows rate higher on average than results shows . Although the show 's ratings have been high , the network usually keeps the show 's run limited to before the official start of the next television season in the third week of September with some reductions or expansions depending on Olympic years , where finale ratings are usually lower due to returning programming on other networks . The highest rated season in overall viewers to date is season four ( 2009 ) . The most - watched episode has been the finale of season five ( 2010 ) , with 16.41 million viewers . The series premiere and an episode featuring the first part of Las Vegas Week in season six ( 2011 ) have each tied for highest rating among adults 18 -- 49 , both having a 4.6 rating . Season <Th_colspan="2"> Premiered <Th_colspan="2"> Ended TV season Timeslot ( ET ) Season viewers Season ranking Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) June 21 , 2006 12.41 Final Performances : August 16 , 2006 2005 -- 06 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 17 , 2006 12.05 Thursday 9 : 00 pm June 5 , 2007 12.93 Final Performances : August 20 , 2007 2006 -- 07 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm Season Finale : August 21 , 2007 13.87 June 17 , 2008 12.80 Final Performances : September 30 , 2008 10.23 2007 -- 08 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( June 17 -- August 5 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 26 ) Season Finale : October 1 , 2008 12.55 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after August 27 ) June 23 , 2009 11.30 Final Performances : September 15 , 2009 13.84 2008 -- 09 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 16 , 2009 15.53 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 5 June 1 , 2010 12.35 Final Performances : September 14 , 2010 14.60 2009 -- 10 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm Season Finale : September 15 , 2010 16.41 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm 6 May 31 , 2011 15.28 Final Performances : September 13 , 2011 13.67 2010 -- 11 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 31 -- July 5 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 12.65 Season Finale : September 14 , 2011 14.37 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after June 22 ) 11.49 7 May 14 , 2012 10.48 Final Performances : September 12 , 2012 11.05 2011 - 12 Monday 8 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.48 Season Finale : September 13 , 2012 10.59 Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( May 14 -- July 3 ) Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 3 ) 10.58 8 June 4 , 2013 12.41 Final Performances : September 17 , 2013 11.19 2012 -- 13 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.22 Season Finale : September 18 , 2013 11.49 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 10 ) 10.34 9 May 27 , 2014 12.00 Final Performances : September 16 , 2014 11.46 2013 -- 14 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm ( May 27 -- July 15 ) Tuesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 22 ) 10.31 Season Finale : September 17 , 2014 12.21 Wednesday 9 : 00 pm ( after July 23 ) 10.37 10 May 26 , 2015 11.09 Final Performances : September 15 , 2015 11.33 2014 -- 15 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 10.70 Season Finale : September 16 , 2015 9.54 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 12 ) 9.07 11 May 31 , 2016 11.67 Final Performances : September 13 , 2016 13.97 2015 -- 16 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 11.71 Season Finale : September 14 , 2016 14.41 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after July 5 ) 10.97 12 May 30 , 2017 12.37 Final Performances : September 19 , 2017 14.70 2016 -- 17 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm 12.90 Season Finale : September 20 , 2017 15.64 Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 9 ) 12.00 13 May 29 , 2018 12.16 Final Performances : September 18 , 2018 TBA 2017 -- 18 Tuesday 8 : 00 pm TBA TBA Season Finale : September 19 , 2018 TBA Wednesday 8 : 00 pm ( after August 15 ) TBA TBA Awards and nominations ( edit ) Year Association Result Ref . 2011 People 's Choice Awards Favorite Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Primetime Emmy Awards Outstanding Hairstyling For A Multi-Camera Series Or Special Nominated 2012 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated Teen Choice Awards Choice Summer TV Show Nominated Choice Male TV Personality : Nick Cannon Nominated 2013 Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2014 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Nominated 2015 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2016 People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Won Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Talent Competition Show Nominated 2017 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated People 's Choice Awards Favorite TV Competition Show Nominated Kids ' Choice Awards Favorite Reality Show Won 2018 Critics ' Choice Awards Best Reality Series - Competition Nominated Top - selling Albums by former contestants ( edit ) Sales numbers and rankings are U.S. sales only . See also : RIAA certification Rank Former contestant Total US sales Albums Jackie Evancho ( season 5 , runner - up ) 3,000,000 + Prelude to a Dream ( 2009 ) No. 121 O Holy Night ( 2010 ) No. 2 ( Platinum certification ) Dream with Me ( 2011 ) No. 2 ( Gold certification ) Heavenly Christmas ( 2011 ) No. 11 Songs from the Silver Screen ( 2012 ) No. 7 Awakening ( 2014 ) No. 17 Someday at Christmas ( 2016 ) No. 93 Two Hearts ( 2017 ) No. 100 ( Evancho 's 7th consecutive No. 1 ranking on the Classical Albums Chart ) Lindsey Stirling ( season 5 quarterfinalist ) 856,000 + Lindsey Stirling ( 2012 ) No. 23 Shatter Me ( 2014 ) No. 2 Brave Enough ( 2016 ) No. 5 The Texas Tenors ( season 4 , 4th place ) 500,000 + The Texas Tenors ( album ) Country Roots , Classical Sound : Remastered Special Edition ( 2011 ) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart O Night Divine ( 2013 ) No. 13 Classical Albums chart You Should Dream ( 2013 ) No. 111 ; No. 5 Classical Albums chart First 5 Years Live ( 2014 ) No. 1 Classical Catalog Albums chart Rise ( 2017 ) No. 22 ; No. 1 Classical Albums Chart Grace VanderWaal ( season 11 winner ) 200,000 + Perfectly Imperfect ( 2016 ) No. 4 Just the Beginning ( 2017 ) No. 22 5 Landau Eugene Murphy , Jr . ( season 6 winner ) 156,000 + That 's Life ( 2011 ) No. 34 Christmas Made for Two ( 2013 ) did not chart 6 Bianca Ryan ( season 1 winner ) 150,000 + Bianca Ryan ( 2006 ) No. 57 Christmas Everyday ( 2007 ) did not chart The True Meaning of Christmas ( 2009 ) did not chart 7 Cas Haley ( season 2 runner - up ) 40,000 + Cas Haley ( 2008 ) No. 8 Connection ( 2010 ) did not chart La Si Dah ( 2013 ) did not chart 8 Michael Grimm ( season 5 winner ) 22,000 + Michael Grimm Live ( 2007 ) did not chart I Am Michael Grimm ( 2009 ) did not chart Leave Your Hat On ( 2010 ) No. 101 Michael Grimm ( 2011 ) No. 13 9 Neal E. Boyd ( season 3 winner ) 6,000 + My American Dream ( 2009 ) No. 195 Contestants who have competed on other reality shows ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( June 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Many acts which have competed on America 's Got Talent but were ultimately eliminated before the final round have either previously competed on or went on to compete in a number of other reality shows , most notably American Idol and America 's Best Dance Crew . American Idol The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on American Idol ( AI ) : AGT Season Year Contestant AI Season Year Outcome 2006 Jessica Sanchez 11 2012 Runner - up 2008 Holli Harden 9 Appeared 2009 Thia Megia 10 2011 Finished in the Top 11 4 , 9 2009 , 2014 Kelli Glover 2002 Appeared 6 2011 Shevonne Phillidor 15 2016 Appeared 9 2014 Nick Fradiani , member of Beach Avenue 14 2015 Winner 10 2015 Jenna Renae 15 2016 Top 24 11 2016 Sal Valentinetti 14 2015 Appeared America 's Best Dance Crew The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on America 's Best Dance Crew ( ABDC ) : AGT Season Year Contestant ABDC Season Year Outcome 2007 Jabbawockeez 2008 Champions 2008 Extreme Dance FX 5 Competed as Blended Projekt 3 , 4 2008 , 2009 SQ Entertainment 2008 Runner - up 2009 BreakSk8 2008 Finished in fourth place 2009 FootworKINGz 6 2011 Competed 5 Rated Next Generation ( RNG ) 7 2012 Finished in Top Four 5 Strikers All - Stars 2009 Finished in Top Four 7 2012 787 Crew 6 2011 Competed 9 2014 Flight Crew Jump Rope 5 Finished in fifth place , and competed as Saltare Other shows The following America 's Got Talent ( AGT ) contestants also appeared on these other shows : AGT Season Year Contestant Show Season Year Network Outcome 2006 Tonya Kay , member of Trey Knight 's Stilt World Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2006 SyFy 5th Place 2007 Tammie Brown RuPaul 's Drag Race 2009 Logo 8th Place 2007 Tika `` Sweetie '' Rainn Flavor of Love 2006 VH1 8th Place 2008 Derrick Barry RuPaul 's Drag Race 8 2016 Logo 5th Place 5 Justin Hopkins The Voice 2012 NBC Advanced to Battle Rounds 5 Murray SawChuck Celebracadabra 2008 VH1 Appeared 5 Alice Tan Ridley 30 Seconds to Fame Pilot 2002 Fox Winner 6 2011 Dani Shay The Glee Project 2012 Oxygen Appeared 7 2012 Trisha Paytas Who Wants to Be a Superhero ? 2007 SyFy 7th Place 7 2012 Horse American Ninja Warrior 2012 G4 and NBC Competed 7 2012 Bria Kelly The Voice 6 2014 NBC Advanced to Top 10 on Team Usher 7 2012 Academy of Villains Fake Off 2015 TruTV Appeared 7 2012 Lightwire Theatre Fake Off 2014 TruTV Winners 7 , 8 2012 , 2013 D'Angelo and Amanda Live to Dance 2011 CBS Winners 7 2015 Ben Blaque Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 8 2015 Alexandr Magala Britain 's Got Talent 10 ITV 9th place 8 2013 Kennedy Davenport RuPaul 's Drag Race 7 2015 Logo 4th Place 8 2013 Tummy Talk The Gong Show 2017 ABC Appeared 8 2013 Angela Hoover First Impressions 2016 USA Network Appeared 8 2013 KriStef Brothers Fake Off 2014 TruTV 7th Place 8 2013 Taylor Williamson Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Semifinalist 9 2014 Adrian Romoff Child Genius 2016 Lifetime Winner 10 2015 Leroy Patterson Solitary 2007 Fox Reality 7th Place 10 2015 Myq Kaplan Last Comic Standing 7 NBC Finalist 10 2015 Freelusion Dance Company Fake Off 2014 TruTV Fourth place , appeared as Freelusion USA 10 2015 Piff the Magic Dragon Penn & Teller : Fool Us 2011 2014 ITV ( U.K. ) The CW ( U.S. ) Appeared 10 2015 Stevie Starr Britain 's Got Talent ITV Advanced to the semi-finals 11 2016 Cory Kahaney Last Comic Standing 2003 NBC Finalist 11 2016 Laura Bretan Romania 's Got Talent 6 2016 Pro TV Winner 13 2018 The Sacred Riana Asia 's Got Talent 2017 AXN Asia Winner 13 2018 Yumbo Dump Asia 's Got Talent 2017 AXN Asia Semifinalist International broadcasts ( edit ) In Indonesia , the eleventh season has currently been broadcast by NET . since October 22 , 2016 every Saturday and Sunday at 10 pm WIB . But , since Monday , October 31 , in addition to the weekend slot , the show has also been broadcast every Monday to Friday at 5 pm WIB as the replacement of the currently concluded TV drama , the second season of Kesempurnaan Cinta , which was concluded on Friday , October 28 , 2016 . In the United Kingdom , TruTV , along with simulcasts on the Local Television Limited network , show America 's Got Talent , with TruTV showing it from the tenth season . The thirteenth season of the show will air on AXN Asia , together with the twelfth series of Britain 's Got Talent . See also ( edit ) Got Talent The X Factor References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent / About the Show '' . nbc.com . NBC . Archived from the original on June 3 , 2015 . Retrieved June 13 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' America 's Got Talent ' Sets Tyra Banks As New Host For Season 12 '' . March 12 , 2017 . Retrieved March 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Trade marks -- find by number '' . Ipo.gov.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Chan , Anna ( October 22 , 2015 ) . `` Simon Cowell to Replace Howard Stern as Judge on America 's Got Talent for Season 11 '' . USmagazine.com . American Media , Inc . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2015 . Retrieved October 22 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean and Ashley Majeski . Inside AGT : The Untold Stories of America 's Got Talent , CreateSpace Independent Publishing ( 2013 ) ISBN 1492203602 ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` NBC 's World of Dance , Ninja Warrior and AGT Get Summer Return Dates '' . tvline.com . Retrieved March 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Performance FAQ '' . Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2017 - 2018 . January 10 , 2014 . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rogers , Katie . `` Juliet and Jackie Evancho , Bonding as Targets in a Trump Media Frenzy '' , The New York Times , January 11 , 2017 Jump up ^ Lee , Tiffany . `` Watch 11 - Year - Old Jackie Evancho 's Still - Platinum Pipes Sing ' Nessun Dorma ' '' , Yahoo Music : Maximum Performance , April 27 , 2011 ; and Richardson , Chris . `` Jackie Evancho , Greyson Chance following in Justin Bieber 's footsteps ? '' The Christian Science Monitor , May 24 , 2011 , accessed March 4 , 2012 Jump up ^ Glazowski , Paul . `` MySpace Opens Six - Day Virtual Audition For America 's Got Talent '' . Mashable . Retrieved August 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Starr , Michael . `` America 's Got Talent Live At Radio City '' . New York Post . ^ Jump up to : Fera , Jessica . `` Jackie Evancho Featured on ' Oprah Winfrey Show ' '' Archived August 30 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine ... WPXI.com . October 21 , 2010 . Retrieved October 12 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Michael Grimm says he feels blessed to be a part of ' America 's Got Talent , ' hitting Caesars today - Entertainment / Neon - ReviewJournal.com '' . Lvrj.com . October 8 , 2010 . Archived from the original on October 11 , 2010 . Retrieved November 14 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` America 's Got Talent Live Concert Tour '' . Facebook . p . About America 's Got Talent Live . Archived from the original on June 1 , 2015 . Retrieved June 1 , 2015 . Note that the `` live '' version of this page is likely to change ; the archived version will provide the supporting information for this reference . Jump up ^ `` Brandy Says She 's Leaving ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Associated Press . April 20 , 2007 . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Rocchio , Christopher ( April 20 , 2007 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne replacing Brandy as ' America 's Got Talent ' judge '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved June 14 , 2007 . Jump up ^ NBC ANNOUNCES DAVID HASSELHOFF , PIERS MORGAN AND SHARON OSBOURNE AS TRIO OF JUDGES FOR SECOND SEASON OF NBC 'S HIT TALENT COMPETITION SERIES ' AMERICA 'S GOT TALENT ' PREMIERING MAY 29 Jump up ^ NBC press release ( March 5 , 2007 ) : `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' when Hit Variety - Talent Competition Series Returns this Summer '' , Retrieved on March 5 , 2007 Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Retrieved June 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ Anthony , Kiyonna ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` America 's Got Talent Execs Have This to Say About Nick Cannon 's Departure '' . Globalgrind . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mousavizadeh , Nader ( February 9 , 2009 ) . `` Reuters '' . Today.reuters.com . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC 's mid-season 2006 -- 07 schedule '' . NBCUMV.com . November 29 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Popular Television Talk - Show Host Jerry Springer Named Host of NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' '' . Thefutoncritic.com . March 5 , 2007 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Nick Cannon 's Got Talent '' . E ! Online . February 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Live ! at Planet Hollywood '' . Vegasnews.com . October 10 , 2009 . Retrieved July 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` America 's Got Talent -- In Summer Only -- NBC Benches Heavy Hitter for Fall '' . NYTimes.com . July 24 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` David Hasselhoff Departing America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 6 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Howie Mandel Joins America 's Got Talent '' . TV Guide . January 10 , 2010 . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` NBC Reveals Summer Premiere Dates for America 's Got Talent , Last Comic Standing , 100 Questions , Persons Unknown '' . Tvbythenumbers.com . March 5 , 2010 . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Gold , Matea ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Piers Morgan mum on whether he 's succeeding Larry King Show Tracker Los Angeles Times '' . Latimesblogs.latimes.com . Archived from the original on August 1 , 2010 . Retrieved August 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Audition Cities `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2011 -- 2012 '' . Americasgottalentauditions.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2013 . Retrieved January 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Harmsworth , Andrei ( November 11 , 2011 ) . `` Piers Morgan quits America 's Got Talent to focus on CNN Tonight show '' . Metro.co.uk . Retrieved November 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Boedeker , Hal . `` Howard Stern to judge ' America 's Got Talent ' , which will move to New York '' . fox43.com . Retrieved December 16 , 2011 . Jump up ^ McGlone , Peggy ( April 8 , 2012 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' to film at NJPAC in Newark '' . The Star - Ledger . Retrieved April 6 , 2012 Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting ' AGT ' after NBC axes Jack '' . The New York Post . Retrieved August 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` WOO HOO ! We 're coming back to your TVs ... -- America 's Got Talent '' . Facebook . April 2 , 2013 . Retrieved July 17 , 2018 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( July 24 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne leaving NBC 's ' America 's Got Talent ' ? -- The TV Column '' . The Washington Post . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Americas Got Talent Sharon Osbourne Addresses Departure Rumors '' . E ! Online . July 25 , 2012 . Retrieved August 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` News : Sharon Quits Over Ugly Fight With NBC '' . AGTNews.com . August 6 , 2012 . Archived from the original on September 8 , 2012 . Retrieved February 22 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Daly , Sean ( August 6 , 2012 ) . `` Sharon Osbourne is quitting `` America 's Got Talent '' after NBC axed her son Jack `` . New York Post . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Hibberd , James ( February 20 , 2013 ) . `` ' America 's Got Talent ' hires Mel B as new judge '' . Inside TV . Retrieved February 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Heidi Klum : I 'm Gonna Be a Judge on ' Americas Got Talent ' '' . Jump up ^ `` Official America 's Got Talent Audition Site 2012 -- 2013 -- Audition Cities '' . americasgottalentauditions.com . Archived from the original on July 27 , 2013 . 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External links ( edit ) Official website America 's Got Talent on IMDb America 's Got Talent at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> America 's Got Talent Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 Winners Bianca Ryan Terry Fator Neal E. Boyd Kevin Skinner Michael Grimm Landau Eugene Murphy Jr . Olate Dogs Kenichi Ebina Mat Franco Paul Zerdin Grace VanderWaal Darci Lynne Farmer Runners - up The Millers Cas Haley Eli Mattson Bárbara Padilla Jackie Evancho Silhouettes Tom Cotter Taylor Williamson Emily West Drew Lynch The Clairvoyants Angelica Hale Third place Butterscotch Nuttin ' But Stringz Recycled Percussion Team iLuminate Oz Pearlman Jon Dorenbos Light Balance Other notable contestants Season 1 Taylor Ware Alexis Jordan Celtic Spring The Passing Zone Rappin ' Granny Leonid the Magnificent Jessica Sanchez Kevin Johnson Season 2 Jabbawockeez Julienne Irwin Kevin James Season 3 Kaitlyn Maher ZOOperstars ! 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does the british royal family have their own plane

Air transport of the British Royal Family and government - Wikipedia Air transport of the British Royal Family and government The Royal Household S - 76C++ helicopter Air transport for the British Royal Family and the Government of the United Kingdom is provided , depending on circumstances and availability , by a variety of military and civilian operators . This includes the RAF VIP Voyager of the Royal Air Force ( No. 32 ( The Royal ) Squadron ) and The Queen 's Helicopter Flight which forms part of the Royal Household . In past years chartered civil aircraft and scheduled commercial flights , mainly with British Airways , the flag carrier airline of the United Kingdom , have been utilised . Contents 1 History 1.1 The Royal Squadron 1.2 Other aircraft 2 Present arrangements 2.1 Royal Air Force VIP Voyager 2.2 Government 2.3 Royal Family 2.3. 1 The Queen 's Helicopter Flight ( TQHF ) 3 Cost of royal travel 3.1 Helicopters 3.2 Fixed - wing aircraft 3.3 Criticism of royal air travel 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) The last surviving Airspeed Envoy , operated by Private Charter Ltd at Manchester ( Ringway ) Airport in 1948 The first aircraft ordered specifically for transportation of the Royal Family , two Westland Wapitis , were delivered to No. 24 Squadron at RAF Northolt in April 1928 . Between 1929 and 1935 the Prince of Wales purchased thirteen aircraft . Although the RAF maintained at least one of these aircraft for a time the Prince of Wales eventually became solely responsible for the aircraft . When the Prince ascended to the throne in 1936 as Edward VIII , The King 's Flight was formed as the world 's first head of state aircraft unit . In contrast the first flight of a sitting U.S. president was in January 1943 . This unit initially used the King 's own de Havilland DH. 89 Dragon Rapide ; however this was replaced in May 1937 by an Airspeed AS. 6J Envoy III . The outbreak of World War II in 1939 led to the replacement of the Envoy III with an armed Lockheed Hudson . A de Havilland Flamingo was added to The King 's Flight in September 1940 . In 1942 , The King 's Flight was disbanded and its responsibilities transferred to No. 161 Squadron . No. 161 Squadron was an operational military squadron , involved in the dropping of supplies and agents over occupied Europe throughout the War . The King 's Flight was reformed on 1 May 1946 at RAF Benson with a single aircraft , a de Havilland Dominie and , soon after , with four Vickers Viking C. 2 . As The Queen 's Flight from 1952 , the unit operated a variety of aircraft for the transportation and pilot training of members of the Royal family , including Vickers Viking , Avro York , de Havilland Heron and Devon , Westland Whirlwind , Westland Wessex HCC. 4 , Douglas Dakota ( for the Royal Visit to Nepal in 1960 ) , de Havilland Canada DHC - 1 Chipmunk , Beagle Basset and Hawker Siddeley Andover aircraft . Queen Elizabeth II and Prince Philip disembark from a British Airways Concorde at Bergstrom Air Force Base near Austin , Texas , on their state visit to USA in 1991 On 2 November 1977 , Queen Elizabeth II travelled for the first time aboard Concorde ( aircraft G - BOAE ) . Her Majesty then flew from the Sir Grantley Adams International Airport , Barbados , to London Heathrow , England . That occasion was also the first visit by a Concorde aircraft to Barbados . The ' Alpha Echo ' aircraft in which The Queen had travelled , was the last Concorde to fly supersonic to Barbados on 17 November 2003 ; a delivery flight to the Barbados Concorde Experience museum where it remains on display . In 1983 , the RAF leased two BAe 146 aircraft to assess their suitability as replacements for The Queen 's Flight 's Andovers . The trial was a success and three VIP - configured BAe 146 - 100s entered service with The Queen 's Flight ( as BAe 146 CC. 2s ) from 1986 as the flight 's first jet aircraft . In 2002 one of these BAe 146s was sold as surplus . These jets , also known as the BAe 146 Statesman , have a specially designed Royal Suite cabin . Although the civilian BAe 146 - 100 has 70 - 94 seats , the two BAe 146 CC. 2 are configured for 19 or 26 passengers in comfort . These aircraft have a large passenger space compared to a mid-size business jet . The cabin space is over 700 square feet ( 65 m ) and is almost as large as the smallest Boeing Business Jet which has 809 square feet ( 75.2 m ) . Most mid-size business jets have less than 200 square feet ( 19 m ) of cabin space . The 6'6 '' ceiling allows people to comfortably stand , and because of the aircraft 's size and defensive equipment , this is the aircraft that is the first choice for domestic or European trips . The Royal Squadron ( edit ) CC2 aircraft , delivered to The Queen 's Flight in 1986 and now part of 32 ( The Royal ) Squadron On 1 April 1995 , The Queen 's Flight was merged into No. 32 Squadron RAF to become No. 32 ( The Royal ) Squadron . Its BAe 146s and two Westland Wessex HCC. 4 helicopters moved from Benson to 32 Squadron 's base at RAF Northolt . This ended the RAF 's provision of dedicated VIP transport aircraft ; the aircraft of 32 Squadron are only available to VIP passengers if not needed for military operations . This was declared officially in 1999 , with the Ministry of Defence stating `` the principal purpose of 32 Squadron ( is ) to provide communications and logistical support to military operations ; the Squadron 's capacity should be based on military needs only ; and any royal or other non-military use of ... spare capacity is secondary to its military purpose . '' The effect of this declaration was to radically reduce the charge per hour to the royal travel grant - in - aid for flying in an RAF jet , because now only the variable costs of the flight were expensed to the royal travel budget . The squadron provides air travel for members of the Royal Family and senior politicians . However , on 1 April 2010 , the hourly rate for journeys by HM The Queen and HRH The Prince of Wales was increased dramatically from £ 1,138 for a BAe125 and £ 1,846 for a BAe 146 , to £ 9,997 and £ 13,086 respectively . No journeys were undertaken under these arrangements . After alleged pressure from the Prince of Wales , on 1 December 2010 , the rates were reduced ( BAe 125 : £ 4,000 and BAe 146 : £ 5,000 per flying hour ) . Under these higher prices , the Royal Family only flew twice on military jets in financial year 2010 - 2011 . The Prince of Wales and Duchess of Cornwall flew the BAe 146 to Madrid and Lisbon in March 2011 ( 4 flight hours ) , and one non-itemised flight was taken on a BAe 125 ( 1 flight hour ) . Other aircraft ( edit ) Other RAF aircraft have transported members of the Royal family and ministers , particularly for long range trips for which The Queen 's Flight and Royal Squadron planes were unsuitable . This most often involved Vickers VC10 C. 1s , XR807 and XV106 , of the now disbanded No. 10 Squadron - later subsumed by No. 101 Squadron based at RAF Brize Norton . Occasionally , the supersonic passenger aircraft , Concorde , was used to transport the Prime Minister and Royal Family , particularly to international conferences abroad . The first supersonic flight that Queen Elizabeth II experienced was on 2 November 1977 at the end of her Silver Jubilee . Present arrangements ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( July 2011 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Royal Air Force VIP Voyager ( edit ) RAF VIP Voyager In November 2015 , it was announced the government would fit VIP seating to a Royal Air Force Airbus Voyager A332 aircraft for use for carrying the prime minister , government officials and members of the Royal Family . The Voyager refit and operation will cost £ 10 million which is believed will save £ 775,000 a year on the cost of Downing Street flights as charter flights will no longer be necessary . The new arrangement is expected to cost around £ 2,000 per flying hour as opposed to £ 6,700 for long - haul charter . The refit will include a secure satellite communications system , missile detection and 158 passenger seats . The aircraft will retain the Royal Air Force livery and continue its primary duties refuelling when not in use by the government . Proposals to provide a new dedicated VIP transport aircraft , for governmental or royal use , were first mooted in 1998 . However , in March 2009 the latest of these proposals for a £ 7 million 12 - seater private jet plans were halted by recession . The government decided that the Queen and Royal Family would continue to fly on No. 32 Squadron aircraft for the next year to defer the cost of a new aircraft during the economic slowdown . It was also announced in the Strategic Defence and Security Review 2015 that the current Command Support Air Transport fleet aircraft would be replaced as they reached the end of their life to increase their operational utility and ensure continued effective transport for the Royal Family and senior ministers . Government ( edit ) Most air travel by cabinet and junior ministers is on scheduled commercial flights . Travel on 32 Squadron aircraft is recommended where it is more cost - effective than using commercial air transport , or where security considerations dictate that special flights should be used . On Friday 8 July 2016 , a newly converted RAF Voyager A330 , ( registry ZZ336 ) was first used by the UK to transport government ministers from London Heathrow airport to the 2016 NATO conference in Warsaw , Poland . This new transport aircraft was reconfigured to have 158 seats but still retain its primary mission as an aerial tanker . The aircraft is also intended for use by The Queen and members of the Royal Family for official overseas visits . The introduction of this new aircraft will eliminate the need for the Government to charter flights . In May 2018 , however , the then Foreign Secretary , The Rt Hon . Boris Johnson , criticised these arrangements , protesting that the RAF Voyager ' never seems to be available ' . He also remarked that the Voyager 's ' drab grey colours undermined Britain 's reputation when the country needed a powerful `` flagship '' ' and suggested that provision of a dedicated government aircraft would be desirable ' if there 's a way of doing it that is not exorbitantly expensive ' . Royal Family ( edit ) The responsibility for Royal Family travel was transferred to the Royal Household on 1 April 1997 . Before then , it was shared by the Ministry of Defence , the Department of Transport and the Foreign and Commonwealth Office . The funding comes in the form of a royal travel grant - in - aid provided by the Department for Transport . Later in 1997 , the Royal Yacht Britannia was retired and not replaced , and the Royal Household was given authorisation to acquire a helicopter for its private use . The Royal Helicopter and the Royal Train are insufficient to meet all the travel requirements of the Royal Family , even for domestic travel . The Queen does not travel on scheduled flights , but the rest of the family does whenever possible . Members of the family are normally flown on private charters , either large fixed - wing aircraft , small fixed - wing aircraft , or helicopters , depending on the distance and the size of the official party . The Queen 's helicopter Flight ( TQHF ) ( edit ) The Queen 's Helicopter Flight is part of The Queen 's Private Secretary 's department of the Royal Household , and is tasked by the Royal Travel Office at Buckingham Palace . From 1998 to 2009 , it used a single maroon Sikorsky S - 76C+ twin - engined helicopter , registered G - XXEA in honour of G - AEXX , the Airspeed Envoy that the Queen 's uncle , the Prince of Wales first flew in the King 's Flight . The helicopter , the first airframe dedicated solely to royal use , entered service on 21 December 1998 . The S - 76 is a commercial type widely used around the world , although the Queen 's helicopter is only fitted with six seats for more comfort . On 4 November 2009 , Sikorsky announced the delivery of a new S - 76C++ helicopter to TQHF . This helicopter , registration G - XXEB , is capable of a maximum speed of 178 mph and a ferry range of 400 miles ( 640 km ) with a 30 - minute fuel reserve . Cost of Royal travel ( edit ) This section needs to be updated . Please update this article to reflect recent events or newly available information . ( July 2016 ) The cost of royal travel ( not including cars ) is dominated by royal air travel , but also includes trains and yacht charter . All costs for the previous financial year ending 31 March are documented every year in a June financial report detailing the expenses for the Royal Travel Grant - in - Aid . The royal household assumed responsibility for royal travel in April 1997 . Cost of royal air travel ( in millions ; year ends 31 March ) 2012 2011 2009 2008 2007 2006 2005 2003 Fixed - wing ( civil charter + scheduled flights ) £ 2.2 £ 2.2 £ 1.6 £ 2.6 £ 2.2 £ 1.9 £ 1.6 £ 1.2 £ 0.8 £ 0.4 Fixed - wing ( Royal Air Force ) £ 0.1 £ 0.022 £ 0.2 £ 0.4 £ 0.4 £ 0.4 £ 0.8 £ 0.7 £ 0.5 £ 0.5 Helicopters ( includes fixed costs of helicopter lease and staff of 9 of TQHF ) £ 1.6 m fixed costs for TQHF £ 2.4 £ 2.4 £ 2.1 £ 2.3 £ 2.2 £ 2.2 £ 2.2 £ 2.1 £ 2.3 £ 2.1 Helicopters ( edit ) For the last financial year reported ( FY2011 is from 1 April 2010 through 31 March 2011 ) the Queen 's helicopter flew for a total of 385 hours . The Queen 's helicopter was supplemented with private helicopter charter 58 times domestically . Combined helicopter travel costs were £ 2.4 million which includes the cost of the staff of TQHF . Fixed - wing aircraft ( edit ) In FY2011 , the Royal Family used one of the Royal Air Force BAe 146 airliners ( one trip ) or a BAe 125 small business jet ( one trip ) at a cost of £ 22,000 . In the financial year 2011 only three charter flights on large fixed - wing aircraft were over £ 100,000 : A £ 356,253 charter from London to Abu Dhabi to Muscat and back to London . The trip was for Her Majesty for a state visit in November 2010 . A £ 298,089 charter for the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall from Britain to Delhi to Chandigarh to Jodhpur and back to Britain was taken in October 2010 . A £ 121,810 charter for The Duke of York from Farnborough to Rome to Milan to Ashkabad to Almaty to Astana to Atyrau to Kiev and back to Farnborough taken in April 2010 . Small fixed - wing charter aircraft were chartered for a total of 351 hours in 2011 . The vastly reduced use of 32 Squadron in FY2011 gave rise to the a large increase in small fixed - wing charter flights during the year . Many of Prince Andrew 's trips for UK Trade & Investment involved very long - distance travel ( usually intercontinental ) on scheduled flights for him and his team from the UK , after which jets were chartered to go to multiple local destinations . Several royal trips taken by the Duke of York , Duke of Kent , Duke of Gloucester , Duke of Cambridge and the Princess Royal involve only seats on scheduled aircraft with no charters . Her Majesty does not travel on scheduled flights . The Prince of Wales has flown on scheduled aircraft in the past , but he did not in financial year 2011 . Criticism of Royal Air travel ( edit ) Some criticism is aimed at expensive charters that are employed for visits of the Prince of Wales for trips that some believe are not critical to his role as British heir apparent . Two of the most expensive charters were for visits to South America in March 2009 ( £ 660,594 ) for a tour related to the Prince 's ecological concerns , and a trip to Japan and Indonesia in October and November 2008 that cost £ 665,674 . Between 12 and 16 June 2010 , the Prince of Wales and the Duchess of Cornwall took a four - day short break to their home in Balmoral , Scotland . The charge to the government was £ 29,786 for a jet to fly them to Aberdeen and to return to London . The purpose of the trip is cited as residence to residence . Prince Charles 's determination to bring environmental issues to the forefront of public policymaking has been regularly praised but has also left him open to accusations of hypocrisy . His choice of leasing an Airbus 319 that seats 29 people for a tour in 2009 to raise environmental awareness was criticised for its carbon footprint . See also ( edit ) British Royal Train HMY Britannia Air transports of heads of state and government Royal Australian Air Force VIP aircraft Royal Canadian Air Force VIP aircraft References ( edit ) Jump up ^ René Francillon ( November 1999 ) . `` Fit for a King : Wings for Sovereigns , Presidents and Prime Ministers '' . Air International : 289 -- 290 . Jump up ^ `` History of No. 161 Squadron '' . Mod.uk . Jump up ^ Thetford ' Aircraft of the Royal Air Force ' , 8th Ed 1988 , p. 649 Jump up ^ The Royal Household . `` The Queen and Barbados : Royal visits '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . Retrieved 16 January 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Barbados Concorde Experience '' . Barbados Concorde Experience . Archived from the original on 9 February 2011 . Retrieved 14 September 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Aircraft of the RAF : BAe 146 '' . Mod.uk . ^ Jump up to : The Royal Household . `` Royal travel grant - in - aid reports '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . Jump up ^ National Audit Office ( 22 June 2001 ) . `` Royal travel by air and rail '' ( PDF ) . The Stationery Office : 2 . Jump up ^ Glen Owen ( 10 July 2011 ) . `` ' Meddling ' Prince Charles had cost of the Royal Flight slashed after protest to George Osborne '' . MailOnline . Jump up ^ `` Queen switched to charter flights after Government ordered RAF to increase charges eightfold '' . MailOnline. 5 July 2011 . Jump up ^ `` David Cameron and the government are getting a state - of - the - art ' Air Force One ' for £ 10m '' . The Huffington Post . 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` The British attitude towards a prime ministerial jet '' . BBC News . 19 November 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Blair flies into trouble '' . BBC News . 3 August 1998 . Jump up ^ Alastair Jamieson ( 28 March 2009 ) . `` Queen has £ 7m private jet plans halted by recession '' . The Telegraph . Retrieved 30 March 2010 . Jump up ^ National Security Strategy Review 2015 . RAF . p. 32 . Jump up ^ http://www.parliament.uk/business/publications/written-questions-answers-statements/written-question/Commons/2016-03-21/31887/ Jump up ^ Boris Johnson says he ' probably needs ' a private plane Jump up ^ `` G - INFO Record for G - XXEA '' . CAA . Jump up ^ The Royal Household . `` Air travel '' . The Official Website of the British Monarchy . Jump up ^ `` Sikorsky Aircraft Delivers New VIP S - 76C++ Helicopter to U.K. Royal Household '' . Sikorsky. 4 November 2009 . Archived from the original on 27 February 2012 . Jump up ^ `` G - INFO Record for G - XXEB '' . CAA . Jump up ^ Murphy , Victoria . `` Royal family rack up £ 5m travel bill as Sovereign grant funding set to soar to nearly £ 43m '' . Mirror.co.uk . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` The Grant - in - aid for Royal Travel by Air and Rail '' ( PDF ) . royal.uk . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ Brown , Jonathan . `` A travel bill fit for a Queen : Middle East flights cost £ 356,000 '' . The Independent . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Luxury personal travel at taxpayers ' expense highlights need to halt royal funding plans '' . Republic . Jump up ^ Schnayerson , Michael . `` A Funny Thing Happened on the Way to the Throne '' . Vanity Fair . Retrieved 5 November 2016 . External links ( edit ) BAe 146 CC2 at the Royal Air Force BAe HS. 125 CC3 at the Royal Air Force Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Air_transport_of_the_British_royal_family_and_government&oldid=862650925 '' Categories : Air transport of heads of state British monarchy Royal vehicles British royal family Government of the United Kingdom Vehicles of the United Kingdom Hidden categories : Use dmy dates from January 2012 Use British English from January 2012 Articles needing additional references from July 2011 All articles needing additional references Wikipedia articles in need of updating from July 2016 All Wikipedia articles in need of updating Talk Contents About Wikipedia Polski Edit links This page was last edited on 5 October 2018 , at 19 : 32 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Air transport of the British Royal Family and government 2. Royal Air Force VIP Voyager 3. The Queen's Helicopter Flight 4. Cost of royal travel 5. Criticism of royal air travel

are the virgin island part of the us

United States Virgin Islands - Wikipedia United States Virgin Islands Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Virgin Islands of the United States <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Coat of arms <Td_colspan="2"> Motto : `` United in Pride and Hope '' <Td_colspan="2"> Anthem : `` Virgin Islands March '' `` The Star - Spangled Banner '' <Td_colspan="2"> Location of United States Virgin Islands ( circled in red ) Status Unincorporated and organized territory Capital and largest city Charlotte Amalie 18 ° 21 ′ N 64 ° 56 ′ W  /  18.350 ° N 64.933 ° W  / 18.350 ; - 64.933 Official languages English Common languages 71.6 % English , English Creole 17.2 % Spanish 8.6 % French , French creole 2.5 % Other Ethnic groups 76.0 % Black 15.7 % White 4.9 % Other 2.1 % Multiracial 1.4 % Asian Demonym Virgin Islander Sovereign state United States Government Territorial presidential constitutional republic President of the United States Donald Trump ( R ) Governor Kenneth Mapp ( I ) Lt. Governor Osbert Potter ( I ) Delegate Stacey Plaskett ( D ) Legislature Legislature of the Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="2"> Unincorporated and organized territory of the United States Treaty of the Danish West Indies March 31 , 1917 Revised Organic Act July 22 , 1954 <Th_colspan="2"> Area Total 346.36 km ( 133.73 sq mi ) ( unranked ) Water ( % ) negligible <Th_colspan="2"> Population 2010 census 106,405 Density 768 / sq mi ( 296.5 / km ) ( n / a ) GDP ( PPP ) 2015 estimate Total $4.580 billion ( n / a ) Per capita $36,350 ( n / a ) HDI ( 2008 ) 0.894 very high 59th Currency United States dollar ( USD ) Time zone AST ( UTC − 4 ) Summer ( DST ) none ( UTC − 4 ) Date format MM / DD / YYYY Drives on the Left Calling code + 1 - 340 ISO 3166 code VI Internet TLD . vi <Td_colspan="2"> Website www.vi.gov The United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ; also called the American Virgin Islands ) , officially the Virgin Islands of the United States , is a group of islands in the Caribbean that is an insular area of the United States located 40 miles ( 64 km ) east of Puerto Rico . The islands are geographically part of the Virgin Islands archipelago and are located in the Leeward Islands of the Lesser Antilles . The U.S. Virgin Islands consist of the main islands of Saint Croix , Saint John , and Saint Thomas , and many other surrounding minor islands . The total land area of the territory is 133.73 square miles ( 346.36 km ) . The territory 's capital is Charlotte Amalie on the island of Saint Thomas . Previously known as the Danish West Indies of the Kingdom of Denmark -- Norway , they were sold to the United States by Denmark in the Treaty of the Danish West Indies of 1916 . They are classified by the United Nations as a Non-Self - Governing Territory , and are currently an organized , unincorporated United States territory . The U.S. Virgin Islands are organized under the 1954 Revised Organic Act of the Virgin Islands and have since held five constitutional conventions . The last and only proposed Constitution , adopted by the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands in 2009 , was rejected by the U.S. Congress in 2010 , which urged the convention to reconvene to address the concerns Congress and the Obama Administration had with the proposed document . The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 to address these concerns , but was not able to produce a revised Constitution before its October 31 deadline . In 2010 the population was 106,405 , and mostly Afro - Caribbean . Tourism and related categories are the primary economic activity , employing a high percentage of the civilian non-farm labor force that totaled 42,752 persons in 2016 . ( The total non-farm labor force was 48,278 persons . ) Private sector jobs made up 71 percent of the total workforce . The average private sector salary was $34,088 and the average public sector salary was $52,572 . In a May 2016 report , some 11,000 people were categorized as being involved in some aspect of agriculture in the first half of 2016 but this category makes up a small part of the total economy . ( The islands have a significant rum manufacturing sector . ) At that time , there were approximately 607 manufacturing jobs and 1,487 natural resource and construction jobs . The single largest employer was the government . In mid February 2017 , the USVI was facing a financial crisis due to a very high debt level of $2 billion and a structural budget deficit of $110 million . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Geography 2.1 Climate 3 Politics and government 3.1 Administrative divisions 3.2 Self - determination 4 Economy 4.1 Personal income 4.2 Financial challenges 4.3 Tourism 4.4 Manufacturing 4.5 Government 4.5. 1 Military 4.6 Transportation and communications 5 Demographics 5.1 Ethnic groups 5.2 Languages 5.3 Religion 5.4 Health 5.5 Education 6 Culture 6.1 Music 6.2 Media 6.3 Public holidays 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( January 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Main article : History of the United States Virgin Islands The U.S. Virgin Islands were originally inhabited by the Ciboney , Carib , and Arawaks . The islands were named by Christopher Columbus on his second voyage in 1493 for Saint Ursula and her virgin followers . Over the next two hundred years , the islands were held by many European powers , including Spain , Great Britain , the Netherlands , France , and Denmark -- Norway . The Danish West India Company settled on Saint Thomas in 1672 , settled on Saint John in 1694 , and purchased Saint Croix from France in 1733 . The islands became royal Danish colonies in 1754 , named the Danish West Indian Islands ( Danish : De dansk - vestindiske øer ) . Sugarcane , produced by slave labor , drove the islands ' economy during the 18th and early 19th centuries , until the abolition of slavery by Governor Peter von Scholten on July 3 , 1848 . The Danish West India and Guinea Company are also credited with naming the island St. John ( Danish : Sankt Jan ) . The Danish crown took full control of Saint John in 1754 along with St. Thomas and St. Croix . Sugarcane plantations such as the famous Annaberg Sugar Plantation were established in great numbers on St. John because of the intense heat and fertile terrain that provided ideal growing conditions . The establishment of sugarcane plantations also led to the buying of more slaves from Africa . In 1733 , St. John was the site of one of the first significant slave rebellions in the New World when Akwamu slaves from the Gold Coast took over the island for six months . The Danish were able to defeat the enslaved Africans with help from the French in Martinique . Instead of allowing themselves to be recaptured , more than a dozen of the ringleaders shot themselves before the French forces could capture them and call them to account for their activities during the period of rebel control . It is estimated that by 1775 , slaves outnumbered the Danish settlers by a ratio of 5 : 1 . The indigenous Caribs and Arawaks were also used as slave labor to the point of the entire native population being absorbed into the larger groups . Slavery was abolished in the Virgin Islands on July 3 , 1848 . Although some plantation owners refused to accept the abolition , some 5,000 Black people were freed while another 17,000 remained enslaved . In that era , slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations . Other crops included cotton and indigo . Over the following years , strict labor laws were implemented several times , leading planters to abandon their estates , causing a significant drop in population and the overall economy . In the late 1800s , numerous natural disasters added to worsen the situation . For the remainder of the period of Danish rule the islands were not economically viable and significant transfers were made from the Danish state budgets to the authorities in the islands . In 1867 a treaty to sell Saint Thomas and Saint John to the United States was agreed , but the sale was never effected . A number of reforms aimed at reviving the islands ' economy were attempted , but none had great success . A second draft treaty to sell the islands to the United States was negotiated in 1902 but was defeated in the upper house of the Danish parliament in a balanced ballot ( because the opposition carried a 97 - year - old life member into the chamber ) . The aftermath of Hurricane Marilyn on the island of St. Thomas , 1995 . The onset of World War I brought the reforms to a close and again left the islands isolated and exposed . During the submarine warfare phases of the war , the United States , fearing that the islands might be seized by Germany as a submarine base , again approached Denmark about buying them . After a few months of negotiations , a selling price of $25 million in United States gold coin was agreed , equivalent to $562.23 million in 2017 dollars . At the same time the economics of continued possession weighed heavily on the minds of Danish decision makers , and a consensus in favor of selling emerged in the Danish parliament . The Treaty of the Danish West Indies was signed in August 1916 , with a Danish referendum held in December 1916 to confirm the decision . The deal was finalized on January 17 , 1917 , when the United States and Denmark exchanged their respective treaty ratifications . The United States took possession of the islands on March 31 , 1917 and the territory was renamed the Virgin Islands of the United States . Every year Transfer Day is recognized as a holiday , to commemorate the acquisition of the islands by the United States . U.S. citizenship was granted to the inhabitants of the islands in 1927 . The U.S. dollar was adopted in the territory in 1934 and from 1935 to 1939 the islands were a part of the United States customs area . Water Island , a small island to the south of St. Thomas , was initially administered by the U.S. federal government and did not become a part of the United States Virgin Islands territory until 1996 , when 50 acres ( 20 ha ) of land was transferred to the territorial government . The remaining 200 acres ( 81 ha ) of the island were purchased from the United States Department of the Interior in May 2005 for $10 , a transaction that marked the official change in jurisdiction . Hurricane Hugo struck the U.S. Virgin Islands in 1989 , causing catastrophic physical and economic damage , particularly on the island of St. Croix . The territory was again struck by Hurricane Marilyn in 1995 , killing eight people and causing more than $2 billion in damage . The islands were again struck by Hurricanes Bertha , Georges , Lenny , and Omar in 1996 , 1998 , 1999 , and 2008 , respectively , but damage was not as severe in those storms . In 2017 , Hurricane Irma caused catastrophic damage to St. John and St. Thomas ; just days later , Hurricane Maria 's eyewall crossed over St. Croix . Until February 2012 , the Hovensa plant located on St. Croix was one of the world 's largest petroleum refineries and contributed about 20 % of the territory 's GDP . The facility stopped exporting petroleum products in 2014 . In the final year of full refinery operations , the value of exported petroleum products was $12.7 billion ( 2011 fiscal year ) . After being shut down , it has operated as no more than an oil storage facility ; the closure had provoked a local economic crisis . Geography ( edit ) Main article : Geography of the United States Virgin Islands A map of the United States Virgin Islands . The U.S. Virgin Islands are in the Atlantic Ocean , about 40 miles ( 60 km ) east of Puerto Rico and immediately west of the British Virgin Islands . They share the Virgin Islands Archipelago with the Puerto Rican Virgin Islands of Vieques and Culebra ( administered by Puerto Rico ) , and the British Virgin Islands . The territory consists of three main islands : Saint Thomas , Saint John , and Saint Croix , as well as several dozen smaller islands . The main islands have nicknames often used by locals : `` Twin City '' ( St. Croix ) , `` Rock City '' ( St. Thomas ) and `` Love City '' ( St. John ) . The combined land area of the islands is roughly twice the size of Washington , D.C. The U.S. Virgin Islands are known for their white sand beaches , including Magens Bay and Trunk Bay , and strategic harbors , including Charlotte Amalie and Christiansted . Like most Caribbean islands , the islands of the Virgin Islands , including Saint Thomas , are volcanic in origin and hilly . The highest point is Crown Mountain , Saint Thomas ( 1,555 ft or 474 m ) . Saint Croix , the largest of the U.S. Virgin Islands , lies to the south and has a flatter terrain due to being coral in origin . The National Park Service manages more than half of Saint John , nearly all of Hassel Island , and many acres of coral reef . ( See also Virgin Islands National Park , Virgin Islands Coral Reef National Monument , Buck Island Reef National Monument , Christiansted National Historic Site , and Salt River Bay National Historical Park and Ecological Preserve . ) The U.S. Virgin Islands lie on the boundary of the North American plate and the Caribbean Plate . Natural hazards include earthquakes and hurricanes . Climate ( edit ) The United States Virgin Islands enjoy a tropical climate , with little seasonal change throughout the year . Rainfall is concentrated in the high sun period ( May through October ) , while in the winter the northeast trade winds prevail . Summer and winter high temperatures differ by 5 ° F ( 3 ° C ) or less on average . Main article : Climate of the United States Virgin Islands <Th_colspan="14"> ( hide ) Climate data for Saint Thomas , Virgin Islands Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Year Record high ° F ( ° C ) 93 ( 34 ) 93 ( 34 ) 94 ( 34 ) 96 ( 36 ) 97 ( 36 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 99 ( 37 ) 98 ( 37 ) 97 ( 36 ) 95 ( 35 ) 92 ( 33 ) 99 ( 37 ) Average high ° F ( ° C ) 85 ( 29 ) 85 ( 29 ) 86 ( 30 ) 87 ( 31 ) 88 ( 31 ) 89 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 90 ( 32 ) 89 ( 32 ) 87 ( 31 ) 86 ( 30 ) 87.7 ( 30.9 ) Average low ° F ( ° C ) 72 ( 22 ) 73 ( 23 ) 73 ( 23 ) 74 ( 23 ) 76 ( 24 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 78 ( 26 ) 77 ( 25 ) 75 ( 24 ) 74 ( 23 ) 75.5 ( 24.3 ) Record low ° F ( ° C ) 63 ( 17 ) 62 ( 17 ) 56 ( 13 ) 62 ( 17 ) 66 ( 19 ) 67 ( 19 ) 57 ( 14 ) 59 ( 15 ) 64 ( 18 ) 66 ( 19 ) 52 ( 11 ) 62 ( 17 ) 52 ( 11 ) Average precipitation inches ( mm ) 2.38 ( 60.5 ) 1.48 ( 37.6 ) 1.42 ( 36.1 ) 2.74 ( 69.6 ) 3.06 ( 77.7 ) 2.53 ( 64.3 ) 2.85 ( 72.4 ) 3.74 ( 95 ) 5.58 ( 141.7 ) 5.42 ( 137.7 ) 5.23 ( 132.8 ) 2.96 ( 75.2 ) 39.39 ( 1,000.5 ) <Td_colspan="14"> Source : weather.com Politics and government ( edit ) Main article : Politics of the United States Virgin Islands See also : Political party strength in the United States Virgin Islands This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2016 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Charlotte Amalie , St. Thomas , the Islands ' capital . Christiansted , the largest town on St. Croix . The U.S. Virgin Islands are an organized , unincorporated United States territory . Although they are U.S. citizens , U.S. Virgin Islanders residing in the territory are ineligible to vote for the President of the United States . They are , however , eligible to vote if they become residents of mainland U.S. states . The U.S. Democratic and Republican parties allow U.S. Virgin Islands citizens to vote in their presidential primary elections for delegates to the respective national conventions . People born in the U.S. Virgin Islands derive their U.S. citizenship from Congressional statute . The main political parties in the U.S. Virgin Islands are the Democratic Party of the Virgin Islands , the Independent Citizens Movement , and the Republican Party of the Virgin Islands . Additional candidates run as independents . At the national level , the U.S. Virgin Islands elect a delegate to Congress from their at - large congressional district . The elected delegate , while able to vote in committee , can not participate in floor votes . The current House of Representatives delegate is Stacey Plaskett . At the territorial level , fifteen senators -- seven from the district of Saint Croix , seven from the district of Saint Thomas and Saint John , and one senator at - large who must be a resident of Saint John -- are elected for two - year terms to the unicameral Virgin Islands Legislature . There is no limit as to the number of terms they can serve . The U.S. Virgin Islands have elected a territorial governor every four years since 1970 . Previous governors were appointed by the President of the United States . The U.S. Virgin Islands have a District Court , Superior Court and the Supreme Court . The District Court is responsible for federal law , while the Superior Court is responsible for U.S. Virgin Islands law at the trial level and the Supreme Court is responsible for appeals from the Superior Court for all appeals filed on or after January 29 , 2007 . Appeals filed prior to that date are heard by the Appellate Division of the District Court . Appeals from the federal District Court are heard by the United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit , located in Philadelphia , Pennsylvania . District Court judges are appointed by the U.S. president , while Superior Court and Supreme Court judges are appointed by the governor . On October 21 , 1976 , President Gerald Ford signed Pub. L. 94 -- 584 authorizing the people of the United States Virgin Islands to organize a government pursuant to a constitution , which would be automatically approved if Congress did not act within 60 days . On May 26 , 2009 the U.S. Virgin Islands Fifth Constitutional Convention adopted a proposed Constitution of the Virgin Islands , which was submitted by President Barack Obama to Congress on March 1 , 2010 . On June 30 , 2010 , President Obama signed Pub. L. 111 -- 194 in which Congress rejected the proposed constitution and urged the constitutional convention to reconvene . As of early 2017 , the territory still did not have its own constitution . Little has been achieved on this front since 2009 when a proposed constitution was contested by the U.S. Justice Department on the grounds that the powers sought exceeded what would be considered allowable under territorial status . In September 2012 , the Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands was unable to come to a decision on the contents of a proposed constitution by the October 31 deadline . Administrative divisions ( edit ) Main article : Districts and sub-districts of the United States Virgin Islands Administratively , the U.S. Virgin Islands are divided into three ( 3 ) districts and twenty ( 20 ) sub-districts . Districts and sub-districts of the U.S. Virgin Islands Districts St. Thomas St. John St. Croix Sub-districts Charlotte Amalie East End Northside Southside Tutu Water Island West End Central Coral Bay Cruz Bay East End Anna 's Hope Village Christiansted East End Frederiksted Northcentral Northwest Sion Farm Southcentral Southwest While a Danish possession , the Islands were divided into `` quarters '' ( five on St. John and nine on St. Croix ) which were further divided into many dozens of `` estates '' . Estate names are still used to write addresses ; estates and quarters are used in describing real estate , especially on St. John and St. Croix . More densely populated towns such as Frederiksted and Christiansted on St. Croix were historically referred to as `` districts '' , in contrast to the surrounding plantation land . Self - determination ( edit ) A 1993 referendum on status attracted only 31.4 % turnout , and so its results ( in favor of the status quo ) were considered void . No further referenda have been scheduled since . In 2004 , the 25th Legislature of the Virgin Islands established the Fifth Constitutional Convention , a constitutional convention gathered in order to draft a new constitution . In June 2009 , Governor John de Jongh , Jr. rejected the resulting constitutional draft , saying the terms of the document would `` violate federal law , fail to defer to federal sovereignty and disregard basic civil rights . '' A lawsuit filed by members of the Convention to force Governor de Jongh to forward the document to President Barack Obama was ultimately successful . The President of the United States forwarded the proposal to Congress -- which then had 60 days to approve or reject the document -- in May 2010 , along with a report noting concerns raised by the U.S. Department of Justice and restating the issues noted by Governor de Jongh . A U.S. Congressional resolution disapproving of the proposed constitution and requesting that the Fifth Constitutional Convention reconvene to consider changes to address these issues was signed into law by President Obama on June 30 , 2010 . Months later , a federal lawsuit was filed in the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands in 2011 . The lawsuit claimed that the United States had to provide U.S. Virgin Islanders with the ability to be represented in Congress and vote for U.S. President . The case is Civil No. 3 : 11 - cv - 110 , Charles v. U.S. Federal Elections Commission et al. ( 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 - AET - RM ) . It alleged that racial discrimination present in an all - white and segregated U.S. Congress of 1917 was the impetus to deny the right to vote to a majority non-white constituency . The case was ultimately dismissed and closed on August 16 , 2012 by District Judge Anne E. Thompson from the Federal District Court of the Virgin Islands , Division of St. Croix . The Fifth Constitutional Convention of the U.S. Virgin Islands met in October 2012 but was not able to produce a revised Constitution before its October 31 deadline . In 2016 , the United Nations 's Special Committee on Decolonisation recommended to the UN 's General Assembly that this larger body should assist in `` decolonization '' and help the people of the territory to `` determine freely their future political status '' . Specifically , the Special Committee recommended that the `` views of the people of the United States Virgin Islands in respect of their right to self - determination should be ascertained '' and that the UN should `` actively pursue a public awareness campaign aimed at assisting the people of the United States Virgin Islands with their inalienable right to self - determination and in gaining a better understanding of the options for self - determination '' . Economy ( edit ) Main article : Economy of the United States Virgin Islands Magens Bay , St. Thomas . A 2012 Economic report from the US Census Bureau indicated a total of 2,414 business establishments generating $6.8 billion in sales , employing 32,465 people and paying $1.1 billion in payroll per year . Between 2007 and 2012 , sales declined by $12.6 billion , or 64.9 percent . ( In 2007 , total sales were $19.5 billion and the number employed was 35,300 . ) According to a report on the first half of 2016 by the VI Bureau of Economic Research , the unemployment rate was 11.5 percent . In May 2016 the islands ' Bureau of Economic Research indicated that there were 37,613 non-agricultural wage and salary jobs in the islands . This report states that the `` leisure and hospitality sector '' employed an average of 7,333 people . The retail trade sector , which also serves many tourists , averaged another 5,913 jobs . Other categories which also include some tourism jobs include Arts and Entertainment ( 792 jobs ) , Accommodation and Food ( 6,541 jobs ) , Accommodation ( 3755 jobs ) , Food Services and Drink ( 2,766 jobs ) . A large percentage of the 37,613 non-farm workers are employed in dealing with tourists . Serving the local population is also part of the role of these sectors . Personal income ( edit ) The median income for a household in the territory was $24,704 , and the median income for a family was $28,553 according to the 2010 Census . Males had a median income of $28,309 versus $22,601 for females . The per capita income for the territory was $13,139 . About 28.7 % of families and 32.5 % of the population were below the poverty line , including 41.7 % of those less than 18 years old and 29.8 % of those 65 or more years old . Nearly 70 % of adults had at least a high school diploma and 19.2 % had a bachelor 's degree or higher . Financial challenges ( edit ) Analysts reviewing the economy often point to the closure of the HOVENSA oil refinery , the islands ' largest private sector employer , in early 2012 as having a major negative impact on the territory 's economy . In late 2013 , the Reserve Bank of New York 's Research and Statistics Group pointed out that manufacturing employment dropped by 50 percent in May 2012 , and by another 4 percent by November 2012 , and that the GDP fell by 13 percent , `` mainly due to an 80 percent drop - off in exports ( mostly refined petroleum ) '' . On the other hand , tourism and some other service industries were growing . As well , the 2010 census indicated that a relatively high share of the adult population is in the labor force : 66 percent , versus 65 percent on the mainland and well below 50 percent in Puerto Rico . The bottom line in this report however is that `` it may also be worthwhile to look at the physical infrastructure and human capital built up over the years , with an eye toward using it for other types of productive economic activity '' . A May 2016 report by Bloomberg expressed concern about the islands ' tax - supported debt load . By January 23 , 2017 this had increased to $2 billion . That translated to a per capita debt of $19,000 , which was higher than the per capita debt in Puerto Rico which was undergoing a severe financial crisis at the time . A Debtwire analyst writing in Forbes indicated that nothing short of a miracle would prevent a financial collapse . Another area of concern was the structural budget deficit which was at $110 million in mid February 2017 . The government instituted a new law in March 2017 with new or increased taxes on rum , beer , tobacco products and sugary drinks , as well as internet purchases and timeshare unit owners . Tourism ( edit ) Tourism , trade , and other service - oriented industries are the primary economic activities , accounting for nearly 60 % of the GDP . Approximately 2.5 million tourists per year visit , most arriving on cruise ships . Such visitors do not spend large amounts of money ( $146.70 each on average ) but as a group , they contributed $339.8 million to the economy in 2012 . However , the travel industry warned in late 2014 that work needs to be done for USVI tourism practices to meet 21st century demands . `` The needs of the community and the tourists may be diametrically opposed ; however , for tourism to flourish cooperation is a necessity . From reduced energy costs to increased educational opportunities , from improved healthcare to a continued reduction in crime , these and many other challenges must be tackled . There is only now . '' Additionally , the islands frequently are a starting point for private yacht charters to the neighboring British Virgin Islands . Euromonitor indicates that over 50 percent of the workforce is employed in some tourism - related work . Manufacturing ( edit ) The manufacturing sector consists of mainly rum distilling . The agricultural sector is small , with most food being imported . International business and financial services are a small but growing component of the economy . Most energy is also generated from imported oil , leading to electricity costs four to five times higher than the U.S. mainland . The Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority also uses imported energy to operate its desalination facilities to provide fresh water . Government ( edit ) The CIA 's World Factbook lists the value of federal programs and grants -- $241.4 million in 2013 , 19.7 % of the territory 's total revenues -- and that `` the economy remains relatively diversified . Along with the tourist industry , it appears that rum exports , trade , and services will be major income sources in future years '' . Military ( edit ) There are some military facilities and personnel on the islands , supported by the United States government : United States Army Reserve Virgin Islands Army National Guard Virgin Islands Air National Guard -- -- stationed at St Croix ANGS Virgin Islands Army National Guard -- stationed at St Croix ANGS Lionel A. Jackson Readiness Center -- shared facility for Army and Air units Although a public airport , Henry E. Rohlsen Airport has serviced aircraft from the United States Air Force , as well as the United States Army . The U.S. Virgin Islands are located in the Atlantic Standard Time zone and do not participate in daylight saving time . When the mainland United States is on Standard Time , the U.S. Virgin Islands are one hour ahead of Eastern Standard Time . When the mainland United States is on daylight saving time , Eastern Daylight Time is the same as Atlantic Standard Time . The U.S. Virgin Islands are an independent customs territory from the mainland United States and operate largely as a free port . U.S. citizens thus do not have to clear customs when arriving in the U.S. Virgin Islands , but do when traveling to the mainland . Local residents are not subject to U.S. federal income taxes on U.S. Virgin Islands source income ; they pay taxes to the territory equal to what their federal taxes would be if they lived in a state . Transportation and communications ( edit ) Main article : Transportation in the United States Virgin Islands The Henry E. Rohlsen International Airport serves St. Croix and the Cyril E. King International Airport serves St. Thomas and St. John . The U.S. Virgin Islands is the only U.S. jurisdiction that drives on the left . This was inherited from what was then - current practice on the islands at the time of the 1917 transfer of the territory to the United States from Denmark . However , because most cars in the territory are imported from the mainland United States , the cars in the territory are left - hand drive . As in other U.S. territories , U.S. Virgin Islands mail service is handled by the United States Postal Service , using the two - character state code `` VI '' for domestic mail delivery . ZIP codes are in the 008xx range . As of January 2010 , specifically assigned codes include 00801 -- 00805 ( St Thomas ) , 00820 -- 00824 ( Christiansted ) , 00830 -- 00831 ( St John ) , 00840 -- 00841 ( Frederiksted ) , and 00850 -- 00851 ( Kingshill ) . The islands are part of the North American Numbering Plan , using area code 340 , and island residents and visitors are able to call most toll - free U.S. numbers . Demographics ( edit ) See also : Demographics of the United States Virgin Islands Trunk Bay , St. John . <Th_colspan="3"> Historical population Year Pop . ± % 1970 62,468 -- 1980 96,569 + 54.6 % 101,809 + 5.4 % 2000 108,612 + 6.7 % 106,405 − 2.0 % In 2010 the U.S. Virgin Islands had a population of 106,405 . There are 40,648 households , and 26,636 families . In 2010 there were 40,648 households out of which 34.7 % had children under the age of 18 living with them , 33.2 % were married couples living together , 24.9 % had a female householder with no husband present , and 34.5 % were non-families. 30.2 % of all households were made up of individuals and 6.3 % had someone living alone who was 65 years of age or older . The average household size was 2.64 and the average family size was 3.34 . In the territory , the population in 2010 was distributed with 31.6 % under the age of 18 , 8.0 % from 18 to 24 , 27.1 % from 25 to 44 , 24.9 % from 45 to 64 , and 8.4 % who were 65 years of age or older . The median age was 33 years . For every 100 females , there were 91.4 males . For every 100 females ages 18 and up , there were 87.7 males . The annual population growth is − 0.12 % . The literacy rate for the adult population was 94.9 % in 2010 . Ethnic groups ( edit ) The racial makeup of the U.S. Virgin Islands was : Black or Afro - Caribbean : 76.0 % ( 66.1 % Non-Hispanic Black ) White : 15.7 % ( 13.5 % Non-Hispanic Whites ) Asian : 1.4 % Mixed : 2.1 % Other : 4.5 % Hispanic or Latino of any race : 17.4 % ( 10.3 % Puerto Rican , 5.4 % Dominican ) Many residents can trace their ancestry to other Caribbean islands , especially Puerto Rico and the Lesser Antilles . The territory is largely Afro - Caribbean in origin . Languages ( edit ) English is currently the dominant language and Spanish is spoken by about 17 % of the population . Other languages are spoken by 11 % of the population . English has been the predominant language since 1917 when the islands were transferred from Denmark to the United States . Under Danish rule , the official language was Danish , but it was solely the language of administration and spoken by Danes , a tiny minority of the overall population that primarily occupied administrative roles in colonial Danish West Indian society . However , place names and surnames of Denmark - Norway origins still remain among natives . Although the U.S. Virgin Islands was a Danish possession during most of its colonial history , Danish never was a spoken language among the populace , black or white , as the majority of plantation and slave owners were of Dutch , English , Scottish or Irish descent . Even during Danish ownership , Dutch was more common , at least during some of those 245 years , specifically on St. Thomas and St. John . In St. Croix , English was the dominant language . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the island was sold to the Danish West Indian and Guinea Company . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . Other languages spoken in the Danish West Indies included Irish , Scots , Spanish , and French , as well as Virgin Islands English Creole . Virgin Islands Creole English , an English - based creole locally known as `` dialect '' , is spoken in informal situations . The form of Virgin Islands Creole spoken on St. Croix , known as Crucian , is slightly different from that spoken on St. Thomas and St. John . Because the U.S. Virgin Islands are home to thousands of immigrants from across the Caribbean , Spanish and various French creole languages are also widely spoken . As of the 2000 census , 25.3 % of persons over the age of five speak a language other than English at home . Spanish is spoken by 16.8 % of the population and French is spoken by 6.6 % . Religion ( edit ) Religions : in the United States Virgin Islands ( 2010 ) Protestant ( 65.5 % ) Roman Catholic ( 27.1 % ) Other Christian ( 1.8 % ) Unaffiliated ( 3.7 % ) Other religion ( 1.9 % ) Christianity is the dominant religion in the U.S. Virgin Islands . According to Pew Research Center , 94.8 % of the population was Christian in 2010 . Baptist , Roman Catholic and Episcopalian were the largest denominations in the 2010 Census . Protestantism is the most widespread of the religious categories , reflecting the territory 's Danish and Norwegian colonial heritage and more recently , it being a part of the United States . There is also a strong Roman Catholic presence . Rastafari is also prevalent . Saint Thomas is home to one of the oldest Jewish communities in the Western Hemisphere as Sephardic Jews began to settle the island in the 18th century as traders and merchants . The St. Thomas Synagogue in Charlotte Amalie is the second oldest synagogue on American soil and oldest in terms of continuous usage . Health ( edit ) In 2010 , the national average life expectancy was 79.61 years . It was 76.57 years for men and 82.83 for women . Education ( edit ) The United States Virgin Islands Department of Education serves as the territory 's education agency , and has two school districts : St. Thomas - St. John School District and St. Croix School District . The University of the Virgin Islands provides higher education leading to associate 's , bachelor 's , and master 's degrees , with campuses on St. Thomas and St. Croix . Culture ( edit ) Main article : Culture of the Virgin Islands The culture of the Virgin Islands reflects the various people that have inhabited the present - day U.S. Virgin Islands and British Virgin Islands , both despite their political separation having kept close cultural ties . The culture derives chiefly from West African , European and American cultures , in addition to the influences from the immigrants from the Arab world , India and other Caribbean islands . The island was strongly influenced by the Dutch , French and Danish during the periods of control the island were under these powers . Music ( edit ) Main article : Music of the Virgin Islands Main article : Virgin Islands Creole English Media ( edit ) The islands have a number of AM and FM radio stations ( mostly on St. Thomas and St. Croix ) broadcasting music , religious , and news programming . ( See List of radio stations in U.S. Territories . ) Full and low - power television stations are split between St. Thomas and St. Croix . ( See List of television stations in the U.S. Virgin Islands . ) Newspapers include : The Avis , printed daily on St. Croix . The Virgin Islands Daily News , printed daily on St. Thomas . St. John Tradewinds , distributed weekly on St. John . St. Thomas -- St. John This Week , online only . St. Thomas Source , online only . St. Croix Source , online only . St. John On Island Times , news and information on St John , USVI . Public holidays ( edit ) Main article : Public holidays in the United States Virgin Islands January 1 : New Years Day January 6 : Three Kings Day January ( third Monday ) : Martin Luther King , Jr . Day February ( third Monday ) : President 's Day March 31 : Transfer Day ( celebrates the transfer of the islands from Denmark to the U.S. ) April : Holy Thursday , Good Friday , Easter Monday May : Memorial Day July 3 : Emancipation Day July 4 : U.S. Independence Day September ( first Monday ) : Labor Day October ( second Monday ) : Virgin Islands Puerto Rico Friendship Day / Columbus Day November 1 : D. Hamilton Jackson Day ( also known as `` Liberty Day '' , or `` Bull and Bread Day '' ) November 11 : Veteran 's Day November ( fourth Thursday ) : Thanksgiving Day December 25 : Christmas December 26 : Christmas Second Day ( also known as `` Boxing Day '' ) Virgin Islands government employees are also given administrative leave for St. Croix carnival events in January and St. Thomas carnival events in April / May . See also ( edit ) Caribbean portal United States portal Outline of the United States Virgin Islands Index of United States Virgin Islands - related articles Bibliography of the United States Virgin Islands References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands - 2010 Census Results '' ( PDF ) . census.gov . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved April 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product Per Capita for U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 5 May 2017 . Retrieved 14 July 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` CIA -- The World Factbook - US Virgin Islands '' . Retrieved March 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ 2010 Population Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands Archived November 1 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine. , U.S. Census Bureau . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Baribeau , Simone ( January 23 , 2017 ) . `` United States Virgin Islands Risks Capsizing Under Weight Of Debt '' . Forbes . Forbes . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . How far behind is the United States Virgin Islands ( USVI ) from facing the same sort of financial crisis as Puerto Rico ? Not very . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ernice ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` GOVERNMENT HAS TWO DAYS CASH ON HAND LEFT , FINANCE COMMISSIONER REVEALS '' . VI Consortium . VI Consortium . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` A Brief History of the Danish West Indies , 1666 -- 1917 '' . Danish National Archives . Retrieved 26 January 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands History '' . VI Now . VInow.com. 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . In the Danish West Indies slaves labored mainly on sugar plantations . Cotton , indigo and other crops were also grown . Sugar mills and plantations dotted the islands hilly landscapes . Each islands economy prospered through sugar plantations and slave trading . While St. John and St. Croix maintained a plantation economy , St. Thomas developed into a prosperous center of trade . Slave rebellion on St. John and St. Croix are well documented . Legitimate trade and business on St. Thomas influenced a different society where many more slaves were given freedom and an opportunity outside of plantation life . ^ Jump up to : A Brief History of the Danish West Indies , 1666 -- 1917 , Danish National Archives Jump up ^ Convention between the United States and Denmark for cession of the Danish West Indies Archived July 21 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine. , 39 Stat. 1706 Jump up ^ Transfer Day , Royal Danish Consulate , United States Virgin Islands Jump up ^ United States Department of the Interior ( 1934 ) . Annual Report of the Department of the Interior 1934 . U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ various United States governmental bureaus ( 1950 ) . Statistical Abstract of the United States . U.S. Government Printing Office . Jump up ^ Poinski , Megan . `` Water Island appears frozen in time , but big plans run under the surface -- V.I. says land acquired from the feds is about to undergo large - scale improvements '' . The Virgin Islands Daily News , November 18 , 2005 , online edition . Retrieved September 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Daniel Shea ( Daily News Staff ) ( January 19 , 2012 ) . `` HOVENSA closing -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived April 15 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Slawych , Diane . `` Love is in the air '' . CANOE.ca . Retrieved January 25 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Average Conditions Saint Thomas , VI '' . weather.com . Retrieved May 16 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Presidential election in the U.S. Virgin Islands , 2016 '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Legislature of the Virgin Islands '' . Ballotpedia . Ballotpedia . July 1 , 2016 . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Corbin , Dr. Carlyle G. ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Choose or Lose : U.S. Virgin Islands in 2017 '' . Pacific Island Times . Pacific Island Times . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Mattei , Lou , Virgin Islands Daily News ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention Meeting Marred by Arguments , Technical Snarls '' . High Beam Research . Cengage Learning . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lou Mattei ( Daily News Staff ) ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention meeting marred by arguments , technical snarls -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` St John Map of Estates on St John US Virgin Islands Real Estate '' . American Paradise . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` American Virgin Islands Maps -- Map of St. Croix Condos '' . American-virgin-islands.com . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Poinski , Megan , `` Governor Rejects Constitution Draft '' , article in The Virgin Islands Daily News , June 13 , 2009 . Retrieved July 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Office of the White House Press Secretary ( June 30 , 2010 ) . `` Statement by the Press Secretary on S.J. Res. 33 '' . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2010 . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USVI Constitutional Convention mandated to reconsider autonomous proposals '' . Virgin Islands News Online . June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Opinion '' ( PDF ) , Charles v. U.S. Federal Election Commission et . al. ( Court Filing ) , D.V.I. , No. 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 ( Docket 18 ) , Aug 20 , 2012 , retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 -- via Recap `` Order '' ( PDF ) , Charles v. U.S. Federal Election Commission et . al. ( Court Filing ) , D.V.I. , No. 3 : 11 - cv - 00110 ( Docket 19 ) , Aug 20 , 2012 , retrieved Jul 25 , 2017 -- via Recap Jump up ^ Lou Mattei ( Daily News Staff ) ( September 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention meeting marred by arguments , technical snarls -- News '' . Virgin Islands Daily News . Retrieved April 8 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Mattei , Lou ; Virgin Islands Daily News ( October 29 , 2012 ) . `` Constitutional Convention Meeting Marred by Arguments , Technical Snarls '' . High Beam Research . Cengage Learning . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Special Committee on Decolonisation ( August 4 , 2016 ) . `` Question of the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Overseas Review . Overseas Review . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Recognizing that the specific characteristics and the aspirations of the people of the United States Virgin Islands require flexible , practical and innovative approaches to the options for self - determination , without any prejudice to territorial size , geographical location , size of population or natural resources Jump up ^ `` Economic Census Shows the U.S. Virgin Islands Generated $6.8 Billion in Sales in 2012 '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fact Finder '' . US Census . Department of Commerce . 2011 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bram , Jason ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` A Long Road to Economic Recovery for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Liberty Street Economics . Retrieved Liberty Street Economics . Looking ahead , we note that the tropical weather and picturesque beaches will continue to draw tourists , and natural resources bode well for rum production . Check date values in : access - date = ( help ) Jump up ^ Chappatta , Brian ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` More in Debt Than Puerto Rico , the Virgin Islands Rejects Rescue '' . Bloomberg . Bloomberg . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gilbert , Ernice ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` FINANCIAL CRISIS : MAPP EXECUTIVE ORDER SUSPENDS HIRING , TRAVEL , WAGE NEGOTIATIONS AND LIMITS USE OF GOV 'T VEHICLES '' . VI Consortium . VI Consortium . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Sin Tax is Now Law '' . NewsofStJohn.com . March 24 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Economic Review -- VI '' ( PDF ) . VI Bureau of Economic Research . VI Bureau of Economic Research . May 15 , 2016 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Garely , Dr. Elinor ( November 9 , 2014 ) . `` Interview : The Honorable Beverly Nicholson - Doty , Commissioner of Tourism , United States Virgin Islands '' . E Turbo News . eTurboNews , Inc . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Dr. Elinor Garely , Editor - in - Chief , TourismExecutives.com Jump up ^ `` Travel and Tourism in US Virgin Islands '' . Euromonitor . Euromonitor. 2015 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Andrew ( February 19 , 2012 ) . `` USVI , NREL Partner to Reduce Fossil FuelS 60 % by 2025 '' . CleanTechnica . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands Water and Power Authority ( WAPA ) '' . Viwapa.vi . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Central America and Caribbean -- VIRGIN ISLANDS -- Economy '' . CIA . CIA . 2014 . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. INSULAR AREAS , Application of the U.S. Constitution '' ( PDF ) . U.S. General Accounting Office . November 1997 : 37 . Retrieved July 16 , 2012 . US federal individual and corporate income taxes as such are not currently imposed in US insular areas . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Islands Tourist Tips '' . Here.VI Search . WebMastersVI.com . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Official USPS Abbreviations '' . United States Postal Service . Archived from the original on March 28 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : `` Virgin Islands General Information '' . United States Postal Service . Archived from the original on December 25 , 2009 . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St Thomas , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Christiansted , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` St John , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Frederiksted , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Kingshill , VI '' . Zip-Codes.com . Datasheer , LLC . Retrieved January 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` American FactFinder '' . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 11 , 2013 . Retrieved 2008 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 News U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Population Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2012 . Retrieved December 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Census 2010 News U.S. Census Bureau Releases 2010 Census Ethnic Counts for the U.S. Virgin Islands '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2013 . Retrieved March 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Demographics '' . VI Moving Center . VI Moving Center . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . Resource : 2010 United States Census of Population and Housing Jump up ^ An introduction to pidgins and creoles -- John A. Holm Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Language '' . Vinow . VI Now . 2016 . Retrieved July 6 , 2016 . St. Croix was owned by the French until 1733 when the Danes bought it . By 1741 there were five times as many English on the island as Danes . English Creole emerged on St. Croix more so than Dutch Creole , which was more popular on St. Thomas and St. John . Jump up ^ Detailed Tables -- American FactFinder Archived November 10 , 2011 , at the Wayback Machine . United States Census Bureau Retrieved January 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Îles Vierges américaines . Tlfq.ulaval.ca . Retrieved on July 26 , 2013 . Jump up ^ U.S. Virgin Islands Jump up ^ `` U.S. Virgin Islands '' . Pew Research . Pew Research . 2016 . Retrieved February 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Virgin Islands Demographics '' . VI Moving Center . VI Moving Center . 2015 . Retrieved February 18 , 2017 . 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texas a & m vs oklahoma all time record

Arkansas -- Texas A&M football rivalry - wikipedia Arkansas -- Texas A&M football rivalry Southwest Classic <Td_colspan="2"> Arkansas Razorbacks Texas A&M Aggies First meeting October 31 , 1903 Texas A&M 6 , Arkansas 0 Latest meeting September 23 , 2017 Texas A&M 50 , Arkansas 43 ( OT ) Next meeting September 29 , 2018 Trophy Southwest Classic Trophy <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Meetings total 74 All - time series Arkansas leads , 41 -- 30 -- 3 Largest victory Texas A&M , 58 -- 10 ( 2012 ) Longest win streak Arkansas , 9 ( 1958 -- 66 ) Current win streak Texas A&M , 6 ( 2012 -- present ) The Arkansas -- Texas A&M football rivalry is an American college football rivalry between the Arkansas Razorbacks and Texas A&M Aggies , which started in 1903 . Between 1992 and 2008 , the schools did not play each other when Arkansas left the Southwest Conference to join the Southeastern Conference . The rivalry was renewed as a neutral - site out - of - conference contest ( and branded as The Southwest Classic ) in 2009 ; in 2012 it once again became a conference rivalry when Texas A&M also joined the Southeastern Conference . Arkansas leads the series 41 -- 30 -- 3 . Contents 1 Series history 2 Game results 3 Notable games 3.1 1903 3.2 1939 -- Texas A&M 's National Championship year 3.3 1964 -- Arkansas ' National Championship year 3.4 1975 3.5 1980 3.6 1986 3.7 1991 -- Arkansas ' last game in the Southwest Conference 3.8 2009 -- Renewal 3.9 2011 -- `` Welcome to the SEC '' 3.10 2012 -- First all - SEC game 3.11 2014 , ' 15 & ' 17 -- 3 OT Games in 4 Years 4 See also 5 References Series History ( edit ) Arkansas and Texas A&M first played each other in 1903 , and would play each other three times from 1903 -- 12 , all as non-conference matchups . Arkansas and Texas A&M would not meet on the field again until 1927 , notwithstanding that both schools became charter members of the Southwest Conference 12 years earlier in 1915 . The schools played annually from 1927 -- 30 , but would not meet again until 1934 . From 1934 -- 91 , the two teams played annually as conference members . The annual matchup ceased in 1991 when Arkansas left the conference to join the Southeastern Conference . On March 10 , 2008 , officials from both schools announced the series would recommence on October 3 , 2009 under the name `` Southwest Classic '' . The annual location for the game was announced as Cowboys Stadium ( now called AT&T Stadium ) , located in Arlington . The attendance for the stadium was initially expected to be in the 80,000 range . Depending on ticket demand , temporary seating can be added to the stadium to increase the capacity up to 100,000 seats for the game . The tickets were said to be split 50 / 50 between the two schools . The initial agreement between the two schools allowed the game to be played for at least 10 years , followed by 5 consecutive , 4 - year rollover options , allowing the game to potentially be played for a total of 30 consecutive seasons . The rivalry once again became a conference matchup when Texas A&M joined the SEC on July 1 , 2012 and was placed alongside Arkansas in the West Division . However , for A&M 's first two seasons in the SEC the series was played as a home - and - home series at the school 's campuses ( A&M hosted in 2012 and Arkansas hosted in 2013 ) ; the series resumed neutral - site play in AT&T Stadium for the 2014 season until at least 2024 . A&M currently ( since the 2012 contest ) holds an undefeated record in the series while both teams have been members of the same conference and division . ( Southeastern Conference - Western Division ) Game results ( edit ) Arkansas victories Texas A&M victories Tie games No . Date Location Winner Score 1903 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 6 -- 0 1910 Fayetteville , Arkansas Arkansas 5 -- 0 1912 Dallas , Texas Texas A&M 27 -- 0 1927 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 40 -- 6 5 1928 Fayetteville , Arkansas Arkansas 27 -- 12 6 1929 College Station , Texas Arkansas 14 -- 13 7 1930 Little Rock , Arkansas Arkansas 13 -- 0 8 1934 College Station , Texas Tie 7 -- 7 9 1935 Little Rock , Arkansas Arkansas 14 -- 7 10 1936 College Station , Texas Arkansas 18 -- 0 11 1937 Fayetteville , Arkansas # 20 Arkansas 26 -- 13 12 1938 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 13 -- 7 13 1939 Fayetteville , Arkansas # 5 Texas A&M 27 -- 0 14 1940 College Station , Texas # 5 Texas A&M 17 -- 0 15 1941 Little Rock , Arkansas # 5 Texas A&M 7 -- 0 16 1942 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 41 -- 0 17 1943 Fayetteville , Arkansas # 19 Texas A&M 13 -- 0 18 1944 College Station , Texas Arkansas 7 -- 6 19 1945 Fayetteville , Arkansas Texas A&M 34 -- 0 20 1946 College Station , Texas Arkansas 7 -- 0 21 1947 Fayetteville , Arkansas Tie 21 -- 21 22 1948 College Station , Texas Arkansas 28 -- 6 23 1949 Fayetteville , Arkansas Arkansas 27 -- 6 24 1950 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 42 -- 13 25 1951 Fayetteville , Arkansas Arkansas 33 -- 21 26 1952 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 31 -- 12 27 1953 Little Rock , Arkansas Arkansas 41 -- 14 28 1954 College Station , Texas # 4 Arkansas 14 -- 7 29 1955 Fayetteville , Arkansas Tie 7 -- 7 30 1956 College Station , Texas # 5 Texas A&M 27 -- 0 31 1957 Fayetteville , Arkansas Texas A&M 7 -- 6 32 1958 College Station , Texas Arkansas 21 -- 8 33 1959 Fayetteville , Arkansas # 17 Arkansas 12 -- 7 34 1960 College Station , Texas # 12 Arkansas 7 -- 3 35 1961 Fayetteville , Arkansas Arkansas 15 -- 8 36 1962 College Station , Texas # 8 Arkansas 17 -- 7 37 1963 Little Rock , Arkansas Arkansas 21 -- 7 38 1964 College Station , Texas # 4 Arkansas 17 -- 0 No . Date Location Winner Score 39 1965 Little Rock , Arkansas # 2 Arkansas 31 -- 0 40 1966 College Station , Texas # 9 Arkansas 34 -- 0 41 1967 Fayetteville , Arkansas Texas A&M 33 -- 21 42 1968 College Station , Texas # 17 Arkansas 25 -- 22 43 1969 Fayetteville , Arkansas # 4 Arkansas 35 -- 13 44 1970 College Station , Texas # 8 Arkansas 45 -- 6 45 1971 Little Rock , Arkansas Texas A&M 17 -- 9 46 1972 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 10 -- 7 47 1973 Fayetteville , Arkansas Arkansas 14 -- 10 48 College Station , Texas # 8 Texas A&M 20 -- 10 49 Little Rock , Arkansas # 18 Arkansas 31 -- 6 50 1976 Little Rock , Arkansas # 16 Texas A&M 31 -- 10 51 1977 College Station , Texas # 8 Arkansas 26 -- 20 52 1978 Little Rock , Arkansas # 13 Arkansas 26 -- 7 53 1979 College Station , Texas # 8 Arkansas 22 -- 10 54 1980 Fayetteville , Arkansas Arkansas 27 -- 24 55 1981 College Station , Texas # 16 Arkansas 10 -- 7 56 1982 Little Rock , Arkansas # 10 Arkansas 35 -- 0 57 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 36 -- 23 58 1984 Fayetteville , Arkansas Arkansas 28 -- 0 59 1985 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 10 -- 6 60 1986 Little Rock , Arkansas # 17 Arkansas 14 -- 10 61 College Station , Texas # 19 Texas A&M 14 -- 10 62 1988 Fayetteville , Arkansas # 11 Arkansas 25 -- 20 63 1989 College Station , Texas # 9 Arkansas 23 -- 22 64 1990 Fayetteville , Arkansas Texas A&M 20 -- 16 65 1991 College Station , Texas # 13 Texas A&M 13 -- 3 66 2009 Arlington , Texas Arkansas 47 -- 19 67 Arlington , Texas # 11 Arkansas 24 -- 17 68 2011 Arlington , Texas # 18 Arkansas 42 -- 38 69 2012 College Station , Texas Texas A&M 58 -- 10 70 2013 Fayetteville , Arkansas # 10 Texas A&M 45 -- 33 71 2014 Arlington , Texas # 6 Texas A&M 35 -- 28 72 2015 Arlington , Texas # 14 Texas A&M 28 -- 21 73 2016 Arlington , Texas # 10 Texas A&M 45 -- 24 74 2017 Arlington , Texas Texas A&M 50 -- 43 75 2018 Arlington , Texas <Td_colspan="9"> Series : Arkansas leads 41 -- 30 -- 3 Notable games ( edit ) 1903 ( edit ) Texas A&M 6 -- Arkansas 0 See also : 1903 Arkansas Razorbacks football team and 1903 Texas A&M Aggies football team In the first ever meeting , and only the 43rd game ever played by Arkansas and the 42nd ever played by Texas A&M , the Aggies won 6 -- 0 . The Aggies were coached by J.E. Platt and the Razorbacks were coached ( in his only season as a head coach ) by D.A. McDaniel . 1939 -- Texas A&M 's National Championship year ( edit ) Texas A&M 27 -- Arkansas 0 See also : 1939 Texas A&M Aggies football team and 1939 Arkansas Razorbacks football team In 1939 , after winning the game 27 -- 0 , the Aggies went on to an overall record of 11 -- 0 and named the college football national champions in the Associated Press writers ' poll for the 1939 college football season 1964 -- Arkansas ' national championship year ( edit ) Arkansas 17 -- Texas A&M 0 See also : 1964 Arkansas Razorbacks football team In 1964 , after winning the game 17 -- 0 in College Station , Texas , the Razorbacks went on to an overall record of 11 -- 0 and won the college football national championship by beating Nebraska in the Cotton Bowl Classic . The Aggies were coached ( in his final season ) by Hank Foldberg , and Arkansas was coached by Hall of Fame coach Frank Broyles . Arkansas 31 -- Texas A&M 6 See also : 1975 Arkansas Razorbacks football team In 1975 , Texas A&M was undefeated and ranked # 2 in the nation coming into the regular season finale at Arkansas . The game was played in Little Rock at War Memorial Stadium in front of a national audience , broadcast on ABC . If the Aggies won , they would clinch the Southwest Conference championship outright , and would have a chance to win a national championship in the 1976 Cotton Bowl Classic . But it was n't to be , as the Razorbacks soundly defeated Texas A&M 31 - 6 , forcing a three - way tie for the SWC crown between Arkansas , Texas , and Texas A&M , sending the Razorbacks to the Cotton Bowl . Arkansas would beat Georgia in the Cotton Bowl Classic , 31 - 10 , finishing the season 10 - 2 . Meanwhile , the Aggies would stumble in a Liberty Bowl loss to USC , 20 - 0 . 1980 ( edit ) Arkansas 27 -- Texas A&M 24 See also : 1980 Arkansas Razorbacks football team The 1980 contest won by Arkansas 27 -- 24 was Texas A&M 's 800th game ever played by the organization . Arkansas was led by head coach Lou Holtz in his fourth year with the team , and went on to an overall record of 7 -- 5 ( 3 -- 5 in conference ) for the season . The Aggies were led by Tom Wilson in his next to last season with the team , and finished the year 4 -- 7 ( 3 -- 5 in conference ) . 1986 ( edit ) Arkansas 14 -- Texas A&M 10 In 1986 , the # 7 Aggies were the defending Southwest Conference champions when the rolled into Little Rock to face # 17 Arkansas in front of a sell out crowd at War Memorial Stadium . The Razorbacks would jump out to an early 7 - 0 lead , but Texas A&M would tie the game with a touchdown of their own , and the teams would be tied at halftime , 7 - 7 , due to a missed A&M field goal . Arkansas would take back the lead in the 3rd quarter on a Greg Thomas touchdown run . The Razorback defense played great all game long , holding the Aggies to a field goal in the second half . On fourth down from inside the Arkansas fifteen yard line , Arkansas ' defense tipped away an Aggie pass into the end zone in the closing seconds of the game , securing the victory for the Razorbacks . Both teams would finish the season 9 - 3 after bowl losses . 1991 -- Arkansas ' last game in the Southwest Conference ( edit ) Texas A&M 13 -- Arkansas 3 See also : 1991 Arkansas Razorbacks football team , 1991 Texas A&M Aggies football team , and Southeastern Conference § 1990 Expansion In the last Southwest Conference meeting on November 16 , 1991 at Kyle Field , Texas A&M won 13 -- 3 in a game nationally televised by ESPN . The Razorbacks came out in the wishbone formation on offense , but the Aggie defense held the Hogs to only 121 yards of total offense . After the season , the Razorbacks went on to leave the Southwest Conference , and join the Southeastern Conference , thereby ending the yearly in - conference game with the Aggies . Logo used for the 2009 renewal of the series , titled the `` Southwest Classic '' , between Arkansas and Texas A&M . 2009 -- renewal ( edit ) Arkansas 47 -- Texas A&M 19 See also : 2009 Arkansas Razorbacks football team and 2009 Texas A&M Aggies football team On October 3 , 2009 , the two teams met for the first time since 1991 . The rivalry was originally slated to take place on a yearly basis at the new Cowboys Stadium in Arlington , Texas . Arkansas came back from a 10 -- 0 deficit in the first quarter to win 47 -- 19 . 2011 -- `` Welcome to the SEC '' ( edit ) Arkansas 42 -- Texas A&M 38 See also : 2011 Arkansas Razorbacks football team and 2011 Texas A&M Aggies football team The Aggies , leading 35 -- 17 at the half , blew their 18 - point lead and only scored 3 points in the second half . As Broderick Green charged into the end zone on the final score of the game , Arkansas fans appeared on the Cowboys Stadium video holding a sign saying `` Welcome to the SEC '' ( in recognition of A&M 's announcement only six days earlier that it would join Arkansas as a member of the SEC in 2012 ) . 2012 -- first all - SEC game ( edit ) Tyler Wilson leads the Arkansas offense in the 2012 game Texas A&M 58 -- Arkansas 10 See also : 2012 Arkansas Razorbacks football team and 2012 Texas A&M Aggies football team On September 29 , 2012 , the Aggies and Razorbacks met on the gridiron as conference rivals for the first time since 1991 , with A&M joining Arkansas in the Southeastern Conference . ( commonly abbreviated `` SEC '' ) The Aggies won 58 -- 10 . The game moved from the neutral - site Cowboys Stadium venue of the last three years to Kyle Field as part of a planned home - and - home series with Arkansas for A&M 's first two SEC seasons ; the 2014 matchup returned to AT&T Stadium . 2014 , ' 15 & ' 17 -- 3 OT games in 4 years ( edit ) See also : 2014 Arkansas Razorbacks football team , 2014 Texas A&M Aggies football team , 2015 Arkansas Razorbacks football team , and 2015 Texas A&M Aggies football team The 2014 contest returned to AT&T Stadium ( home of the Dallas Cowboys ) after a two - year `` home - and - home '' schedule the previous two seasons . Oddly , both the 2014 and 2015 contests ended in ties , necessitating the need for overtime play due to college football rules . These back - to - back years of overtime were also the first two overtimes between the two schools in the rivalry 's history . Texas A&M won both contests and the next one , bringing their overall record against Arkansas in this rivalry since joining the Southeastern Conference to 6 -- 0 . During the 2017 game , Texas A&M came back to win the game in OT . They 've now won 6 straight games against Arkansas . See also ( edit ) List of NCAA college football rivalry games References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` NCAA Football History '' . greatnow.com . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ `` mcubed.net : NCAAF Football : Series records : Arkansas vs. Texas A&M '' . mcubed.net . Retrieved 26 September 2015 . Jump up ^ Burch , Jimmy ( 2008 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Texas A&M - Arkansas game headed to Arlington '' . Fort Worth Star - Telegram . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M , Arkansas Establish Football Neutral Site Series in New Cowboys Stadium '' ( Press release ) . Texas A&M Athletics . 2008 - 03 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 03 - 12 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Arkansas - Texas A&M to Renew Football Rivalry at Dallas Cowboys New Stadium '' ( Press release ) . University of Arkansas Athletics . 2008 - 03 - 10 . Archived from the original on 2011 - 05 - 17 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M , Arkansas Extend Cowboys Stadium Matchup '' . DallasCowboys.com . Retrieved 12 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Free web hosting - Free web hosting directory '' . texasfan7.greatnow.com . Jump up ^ `` Free web hosting - Free web hosting directory '' . texasfan7.greatnow.com . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M Athletics Football History -- Milestone Games '' . Jump up ^ `` Texas A&M Athletics Texas A&M , Arkansas Establish Football Neutral Site Series in New Cowboys Stadium '' . <Th_colspan="2"> Arkansas Razorbacks football Venues The Hill ( 1894 -- 1938 ) Donald W. Reynolds Razorback Stadium ( 1938 -- present ) War Memorial Stadium ( alternate , 1948 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games LSU Missouri : Battle Line Rivalry Ole Miss Texas Texas A&M Texas Tech Culture & lore Calling the Hogs Tusk Big Red `` Arkansas Fight '' Marching band 2001 Ole Miss game 2003 Kentucky game 1969 `` Game of the Century '' People Head coaches NFL draftees Statistical leaders Seasons 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> National championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Texas A&M Aggies football Venues Kyle Field ( 1927 -- present ) Bowls & rivalries Bowl games Arkansas Baylor : Battle of the Brazos LSU TCU Texas Texas Tech Culture & lore Reveille `` Aggie War Hymn '' Aggie Band `` Manziel beats Bama '' 12th man Aggie Bonfire Junction Boys Sherman era People Head coaches Statistical leaders NFL draftees Seasons 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1988 1989 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2005 2006 2007 2008 2009 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> National championship seasons in bold <Th_colspan="2"> Southeastern Conference football rivalry games Conference Iron Bowl ( Alabama -- Auburn ) Alabama -- Georgia Alabama -- LSU Alabama -- Mississippi State Alabama -- Ole Miss Third Saturday in October ( Alabama -- Tennessee ) Arkansas -- LSU Battle Line Rivalry ( Arkansas -- Missouri ) Arkansas -- Ole Miss Arkansas -- Texas A&M Auburn -- Florida Deep South 's Oldest Rivalry ( Auburn -- Georgia ) Auburn -- LSU Auburn -- Ole Miss Auburn -- Tennessee Florida -- Georgia Florida -- LSU Florida -- Tennessee Georgia -- South Carolina Georgia -- Tennessee Georgia -- Vanderbilt Kentucky -- Mississippi State Battle for the Beer Barrel ( Kentucky -- Tennessee ) Kentucky -- Vanderbilt LSU -- Mississippi State Magnolia Bowl ( LSU -- Ole Miss ) LSU -- Texas A&M Egg Bowl ( Mississippi State -- Ole Miss ) Ole Miss -- Vanderbilt Tennessee -- Vanderbilt Non-conference Alabama -- Clemson Alabama -- Penn State Arkansas -- Texas Arkansas -- Texas Tech Auburn -- Clemson Auburn -- Georgia Tech Auburn -- Tulane Battle of the Brazos ( Baylor -- Texas A&M ) Clemson -- Georgia Clemson -- South Carolina Florida -- Florida State Florida -- Miami Clean , Old - Fashioned Hate ( Georgia -- Georgia Tech ) Georgia Tech -- Tennessee Georgia Tech -- Vanderbilt Illinois -- Missouri Indiana -- Kentucky Iowa State -- Missouri Border War ( Kansas -- Missouri ) Centre -- Kentucky Kentucky -- Louisville Battle On Broadway ( Kentucky -- Transylvania ) Battle for the Rag ( LSU -- Tulane ) Memphis -- Ole Miss Missouri -- Nebraska Missouri -- Oklahoma NC State -- South Carolina North Carolina -- South Carolina Ole Miss -- Tulane Sewanee -- Vanderbilt TCU -- Texas A&M Texas A&M -- Texas Tech Texas -- Texas A&M Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Arkansas -- Texas_A % 26M_football_rivalry&oldid = 852997526 '' Categories : College football rivalries in the United States Arkansas Razorbacks football Texas A&M Aggies football American football in the Dallas -- Fort Worth metroplex Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from October 2010 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 1 August 2018 , at 18 : 57 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Arkansas Razorbacks 2. Texas A&M Aggies 3. Southwest Classic 4. College football rivalry 5. Series history

who was the book of first john written to

First epistle of John - wikipedia First epistle of John Not to be confused with Gospel of John . Books of the New Testament Gospels Matthew Mark Luke John Acts Acts of the Apostles Epistles Romans 1 Corinthians 2 Corinthians Galatians Ephesians Philippians Colossians 1 Thessalonians 2 Thessalonians 1 Timothy 2 Timothy Titus Philemon Hebrews James 1 Peter 2 Peter 1 John 2 John 3 John Jude Apocalypse Revelation New Testament manuscripts Part of a series of articles on John in the Bible Johannine literature Gospel Epistles First Second Third Revelation Events Authorship Apostle Beloved disciple Evangelist Patmos Presbyter Related literature Apocryphon Acts Signs Gospel See also Johannine Christianity Logos Holy Spirit in Johannine literature John 's vision of the Son of Man New Testament people named John The First Epistle of John , often referred to as First John and written 1 John or I John , is the first of the Johannine epistles of the New Testament , and the fourth of the catholic epistles . It is attributed to John the Evangelist , traditionally thought to be the author of the Gospel of John and the other two Johannine epistles . This epistle was probably written in Ephesus in AD 95 -- 110 . The work was written to counter docetism , which is the belief that Jesus did not come `` in the flesh '' , but only as a spirit . It also defined how Christians are to discern true teachers : by their ethics , their proclamation of Jesus in the flesh , and by their love . Contents 1 Content 2 Style 3 Authorship 4 Purpose 5 Johannine Comma 6 See also 7 References 7.1 Bibliography 8 External links Content ( edit ) Philip the Apostle . The visible text ( in Old Church Slavonic ) in the book is : `` Whosoever shall confess that Jesus is the Son of God , God dwelleth in him , and he in God . And we have known and believed the love that God hath to us . God is love ... '' The main themes of the epistle are love and fellowship with God . The author describes various tests by which readers may ascertain whether or not their communion with God is genuine , and teaches that the proof of spiritual regeneration is a life of active righteousness . It also distinguishes between the world ( which is full of evil and under the dominion of Satan ) and the children of God ( who are set apart from the world ) . Style ( edit ) The epistle is not written in the same form as the other biblical epistles , lacking an epistolary opening or conclusion . The epistle is written in a simple style , without syntactical flourishes , and makes frequent use of asyndeton , where related thoughts are placed next to one another without conjunctions . In contrast to the linear style used in the Pauline epistles , John 's thought moves in loops or circles forming a slowly advancing sequence of thought . This is similar to the parallel structure of Hebrew poetry , in which the second verse of a couplet often carries the same meaning as the first , though in the epistle the frequent recapitulations of already expressed ideas serve also to add to what has previously been said . In summary , the epistle may be said to exhibit a paraenetic style which is `` marked by personal appeal , contrasts of right and wrong , true and false , and an occasional rhetorical question '' . Some scholars have proposed the idea that the epistle is really John 's commentary on a selection of traditional parallel couplets . While this theory , first propounded by Ernst von Dobschütz and Rudolf Bultmann , is not universally accepted , Amos Wilder writes that , `` It is at least clear that there are considerable and sometimes continuous elements in the epistle whose style distinguishes them from that of the author both with respect to poetic structure and syntactic usage . '' Authorship ( edit ) Main article : Authorship of the Johannine works The epistle is traditionally held to have been composed by John the Evangelist , at Ephesus , when the writer was in advanced age . The epistle 's content , language and conceptual style are very similar to the Gospel of John , 2 John , and 3 John , indicating that they were written by the same author . Indeed , at the end of the 19th century scholar Ernest DeWitt Burton wrote that there could be `` no reasonable doubt '' that 1 John and the gospel were written by the same author , and Amos Wilder has said that , `` Early Christian tradition and the great majority of modern scholars have agreed on the common authorship of these writings , even where the author has not been identified with the apostle John . '' This majority view is typified by the Swiss Reformer Johannes Oecolampadius , who , in summarizing the career of the beloved apostle , refers to his first epistle as `` the purest gospel . '' However , other modern scholars have challenged this position . Though the common authorship of the three epistles is still almost universally accepted , scholars such as Heinrich Julius Holtzmann and C.H. Dodd have maintained that the epistle and the gospel were written by different authors . There are at least two principal arguments for this view . The first is that the epistle often uses a demonstrative pronoun at the beginning of a sentence , then a particle or conjunction , followed by an explanation or definition of the demonstrative at the end of the sentence , a stylistic technique which is not used in the gospel . The second is that the author of the epistle `` uses the conditional sentence in a variety of rhetorical figures which are unknown to the gospel '' . Purpose ( edit ) `` The Fourth Gospel addresses itself to the challenges posed by Judaism and others outside Johannine circles who have rejected the community 's vision of Jesus as preexistent Son , sent by the Father . The epistles ( First , Second , and Third John ) `` describe the fracturing of the Johannine community itself '' . The author wrote the epistle so that the joy of his audience would `` be full '' ( 1 : 4 ) and that they would `` not practice sin '' ( 2 : 1 ) and that `` you who believe in the name of the Son of God ... may know that you have eternal life '' ( 5 : 13 ) . We can therefore distinguish in the epistle both a general purpose ( to increase mutual joy ) and a specific purpose ( to provide readers with tests by which they might assure themselves of their salvation ) . It appears as though the author was concerned about heretical teachers that had been influencing churches under his care . Such teachers were considered Antichrists ( 2 : 18 -- 19 ) who had once been church leaders but whose teaching became heterodox . It appears that these teachers taught a form of docetism in which Jesus came to earth as a spirit without a real body of flesh ( 4 : 2 ) that his death on the cross was not as a true atonement for sins ( 1 : 7 ) . It appears that John might have also been rebuking a proto - Gnostic named Cerinthus , who also denied the true humanity of Christ . The purpose of the author ( 1 : 1 -- 4 ) is to declare the Word of Life to those to whom he writes , in order that they might be united in fellowship with the Father and his Son Jesus Christ . He shows that the means of union with God are , ( 1 ) on the part of Christ , his atoning work ( 1 : 7 ; 2 : 2 ; 3 : 5 ; 4 : 10 , 14 ; 5 : 11 , 12 ) and his advocacy ( 2 : 1 ) ; and ( 2 ) , on the part of man , holiness ( 1 : 6 ) , obedience ( 2 : 3 ) , purity ( 3 : 3 ) , faith ( 3 : 23 ; 4 : 3 ; 5 : 5 ) , and love ( 2 : 7 , 8 ; 3 : 14 ; 4 : 7 ; 5 : 1 ) . Whereas the Gospel of John was written to unbelievers , this epistle was written to those who were already believers ( 5 : 13 ) . It seems likely that its audience was largely gentile rather than Jewish , since it contains few Old Testament quotations or distinctly Jewish forms of expression . The epistle was probably carried by itinerant missionaries to different churches throughout the region and read aloud to the congregations . Johannine Comma ( edit ) Main article : Comma Johanneum A Trinitarian gloss added to Latin translations of the epistle in the 4th century was interpolated in the text over the course of the Middle Ages , known as the Johannine Comma . Although no Greek manuscripts before the 15th century include the passage , Erasmus added it to later editions of his edition of the New Testament , beginning in 1522 . Bibles translated from his edition integrate the passage , including the King James Version ( 1611 ) , which renders it as follows ( in italics ) : For there are three that beare record in heaven , the Father , the Word , and the Holy Ghost : and these three are one . And there are three that beare witnesse in earth , the Spirit , and the Water , and the Blood , and these three agree in one . Translations made since the 18th century and based on a critical edition do not include this text , or include it as a footnote . See also ( edit ) If the world hates you John the Apostle John the Evangelist References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Harris , Stephen L. , Understanding the Bible ( Palo Alto : Mayfield , 1985 ) `` 1 John , '' p. 355 -- 356 ^ Jump up to : Wilder , p. 214 Jump up ^ Barbour , p. 346 Jump up ^ Barbour , p. 348 ^ Jump up to : Burton , Ernest DeWitt ( 1896 ) . `` The Epistles of John '' . The Biblical World . University of Chicago Press . 7 ( 5 ) : 368 . JSTOR 3140373 . ^ Jump up to : Wilder , Amos ( 1957 ) . `` Introduction to the First , Second , and Third Epistles of John '' . In Harmon , Nolan . The Interpreter 's Bible . 12 . Abingdon Press . p. 211 . Jump up ^ Barbour , J.H. ( 1896 ) . `` The Structure of the First Epistle of Saint John '' . The Biblical World . 9 ( 5 ) : 343 . JSTOR 3140289 . Jump up ^ Barbour , p. 342 Jump up ^ Wilder , p. 212 ^ Jump up to : Burton , p. 367 Jump up ^ Burton , p. 366 Jump up ^ Johannes Oecolampadius , Sermons on the First Epistle of John ( A Handbook for the Christian Life ) ( 1523 ; ET 2017 ) , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Dodd , C.H. ( April 1937 ) . `` The first epistle of John and the Fourth Gospel '' . Bulletin of the John Rylands Library . 21 ( 1 ) : 129 -- 156 . doi : 10.7227 / bjrl. 21.1. 5 . Jump up ^ The New Jerome Biblical Commentary , Edited by Raymond E. Brown , S.S. , Union Theological Seminary , New York ; NY , William J. Dalton , S.J. ; Roland E. Murphy , O. Carm . ( emeritus ) The Divinity School , Duke University , Durham , NC ; ( The Johannine Epistles , Pheme Perkins ) , with a foreword by His Eminence Carlo Maria Cardinal Martini , S.J. ; Prentice Hall , Englewood Cliffs , New Jersey , 1990 ^ Jump up to : Barbour , p. 341 Jump up ^ Wilder , p. 210 Jump up ^ Houghton , H.A.G. ( 2016 ) . The Latin New Testament : a guide to its early history , texts , and manuscripts . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 178 -- 179 . doi : 10.1093 / acprof : oso / 9780198744733.001. 0001 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 874473 - 3 . Jump up ^ McDonald , Grantley ( 2017 ) . `` The Johannine Comma from Erasmus to Westminster '' . In Dirk van Miert , Henk J.M. Nellen , Piet Steenbakkers , Jetze Touber ( eds . ) . Scriptural authority and biblical criticism in the Dutch Golden Age : God 's word questioned . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 61 -- 72 . doi : 10.1093 / oso / 9780198806837.003. 0003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 880683 - 7 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Bibliography ( edit ) Robert Dabney , `` The Doctrinal Various Readings of the New Testament Greek '' , 1894 : p. 32 . This article incorporates text from a publication now in the public domain : Easton , Matthew George ( 1897 ) . `` `` . Easton 's Bible Dictionary ( New and revised ed . ) . T. Nelson and Sons . 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1. First Epistle of John 2. Johannine epistles 3. Love and fellowship with God 4. Counteracting docetism 5. Authorship and purpose

who did usa beat for gold in 1980

Miracle on ice - wikipedia Miracle on ice Jump to : navigation , search Miracle on Ice <Td_colspan="2"> Total Soviet Union 0 United States 0 Date February 22 , 1980 Arena Olympic Center City Lake Placid , New York , U.S. Attendance 8,500 The Herb Brooks Arena in the Olympic Center at Lake Placid , New York hosted the match The `` Miracle on Ice '' refers to a medal - round game during the men 's ice hockey tournament at the 1980 Winter Olympics in Lake Placid , New York , played between the hosting United States , and the defending gold medalists , the Soviet Union . The Soviet Union had won the gold medal in five of the six previous Winter Olympic Games , and were the favorites to win once more in Lake Placid . The team consisted primarily of professional players with significant experience in international play . By contrast , the United States ' team -- led by head coach Herb Brooks -- consisted exclusively of amateur players , and was the youngest team in the tournament and in U.S. national team history . In the group stage , both the Soviet and U.S. teams were undefeated ; the U.S. achieved several notable results , including a 2 -- 2 draw against Sweden , and a 7 -- 3 upset victory over second - place favorites Czechoslovakia . For the first game in the medal round , the United States played the Soviets . Finishing the first period tied at 2 -- 2 , and the Soviets leading 3 -- 2 following the second , the U.S. team scored two more goals to take their first lead during the third and final period , winning the game 4 -- 3 in a major upset against the Cold War rival . Following the game , the U.S. went on to clinch the gold medal by beating Finland in their final match of the tournament . Likewise , the Soviet Union took the silver medal by beating Sweden . The victory became one of the most iconic moments of the Games and in U.S. sports . Equally well - known was the television call of the final seconds of the game by Al Michaels for ABC , in which he famously declared in the final seconds , `` Do you believe in miracles ? ! YES ! '' In 1999 , Sports Illustrated named the `` Miracle on Ice '' the top sports moment of the 20th century . As part of its centennial celebration in 2008 , the International Ice Hockey Federation ( IIHF ) named the `` Miracle on Ice '' as the best international ice hockey story of the past 100 years . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 1.1 The Soviet and American teams 1.2 Exhibitions 1.3 Olympic group play 1.4 Preparing for the medal round 2 Game summary 2.1 First period 2.2 Second period 2.3 Third period 3 American aftermath 3.1 Gold medal 3.2 After 1980 Winter Olympics 3.3 Later careers 4 Soviet aftermath 4.1 Silver medal 4.2 After 1980 Winter Olympics 4.3 NHL careers 5 Notable rematches 6 Film , television and music 7 Team rosters 7.1 United States 7.2 Soviet Union 8 Box score 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) The Soviet and American teams ( edit ) The Soviet team 's Vladislav Tretiak ( pictured here in 2008 ) was considered the best goaltender in ice hockey in 1980 . The Americans scored two goals against him before he was pulled from the game at the end of the first period . The Soviet Union entered the Lake Placid games as the heavy favorite , having won the previous four ice hockey gold medals dating back to the 1964 games . In the four Olympics following their 1960 bronze medal finish with two losses and one tie at Squaw Valley , Soviet teams had gone 27 -- 1 -- 1 ( wins - losses - ties ) and outscored their opponents 175 -- 44 . In head - to - head match - ups against the United States , the cumulative score over that period was 28 -- 7 . Until 1977 , professional players were not able to participate in the World Championship , and it was not until 1988 that they could play in the Winter Olympics . The Soviet team was populated with amateur players who were actually full - time athletes hired as regular workers of a company ( aircraft industry , food workers , tractor industry ) or organization ( KGB , Red Army , Soviet Air Force ) that sponsored what would be presented as an after - hours social sports society hockey team for their workers . Soviet Championship League was on par with the National Hockey League at the time . Soviets were led by legendary players in world ice hockey , such as Boris Mikhailov ( a top line right winger and team captain ) , Vladislav Tretiak ( the consensus best goaltender in the world at the time ) , the speedy and skilled Valeri Kharlamov , as well as talented , young , and dynamic players such as defenseman Viacheslav Fetisov and forwards Vladimir Krutov and Sergei Makarov . From that team , Tretiak , Kharlamov , Makarov , and Fetisov would eventually be enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame . Many of the Soviet players had gained attention in the Summit Series eight years before and , in contrast to the American players , were de facto seasoned professionals with long histories of international play . U.S. head coach Herb Brooks had tryouts in Colorado Springs in the summer of 1979 . Of the 20 players who eventually made the final Olympic roster , Buzz Schneider was the only one returning from the 1976 Olympic team . Nine players had played under Brooks at the University of Minnesota , which included Rob McClanahan , Mike Ramsey , and Phil Verchota ; while four more were from Boston University : Dave Silk , Jack O'Callahan , goalie Jim Craig , and team captain Mike Eruzione . Boston University and Minnesota were perennial rivals in college hockey and the hostility carried over from some of the players on the Olympic team for the first few months . But part of Brooks ' selection process was a 300 - question psychological test that would give him insight on how every player would react under stress . Anyone who refused to take the test would be flunked . Brooks had to select from 68 players who started the tryout . The average age of the U.S. team was 21 years old , making it the youngest team in U.S. team history to play in the Olympics . It would be the youngest team in the Olympic tournament . But Brooks had selected carefully and knew the limits of every player . As forward John Harrington said , `` He knew exactly where to quit . He 'd push you right to the limit where you were ready to say , ' I 've had it , I 'm throwing it in ' -- and then he 'd back off . '' Brooks continued the organization by campaigning for the players ' selection of Eruzione as the captain , and Craig had been the goalie for him in the 1979 World Championship tournament . Assistant coach Craig Patrick had played with Brooks on the 1967 U.S. national team . The Soviet and American teams were natural rivals due to the decades - old Cold War . In addition , President Jimmy Carter was at the time considering a U.S. boycott of the 1980 Summer Olympics , to be held in Moscow , in protest of the December 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan . On February 9 , the same day the American and Soviet teams met in an exhibition game in New York City , U.S. Secretary of State Cyrus Vance denounced the impending Moscow games at a meeting of the International Olympic Committee ( IOC ) . President Carter eventually decided in favor of the boycott . Exhibitions ( edit ) Mark Johnson 's goal in the last second of the first period tied the game In exhibitions that year , Soviet club teams went 5 -- 3 -- 1 against National Hockey League ( NHL ) teams , and a year earlier , the Soviet national team had routed the NHL All - Stars 6 -- 0 to win the Challenge Cup . In 1979 -- 80 , virtually all the top North American players were Canadians , although the number of U.S. - born professional players had been on the rise throughout the 1970s . The 1980 U.S. Olympic team featured several young players who were regarded as highly promising , and some had signed contracts to play in the NHL immediately after the tournament . In September 1979 , before the Olympics , the American team started exhibition play . They played a total of 61 games in five months against teams from Europe and America . Through these games , Herb Brooks instilled a European style of play in the American team , emphasizing wide open play with sufficient body contact . He believed it would be the only way for the Americans to compete with the Soviets . From the start of the exhibitions , he conducted the team through skating windsprints consisting of end line to blue line and back , then end line to red line and back , then end line to far blue line and back , and finally end line all the way down and back . Some of the players took to calling these Herbies . On September 17 , 1979 , the team played to a 3 - 3 tie in Norway . Brooks had them skate Herbies after the game , and after a while , the lights were turned off by custodians and the practice continued in the dark . Near the end of the exhibition season , although he had supported them throughout , Brooks threatened because of subpar play to cut Eruzione ( the captain ) and replace Craig as the starting goalie with Steve Janaszak . In the last exhibition game against the Soviets at Madison Square Garden on February 9 , 1980 , the Soviets crushed the Americans 10 -- 3 . Soviet head coach Viktor Tikhonov later said that this victory `` turned out to be a very big problem '' by causing the Soviets to underestimate the American team . The game was also costly for the Americans off - ice , as defenseman Jack O'Callahan pulled a ligament in his knee ; however , Brooks kept O'Callahan on the roster which meant virtually playing with only 19 players throughout the tournament . O'Callahan would eventually return for the game against the Soviets playing limited minutes . Olympic group play ( edit ) In Olympic group play , the Americans surprised many observers with their physical , cohesive play . In their first game against favored Sweden , Team USA earned a dramatic 2 -- 2 draw by scoring with 27 seconds left after pulling goalie Jim Craig for an extra attacker . Had Team USA not scored this goal and all other results remained the same , the Soviet Union would have emerged with the gold medal on goal differential over the U.S. in the medal round . Then came a stunning 7 -- 3 victory over Czechoslovakia , who were a favorite for the silver medal . With its two toughest games in the group phase out of the way , the U.S. team reeled off three more wins , beating Norway 5 -- 1 , Romania 7 -- 2 , and West Germany 4 -- 2 to go 4 -- 0 -- 1 and advance to the medal round from its group , along with Sweden . In the other group , the Soviets stormed through their opposition undefeated , often by grossly lopsided scores . They defeated Japan 16 -- 0 , the Netherlands 17 -- 4 , Poland 8 -- 1 , Finland 4 -- 2 , and Canada 6 -- 4 to easily qualify for the next round , although both the Finns and the Canadians gave the Soviets tough games for two periods . In the end , the Soviet Union and Finland advanced from their group . Preparing for the medal round ( edit ) The U.S. and Soviet teams prepared for the medal round in different ways . Soviet coach Viktor Tikhonov rested most of his best players , preferring to let them study plays rather than actually skate . U.S. coach Herb Brooks , however , continued with his tough , confrontational style , skating hard practices and berating his players for perceived weaknesses and to build stamina . Brooks ' goal was to have his team be able to keep up with the Soviets through all three periods . The day before the match , columnist Dave Anderson wrote in The New York Times , `` Unless the ice melts , or unless the United States team or another team performs a miracle , as did the American squad in 1960 , the Russians are expected to easily win the Olympic gold medal for the sixth time in the last seven tournaments . '' Game summary ( edit ) Prior to the game , ABC requested that it be rescheduled from 5 : 00 p.m. to 8 : 00 p.m. Eastern Time , so that it could be broadcast live in primetime hours . However , the request was declined by the IIHF , after the Soviets complained that it would cause the game to air at 4 a.m. Moscow Time , as opposed to 1 a.m. Moscow Time . As a result , ABC decided not to broadcast the game live for the U.S. audience , and tape delayed it for broadcast during its primetime block of Olympics coverage instead . Before the game aired , ABC 's Olympics host Jim McKay openly stated that the game had already occurred , but that they had promised not to spoil its results . In order to accommodate coverage of the men 's slalom competition , portions of the game were also edited for time . To this day some of the people that watched the game on television still believe that it was live . With a capacity of 8,500 , the Field House was packed . The home crowd waved U.S. flags and sang patriotic songs such as `` God Bless America '' . Before the game , Brooks read his players a statement he had written out on a piece of paper , telling them that `` You were born to be a player . You were meant to be here . This moment is yours . '' Brooks believed they could win and later said , `` The Russians were ready to cut their own throats . But we had to get to the point to be ready to pick up the knife and hand it to them . So the morning of the game I called the team together and told them , ' It 's meant to be . This is your moment and it 's going to happen . ' It 's kind of corny and I could see them thinking , ' Here goes Herb again ... ' But I believed it . '' First period ( edit ) As in several previous games , the U.S. team fell behind early . Vladimir Krutov deflected a slap shot by Alexei Kasatonov past U.S. goaltender Jim Craig at the 9 : 12 mark to give the Soviets a 1 -- 0 lead , and after Buzz Schneider scored for the United States on a 50 - foot shot from the left boards at 14 : 03 to tie the game , the Soviets struck again with a Sergei Makarov goal with 17 : 34 gone . With his team down 2 -- 1 , Craig improved his play , turning away many Soviet shots before the U.S. team had another shot on goal ( the Soviet team had 39 shots on goal in the game , the Americans 16 ) . In the waning seconds of the first period , Dave Christian fired a slap shot on Tretiak from 100 feet ( 30 m ) away . The Soviet goalie saved the shot but misplayed the rebound , which bounced out some 20 feet ( 6.1 m ) in front of him . Mark Johnson sliced between the two defenders , found the loose puck , and fired it past a diving Tretiak to tie the score with one second left in the period . This would be an important judgment call by the officials , as an official announcement confirming the goal did not come until many Soviet players were off the ice and heading to the locker room for intermission . The first period ended with the game tied 2 -- 2 . Second period ( edit ) Tikhonov replaced Tretiak with backup goaltender Vladimir Myshkin immediately after Johnson 's tying goal , a move which shocked players on both teams . Tikhonov later identified this as the `` turning point of the game '' , and called it `` the biggest mistake of my career '' . Years later , when Johnson asked Viacheslav Fetisov , now an NHL teammate , about the move , Fetisov responded with `` Coach crazy '' . Myshkin allowed no goals in the second period . The Soviets dominated play in the second period , outshooting the Americans 12 -- 2 , but scored only once , on a power play goal by Aleksandr Maltsev 2 : 18 into play . After two periods the Soviet Union led 3 -- 2 . Third period ( edit ) Vladimir Krutov was sent to the penalty box at the 6 : 47 mark of the third period for high - sticking . The Americans , who had managed only two shots on Myshkin in 27 minutes , had a power play and a rare offensive opportunity . Myshkin stopped a Mike Ramsey shot , then U.S. team captain Mike Eruzione fired a shot wide . Late in the power play , Dave Silk was advancing into the Soviet zone when Valeri Vasiliev knocked him to the ice . The puck slid to Mark Johnson . Johnson fired off a shot that went under Myshkin and into the net at the 8 : 39 mark , as the power play was ending , tying the game at 3 . Only a couple of shifts later , Mark Pavelich passed to Eruzione , who was left undefended in the high slot . Eruzione , who had just come onto the ice , fired a shot past Myshkin , who was screened by Vasili Pervukhin . This goal gave Team USA a 4 -- 3 lead , its first of the game , with 10 minutes remaining . The Soviets , trailing for the first time in the game , attacked ferociously . Moments after Eruzione 's goal , Maltsev fired a shot which ricocheted off the right goal post . As the minutes wound down , Brooks kept repeating to his players , `` Play your game . Play your game . '' Instead of going into a defensive crouch , the United States continued to play offense , even getting off a few more shots on goal . The Soviets began to shoot wildly , and Sergei Starikov admitted that `` we were panicking '' . As the clock ticked down below a minute , the Soviets got the puck back into the American zone , and Mikhailov passed to Vladimir Petrov , who shot wide . The Soviets never pulled Myshkin for an extra attacker , much to the Americans ' disbelief . Starikov later explained that `` We never did six - on - five '' , not even in practice , because `` Tikhonov just did n't believe in it '' . Craig kicked away a Petrov slap shot with 33 seconds left . Kharlamov fired the puck back in as the clock ticked below 20 seconds . A wild scramble for the puck ensued , ending when Johnson found it and passed it to Ken Morrow . As the U.S. team tried to clear the zone ( move the puck over the blue line , which they did with seven seconds remaining ) , the crowd began to count down the seconds left . Sportscaster Al Michaels , who was calling the game on ABC along with former Montreal Canadiens goalie Ken Dryden , picked up on the countdown in his broadcast , and delivered his famous call : 11 seconds , you 've got 10 seconds , the countdown going on right now ! Morrow , up to Silk . Five seconds left in the game . Do you believe in miracles ? YES ! The March 3 , 1980 cover of Sports Illustrated ran without any accompanying captions or headlines . As his team ran all over the ice in celebration , Herb Brooks sprinted back to the locker room and cried . In the locker room afterwards , players spontaneously broke into a chorus of `` God Bless America '' and received a congratulatory phone call from President Jimmy Carter . During the broadcast wrap - up after the game , ABC Olympic sports anchor Jim McKay compared the American victory over the Soviet professionals to a group of Canadian college football players defeating the Pittsburgh Steelers ( the recent Super Bowl champions and at the height of their dynasty ) . American aftermath ( edit ) Gold medal ( edit ) Jim Craig 's gear from 1980 , at the Hockey Hall of Fame The United States did not immediately win the gold medal upon defeating the USSR . In 1980 , the medal round was a round - robin , not a single elimination format as it is today . Under Olympic rules at the time , the group game with Sweden was counted along with the medal round games versus the Soviet Union and Finland so it was mathematically possible for the United States to finish anywhere from first to fourth . Needing to win to secure the gold medal , Team USA came back from a 2 -- 1 third period deficit to defeat Finland 4 -- 2 . According to Mike Eruzione , coming into the dressing room in the second intermission , Brooks turned to his players , looked at them and said , `` If you lose this game , you 'll take it to your fucking graves . '' At the time , the players ascended a podium to receive their medals and then lined up on the ice for the playing of the national anthem , as the podium was only meant to accommodate one person . Only the team captains remained on the podium for the duration . After the completion of the anthem , Eruzione motioned for his teammates to join him on the podium . Today , podiums are not used for ice hockey ; the teams line up on their respective bluelines after the final game . The cover of the March 3 , 1980 , issue of Sports Illustrated was a photograph by Heinz Kluetmeier of the American players celebrating and waving an American flag ; it did not feature any explanatory captions or headlines , because , as Kluetmeier put it , `` It did n't need it . Everyone in America knew what happened '' . The U.S. team also received the magazine 's `` Sportsmen of the Year '' award , as well as being named as Athlete of the Year by the Associated Press and ABC 's Wide World of Sports . In 2004 , ESPN , as part of its 25th anniversary , declared the Miracle on Ice to be the top sports headline moment , and game of the period 1979 -- 2004 . The victory was voted the greatest sports moment of the 20th century by Sports Illustrated . The U.S. team had the honor of lighting the Olympic cauldron at the 2002 Winter Olympics . After 1980 Winter Olympics ( edit ) At the 1981 Canada Cup , the United States , with seven players from their 1980 Olympic team , again faced the Soviet Union . The Soviets took the opening round encounter 4 -- 1 in Edmonton . At the 1982 World Championship in Finland , with Mike Ramsey , Mark Johnson , Buzz Schneider , and John Harrington , the Americans again met the Soviets , but once again the U.S. lost , 8 -- 4 . Later careers ( edit ) Of the 20 players on Team USA , 13 eventually played in the NHL . Five of them went on to play over 500 NHL games , and three would play over 1,000 NHL games . Neal Broten played one more season for the Golden Gophers before moving on to the NHL , and appeared in 1,099 NHL games over 17 seasons , with 992 of them being with the Minnesota North Stars / Dallas Stars franchise . He captained the Stars before being traded midway through the 1994 -- 95 season to the New Jersey Devils . A two - time All - Star , he tallied 923 career points ( 289 goals , 634 assists ) , became the first American player to record 100 points in a season , and won a Stanley Cup as a member of the Devils in 1995 . Broten had already won the NCAA championship in 1979 at the University of Minnesota ; this , combined with the Olympic gold medal in 1980 and the 1995 Cup win ( Broten scored the Cup - winning goal in Game 4 as Viacheslav Fetisov , playing for the Red Wings , fell down ) , made him the first player in the history of the sport to win a championship at the collegiate , professional , and Olympic levels . The Dallas Stars have since retired number 7 for Broten . Ken Morrow won the Stanley Cup in 1980 as a member of the New York Islanders , becoming the first hockey player to win an Olympic gold medal and the Cup in the same year . He went on to play 550 NHL games and win three more Cups , all with the Islanders . Morrow later worked for the Islanders as Director of Pro Scouting . Mike Ramsey played in 1,070 games over 18 years . Fourteen of those years were spent with the Buffalo Sabres , with whom he played 911 games and was a five - time All - Star , captaining the team from 1990 to 1992 . In 1995 , he played in the Stanley Cup Finals while with the Detroit Red Wings , but got swept by Neal Broten and the New Jersey Devils . In 2000 , Ramsey became an assistant coach for the Minnesota Wild . Dave Christian spent 14 years in the NHL , the bulk of them for the original Winnipeg Jets ( for whom he served as team captain ) and Washington Capitals . In 1990 , Christian played in the Stanley Cup Finals while on the Boston Bruins , but lost in five games to the Edmonton Oilers . He ended his career with 783 points ( 340 goals , 443 assists ) in 1,009 games and made the All - Star team in 1991 . Mark Johnson played for several teams in the NHL before finding a home in New Jersey , tallying 508 career points ( 203 goals , 305 assists ) in 669 games over 11 seasons . Like Christian , Ramsey , and Broten , he became an NHL All - Star ( in 1984 ) and served as team captain with the Hartford Whalers . In 2002 Johnson became the coach of the University of Wisconsin -- Madison women 's team , leading the Badgers to National Championships in 2006 , 2007 ( won in the same Lake Placid arena ) , 2009 and 2011 . Johnson also served as head coach of the women 's ice hockey team that won the silver medal at the 2010 Winter Olympics . Jack O'Callahan played 390 NHL regular season games between 1982 and 1989 for the Chicago Blackhawks and New Jersey Devils . Mark Pavelich played 355 NHL regular season games in the NHL for the New York Rangers , Minnesota North Stars and San Jose Sharks between 1981 and 1992 . Dave Silk played 249 NHL regular season games for the Boston Bruins , Winnipeg Jets , Detroit Red Wings and New York Rangers between 1980 and 1985 . The Miracle on Ice launched the professional careers of several players , and made broadcaster Al Michaels famous . Jim Craig appeared in 30 NHL games from 1980 through 1984 . Team captain Mike Eruzione did not play any high - level ice hockey after the 1980 Olympics , as he felt that he had accomplished all of his hockey goals with the gold medal win . He did work as a hockey television analyst in the 1980s and 1990s . Craig Patrick , Brooks ' assistant coach and assistant general manager , went on to both manage and coach the New York Rangers and Pittsburgh Penguins of the NHL . As a result of his success with the Penguins , who won two Stanley Cups while Patrick was the GM , he was enshrined in the Hockey Hall of Fame in 2002 . During that same year , he also served as GM to the Brooks - coached 2002 US Hockey team that won the silver medal at the Salt Lake City games . Herb Brooks , the team coach , coached several NHL teams following the Olympics , with mixed results . He returned to the Olympics as coach of the French team in 1998 , the first Olympics in which NHL professionals competed . Brooks then led Team USA to the silver medal in 2002 , which included a 2 -- 2 round robin draw and a 3 -- 2 semi-final victory over Russia ( the successor to the Soviet Union ) , the semi-final match coming 22 years to the day after the `` Miracle on Ice '' game . Brooks died in a car crash near Forest Lake , Minnesota on August 11 , 2003 at the age of 66 . In 2005 , the Olympic Center ice arena in Lake Placid where the Miracle on Ice took place was renamed in his honor . Al Michaels got the job as play - by - play man for ice hockey at Lake Placid because he was the only member of ABC 's announcing team who had previously called the sport ( at the 1972 Winter Olympics in Sapporo , Japan ) . Michaels was named `` Sportscaster of the Year '' in 1980 for his coverage of the event . Soviet aftermath ( edit ) Silver medal ( edit ) In the Soviet locker room , Tikhonov singled out first - line players Tretiak , Kharlamov , Petrov , and Mikhailov , and told each of them , `` This is your loss ! '' Two days after the Miracle on Ice , the Soviet team defeated Sweden 9 -- 2 , winning the silver medal . The Soviet players were so upset at their loss that they did not turn in their silver medals to get their names inscribed on them , as is custom . The result stunned the Soviet Union and its news media . After 1980 Winter Olympics ( edit ) Despite the loss , the USSR remained the pre-eminent power in Olympic hockey until its 1991 break - up . The Soviet team did not lose a World Championship game until 1985 and did not lose to the United States again until 1991 . Throughout the 1980s , NHL teams continued to draft Soviet players in hopes of enticing them to eventually play in North America . Soviet emigrant Victor Nechayev made a brief appearance with the Los Angeles Kings in the 1982 -- 83 season , and during the 1988 -- 89 season , the Soviet Ice Hockey Federation agreed to let veteran Sergei Pryakhin join the Calgary Flames . NHL careers ( edit ) Former Soviet National team player , Helmuts Balderis pictured in 2014 . Balderis played a season late in his career with the Minnesota North Stars of the NHL In the 1989 / 90 season , six 1980 Soviet Olympians joined NHL clubs : Helmuts Balderis , Viacheslav Fetisov , Alexei Kasatonov , Vladimir Krutov , Sergei Makarov and Sergei Starikov . Fetisov was a teammate of Mike Ramsey on the 1995 Detroit Red Wings team that lost the Stanley Cup Final . Fetisov completed his career by winning Cups with the Red Wings in 1997 and 1998 ; the first Cup win also made Fetisov a member of the Triple Gold Club , consisting of individuals who have won a Stanley Cup plus gold medals at the Olympics and World Championships . Makarov won the Calder Memorial Trophy as NHL Rookie of the Year in 1989 / 90 , becoming the oldest player to win that award . That same season , younger Soviet star Alexander Mogilny defected to play for the Buffalo Sabres , followed the next year by Sergei Fedorov who defected to play for the Detroit Red Wings . Then , with the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1991 , a flood of ex-Soviet stars joined the NHL , including Pavel Bure and Vladimir Konstantinov . Since then , many of the NHL 's top players have come from the post-Soviet states . Notable rematches ( edit ) The U.S. and the Soviet Union next met at the Olympics at the 1988 games . The Soviets won the first round encounter 7 -- 5 . The Soviets went on to win the gold medal , while the U.S. placed seventh . The two teams met again at the 1992 Olympics in a semi-final . There , the Unified Team ( the successor to the Soviet Union ) won 5 -- 2 . The Unified Team eventually won the gold medal , while the U.S. placed fourth . The U.S. and Russia met twice at the 1996 World Cup of Hockey , Americans won both games 5 - 2 en route to the gold medal . The U.S. , coached by Herb Brooks , and Russia , coached by Slava Fetisov , met twice in the 2002 Winter Olympics in Salt Lake City , which included a 2 -- 2 round robin draw and a 3 -- 2 semi-final in favor of USA , with the semi-final match coming 22 years to the day after the `` Miracle on Ice '' game . The two teams met at the 2004 World Cup of Hockey . The U.S. obtained a decisive victory 5 - 3 in the quarterfinal . The U.S. and Russia played each other in the 2014 Winter Olympics in Sochi . The round robin game was tied 2 -- 2 after overtime and was won by the Americans in an 8 - round shootout , with T.J. Oshie scoring on 4 of 6 attempts for the USA . The match has been dubbed by some as the `` Marathon on Ice '' . Film , television and music ( edit ) A made - for - TV movie Miracle on Ice , starring Karl Malden as Brooks and Steve Guttenberg as Craig , aired on ABC television in March 1981 . It incorporated actual game footage and original commentary from the 1980 Winter Games . Miami punk band Principles recorded their lone cash - in single , ' USA 423 , ' on Grey Dome Records in 1980 in celebration of the United States victory . The documentary film Do You Believe in Miracles ? , narrated by Liev Schreiber , premiered on HBO in February 2001 and was subsequently released on home video . In 2004 , Walt Disney Pictures released the film Miracle , starring Kurt Russell as Brooks . Al Michaels recreated his commentary for most of the games . The final ten seconds , however , and his `` Do you believe in miracles ? YES ! '' call , were from the original broadcast and used in the film since the filmmakers felt that they could not ask him to recreate the emotion he felt at that moment . The film was dedicated to Herb Brooks , who died shortly after principal photography was completed . The movie was released by Walt Disney Pictures , by that point a sister company to ABC . The documentary Of Miracles And Men , which was directed by Jonathan Hock , premiered on ESPN on February 8 , 2015 as part of the channel 's 30 for 30 series . The story of the 1980 matchup is told from the Soviet perspective while also branching out to include what happened in the years that immediately followed . Slava Fetisov 's return to Lake Placid was focused on heavily , as he takes his daughter Anastasia on the trip to reminisce . Team rosters ( edit ) Paraguayan stamp featuring Robert McClanahan Herb Brooks Arena in 2005 United States ( edit ) No . Pos . Name Age Hometown College 30 * Jim Craig 21 North Easton , MA Boston U . * Ken Morrow 22 Flint , MI Bowling Green 5 * Mike Ramsey 19 Minneapolis , MN Minnesota 10 * Mark Johnson 22 Madison , WI Wisconsin 24 LW * Rob McClanahan 22 Saint Paul , MN Minnesota 8 RW * Dave Silk 21 Scituate , MA Boston U . 6 Bill Baker ( A ) 22 Grand Rapids , MN Minnesota 9 Neal Broten 20 Roseau , MN Minnesota 23 Dave Christian 20 Warroad , MN North Dakota 11 RW Steve Christoff 21 Richfield , MN Minnesota 21 LW Mike Eruzione ( C ) 25 Winthrop , MA Boston U . 28 RW John Harrington 22 Virginia , MN Minnesota - Duluth Steve Janaszak 22 Saint Paul , MN Minnesota 17 Jack O'Callahan 22 Charlestown , MA Boston U . 16 Mark Pavelich 21 Eveleth , MN Minnesota - Duluth 25 LW Buzz Schneider 25 Grand Rapids , MN Minnesota 19 RW Eric Strobel 21 Rochester , MN Minnesota 20 Bob Suter 22 Madison , WI Wisconsin 27 LW Phil Verchota 22 Duluth , MN Minnesota 15 Mark Wells 21 St. Clair Shores , MI Bowling Green Soviet Union ( edit ) No . Pos . Name Age Hometown 20 * Vladislav Tretiak 27 Orudyevo , Moscow Oblast , Russia * Viacheslav Fetisov 21 Moscow , Russia 7 * Alexei Kasatonov 20 Leningrad , Russia 16 * Vladimir Petrov 32 Krasnogorsk , Moscow Oblast , Russia 17 LW * Valeri Kharlamov 32 Moscow , Russia 13 RW * Boris Mikhailov ( C ) 35 Moscow , Russia 19 RW Helmuts Balderis 27 Riga , Latvia 14 Zinetula Bilyaletdinov 24 Moscow , Russia 23 RW Aleksandr Golikov 27 Penza , Russia 25 Vladimir Golikov 25 Penza , Russia 9 LW Vladimir Krutov 19 Moscow , Russia 11 RW Yuri Lebedev 28 Moscow , Russia 24 RW Sergei Makarov 21 Chelyabinsk , Russia 10 C / RW Aleksandr Maltsev 30 Kirovo - Chepetsk , Russia Vladimir Myshkin 24 Kirovo - Chepetsk , Russia 5 Vasili Pervukhin 24 Penza , Russia 26 LW Aleksandr Skvortsov 25 Gorky , Russia 12 Sergei Starikov 21 Chelyabinsk , Russia 6 Valeri Vasiliev ( A ) 30 Gorky , Russia 22 Viktor Zhluktov 26 Inta , Russia * Starting line up Box score ( edit ) February 22 , 1980 ( 1980 - 02 - 22 ) 17 : 00 EST United States 4 -- 3 ( 2 -- 2 , 0 -- 1 , 2 -- 0 ) Soviet Union Olympic Center Attendance : 8,500 <Th_colspan="5"> ( show ) Game reference Jim Craig Goalies Vladislav Tretiak , Vladimir Myshkin Referee : Karl - Gustav Kaisla Linesmen : Nico Toemen François Larochelle <Td_colspan="3"> 0 -- 1 9 : 12 -- Krutov ( Kasatonov ) Schneider ( Pavelich ) -- 14 : 03 1 -- 1 1 -- 2 17 : 34 -- Makarov ( Golikov ) Johnson ( Christian , Silk ) -- 19 : 59 2 -- 2 2 -- 3 22 : 18 -- Maltsev ( Krutov ) ( PP ) Johnson ( Silk ) ( PP ) -- 48 : 39 3 -- 3 Eruzione ( Pavelich , Harrington ) -- 50 : 00 4 -- 3 6 min Penalties 6 min 16 Shots 39 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` The 20th Century Awards : Sports Illustrated honors world 's greatest athletes '' . Sports Illustrated . December 3 , 1999 . Retrieved June 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Top Story of the Century '' . International Ice Hockey Federation . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 35 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 17 Jump up ^ IIHF ( 2008 ) . `` PROTESTING AMATEUR RULES , CANADA LEAVES INTERNATIONAL HOCKEY '' . IIHF.com . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 25 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 59 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 59 Jump up ^ Podnieks , Andrew : Team Canada 1972 : The Official 40th Anniversary Celebration of the Summit Series ISBN 978 - 0771071195 p. 212 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 19 -- 20 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 21 ^ Jump up to : `` A Reminder Of What We Can Be '' . si.com . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 25 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 159 -- 160 ^ Jump up to : Allen , Kevin ( December 23 , 1997 ) . `` College kids perform Olympic miracle '' . ESPN . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 26 Jump up ^ Ted , Green ( 2 February 1980 ) . `` ' We Are n't Awed ' Please ... Nobody Tell the U.S. Hockey Team It Has No Chance '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` 1980 Pre Olympic Tour Schedule '' . Vintage Minnesota Hockey . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 46 -- 48 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 51 ^ Jump up to : Lake Placid Organizing Committee for the Olympic Games ( 1985 ) . Official Results of the XIII Olympic Winter Games -- Lake Placid 1980 ( PDF ) . Amateur Athletic Foundation of Los Angeles . pp. 105 -- 111 . Jump up ^ Kuzmiak , Eric ( June 11 , 2008 ) . `` Open - Mic : Greatest Sports Achievements -- Do You Believe in Miracles ? '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved August 14 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Shepard , Richard F. ( Feb 23 , 1980 ) . `` ABC - TV Unable To Offer Key Hockey Playoff Live : Federation Rejected Request '' . The New York Times . Jump up ^ `` TV SPORTS ; ' Miracle on Ice ' of 1980 Looks Different Today '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` 10 interesting facts you may not know about the Miracle on Ice '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 68 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 45 Jump up ^ Posnanski , Joe ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` 10 interesting facts you may not know about the Miracle on Ice '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( March 3 , 1980 ) . `` The Golden Goal '' . Sports Illustrated . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 150 Jump up ^ Fitzpatrick , Jamie . `` The Miracle Unfolds '' . About.com . The New York Times Co . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 152 Jump up ^ `` Pro Hockey About.com '' . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 350 -- 52 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 358 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 374 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 377 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 379 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 381 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 383 ^ Jump up to : Coffey , p. 384 Jump up ^ HBO Sports ( 2001 ) . Do You Believe in Miracles ? : The Story of the 1980 U.S. Hockey Team ( Video ) . New York : HBO Home Video . ISBN 9780783119953 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 387 Jump up ^ Bacon , John U. ( February 20 , 2010 ) . `` Oh , Say Can You See a New Anthem ? '' . Ann Arbor Chronicle . Retrieved April 4 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` President Carter phones U.S. Olympic hockey team '' . YouTube . Jump up ^ Swift , E.M. ( March 3 , 1980 ) . `` The Golden Goal '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 412 -- 13 Jump up ^ Deitsch , Richard ( August 19 , 2008 ) . `` Heinz Q&A '' . Sports Illustrated . Jump up ^ `` The anniversary of a Miracle '' . St. Petersburg Times . February 22 , 2005 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 318 Jump up ^ `` Neal Broten '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 200 Jump up ^ `` Ken Morrow '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ken Morrow , Director of Pro Scouting '' . Retrieved February 18 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Mike Ramsey '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Christian '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dave Christian '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Johnson ( ice hockey ) '' . Hockey Database . Hockeydb.com . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Jim Craig '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eruzione Wo n't Go Pro '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . Associated Press . March 1 , 1980 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : `` USA holds off Russia 3 -- 2 to advance to gold medal game '' . CNN . Retrieved May 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Herb Brooks killed in car accident '' . Sports Illustrated . August 11 , 2003 . Retrieved May 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Sandomir , Richard ( February 22 , 2010 ) . `` ' Miracle on Ice ' announcer Al Michaels is back in the Olympic studio '' . The Plain Dealer . Cleveland , OH . Associated Press . Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 389 Jump up ^ Coffey , p. 413 Jump up ^ Coffey , pp. 396 -- 97 Jump up ^ `` Sweeping changes : Russian hockey looked different after ' 72 Summit Series '' . Sports Illustrated . September 27 , 2002 . Retrieved 2008 - 05 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` Viacheslav Fetisov '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Sergei Makarov '' . Hockey Reference . Sports Reference LLC . Retrieved September 3 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ Miracle on Ice on IMDb Retrieved May 3 , 2008 Jump up ^ Miracle on Ice on IMDb Retrieved May 23 , 2008 Jump up ^ Lowry , Brian . `` TV Review : ESPN 's ' Of Miracles and Men ' '' . Variety . Retrieved 25 September 2016 . Coffey , Wayne ( 2005 ) . The Boys of Winter ( E ed . ) . New York : Crown Publishers . ISBN 0 - 307 - 23731 - 1 . Jacobson , Zachary Jonathan ( 2013 ) . `` Parable on Ice : Hockey , Capitalism and American Decadence at the Lake Placid Olympics , '' UCLA Historical Journal , 24 , 61 -- 75 . Soares , John . `` The Cold War on Ice . '' The Cold War on Ice XIV. 2 ( 2008 ) : 77 - 87 . Brown.edu . The Brown Journal of World Affairs . Web . 13 Feb. 2017 . External links ( edit ) Eskenazi , Gerald ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` U.S. Defeats Soviet Squad In Olympic Hockey by 4 -- 3 '' . The New York Times . Johnson , Mark ( October 2 , 2007 ) . `` UW Women 's Hockey Coach Mark Johnson '' . Be More Tuned In ( Interview ) . Wisconsin Public Television . Archived from the original on March 5 , 2010 . Kindred , Dave ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` Born to Be Players , Born to the Moment '' . Washington Post . Shapiro , Leonard ( February 23 , 1980 ) . `` U.S. Shocks Soviets in Ice Hockey , 4 -- 3 '' . Washington Post . Miracle on Ice team to reunite for the 35 year anniversary Miracle on Ice in MNopedia , the Minnesota Encyclopedia President Carter phones U.S Hockey Team <Th_colspan="2"> Links to related articles <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Olympic Games Preceded by Cathy Freeman Final Olympic Torchbearer ( U.S. Team only ) Salt Lake City 2002 Succeeded by Nikolaos Kaklamanakis Preceded by Midori Ito Final Winter Olympic Torchbearer ( U.S. Team only ) Salt Lake City 2002 Succeeded by Stefania Belmondo <Th_colspan="2"> 1980 USA Men 's Olympic Hockey Team <Td_colspan="2"> 1 Steve Janaszak 3 Ken Morrow 5 Mike Ramsey 6 Bill Baker ( A ) 8 Dave Silk 9 Neal Broten 10 Mark Johnson 11 Steve Christoff 15 Mark Wells 16 Mark Pavelich 17 Jack O'Callahan 19 Eric Strobel 20 Bob Suter 21 Mike Eruzione ( C ) 23 Dave Christian 24 Rob McClanahan 25 Buzz Schneider 27 Phil Verchota 28 John Harrington 30 Jim Craig Head Coach : Herb Brooks Assistant Coach : Craig Patrick Goalie Coach : Warren Strelow Team Physician George Nagobads Trainer : Gary Smith <Th_colspan="2"> Sports Illustrated Sportsperson of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1954 : Roger Bannister 1955 : Johnny Podres 1956 : Bobby Morrow 1957 : Stan Musial 1958 : Rafer Johnson 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Arnold Palmer 1961 : Jerry Lucas 1962 : Terry Baker 1963 : Pete Rozelle 1964 : Ken Venturi 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Jim Ryun 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Bill Russell 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : Bobby Orr 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Billie Jean King & John Wooden 1973 : Jackie Stewart 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Pete Rose 1976 : Chris Evert 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Jack Nicklaus 1979 : Terry Bradshaw & Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : Sugar Ray Leonard 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Mary Decker 1984 : Edwin Moses & Mary Lou Retton 1985 : Kareem Abdul - Jabbar 1986 : Joe Paterno 1987 : Bob Bourne , Judi Brown King , Kipchoge Keino , Dale Murphy , Chip Rives , Patty Sheehan , Rory Sparrow , & Reggie Williams 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Greg LeMond 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Arthur Ashe 1993 : Don Shula 1994 : Bonnie Blair & Johann Olav Koss 1995 : Cal Ripken Jr . 1996 : Tiger Woods 1997 : Dean Smith 1998 : Mark McGwire & Sammy Sosa 1999 : U.S. Women 's Soccer Team 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Curt Schilling & Randy Johnson 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : David Robinson & Tim Duncan 2004 : Boston Red Sox 2005 : Tom Brady 2006 : Dwyane Wade 2007 : Brett Favre 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Derek Jeter 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Mike Krzyzewski & Pat Summitt 2012 : LeBron James 2013 : Peyton Manning 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Serena Williams 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve & J.J. Watt <Th_colspan="2"> Associated Press Male Athlete of the Year <Td_colspan="2"> 1931 : Pepper Martin 1932 : Gene Sarazen 1933 : Carl Hubbell 1934 : Dizzy Dean 1935 : Joe Louis 1936 : Jesse Owens 1937 : Don Budge 1938 : Don Budge 1939 : Nile Kinnick 1940 : Tom Harmon 1941 : Joe DiMaggio 1942 : Frank Sinkwich 1943 : Gunder Hägg 1944 : Byron Nelson 1945 : Byron Nelson 1946 : Glenn Davis 1947 : Johnny Lujack 1948 : Lou Boudreau 1949 : Leon Hart 1950 : Jim Konstanty 1951 : Dick Kazmaier 1952 : Bob Mathias 1953 : Ben Hogan 1954 : Willie Mays 1955 : Howard Cassady 1956 : Mickey Mantle 1957 : Ted Williams 1958 : Herb Elliott 1959 : Ingemar Johansson 1960 : Rafer Johnson 1961 : Roger Maris 1962 : Maury Wills 1963 : Sandy Koufax 1964 : Don Schollander 1965 : Sandy Koufax 1966 : Frank Robinson 1967 : Carl Yastrzemski 1968 : Denny McLain 1969 : Tom Seaver 1970 : George Blanda 1971 : Lee Trevino 1972 : Mark Spitz 1973 : O.J. Simpson 1974 : Muhammad Ali 1975 : Fred Lynn 1976 : Bruce Jenner 1977 : Steve Cauthen 1978 : Ron Guidry 1979 : Willie Stargell 1980 : U.S. Olympic Hockey Team 1981 : John McEnroe 1982 : Wayne Gretzky 1983 : Carl Lewis 1984 : Carl Lewis 1985 : Dwight Gooden 1986 : Larry Bird 1987 : Ben Johnson 1988 : Orel Hershiser 1989 : Joe Montana 1990 : Joe Montana 1991 : Michael Jordan 1992 : Michael Jordan 1993 : Michael Jordan 1994 : George Foreman 1995 : Cal Ripken , Jr . 1996 : Michael Johnson 1997 : Tiger Woods 1998 : Mark McGwire 1999 : Tiger Woods 2000 : Tiger Woods 2001 : Barry Bonds 2002 : Lance Armstrong 2003 : Lance Armstrong 2004 : Lance Armstrong 2005 : Lance Armstrong 2006 : Tiger Woods 2007 : Tom Brady 2008 : Michael Phelps 2009 : Jimmie Johnson 2010 : Drew Brees 2011 : Aaron Rodgers 2012 : Michael Phelps 2013 : LeBron James 2014 : Madison Bumgarner 2015 : Stephen Curry 2016 : LeBron James 2017 : José Altuve <Th_colspan="2"> NHL on ABC Related programs ESPN National Hockey Night Olympics on ABC ( Miracle on Ice ) Related articles Ratings History of the NHL on United States television Stanley Cup Finals television ratings Commentators All - Star Game Stanley Cup Finals ( American television ) Key figures Chris Berman Mike Emrick Steve Levy Tom Mees Al Michaels Bob Miller Sam Rosen John Saunders Dave Strader Gary Thorne Color commentators Bill Clement John Davidson Brian Engblom Barry Melrose Eddie Olczyk Darren Pang Daryl Reaugh Mickey Redmond Jim Schoenfeld Ice - level reporters Erin Andrews Brenda Brenon Mark Jones Bob Neumeier Sam Ryan Chris Simpson ABC Radio 's coverage Don Chevrier Phil Esposito Fred Manfra Stanley Cup Finals 2000 ( Games 3 - 6 ) 2001 ( Games 3 - 7 ) 2002 ( Games 3 - 5 ) 2003 ( Games 3 - 7 ) 2004 ( Games 3 - 7 ) ABC Radio 's coverage 1990 1991 All - Star Game 2000 2001 2002 2003 ABC Radio 's coverage 1990 1991 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Miracle_on_Ice&oldid=828055290 '' Categories : 1979 -- 80 in American ice hockey Ice hockey at the 1980 Winter Olympics Soviet Union -- United States relations Politics and sports United States Hockey Hall of Fame inductees United States national ice hockey team games 1979 -- 80 in Soviet ice hockey Soviet Union national ice hockey team games February 1980 sports events Lester Patrick Trophy recipients Hidden categories : All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2012 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Deutsch Español Français 한국어 Italiano עברית Latviešu 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Suomi Svenska Edit links This page was last edited on 28 February 2018 , at 08 : 40 . 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significance of chapter one in things fall apart

Things Fall Apart - wikipedia Things Fall Apart Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the novel . For other uses , see Things Fall Apart ( disambiguation ) . `` Ikemefuna '' redirects here . For the American football player , see Ikemefuna Enemkpali . ( hide ) This article has multiple issues . Please help improve it or discuss these issues on the talk page . ( Learn how and when to remove these template messages ) This article possibly contains original research . Please improve it by verifying the claims made and adding inline citations . Statements consisting only of original research should be removed . ( December 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) This article is written like a personal reflection or opinion essay that states a Wikipedia editor 's personal feelings about a topic . Please help improve it by rewriting it in an encyclopedic style . ( November 2014 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Things Fall Apart <Td_colspan="2"> First edition Author Chinua Achebe Cover artist C.W. Barton Country Nigeria Language English Genre Historical fiction Publisher William Heinemann Ltd . Publication date 1958 ISBN 0 - 385 - 47454 - 7 Things Fall Apart is a novel written by Nigerian author Chinua Achebe in 1958 . The story 's main theme concerns pre - and post-colonial life in late nineteenth century Nigeria . It is seen as the archetypal modern African novel in English , one of the first to receive global critical acclaim . It is a staple book in schools throughout Africa and is widely read and studied in English - speaking countries around the world . It was first published in 1958 by William Heinemann Ltd in the UK ; in 1962 , it was also the first work published in Heinemann 's African Writers Series . The title of the novel comes from a line in W.B. Yeats ' poem `` The Second Coming '' . The novel follows the life of Okonkwo , an Igbo ( `` Ibo '' in the novel ) leader and local wrestling champion in the fictional Nigerian village of Umuofia . The work is split into three parts , with the first describing his family , personal history , and the customs and society of the Igbo , and the second and third sections introducing the influence of British colonialism and Christian missionaries on the Igbo community . Things Fall Apart was followed by a sequel , No Longer at Ease ( 1960 ) , originally written as the second part of a larger work along with Arrow of God ( 1964 ) . Achebe states that his two later novels A Man of the People ( 1966 ) and Anthills of the Savannah ( 1987 ) , while not featuring Okonkwo 's descendants , are spiritual successors to the previous novels in chronicling African history . Contents ( hide ) 1 Novel 's title 2 Plot 3 Characters 4 Background 4.1 Language choice 5 Literary significance and reception 5.1 Influence 6 Film , television , music and theatrical adaptations 7 Publication information 8 See also 9 Footnotes 10 References 11 External links Novel 's title ( edit ) The book 's title comes from the opening lines of W.B. Yeats 's poem , `` The Second Coming '' : Turning and turning in the widening gyre The falcon can not hear the falconer ; Things fall apart ; the center can not hold ; Mere anarchy is loosed upon the world ... Plot ( edit ) Part 1 The novel 's protagonist Okonkwo is famous in the surrounding villages for being a wrestling champion , defeating a wrestler nicknamed `` the cat '' ( because he never lands on his back ) . He is strong , hard - working , and strives to show no weakness . Okonkwo wants to dispel his father Unoka 's tainted legacy of unpaid debts , a neglected wife and children , and cowardice at the sight of blood . Okonkwo works to build his wealth entirely on his own , as Unoka died a shameful death and left many unpaid debts . He is also obsessed with his masculinity , and any slight compromise on this is swiftly destroyed . As a result , he is kind with his three wives , children , and neighbours , and is wealthy , courageous , and powerful among the people of his village . He is a leader of his village , and he has attained a position in his society for which he has striven all his life . Okonkwo is selected by the elders to be the guardian of Ikemefuna , a boy taken by the village as a peace settlement between Umuofia and another village after Ikemefuna 's father killed an Umuofian woman . The boy lives with Okonkwo 's family and Okonkwo grows fond of him . The boy looks up to Okonkwo and considers him a second father . The Oracle of Umuofia eventually pronounces that the boy must be killed . Ezeudu , the oldest man in the village , warns Okonkwo that he should have nothing to do with the murder because it would be like killing his own child - but to avoid seeming weak and feminine to the other men of the village , Okonkwo disregards the warning from the old man , striking the killing blow himself even as Ikemefuna begs his `` father '' for protection . For many days after killing Ikemefuna , Okonkwo feels guilty and saddened . Shortly after Ikemefuna 's death , things begin to go wrong for Okonkwo . His sickly daughter Ezinma falls unexpectedly ill and it is feared she may die ; during a gun salute at Ezeudu 's funeral , Okonkwo 's gun accidentally explodes and kills Ezeudu 's son . He and his family are sent into exile for seven years to appease the gods he has offended . Part 2 While Okonkwo is away in Mbanta , he learns that white men are living in Umuofia with the intent of introducing their religion , Christianity . As the number of converts increases , the foothold of the white people grows and a new government is introduced . The village is forced to respond with either appeasement or resistance to the imposition of the white people 's nascent society . Part 3 Returning from exile , Okonkwo finds his village changed by the presence of the white men . After a convert commits a heinous act by unmasking an elder as he embodies an ancestral spirit of the clan , the village retaliates by destroying a local Christian church . In return , the leader of the white government takes them prisoner and holds them for a ransom of two hundred cowries for a short while , further humiliating and insulting the native leaders , doing things such as shaving their heads and whipping them . As a result , the people of Umuofia finally gather for what could be a great uprising . Okonkwo , a warrior by nature and adamant about following Umuofian custom and tradition , despises any form of cowardice and advocates war against the white men . When messengers of the white government try to stop the meeting , Okonkwo beheads one of them . Because the crowd allows the other messengers to escape , and does not fight with Okonkwo he realizes with despair that the people of Umuofia are not going to fight to protect themselves -- his society 's response to such a conflict , which for so long had been predictable and dictated by tradition , is changing . When the local leader of the white government comes to Okonkwo 's house to take him to court , he finds that Okonkwo has hanged himself to avoid being tried in a colonial court . Among his own people , Okonkwo 's actions have tarnished his reputation and status , as it is strictly against the teachings of the Igbo to commit suicide . Characters ( edit ) Okonkwo is the novel 's protagonist . He has three wives and ten ( total ) children , and is a brave and rash Umuofian ( Nigerian ) warrior and clan leader . Unlike most , he cares more for his daughter Ezinma than his son Nwoye whom he believes is weak . Okonkwo is the son of the gentle and lazy Unoka , a man he resents for his weaknesses . Okonkwo strives to make his way in a culture that traditionally values manliness . As a young man he defeated the village 's best wrestler , earning him lasting prestige . He therefore rejects everything for which he believes his father stood : Unoka was idle , poor , profligate , cowardly , gentle , lazy , and interested in music and conversation . Okonkwo consciously adopts opposite ideals and becomes productive , wealthy , brave , violent , and opposed to music and anything else that he regards as `` soft , '' such as conversation and emotion . He is stoic to a fault . He is also the hardest - working member of his clan . Okonkwo 's life is dominated by fear of failure and of weakness -- the fear that he will resemble his father . Ironically , in all his efforts not to end up like his father , he commits suicide , becoming in his culture an abomination to the Earth and rebuked by the tribe as his father was ( Unoka died from swelling and was likewise considered an abomination ) . Okonkwo 's suicide represents not only his culture 's rejection of him , but his rejection of the changes in his people 's culture , as he realizes that the Igbo society that he was so proud of has been forever altered by the Christian missionaries . Ekwefi is Okonkwo 's second wife . Although she falls in love with Okonkwo after seeing him in a wrestling match , she marries another man because Okonkwo is too poor to pay her bride price at that time . Two years later , she runs away to Okonkwo 's compound one night and later marries him . She receives severe beatings from Okonkwo just like his other wives ; but unlike them , she is known to talk back to Okonkwo . She is the only one who has the audacity to knock on the door of his obi at dawn . Having met with the grave misfortunes of the deaths of her first nine children , she is a devoted mother to Ezinma , whom she protects and loves dearly . When Chielo , a priestess of Agbala , the Oracle of the Hills and Caves , says that the oracle wishes to see Ezinma , Ekwefi follows the priestess through the dark woods and even makes up her mind to enter the cave where Agbala resides and to die with her daughter if need be . Okonkwo looks for them and goes to the mouth of the cave himself after waiting for a certain period , because he too was very worried about Ezinma and Ekwefi even though he had kept this worry to himself . Upon finding Ekwefi , he was very relieved and they both waited for Ezinma . Unoka is Okonkwo 's father , who lived a life in contrast to typical Igbo masculinity . He loved language and music , the flute in particular . He is lazy and miserly , neglecting to take care of his wives and children and even dies with unpaid debts . Okonkwo spends his life trying not to become a failure like his father Unoka . Nwoye is Okonkwo 's son , about whom Okonkwo worries , fearing that he will become like Unoka . Similar to Unoka , Nwoye does not subscribe to the traditional Igbo view of masculinity being equated to violence ; rather , he prefers the stories of his mother . Nwoye connects to Ikemefuna , who presents an alternative to Okonkwo 's rigid masculinity . He is one of the early converts to Christianity and takes on the Christian name Isaac , an act which Okonkwo views as a final betrayal . Ikemefuna is a boy from the Mbaino tribe . His father murders the wife of an Umuofian man , and in the resulting settlement of the matter , Ikemefuma is put into the care of Okonkwo . By the decision of Umuofian authorities , Ikemefuna is ultimately killed , an act which Okonkwo does not prevent , and even participates in , lest he seem feminine and weak . Ikemefuna became very close to Nwoye , and Okonkwo 's decision to participate in Ikemefuna 's death takes a toll on Okonkwo 's relationship with Nwoye . Ezinma is Okonkwo 's favorite daughter , and the only child of his wife Ekwefi . Ezinma , the Crystal Beauty , is very much the antithesis of a normal woman within the culture and Okonkwo routinely remarks that she would 've made a much better boy than a girl , even wishing that she had been born as one . Ezinma often contradicts and challenges her father , which wins his adoration , affection , and respect . She is very similar to her father , and this is made apparent when she matures into a beautiful young woman who refuses to marry during her family 's exile , instead choosing to help her father regain his place of respect within society . Obierika is Okonkwo 's best friend from Umuofia . He is a strong and powerful man in Umuofia , but unlike Okonkwo he is a reasoning man and is much less violent and arrogant . Obierika often talks Okonkwo out of making rash decisions , and helps Okonkwo when he is on exile from Umuofia . He fully understands the changes going on in their society , and that their clan no longer had the unity it did before the white man appeared in Umuofia . Obierika 's son , Maduka , is greatly admired by Okonkwo for his wrestling prowess , which ( in Okonkwo 's opinion ) is something his own son , Nwoye lacks . Obierika is considered the voice of reason in the book , and questions certain parts of their culture , such as the necessity to exile Okonkwo after he unintentionally kills a boy . Ogbuefi Ezeudu is one of the elders of Umuofia . He is regarded as very wise , and gives Okonkwo good advice . At Ezeudu 's funeral , Okonkwo 's gun misfires , accidentally killing the dead elder 's son , for which Okonkwo and his family go into exile . Mr. Brown is a white man who comes to Umuofia . Unlike many white people , he is kind and caring to all the villagers . Sadly , he got sick and died . Background ( edit ) Most of the story takes place in the village of Umuofia , located west of the actual city of Onitsha , on the east bank of the Niger River in Nigeria . The events of the novel unfold in the 1890s . The culture depicted , that of the Igbo people , is similar to that of Achebe 's birthplace of Ogidi , where Igbo - speaking people lived together in groups of independent villages ruled by titled elders . The customs described in the novel mirror those of the actual Onitsha people , who lived near Ogidi , and with whom Achebe was familiar . Within forty years of the arrival of the British , by the time Achebe was born in 1930 , the missionaries were well established . He lived in the British culture but he refused to change Igbo name Chinua to Albert . Achebe 's father was among the first to be converted in Ogidi , around the turn of the century . Achebe himself was an orphan raised by his grandfather . His grandfather , far from opposing Achebe 's conversion to Christianity , allowed Achebe 's Christian marriage to be celebrated in his compound . Language choice ( edit ) Achebe wrote his novels in English because written Standard Igbo was created by combining various dialects , creating a stilted written form . In a 1994 interview with The Paris Review , Achebe said , `` the novel form seems to go with the English language . There is a problem with the Igbo language . It suffers from a very serious inheritance which it received at the beginning of this century from the Anglican mission . They sent out a missionary by the name of Dennis . Archdeacon Dennis . He was a scholar . He had this notion that the Igbo language -- which had very many different dialects -- should somehow manufacture a uniform dialect that would be used in writing to avoid all these different dialects . Because the missionaries were powerful , what they wanted to do they did . This became the law . But the standard version can not sing . There 's nothing you can do with it to make it sing . It 's heavy . It 's wooden . It does n't go anywhere . '' Achebe 's choice to write in English has caused controversy . While both African and non-African critics agree that Achebe modelled Things Fall Apart on classic European literature , they disagree about whether his novel upholds a Western model , or , in fact , subverts or confronts it . Achebe continued to defend his decision : `` English is something you spend your lifetime acquiring , so it would be foolish not to use it . Also , in the logic of colonization and decolonization it is actually a very powerful weapon in the fight to regain what was yours . English was the language of colonization itself . It is not simply something you use because you have it anyway . '' Achebe is noted for his inclusion of and weaving in of proverbs from Igbo oral culture into his writing . This influence was explicitly referenced by Achebe in Things Fall Apart : `` Among the Igbo the art of conversation is regarded very highly , and proverbs are the palm - oil with which words are eaten . '' Literary significance and Reception ( edit ) Things Fall Apart is a milestone in African literature . It has come to be seen as the archetypal modern African novel in English , and is read in Nigeria and throughout Africa . Of all of Achebe 's works , Things Fall Apart is the one read most often , and has generated the most critical response , examination , and literary criticism . It is studied widely in Europe , India and North America , where it has spawned numerous secondary and tertiary analytical works . It has achieved similar status and repute in India , Australia and Oceania . Considered Achebe 's magnum opus , it has sold more than 20 million copies worldwide . Time Magazine included the novel in its TIME 100 Best English - language Novels from 1923 to 2005 . The novel has been translated into more than fifty languages , and is often used in literature , world history , and African studies courses across the world . Achebe is now considered to be the essential novelist on African identity , nationalism , and decolonization . Achebe 's main focus has been cultural ambiguity and contestation . The complexity of novels such as Things Fall Apart depends on Achebe 's ability to bring competing cultural systems and their languages to the same level of representation , dialogue , and contestation . Reviewers have praised Achebe 's neutral narration and have described Things Fall Apart as a realistic novel . Much of the critical discussion about Things Fall Apart concentrates on the socio - political aspects of the novel , including the friction between the members of Igbo society as they confront the intrusive and overpowering presence of Western government and beliefs . Ernest N. Emenyonu commented that `` Things Fall Apart is indeed a classic study of cross-cultural misunderstanding and the consequences to the rest of humanity , when a belligerent culture or civilization , out of sheer arrogance and ethnocentrism , takes it upon itself to invade another culture , another civilization . '' Achebe 's writing about African society , in telling from an African point of view the story of the colonization of the Igbo , tends to extinguish the misconception that African culture had been savage and primitive . In Things Fall Apart , western culture is portrayed as being `` arrogant and ethnocentric , '' insisting that the African culture needed a leader . As it had no kings or chiefs , Umuofian culture was vulnerable to invasion by western civilization . It is felt that the repression of the Igbo language at the end of the novel contributes greatly to the destruction of the culture . Although Achebe favours the African culture of the pre-western society , the author attributes its destruction to the `` weaknesses within the native structure . '' Achebe portrays the culture as having a religion , a government , a system of money , and an artistic tradition , as well as a judicial system . Influence ( edit ) The publication of Achebe 's Things Fall Apart helped pave the way for numerous other African writers . Novelists who published after Achebe were able to find an eloquent and effective mode for the expression of the particular social , historical , and cultural situation of modern Africa . Before Things Fall Apart was released , European authors had written most of the novels about Africa , portraying Africans as savages who were in need of western enlightenment . Achebe broke from this outsider view , by portraying Igbo society in a sympathetic light . This allows the reader to examine the effects of European colonialism from a different perspective . He commented , `` The popularity of Things Fall Apart in my own society can be explained simply ... this was the first time we were seeing ourselves , as autonomous individuals , rather than half - people , or as Conrad would say , ' rudimentary souls ' . '' The language of the novel has not only intrigued critics but has also been a major factor in the emergence of the modern African novel . Because Achebe wrote in English , portrayed Igbo life from the point of view of an African man , and used the language of his people , he was able to greatly influence African novelists , who viewed him as a mentor . Achebe 's fiction and criticism continue to inspire and influence writers around the world . Hilary Mantel , the Booker Prize - winning novelist in a May 7 , 2012 article in Newsweek , `` Hilary Mantel 's Favorite Historical Fictions '' , lists Things Fall Apart as one of her five favorite novels in this genre . A whole new generation of African writers -- Caine prize winners Binyavanga Wainaina ( current director of the Chinua Achebe Center at Bard College ) and Helon Habila ( Waiting for an Angel ( 2004 ) and Measuring Time ( 2007 ) ) ; as well as Uzodinma Iweala ( Beasts of No Nation ( 2005 ) ) ; and Professor Okey Ndibe ( Arrows of Rain ( 2000 ) ) count Chinua Achebe as a significant influence . Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie , the author of the popular and critically acclaimed novels Purple Hibiscus ( 2003 ) and Half of a Yellow Sun ( 2006 ) , commented in a 2006 interview , `` Chinua Achebe will always be important to me because his work influenced not so much my style as my writing philosophy : reading him emboldened me , gave me permission to write about the things I knew well . '' Film , television , music and theatrical adaptations ( edit ) A radio drama called Okonkwo was made of the novel in April 1961 by the Nigerian Broadcasting Corporation . It featured Wole Soyinka in a supporting role . The book was made into a film in 1970 starring Princess Elizabeth of Toro by Hollywood lawyer Edward Mosk and his wife Fern who wrote the screenplay . In 1987 , the book was made into a very successful miniseries directed by David Orere and broadcast on Nigerian television by the Nigerian Television Authority . It starred several established film actors , including Pete Edochie , Nkem Owoh and Sam Loco Efe . In 1999 , the acclaimed American hip hop band The Roots released their fourth studio album Things Fall Apart as a tribute to the novel by Chinua Achebe . In 2008 , a film adaptation of Things Fall Apart was made by a Nigerian production company with an all - Nigerian cast . Pete Edochie starred as Okonkwo . Publication information ( edit ) Achebe , Chinua The African Trilogy . ( London : Everyman 's Library , 2010 ) ISBN 9781841593272 . Edited with an introduction by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie . The book collects Things Fall Apart , No Longer At Ease , and Arrow of God in one volume . See also ( edit ) Heart of Darkness Weep Not , Child Death and the King 's Horseman Nigeria portal 1950s portal Novels portal Footnotes ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Chinua Achebe : Things Fall Apart '' . wsu.edu . Jump up ^ F. Ablola Irele volume4Issue3Fall2003 www.africa.ufl.edu/asq/v4i3al.pdf Jump up ^ `` Random House for High School Teachers - Catalog - Things Fall Apart by Chinua Achebe '' . randomhouse.com . ^ Jump up to : Kwame Anthony Appiah ( 1992 ) , `` Introduction '' hi to the Everyman 's Library edition . Jump up ^ Jerome Brooks , `` Chinua Achebe , The Art of Fiction No. 139 '' ( Winter 1994 ) The Paris Review No. 133 . ^ Jump up to : Booker ( 2003 ) , p. 7 . ^ Jump up to : Sickels , Amy . `` The Critical Reception of Things Fall Apart '' , in Booker ( 2011 ) . Jump up ^ Jayalakshmi V. Rao , Mrs A.V.N. College , `` Proverb and Culture in the Novels of Chinua Achebe '' . African Postcolonial Literature in English . Jump up ^ http://www.penguinrandomhouse.com/books/565351/things-fall-apart-by-chinua-achebe/9780385474542/ Jump up ^ ALL TIME 100 Novels , Time magazine . Jump up ^ Whittaker , David . `` Chinua Achebe 's Things Fall Apart '' , New York , 2007 , p. 59 . Jump up ^ Ezenwa - Ohaeto ( 1997 ) . Chinua Achebe : A Biography Bloomington : Indiana University Press , p. 81 . ISBN 0 - 253 - 33342 - 3 . Jump up ^ David Chioni Moore , Analee Heath and Chinua Achebe ( 2008 ) . `` A Conversation with Chinua Achebe '' . Transition. 100 : 23 . JSTOR 20542537 . Jump up ^ http://www.naijarules.com/vb/stars-celebrities-nigerian-movies/30790-things-fall-apart-i-pete-edochie.html Jump up ^ http://www.africanmoviesdirect.com/product_info.php?products_id=43036 References ( edit ) Achebe , Chinua . Things Fall Apart . New York : Anchor Books , 1994 . ISBN 0385474547 Baldwin , Gordon . Strange Peoples and Stranger Customs . New York : W.W. Norton and Company Inc , 1967 . Booker , M. Keith . The Chinua Achebe Encyclopedia . Westport , Conn. : Greenwood Press , 2003 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 325 - 07063 - 6 Booker , M. Keith . Things Fall Apart , by Chinua Achebe ( Critical Insights ) . Pasadena , Calif : Salem Press , 2011 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 58765 - 711 - 5 Frazer , Sir James George . The Golden Bough : A Study in Magic and Religion . New York : The Macmillan Company , 1942 . Girard , Rene . Violence and the Sacred . Trans . Patrick Gregory . Baltimore : Johns Hopkins University Press , 1977 . ISBN 0 - 8018 - 1963 - 6 Rhoads , Diana Akers ( September 1993 ) . `` Culture in Chinua Achebe 's Things Fall Apart '' . African Studies Review . 36 ( 2 ) : 61 -- 72 . Roberts , J.M. A Short History of the World . New York : Oxford University Press , 1993 . Rosenberg , Donna . World Mythology : An Anthology of the Great Myths and Epics . Lincolnwood , Illinois : NTC Publishing Group , 1994 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8442 - 5765 - 5 External links ( edit ) Wikiquote has quotations related to : Chinua Achebe ( Author ) Chinua Achebe discusses Things Fall Apart on the BBC World Book Club Teacher 's Guide at Random House A `` New English '' in Chinua Achebe 's `` Things Fall Apart '' Study Resource for writing about Things Fall Apart Study guide Words present in the novel used in past SATs Includes definitions , words in order from the book , and three different tests . Things Fall Apart Reviews Things Fall Apart on Wiki Summaries Things Fall Apart study guide , themes , analysis , teacher resources ) Things Fall Apart Igbo Culture Guide , Igbo Proverbs <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Works by Chinua Achebe Novels Things Fall Apart ( 1958 ) No Longer at Ease ( 1960 ) Arrow of God ( 1964 ) A Man of the People ( 1966 ) Anthills of the Savannah ( 1987 ) Short stories `` Civil Peace '' ( 1971 ) `` Vengeful Creditor '' ( 1972 ) Children 's stories Chike and the River ( 1966 ) Non-fiction Hopes and Impediments : Selected Essays ( 1988 ) , including `` An Image of Africa '' ( 1975 ) BNF : cb11967456h ( data ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Things_Fall_Apart&oldid=810819455 '' Categories : 1958 novels Novels by Chinua Achebe Novels set in Nigeria Nigerian English - language novels Debut novels Heinemann ( publisher ) books Historical novels Postcolonial literature African Writers Series Nigerian novels adapted into films Suicide in fiction Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from December 2014 All articles that may contain original research Wikipedia articles needing style editing from November 2014 All articles needing style editing Pages to import images to Wikidata All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from May 2017 Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Deutsch Español Français Italiano עברית Kiswahili მარგალური Nederlands Norsk Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ Polski Português کوردی Svenska Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 17 November 2017 , at 17 : 09 . 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1. Things Fall Apart - novel by Chinua Achebe 2. Pre and post-colonial life in Nigeria 3. Okonkwo - protagonist and Igbo leader 4. Influence of British colonialism and Christian missionaries 5. Cultural clash and societal changes in Umuofia

state and define the si unit of resistance

Ohm - wikipedia Ohm Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the SI derived unit . For other uses , see Ohm ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Ohm <Td_colspan="2"> A laboratory one - ohm standard resistor , circa 1917 . <Th_colspan="2"> Unit information Unit system SI derived unit Unit of Electrical resistance Symbol Ω Named after Georg Ohm In SI base units : kg ⋅ m ⋅ s ⋅ A The ohm ( symbol : Ω ) is the SI derived unit of electrical resistance , named after German physicist Georg Simon Ohm . Although several empirically derived standard units for expressing electrical resistance were developed in connection with early telegraphy practice , the British Association for the Advancement of Science proposed a unit derived from existing units of mass , length and time and of a convenient size for practical work as early as 1861 . The definition of the ohm was revised several times . Today , the definition of the ohm is expressed from the quantum Hall effect . Contents ( hide ) 1 Definition 2 Conversions 3 Power as a function of resistance 4 History 4.1 Historical units of resistance 5 Realization of standards 6 Symbol 7 See also 8 Notes and references 9 External links Definition ( edit ) A multimeter can be used to measure resistance in ohms , among other things . The ohm is defined as an electrical resistance between two points of a conductor when a constant potential difference of one volt , applied to these points , produces in the conductor a current of one ampere , the conductor not being the seat of any electromotive force . Ω = V A = 1 S = W A 2 = V 2 W = s F = J ⋅ s C 2 = kg ⋅ m 2 s ⋅ C 2 = J s ⋅ A 2 = kg ⋅ m 2 s 3 ⋅ A 2 ( \ displaystyle \ Omega = ( \ dfrac ( \ text ( V ) ) ( \ text ( A ) ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( 1 ) ( \ text ( S ) ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( \ text ( W ) ) ( ( \ text ( A ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( ( \ text ( V ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( \ text ( W ) ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( \ text ( s ) ) ( \ text ( F ) ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( ( \ text ( J ) ) ( \ cdot ) ( \ text ( s ) ) ) ( ( \ text ( C ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( ( \ text ( kg ) ) ( \ cdot ) ( \ text ( m ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( \ text ( s ) ) ( \ cdot ) ( \ text ( C ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( \ text ( J ) ) ( ( \ text ( s ) ) ( \ cdot ) ( \ text ( A ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) = ( \ dfrac ( ( \ text ( kg ) ) ( \ cdot ) ( \ text ( m ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ( ( \ text ( s ) ) ^ ( 3 ) ( \ cdot ) ( \ text ( A ) ) ^ ( 2 ) ) ) ) in which the following units appear : volt ( V ) , ampere ( A ) , siemens ( S ) , watt ( W ) , second ( s ) , farad ( F ) , joule ( J ) , kilogram ( kg ) , metre ( m ) , and coulomb ( C ) . In many cases the resistance of a conductor in ohms is approximately constant within a certain range of voltages , temperatures , and other parameters . These are called linear resistors . In other cases resistance varies ( e.g. , thermistors ) . A vowel of the prefixed units kiloohm and megaohm is commonly omitted , producing kilohm and megohm . In alternating current circuits , electrical impedance is also measured in ohms . Conversions ( edit ) The siemens ( symbol : S ) is the SI derived unit of electric conductance and admittance , also known as the mho ( ohm spelled backwards , symbol is ℧ ) ; it is the reciprocal of resistance in ohms ( Ω ) . Power as a function of resistance ( edit ) The power dissipated by a resistor may be calculated from its resistance , and the voltage or current involved . The formula is a combination of Ohm 's Law and Joule 's law : P = V ⋅ I = V 2 R = I 2 ⋅ R ( \ displaystyle P = V \ cdot I = ( \ frac ( V ^ ( 2 ) ) ( R ) ) = I ^ ( 2 ) \ cdot R ) where : P is the power R is resistance V is the voltage across the resistor I is the current through the resistor A linear resistor has a constant resistance value over all applied voltages or currents ; many practical resistors are linear over a useful range of currents . Non-linear resistors have a value that may vary depending on the applied voltage ( or current ) . Where alternating current is applied to the circuit ( or where the resistance value is a function of time ) , the relation above is true at any instant but calculation of average power over an interval of time will require integration of `` instantaneous '' power over that interval . Since the ohm belongs to a coherent system of units , when each of these quantities has its corresponding SI unit ( watt for P , ohm for R , volt for V and ampere for I , which are related as in § Definition , this formula remains valid numerically when these units are used ( and thought of as being cancelled or omitted ) . History ( edit ) The rapid rise of electrotechnology in the last half of the 19th century created a demand for a rational , coherent , consistent , and international system of units for electrical quantities . Telegraphers and other early users of electricity in the 19th century needed a practical standard unit of measurement for resistance . Resistance was often expressed as a multiple of the resistance of a standard length of telegraph wires ; different agencies used different bases for a standard , so units were not readily interchangeable . Electrical units so defined were not a coherent system with the units for energy , mass , length , and time , requiring conversion factors to be used in calculations relating energy or power to resistance . Two different methods of establishing a system of electrical units can be chosen . Various artifacts , such as a length of wire or a standard electrochemical cell , could be specified as producing defined quantities for resistance , voltage , and so on . Alternatively , the electrical units can be related to the mechanical units by defining , for example , a unit of current that gives a specified force between two wires , or a unit of charge that gives a unit of force between two unit charges . This latter method ensures coherence with the units of energy . Defining a unit for resistance that is coherent with units of energy and time in effect also requires defining units for potential and current . It is desirable that one unit of electrical potential will force one unit of electric current through one unit of electrical resistance , doing one unit of work in one unit of time , otherwise all electrical calculations will require conversion factors . Since so - called `` absolute '' units of charge and current are expressed as combinations of units of mass , length , and time , dimensional analysis of the relations between potential , current , and resistance show that resistance is expressed in units of length per time -- a velocity . Some early definitions of a unit of resistance , for example , defined a unit resistance as one quadrant of the Earth per second . The absolute - units system related magnetic and electrostatic quantities to metric base units of mass , time , and length . These units had the great advantage of simplifying the equations used in the solution of electromagnetic problems , and eliminated conversion factors in calculations about electrical quantities . However , the centimeter - gram - second , CGS , units turned out to have impractical sizes for practical measurements . Various artifact standards were proposed as the definition of the unit of resistance . In 1860 Werner Siemens ( 1816 -- 1892 ) published a suggestion for a reproducible resistance standard in Poggendorffs Annalen der Physik und Chemie . He proposed a column of pure mercury , of one square millimetre cross section , one metre long : Siemens mercury unit . However , this unit was not coherent with other units . One proposal was to devise a unit based on a mercury column that would be coherent -- in effect , adjusting the length to make the resistance one ohm . Not all users of units had the resources to carry out metrology experiments to the required precision , so working standards notionally based on the physical definition were required . In 1861 , Latimer Clark ( 1822 -- 1898 ) and Sir Charles Bright ( 1832 -- 1888 ) presented a paper at the British Association for the Advancement of Science meeting suggesting that standards for electrical units be established and suggesting names for these units derived from eminent philosophers , ' Ohma ' , ' Farad ' and ' Volt ' . The BAAS in 1861 appointed a committee including Maxwell and Thomson to report upon Standards of Electrical Resistance . Their objectives were to devise a unit that was of convenient size , part of a complete system for electrical measurements , coherent with the units for energy , stable , reproducible and based on the French metrical system . In the third report of the committee , 1864 , the resistance unit is referred to as `` B.A. unit , or Ohmad '' . By 1867 the unit is referred to as simply Ohm . The B.A. ohm was intended to be 10 CGS units but owing to an error in calculations the definition was 1.3 % too small . The error was significant for preparation of working standards . On September 21 , 1881 the Congrès internationale des électriciens ( international conference of electricians ) defined a practical unit of Ohm for the resistance , based on CGS units , using a mercury column 1 sq. mm. in cross-section , approximately 104.9 cm in length at 0 ° C , similar to the apparatus suggested by Siemens . A legal ohm , a reproducible standard , was defined by the international conference of electricians at Paris in 1884 as the resistance of a mercury column of specified weight and 106 cm long ; this was a compromise value between the B.A. unit ( equivalent to 104.7 cm ) , the Siemens unit ( 100 cm by definition ) , and the CGS unit . Although called `` legal '' , this standard was not adopted by any national legislation . The `` international '' ohm was recommended by unanimous resolution at the International Electrical Congress 1893 in Chicago . The unit was based upon the ohm equal to 10 units of resistance of the C.G.S. system of electromagnetic units . The International Ohm is represented by the resistance offered to an unvarying electric current in a mercury column of constant cross-sectional area 106.3 cm long of mass 14.4521 grams and 0 ° C This definition became the basis for the legal definition of the ohm in several countries . In 1908 , this definition was adopted by scientific representatives from several countries at the International Conference on Electric Units and Standards in London . The mercury column standard was maintained until the 1948 General Conference on Weights and Measures , at which the ohm was redefined in absolute terms instead of as an artifact standard . By the end of the 19th century , units were well understood and consistent . Definitions would change with little effect on commercial uses of the units . Advances in metrology allowed definitions to be formulated with a high degree of precision and repeatability . Historical units of resistance ( edit ) Unit Definition Value in B.A. ohms Remarks Absolute foot / second × 10 using Imperial units 0.3048 considered obsolete even in 1884 Thomson 's unit using Imperial units 0.3202 100 million feet / second , considered obsolete even in 1884 Jacobi copper unit A specified copper wire 25 feet long weighing 345 grains 0.6367 Used in 1850s Weber 's absolute unit × 10 Based on the metre and the second 0.9191 Siemens mercury unit 1860 . A column of pure mercury 0.9537 100 cm and 1 mm cross section at 0 ° C British Association ( B.A. ) `` ohm '' 1863 1.000 Standard coils deposited at Kew Observatory in 1863 Digney , Breguet , Swiss 9.266 -- 10.420 Iron wire 1 km long and 4 square mm cross section Matthiessen 13.59 One mile of 1 / 16 inch diameter pure annealed copper wire at 15.5 ° C Varley 25.61 One mile of special 1 / 16 inch diameter copper wire German mile 57.44 A German mile ( 8,238 yard ) of iron wire 1 / 6th inch diameter Abohm 10 Electromagnetic absolute unit in centimetre -- gram -- second units Statohm 8.987551787 × 10 Electrostatic absolute unit in centimetre -- gram -- second units Realization of standards ( edit ) The mercury column method of realizing a physical standard ohm turned out to be difficult to reproduce , owing to the effects of non-constant cross section of the glass tubing . Various resistance coils were constructed by the British Association and others , to serve as physical artifact standards for the unit of resistance . The long - term stability and reproducibility of these artifacts was an ongoing field of research , as the effects of temperature , air pressure , humidity , and time on the standards were detected and analyzed . Artifact standards are still used , but metrology experiments relating accurately - dimensioned inductors and capacitors provided a more fundamental basis for the definition of the ohm . Since 1990 the quantum Hall effect has been used to define the ohm with high precision and repeatability . The quantum Hall experiments are used to check the stability of working standards that have convenient values for comparison . Symbol ( edit ) The symbol Ω was suggested , because of the similar sound of ohm and omega , by William Henry Preece in 1867 . In documents printed before WWII the unit symbol often consisted of the raised lowercase omega ( ω ) , such that 56 Ω was written as 56 . When preparing electronic documents , some document editing software applications have used the Symbol typeface to render the character Ω . Where the font is not supported , a W is displayed instead ( `` 10 W '' instead of `` 10 Ω '' , for instance ) . As W represents the watt , the SI unit of power , this can lead to confusion . Where the character set is limited to ASCII , the IEEE 260.1 standard recommends substituting the symbol Ohm for Ω . In the electronics industry it is common to use the character R instead of the Ω symbol , thus , a 10 Ω resistor may be represented as 10R . This is the British standard BS 1852 code . It is used in many instances where the value has a decimal place . For example , 5.6 Ω is listed as 5R6 . This method avoids overlooking the decimal period , which may not be rendered reliably on components or when duplicating documents . Unicode encodes the symbol as U + 2126 Ω ohm sign , distinct from Greek omega among letterlike symbols , but it is only included for backwards compatibility and the Greek uppercase omega character U + 03A9 Ω GREEK CAPITAL LETTER OMEGA ( HTML & # 937 ; &Omega ; ) is preferred . In DOS and Windows , the alt code ALT 234 may produce the Ω symbol . In Mac OS , ⌥ Opt + Z does the same . See also ( edit ) Orders of magnitude ( resistance ) History of measurement International Committee for Weights and Measures Resistivity Electronic color code Notes and references ( edit ) Jump up ^ BIPM SI Brochure : Appendix 1 , p. 144 Jump up ^ The NIST Guide to the SI : 9.3 Spelling unit names with prefixes reports that IEEE / ASTM SI 10 - 2002 IEEE / ASTM Standard for Use of the International System of Units ( SI ) : The Modern Metric System states that there are three cases in which the final vowel of an SI prefix is commonly omitted : megohm , kilohm , and hectare , but that in all other cases in which the unit name begins with a vowel , both the final vowel of the prefix and the vowel of the unit name are retained and both are pronounced . Jump up ^ Hunt , Bruce J ( 1994 ) . `` The Ohm Is Where the Art Is : British Telegraph Engineers and the Development of Electrical Standards '' ( PDF ) . Osiris . 2nd . 9 : 48 -- 63 . doi : 10.1086 / 368729 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on 8 March 2014 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Werner Siemens ( 1860 ) , `` Vorschlag eines reproducirbaren Widerstandsmaaßes '' , Annalen der Physik und Chemie ( in German ) , 186 ( 5 ) , pp. 1 -- 20 , Bibcode : 1860AnP ... 186 ... 1S , doi : 10.1002 / andp. 18601860502 Jump up ^ Clark , Latimer ; Bright , Sir Charles ( 1861 - 11 - 09 ) . `` Measurement of Electrical Quantities and Resistance '' . The Electrician. 1 ( 1 ) : 3 -- 4 . Retrieved 27 February 2014 . Jump up ^ Report of the Thirty - First Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science ; held at Manchester in September 1861 . September 1861 . pp. xxxix -- xl . Jump up ^ Williamson , Professor A ; Wheatstone , Professor C ; Thomson , Professor W ; Miller , Professor WH ; Matthiessen , Dr. A ; Jenkin , Mr. Fleeming ( September 1862 ) . Provisional Report of the Committee appointed by the British Association on Standards of Electrical Resistance . Thirty - second Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . London : John Murray . pp. 125 -- 163 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Professor A ; Wheatstone , Professor C ; Thomson , Professor W ; Miller , Professor WH ; Matthiessen , Dr. A ; Jenkin , Mr. Fleeming ; Bright , Sir Charles ; Maxwell , Professor ; Siemens , Mr. CW ; Stewart , Mr. Balfour ; Joule , Dr. ; Varley , Mr. CF ( September 1864 ) . Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance . Thirty - fourth Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . London : John Murray . p . Foldout facing page 349 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ Williamson , Professor A ; Wheatstone , Professor C ; Thomson , Professor W ; Miller , Professor WH ; Matthiessen , Dr. A ; Jenkin , Mr. Fleeming ; Bright , Sir Charles ; Maxwell , Professor ; Siemens , Mr. CW ; Stewart , Mr. Balfour ; Varley , Mr. CF ; Foster , Professor GC ; Clark , Mr. Latimer ; Forbes , Mr. D. ; Hockin , Mr. Charles ; Joule , Dr. ( September 1867 ) . Report of the Committee on Standards of Electrical Resistance . Thirty - seventh Meeting of the British Association for the Advancement of Science . London : John Murray . p. 488 . Retrieved 2014 - 02 - 27 . Jump up ^ `` System of measurement units '' . Engineering and Technology History Wiki . Retrieved 13 April 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Units , Physical '' . Encyclopædia Britannica. 27 ( 11th ed . ) . 1911 . p. 742 . Jump up ^ Gordon Wigan ( trans . and ed . ) , Electrician 's Pocket Book , Cassel and Company , London , 1884 Jump up ^ Historical Studies in International Corporate Business . Teich p34 Jump up ^ R. Dzuiba and others , Stability of Double - Walled Maganin Resistors in NIST Special Publication Proceedings of SPIE -- the International Society for Optical Engineering , The Institute , 1988 pages 63 - 64 Jump up ^ Preece , William Henry ( 1867 ) , `` The B.A. unit for electrical measurements '' , Philosophical Magazine , 33 , p. 397 , retrieved 26 February 2017 Jump up ^ Excerpts from The Unicode Standard , Version 4.0 , accessed 11 October 2006 External links ( edit ) Scanned books of Georg Simon Ohm at the library of the University of Applied Sciences Nuernberg Official SI brochure NIST Special Publication 811 History of the ohm at sizes.com History of the electrical units . <Th_colspan="3"> ( hide ) SI units <Td_colspan="3"> Authority : International System of Units ( BIPM ) Base units ampere candela kelvin kilogram metre mole second Derived units with special names becquerel coulomb degree Celsius farad gray henry hertz joule katal lumen lux newton ohm pascal radian siemens sievert steradian tesla volt watt weber Other accepted units astronomical unit bar dalton day decibel degree of arc electronvolt hectare hour litre minute minute of arc neper second of arc tonne atomic units natural units See also Conversion of units Metric prefixes Proposed redefinitions Systems of measurement <Td_colspan="3"> Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ohm&oldid=837273365 '' Categories : SI derived units Units of electrical resistance Georg Ohm Hidden categories : CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Pages using deprecated image syntax All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Articles with unsourced statements from August 2015 All articles that may contain original research Articles that may contain original research from August 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans অসমীয়া Asturianu Azərbaycanca বাংলা Беларуская Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Български བོད ་ ཡིག Bosanski Brezhoneg Català Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Frysk Gaeilge Gaelg Galego 贛 語 한국어 Հայերեն हिन्दी Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Latviešu Lietuvių Limburgs Magyar Македонски മലയാളം मराठी Bahasa Melayu Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands 日本 語 Nordfriisk Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Oʻzbekcha / ўзбекча ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پنجابی Patois Piemontèis Plattdüütsch Polski Português Română Русский Scots Sicilianu සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 74 more Edit links This page was last edited on 19 April 2018 , at 20 : 01 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. SI derived unit 2. Electrical resistance 3. Georg Simon Ohm 4. Ohm's Law 5. Quantum Hall effect

who is the highest ranking law enforcement officer in the united states

Police ranks of the United States - wikipedia Police ranks of the United States Jump to : navigation , search This article or section possibly contains previously unpublished synthesis of published material that conveys ideas not attributable to the original sources . Relevant discussion may be found on the talk page . ( April 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The United States police - rank model is generally quasi-militaristic in structure . A uniform system of insignia based on that of the US Army and Marine Corps is used to help identify an officer 's seniority . Contents ( hide ) 1 Ranks 2 Variations 2.1 Federal 2.2 States 2.3 Counties 2.4 Cities 3 See also 4 References Ranks ( edit ) Although the large and varied number of federal , state , and local police and sheriff 's departments have different ranks , a general model , from highest to lowest rank , would be : Chief of police / police commissioner / superintendent / sheriff : The title police commissioner is used mainly by large metropolitan departments , while chief of police is associated with small and medium - sized municipalities ; both are typically appointed by a mayor or selected by the city council or commission . In some cities , `` commissioner '' is the member of the board of officials in charge of the department , while a `` chief '' is the top uniformed officer answering to the commissioner or commission . In very large departments , such as the New York City Police Department , there may be several non-police officer deputy and assistant commissioners , some of whom outrank the chief of department and others on par with the uniformed chief . There may be a chief of operations who is second in command to the top - ranking chief . In contrast , sheriffs in the United States are usually elected officials , one in each county , who head the sheriff 's department ( or sheriff 's office ) . Assistant Chief of Police / Assistant Commissioner / Assistant Superintendent : Only seen in some departments . In New York City , assistant chiefs head borough commands . Deputy Chief of Police / Deputy Commissioner / Deputy Superintendent / Chief Deputy / undersheriff : The top subordinate of the chief of police , commissioner , superintendent , or sheriff ; may or may not have a specific area of responsibility . In some places the undersheriff is the warden of the county jail . The New York City Sheriff 's Office has five undersheriffs : each one is responsible for a borough of New York City , with the Sheriff of the City of New York overseeing all of them . Inspector / commander : Sometimes have an insignia of a single star , analogous to brigadier generals , but in other areas wear a gold or silver eagle , similar to a colonel . `` Inspector '' is also used as a term for `` detective '' in the San Francisco Police Department but is two ranks above captain in the NYPD and the Philadelphia Police Department . In the NYPD , Inspectors command divisions , which may be groups of precincts within a borough or specialized branches of the police service . Colonel : A majority of state police agencies use `` colonel '' as their senior executive rank , often jointly with a civilian title such as `` superintendent , '' `` commissioner '' or `` director . '' Conversely , the colonel rank is rarely employed by other agencies , though it is used by the Baltimore Police Department and other Maryland agencies as either an executive or commander - like rank . Colonels generally wear the gold or silver eagle of a colonel , or the oak leaf of a lieutenant colonel , from the U.S. armed forces . Many sheriffs also wear the eagle insignia , and use colonel as an official rank . Major / deputy inspector : Sometimes have an insignia of a gold or silver oak leaf , similar to a major or lieutenant colonel . In the Baltimore Police Department and Atlanta Police Department , majors supervise police stations . Captain : Two gold or silver bars ( `` Railroad tracks '' ) . Often supervises a police station but can supervise another division or unit ( detectives , patrol , etc . ) in smaller departments and only certain sections of a police station in larger departments . In the NYPD , captains are the normal commanders of precincts . Lieutenant : A single gold or silver bar , who supervises two to three or more sergeants . Lieutenants can supervise an entire watch shift of a police station or detective squad ( Narcotics , Homicide , etc . ) in larger police departments and entire precincts in smaller police departments . Sergeant : Three chevrons , a police officer who supervises an entire watch shift in smaller departments and areas of a precinct and individual detective squads in larger departments . Some agencies , such as the New Jersey State Police , use a para-militaristic range of sergeant ranks , such as Staff Sergeant and Sergeant First Class , in addition to the basic Sergeant rank . Detective / Inspector / Investigator : An investigatory specialist , usually working in plain clothes . This may be in several classes that correspond to higher supervisory and pay grades . In the NYPD , the detective rank is technically a designation : detectives do not actually outrank police officers although they are in charge of cases and are often senior in years of service , and so have a certain degree of authority beyond police officers in specific situations . Officer / Deputy / Trooper / Corporal : A regular officer / deputy wears no rank insignia , and there may be several pay grades . Corporals , who may be senior officers or acting watch commanders , wear two chevrons . In a few departments , such as New York City and Philadelphia , officers from the rank of Lieutenant and up wear a white shirt instead of the dark blue or black uniform shirt common to lower - ranked police officers . Senior police officers may wear fretting ( `` scrambled eggs '' ) on their hat visors . Advancement from Officer to Captain is generally by appointment after successful completion of a series of examinations , and after the officer has sufficient time in grade . Grades above Captain are generally by appointment of the chief / sheriff . In addition , there must be vacancies for a higher rank . Variations ( edit ) Federal ( edit ) United States Border Patrol United States Capitol Police United States Park Police United States Marshals Service United States Secret Service Federal Bureau of Investigation States ( edit ) Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Virginia Vermont Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Counties ( edit ) Anne Arundel County Police , Maryland Baltimore County Police , Maryland East Baton Rouge Parish Sheriff , Louisiana Los Angeles County Sheriff , California Miami - Dade Police , Florida Nassau County Police Department , New York St. Louis County Police , Missouri Shelby County Sheriff , Tennessee Suffolk County Police , New York Suffolk County Sheriff , New York Sullivan County Sheriff , Tennessee Cities ( edit ) Albuquerque Atlanta Baltimore Boston Charlotte Chicago Columbus Dallas Detroit Fort Worth Houston Indianapolis Jacksonville Las Vegas Los Angeles Louisville Miami Memphis Nashville New Orleans New York City Norfolk Philadelphia Pittsburgh San Diego San Francisco San Jose Tampa Virginia Beach Washington , DC See also ( edit ) Police uniforms of the United States References ( edit ) Jump up ^ See : Commander § United States police rank . Jump up ^ Eisener , Tanya ( July 13 , 2013 ) . `` Records detail internal affairs investigation of command staff member who drank in full uniform at a Grapevine bar '' . Dallas Morning News . Dallas , Texas . Retrieved 22 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Philadelphia Police Department Official Blog <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Highway patrol / state police in the United States <Td_colspan="2"> See also : Law enforcement in the United States and Highway patrol States Alabama Alaska Arizona Arkansas California Colorado Connecticut Delaware Florida Georgia Hawaii ( does not have a statewide police agency ) Idaho Illinois Indiana Iowa Kansas Kentucky Louisiana Maine Maryland Massachusetts Michigan Minnesota Mississippi Missouri Montana Nebraska Nevada New Hampshire New Jersey New Mexico New York North Carolina North Dakota Ohio Oklahoma Oregon Pennsylvania Rhode Island South Carolina South Dakota Tennessee Texas Utah Vermont Virginia Washington West Virginia Wisconsin Wyoming Federal district District of Columbia Insular areas American Samoa Guam Northern Mariana Islands Puerto Rico U.S. Virgin Islands Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Police_ranks_of_the_United_States&oldid=781929723 '' Categories : Police ranks Hidden categories : Articles that may contain original research from April 2015 Talk Contents About Wikipedia 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 24 May 2017 , at 01 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. United States police rank structure 2. Quasi-militaristic police hierarchy 3. Chief of police and police commissioner roles 4. Sheriff's department and elected sheriffs 5. Different ranks in federal, state, county, and city police departments

who is the owner of sportpesa betting site

SportPesa - wikipedia SportPesa SportPesa Type Private Industry Lotteries and Gaming Founded 2014 Headquarters Nairobi , Kenya Area served Global Services Sports Betting Number of employees 457 Website www.sportpesa.com SportPesa is a sports betting platform with operations in Kenya , Tanzania , South Africa , the Isle of Man and the UK , where it operates in conjunction with TGP Europe . Contents 1 Ownership 2 Sports Involvement 2.1 Kenya 2.2 Tanzania 2.3 South Africa 2.4 Global partnerships 3 SportPesa Super Cup 4 Recognition & Awards 5 References Ownership ( edit ) SportPesa , in Kenya , is owned and operated by Pevans East Africa , a company with shareholders from mostly Kenya , Bulgaria , and the United States . In Italy Sportpesa is jointly owned with RCS Media , which is the largest media company in Italy . Sports involvement ( edit ) SportPesa has invested in the development of the local sports leagues and tournaments in Kenya and Tanzania. . The company has signed agreements to build local and international partnerships in soccer , rugby , boxing , motorsport , athletics , golf and kabaddi . The company has sponsored various tournaments , among them the 2014 Wambia Memorial Football Tournament in Kakamega , The Francis W. Maingi memorial soccer tournament in Kitui , the Obulala Football Tournament , Koth Biro Football Tournament , and the SportPesa Super 8 Premier League . With over 100 grassroots teams from Nairobi estates registered to participate , the Super 8 tournament which is run by Extreme Sports Limited grew into a full - fledged league in 2016 after financial support from SportPesa with the aim of improving grass - root soccer , with a number of players going on to join top - flight Kenyan teams . Kenya ( edit ) In Soccer , the Kenyan Premier League , Kenya 's domestic top tier club competition , as well as a key sponsor of the Harambee Stars and Harambee Starlets , Kenya 's national men 's and women 's football teams respectively . This partnership has seen the introduction of linkages with English clubs Arsenal , Southampton and Hull City , where the clubs ' management , coaches and players have taken part in various training programmes and engagements. . The key focus of the contract with the Football Kenya Federation is to ensure that the country develops as a footballing nation with the stated mission of qualifying for the 2022 FIFA World Cup . In February 2017 , a team dubbed the SportPesa All - Stars , selected from the 16 Kenyan Premier League clubs , became the first - ever team from the country to play in England , where they lost 2 -- 1 to a Hull City Select side at the KCOM Stadium . This partnership is further geared towards exposing Kenyan players to the international stage . The company has also entered into a deal with the Under 20 sides from the Kenyan Premier League to facilitate a tournament that is played during school terms breaks in April , August and December . SportPesa has partnered with the Sports Journalists Association of Kenya ( SJAK ) to introduce a Football Player of the Month Award , where a panel of seasoned football journalists votes for the most outstanding player every month . At the end of each season , the best players , coaches and team managers gather for the prestigious Footballer of the Year ( FOYA ) Awards where winners selected by a joint panel of SJAK and KPL coaches are celebrated , with the Player of the Year winning KSh1 , 000,000 ( approx . USD10 , 000 ) . SportPesa is also the shirt sponsor of signed Kenya Sevens Rugby team , Gor Mahia and AFC Leopards , two of Kenya 's most decorated clubs , as well as Nakuru All Stars , a second division team . Tanzania ( edit ) SportPesa currently has sponsorship deals with Simba SC and Young Africans SC , two leading clubs in the Tanzania Premier League . The two teams have signed five - year sponsorship deals . Additionally , SportPesa sponsored Singida United FC for a year following their promotion to the Tanzania Premier League . South Africa ( edit ) In August 2017 , SportPesa announced that it has signed a sponsorship deals with Cape Town City F.C. that plays in South Africa 's Premier Soccer League ( PSL ) . Global partnerships ( edit ) SportPesa currently has partnerships with four English football clubs -- Hull City , Arsenal , Southampton , and Everton . SportPesa Super Cup ( edit ) In June 2016 , SportPesa announced the first SportPesa Super Cup , an eight - team knockout tournament featuring four teams each from Kenya and Tanzania . The first edition was held in Tanzania with Kenya 's Gor Mahia FC emerged the tournament winner . The Winner of the SportPesa Super Cup played Everton FC on July 13th 2017 in the most successful football event in East Africa . Recognition & Awards ( edit ) In 2016 , SportPesa won the Best African Sponsorship Award at the Discovery Sports Industry Awards ( DSIA ) . In 2017 , was recognized as a Superbrand , placed 13th in the ranking of the best companies in Kenya . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ochieng , Erick ( 3 February 2014 ) . `` Local fans to bet as new sports lottery is launched '' . East African Standard . Standard Media Group . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Pevans East Africa Limited '' . Retrieved 31 July 2016 . Jump up ^ `` REVEALED : Multinational millionaires behind SportPesa -- Nairobi News '' . Nairobi News . 2016 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa acquires majority shareholding in RCS Media 's gambling division '' . SBC News . 2017 - 07 - 18 . Retrieved 2018 - 01 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Sportpesa : A Trailblazing Sporting Success '' . Bizna Kenya . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa pledges to invest heavily in development of sports in Tanzania '' . The Star . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa sponsorship : Time for Kenyan players to benefit '' . Goal.com . Jump up ^ `` Rally : SportPesa Team Gears for First Position on This Weekend Outing '' . WGN . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa Premier League it is ! KPL unveil betting firm as title sponsors '' . Nation Newspaper . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa Unveiled As Kenya Sevens Shirt Sponsor '' . Rugby15 News . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa Sponsors the 2016 National League '' . Boxing Association of Kenya . Jump up ^ `` Gambling is not illegal . It is your own right ! -- Kenyan Herald '' . Kenyan Herald . 2016 - 08 - 30 . Retrieved 2017 - 07 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa offers Sh35m sponsorship for Super 8 League '' . Red.co.ke . Jump up ^ `` Super 8 Tournament Breaks Clubs Registration Record '' . Niaje . February 21 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa Super 8 Tournament to Graduate to a Full League '' . Standard Media . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa Becomes The Kenya Premier League Title Sponsor '' . Niaje . Jump up ^ `` Hull City coaches eye lasting relations with SportPesa AllStars ' overall squad '' . The Standard . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa Partners with FKF to Improve Football in Kenya '' . SportPesa News . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa All Stars to Play Hull City Tigers in February '' . Kenya High Commission in the UK . Jump up ^ `` Hull City XI vs SportPesa All Stars '' . Hull City Tigers FC . Jump up ^ `` Hull City beat SportPesa All Stars but Humphrey Mieno scored an historic goal '' . Goal . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa millions for KPL Under - 20 Tournament '' . Soka . Jump up ^ `` Kenya : SJAK SportPesa Footballer of the Month Awards Launched '' . All Africa . Jump up ^ `` SJAK , SportPesa to reward KPL player of the month '' . Gor Mahia FC . Jump up ^ `` Gor Mahia and SportPesa officially unveil sponsorship deal '' . The Standard . Jump up ^ `` OFFICIAL : AFC Leopards sign five year deal with SportPesa '' . Goal . Jump up ^ `` Nakuru All Stars land five - year SportPesa sponsorship '' . Mediamax Networks . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa announces 5 - year sponsorship deal with Simba SC of Tanzania '' . Apantech . Jump up ^ `` Yanga to reach final agreement with SportPesa '' . Azania Post . Jump up ^ `` VPL New Boys Singida United Land SportPesa Deal '' . Sportpesa News . Jump up ^ `` Cape Town FC signs shirt deal with SportPesa '' . 11 August 2017 . Retrieved 21 April 2018 . Jump up ^ `` SportPesa sign multi million deal with Hull City '' . The Star . 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Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SportPesa&oldid=853225473 '' Categories : Gambling websites Online gambling companies 2014 establishments in Kenya Companies established in 2014 Hidden categories : EngvarB from September 2013 Use dmy dates from August 2016 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Español Português Edit links This page was last edited on 3 August 2018 , at 07 : 38 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. SportPesa sports betting platform 2. Sports involvement in Kenya, Tanzania, and South Africa 3. Global partnerships with English football clubs 4. SportPesa Super Cup tournament 5. Recognition and awards received by SportPesa

when will the mirror and the light be published

The Mirror and the Light - wikipedia The Mirror and the Light Jump to : navigation , search The Mirror and the Light <Td_colspan="2"> Author Hilary Mantel Country United Kingdom Language English Series Thomas Cromwell trilogy Genre Historical fiction Publisher Fourth Estate ( UK ) / Henry Holt and Co . ( US ) Publication date 2019 ( anticipated ) Media type Print ( hardback ) Dewey Decimal 823.92 Preceded by Bring Up the Bodies The Mirror and the Light is an upcoming historical novel by Hilary Mantel , the final part of a planned trilogy ( including Wolf Hall and Bring Up the Bodies ) charting the rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell , the powerful minister in the court of King Henry VIII . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Publication 3 References 4 External links Plot ( edit ) The Mirror and the Light is expected to cover the last four years of Cromwell 's life , from the execution of Anne Boleyn ( 1536 ) to Cromwell 's execution ( 1540 ) . Publication ( edit ) In July 2017 The Guardian reported that `` The book may not appear until 2019 , said Mantel , who denied that her failure to finish the novel to schedule was a sign of reluctance to write about Cromwell 's execution in July 1540 . '' References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Hilary Mantel discusses Thomas Cromwell 's past , presence and future '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Man Booker Prize won by Hilary Mantel 's Bring up the Bodies '' . BBC News . Retrieved 10 December 2013 . Jump up ^ Kean , Danuta ( 5 July 2017 ) . `` Hilary Mantel says final Wolf Hall book likely to be delayed '' . theguardian.com . Retrieved 2 August 2017 . External links ( edit ) Hilary Mantel 's Website Hilary Mantel 's Facebook Fan Page <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Works by Hilary Mantel Novels Every Day is Mother 's Day ( 1985 ) Vacant Possession ( 1986 ) Eight Months on Ghazzah Street ( 1988 ) Fludd ( 1989 ) A Place of Greater Safety ( 1992 ) A Change of Climate ( 1994 ) An Experiment in Love ( 1995 ) The Giant , O'Brien ( 1998 ) Beyond Black ( 2005 ) Wolf Hall ( 2009 ) Bring Up the Bodies ( 2012 ) The Mirror and the Light ( TBD ) Short stories Learning to Talk ( 2003 ) The Assassination of Margaret Thatcher ( 2014 ) Non-fiction Giving Up the Ghost ( A Memoir ) ( 2003 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Mirror_and_the_Light&oldid=802715747 '' Categories : 1530s in fiction British historical novels 21st - century British novels HarperCollins books Novels by Hilary Mantel Novels set in Tudor England Upcoming books Henry Holt and Company books Cultural depictions of Henry VIII of England Cultural depictions of Anne Boleyn Hidden categories : Books with missing cover Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 28 September 2017 , at 00 : 33 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. The Mirror and the Light - upcoming historical novel by Hilary Mantel 2. Thomas Cromwell trilogy - series of novels by Hilary Mantel 3. Rise and fall of Thomas Cromwell - central theme of the trilogy 4. Last four years of Cromwell's life - focus of The Mirror and the Light 5. Delay in publication of the final book - reported in The Guardian

what is the difference between easter and ascension

Easter - wikipedia Easter This article is about the Christian and cultural festival . For other uses , see Easter ( disambiguation ) . Festival <Th_colspan="2"> Easter <Td_colspan="2"> Icon of the Resurrection , with Christ having kicked down the gates of Hades and pulling Adam and Eve out of the tombs . Christ is flanked by saints , and Satan -- depicted as an old man -- is bound and chained . ( See Resurrection of Jesus in Christian art . ) Type Christian , cultural Significance Celebrates the resurrection of Jesus Celebrations Church services , festive family meals , Easter egg decoration , and gift - giving Observances Prayer , all - night vigil , sunrise service Date variable , variable , date of Easter 2017 date 16 April ( Western ) 16 April ( Eastern ) 2018 date 1 April ( Western ) 8 April ( Eastern ) 2019 date 21 April ( Western ) 28 April ( Eastern ) 2020 date 12 April ( Western ) 19 April ( Eastern ) Related to Passover , of which it is regarded the Christian fulfillment ; Septuagesima , Sexagesima , Quinquagesima , Shrove Tuesday , Ash Wednesday , Clean Monday , Lent , Great Lent , Palm Sunday , Holy Week , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday which lead up to Easter ; and Thomas Sunday , Ascension , Pentecost , Trinity Sunday , and Corpus Christi which follow it . Easter , also called Pascha ( Greek , Latin ) or Resurrection Sunday , is a festival and holiday celebrating the resurrection of Jesus from the dead , described in the New Testament as having occurred on the third day of his burial after his crucifixion by the Romans at Calvary c. 30 AD . It is the culmination of the Passion of Jesus , preceded by Lent ( or Great Lent ) , a forty - day period of fasting , prayer , and penance . Most Christians refer to the week before Easter as `` Holy Week '' -- it contains the days of the Easter Triduum , including Maundy Thursday , commemorating the Maundy and Last Supper , as well as Good Friday , commemorating the crucifixion and death of Jesus . In Western Christianity , Eastertide , or the Easter Season , begins on Easter Sunday and lasts seven weeks , ending with the coming of the fiftieth day , Pentecost Sunday . In Eastern Christianity , the season of Pascha begins on Pascha and ends with the coming of the fortieth day , the Feast of the Ascension . Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts which do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars which follow only the cycle of the sun ; rather , its date is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar . The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies . It has come to be the first Sunday after the ecclesiastical full moon that occurs on or soonest after 21 March , but calculations vary . Easter is linked to the Jewish Passover by much of its symbolism , as well as by its position in the calendar . In most European languages the feast called Easter in English is termed by the words for passover in those languages and in the older English versions of the Bible the term Easter was the term used to translate passover . Easter customs vary across the Christian world , and include sunrise services , exclaiming the Paschal greeting , clipping the church , and decorating Easter eggs ( symbols of the empty tomb ) . The Easter lily , a symbol of the resurrection , traditionally decorates the chancel area of churches on this day and for the rest of Eastertide . Additional customs that have become associated with Easter and are observed by both Christians and some non-Christians include egg hunting , the Easter Bunny , and Easter parades . There are also various traditional Easter foods that vary regionally . Contents ( hide ) 1 Etymology 2 Theological significance 3 Early Christianity 4 Date 4.1 Computations 4.2 Controversies over the date 4.3 First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) 4.4 Reform of the date 4.5 Table of the dates of Easter 5 Position in the church year 5.1 Western Christianity 5.2 Eastern Christianity 6 Religious observance 6.1 Western Christianity 6.2 Eastern Christianity 7 Non-observing Christian groups 8 Easter celebrations around the world 8.1 Easter eggs 9 See also 10 Footnotes 11 References 12 External links Etymology Main article : Names of Easter The modern English term Easter , cognate with modern Dutch ooster and German Ostern , developed from an Old English word that usually appears in the form Ēastrun , - on , or - an ; but also as Ēastru , - o ; and Ēastre or Ēostre . The most widely accepted theory of the origin of the term is that it is derived from the name of an Old English goddess mentioned by the 7th to 8th - century English monk Bede , who wrote that Ēosturmōnaþ ( Old English ' Month of Ēostre ' , translated in Bede 's time as `` Paschal month '' ) was an English month , corresponding to April , which he says `` was once called after a goddess of theirs named Ēostre , in whose honour feasts were celebrated in that month '' . In Latin and Greek , the Christian celebration was , and still is , called Pascha ( Greek : Πάσχα ) , a word derived from Aramaic פסחא ( Paskha ) , cognate to Hebrew פֶּסַח ( Pesach ) . The word originally denoted the Jewish festival known in English as Passover , commemorating the Jewish Exodus from slavery in Egypt . As early as the 50s of the 1st century , Paul , writing from Ephesus to the Christians in Corinth , applied the term to Christ , and it is unlikely that the Ephesian and Corinthian Christians were the first to hear Exodus 12 interpreted as speaking about the death of Jesus , not just about the Jewish Passover ritual . In most of the non-English speaking world , the feast is known by names derived from Greek and Latin Pascha . Pascha is also a name by which Jesus himself is remembered in the Orthodox Church , especially in connection with his resurrection and with the season of its celebration . Theological significance One of the earliest known depictions of the crucifixion and resurrection of Jesus ( Rabbula Gospel illuminated manuscript , 6th century ) The New Testament states that the resurrection of Jesus , which Easter celebrates , is a foundation of the Christian faith . The resurrection established Jesus as the powerful Son of God and is cited as proof that God will judge the world in righteousness . For those who trust in Jesus ' death and resurrection , `` death is swallowed up in victory . '' Any person who chooses to follow Jesus receives `` a new birth into a living hope through the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead '' . Through faith in the working of God those who follow Jesus are spiritually resurrected with him so that they may walk in a new way of life and receive eternal salvation . Easter is linked to Passover and the Exodus from Egypt recorded in the Old Testament through the Last Supper , sufferings , and crucifixion of Jesus that preceded the resurrection . According to the New Testament , Jesus gave the Passover meal a new meaning , as in the upper room during the Last Supper he prepared himself and his disciples for his death . He identified the matzah and cup of wine as his body soon to be sacrificed and his blood soon to be shed . Paul states , `` Get rid of the old yeast that you may be a new batch without yeast -- as you really are . For Christ , our Passover lamb , has been sacrificed '' ; this refers to the Passover requirement to have no yeast in the house and to the allegory of Jesus as the Paschal lamb . One interpretation of the Gospel of John is that Jesus , as the Passover lamb , was crucified at roughly the same time as the Passover lambs were being slain in the temple , on the afternoon of Nisan 14 . The scriptural instructions specify that the lamb is to be slain `` between the two evenings '' , that is , at twilight . By the Roman period , however , the sacrifices were performed in the mid-afternoon . Josephus , Jewish War 6.10. 1 / 423 ( `` They sacrifice from the ninth to the eleventh hour '' ) . Philo , Special Laws 2.27 / 145 ( `` Many myriads of victims from noon till eventide are offered by the whole people '' ) . This interpretation , however , is inconsistent with the chronology in the Synoptic Gospels . It assumes that text literally translated `` the preparation of the passover '' in John 19 : 14 refers to Nisan 14 ( Preparation Day for the Passover ) and not necessarily to Yom Shishi ( Friday , Preparation Day for the Passover week Sabbath ) and that the priests ' desire to be ritually pure in order to `` eat the passover '' refers to eating the Passover lamb , not to the public offerings made during the days of Unleavened Bread . Early Christianity The Last Supper celebrated by Jesus and his disciples . The early Christians , too , would have celebrated this meal to commemorate Jesus ' death and subsequent resurrection . The first Christians , Jewish and Gentile , were certainly aware of the Hebrew calendar . Jewish Christians , the first to celebrate the resurrection of Jesus , timed the observance in relation to Passover . Direct evidence for a more fully formed Christian festival of Pascha ( Easter ) begins to appear in the mid-2nd century . Perhaps the earliest extant primary source referring to Easter is a mid-2nd - century Paschal homily attributed to Melito of Sardis , which characterizes the celebration as a well - established one . Evidence for another kind of annual Christian festival , the commemoration of martyrs , begins to appear at about the same time as evidence for the celebration of Easter . While martyrs ' days ( usually the individual dates of martyrdom ) were celebrated on fixed dates in the local solar calendar , the date of Easter was fixed by means of the local Jewish lunisolar calendar . This is consistent with the celebration of Easter having entered Christianity during its earliest , Jewish , period , but does not leave the question free of doubt . The ecclesiastical historian Socrates Scholasticus attributes the observance of Easter by the church to the perpetuation of its custom , `` just as many other customs have been established '' , stating that neither Jesus nor his Apostles enjoined the keeping of this or any other festival . Although he describes the details of the Easter celebration as deriving from local custom , he insists the feast itself is universally observed . Date A stained - glass window depicting the Passover Lamb , a concept integral to the foundation of Easter Easter and the holidays that are related to it are moveable feasts , in that they do not fall on a fixed date in the Gregorian or Julian calendars ( both of which follow the cycle of the sun and the seasons ) . Instead , the date for Easter is determined on a lunisolar calendar similar to the Hebrew calendar . The First Council of Nicaea ( 325 ) established two rules , independence of the Jewish calendar and worldwide uniformity , which were the only rules for Easter explicitly laid down by the Council . No details for the computation were specified ; these were worked out in practice , a process that took centuries and generated a number of controversies . ( See also Computus and Reform of the date of Easter . ) In particular , the Council did not decree that Easter must fall on Sunday . This was already the practice almost everywhere . In Western Christianity , using the Gregorian calendar , Easter always falls on a Sunday between 22 March and 25 April inclusive , within about seven days after the astronomical full moon . The following day , Easter Monday , is a legal holiday in many countries with predominantly Christian traditions . Eastern Christianity bases its calculations on the Julian Calendar . Because of the 13 - day difference between the calendars between 1900 and 2099 , 21 March corresponds , during the 21st century , to 3 April in the Gregorian Calendar . Easter therefore varies between 4 April and 8 May in the Gregorian calendar ( the Julian calendar is no longer used as the civil calendar of the countries where Eastern Christian traditions predominate ) . Also , because the Julian `` full moon '' is always several days after the astronomical full moon , the eastern Easter is often later , relative to the visible moon 's phases , than western Easter . Among the Oriental Orthodox some churches have changed from the Julian to the Gregorian calendar and the date for Easter as for other fixed and moveable feasts is the same as in the Western church . Computations Main article : Computus In 725 , Bede succinctly wrote , `` The Sunday following the full Moon which falls on or after the equinox will give the lawful Easter . '' However , this does not precisely reflect the ecclesiastical rules . The full moon referred to ( called the Paschal full moon ) is not an astronomical full moon , but the 14th day of a lunar month . Another difference is that the astronomical equinox is a natural astronomical phenomenon , which can fall on 19 , 20 or 21 March , while the ecclesiastical date is fixed by convention on 21 March . In applying the ecclesiastical rules , Christian churches use 21 March as the starting point in determining the date of Easter , from which they find the next full moon , etc . The Eastern Orthodox and Oriental Orthodox Churches continue to use the Julian calendar . Their starting point in determining the date of Orthodox Easter is also 21 March but according to the Julian reckoning , which in the current century corresponds to 3 April in the Gregorian calendar . In addition , the lunar tables of the Julian calendar are four days ( sometimes five days ) behind those of the Gregorian calendar . The 14th day of the lunar month according to the Gregorian system is figured as the ninth or tenth day according to the Julian . The result of this combination of solar and lunar discrepancies is divergence in the date of Easter in most years ( see table ) . Easter is determined on the basis of lunisolar cycles . The lunar year consists of 30 - day and 29 - day lunar months , generally alternating , with an embolismic month added periodically to bring the lunar cycle into line with the solar cycle . In each solar year ( 1 January to 31 December inclusive ) , the lunar month beginning with an ecclesiastical new moon falling in the 29 - day period from 8 March to 5 April inclusive is designated as the paschal lunar month for that year . Easter is the third Sunday in the paschal lunar month , or , in other words , the Sunday after the paschal lunar month 's 14th day . The 14th of the paschal lunar month is designated by convention as the Paschal full moon , although the 14th of the lunar month may differ from the date of the astronomical full moon by up to two days . Since the ecclesiastical new moon falls on a date from 8 March to 5 April inclusive , the paschal full moon ( the 14th of that lunar month ) must fall on a date from 21 March to 18 April inclusive . The Gregorian calculation of Easter was based on a method devised by the Calabrian doctor Aloysius Lilius ( or Lilio ) for adjusting the epacts of the moon , and has been adopted by almost all Western Christians and by Western countries which celebrate national holidays at Easter . For the British Empire and colonies , a determination of the date of Easter Sunday using Golden Numbers and Sunday letters was defined by the Calendar ( New Style ) Act 1750 with its Annexe . This was designed to match exactly the Gregorian calculation . Controversies over the date Main article : Easter controversy A five - part Russian Orthodox icon depicting the Easter story . Eastern Orthodox Christians use a different computation for the date of Easter than the Western churches . The precise date of Easter has at times been a matter of contention . By the later 2nd century , it was widely accepted that the celebration of the holiday was a practice of the disciples and an undisputed tradition . The Quartodeciman controversy , the first of several Easter controversies , arose concerning the date on which the holiday should be celebrated . The term `` Quartodeciman '' refers to the practice of celebrating Easter on Nisan 14 of the Hebrew calendar , `` the LORD 's passover '' ( Leviticus 23 : 5 ) . According to the church historian Eusebius , the Quartodeciman Polycarp ( bishop of Smyrna , by tradition a disciple of John the Apostle ) debated the question with Anicetus ( bishop of Rome ) . The Roman province of Asia was Quartodeciman , while the Roman and Alexandrian churches continued the fast until the Sunday following ( the Sunday of Unleavened Bread ) , wishing to associate Easter with Sunday . Neither Polycarp nor Anicetus persuaded the other , but they did not consider the matter schismatic either , parting in peace and leaving the question unsettled . Controversy arose when Victor , bishop of Rome a generation after Anicetus , attempted to excommunicate Polycrates of Ephesus and all other bishops of Asia for their Quartodecimanism . According to Eusebius , a number of synods were convened to deal with the controversy , which he regarded as all ruling in support of Easter on Sunday . Polycrates ( circa 190 ) , however , wrote to Victor defending the antiquity of Asian Quartodecimanism . Victor 's attempted excommunication was apparently rescinded , and the two sides reconciled upon the intervention of bishop Irenaeus and others , who reminded Victor of the tolerant precedent of Anicetus . Quartodecimanism seems to have lingered into the 4th century , when Socrates of Constantinople recorded that some Quartodecimans were deprived of their churches by John Chrysostom and that some were harassed by Nestorius . It is not known how long the Nisan 14 practice continued . But both those who followed the Nisan 14 custom , and those who set Easter to the following Sunday had in common the custom of consulting their Jewish neighbors to learn when the month of Nisan would fall , and setting their festival accordingly . By the later 3rd century , however , some Christians began to express dissatisfaction with the custom of relying on the Jewish community to determine the date of Easter . The chief complaint was that the Jewish communities sometimes erred in setting Passover to fall before the Northern Hemisphere spring equinox . The Sardica paschal table confirms these complaints , for it indicates that the Jews of some eastern Mediterranean city ( possibly Antioch ) fixed Nisan 14 on dates well before the spring equinox on multiple occasions . Because of this dissatisfaction with reliance on the Jewish calendar , some Christians began to experiment with independent computations . Others , however , believed that the customary practice of consulting Jews should continue , even if the Jewish computations were in error . First Council of Nicaea ( 325 AD ) Main article : First Council of Nicaea This controversy between those who advocated independent computations , and those who wished to continue the custom of relying on the Jewish calendar , was formally resolved by the First Council of Nicaea in 325 , which endorsed changing to an independent computation by the Christian community in order to celebrate in common . This effectively required the abandonment of the old custom of consulting the Jewish community in those places where it was still used . Epiphanius of Salamis wrote in the mid-4th century : the emperor ... convened a council of 318 bishops ... in the city of Nicea ... They passed certain ecclesiastical canons at the council besides , and at the same time decreed in regard to the Passover that there must be one unanimous concord on the celebration of God 's holy and supremely excellent day . For it was variously observed by people That the older custom ( called `` protopaschite '' by historians ) did not at once die out , but persisted for a time , is indicated by the existence of canons and sermons against it . Dionysius Exiguus , and others following him , maintained that the 318 Bishops assembled at the Nicene Council had specified a particular method of determining the date of Easter ; subsequent scholarship has refuted this tradition . In any case , in the years following the council , the computational system that was worked out by the church of Alexandria came to be normative . It took a while for the Alexandrian rules to be adopted throughout Christian Europe , however . The 8 - year cycle originally employed was replaced by ( or by the time of ) Augustalis 's treatise on the measurement of Easter , after which Rome used his 84 - year lunisolar calendar cycle until 457 . It then switched to an adaptation by Victorius of the Alexandrian rules . Because this Victorian cycle differed from the Alexandrian cycle in the dates of some of the Paschal Full Moons , and because it tried to respect the Roman custom of fixing Easter to the Sunday in the week of the 16th to the 22nd of the lunar month ( rather than the 15th to the 21st as at Alexandria ) , by providing alternative `` Latin '' and `` Greek '' dates in some years , occasional differences in the date of Easter as fixed by Alexandrian rules continued . The Alexandrian rules were adopted in the West following the tables of Dionysius Exiguus in 525 . From this time , therefore , all discrepancies between Alexandria and Rome as to the correct date for Easter cease , as both churches were using identical tables . Early Christians in Britain and Ireland also used an 84 - year cycle . From the 5th century onward this cycle set its equinox to 25 March and fixed Easter to the Sunday falling in the 14th to the 20th of the lunar month inclusive . This 84 - year cycle was replaced by the Alexandrian method in the course of the 7th and 8th centuries . Churches in western continental Europe used a late Roman method until the late 8th century during the reign of Charlemagne , when they finally adopted the Alexandrian method . Since 1582 , when the Catholic Church adopted the Gregorian calendar while the Eastern Orthodox and most Oriental Orthodox Churches retained the Julian calendar , the date on which Easter is celebrated has again differed . The Greek island of Syros , whose population is divided almost equally between Catholics and Orthodox , is one of the few places where the two Churches share a common date for Easter , with the Catholics accepting the Orthodox date -- a practice helping considerably in maintaining good relations between the two communities . Reform of the date See also : Reform of the date of Easter The congregation lighting their candles from the new flame , just as the priest has retrieved it from the altar -- note that the picture is flash - illuminated ; all electric lighting is off , and only the oil lamps in front of the Iconostasis remain lit . ( St. George Greek Orthodox Church , Adelaide ) . In the 20th century , some individuals and institutions have propounded a fixed date for Easter , the most prominent proposal being the Sunday after the second Saturday in April . Despite having some support , proposals to reform the date have not been implemented . An Orthodox congress of Eastern Orthodox bishops , which included representatives mostly from the Patriarch of Constantinople and the Serbian Patriarch , met in Constantinople in 1923 , where the bishops agreed to the Revised Julian calendar . The original form of this calendar would have determined Easter using precise astronomical calculations based on the meridian of Jerusalem . However , all the Eastern Orthodox countries that subsequently adopted the Revised Julian calendar adopted only that part of the revised calendar that applied to festivals falling on fixed dates in the Julian calendar . The revised Easter computation that had been part of the original 1923 agreement was never permanently implemented in any Orthodox diocese . In the United Kingdom , the Easter Act 1928 set out legislation to allow the date of Easter to be fixed as the first Sunday after the second Saturday in April ( or , in other words , the Sunday in the period from 9 to 15 April ) . However , the legislation has not been implemented , although it remains on the Statute book and could be implemented subject to approval by the various Christian churches . At a summit in Aleppo , Syria , in 1997 , the World Council of Churches ( WCC ) proposed a reform in the calculation of Easter which would have replaced the present divergent practices of calculating Easter with modern scientific knowledge taking into account actual astronomical instances of the spring equinox and full moon based on the meridian of Jerusalem , while also following the Council of Nicea position of Easter being on the Sunday following the full moon . The recommended World Council of Churches changes would have sidestepped the calendar issues and eliminated the difference in date between the Eastern and Western churches . The reform was proposed for implementation starting in 2001 , but it was not ultimately adopted by any member body . In January 2016 , Christian churches again considered the idea of a fixed and unified date of Easter , probably either the second or third Sunday in April . Table of the dates of Easter See also : Western vs Eastern dates , in a wider timeframe ( 1998 - 2038 ) The WCC presented comparative data of the relationships : Table of dates of Easter 2001 -- 2025 ( in Gregorian dates ) Year Full Moon Jewish Passover Astronomical Easter Gregorian Easter Julian Easter <Td_colspan="2"> 8 April <Td_colspan="3"> 15 April 2002 <Td_colspan="2"> 28 March <Td_colspan="2"> 31 March 5 May 2003 16 April 17 April <Td_colspan="2"> 20 April 27 April 5 April 6 April <Td_colspan="3"> 11 April 2005 25 March 24 April <Td_colspan="2"> 27 March 1 May 2006 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 April <Td_colspan="2"> 16 April 23 April 2007 2 April 3 April <Td_colspan="3"> 8 April 2008 21 March 20 April <Td_colspan="2"> 23 March 27 April 2009 <Td_colspan="2"> 9 April <Td_colspan="2"> 12 April 19 April <Td_colspan="2"> 30 March <Td_colspan="3"> 4 April 2011 18 April 19 April <Td_colspan="3"> 24 April 2012 6 April 7 April <Td_colspan="2"> 8 April 15 April 2013 27 March 26 March <Td_colspan="2"> 31 March 5 May 2014 <Td_colspan="2"> 15 April <Td_colspan="3"> 20 April 2015 <Td_colspan="2"> 4 April <Td_colspan="2"> 5 April 12 April 2016 23 March 23 April <Td_colspan="2"> 27 March 1 May 2017 <Td_colspan="2"> 11 April <Td_colspan="3"> 16 April 2018 <Td_colspan="2"> 31 March <Td_colspan="2"> 1 April 8 April 2019 21 March 20 April 24 March 21 April 28 April 2020 8 April 9 April <Td_colspan="2"> 12 April 19 April 2021 <Td_colspan="2"> 28 March <Td_colspan="2"> 4 April 2 May 2022 <Td_colspan="2"> 16 April <Td_colspan="2"> 17 April 24 April 2023 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 April <Td_colspan="2"> 9 April 16 April 2024 25 March 23 April <Td_colspan="2"> 31 March 5 May 2025 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 April <Td_colspan="3"> 20 April Notes : 1 . Astronomical Easter is the first Sunday after the Astronomical full moon . In the Eastern reckoning , that full moon is derived from the Metonic cycle while in the West it is referred to the meridian of Jerusalem . 2 . Passover commences at sunset preceding the date indicated ( as does Easter in many traditions ) . Position in the Church year Further information : Liturgical year Liturgical year Western Advent Christmastide Epiphanytide Ordinary Time Pre-Lent / Shrovetide Lent Holy Week Paschal Triduum Eastertide Pentecost Ordinary Time / Kingdomtide Eastern Nativity Fast Christmastide Ordinary Time Pre-Great Lent Great Lent Eastertide Apostles ' Fast Ordinary Time East Syriac Rite Weeks of Annunciation Weeks of Epiphany Weeks of Great Fast Weeks of Resurrection Slihe or Weeks of Apostles Qaita or Weeks of Summer Eliya - Sliba - Muse or Weeks of Eliyah , Cross and Muse Qudas Edta or Weeks of Dedication of Church Western Christianity In Western Christianity , Easter is preceded by Lent , a period of fasting and penitence in preparation for Easter , which begins on Ash Wednesday and lasts forty days ( not counting Sundays ) . The week before Easter , known as Holy Week , is very special in the Christian tradition . The Sunday before Easter is Palm Sunday , with the Wednesday before Easter being known as Spy Wednesday . The last three days before Easter are Maundy Thursday , Good Friday and Holy Saturday ( sometimes referred to as Silent Saturday ) . Palm Sunday , Maundy Thursday and Good Friday respectively commemorate Jesus ' entry in Jerusalem , the Last Supper and the Crucifixion . Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday are sometimes referred to as the Easter Triduum ( Latin for `` Three Days '' ) . Many churches begin celebrating Easter late in the evening of Holy Saturday at a service called the Easter Vigil . The week beginning with Easter Sunday is called Easter Week or the Octave of Easter , and each day is prefaced with `` Easter '' , e.g. Easter Monday ( a public holiday in many countries ) , Easter Tuesday ( a much less widespread public holiday ) , etc . Easter Saturday is therefore the Saturday after Easter Sunday . The day before Easter is properly called Holy Saturday . Eastertide , or Paschaltide , the season of Easter , begins on Easter Sunday and lasts until the day of Pentecost , seven weeks later . Eastern Christianity In Eastern Christianity , the spiritual preparation for Easter begins with Great Lent , which starts on Clean Monday and lasts for 40 continuous days ( including Sundays ) . The last week of Great Lent ( following the fifth Sunday of Great Lent ) is called Palm Week , and ends with Lazarus Saturday . The Vespers which begins Lazarus Saturday officially brings Great Lent to a close , although the fast continues through the following week . After Lazarus Saturday comes Palm Sunday , Holy Week , and finally Easter itself , and the fast is broken immediately after the Paschal Divine Liturgy . The Paschal Vigil begins with the Midnight Office , which is the last service of the Lenten Triodion and is timed so that it ends a little before midnight on Holy Saturday night . At the stroke of midnight the Paschal celebration itself begins , consisting of Paschal Matins , Paschal Hours , and Paschal Divine Liturgy . Placing the Paschal Divine Liturgy at midnight guarantees that no Divine Liturgy will come earlier in the morning , ensuring its place as the pre-eminent `` Feast of Feasts '' in the liturgical year . The liturgical season from Easter to the Sunday of All Saints ( the Sunday after Pentecost ) is known as the Pentecostarion ( the `` fifty days '' ) . The week which begins on Easter Sunday is called Bright Week , during which there is no fasting , even on Wednesday and Friday . The Afterfeast of Easter lasts 39 days , with its Apodosis ( leave - taking ) on the day before Ascension . Pentecost Sunday is the fiftieth day from Easter ( counted inclusively ) . Religious observance Depiction of The Resurrection of Jesus Christ , by Piero della Francesca . Western Christianity This section does not cite any sources . Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( April 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Easter festival is kept in many different ways among Western Christians . The traditional , liturgical observation of Easter , as practised among Roman Catholics , Lutherans , and some Anglicans begins on the night of Holy Saturday with the Easter Vigil . This , the most important liturgy of the year , begins in total darkness with the blessing of the Easter fire , the lighting of the large Paschal candle ( symbolic of the Risen Christ ) and the chanting of the Exultet or Easter Proclamation attributed to Saint Ambrose of Milan . Epistle reading , I Corinthians 5 : 7 -- 8 ( in Latin ) , for the Solemn Mass of Easter Day After this service of light , a number of readings from the Old Testament are read . These tell the stories of creation , the sacrifice of Isaac , the crossing of the Red Sea , and the foretold coming of the Messiah . This part of the service climaxes with the singing of the Gloria and the Alleluia and the proclamation of the Gospel of the resurrection . At this time , the lights are brought up and the church bells are rung , according to local custom . A sermon may be preached after the gospel . The focus then moves from the lectern to the font . Anciently , Easter was considered the ideal time for converts to receive baptism , and this practice continues within Roman Catholicism and the Anglican Communion . Whether there are baptisms at this point or not , it is traditional for the congregation to renew the vows of their baptismal faith . This act is often sealed by the sprinkling of the congregation with holy water from the font . The Catholic sacrament of Confirmation is also celebrated at the Vigil . The Easter Vigil concludes with the celebration of the Eucharist ( known in some traditions as Holy Communion ) . Certain variations in the Easter Vigil exist : Some churches read the Old Testament lessons before the procession of the Paschal candle , and then read the gospel immediately after the Exsultet . Eastern Christianity Icon of the Resurrection by an unknown 17th - century Bulgarian artist Easter is the fundamental and most important festival of the Eastern and Oriental Orthodox Churches : This is the Expected and Holy Day , the One among the Sabbaths , the Sovereign and Lady of days , Feast of feasts , Celebration of celebrations , on which we praise Christ for all eternity ! Boris Kustodiev 's Pascha Greetings ( 1912 ) shows traditional Russian khristosovanie ( exchanging a triple kiss ) , with such foods as red eggs , kulich and paskha in the background . Every other religious festival in their calendar , including Christmas , is secondary in importance to the celebration of the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . This is reflected in rich Paschal customs in the cultures of countries that have traditionally had an Orthodox Christian majority . Eastern Catholics have similar emphasis in their calendars , and many of their liturgical customs are very similar . This is not to say that Christmas and other elements of the Christian liturgical calendar are ignored . Instead , these events are all seen as necessary but preliminary to , and illuminated by , the full climax of the Resurrection , in which all that has come before reaches fulfillment and fruition . They shine only in the light of the Resurrection . Easter is the primary act that fulfills the purpose of Christ 's ministry on earth -- to defeat death by dying and to purify and exalt humanity by voluntarily assuming and overcoming human frailty . This is succinctly summarized by the Paschal troparion , sung repeatedly for forty days , through the Apodosis of Easter , which is the day before Ascension : Χριστὸς ἀνέστη ἐκ νεκρῶν , θανάτῳ θάνατον πατήσας , καὶ τοῖς ἐν τοῖς μνήμασι ζωὴν χαρισάμενος . Christ is risen from the dead , Trampling down death by death , And upon those in the tombs Bestowing life ! Preparation for Easter begins with the season of Great Lent . In addition to fasting , almsgiving , and prayer , Orthodox Christians cut down on all entertainment and non-essential worldly activities , gradually eliminating them until Great and Holy Friday , the most austere day of the year . On the evening of Great and Holy Saturday , the Midnight Office commences an hour or two before midnight ( see paschal vigil ) . Religious Procession in Kursk Province , a controversial painting by Ilya Repin ( 1880 -- 83 ) , depicting a Bright Week outdoor procession . At its completion all light in the church building is extinguished , and all wait in darkness and silence for the stroke of midnight . Then , a new flame is struck in the altar , or the priest lights his candle from the perpetual lamp kept burning there , and he then lights candles held by deacons or other assistants , who then go to light candles held by the congregation ( this practice has its origin in the reception of the Holy Fire at the Church of the Holy Sepulchre in Jerusalem ) . Then the priest and congregation go in a procession around the temple , holding lit candles , chanting : By Thy Resurrection O Christ our savior , the angels in Heaven sing , enable us who are on Earth , to glorify thee in purity of heart . This procession reenacts the journey of the Myrrhbearers to the Tomb of Jesus `` very early in the morning '' . After circling around the temple once or three times , the procession halts in front of the closed doors . In the Greek practice the priest reads a selection from the Gospel Book . Then , in all traditions , the priest makes the sign of the cross with the censer in front of the closed doors ( which represent the sealed tomb ) . Traditional Paschal Outdoor Procession during Bright Week by Russian Orthodox Old - Rite Church . He and the people chant the Paschal Troparion , and all of the bells and semantra are sounded . Then all re-enter the temple and paschal matins begins immediately , followed by the paschal hours and then the paschal divine liturgy . The Paschal Homily of St. John Chrysostom is read at matins . After the dismissal of the liturgy , the priest may bless paschal eggs and baskets brought by the faithful containing those foods which have been forbidden during the Great Fast . Immediately after the Liturgy it is customary for the congregation to share a meal , essentially an agápē dinner ( albeit at 2 : 00 am or later ) . In Greece the traditional meal is mageiritsa , a hearty stew of chopped lamb liver and wild greens seasoned with egg - and - lemon sauce . Traditionally , easter eggs , hard - boiled eggs dyed bright red to symbolize the spilt Blood of Christ and the promise of eternal life , are cracked together to celebrate the opening of the Tomb of Christ . The next morning , Easter Sunday proper , there is no Divine Liturgy , since the liturgy for that day has already been celebrated . Instead , in the afternoon `` Agápē Vespers '' is sung . In this service , it has become customary during the last few centuries for the priest and members of the congregation to read a portion of the Gospel of John in as many languages as they can manage , to show the universality of the Resurrection . For the remainder of the week , known as `` Bright Week '' , fasting ( other than before holy communion is suppressed , and the customary Paschal greeting is : `` Christ is risen ! '' , to which the response is : `` Truly he is risen ! '' This may also be done in many different languages . The services during Bright Week are nearly identical to those on Easter itself , except that they do not take place at midnight , but at their normal times during the day . The outdoor procession during Bright Week takes place either after paschal matins or the paschal divine liturgy . Non-observing Christian groups Nonconformist Protestant Christians prefer to use a simple Christian cross , rather than a crucifix , to emphasize the Resurrection . Along with the celebration of Christmas and Advent , many Lenten and Easter traditions were altered or even abandoned altogether by various offshoots of the Protestant Reformation , as they were deemed `` pagan '' or `` Popish '' ( and therefore tainted ) by many of the Reformation 's Puritan movements . However , some of the major Reformation Churches and movements ( Lutheran , Methodist and Anglican for example ) , chose to retain a large proportion of the observances of the established Church Year along with many of its associated traditions . In Lutheran Churches , for example , not only were the days of Holy Week observed , but also Christmas , Easter and Pentecost were observed with three - day festivals ( the day itself and the two following ) . Other Protestant groups took a different attitude , with most Anabaptists , Quakers , Congregationalists and Presbyterian Puritans regarding such festivals as an abomination . The Puritan rejection of Easter traditions was ( and is ) based partly upon their interpretation of 2 Corinthians 6 : 14 -- 16 and partly upon a more general belief that , if a religious practice or celebration is not actually written in the Christian Bible , then that practice / celebration must be a later development and can not be considered an authentic part of Christian practice or belief -- so at best simply unnecessary , at worst actually sinful . Groups such as the Restored Church of God reject the celebration of Easter , seeing it as originating in a pagan spring festival taken over by the `` Roman '' Catholic Church . Jehovah 's Witnesses maintain a similar view , observing a yearly commemorative service of the Last Supper and the subsequent execution of Christ on the evening of Nisan 14 ( as they calculate the dates derived from the lunar Hebrew Calendar ) . It is commonly referred to by many Witnesses as simply `` The Memorial '' . Jehovah 's Witnesses believe that such verses as Luke 22 : 19 -- 20 and 1 Corinthians 11 : 26 constitute a commandment to remember the death of Christ though not the resurrection , and they do so on a yearly basis just as Passover is celebrated annually by the Jews . Members of the Religious Society of Friends ( Quakers ) , as part of their historic testimony against times and seasons , do not celebrate or observe Easter or any other Christian holidays , believing instead that `` every day is the Lord 's day '' , and that elevation of one day above others suggests that it is acceptable to do un-Christian acts on other days . During the 17th and 18th centuries , Quakers were persecuted for this non-observance of Holy Days . Some Christian groups feel that Easter is something to be regarded with great joy : not marking the day itself , but remembering and rejoicing in the event it commemorates -- the miracle of Christ 's resurrection . In this spirit , these Christians teach that each day and all Sabbaths should be kept holy , in Christ 's teachings . Hebrew - Christian , Sacred Name , and Armstrong movement churches ( such as the Living Church of God ) usually reject Easter in favor of Nisan 14 observance and celebration of the Christian Passover . This is especially true of Christian groups that celebrate the New Moons or annual High Sabbaths in addition to seventh - day Sabbath . They support this textually with reference to the letter to the Colossians : `` Let no one ... pass judgment on you in matters of food and drink or with regard to a festival or new moon or sabbath . These are shadows of things to come ; the reality belongs to Christ . '' ( Col. 2 : 16 -- 17 , NAB ) Easter celebrations around the world Main article : Easter customs An Easter postcard depicting the Easter Bunny In countries where Christianity is a state religion , or where the country has large Christian population , Easter is often a public holiday . As Easter is always a Sunday , many countries in the world also have Easter Monday as a public holiday . Some retail stores , shopping malls , and restaurants are closed on Easter Sunday . Good Friday , which occurs two days before Easter Sunday , is also a public holiday in many countries , as well as in 12 U.S. states . Even in states where Good Friday is not a holiday , many financial institutions , stock markets , and public schools are closed . Few banks that are normally open on regular Sundays are closed on Easter . In the Nordic countries Good Friday , Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are public holidays , and Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays . In Denmark , Iceland and Norway Maundy Thursday is also a public holiday . It is a holiday for most workers except some shopping malls which keep open for a half - day . Many businesses give their employees almost a week off , called Easter break . Schools are closed between Palm Sunday and Easter Monday . According to a 2014 poll , 6 of 10 Norwegians travel during Easter , often to a countryside cottage ; 3 of 10 said their typical Easter included skiing . In the Netherlands both Easter Sunday and Easter Monday are national holidays . Like first and second Christmas Day , they are both considered Sundays , which results in a first and a second Easter Sunday , after which the week continues to a Tuesday . Even though Good Friday is an official national holiday , it is not a mandatory day off for commercial companies . In Commonwealth nations Easter Day is rarely a public holiday , as is the case for celebrations which fall on a Sunday . In the United Kingdom both Good Friday and Easter Monday are bank holidays . However , in Canada Easter Sunday is a public holiday , along with Easter Monday . In the Canadian province of Quebec , either Good Friday or Easter Monday are statutory holidays ( although most companies give both ) . In some countries Good Friday is a public holiday as well . In Australia , because of its location in the southern hemisphere , Easter takes place in autumn . Hence , Australian Easter is associated with harvest time , rather than with the coming of spring as in the northern hemisphere . The religious aspect of Easter remains the same . Good Friday and Easter Monday are public holidays across all states and territories . `` Easter Saturday '' ( the Saturday before Easter Sunday ) is a public holiday in every state except Tasmania and Western Australia , while Easter Sunday itself is a public holiday only in New South Wales . Easter Tuesday is additionally a conditional public holiday in Tasmania , varying between award , and was also a public holiday in Victoria until 1994 . In the United States , because Easter falls on a Sunday , which is already a non-working day for federal and state employees , it has not been designated as a federal or state holiday . Easter parades are held in many American cities , involving festive strolling processions , with the New York City parade being the best known . Easter eggs are a popular cultural symbol of Easter . Easter eggs Main article : Easter egg The egg is an ancient symbol of new life and rebirth . In Christianity it became associated with Jesus ' crucifixion and resurrection . The custom of the Easter egg originated in the early Christian community of Mesopotamia , who stained eggs red in memory of the blood of Christ , shed at his crucifixion . As such , for Christians , the Easter egg is a symbol of the empty tomb . The oldest tradition is to use dyed chicken eggs , but a modern custom is to substitute decorated chocolate , or plastic eggs filled with candy such as jellybeans . The Easter Bunny is a popular legendary anthropomorphic Easter gift - giving character analogous to Santa Claus in American culture . Many Americans follow the tradition of coloring hard - boiled eggs and giving baskets of candy . On Easter Monday , the President of the United States holds an annual Easter egg roll on the White House lawn for young children . Since the rabbit is a pest in Australia , the Easter Bilby is available as an alternative . Easter eggs are a widely popular symbol of new life in Poland and other Slavic countries ' folk traditions . A batik - like decorating process known as pisanka produces intricate , brilliantly - colored eggs . The celebrated House of Fabergé workshops created exquisite jewelled Easter eggs for the Russian Imperial family from 1885 to 1916 . See also Christianity portal Holidays portal Divine Mercy Sunday Life of Jesus in the New Testament List of Easter hymns Movable Eastern Christian Observances Regina Coeli Greek words ( wiktionary ) : Πάσχα ( Easter ) vs πάσχα ( Passover ) vs πάσχω ( to suffer ) . Footnotes Jump up ^ Traditional names for the feast in English are `` Easter Day '' , as in the Book of Common Prayer , `` Easter Sunday '' , used by James Ussher ( The Whole Works of the Most Rev. James Ussher , Volume 4 ) and Samuel Pepys ( The Diary of Samuel Pepys , Volume 2 ) and plain `` Easter '' , as in books printed in 1575 , 1584 , 1586 Jump up ^ In the Eastern Orthodox Church , the Greek word Pascha is used for the celebration ; in English , the analogous word is Pasch . Jump up ^ Old English pronunciation : ( ˈæːɑstre , ˈeːostre ) Jump up ^ Acts 2 : 1 ; 12 : 3 ; 20 : 6 ; 27 : 9 , 1 Cor 16 : 8 Jump up ^ Eusebius reports that Dionysius , Bishop of Alexandria , proposed an 8 - year Easter cycle , and quotes a letter from Anatolius , Bishop of Laodicea , that refers to a 19 - year cycle . An 8 - year cycle has been found inscribed on a statue unearthed in Rome in the 17th century , and since dated to the 3rd century . References Jump up ^ Ferguson , Everett ( 2009 ) . Baptism in the Early Church : History , Theology , and Liturgy in the First Five Centuries . Wm . B. Eerdmans Publishing . p. 351 . ISBN 9780802827487 . Retrieved 23 April 2014 . The practices are usually interpreted in terms of baptism at the pasch ( Easter ) , for which compare Tertullian , but the text does not specify this season , only that it was done on Sunday , and the instructions may apply to whenever the baptism was to be performed . ^ Jump up to : Norman Davies ( 20 January 1998 ) . Europe : A History . HarperCollins . ISBN 9780060974688 . In most European languages Easter is called by some variant of the late Latin word Pascha , which in turn derives from the Hebrew pesach , passover . Jump up ^ Gamman , Andrew ; Bindon , Caroline ( 11 February 2014 ) . Stations for Lent and Easter . Kereru Publishing Limited . p. 7 . ISBN 9780473276812 . Easter Day , also known as Resurrection Sunday , marks the high point of the Christian year . It is the day that we celebrate the resurrection of Jesus Christ from the dead . Jump up ^ Boda , Mark J. ; Smith , Gordon T. ( 2006 ) . Repentance in Christian Theology . Liturgical Press . p. 316 . ISBN 9780814651759 . Retrieved 19 April 2014 . Orthodox , Catholic , and all Reformed churches in the Middle East celebrate Easter according to the Eastern calendar , calling this holy day `` Resurrection Sunday , '' not Easter . Jump up ^ Bernard Trawicky , Ruth Wilhelme Gregory ( 2000 ) . Anniversaries and Holidays . American Library Association . ISBN 9780838906958 . Easter is the central celebration of the Christian liturgical year . It is the oldest and most important Christian feast , celebrating the Resurrection of Jesus Christ . The date of Easter determines the dates of all movable feasts except those of Advent . Jump up ^ Aveni , Anthony ( 2004 ) . `` The Easter / Passover Season : Connecting Time 's Broken Circle '' , The Book of the Year : A Brief History of Our Seasonal Holidays . Oxford University Press . pp. 64 -- 78 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 517154 - 3 . Jump up ^ Peter C. Bower ( 1 January 2003 ) . The Companion to the Book of Common Worship . Geneva Press . ISBN 9780664502324 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Maundy Thursday ( or le mandé ; Thursday of the Mandatum , Latin , commandment ) . The name is taken from the first few words sung at the ceremony of the washing of the feet , `` I give you a new commandment '' ( John 13 : 34 ) ; also from the commandment of Christ that we should imitate His loving humility in the washing of the feet ( John 13 : 14 -- 17 ) . The term mandatum ( maundy ) , therefore , was applied to the rite of foot - washing on this day . Jump up ^ Gail Ramshaw ( 2004 ) . Three Day Feast : Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Easter . Augsburg Books . ISBN 9781451408164 . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . In the liturgies of the Three Days , the service for Maundy Thursday includes both , telling the story of Jesus ' last supper and enacting the footwashing . Jump up ^ Leonard Stuart ( 1909 ) . New century reference library of the world 's most important knowledge : complete , thorough , practical , Volume 3 . Syndicate Pub. Co . Retrieved 11 April 2009 . Holy Week , or Passion Week , the week which immediately precedes Easter , and is devoted especially to commemorating the passion of our Lord . The Days more especially solemnized during it are Holy Wednesday , Maundy Thursday , Good Friday , and Holy Saturday . Jump up ^ `` Frequently asked questions about the date of Easter '' . Jump up ^ Weiser , Francis X . ( 1958 ) . Handbook of Christian Feasts and Customs . New York : Harcourt , Brace and Company . p. 214 . ISBN 0 - 15 - 138435 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` clipping the church '' . Oxford Reference . Oxford University Press . doi : 10.1093 / acref / 9780198607663.001. 0001 . Retrieved 30 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Anne Jordan ( 5 April 2000 ) . Christianity . Nelson Thornes . ISBN 9780748753208 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Easter eggs are used as a Christian symbol to represent the empty tomb . The outside of the egg looks dead but inside there is new life , which is going to break out . The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus will rise from His tomb and bring new life . Eastern Orthodox Christians dye boiled eggs red to represent the blood of Christ shed for the sins of the world . ^ Jump up to : The Guardian , Volume 29 . H. Harbaugh. 1878 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Just so , on that first Easter morning , Jesus came to life and walked out of the tomb , and left it , as it were , an empty shell . Just so , too , when the Christian dies , the body is left in the grave , an empty shell , but the soul takes wings and flies away to be with God . Thus you see that though an egg seems to be as dead as a sone , yet it really has life in it ; and also it is like Christ 's dead body , which was raised to life again . This is the reason we use eggs on Easter . ( In olden times they used to color the eggs red , so as to show the kind of death by which Christ died , - a bloody death . ) ^ Jump up to : Gordon Geddes , Jane Griffiths ( 22 January 2002 ) . Christian belief and practice . Heinemann . ISBN 9780435306915 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . Red eggs are given to Orthodox Christians after the Easter Liturgy . They crack their eggs against each other 's . The cracking of the eggs symbolizes a wish to break away from the bonds of sin and misery and enter the new life issuing from Christ 's resurrection . Jump up ^ Collins , Cynthia ( 19 April 2014 ) . `` Easter Lily Tradition and History '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 20 April 2014 . The Easter Lily is symbolic of the resurrection of Jesus Christ . Churches of all denominations , large and small , are filled with floral arrangements of these white flowers with their trumpet - like shape on Easter morning . Jump up ^ Schell , Stanley ( 1916 ) . Easter Celebrations . Werner & Company . p. 84 . We associate the lily with Easter , as pre-eminently the symbol of the Resurrection . Jump up ^ Luther League Review : 1936 -- 1937 . Luther League of America . 1936 . Jump up ^ Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ) . The Church Standard , Volume 74 . Church Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780819225757 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . In parts of Europe , the eggs were dyed red and were then cracked together when people exchanged Easter greetings . Many congregations today continue to have Easter egg hunts for the children after the services on Easter Day . Jump up ^ The Church Standard , Volume 74 . Walter N. Hering. 1897 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . When the custom was carrierd over into Christian practice the Easter eggs were usually sent to the priests to be blessed and sprinked with holy water . In later times the coloring and decorating of eggs was introduced , and in a royal roll of the time of Edward I. , which is preserved in the Tower of London , there is an entry of 18d . for 400 eggs , to be used for Easter gifts . Jump up ^ Brown , Eleanor Cooper ( 2010 ) . From Preparation to Passion . ISBN 9781609577650 . Retrieved 7 April 2012 . So what preparations do most Christians and non-Christians make ? Shopping for new clothing often signifies the belief that Spring has arrived , and it is a time of renewal . Preparations for the Easter Egg Hunts and the Easter Ham for the Sunday dinner are high on the list too . Jump up ^ Wallis , Faith ( 1999 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Liverpool University Press . p. 54 . ISBN 0853236933 . Jump up ^ `` History of Easter '' . The History Channel website . A&E Television Networks . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . p . XVIII . ISBN 9789042905702 . The second century equivalent of easter and the paschal Triduum was called by both Greek and Latin writers `` Pascha ( πάσχα ) '' , a Greek transliteration of the Aramaic form of the Hebrew פֶּסַח , the Passover feast of Ex. 12 . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peters Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 9789042905702 . For while it is from Ephesus that Paul writes , `` Christ our Pascha has been sacrificed for us , '' Ephesian Christians were not likely the first to hear that Ex 12 did not speak about the rituals of Pesach , but the death of Jesus of Nazareth . ^ Jump up to : Vicki K. Black ( 1 July 2004 ) . Welcome to the Church Year : An Introduction to the Seasons of the Episcopal Church . Church Publishing , Inc . ISBN 9780819219664 . Easter is still called by its older Greek name , Pascha , which means `` Passover '' , and it is this meaning as the Christian Passover - the celebration of Jesus ' triumph over death and entrance into resurrected life - that is the heart of Easter in the church . For the early church , Jesus Christ was the fulfillment of the Jewish Passover feast : through Jesus , we have been freed from slavery of sin and granted to the Promised Land of everlasting life . Jump up ^ Orthros of Holy Pascha , Stichera : `` Today the sacred Pascha is revealed to us . The new and holy Pascha , the mystical Pascha . The all - venerable Pascha . The Pascha which is Christ the Redeemer . The spotless Pascha . The great Pascha . The Pascha of the faithful . The Pascha which has opened unto us the gates of Paradise . The Pascha which sanctifies all faithful . '' Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 12 -- 20 Torrey , Reuben Archer ( 1897 ) . `` The Resurrection of Christ '' . Torrey 's New Topical Textbook . Retrieved 31 March 2013 . ( interprets primary source references in this section as applying to the Resurrection ) `` The Letter of Paul to the Corinthians '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 10 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Romans 1 : 4 Jump up ^ Acts 17 : 31 ^ Jump up to : `` Jesus Christ '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 11 March 2013 . Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 15 : 20 -- 26 , 1 Corinthians 15 : 54 -- 57 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 Jump up ^ Romans 6 : 1 -- 9 Jump up ^ 1 Peter 1 : 3 -- 4 Jump up ^ 1 Corinthians 5 : 7 Jump up ^ John 1 : 29 , Revelation 5 : 6 , 1 Peter 1 : 19 , 1 Peter 1 : 2 , and the associated notes and Passion Week table in Barker , Kenneth , ed. ( 2002 ) . Zondervan NIV Study Bible . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . p. 1520 . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5 . Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . pp. 32 , 56 . ISBN 9789042905702 . Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 6 Jump up ^ Exodus 12 : 18 , John 13 : 2 , John 18 : 28 , John 19 : 14 . Barker , Kenneth , ed. ( 2002 ) . Zondervan NIV Study Bible . Grand Rapids : Zondervan . ISBN 0 - 310 - 92955 - 5 . Jump up ^ John 18 : 28 Jump up ^ Leviticus 23 : 8 Jump up ^ Melito of Sardis . `` Homily on the Pascha '' . Kerux . Northwest Theological Seminary . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones , Geoffrey Wainwright , Edward Yarnold , and Paul Bradshaw , Eds. , The Study of Liturgy , Revised Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , 1992 , p. 474 . Jump up ^ Genung , Charles Harvey ( 1904 ) . `` The Reform of the Calendar '' . The North American Review . 179 ( 575 ) : 569 -- 583 . JSTOR 25105305 . Jump up ^ Cheslyn Jones , Geoffrey Wainwright , Edward Yarnold , and Paul Bradshaw , Eds. , The Study of Liturgy , Revised Edition , Oxford University Press , New York , 1992 , p. 459 : `` ( Easter ) is the only feast of the Christian Year that can plausibly claim to go back to apostolic times ... ( It ) must derive from a time when Jewish influence was effective ... because it depends on the lunar calendar ( every other feast depends on the solar calendar ) . '' Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History , 5.22 , in Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` The Author 's Views respecting the Celebration of Easter , Baptism , Fasting , Marriage , the Eucharist , and Other Ecclesiastical Rites '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2007 . Jump up ^ Karl Gerlach ( 1998 ) . The Antenicene Pascha : A Rhetorical History . Peeters Publishers . p. 21 . ISBN 9789042905702 . Long before this controversy , Ex 12 as a story of origins and its ritual expression had been firmly fixed in the Christian imagination . Though before the final decades of the 2nd century only accessible as an exegetical tradition , already in the Pauline letters the Exodus saga is deeply involved with the celebration of bath and meal . Even here , this relationship does not suddenly appear , but represents developments in ritual narrative that mus have begun at the very inception of the Christian message . Jesus of Nazareth was crucified during Pesach - Mazzot , an event that a new covenant people of Jews and Gentiles both saw as definitive and defining . Ex 12 is thus one of the few reliable guides for tracing the synergism among ritual , text , and kerygma before the Council of Nicaea . Jump up ^ Sozomen , Book 7 , Chapter 18 Jump up ^ Caroline Wyatt ( 25 March 2016 ) . `` Why ca n't the date of Easter be fixed '' . BBC . Retrieved 13 April 2017 . Jump up ^ The Date of Easter . Article from United States Naval Observatory ( 27 March 2007 ) . Jump up ^ `` The Church in Malankara switched entirely to the Gregorian calendar in 1953 , following Encyclical No. 620 from Patriarch Mor Ignatius Aphrem I , dt . December 1952 . '' Calendars of the Syriac Orthodox Church . Retrieved 22 April 2009 Jump up ^ Wallis , Faith ( 1999 ) . Bede : The Reckoning of Time . Liverpool University Press . p. 148 . ISBN 0853236933 . Jump up ^ Paragraph 7 of Inter gravissimas ISO.org to `` the vernal equinox , which was fixed by the fathers of the ( first ) Nicene Council at XII calends April ( 21 March ) '' . This definition can be traced at least back to chapters 6 & 59 of Bede 's De temporum ratione ( 725 ) . ^ Jump up to : Montes , Marcos J. `` Calculation of the Ecclesiastical Calendar '' Archived 3 November 2008 at the Wayback Machine ... Retrieved 12 January 2008 . Jump up ^ G Moyer ( 1983 ) , `` Aloisius Lilius and the ' Compendium novae rationis restituendi kalendarium ' '' , pages 171 -- 188 in G.V. Coyne ( ed . ) . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History 5.23 . Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History , 6.11 , at Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Of Severian and Antiochus : their Disagreement from John '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Socrates , Church History 7.29 , at Schaff , Philip ( 13 July 2005 ) . `` Nestorius of Antioch promoted to the See of Constantinople . His Persecution of the Heretics '' . Socrates and Sozomenus Ecclesiastical Histories . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Librar . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History , 7.32 . Jump up ^ Peter of Alexandria , quoted in the Chronicon Paschale . In Alexander Roberts and James Donaldson , eds. , Ante - Nicene Christian Library , Volume 14 : The Writings of Methodius , Alexander of Lycopolis , Peter of Alexandria , And Several Fragments , Edinburgh , 1869 , p. 326 , at Donaldson , Alexander ( 1 June 2005 ) . `` That Up to the Time of the Destruction of Jerusalem , the Jews Rightly Appointed the Fourteenth Day of the First Lunar Month '' . Gregory Thaumaturgus , Dionysius the Great , Julius Africanus , Anatolius and Minor Writers , Methodius , Arnobius . Calvin College Christian Classics Ethereal Library . Retrieved 28 March 2009 . Jump up ^ MS Verona , Biblioteca Capitolare LX ( 58 ) folios 79v -- 80v . Jump up ^ Sacha Stern , Calendar and Community : A History of the Jewish Calendar Second Century BCE -- Tenth Century CE , Oxford , 2001 , pp. 124 -- 132 . Jump up ^ Eusebius , Church History , 7.20 , 7.31 . Jump up ^ Allen Brent , Hippolytus and the Roman Church in the Third Century , Leiden , E.J. Brill , 1995 . Jump up ^ Epiphanius , Adversus Haereses , Heresy 69 , 11 , 1 , in Willams , F. ( 1994 ) . The Panarion of Epiphianus of Salamis Books II and III . Leiden : E.J. Brill . p. 331 . Jump up ^ Apostolic Canon 7 : `` If any bishop , presbyter , or deacon shall celebrate the holy day of Easter before the vernal equinox with the Jews , let him be deposed . '' A Select Library of Nicene and Post-Nicene Fathers of the Christian Church , Second Series , Volume 14 : The Seven Ecumenical Councils , Eerdmans , 1956 , p. 594 . Jump up ^ St. John Chrysostom , `` Against those who keep the first Passover '' , in Saint John Chrysostom : Discourses against Judaizing Christians , translated by Paul W. Harkins , Washington , D.C. , 1979 , p. 47ff . Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 50 -- 52 , 62 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 239 -- 244 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . ^ Jump up to : Holford - Strevens , Leofranc , and Blackburn , Bonnie ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 808 -- 809 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Jump up ^ Mosshammer , Alden A. ( 2008 ) . The Easter Computus and the Origins of the Christian Era . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 223 -- 224 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 19 - 954312 - 0 . Jump up ^ Holford - Strevens , Leofranc , and Blackburn , Bonnie ( 1999 ) . The Oxford Companion to the Year . Oxford : Oxford University Press . pp. 870 -- 875 . ISBN 0 - 19 - 214231 - 3 . Jump up ^ `` Easter : A date with God '' . The Economist. 20 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2011 . Only in a handful of places do Easter celebrants alter their own arrangements to take account of their neighbours . Finland 's Orthodox Christians mark Easter on the Western date . And on the Greek island of Syros , a Papist stronghold , Catholics and Orthodox alike march to Orthodox time . The spectacular public commemorations , involving flower - strewn funeral biers on Good Friday and fireworks on Saturday night , bring the islanders together , rather than highlighting division . Jump up ^ `` Easter ( holiday ) '' . Encyclopædia Britannica Online . Encyclopædia Britannica . Retrieved 9 March 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Hieromonk Cassian , A Scientific Examination of the Orthodox Church Calendar , Center for Traditionalist Orthodox Studies , 1998 , p. 51 -- 52 , ISBN 0 - 911165 - 31 - 2 . Jump up ^ M. Milankovitch , `` Das Ende des julianischen Kalenders und der neue Kalender der orientalischen Kirchen '' , Astronomische Nachrichten 200 , 379 -- 384 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ Miriam Nancy Shields , `` The new calendar of the Eastern churches '' , Popular Astronomy 32 ( 1924 ) 407 -- 411 ( page 411 ) . This is a translation of M. Milankovitch , `` The end of the Julian calendar and the new calendar of the Eastern churches '' , Astronomische Nachrichten No. 5279 ( 1924 ) . Jump up ^ `` Hansard Reports , April 2005 , regarding the Easter Act of 1928 '' . United Kingdom Parliament . Retrieved 14 March 2010 . Jump up ^ WCC : Towards a common date for Easter Archived 13 December 2007 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ http://cathnews.com/cathnews/23940-christian-churches-close-to-deal-to-fix-common-date-for-easter Jump up ^ `` Towards a Common Date for Easter '' . Aleppo , Syria : World Council of Churches ( WCC ) / Middle East Council of Churches Consultation ( MECC ) . 10 March 1997 . Jump up ^ Lash , Ephrem ( Archimandrite ) ( 25 January 2007 ) . `` On the Holy and Great Sunday of Pascha '' . Monastery of Saint Andrew the First Called , Manchester , England . Archived from the original on 9 April 2007 . Retrieved 27 March 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Pentecost Sunday '' . About.com . Retrieved 28 March 2013 . Jump up ^ Luke 24 : 1 Jump up ^ Mark 16 : 1 -- 8 Jump up ^ Otto , Diane L. ( 2007 ) . Guess What I Discovered on the Way to Church ? . Xulon Press . p. 413 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 60266 - 349 - 7 . Jump up ^ Daniels , Bruce Colin ( 1995 ) . Puritans at Play : Leisure and Recreation in Colonial New England . Macmillan , p. 89 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 31216124 - 8 Jump up ^ Pack , David . `` The True Origin of Easter '' . The Restored Church of God . Archived from the original on 26 April 2011 . Retrieved 24 March 2011 . ^ Jump up to : `` Easter or the Memorial -- Which Should You Observe ? '' . Watchtower Magazine . Watch Tower Bible and Tract Society of Pennsylvania . 1 April 1996 . Retrieved 11 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` A Careful and Free Inquiry into the True Nature and Tendency of the ... '' Jump up ^ See Quaker Faith & practice of Britain Yearly Meeting , Paragraph 27 : 42 Jump up ^ Quaker life , December 2011 : `` Early Quaker Top 10 Ways to Celebrate ( or Not ) `` the Day Called Christmas '' by Rob Pierson Archived 6 February 2012 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Public holidays in Scandinavian countries , for example ; `` Public holidays in Sweden '' . VisitSweden . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . `` Public holidays ( in Denmark ) '' . VisitDenmark . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Bank Holidays '' . Nordea Bank AB . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Lov om detailsalg fra butikker m.v. '' ( in Danish ) . retsinformation.dk . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ Mona Langset ( 12 April 2014 ) Nordmenn tar påskeferien i Norge ( in Norwegian ) VG Jump up ^ `` Dutch Easter traditions -- how the Dutch celebrate Easter '' . Dutch Community . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` UK bank holidays '' . gov.uk . Jump up ^ `` Easter 2016 '' . Public Holidays Australia . Retrieved 1 June 2015 . Jump up ^ Public holidays , australia.gov.au Jump up ^ Duchak , Alicia ( 2002 ) . An A-Z of Modern America . Rutledge . ISBN 9780415187558 . Jump up ^ `` Easter Symbols and Traditions - Holidays - HISTORY.com '' . HISTORY.com . Retrieved 27 April 2017 . Jump up ^ Siemaszkiewicz , Wojciech ; Deyrup , Marta Mestrovic ( 8 May 2013 ) . Wallington 's Polish Community . Arcadia Publishing . p. 101 . ISBN 9781439643303 . The tradition of Easter eggs dates back to early Christians in Mesopotamia . The Easter egg is a reminder that Jesus rose from the grave , promising an eternal life for believers . Jump up ^ Donahoe 's Magazine , Volume 5 . T.B. Noonan. 1881 . Retrieved 24 April 2014 . The early Christians of Mesopotamia had the custom of dyeing and decorating eggs at Easter . They were stained red , in memory of the blood of Christ , shed at His crucifixion . The Church adopted the custom , and regarded the eggs as the emblem of the resurrection , as is evinced by the benediction of Pope Paul V. , about 1610 , which reads thus : `` Bless , O Lord ! we beseech thee , this thy creature of eggs , that it may become a wholesome sustenance to thy faithful servants , eating it in thankfulness to thee on account of the resurrection of the Lord . '' Thus the custom has come down from ages lost in antiquity . ) Jump up ^ `` Easter Egg Roll '' . The White House . Archived from the original on 10 April 2014 . Retrieved 10 April 2014 . Jump up ^ von Solodkoff , A. ( 1989 ) . Masterpieces from the House of Fabergé . Abradale Press . ISBN 9780810980891 . External links Wikiquote has quotations related to : Easter Wikimedia Commons has media related to Easter . Look up Easter in Wiktionary , the free dictionary . 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1. Christian festival celebrating the resurrection of Jesus 2. Easter customs and traditions 3. Controversies over the date of Easter 4. Eastern and Western Christianity's different calculations for Easter 5. The theological significance of Easter

who wrote the angel of history (in theses on the philosophy of history )

Theses on the philosophy of history - wikipedia Theses on the philosophy of history Jump to : navigation , search This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( March 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Theses on the Philosophy of History ( also On the Concept of History , from German : Über den Begriff der Geschichte ) is an essay written in early 1940 by German philosopher and critic Walter Benjamin . It is one of Benjamin 's best - known , and most controversial works . Composed of twenty numbered paragraphs , Benjamin wrote the brief essay shortly before attempting to escape from Vichy France , where French collaborationist government officials were handing over Jewish refugees like Benjamin to the Nazi Gestapo . Theses is the last major work Benjamin completed before fleeing to Spain where he committed suicide in September 1940 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Summary 2 Historical context 3 Publication history 4 References 5 External links Summary ( edit ) In the essay , Benjamin uses poetic and scientific analogies to present a critique of historicism . One interpretation of Benjamin in Thesis I is that Benjamin is suggesting that despite Karl Marx 's claims to scientific objectivity , historical materialism is actually a quasi-religious fraud . Benjamin uses The Turk , a famous chess - playing device of the 18th century , as an analogy for historical materialism . Presented as an automaton that could defeat skilled chess players , The Turk actually concealed a human ( allegedly a dwarf ) who controlled the machine . He wrote : One can envision a corresponding object to ( The Turk ) in philosophy . The puppet called `` historical materialism '' is always supposed to win . It can do this with no further ado against any opponent , so long as it employs the services of theology , which as everyone knows is small and ugly and must be kept out of sight . However , the Marxist author Michael Löwy points out that Benjamin puts quotation marks around ' historical materialism ' in this paragraph : The use of quotation marks and the way this is phrased suggest that this automaton is not ' true ' historical materialism , but something that is given that name . By whom , we ask . And the answer must be the chief spokesmen of Marxism in his period , that is to say the ideologues of the Second and Third Internationals . '' One key to Benjamin 's critique of historicism is his rejection of the past as a continuum of progress . This is most apparent in thesis XI . His alternate vision of the past and `` progress '' is best represented by thesis IX , which employs Paul Klee 's painting Angelus Novus ( 1920 ) as the `` angel of history , '' with his back turned to the future : `` Where we see the appearance of a chain of events , he sees one single catastrophe , which unceasingly piles rubble on top of rubble and hurls it before his feet ( ... ) That which we call progress , is this storm . '' Benjamin thus inverts Marxist historical materialism , which was concerned with predicting a revolutionary future , to assert that historical materialism 's true task ought to be , in Beiner 's words , `` to save the past . '' Klee 's Angelus Novus . According to Benjamin , `` Historicism depicts the ' eternal ' picture of the past ; the historical materialist , an experience with it , which stands alone '' ( Thesis XVI ) . Benjamin argues against the idea of an `` eternal picture '' of history and prefers the idea of history as a self - standing experience . Thus , Benjamin states `` To articulate the past historically does not mean to recognize it ' the way it really was . ' It means to seize hold of a memory as it flashes up at a moment of danger '' ( Thesis VI ) . In Thesis XVIII , he highlights a scientific perspective of time only to follow it up with some provocative metaphors : ' In relation to the history of organic life on Earth , ' notes a recent biologist , ' the miserable fifty millennia of homo sapiens represents something like the last two seconds of a twenty - four hour day . The entire history of civilized humanity would , on this scale , take up only one fifth of the last second of the last hour . ' The here - and - now , which as the model of messianic time summarizes the entire history of humanity into a monstrous abbreviation , coincides to a hair with the figure , which the history of humanity makes in the universe . Benjamin 's colleague Gershom Scholem , who is quoted in Theses , believed that Benjamin 's critique of historical materialism was so final that , as Mark Lilla would write , `` nothing remains of historical materialism ( ... ) but the term itself . Historical context ( edit ) Scholem , who is quoted in Theses , suggested that the cryptic essay 's seemingly definitive rejection of Marxist historical materialism in favor of a return to the theology and metaphysics of Benjamin 's earlier writings came after Benjamin recovered from the deep shock he felt following the 1939 Molotov -- Ribbentrop Pact when the Marxist - Leninist Soviet Union and Fascist , anti-Semitic Germany , previously bitter rivals , announced a non-aggression pact . Publication history ( edit ) Benjamin mailed a copy of the essay to the philosopher Hannah Arendt , who passed it on to Theodor Adorno . Benjamin asked that the essay not be published , but it was first printed in a mimeographed booklet entitled Walter Benjamin zum Gedächtnis ( In memory of Walter Benjamin ) . In 1947 , a French translation by Pierre Missac appeared in the journal , Les Temps Modernes . An English translation by Harry Zohn is included in the collection of essays by Benjamin , Illuminations , edited by Arendt ( 1968 ) . References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Mark Lilla , `` The Riddle of Walter Benjamin '' in The New York Review of Books , May 25 , 1995 . Jump up ^ Löwy , Michael ( 2005 ) . Fire Alarm : Reading Walter Benjamin 's ' On the Concept of History ' . New York : Verso . p. 25 . ISBN 1 - 84467 - 040 - 6 . Retrieved July 24 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Beiner , Ronald ( 1984 ) . `` Walter Benjamin 's Philosophy of History . '' Political Theory , Vol. 12 , no . 4 ( Aug 1984 ) , pp. 423 - 434 . Jump up ^ Stuart Jeffries ( 2001 ) . Did Stalin 's killers liquidate Walter Benjamin ? The renowned German writer and critic may not have died at his own hands , reports Stuart Jeffries from Paris . '' The Observer , 8 July 2001 , accessed 23 June 2012 Jump up ^ `` BIOGRAPHY '' . WALTER BENJAMIN . European Graduate School EGS . Retrieved 7 September 2011 . External links ( edit ) Walter Benjamin , On the Concept of History Paul Klee , Angelus Novus Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Theses_on_the_Philosophy_of_History&oldid=813171516 '' Categories : 1940 essays Works about the philosophy of history Essays in literary theory Works by Walter Benjamin Marxist works Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from March 2010 All articles needing additional references Talk Contents About Wikipedia Dansk Deutsch Français Bahasa Indonesia Русский Türkçe Edit links This page was last edited on 2 December 2017 , at 05 : 54 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Theses on the Philosophy of History 2. Walter Benjamin 3. Critique of historicism 4. Historical materialism 5. Benjamin's critique of Marxism

who praised adanos in khorini's temple in gothic ii

Gothic II - wikipedia Gothic II Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Gothic II <Td_colspan="2"> Developer ( s ) Piranha Bytes Publisher ( s ) JoWooD Productions ( Europe ) Atari ( North America ) Designer ( s ) Michael Hoge Composer ( s ) Kai Rosenkranz Series Gothic Platform ( s ) Microsoft Windows Release GER : November 29 , 2002 UK : June 13 , 2003 NA : October 28 , 2003 Genre ( s ) Action role - playing Mode ( s ) Single - player Gothic II is a role - playing video game and the sequel to Gothic , by the German developer Piranha Bytes . It was first released on November 29 , 2002 in Germany , and in North America almost one year later on October 28 , 2003 . The game was published by JoWooD Productions and Atari . Contents ( hide ) 1 Synopsis 1.1 Setting 1.2 Prologue 1.3 Plot 2 Development 3 Marketing and release 4 Reception 5 References 6 External links Synopsis ( edit ) Setting ( edit ) Like Gothic , Gothic II is set on the medieval styled isle Khorinis . Places include the City of Khorinis , the monastery of the fire mages , farms and woods . The mine valley of part I is also in the game , though it has changed . Of the old camp only the castle remains , the new camp has turned into a region of ice , and the swamp camp is made inaccessible by a fence built by the orcs . The final place visited in the game is Irdorath , a dungeon similar to the temple in Gothic . Khorinis is a rich area with beautiful farms and dense forests . The main trade resource of Khorinis is the magic ore delivered from its prison colony to the King , who is fighting the orcs on the mainland . Most of the farms in Khorinis are owned by one landowner who has hired mercenaries to protect him and his farms from the militia when they try to collect taxes from the farms . This has caused Khorinis to be on the edge of a civil war . The city is low on food and relies on travelling merchants as the ships from the mainland have stopped coming because of the war . People in Khorinis believe in three gods . Adanos , the god of water and balance . Innos , the god of fire and good . Beliar , the god of evil and darkness . Prologue ( edit ) After the barrier around the prison colony was destroyed , ore supplies for the kingdom have stopped . The king decides to send Lord Hagen with 100 paladins to the island to secure ore . On Khorinis , prisoners that escaped the camp raided the country and seeing as the militia was unable to protect them ; some farmers formed an alliance with the refugees and no longer paid allegiance to the king . Evil did not disappear with the Sleeper being banned as with his last cry the Sleeper summoned the most evil creatures . Xardas felt this and rescued the Nameless Hero from under the ruins of the Sleeper 's temple , where he has laid for weeks , becoming weak . Plot ( edit ) The Nameless Hero is instructed by Xardas on the new danger , an army of evil that has gathered in the mine valley , led by dragons . Xardas sends the Hero to Lord Hagen , leader of the paladins , to retrieve the Eye of Innos , an artifact which makes it possible to speak with the dragons and learn more about their motivation . The Nameless Hero starts to the City of Khorinis and after he found a way to enter the city , he learns he has to join one of the factions -- the militia , the fire mages or the mercenaries -- to be permitted entrance to Lord Hagen . When finally meeting the head of the paladins , the Nameless Hero is first sent into the mine valley , which is now overrun by Orcs , to bring back evidence of the dragons . In the castle , the former old camp , Garond heads the mission of the paladins . He also knows about the dragons , since the castle has already been attacked by them , but is only willing to write a notice on it for Lord Hagen , after the Nameless Hero has gathered information on the status in the mines . By the time the Hero exits the valley with the note about the dragons , the evil forces have become aware of his quest . Seekers are spread throughout the isle , with the goal to kill him . Presented with the note Lord Hagen is willing to give the Eye of Innos to the Hero and sends him to the monastery of the fire mages to retrieve it . But shortly before the Hero arrives there , the eye was stolen . The Hero chases after the thief , but just arrives in time to witness Seekers destroy the Eye of Innos . A smith can repair the amulet , but for the magical power to be restored , a ritual with high mages representing the three gods is necessary . Vatras , the water mage , prepares the ritual and represents Adanos . With former fire mage Xardas representing Beliar , Pyrokar , head of the fire mages , joins the ritual reluctantly to represent Innos . The mages manage to restore the power of the Eye of Innos and so the Hero can head back to the valley to destroy the four dragons that live there . After all of the dragons are killed , the Hero travels to Xardas ' tower to report to him , but the mage is gone . The Hero is given a note from Xardas by Lester , telling him he was to find more information in the fire mages ' monastery , in the book ' The Halls of Irdorath ' . The book contains a sea map , showing the way to the isle Irdorath , one of the ancient temples of Beliar that once disappeared . The hero assembles a crew and gets a ship and a captain for that ship to sail to Irdorath and confront the leader of the dragons , and avatar of Beliar -- the undead dragon . After the hero slays the dragon , Xardas teleports into the cave and absorbs its soul , making him an avatar of Beliar . After the hero returns to the ship , Xardas appears and tells him that they will see each other again . The game ends with the ship sailing into the distance toward Myrtana . Development ( edit ) The game engine is basically a modified version of the Gothic engine . The texture resolution has been improved by a factor 4 and the world is said to be three times as detailed as in the first game . While the graphics are less detailed than other engines of the time , there is almost no loading time . Marketing and release ( edit ) The German version of the game was published by JoWood and released on November 29 , 2002 . In the United Kingdom and Scandinavia , JoWood and Atari co-published the game , released on June 13 , 2003 . The US release by Atari followed a few months later on October 28 . However , according to Piranha Bytes , Atari did not officially confirm the US release to them , so they did not spread the word about this release for months . On October 17 , 2005 publisher JoWood announced that Aspyr Media was going to publish four of their titles in North America , one of them being Gothic II Gold , which includes Gothic II as well as the expansion pack Gothic II - Night of the Raven . Aspyr Media released Gothic II Gold on November 29 , 2005 . In Germany , Gothic II is also available in a Collector 's Edition , together with the add - on and Gothic . An English demo version of the game which contains the first part was released on March 17 , 2005 , when the game was released in several new territories . Reception ( edit ) Reception <Th_colspan="2"> Aggregate score Aggregator Score Metacritic 79 / 100 <Th_colspan="2"> Review scores Publication Score CGW 80 / 100 GameSpot 8.1 / 10 GameSpy 2 / 5 IGN 8 / 10 PC Gamer ( US ) 89 / 100 While Gothic II received very high reviews in the German press , it did not fare that well in North America , where it received high ratings , too , but also negative reviews . One of the reasons for the overall worse reviews were the graphics . The translation of the script and the voice acting in the English version were also criticized , and were felt by critics to be out of place and poorer than in the German version . Much of the voice acting criticism falls upon the change in the voice for the character Diego . The game received fairly high reviews with ratings of 8.0 of 10 and above on most websites , including IGN and GameSpot . The worst review Gothic II received was on GameSpy , with a rating of 2 out of 5 . Gothic II won PC Gamer US 's 2003 `` Best Roleplaying Game '' award . The editors called it `` a return to the roots of classic fantasy roleplaying on the PC '' and noted its `` beautifully detailed nonlinear 3D world '' . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Gothic II story Piranha Bytes . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Gothic II manual fsfs . Jump up ^ Walkthrough World of Gothic . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Gothic II Fan site FAQ World of Gothic ' . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Just RPG Review Archived 2006 - 11 - 05 at the Wayback Machine . just-rpg.com . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ News on the official web site Piranha Bytes . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Press release Jowood ' . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Press release Jowood . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic II for PC Reviews '' . Metacritic . Retrieved 10 March 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Gothic II review '' . Computer Gaming World : 88 . February 2004 . ^ Jump up to : Gamespot Review gamespot.com . Retrieved on August 4 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : Gamespy Review Archived 2006 - 08 - 20 at the Wayback Machine . gamespy.com . Retrieved on August 4 , 2006 ^ Jump up to : IGN Review pc.ign.com . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ `` Gothic II review '' . PC Gamer : 78 . February 2004 . Jump up ^ Press reactions on the official web site Piranha Bytes . Retrieved on August 3 , 2006 Jump up ^ Osborn , Chuck ( March 2004 ) . `` The 10th Annual PC Gamer Awards '' . PC Gamer US . 11 ( 3 ) : 38 -- 40 , 42 , 44 , 45 . External links ( edit ) Official Gothic II website <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Gothic series <Td_colspan="2"> Gothic Gothic II Night of the Raven Gothic 3 The Beginning Forsaken Gods Arcania : Gothic 4 Fall of Setarrif Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gothic_II&oldid=826171091 '' Categories : Role - playing video games Action role - playing video games Video games developed in Germany Video games with expansion packs Windows games Windows - only games Gothic series JoWooD Entertainment games 2002 video games Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles using Infobox video game using locally defined parameters Articles using Wikidata infoboxes with locally defined images Articles using Video game reviews template in single platform mode Talk Contents About Wikipedia Беларуская ( тарашкевіца ) ‎ Čeština Deutsch Español Français Hrvatski Italiano Latina Norsk Polski Română Русский Slovenčina Српски / srpski Svenska Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 17 February 2018 , at 17 : 04 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Gothic II - role-playing video game 2. Setting of Gothic II - medieval styled isle Khorinis 3. Plot of Gothic II - Nameless Hero's quest to retrieve the Eye of Innos and defeat evil forces 4. Reception of Gothic II - mixed reviews, praised for its nonlinear 3D world 5. Development and release of Gothic II - developed by Piranha Bytes, published by JoWooD Productions and Atari

when were the pyramids in ancient egypt built

Egyptian pyramids - wikipedia Egyptian pyramids A view of the pyramids at Giza from the plateau to the south of the complex . From left to right , the three largest are : the Pyramid of Menkaure , the Pyramid of Khafre and the Great Pyramid of Khufu . The three smaller pyramids in the foreground are subsidiary structures associated with Menkaure 's pyramid . Unicode : 𓍋𓅓𓂋𓉴 Pyramid in hieroglyphs The Egyptian pyramids are ancient pyramid - shaped masonry structures located in Egypt . As of November 2008 , sources cite either 118 or 138 as the number of identified Egyptian pyramids . Most were built as tombs for the country 's pharaohs and their consorts during the Old and Middle Kingdom periods . The earliest known Egyptian pyramids are found at Saqqara , northwest of Memphis . The earliest among these is the Pyramid of Djoser ( constructed 2630 BC -- 2611 BC ) which was built during the third dynasty . This pyramid and its surrounding complex were designed by the architect Imhotep , and are generally considered to be the world 's oldest monumental structures constructed of dressed masonry . The most famous Egyptian pyramids are those found at Giza , on the outskirts of Cairo . Several of the Giza pyramids are counted among the largest structures ever built . The Pyramid of Khufu at Giza is the largest Egyptian pyramid . It is the only one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World still in existence . Contents ( hide ) 1 Historical development 2 Pyramid symbolism 3 Number and location of pyramids 3.1 Abu Rawash 3.2 Giza 3.3 Zawyet el - Aryan 3.4 Abu Sir 3.5 Saqqara 3.6 Dahshur 3.7 Mazghuna 3.8 Lisht 3.9 Meidum 3.10 Hawara 3.11 el - Lahun 3.12 El - Kurru 3.13 Nuri 3.14 Construction dates 4 Construction techniques 5 See also 6 References 7 Bibliography 8 External links Historical development The Mastabat al - Fir'aun at Saqqara By the time of the Early Dynastic Period , those with sufficient means were buried in bench - like structures known as mastabas . The second historically - documented Egyptian pyramid is attributed to the architect Imhotep , who planned what Egyptologists believe to be a tomb for the pharaoh Djoser . Imhotep is credited with being the first to conceive the notion of stacking mastabas on top of each other , creating an edifice composed of a number of `` steps '' that decreased in size towards its apex . The result was the Pyramid of Djoser , which was designed to serve as a gigantic stairway by which the soul of the deceased pharaoh could ascend to the heavens . Such was the importance of Imhotep 's achievement that he was deified by later Egyptians . The most prolific pyramid - building phase coincided with the greatest degree of absolutist rule . It was during this time that the most famous pyramids , the Giza pyramid complex , were built . Over time , as authority became less centralized , the ability and willingness to harness the resources required for construction on a massive scale decreased , and later pyramids were smaller , less well - built and often hastily constructed . Long after the end of Egypt 's own pyramid - building period , a burst of pyramid - building occurred in what is present - day Sudan , after much of Egypt came under the rule of the kings of Napata . While Napatan rule was brief , ending in 661 BC , Egyptian culture made an indelible impression , and during the later Kingdom of Meroë ( approximately in the period between 300 BCE -- 300 CE ) , this flowered into a full - blown pyramid - building revival , which saw more than two hundred Egyptian - inspired indigenous royal pyramid - tombs constructed in the vicinity of the kingdom 's capital cities . Al - Aziz Uthman ( 1171 -- 1198 ) tried to destroy the Giza pyramid complex . He gave up after damaging the Pyramid of Menkaure because the task proved too huge . Pyramid symbolism Diagram of the interior structures of the Great Pyramid . The inner line indicates the pyramid 's present profile , the outer line indicates the original profile . The shape of Egyptian pyramids is thought to represent the primordial mound from which the Egyptians believed the earth was created . The shape of a pyramid is thought to be representative of the descending rays of the sun , and most pyramids were faced with polished , highly reflective white limestone , in order to give them a brilliant appearance when viewed from a distance . Pyramids were often also named in ways that referred to solar luminescence . For example , the formal name of the Bent Pyramid at Dahshur was The Southern Shining Pyramid , and that of Senwosret at el - Lahun was Senwosret is Shining . While it is generally agreed that pyramids were burial monuments , there is continued disagreement on the particular theological principles that might have given rise to them . One suggestion is that they were designed as a type of `` resurrection machine . '' The Egyptians believed the dark area of the night sky around which the stars appear to revolve was the physical gateway into the heavens . One of the narrow shafts that extend from the main burial chamber through the entire body of the Great Pyramid points directly towards the center of this part of the sky . This suggests the pyramid may have been designed to serve as a means to magically launch the deceased pharaoh 's soul directly into the abode of the gods . All Egyptian pyramids were built on the west bank of the Nile , which , as the site of the setting Sun , was associated with the realm of the dead in Egyptian mythology . Number and location of pyramids See also : List of Egyptian pyramids In 1842 , Karl Richard Lepsius produced the first modern list of pyramids -- see Lepsius list of pyramids -- in which he counted 67 . A great many more have since been discovered . As of November 2008 , 118 Egyptian pyramids have been identified . The location of Pyramid 29 , which Lepsius called the `` Headless Pyramid '' , was lost for a second time when the structure was buried by desert sands subsequent to Lepsius ' survey . It was found again only during an archaeological dig conducted in 2008 . Many pyramids are in a poor state of preservation or buried by desert sands . If visible at all , they may appear as little more than mounds of rubble . As a consequence , archaeologists are continuing to identify and study previously unknown pyramid structures . The most recent pyramid to be discovered was that of Sesheshet at Saqqara , mother of the Sixth Dynasty pharaoh Teti . The discovery was announced by Zahi Hawass , Secretary General of the Egyptian Supreme Council of Antiquities , on 11 November 2008 . All of Egypt 's pyramids , except the small Third Dynasty pyramid of Zawyet el - Amwat ( or Zawyet el - Mayitin ) , are sited on the west bank of the Nile , and most are grouped together in a number of pyramid fields . The most important of these are listed geographically , from north to south , below . Abu Rawash Main article : Abu Rawash The largely destroyed Pyramid of Djedefre Abu Rawash is the site of Egypt 's most northerly pyramid ( other than the ruins of Lepsius pyramid number one ) -- the mostly ruined Pyramid of Djedefre , son and successor of Khufu . Originally it was thought that this pyramid had never been completed , but the current archaeological consensus is that not only was it completed , but that it was originally about the same size as the Pyramid of Menkaure , which would have placed it among the half - dozen or so largest pyramids in Egypt . Its location adjacent to a major crossroads made it an easy source of stone . Quarrying -- which began in Roman times -- has left little apart from about 15 courses of stone superimposed upon the natural hillock that formed part of the pyramid 's core . A small adjacent satellite pyramid is in a better state of preservation . Giza Main article : Giza pyramid complex Map of the Giza pyramid complex Aerial view of the Giza pyramid complex Giza is the location of the Pyramid of Khufu ( also known as the `` Great Pyramid '' and the `` Pyramid of Cheops '' ) ; the somewhat smaller Pyramid of Khafre ( or Kephren ) ; the relatively modest - sized Pyramid of Menkaure ( or Mykerinus ) , along with a number of smaller satellite edifices known as `` Queen 's pyramids '' ; and the Great Sphinx of Giza . Of the three , only Khafre 's pyramid retains part of its original polished limestone casing , near its apex . This pyramid appears larger than the adjacent Khufu pyramid by virtue of its more elevated location , and the steeper angle of inclination of its construction -- it is , in fact , smaller in both height and volume . The Giza pyramid complex has been a popular tourist destination since antiquity , and was popularized in Hellenistic times when the Great Pyramid was listed by Antipater of Sidon as one of the Seven Wonders of the Ancient World . Today it is the only one of those wonders still in existence . Zawyet el - aryan See also : Zawyet el'Aryan This site , halfway between Giza and Abu Sir , is the location for two unfinished Old Kingdom pyramids . The northern structure 's owner is believed to be pharaoh Nebka , while the southern structure , known as the Layer Pyramid , may be attributable to the Third Dynasty pharaoh Khaba , a close successor of Sekhemkhet . If this attribution is correct , Khaba 's short reign could explain the seemingly unfinished state of this step pyramid . Today it stands around 17 m ( 56 ft ) high ; had it been completed , it is likely to have exceeded 40 m ( 130 ft ) . Abu Sir Main article : Abusir The Pyramid of Sahure at Abu Sir , viewed from the pyramid 's causeway There are a total of fourteen pyramids at this site , which served as the main royal necropolis during the Fifth Dynasty . The quality of construction of the Abu Sir pyramids is inferior to those of the Fourth Dynasty -- perhaps signaling a decrease in royal power or a less vibrant economy . They are smaller than their predecessors , and are built of low - quality local limestone . The three major pyramids are those of Niuserre , which is also the best preserved , Neferirkare Kakai and Sahure . The site is also home to the incomplete Pyramid of Neferefre . Most of the major pyramids at Abu Sir were built using similar construction techniques , comprising a rubble core surrounded by steps of mud bricks with a limestone outer casing . The largest of these 5th - Dynasty pyramids , the Pyramid of Neferirkare Kakai , is believed to have been built originally as a step pyramid some 70 m ( 230 ft ) high and then later transformed into a `` true '' pyramid by having its steps filled in with loose masonry . Saqqara Main article : Saqqara The Pyramid of Djoser Major pyramids located here include the Pyramid of Djoser -- generally identified as the world 's oldest substantial monumental structure to be built of dressed stone -- the Pyramid of Userkaf , the Pyramid of Teti and the Pyramid of Merikare , dating to the First Intermediate Period of Egypt . Also at Saqqara is the Pyramid of Unas , which retains a pyramid causeway that is one of the best - preserved in Egypt . Together with the pyramid of Userkaf , this pyramid was the subject of one of the earliest known restoration attempts , conducted by Khaemweset , a son of Ramesses II . Saqqara is also the location of the incomplete step pyramid of Djoser 's successor Sekhemkhet known as the Buried Pyramid . Archaeologists believe that had this pyramid been completed , it would have been larger than Djoser 's . South of the main pyramid field at Saqqara is a second collection of later , smaller pyramids , including those of Pepi I , Isesi , Merenre , Pepi II and Ibi . Most of these are in a poor state of preservation . The Fourth Dynasty pharaoh Shepseskaf either did not share an interest in , or have the capacity to undertake pyramid construction like his predecessors . His tomb , which is also sited at south Saqqara , was instead built as an unusually large mastaba and offering temple complex . It is commonly known as the Mastabat al - Fir'aun . A previously unknown pyramid was discovered at north Saqqara in late 2008 . Believed to be the tomb of Teti 's mother , it currently stands approximately 5 m ( 16 ft ) high , although the original height was closer to 14 m ( 46 ft ) . Dahshur Main article : Dahshur Sneferu 's Red Pyramid This area is arguably the most important pyramid field in Egypt outside Giza and Saqqara , although until 1996 the site was inaccessible due to its location within a military base , and was relatively unknown outside archaeological circles . The southern Pyramid of Sneferu , commonly known as the Bent Pyramid , is believed to be the first Egyptian pyramid intended by its builders to be a `` true '' smooth - sided pyramid from the outset ; the earlier pyramid at Meidum had smooth sides in its finished state -- but it was conceived and built as a step pyramid , before having its steps filled in and concealed beneath a smooth outer casing of dressed stone . As a true smooth - sided structure , the Bent Pyramid was only a partial success -- albeit a unique , visually imposing one ; it is also the only major Egyptian pyramid to retain a significant proportion of its original smooth outer limestone casing intact . As such it serves as the best contemporary example of how the ancient Egyptians intended their pyramids to look . Several kilometeres to the north of the Bent Pyramid is the last -- and most successful -- of the three pyramids constructed during the reign of Sneferu ; the Red Pyramid is the world 's first successfully completed smooth - sided pyramid . The structure is also the third largest pyramid in Egypt -- after the pyramids of Khufu and Khafra at Giza . Also at Dahshur is the pyramid known as the Pyramid of Amenemhat III , as well as a number of small , mostly ruined subsidiary pyramids . Mazghuna Main article : Mazghuna Located to the south of Dahshur , several mudbrick pyramids were built in this area in the late Middle Kingdom , perhaps for Amenemhat IV and Sobekneferu . Lisht Main article : el - Lisht The Pyramid of Amenemhet I at Lisht Two major pyramids are known to have been built at Lisht -- those of Amenemhat I and his son , Senusret I . The latter is surrounded by the ruins of ten smaller subsidiary pyramids . One of these subsidiary pyramids is known to be that of Amenemhat 's cousin , Khaba II . The site which is in the vicinity of the oasis of the Faiyum , midway between Dahshur and Meidum , and about 100 kilometres south of Cairo , is believed to be in the vicinity of the ancient city of Itjtawy ( the precise location of which remains unknown ) , which served as the capital of Egypt during the Twelfth Dynasty . Meidum Main article : Meidum The pyramid at Meidum The pyramid at Meidum is one of three constructed during the reign of Sneferu , and is believed by some to have been started by that pharaoh 's father and predecessor , Huni . However , that attribution is uncertain , as no record of Huni 's name has been found at the site . It was constructed as a step pyramid , and then later converted into the first `` true '' smooth - sided pyramid when the steps were filled in , and an outer casing added . The pyramid suffered several catastrophic collapses in ancient and medieval times ; medieval Arab writers described it as having seven steps -- although today only the three uppermost of these remain , giving the structure its odd , tower - like appearance . The hill on which the pyramid is situated is not a natural landscape feature -- it is the small mountain of debris created when the lower courses and outer casing of the pyramid gave way . Hawara Main article : Hawara The Pyramid of Amenemhet III at Hawarra Amenemhat III was the last powerful ruler of the Twelfth Dynasty , and the pyramid he built at Hawarra , near the Faiyum , is believed to post-date the so - called `` Black Pyramid '' built by the same ruler at Dahshur . It is the Hawarra pyramid that is believed to have been Amenemhet 's final resting place . El - Lahun Main article : el - Lahun The Pyramid of Senusret II . The pyramid 's natural limestone core is clearly visible as the yellow stratum at its base . The pyramid of Senusret II at el - Lahun is the southernmost royal - tomb pyramid structure in Egypt . Its builders reduced the amount of work necessary to construct it by ingeniously using as its foundation and core a 12 - meter - high natural limestone hill . El - Kurru Main article : El - Kurru Pharaoh Piye 's pyramid at El - Kurru Piye , the first ruler of the Egyptian 25th dynasty , built a pyramid at El - Kurru . He was the first Egyptian pharaoh to be buried in a pyramid in centuries . Nuri Main article : Nuri Egyptian Pharaoh Taharqa 's pyramid at Nuri Taharqa , a legitimate ruler and Pharaoh of Egypt , built his pyramid at Nuri . It was the largest in the area ( North Sudan ) . Construction dates Drawing showing transportation of a colossus . The water poured in the path of the sledge , long dismissed by Egyptologists as ritual , but now confirmed as feasible , served to increase the stiffness of the sand , and likely reduced by 50 % the force needed to move the statue . The following table lays out the chronology of the construction of most of the major pyramids mentioned here . Each pyramid is identified through the pharaoh who ordered it built , his approximate reign , and its location . Pyramid / Pharaoh Reign Field Djoser c. 2670 BC Saqqara Sneferu c. 2612 -- 2589 BC Dashur Sneferu c. 2612 -- 2589 BC Meidum Khufu c. 2589 -- 2566 BC Giza Djedefre c. 2566 -- 2558 BC Abu Rawash Khafre c. 2558 -- 2532 BC Giza Menkaure c. 2532 -- 2504 BC Giza Userkaf c. 2494 -- 2487 BC Saqqara Sahure c. 2487 -- 2477 BC Abu Sir Neferirkare Kakai c. 2477 -- 2467 BC Abu Sir Nyuserre Ini c. 2416 -- 2392 BC Abu Sir Amenemhat I c. 1991 -- 1962 BC Lisht Senusret I c. 1971 -- 1926 BC Lisht Senusret II c. 1897 -- 1878 BC el - Lahun Amenemhat III c. 1860 -- 1814 BC Hawara Khendjer c. 1764 -- 1759 BC Saqqara Piye c. 721 BC El - Kurru Taharqa c. 664 BC Nuri Construction techniques Main article : Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Constructing the pyramids involved moving huge quantities of stone . Papyri discovered at the Egyptian desert near the Red Sea , in 2013 by archaeologist Pierre Tallet , revealed the journal of Merer , an official of Egypt involved in transporting limestone along the Nile River . These papyri reveal processes in the building of the Great Pyramid at Giza , the tomb of the Pharaoh Khufu , just outside modern Cairo . Rather than overland transport of the limestone used in building the pyramid , there is evidence that limestone blocks were transported along the Nile River , in the journal of Merer , preserved remnants of ancient canals , and transport boats discovered . Further information : The diary of Merer It is possible that quarried blocks were then transported to the construction site by wooden sleds , with sand in front of the sled wetted to reduce friction . Droplets of water created bridges between the grains of sand , helping them stick together . See also Egyptian pyramid construction techniques Pyramidion Ziggurat Al Ahram , Arabic for `` the pyramids '' , name of Egyptian newspaper List List of Egyptian pyramids List of megalithic sites References Jump up ^ Slackman , Michael ( 17 November 2008 ) . `` In the Shadow of a Long Past , Patiently Awaiting the Future '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 1 May 2010 . Jump up ^ Mark Lehner ( 2008 ) . The Complete Pyramids : Solving the Ancient Mysteries . p. 34 . Thames & Hudson . 2008 - 03 - 25 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 28547 - 3 . ^ Jump up to : `` Egypt says has found pyramid built for ancient queen '' . Reuters. 11 November 2008 . Retrieved 2 November 2017 . The pyramid , which Hawass said was the 118th found in Egypt , was uncovered near the world 's oldest pyramid at Saqqara , a burial ground for the rulers of ancient Egypt . ^ Jump up to : Slackman , Michael ( 16 November 2007 ) . `` In the Shadow of a Long Past , Patiently Awaiting the Future '' . New York Times . Retrieved 17 November 2008 . Deep below the Egyptian desert , archaeologists have found evidence of yet another pyramid , this one constructed 4,300 years ago to store the remains of a pharaoh 's mother . That makes 138 pyramids discovered here so far , and officials say they expect to find more . ^ Jump up to : Michael Ritter ( 2003 ) `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 11 May 2008 . Retrieved 15 May 2008 . Dating the Pyramids . Retrieved 13 April 2005 Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark ( 1997 ) . The Complete Pyramids . New York : Thames and Hudson . p. 84 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05084 - 2 . Jump up ^ Watkin , David ( 2005 ) . A History of Western Architecture ( 4th ed . ) . Laurence King Publishing . p. 14 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85669 - 459 - 9 . `` The Great Pyramid ... is still one of the largest structures ever raised by man , its plan twice the size of St. Peter 's in Rome '' Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Burial customs : mastabas . University College London ( 2001 ) Retrieved 14 April 2005 Jump up ^ `` Early Dynastic burial customs '' . Digitalegypt.ucl.ac.uk . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Quirke , Stephen ( 2001 ) . The Cult of Ra : Sun Worship in Ancient Egypt . Thames & Hudson , pp. 118 -- 120 . Jump up ^ Lehner , Mark . The Complete Pyramids , London : Thames and Hudson ( 1997 ) , p. 41 . ISBN 0 - 500 - 05084 - 8 ^ Jump up to : Wilkinson , Toby ( 2004 ) . `` Before the Pyramids '' . Egypt at its Origins . Studies in Memory of Barbara Adams Proceedings of the International Conference `` Origin of the State . Predynastic and Early Dynastic Egypt '' , Krakow , 28th August - 1st September 2002 . Peeters . p. 1142 . ISBN 978 - 90 - 429 - 1469 - 8 . Retrieved 18 June 2015 . A final echo of earlier practices is seen in the domain established by Djoser to supply his mortuary cult . He called it Hr - sb3 - / mti - pt , `` Horus , the foremost star in the sky '' . We could not wish for a clearer statement of the belief underlying the Step Pyramid : that it was a resurrection machine designed to propel its royal owner , Horus , to the pre-eminent place among the undying stars . Jump up ^ `` Discovery Channel Nederland '' . Discoverychannel.co.uk . Archived from the original on 5 December 2004 . Retrieved 16 November 2012 . Jump up ^ Kratovac , Katarina ( 5 June 2008 ) . `` Egypt uncovers ' missing ' pyramid of a pharaoh '' . Yahoo News . Associated Press . Archived from the original on 9 June 2008 . Retrieved 6 June 2008 . Jump up ^ `` New Pyramid Found in Egypt : 4,300 - Year - Old Queen 's Tomb '' . News.nationalgeographic.com. 2010 - 10 - 28 . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 16 . Jump up ^ Kenneth Kitchen : Ramesside Inscriptions , Translated & Annotated , Translations , Volume II , Blackwell Publishers , ISBN 0 - 631 - 18435 - X , 1996 Jump up ^ ( 2 ) The Mastaba of Shepseskaf Jump up ^ Allen , James ; Manuelian , Peter ( 2005 ) . The Ancient Egyptian Pyramid Texts ( Writings from the Ancient World , No. 23 ) . Brill Academic . ISBN 978 - 90 - 04 - 13777 - 6 . Jump up ^ Terrence McCoy ( 2014 - 05 - 02 ) . `` The surprisingly simple way Egyptians moved massive pyramid stones without modern technology '' . The Washington Post . Jump up ^ Stille , Alexander . `` The World 's Oldest Papyrus and What It Can Tell Us About the Great Pyramids '' . Smithsonian Magazine . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ Holloway , April . `` Archaeologists Announce that New Discoveries Solve Mystery of How the Great Pyramid Was Built '' . Ancient Origins . Retrieved 26 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Solved ! How Ancient Egyptians Moved Massive Pyramid Stones '' . Live Science . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 26 . Bibliography Edwards , I.E.S. , The Pyramids of Egypt Penguin Books Ltd ; New edition ( 5 Dec 1991 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 14 - 013634 - 0 Lehner , Mark , The Complete Pyramids , Thames & Hudson , 1997 , ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05084 - 2 Mendelssohn , Kurt , The Riddle of the Pyramids , Thames & Hudson Ltd ( 6 May 1974 ) , ISBN 978 - 0 - 500 - 05015 - 6 External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Pyramids of Egypt . Ancient Egyptians from BBC History Pyramids World Heritage Site in panographies -- 360 degree interactive imaging The Pyramids of Egypt -- The meaning and construction of the Egyptian pyramids by Egyptologist Professor Nabil S welim . Ancient Authors -- A site that quotes descriptions of the `` Labyrinth '' of Amenemhet III 's pyramid at el - Lahun by various ancient authors . Ancient Egypt -- History & Chronology -- A site detailing the major pyramid sites of ancient Egypt and Nubia ( Sudan ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Egyptian pyramids <Td_colspan="2"> List of Egyptian pyramids ( Lepsius ) Commons <Td_colspan="2"> Period Dynasty Pyramids Old Kingdom ( 2686 -- 2181 BC ) III Djoser Buried Layer Lepsius I ( de ) Athribis Elephantine Edfu South el - Kula ( de ) Naqada Saujet el - Meitin ( de ) Sinki ( de ) IV Seila ( de ) Meidum Bent Red Khufu Djedefre Unfinished Northern Pyramid of Zawyet el'Aryan Khafre Menkaure Khentkaus I ( de ) Mastabet el - Fara'un G1 - a G1 - b G1 - c G1 - d Lepsius L ( de ) V Userkaf Neferhetepes ( de ) Sahure Neferirkare Khentkaus II Neferefre Unfinished Nyuserre Lepsius XXIV Double Headless Djedkare - Isesi Unas VI Teti Pepi I Merenre Pepi II Sesheshet 1 Intermediate Period ( 2181 -- 2040 BC ) VII VIII Ity Neferkare Neby Ibi Khui X Merikare Middle Kingdom ( 2040 -- 1650 BC ) XI Reherishefnakht XII Amenemhat I Senusret I White Senusret II Senusret III Black Hawara Neferuptah ( de ) Central Dahshur ( de ) South Mazghuna North Mazghuna XIII Ameny Qemau Khendjer Southern South Saqqara SAK S 3 SAK S 7 ( de ) South Dahshur A ( de ) South Dahshur B ( de ) DAS 46 DAS 49 DAS 50 DAS 51 DAS 53 ( de ) S 9 S 10 Merneferre Ay Second Intermediate ( 1650 -- 1570 BC ) XVII Sobekemsaf I Sobekemsaf II Sekhemre - Wepmaat Intef Nubkheperre Intef Senakhtenre Ahmose Seqenenre Tao Kamose New Kingdom ( 1570 -- 1070 BC ) XVIII Ahmose <Td_colspan="2"> Step pyramid Construction techniques Seked Texts Pyramidion Pyramidology <Th_colspan="3"> Ancient Egypt topics <Td_colspan="3"> Outline Index Major topics Glossary of artifacts <Td_colspan="2"> Agriculture Architecture ( Egyptian Revival architecture ) Art Astronomy Chronology Cities ( list ) Clothing Cuisine Dynasties Funerary practices Geography Great Royal Wives History Language Literature Mathematics Medicine Military Music Mythology People Pharaohs ( list ) Philosophy Religion Sites Technology Trade Writing <Td_colspan="2"> Egyptology Egyptologists Museums <Td_colspan="3"> Book Ancient Egypt portal WikiProject Commons Coordinates : 29 ° 58 ′ 34 '' N 31 ° 07 ′ 52 '' E  /  29.97611 ° N 31.13111 ° E  / 29.97611 ; 31.13111 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Egyptian_pyramids&oldid=847548866 '' Categories : Ancient Egyptian pyramids African architecture Hidden categories : Wikipedia indefinitely semi-protected pages Use dmy dates from April 2011 Interlanguage link template link number Coordinates not on Wikidata Talk View source Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca تۆرکجه বাংলা Bân - lâm - gú Беларуская Български Brezhoneg Català Cebuano Čeština Cymraeg Dansk Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Лакку Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски مصرى Монгол မြန်မာဘာသာ Nederlands नेपाली 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Occitan Português Română Русский Shqip සිංහල Simple English Slovenčina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog Татарча / tatarça తెలుగు ไทย Тоҷикӣ Türkçe Українська اردو Tiếng Việt Winaray 粵語 中文 60 more Edit links This page was last edited on 26 June 2018 , at 04 : 11 ( UTC ) . 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1. Egyptian pyramids 2. Giza pyramid complex 3. Pyramid construction techniques 4. Pyramid symbolism 5. Pyramid locations in Egypt

when does eminem sing lose yourself in 8 mile

Lose Yourself - wikipedia Lose Yourself For other uses , see Lose Yourself ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> `` Lose Yourself '' <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Single by Eminem <Th_colspan="2"> from the album 8 Mile : Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture Released September 17 , 2002 Format CD single digital download Recorded September 2001 -- 2002 ; ( Detroit , Michigan ) Genre Hip hop rap rock Length 5 : 20 ( album version ) 4 : 27 ( radio edit ) Label Aftermath Shady Interscope Songwriter ( s ) Marshall Mathers Producer ( s ) Eminem Jeff Bass ( add . ) Luis Resto ( add . ) <Th_colspan="2"> Eminem singles chronology <Td_colspan="2"> `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' ( 2002 ) `` Rap Name '' ( 2002 ) `` Lose Yourself '' is a song by American rapper Eminem from the soundtrack to the 2002 motion picture 8 Mile . The song was written by Eminem and produced by Eminem along with longtime collaborator Jeff Bass , one half of the production duo Bass Brothers , and Luis Resto . It was released on September 17 , 2002 , as the lead single from the soundtrack . `` Lose Yourself '' received acclaim from music critics , with many critics praising the song 's inspiring , aggressive themes and describing it as Eminem 's best work to date . Eminem 's rapping ability , the lyrics and the production were also praised . In many retrospective reviews and lists , critics have cited the song among Eminem 's finest , as well as one of the best hip - hop songs of all time . `` Lose Yourself '' was a commercial success , peaking atop of the charts in twenty countries , including the United Kingdom and Australia . In the United States , `` Lose Yourself '' reached number one on the Billboard Hot 100 , becoming the first of five Eminem singles to top the Hot 100 . `` Lose Yourself '' won the Academy Award for Best Original Song in 2003 , making it the first hip - hop song to receive this accolade , and also won the Grammy Award for Best Rap Song and Best Rap Solo Performance in 2004 . In 2004 , it was one of only three hip hop songs from the 21st century to be included on Rolling Stone 's list of the `` 500 Greatest Songs of All Time '' , and was also the highest - ranked , at number 166 . Rolling Stone also ranked it one of the top 50 hip hop songs of all time . The song was certified Diamond by the Recording Industry Association of America , and as of September 2017 , it has over 10 million downloads in the United States alone . It was ranked number 93 on AFI 's 100 Years ... 100 Songs list . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 57 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . Contents 1 Background 2 Composition 3 Critical reception 4 Chart performance 5 Music video 6 Legacy 7 Cover versions 8 Track listing 9 Credits and personnel 10 Charts 10.1 Weekly charts 10.2 Year - end charts 10.3 Decade - end charts 10.4 All - time charts 11 Certifications 12 See also 13 References 14 External links Background ( edit ) Eminem says that `` Lose Yourself '' was written on set , during breaks while filming 8 Mile . Taryn Manning , who played Eminem 's ex-girlfriend Janeane in 8 Mile , said in an interview with MTV , that during the filming of the movie , in any downtime , Eminem was writing and that `` you could just see him formulating stuff in his head . '' According to studio engineer Steven King , who spoke to Rolling Stone magazine , Eminem recorded the song in a portable studio on the set while he was on a break from shooting , recording all three verses in one take . The sheet on which he wrote the song appears in 8 Mile in a scene where his character is writing while riding the bus . The official demo version of this song , titled `` Lose Yourself ( Demo Version ) '' with two different verses and a slightly different hook , was released on the album Shady XV November 24 , 2014 . A Drum & Bass remix has been made and was released on the mixtape Straight from the Lab as a European bonus track . Composition ( edit ) `` Lose Yourself '' is a mid-tempo track with an urgent narrative delivery . The song 's lyrics explicitly sum up the background of Eminem 's character in 8 Mile , B - Rabbit , with the first verse summing up much of the plot of the movie . The song incorporates several aggressive themes , largely dealing with the struggles dealt with by B - Rabbit , and how he eventually overcomes his many problems and obstacles to gain the respect of other rappers . `` Lose Yourself '' The song 's chorus consists of two repeated short verses . <Td_colspan="2"> Problems playing this file ? See media help . The song 's production incorporates piano , violins , and several other string instruments . The song is one of four new Eminem solo songs on the soundtrack , the other three being `` 8 Mile '' , `` Rabbit Run '' and `` Stimulate '' ( included on deluxe edition only ) . Several critics cited this trio of songs as the best three from the soundtrack , as well as the most aggressive songs Eminem ever recorded . Piano chords described as `` instantly recognizable '' open the song . Throughout the song there is a `` tense , unrelenting guitar lick '' . The song is in the key of D minor . Critical reception ( edit ) `` Lose Yourself '' received critical acclaim , with many critics praising the song 's aggressive themes and describing it as Eminem 's best work to date . Eminem 's rapping ability , the lyrics and the production were also praised as well . In many retrospective reviews and lists , critics have cited the song among Eminem 's finest , as well as one of the best hip - hop songs of all time . AllMusic editor Stephen Thomas Erlewine praised the song 's production : `` The opening track and first single ( from the 8 Mile soundtrack ) `` Lose Yourself '' is easily equaled by the title song with its layered pianos '' and he highlighted it . NME was extremely positive : `` Eminem 's urgent radio hit ' Lose Yourself ' , you already know . It 's excellent , if obviously an offcut from ' The Eminem Show ' , all thundering rawk guitars and Rocky - ish bassline ( appropriately enough ) . '' RapReviews also noted : `` And as all great journeys begin with a single step , so too does Eminem with this album 's opening song AND lead single entitled `` Lose Yourself '' : 411 Mania praised the song : `` The album wastes no time , delivering the hit ' Lose Yourself ' as the first track . The song is basically as close to a ballad as Eminem will ever get . It is a very hot , adrenaline - laced track . It also continues Eminem 's recent trend of putting out tracks with more of a meaning . '' Chart Performance ( edit ) In the United States , `` Lose Yourself '' debuted on the Billboard Hot 100 singles chart the week of October 5 , 2002 , at No. 43 . A week later , the single jumped to No. 18 , and hit No. 1 by November 9 . The single spent 16 total weeks in the Top 10 , and a total of 23 weeks in the Top 50 . While in the No. 1 spot ( from November 9 , 2002 through January 25 , 2003 ) , `` Lose Yourself '' kept several top contenders for the No. 1 spot from ever reaching No. 1 , including Jay - Z , Nelly , Jennifer Lopez , Christina Aguilera , and especially Missy Elliott , whose single `` Work It '' was at No. 2 for 10 weeks . The song also topped the Pop Songs chart for 7 weeks and hit No. 4 and No. 2 on the Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs and Rap Songs charts . The song also used some rock music origins allowing moderate success to alternative rock radio peaking No. 14 on the Modern Rock Tracks chart , the rapper 's only song to chart . It reached 4 million in sale by August 2011 , and as of September 2017 , it has sold 7.37 million copies in the U.S. In France , it is the 53rd best - selling single of the 21st century , with 386,000 units sold as of August 2014 . By December 2016 , it had sold more than 11,590,000 units worldwide . As of March 2018 , it has sold 10 million copies in the U.S and has now been certified diamond . Music video ( edit ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( October 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The song 's accompanying music video , directed by Eminem , manager Paul Rosenberg and Phillip G. Atwell , was released on October 7 , 2002 . The video is a mixture of several scenarios , largely including several scenes from 8 Mile , however it also contains scenes addressing problems the real life Eminem has addressed , as well as `` B - Rabbit '' 's difficulties , including the ostracism by rap communities towards him due to his color , and his difficult personal life . The music video for `` Lose Yourself '' was filmed in Detroit , Michigan , and thus contains numerous shots of the city , including the Ambassador Bridge . The video is a mixture of multiple scenarios , including scenes from and reminiscent of the movie 8 Mile , and Eminem rapping next to the `` 8 Mile Rd . Mobile Court '' sign that appears on the cover of the movie 's soundtrack . It contains scenes focusing on Rabbit 's and the real life Eminem 's character , for example , the difficulties he has to face while rapping , the insult and booing of crowds as he is a white rapper and the trouble he has to face due to his alcoholic mother and people he hangs out with . At the 2003 MTV Video Music Awards it received the award for Best Video from a Film in the final year this award was given out . It also received nominations for Video of the Year , Best Male Video , Best Rap Video , and Viewer 's Choice . He won a MuchMusic Video Award in 2003 for Favorite International Artist with the video for `` Lose Yourself '' . The official video ( uploaded by Eminem ) has been viewed over 440m times on YouTube , making it one of Eminem 's most popular videos on that site . Legacy ( edit ) `` Lose Yourself '' is the most successful single of Eminem 's mainstream career . Upon its release , the track was a worldwide chart success , peaking at number one on 24 national charts worldwide , these included the US Billboard Hot 100 , making it Eminem 's first number - one hit in the United States . It had a 12 - week run at # 1 in the United States and Australia , and topped the charts in many other countries including the United Kingdom , Ireland , New Zealand and Denmark . It debuted at number nine in Canada and moved up to # 1 the following week . According to the Guinness Book of World Records , `` Lose Yourself '' became the `` Longest Running Single at Number One for a Rap Song '' at 23 weeks . With over 6 million copies sold in the United States , it is Eminem 's third best - selling song , just behind `` Love the Way You Lie '' and `` Not Afraid '' . The song went on to receive the Academy Award for Best Original Song ( the first time a rap song ever won this award ) , beating other nominees like U2 's `` The Hands That Built America . '' Eminem , who was not present at the award ceremony as he believed he would not win , said in a Shade 45 Behind the Boards interview with Cipha Sounds that he was actually sleeping , with cartoons on for his daughter , at the time the award was announced . This was the first time in 14 years the winner of the Best Original Song category did not perform at the ceremony . Luis Resto , one of the song 's co-producers , had attended the ceremony and accepted the award on his behalf . `` He 's creative , he has symphonies in his head , '' Resto said at the lectern about Eminem . The American Film Institute later ranked it # 93 on their list of the 100 Greatest Songs from American Films . At the Grammy Awards of 2004 , `` Lose Yourself '' became Eminem 's second career nomination for Record of the Year ( following `` Without Me '' ) , and the first rap song ever to be nominated for Song of the Year . It won Best Male Rap Solo Performance and Best Rap Song , which was a new category at the time . At No. 166 , `` Lose Yourself '' is the highest ranked of the three songs from the 21st century featured in the 2004 List of Rolling Stone 's 500 Greatest Songs of All Time ( joining `` Stan '' at No. 290 and Outkast 's `` Hey Ya ! '' at # 180 ) . The magazine later ranked the song the twelfth best of the ' 00s decade . The song was the 51st best - selling single of the ' 00s decade in the United Kingdom . The song was placed at number 104 by Pitchfork on their list of `` The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s '' . In October 2011 , NME placed it at number 57 on its list `` 150 Best Tracks of the Past 15 Years '' . VH1 placed it at # 4 for the best songs of the 2000s . In April 2016 , it was placed at number 28 by Rolling Stone on their list of `` 100 Greatest Hip - hop songs of all time '' . Year Organization Award Result 2003 Satellite Awards Best Original Song Nominated Critics ' Choice Movie Awards Best Song Won Golden Globe Awards Best Original Song Nominated Academy Awards Best Original Song Won MTV Video Music Awards Japan Best Video from a Film Won BET Awards Video of the Year Nominated MTV Video Music Awards Video of the Year Nominated Best Male Video Nominated Best Rap Video Nominated Best Video from a Film Won Viewer 's Choice Award Nominated World Soundtrack Awards Best Original Song Written Directly for a Film Nominated Grammy Awards Record of the Year Nominated Song of the Year Nominated Best Male Rap Solo Performance Won Best Rap Song Won Best Song Written for Visual Media Nominated Cover versions ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2017 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Children 's singer Charlotte Diamond covered the song in a remix she called `` Mom 's Pasketti '' . A hit comedic remix of the song under the name of `` Mom 's Spaghetti , '' by Andy of the Hitchcock Bros , repeatedly uses Eminem saying `` mom 's spaghetti '' from the original song . One of the more popular uploads of it on YouTube , uploaded in 2012 by BigMitch Baker , has garnered over 21,000,000 views as of October 2017 . `` Weird Al '' Yankovic made a parody of the song , titled `` Couch Potato '' , on his 2003 album Poodle Hat . Eminem did not give him permission to film a music video , but did allow him to record a parody of the song . Irish pop rock band The Script did an alternative cover to this song in the BBC Radio 's live lounge . In 2003 , the Australian comedy duo Scared Weird Little Guys produced a rap version of the folk song `` Waltzing Matilda '' called `` Cleanin ' Out My Tuckerbag '' , which parodies both `` Lose Yourself '' and `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' , but does not credit Eminem . Christian parody band ApologetiX parodied the song as `` Look Yourself '' . It is available on their 2003 album , Adam Up . The show Robot Chicken parodied part of the film in the rapping sequence involving Bugs Bunny and a collection of other Looney Tunes characters . Canadian rock band Three Days Grace have been covering `` Lose Yourself '' in a medley with their song `` Home '' . During the farewell concert , Polish hip hop group Paktofonika performed their song `` W moich kręgach '' ( `` In My Circles '' ) with music background from `` Lose Yourself '' . Post hardcore band Serianna covered this song in 2012 , which is available as a digital download on iTunes and Amazon . Kelly Clarkson covered this song during her Clarkston , MI show on August 10 , 2012 as part of her fan request cover song . Jon Connor 's 2012 mixtape The People 's Rapper LP included a remix of the song , as well as other Eminem remixes . Hudson Taylor covered the song as a part of their `` Lose Yourself Walking on the Flume '' ( The Police - Walking on the moon , Bon Iver - Flume ) mashup . A mashup of this song with German artist Nena 's `` Nur geträumt '' , created by HiFi Brown , was a German radio hit in 2003 . Vienna Teng covers the song in live performance as a mashup along with Bill Withers ' `` Ai n't No Sunshine '' . German Alternative Rock band Guano Apes covers the song on the 20 - year - anniversary edition of their first album Proud Like a God , Proud Like a God XX . Saliva released a cover of the song online on September 22 , 2017 . Track listing ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> US / UK / European CD single No . Title Writer ( s ) Producer ( s ) Length 1 . `` Lose Yourself '' Marshall Mathers , Luis Resto , Jeff Bass Eminem 5 : 26 2 . `` Renegade '' ( Jay - Z featuring Eminem ) Shawn Carter , Memphis Bleek , Ryan Montgomery , Mathers Eminem 5 : 38 3 . `` Lose Yourself '' ( instrumental ) Mathers , Resto , Bass Eminem 5 : 27 4 . `` Lose Yourself '' ( video ) Mathers , Resto , Bass Eminem 5 : 26 5 . `` 8 Mile Trailer '' Credits and personnel ( edit ) Credits for `` Lose Yourself '' are adapted from the liner notes of the original soundtrack to the movie 8 Mile . Recording Recorded at : Detroit , Michigan Personnel Eminem -- vocals , audio mixing , producer , songwriting and drum programming Jeff Bass -- additional production , songwriter , electric guitar , bass , piano and keyboards Steve King -- audio mixing and recording Mike Strange -- recording Luis Resto -- songwriter , keyboards and programming Charts ( edit ) Weekly charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 -- 03 ) Peak position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Flanders ) Belgium ( Ultratop 50 Wallonia ) Brazil ( Hot 100 Airplay ) Canada ( Canadian Singles Chart ) Denmark ( Tracklisten ) Eurochart Hot 100 ( Billboard ) Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Germany ( Official German Charts ) Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Hungary ( Single Top 40 ) Ireland ( IRMA ) Italy ( FIMI ) Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) Norway ( VG - lista ) Romania ( Romanian Top 100 ) Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 9 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) US Billboard Hot 100 US Alternative Songs ( Billboard ) 14 US Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ( Billboard ) US Hot Rap Songs ( Billboard ) US Mainstream Top 40 ( Billboard ) Year - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2002 ) Position UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 32 US Billboard Hot 100 63 Chart ( 2003 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) Austria ( Ö3 Austria Top 40 ) 6 Belgium ( Ultratop Flanders ) 16 Belgium ( Ultratop Wallonia ) 7 France ( SNEP ) 12 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 6 Ireland ( IRMA ) 6 Italy ( FIMI ) 7 Netherlands ( Dutch Top 40 ) 12 New Zealand ( Recorded Music NZ ) 30 Spain ( PROMUSICAE ) 10 Sweden ( Sverigetopplistan ) Switzerland ( Schweizer Hitparade ) 12 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 25 US Billboard Hot 100 28 Chart ( 2017 ) Position France ( SNEP ) 199 Decade - end charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2000 -- 2009 ) Position Australia ( ARIA ) 7 Germany ( Official German Charts ) 44 UK Singles ( Official Charts Company ) 49 US Billboard Hot 100 28 All - time charts ( edit ) Chart ( 2017 ) Position US Pop Songs ( Billboard ) 100 Certifications ( edit ) Region Certification Certified units / Sales Australia ( ARIA ) 7 × Platinum 490,000 Austria ( IFPI Austria ) Platinum 30,000 Belgium ( BEA ) Platinum 30,000 Canada ( Music Canada ) 6 × Platinum 480,000 Denmark ( IFPI Denmark ) Platinum 60,000 Finland ( Suomen virallinen lista ) France ( SNEP ) Gold 386,000 Germany ( BVMI ) 3 × Gold 750,000 Greece ( IFPI Greece ) Gold 10,000 Italy ( FIMI ) 2 × Platinum 100,000 Japan ( RIAJ ) 3x Platinum 950,000 New Zealand ( RMNZ ) 2 × Platinum 20,000 Norway ( IFPI Norway ) Platinum 10,000 Sweden ( GLF ) Platinum 40,000 Switzerland ( IFPI Switzerland ) Platinum 30,000 United Kingdom ( BPI ) 3 × Platinum 1,800,000 United States ( RIAA ) Diamond 10,000,000 * <Td_colspan="3"> sales figures based on certification alone shipments figures based on certification alone See also ( edit ) Academy Award for Best Original Song Grammy Award for Best Rap Song Grammy Award for Best Rap Solo Performance List of best - selling singles List of best - selling singles in the United States List of best - selling singles in Australia List of number - one singles in Australia in 2002 List of number - one singles of 2002 ( Ireland ) List of number - one hits of 2002 ( Italy ) List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( UK ) List of Hot 100 number - one singles of 2002 ( U.S. ) List of number - one hits of 2003 ( Austria ) List of number - one hits in Denmark List of Dutch Top 40 number - one singles of 2003 List of European number - one hits of 2003 List of number - one singles from the 2000s ( New Zealand ) List of number - one hits in Norway List of number - one hits of 2003 ( Sweden ) List of number - one hits of 2003 ( Switzerland ) List of number - one hits of 2002 ( Romania ) Ultratop 50 number - one hits of 2003 Ultratop 40 number - one hits of 2003 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Schafer , Joseph ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` The 10 Best Eminem Songs '' . Stereogum.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Perosino , Nicholas ( February 6 , 2015 ) . `` Storytelling Reflection / '' Lose Yourself '' by Eminem `` . You.stonybrook.edu . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Roberts , David ( 2006 ) . British Hit Singles & Albums ( 19th ed . ) . London : Guinness World Records Limited . p. 137 . ISBN 1 - 904994 - 10 - 5 . Jump up ^ `` Gold & Platinum Searchable Database '' . RIAA . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Nielsen SoundScan charts -- Digital Songs -- Week Ending : 09 / 28 / 2017 '' ( PDF ) . Nielsen SoundScan . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Schiller , Rebecca ( October 6 , 2011 ) . `` 150 Best Tracks Of The Past 15 Years '' . NME.Com . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem on Behind the Boards - Part 6 of 12 '' . YouTube . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Moss , Corey ( November 14 , 2001 ) . `` Britney 's Pal , Eminem 's Squeeze -- Taryn Manning 's Been Both '' . MTV . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Chrysler Eminem Super Bowl Commercial - Imported From Detroit '' . YouTube . February 5 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McCollom , Brian ( October 27 , 2002 ) . `` Movie 's CD is pure Eminem : A moody mix of fact and fiction '' . Detroit Free Press . Archived from the original on October 29 , 2002 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile - Eminem '' . AllMusic . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem / Various Artists : ' Music From And Inspired By The Motion Picture ' 8 Mile ' '' . NME.com . November 21 , 2002 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 8 Mile Soundtrack '' . RapReviews.com . October 29 , 2002 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Ashish ( November 4 , 2002 ) . `` 8 Mile Soundtrack Review '' . 411Mania.com . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Week Ending Aug. 28 , 2011 . Songs : Jagger As Icon '' . Yahoo ! Chart Watch . August 31 , 2011 . Archived from the original on June 7 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus du millénaire en France , épisode 5 ( 60 - 51 ) '' ( in French ) . ChartsInFrance . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ McIntyre , Hugh ( March 6 , 2018 ) . `` Eminem 's ' Lose Yourself ' Has Been Certified Diamond For Moving 10 Million Units '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lose Yourself in 8 Mile '' . MusicVideosExplained.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Rodriguez , Jason ( April 2 , 2009 ) . `` Eminem Video Throwback : ' Lose Yourself , ' 2002 '' . MTV.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Lose Yourself by Eminem '' . YouTube.com . May 24 , 2007 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem on Behind the Boards - Part 6 of 12 '' . YouTube . July 27 , 2009 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Elson , Rachel F. ( March 24 , 2003 ) . `` Eminem Naps Through His Oscar Victory '' . People.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` 100 Best Songs of the 2000s : 12 Eminem , ' Lose Yourself ' '' . Rolling Stone . June 17 , 2011 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Radio 1 Official Chart of the Decade , as broadcast on BBC Radio 1 on Tuesday December 29 , 2009 , presented by Nihal Jump up ^ `` The Top 500 Tracks of the 2000s '' . Pitchfork.com . Archived from the original on October 4 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ BigMitch Baker ( June 17 , 2012 ) . `` Eminem - Mom 's Spaghetti ( remix ) Original '' . YouTube.com . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 8 carrot road '' . YouTube.com . August 9 , 2006 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Paktofonika - W Moich Kręgach ( live Katowicki Spodek ) '' . YouTube.com . August 18 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Serianna `` Lose Yourself '' ( Eminem ) Official `` . YouTube.com . May 1 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Watch Kelly Clarkson Cover Eminem 's ' Lose Yourself ' '' . RollingStone.com . August 14 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Goldstein , Patrick ( August 12 , 2003 ) . `` Bastard - Pop bringt Nena und Rapper Eminem zusammen '' . welt.de . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Saliva Release Cover Of Eminem Classic `` Lose Yourself '' `` . ImMusicMag.com . October 5 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 2002 ) Release notes for Music from and Inspired by the Motion Picture 8 Mile by various artists ( liner notes ) . Interscope Records ( 0694935261 ) Jump up ^ `` Australian-charts.com -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . ARIA Top 50 Singles . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Austriancharts.at -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' ( in German ) . Ö3 Austria Top 40 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' ( in Dutch ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop.be -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' ( in French ) . Ultratop 50 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem -- Chart history '' Brasil Hot 100 Airplay for Eminem . Retrieved 2014 - 04 - 01 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem > Charts & Awards > Billboard Singles '' . AllMusic . Rovi Corporation . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Danishcharts.com -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . Tracklisten . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Gareth Gates Scores Another U.K. No. 1 '' . Billboard . March 17 , 2003 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Eminem : Lose Yourself '' ( in Finnish ) . Musiikkituottajat -- IFPI Finland . Retrieved August 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Lescharts.com -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' ( in French ) . Les classement single . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Musicline.de -- Eminem Single - Chartverfolgung '' ( in German ) . Media Control Charts . PhonoNet GmbH . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Greek Singles Chart '' ( in Greek ) . IFPI Greece . April 14 , 2003 . Archived from the original on April 14 , 2003 . Retrieved April 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Archívum -- Slágerlisták -- MAHASZ '' ( in Hungarian ) . Single ( track ) Top 40 lista . Magyar Hanglemezkiadók Szövetsége . Jump up ^ `` Chart Track : Week 49 , 2002 '' . Irish Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Italiancharts.com -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . Top Digital Download . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Nederlandse Top 40 -- week 2 , 2003 '' ( in Dutch ) . Dutch Top 40 Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Charts.nz -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . Top 40 Singles . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Norwegiancharts.com -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . VG - lista . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Romanian Top 100 '' . Media Forest . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Spanishcharts.com -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' Canciones Top 50 . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 06 . Jump up ^ `` Swedishcharts.com -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . Singles Top 100 . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Swisscharts.com -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . Swiss Singles Chart . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Official Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Official Charts Company . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Hot 100 ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Alternative Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Hot R&B / Hip - Hop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Hot Rap Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem Chart History ( Pop Songs ) '' . Billboard . Retrieved January 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ChartsPlusYE2002. pdf '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus.co.uk . January 4 , 2013 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 2002 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Bob Borst 's Home of Pop Culture . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts - End Of Year Charts - Top 100 Singles 2003 '' . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Austrian Singles Chart '' . Austriancharts.at ( in Austrian ) . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 Belgian ( Flanders ) Singles Chart '' ( in Belgian ) . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` 2003 Belgian ( Wallonia ) Singles Chart '' ( in Belgian ) . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . CS1 maint : Unrecognized language ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Classement Singles - année 2003 '' . Disque en France ( in French ) . GfK Entertainment . Archived from the original on April 4 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Single - Jahrescharts '' . GfK Entertainment . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` = 2003 Irish Singles Chart '' . Irma.ie . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Musica , Eros re delle vendite 2003 '' . TGCOM24 ( in Italian ) . Mediaset . January 12 , 2004 . Retrieved October 30 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 - Jaaroverzicht van 2003 '' ( in Dutch ) . Stichting Nederlandse Top 40 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Selling Singles of 2003 '' . NZTop40.co.nz . Recorded Music New Zealand Limited . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Eminem - Lose Yourself '' . SpanishCharts.com . Archived from the original on July 30 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Årslista Singlar - År 2003 '' . SverigeToppListan.com ( in Swedish ) . Gramophone Suppliers Association . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Schweizer Jahreshitparade 2003 '' . HitParade.ch ( in Swedish ) . Hung Medien . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ChartsPlusYE2002. pdf '' ( PDF ) . UKChartsPlus.co.uk . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 Songs of 2003 - Billboard Year End Charts '' . Bob Borst 's Home of Pop Culture . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Top Singles Annuel 2017 ( physique + téléchargement + streaming ) '' ( in French ) . SNEP ( Syndicat National de l'Edition phonographique ) . Archived from the original on August 29 , 2018 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 2000sDecadeChartssingles. pdf '' ( PDF ) . ARIA.com.au . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Die erfolgreichsten Hits des neuen Jahrtausends '' ( in German ) . RTL . Archived from the original on November 2 , 2010 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` The Noughties ' Official UK Singles Chart Top 100 '' . Music Week . London , England : United Business Media : 17 . January 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Hot 100 Songs - Decade End Charts '' . Billboard.com . Archived from the original on October 20 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Greatest of All Time Pop Songs '' . Billboard . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ARIA Charts -- Accreditations - 2013 Singles '' . Australian Recording Industry Association ( ARIA ) . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Austrian single certifications -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' ( in German ) . IFPI Austria . Enter Eminem in the field Interpret . Enter Lose Yourself in the field Titel . Select single in the field Format . Click Suchen . Jump up ^ `` Ultratop − Goud en Platina -- singles 2003 '' . Ultratop . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` Canadian single certifications -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . Music Canada . Retrieved 27 January 2016 . Jump up ^ `` EMINEM - LOSE YOURSELF '' ( in Danish ) . IFPI Denmark . Archived from the original on September 15 , 2017 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` French single certifications -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' ( in French ) . Syndicat National de l'Édition Phonographique . Jump up ^ `` Top 100 des singles les plus vendus du millénaire en France , épisode 5 ( 60 - 51 ) '' ( in French ) . August 9 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Gold - / Platin - Datenbank ( Eminem ; ' Lose Yourself ' ) '' ( in German ) . Bundesverband Musikindustrie . Retrieved April 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Italian single certifications -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' ( in Italian ) . Federazione Industria Musicale Italiana . Retrieved 27 November 2017 . ^ Jump up to : `` 新着 情報 '' ( What 's New ) . RIAJ Certification . March 2011 . Archived from the original on July 15 , 2014 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 新着 情報 '' ( What 's New ) . RIAJ Certification. April 2007 . Archived from the original on September 24 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 新着 情報 '' ( What 's New ) . RIAJ Certification . June 2008 . Archived from the original on June 27 , 2015 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` New Zealand single certifications -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . Recorded Music NZ . February 24 , 2014 . Retrieved February 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Trofeer '' ( in Norwegian ) . International Federation of the Phonographic Industry -- Norway . 2001 . Archived from the original on November 5 , 2012 . Retrieved October 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Guld - och Platinacertifikat − År 2003 '' ( PDF ) ( in Swedish ) . IFPI Sweden . Jump up ^ `` The Official Swiss Charts and Music Community : Awards ( Eminem ; ' Lose Yourself ' ) '' . IFPI Switzerland . Hung Medien . Jump up ^ `` British single certifications -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . British Phonographic Industry . Retrieved 31 August 2018 . Select singles in the Format field . Select Platinum in the Certification field . Type Lose Yourself in the `` Search BPI Awards '' field and then press Enter . Jump up ^ `` American single certifications -- Eminem -- Lose Yourself '' . Recording Industry Association of America . If necessary , click Advanced , then click Format , then select Single , then click SEARCH . External links ( edit ) `` Lose Yourself '' on YouTube Lyrics of this song at MetroLyrics <Th_colspan="2"> Academy Award for Best Original Song 1934 -- 1940 `` The Continental '' Music : Con Conrad Lyrics : Herb Magidson ( 1934 ) `` Lullaby of Broadway '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Al Dubin ( 1935 ) `` The Way You Look Tonight '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Dorothy Fields ( 1936 ) `` Sweet Leilani '' Music and lyrics : Harry Owens ( 1937 ) `` Thanks for the Memory '' Music : Ralph Rainger Lyrics : Leo Robin ( 1938 ) `` Over the Rainbow '' Music : Harold Arlen Lyrics : E.Y. Harburg ( 1939 ) `` When You Wish Upon a Star '' Music : Leigh Harline Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1940 ) 1941 -- 1950 `` The Last Time I Saw Paris '' Music : Jerome Kern Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1941 ) `` White Christmas '' Music and lyrics : Irving Berlin ( 1942 ) `` You 'll Never Know '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Mack Gordon ( 1943 ) `` Swinging on a Star '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Johnny Burke ( 1944 ) `` It Might as Well Be Spring '' Music : Richard Rodgers Lyrics : Oscar Hammerstein II ( 1945 ) `` On the Atchison , Topeka and the Santa Fe '' Music : Harry Warren Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1946 ) `` Zip - a-Dee - Doo - Dah '' Music : Allie Wrubel Lyrics : Ray Gilbert ( 1947 ) `` Buttons and Bows '' Music : Jay Livingston Lyrics : Ray Evans ( 1948 ) `` Baby , It 's Cold Outside '' Music and lyrics : Frank Loesser ( 1949 ) `` Mona Lisa '' Music and lyrics : Ray Evans and Jay Livingston ( 1950 ) 1951 -- 1960 `` In the Cool , Cool , Cool of the Evening '' Music : Hoagy Carmichael Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1951 ) `` High Noon ( Do Not Forsake Me , Oh My Darlin ' ) '' Music : Dimitri Tiomkin Lyrics : Ned Washington ( 1952 ) `` Secret Love '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1953 ) `` Three Coins in the Fountain '' Music : Jule Styne Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1954 ) `` Love Is a Many Splendored Thing '' Music : Sammy Fain Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1955 ) `` Que Sera , Sera ( Whatever Will Be , Will Be ) '' Music and lyrics : Jay Livingston and Ray Evans ( 1956 ) `` All the Way '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1957 ) `` Gigi '' Music : Frederick Loewe Lyrics : Alan Jay Lerner ( 1958 ) `` High Hopes '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1959 ) `` Never on Sunday '' Music and lyrics : Manos Hatzidakis ( 1960 ) 1961 -- 1970 `` Moon River '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1961 ) `` Days of Wine and Roses '' Music : Henry Mancini Lyrics : Johnny Mercer ( 1962 ) `` Call Me Irresponsible '' Music : Jimmy Van Heusen Lyrics : Sammy Cahn ( 1963 ) `` Chim Chim Cher - ee '' Music and lyrics : Richard M. Sherman and Robert B. Sherman ( 1964 ) `` The Shadow of Your Smile '' Music : Johnny Mandel Lyrics : Paul Francis Webster ( 1965 ) `` Born Free '' Music : John Barry Lyrics : Don Black ( 1966 ) `` Talk to the Animals '' Music and lyrics : Leslie Bricusse ( 1967 ) `` The Windmills of Your Mind '' Music : Michel Legrand Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1968 ) `` Raindrops Keep Fallin ' on My Head '' Music : Burt Bacharach Lyrics : Hal David ( 1969 ) `` For All We Know '' Music : Fred Karlin Lyrics : Robb Royer and Jimmy Griffin ( 1970 ) 1971 -- 1980 `` Theme from Shaft '' Music and lyrics : Isaac Hayes ( 1971 ) `` The Morning After '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1972 ) `` The Way We Were '' Music : Marvin Hamlisch Lyrics : Alan and Marilyn Bergman ( 1973 ) `` We May Never Love Like This Again '' Music and lyrics : Al Kasha and Joel Hirschhorn ( 1974 ) `` I 'm Easy '' Music and lyrics : Keith Carradine ( 1975 ) `` Evergreen ( Love Theme from A Star Is Born ) '' Music : Barbra Streisand Lyrics : Paul Williams ( 1976 ) `` You Light Up My Life '' Music and lyrics : Joseph Brooks ( 1977 ) `` Last Dance '' Music and lyrics : Paul Jabara ( 1978 ) `` It Goes Like It Goes '' Music : David Shire Lyrics : Norman Gimbel ( 1979 ) `` Fame '' Music : Michael Gore Lyrics : Dean Pitchford ( 1980 ) 1981 -- 1990 `` Arthur 's Theme ( Best That You Can Do ) '' Music and lyrics : Burt Bacharach , Carole Bayer Sager , Christopher Cross and Peter Allen ( 1981 ) `` Up Where We Belong '' Music : Jack Nitzsche and Buffy Sainte - Marie Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1982 ) `` Flashdance ... What a Feeling '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Keith Forsey and Irene Cara ( 1983 ) `` I Just Called to Say I Love You '' Music and lyrics : Stevie Wonder ( 1984 ) `` Say You , Say Me '' Music and lyrics : Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) `` Take My Breath Away '' Music : Giorgio Moroder Lyrics : Tom Whitlock ( 1986 ) `` ( I 've Had ) The Time of My Life '' Music : Franke Previte , John DeNicola and Donald Markowitz Lyrics : Franke Previte ( 1987 ) `` Let the River Run '' Music and lyrics : Carly Simon ( 1988 ) `` Under the Sea '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1989 ) `` Sooner or Later ( I Always Get My Man ) '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Sondheim ( 1990 ) 1991 -- 2000 `` Beauty and the Beast '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Howard Ashman ( 1991 ) `` A Whole New World '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1992 ) `` Streets of Philadelphia '' Music and lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 1993 ) `` Can You Feel the Love Tonight '' Music : Elton John Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1994 ) `` Colors of the Wind '' Music : Alan Menken Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1995 ) `` You Must Love Me '' Music : Andrew Lloyd Webber Lyrics : Tim Rice ( 1996 ) `` My Heart Will Go On '' Music : James Horner Lyrics : Will Jennings ( 1997 ) `` When You Believe '' Music and lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` You 'll Be in My Heart '' Music and lyrics : Phil Collins ( 1999 ) `` Things Have Changed '' Music and lyrics : Bob Dylan ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` If I Did n't Have You '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music : Eminem , Jeff Bass and Luis Resto Lyrics : Eminem ( 2002 ) `` Into the West '' Music and lyrics : Fran Walsh , Howard Shore and Annie Lennox ( 2003 ) `` Al otro lado del río '' Music and lyrics : Jorge Drexler ( 2004 ) `` It 's Hard out Here for a Pimp '' Music and lyrics : Juicy J , Frayser Boy and DJ Paul ( 2005 ) `` I Need to Wake Up '' Music and lyrics : Melissa Etheridge ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music and lyrics : Glen Hansard and Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` Jai Ho '' Music : A.R. Rahman Lyrics : Gulzar ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music and lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` We Belong Together '' Music and lyrics : Randy Newman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- present `` Man or Muppet '' Music and lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music and lyrics : Adele Adkins and Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music and lyrics : John Stephens and Lonnie Lynn ( 2014 ) `` Writing 's on the Wall '' Music and lyrics : James Napier and Sam Smith ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music and lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez and Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Song 1998 -- 2000 `` When You Believe '' Music & Lyrics : Stephen Schwartz ( 1998 ) `` Music of My Heart '' Music & Lyrics : Diane Warren ( 1999 ) `` My Funny Friend and Me '' Music & Lyrics : David Hartley , Sting ( 2000 ) 2001 -- 2010 `` May It Be '' Music & Lyrics : Enya , Nicky Ryan , Roma Ryan ( 2001 ) `` Lose Yourself '' Music & Lyrics : Jeff Bass , Eminem , Luis Resto , ( 2002 ) `` A Mighty Wind '' Music & Lyrics : Christopher Guest , Eugene Levy , Michael McKean ( 2003 ) `` Old Habits Die Hard '' Music & Lyrics : Mick Jagger , David Stewart ( 2004 ) `` Hustle & Flow '' Music & Lyrics : Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) `` Listen '' Music & Lyrics : Scott Cutler , Henry Krieger , Anne Preven ( 2006 ) `` Falling Slowly '' Music & Lyrics : Glen Hansard , Markéta Irglová ( 2007 ) `` The Wrestler '' Music & Lyrics : Bruce Springsteen ( 2008 ) `` The Weary Kind '' Music & Lyrics : Ryan Bingham and T Bone Burnett ( 2009 ) `` If I Rise '' Music & Lyrics : Rollo Armstrong , Dido , A.R. Rahman ( 2010 ) 2011 -- 2020 `` Life 's a Happy Song '' Music & Lyrics : Bret McKenzie ( 2011 ) `` Skyfall '' Music & Lyrics : Adele , Paul Epworth ( 2012 ) `` Let It Go '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2013 ) `` Glory '' Music & Lyrics : Common , John Legend ( 2014 ) `` See You Again '' Music & Lyrics : Andrew Cedar , DJ Frank E , Wiz Khalifa , Charlie Puth ( 2015 ) `` City of Stars '' Music : Justin Hurwitz ; Lyrics : Benj Pasek and Justin Paul ( 2016 ) `` Remember Me '' Music & Lyrics : Kristen Anderson - Lopez , Robert Lopez ( 2017 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Eminem songs <Td_colspan="2"> Singles discography Videography Production discography Awards and nominations D12 discography Bad Meets Evil Slim Shady EP `` Just Do n't Give a Fuck '' `` ' 97 Bonnie & Clyde '' The Slim Shady LP `` My Name Is '' `` Guilty Conscience '' `` Role Model '' The Marshall Mathers LP `` Stan '' `` The Way I Am '' `` The Real Slim Shady '' `` Bitch Please II '' `` Kim '' The Eminem Show `` White America '' `` Business '' `` Cleanin ' Out My Closet '' `` Without Me '' `` Sing for the Moment '' `` Superman '' `` ' Till I Collapse '' 8 Mile soundtrack `` Lose Yourself '' Encore `` Like Toy Soldiers '' `` Mosh '' `` Just Lose It '' `` Ass Like That '' `` Mockingbird '' `` Encore '' Curtain Call : The Hits `` Shake That '' `` When I 'm Gone '' Eminem Presents : The Re-Up `` You Do n't Know '' `` Jimmy Crack Corn '' Relapse `` 3 a.m. '' `` We Made You '' `` Old Time 's Sake '' `` Beautiful '' `` Crack a Bottle '' Refill `` Forever '' `` Hell Breaks Loose '' `` Elevator '' `` Music Box '' Recovery `` Wo n't Back Down '' `` Not Afraid '' `` No Love '' `` Space Bound '' `` Love the Way You Lie '' The Marshall Mathers LP 2 `` Bad Guy '' `` Rhyme or Reason '' `` Survival '' `` Legacy '' `` Berzerk '' `` Rap God '' `` The Monster '' `` So Far ... '' `` Headlights '' `` Beautiful Pain '' Shady XV `` Guts Over Fear '' `` Detroit vs. Everybody '' Southpaw soundtrack `` Kings Never Die '' `` Phenomenal '' Revival `` Walk on Water '' `` Untouchable '' `` River '' `` Framed '' `` Nowhere Fast '' Kamikaze `` The Ringer '' `` Lucky You '' `` Kamikaze '' `` Fall '' `` Venom '' Collaborations `` Dead Wrong '' `` Forgot About Dre '' `` The Watcher '' `` Renegade '' `` Rock City '' `` Hellbound '' `` Rap Name '' `` Shit Hits the Fan '' `` One Day at a Time '' `` Welcome 2 Detroit '' `` Smack That '' `` Touchdown `` Drop the World '' `` Roman 's Revenge '' `` Love the Way You Lie ( Part II ) '' `` That 's All She Wrote '' `` I Need a Doctor '' `` Writer 's Block '' `` Throw That '' `` My Life '' `` C'mon Let Me Ride '' `` Numb '' `` Calm Down '' `` Best Friend '' `` No Favors '' `` Revenge '' `` Majesty '' Other songs `` The Warning '' `` Campaign Speech '' `` Killshot '' Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lose_Yourself&oldid=866375659 '' Categories : 2002 singles 2003 singles 2002 songs Eminem songs Best Original Song Academy Award - winning songs Billboard Hot 100 number - one singles Billboard Mainstream Top 40 ( Pop Songs ) number - one singles Number - one singles in Australia Number - one singles in Austria Number - one singles in Denmark European Hot 100 Singles number - one singles Number - one singles in Finland Number - one singles in Greece Number - one singles in Hungary Irish Singles Chart number - one singles Number - one singles in Italy Dutch Top 40 number - one singles Number - one singles in New Zealand Number - one singles in Norway Number - one singles in Switzerland Number - one singles in Sweden UK Singles Chart number - one singles Song recordings produced by Eminem 2000s fads and trends Songs written by Eminem Grammy Award for Best Male Rap Solo Performance Shady Records singles Aftermath Entertainment singles Interscope Records singles Songs written by Luis Resto ( musician ) Inspirational songs Rap rock songs Hidden categories : CS1 French - language sources ( fr ) CS1 Greek - language sources ( el ) CS1 maint : Unrecognized language CS1 Italian - language sources ( it ) CS1 Dutch - language sources ( nl ) CS1 Swedish - language sources ( sv ) CS1 German - language sources ( de ) CS1 Danish - language sources ( da ) CS1 Norwegian - language sources ( no ) Use mdy dates from August 2015 Articles with hAudio microformats All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from February 2018 Articles needing additional references from October 2017 All articles needing additional references Articles needing additional references from November 2017 Singlechart usages for Australia Singlechart usages for Austria Singlechart usages for Flanders Singlechart usages for Wallonia Singlechart usages for Brazil Singlechart usages for Denmark Singlechart usages for Finland Singlechart usages for French Singlechart used with missing parameters Singlechart usages for Germany Singlechart usages for Hungarytop10 Singlechart usages for Ireland Singlechart usages for Italy Singlechart usages for Dutch40 Singlechart usages for New Zealand Singlechart usages for Norway Singlechart usages for Spain Singlechart usages for Sweden Singlechart usages for Switzerland Singlechart usages for UK Singlechart usages for Billboardhot100 Singlechart usages for Billboardalternativesongs Singlechart usages for Billboardrandbhiphop Singlechart usages for Billboardrapsongs Singlechart usages for Billboardpopsongs Certification Table Entry usages for Australia Certification Table Entry usages for Austria Certification Table Entry usages for Belgium Certification Table Entry usages for Canada Certification Table Entry usages for Denmark Certification Table Entry usages for France Certification Table Entry usages for Germany Certification Table Entry usages for Greece Certification Table Entry usages for Italy Certification Table Entry usages for Japan Certification Table Entry usages for New Zealand Certification Table Entry usages for Norway Certification Table Entry usages for Sweden Certification Table Entry usages for Switzerland Certification Table Entry usages for United Kingdom Certification Table Entry usages for United States Talk Contents About Wikipedia Azərbaycanca Čeština Dansk Deutsch Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français 한국어 Italiano ქართული Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Português Русский Simple English Svenska Türkçe Tiếng Việt 中文 14 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 23 : 43 ( UTC ) . 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1. Eminem's "Lose Yourself" 2. 8 Mile soundtrack 3. Academy Award for Best Original Song 4. Commercial success and critical acclaim 5. Eminem's rapping ability and lyrics

when was the brooklyn bridge started and finished

Brooklyn Bridge - wikipedia Brooklyn Bridge Jump to : navigation , search For other uses , see Brooklyn Bridge ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Brooklyn Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> The Brooklyn Bridge , viewed from Manhattan Coordinates 40 ° 42 ′ 20 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 47 '' W  /  40.70569 ° N 73.99639 ° W  / 40.70569 ; - 73.99639 Coordinates : 40 ° 42 ′ 20 '' N 73 ° 59 ′ 47 '' W  /  40.70569 ° N 73.99639 ° W  / 40.70569 ; - 73.99639 Carries 6 lanes of roadway ( cars only ) Elevated trains ( until 1944 ) Streetcars ( until 1950 ) Pedestrians and bicycles Crosses East River Locale New York City ( Civic Center , Manhattan -- Dumbo / Brooklyn Heights , Brooklyn ) Maintained by New York City Department of Transportation ID number 22400119 <Th_colspan="2"> Characteristics Design Suspension / Cable - stay Hybrid Total length 5,989 ft ( 1,825.4 m ) Width 85 ft ( 25.9 m ) Height 276.5 ft ( 84.3 m ) above mean high water Longest span 1,595.5 ft ( 486.3 m ) Clearance below 135 ft ( 41.1 m ) <Th_colspan="2"> History Designer John Augustus Roebling Opened May 24 , 1883 ; 134 years ago ( 1883 - 05 - 24 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Statistics Daily traffic 123,781 ( 2008 ) Toll Free both ways <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Brooklyn Bridge <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Register of Historic Places <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. National Historic Landmark <Td_colspan="2"> NYC Landmark <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Built 1869 - 1883 Architectural style neo-Gothic NRHP reference # 66000523 <Th_colspan="2"> Significant dates Added to NRHP October 15 , 1966 Designated NHL January 29 , 1964 Designated NYCL August 24 , 1967 <Th_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Brooklyn Bridge Location in Lower Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge Location in Lower Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge Location in Lower Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge Location in Lower Manhattan Show map of Lower Manhattan Show map of New York City Show map of New York Show map of the US Show all The Brooklyn Bridge is a hybrid cable - stayed / suspension bridge in New York City and is one of the oldest bridges in the United States . Started in 1869 and completed fourteen ( 14 ) years later in 1883 , it connects the boroughs of Manhattan and Brooklyn by spanning the East River . It has a main span of 1,595.5 feet ( 486.3 m ) and was the first steel - wire suspension bridge constructed . It was originally called the New York and Brooklyn Bridge and the East River Bridge , but it was later dubbed the Brooklyn Bridge , a name coming from an earlier January 25 , 1867 , letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle and formally so named by the city government in 1915 . Since opening , it has become an icon of New York City and was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964 and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Design 2 History 2.1 Construction 2.2 Opening 2.3 Renovation 2.4 Notable events 3 Pedestrian and vehicular access 3.1 Vehicular access 4 Cultural significance 4.1 In popular culture 5 Gallery 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Design ( edit ) Although the Brooklyn Bridge is technically a suspension bridge , it uses a hybrid cable - stayed / suspension bridge design . The towers are built of limestone , granite , and Rosendale cement . The limestone was quarried at the Clark Quarry in Essex County , New York . The granite blocks were quarried and shaped on Vinalhaven Island , Maine , under a contract with the Bodwell Granite Company , and delivered from Maine to New York by schooner . The bridge was built with numerous passageways and compartments in its anchorages . New York City rented out the large vaults under the bridge 's Manhattan anchorage in order to fund the bridge . Opened in 1876 , the vaults were used to store wine , as they were always at 60 ° F ( 16 ° C ) . This was called the `` Blue Grotto '' because of a shrine to the Virgin Mary next to an opening at the entrance . When New York magazine visited one of the cellars about 102 years later , in 1978 , it discovered , on the wall , a `` fading inscription '' reading : `` Who loveth not wine , women and song , he remaineth a fool his whole life long . '' History ( edit ) Construction ( edit ) John Augustus Roebling Early plan of one tower for the Brooklyn Bridge , 1867 External video <Td_colspan="2"> Presentation by David McCullough on The Great Bridge , September 17 , 2002 , C - SPAN Construction of the bridge began in 1869 . The bridge was designed by German immigrant John Augustus Roebling , who had previously designed and constructed shorter suspension bridges , such as Roebling 's Delaware Aqueduct in Lackawaxen , Pennsylvania , the Waco Suspension Bridge and the John A. Roebling Suspension Bridge between Cincinnati , Ohio , and Covington , Kentucky . While conducting surveys for the bridge project , Roebling sustained a crush injury to his foot when a ferry pinned it against a piling . After amputation of his crushed toes he developed a tetanus infection which left him incapacitated and soon resulted in his death in 1869 , not long after he had placed his 32 - year - old son Washington Roebling in charge of the project . The bridge 's two towers were built by floating two caissons , giant upside - down boxes made of southern yellow pine , in the span of the East River , and then beginning to build the stone towers on top of them until they sank to the bottom of the river . Compressed air was pumped into the caissons , and workers entered the space to dig the sediment , until the caissons sank to the bedrock . The whole weight of the bridge still sits upon a 15 - foot thickness of southern yellow pine wood under the sediment . Many workers became sick with the bends in this work . This condition was unknown at the time , and was first called `` caisson disease '' by the project physician Andrew Smith . Washington Roebling also suffered a paralyzing injury as a result of decompression sickness shortly after ground was broken for the Brooklyn tower foundation on January 3 , 1870 . Roebling 's debilitating condition left him unable to physically supervise the construction firsthand . As Chief Engineer , Roebling supervised the entire project from his apartment with a view of the work , designing and redesigning caissons and other equipment . He was aided by his wife Emily Warren Roebling who provided the critical written link between her husband and the engineers on site . Under her husband 's guidance , Emily studied higher mathematics , the calculations of catenary curves , the strengths of materials , bridge specifications , and the intricacies of cable construction . She spent the next 11 years assisting Washington Roebling , helping to supervise the bridge 's construction . When iron probes underneath the caisson for the Manhattan tower found the bedrock to be even deeper than expected , Roebling halted construction due to the increased risk of decompression sickness . He later deemed the aggregate overlying the bedrock 30 feet ( 9.1 m ) below it to be firm enough to support the tower base , and construction continued . The construction of the Brooklyn Bridge is detailed in the 1972 book The Great Bridge by David McCullough and Brooklyn Bridge ( 1981 ) , the first PBS documentary film by Ken Burns . Burns drew heavily on McCullough 's book for the film and used him as narrator . It is also described in Seven Wonders of the Industrial World , a BBC docudrama series with accompanying book . Opening ( edit ) Play media Thomas A. Edison , Inc. : `` New Brooklyn to New York Via Brooklyn Bridge '' , 1899 Newspaper headline announcing opening The bridge -- originally referred to as the New York and Brooklyn Bridge and as the East River Bridge -- was opened for use on May 24 , 1883 . Thousands of people attended the opening ceremony and many ships were present in the East Bay for the occasion . President Chester A. Arthur and Mayor Franklin Edson crossed the bridge to celebratory cannon fire and were greeted by Brooklyn Mayor Seth Low when they reached the Brooklyn - side tower . Arthur shook hands with Washington Roebling at the latter 's home , after the ceremony . Roebling was unable to attend the ceremony ( and in fact rarely visited the site again ) , but held a celebratory banquet at his house on the day of the bridge opening . Further festivity included the performance of a band , gunfire from ships , and a fireworks display . On that first day , a total of 1,800 vehicles and 150,300 people crossed what was then the only land passage between Manhattan and Brooklyn . Emily Warren Roebling was the first to cross the bridge . The bridge 's main span over the East River is 1,595 feet 6 inches ( 486.3 m ) . The bridge cost US $15.5 million in 1883 dollars ( about US $385,554,000 in today 's dollars ) to build and an estimated 27 people died during its construction . On May 30 , 1883 , six days after the opening , a lady falling down the stairway caused a stampede , which was responsible for at least twelve people being crushed and killed . On May 17 , 1884 , P.T. Barnum helped to squelch doubts about the bridge 's stability -- while publicizing his famous circus -- when one of his most famous attractions , Jumbo , led a parade of 21 elephants over the Brooklyn Bridge . At the time it opened , and for several years , it was the longest suspension bridge in the world -- 50 % longer than any previously built -- and it has become a treasured landmark . Since the 1980s , it has been floodlit at night to highlight its architectural features . The architectural style is neo-Gothic , with characteristic pointed arches above the passageways through the stone towers . The paint scheme of the bridge is `` Brooklyn Bridge Tan '' and `` Silver '' , although it has been argued that the original paint was `` Rawlins Red '' . At the time the bridge was built , engineers had not discovered the aerodynamics of bridge construction . Bridges were not tested in wind tunnels until the 1950s , well after the collapse of the original Tacoma Narrows Bridge , known as Galloping Gertie , in 1940 . It is therefore fortunate that the open truss structure supporting the deck is by its nature less subject to aerodynamic problems . Roebling designed a bridge and truss system that was six times as strong as he thought it needed to be . Because of this , the Brooklyn Bridge is still standing when many of the bridges built around the same time have vanished into history and been replaced . This is also in spite of the substitution of inferior quality wire in the cabling supplied by the contractor J. Lloyd Haigh -- by the time it was discovered , it was too late to replace the cabling that had already been constructed . Roebling determined that the poorer wire would leave the bridge four rather than six times as strong as necessary , so it was eventually allowed to stand , with the addition of 250 cables . Diagonal cables were installed from the towers to the deck , intended to stiffen the bridge . They turned out to be unnecessary , but were kept for their distinctive beauty . Renovation ( edit ) Renovation of the Brooklyn Bridge in progress After the 2007 collapse of the I - 35W highway bridge in Minneapolis , increased public attention has focused on the condition of bridges across the US . The New York Times reported that the Brooklyn Bridge approach ramps received a rating of `` poor '' during its last inspection the prior year . According to a NYC Department of Transportation spokesman , the poor rating did not indicate a dangerous state , but rather implied it required renovation . A US $508 million project ( equivalent to US $558 million in 2016 ) to renovate the approaches began in 2010 , with the full bridge renovation beginning in spring 2011 which was originally scheduled to run until 2014 , however the project did not finish until April 2015 . Work included widening two approach ramps from one to two lanes by re-striping a new prefabricated ramp ; raising clearance over the eastbound Interstate 278 at York Street , on the double - deck Brooklyn - Queens Expressway ; and seismic retrofitting , replacement of rusted railings and safety barriers , and road deck resurfacing . The nature of the work necessitated detours for four years . In August 2016 , after the renovation of the bridge had already been completed , the New York City Department of Transportation announced that it would conduct a seven - month , US $370,000 study to verify if the bridge could support a heavier upper deck that consisted of an expanded bicycle and pedestrian path . As of 2016 , about 10,000 pedestrians and 3,500 bikers use the pathway on an average weekday . The pedestrian entrance on the Brooklyn side was under construction as of May 2017 . Notable events ( edit ) Tablet signage on the Manhattan side tower of the Brooklyn Bridge Aerial view , looking down at tower Ramps on Manhattan side In 1915 , the city government officially named the structure the Brooklyn Bridge , a name first mentioned in print in a January 1867 letter to the editor of the Brooklyn Daily Eagle . In 1919 , Giorgio Pessi piloted what was then one of the world 's largest airplanes , the Caproni Ca. 5 , under the bridge . In 1964 , the bridge was designated a National Historic Landmark , having become an icon of New York City since its opening , and a National Historic Civil Engineering Landmark in 1972 . The centennial celebrations on May 24 , 1983 , saw a cavalcade of cars crossing the bridge , led by President Ronald Reagan . A flotilla of ships visited the harbor , parades were held , and in the evening the sky over the bridge was illuminated by Grucci Fireworks . The Brooklyn Museum exhibited a selection of the original drawings made for the bridge 's construction , some by Washington Roebling himself . Media coverage of the centennial was declared `` the public relations triumph of 1983 '' by Inc . In June 1993 , following 13 reconnoiters inside the metal structure , and with the help of a mountain guide , Thierry Devaux performed ( illegally ) eight acrobatic bungee jumps above the East River close to the Brooklyn - side pier , in the early morning . He used an electric winch between each acrobatic figure . On March 1 , 1994 , Lebanese - born Rashid Baz opened fire on a van carrying members of the Chabad - Lubavitch Orthodox Jewish Movement , striking 16 - year - old student Ari Halberstam and three others traveling on the bridge . Halberstam died five days later from his wounds . Baz was apparently acting out of revenge for the Hebron massacre of 29 Palestinian Muslims by Baruch Goldstein that had taken place a few days earlier on February 25 , 1994 . Baz was convicted of murder and sentenced to a 141 - year prison term . After initially classifying the murder as one committed out of road rage , the Justice Department reclassified the case in 2000 as a terrorist attack . The entrance ramp to the bridge on the Manhattan side was named the Ari Halberstam Memorial Ramp in memory of the victim . In 2003 , truck driver Iyman Faris was sentenced to about 20 years in prison for providing material support to Al - Qaeda , after an earlier plot to destroy the bridge by cutting through its support wires with blowtorches was thwarted through information the National Security Agency uncovered through wiretapped phone conversations and interrogation of Al - Qaeda militants . In 2006 , workers found a Cold War - era fallout shelter during a structural inspection beneath the Manhattan approach . The abandoned space in one of the masonry arches still contained the emergency survival supplies for a potential nuclear attack by the Soviet Union . Beginning on May 22 , 2008 , five - days of festivities celebrated the 125th anniversary of the bridge 's opening . The events kicked - off with a live performance of the Brooklyn Philharmonic in Empire -- Fulton Ferry State Park , followed by special lighting of the bridge 's towers and a fireworks display . Other events held during the 125th anniversary celebrations , which coincided with the Memorial Day weekend , included a film series , historical walking tours , information tents , a series of lectures and readings , a bicycle tour of Brooklyn , a miniature golf course featuring Brooklyn icons , and other musical and dance performances . Just before the anniversary celebrations , artist Paul St George installed the Telectroscope , a video link between New York and London , on the Brooklyn side of the bridge . The installation lasted for a few weeks and permitted viewers in New York to see people looking into a matching telectroscope near London 's Tower Bridge . A newly renovated pedestrian connection to the DUMBO neighborhood was also unveiled before the anniversary celebrations . On October 1 , 2011 , police arrested more than 700 protesters with the Occupy Wall Street movement who attempted to march across the bridge on the roadway . Odlum jumps from the bridge Early in the morning on July 22 , 2014 , the two American flags attached to poles atop each tower were found to have been replaced by American flags that had been bleached white . It is believed that several individuals covered the lights that illuminate the flags , then climbed the cables to the top of the two bridge towers . Authorities reviewed evidence including surveillance footage and DNA taken from the bridge , and by August 1 , 2014 , they found up to nine `` persons of interest '' with a possible motive being cannabis activism . However , on August 12 , 2014 , two Berlin artists claimed responsibility for hoisting the two white flags , causing the security panic and investigation by New York police . Mischa Leinkauf and Matthias Wermke said the flags were meant to celebrate `` the beauty of public space '' and the anniversary of the death of German - born John Roebling , who designed the famous bridge . The artists say they hand - sewed the two flags into all - white replicas of an American flag and had the original flags ready to return . `` This was not an anti-American statement , '' Wermke said . There have been several notable jumpers as well . The first person to jump from the bridge was Robert Emmet Odlum , brother of women 's rights activist Charlotte Odlum Smith , on May 19 , 1885 . He struck the water at an angle and died shortly thereafter from internal injuries . Steve Brodie dropped from underneath the bridge in July 1886 , although there is some doubt about this . Larry Donovan made a slightly higher jump from the railing a month later and went on to an international bridge jumping career . Cartoonist Otto Eppers jumped and survived in 1910 , and was then tried and acquitted for attempted suicide . A lesser known early jumper was James Duffy of County Cavan , Ireland , who , on April 15 , 1895 , asked several men to watch him jump from the bridge . Duffy jumped and was not seen again . Pedestrian and vehicular access ( edit ) View from the pedestrian walkway . The bridge 's cable arrangement forms a distinctive weblike pattern . Street map of lower Manhattan and downtown Brooklyn dated 1885 , two years after completion of the Brooklyn Bridge , showing street approaches to the bridge as they were The bridge originally carried horse - drawn and rail traffic , with a separate elevated walkway along the centerline for pedestrians and bicycles . Since 1950 , the main roadway has carried six lanes of automobile traffic . Due to the roadway 's height ( 11 ft ( 3.4 m ) posted ) and weight ( 6,000 lb ( 2,700 kg ) posted ) restrictions , commercial vehicles and buses are prohibited from using this bridge . The two inside traffic lanes once carried elevated trains of the BMT from Brooklyn points to a terminal at Park Row via Sands Street . Streetcars ran on what are now the two center lanes ( shared with other traffic ) until the elevated lines stopped using the bridge in 1944 , when they moved to the protected center tracks . In 1950 , the streetcars also stopped running , and the bridge was rebuilt to carry six lanes of automobile traffic . The Brooklyn Bridge is accessible to vehicles from the Brooklyn entrances of Tillary / Adams Streets , Sands / Pearl Streets , and Exit 28B of the eastbound Brooklyn - Queens Expressway . In Manhattan , cars can enter from either direction of the FDR Drive , Park Row , Chambers / Centre Streets , and Pearl / Frankfort Streets . Pedestrian and bicycle access to the bridge from the Brooklyn side is from either Tillary / Adams Streets ( in between the vehicular entrance / exit ) or a staircase on Prospect Street between Cadman Plaza East and West . In Manhattan , the pedestrian walkway is accessible from the end of Centre Street or through the unpaid south staircase of Brooklyn Bridge -- City Hall / Chambers Street subway station complex . Cross-section diagram of the bridge Looking down a neighboring street at the large bridge . The Brooklyn Bridge has a wide pedestrian walkway open to walkers and cyclists in the center of the bridge above the automobile lanes . In 1971 , a center line was painted to separate cyclists from pedestrians , creating one of the City 's first dedicated bike lanes . More than 4,000 pedestrians and 3,100 cyclists cross the Brooklyn Bridge each day . While the bridge has always permitted the passage of pedestrians across its span , its role in allowing thousands to cross takes on a special importance in times of difficulty when usual means of crossing the East River have become unavailable . During transit strikes by the Transport Workers Union in 1980 and 2005 , people commuting to work used the bridge joined by Mayors Koch and Bloomberg who crossed as a gesture to the affected public . Following the 1965 , 1977 , and 2003 blackouts and most famously after the September 11 attacks on the World Trade Center , people leaving Manhattan used the bridge after MTA suspended subway service . During the 2003 event , many crossing the bridge reported a swaying motion . The higher than usual pedestrian load caused this swaying coupled with the tendency of pedestrians to synchronize their footfalls with a sway , amplifying the motion . Several engineers expressed concern about how this would affect the bridge , although others noted that the bridge did withstand the event and that the redundancies in its design -- the inclusion of the three support systems -- suspension system , diagonal stay system , and stiffening truss -- make it `` probably the best secured bridge against such movements going out of control '' . Previously , bridge designer John Roebling had stated that due to such redundancies , the bridge would sag , yet not fall , even if one of these structural systems were to fail altogether . Vehicular access ( edit ) Vehicular access to the bridge is provided by a complex series of ramps on both the Manhattan and Brooklyn sides of the bridge . Borough Location mi km Destinations Notes Brooklyn Brooklyn Heights 0.00 0.00 <Td_colspan="1"> Tillary Street / Adams Street south At - grade intersection ; no turns from inner roadway 0.30 0.48 <Td_colspan="1"> Sands Street Northbound entrance only 0.40 0.64 <Td_colspan="1"> I - 278 ( Brooklyn -- Queens Expressway ) / Cadman Plaza West Southbound exit and northbound entrance ; exit 28B on I - 278 <Td_colspan="2"> East River 0.70 -- 1.00 1.13 -- 1.61 <Td_colspan="2"> Suspension span Manhattan Two Bridges 1.30 2.09 <Td_colspan="1"> FDR Drive / Pearl Street Northbound exit and southbound entrance ; exit 2 on FDR Drive Financial District 1.40 2.25 <Td_colspan="1"> Park Row south Northbound exit and southbound entrance 1.50 2.41 <Td_colspan="1"> Chambers Street west / Centre Street north to NY 9A <Td_colspan="6"> 1.000 mi = 1.609 km ; 1.000 km = 0.621 mi Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge in the daytime , with the Manhattan Bridge behind it , and the Williamsburg Bridge visible farther in the background Cultural significance ( edit ) `` Bird 's - Eye View of the Great New York and Brooklyn Bridge and Grand Display of Fire Works on Opening Night '' Contemporaries marveled at what technology was capable of , and the bridge became a symbol of the optimism of the time . John Perry Barlow wrote in the late 20th century of the `` literal and genuinely religious leap of faith '' embodied in the Brooklyn Bridge -- `` the Brooklyn Bridge required of its builders faith in their ability to control technology '' . Albert Gleizes , 1915 , Brooklyn Bridge ( Pont de Brooklyn ) , Solomon R. Guggenheim Museum . This was the most abstract painting of the bridge to date References to `` selling the Brooklyn Bridge '' abound in American culture , sometimes as examples of rural gullibility but more often in connection with an idea that strains credulity . For example , `` If you believe that , I 've got a bridge to sell you . '' George C. Parker and William McCloundy are two early 20th - century con - men who had ( allegedly ) successfully perpetrated this scam on unwitting tourists . The 1949 Bugs Bunny cartoon `` Bowery Bugs '' is also a joking reference to Bugs `` selling '' a story of the Brooklyn Bridge to a naive tourist . A bronze plaque is attached to one of the bridge 's anchorages , which was constructed on a piece of property occupied by a mansion , the Osgood House , at 1 Cherry Street in Manhattan . It served as the first Presidential Mansion , housing George Washington , his family , and household staff from April 23 , 1789 to February 23 , 1790 , when New York City was the national capital . Its owner , Samuel Osgood , a Massachusetts politician and lawyer , married Maria Bowne Franklin , widow of Walter Franklin , the New York merchant who built it in 1770 . Washington occupied the structure a week before his 1789 inauguration as first President of the United States . In addition to living quarters , the Osgood House contained the President 's private office and the public business office , making it the first seat of the executive branch of the federal government . Love locks on the Brooklyn Bridge `` Love locks '' is a practice by which a couple inscribes a date and their initials onto a lock , attach it to the bridge , and throw the key into the water as a sign of their `` everlasting love '' . Although the origin of the practice is unknown , it is more popular in Europe , where more than 20 countries have at least one city with a similar location . It has reportedly caused damage to certain bridges and is officially illegal in New York City . Workers periodically remove the love locks from the bridge . In popular culture ( edit ) The bridge is often featured in wide shots of the New York City skyline in television and film . It has been shown in films such as Annie Hall , Gangs of New York , Kate & Leopold , It Happened in Brooklyn , Independence Day , I Am Legend , The Dark Knight Rises , Once Upon a Time in America , Oliver & Company ( in which the bridge has a subway track ) , The Avengers , Enchanted and Godzilla ( in which the bridge is completely destroyed ) . It has also been prominently featured in various television series ( especially those set in New York City ) , such as CSI : NY . Cuban poet José Martí wrote an article titled `` The Bridge of Brooklyn '' for the magazine La América , published in June 1883 , shortly after the bridge opened to the public . The article was published in his book `` Escenas norteamericanas '' . In the article , Martí made comparisons between certain animals ( like snakes ) and the structure of the bridge . American Modernist poet Hart Crane used the Brooklyn Bridge as a central metaphor and organizing structure for his second and most important book of poetry , The Bridge . This book takes the form of a long poem spanning eight parts , beginning with an ode ( `` Proem : To Brooklyn Bridge '' ) and ending with a transfigured vision of the bridge as the unifying symbol of America ( `` Atlantis '' ) . Crane briefly lived in an apartment overlooking the bridge that , he later learned , once housed Washington Roebling , the Brooklyn Bridge 's builder and son of its architect , John A. Roebling . Black American writer Samuel R. Delany makes extensive use of the Brooklyn Bridge in ATLANTIS : THREE TALES ( 1995 ) , a collection of short stories . The first of these stories , `` Atlantis : Model 1924 '' places the main character Sam ( based on Delany 's own father ) on the bridge , where he coincidentally meets Hart Crane . American playwright Mark Violi has penned the drama Roebling : The Story of the Brooklyn Bridge . This stage play focuses on the dramatic events of the Roebling family as they endeavor to build the Brooklyn Bridge . Tagline for the play reads : `` A drama about the men who built the Brooklyn Bridge -- and the woman who finished it . '' Gallery ( edit ) Under construction , c. 1872 -- c. 1887 Brooklyn Bridge , looking west from Brooklyn , July 1899 Brooklyn Bridge , looking east from Manhattan , July 1899 Painters working on the bridge , October 1914 ( Eugene de Salignac ) Base of Brooklyn tower Flag atop the bridge Pedestrian walkway Pedestrian walkway between towers View of the support structure over the Brooklyn Bridge roadway Westbound roadway , looking east at the bridge View from Brooklyn View from Manhattan Brooklyn Bridge at night taken from Brooklyn Bridge Park A bird soars over the Brooklyn Bridge Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge and Lower Manhattan at night Panorama of Brooklyn Bridge in the daytime The Brooklyn Bridge with Lower Manhattan in the background . Lower Manhattan and Brooklyn Bridge See also ( edit ) Brooklyn Bridge Park Brooklyn Bridge trolleys National Register of Historic Places portal Architecture portal Bridges portal Trains portal New York City portal References ( edit ) Notes Jump up ^ `` NYC DOT Bridges & Tunnels Annual Condition Report 2015 '' ( pdf ) . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` NYCDOT Bridges Information '' . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved August 23 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . Nycroads.com . Retrieved June 4 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Feuerstein , Gary ( May 29 , 1998 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge Facts , History and Information '' . Endex Engineering , Inc . Archived from the original on February 8 , 2010 . Retrieved May 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` New York City Bridge Traffic Volumes 2008 '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Transportation . March 2010 . p. 63 . Retrieved July 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ National Park Service ( 2007 - 01 - 23 ) . `` National Register Information System '' . National Register of Historic Places . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . National Park Service . Archived from the original on November 28 , 2002 . Jump up ^ E.P.D. ( January 25 , 1867 ) . `` The East River Bridge '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . 27 ( 22 ) . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : Armstrong , James B. ; Bradford , S. Sydney ( February 24 , 1975 ) . `` The Brooklyn Bridge '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination . National Park Service . ^ Jump up to : `` The Brooklyn Bridge -- Accompanying three photos , from 1975 . '' ( PDF ) . National Register of Historic Places Inventory - Nomination . National Park Service . February 24 , 1975 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . American Society of Civil Engineers Metropolitan Section . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Brooklyn Bridge '' , Encyclopædia Britannica Jump up ^ * `` Cultural Resource Information System ( CRIS ) '' ( Searchable database ) . New York State Office of Parks , Recreation and Historic Preservation . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Krattinger , William E. ; Hale , Darcey ; Hale , Bruce & Glenn , Morris ( August 2012 ) . `` National Register of Historic Places Registration Form : Ligonier Point Historic District '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved February 1 , 2016 . Jump up ^ McLane , Charles B. ; McLane , Carol Evarts ( 1997 ) . Islands of the Mid-Maine Coast . I. Tilbury House & Island Institute . p. 134 . ISBN 978 - 0884481850 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge Champagne '' . ediblegeography.com . Jump up ^ Van Luling , Todd ( April 17 , 2014 ) . `` 8 Things Even New Yorkers Do n't Know About New York City '' . The Huffington Post . Jump up ^ `` Waco Suspension Bridge Model For Brooklyn Bridge '' ( PDF ) . Friends of Waco . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Building Of The Bridge. ; Its Cost And The Difficulties Met With -- Details Of The History Of A Great Engineering Triumph . '' . The New York Times . May 24 , 1883 . Retrieved October 27 , 2009 . Jump up ^ McNamara , Robert . `` The Brooklyn Bridge was a Fascinating Sight While Being Built '' . about education . About.com . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Sandhog : Building the Brooklyn Bridge , 1871 '' . Eyewitness to History . Retrieved October 31 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Smith , Andrew Heermance ( 1886 ) . The Physiological , Pathological and Therapeutical Effects of Compressed Air . Detroit : George S. Davis . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Acott , Chris ( 1999 ) . `` A brief history of diving and decompression illness . '' . South Pacific Underwater Medicine Society journal . 29 ( 2 ) . ISSN 0813 - 1988 . OCLC 16986801 . Retrieved April 17 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Butler WP ( 2004 ) . `` Caisson disease during the construction of the Eads and Brooklyn Bridges : A review '' . Undersea Hyperb Med. 31 ( 4 ) : 445 -- 59 . PMID 15686275 . Retrieved June 19 , 2008 . ^ Jump up to : McCullough , David ( 1972 ) . The Great Bridge . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 21213 - 1 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ Weigold , Marilyn ( 1984 ) . Silent Builder : Emily Warren Roebling and the Brooklyn Bridge . Associated Faculty Press . Jump up ^ `` Emily Warren Roebling '' . American Society of Civil Engineers . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` GlassSteelandStone : Brooklyn Bridge - tower rests on sand '' . Retrieved February 20 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Burns , Ken . `` Why I Decided to Make Brooklyn Bridge '' . Public Broadcasting Service . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Burns , Ken ; U.S. Documentary Film Maker '' . Museum of Broadcast Communications . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Micalizio , Caryl - Sue ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` This Day in Geographic History : May 24 1884 -- Brooklyn Bridge Opens '' . National Geographic . National Geographic Society . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge ( 1883 ) '' . Bridges of Dublin . Dublin City Council . 2017 . Retrieved March 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Reeves , Thomas C. ( 1975 ) . Gentleman Boss . New York : Alfred A. Knopf . pp. 359 -- 360 . ISBN 0 - 394 - 46095 - 2 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Daily Eagle 1841 -- 1902 Online '' . Archived from the original on November 14 , 2007 . Retrieved November 23 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dead on the New Bridge ; Fatal Crush at the Western Approach '' . The New York Times . May 31 , 1883 . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Bildner , Phil ( 2004 ) . Twenty - One Elephants . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 0 - 689 - 87011 - 6 . Jump up ^ Prince , April Jones ( 2005 ) . Twenty - One Elephants and Still Standing . Boston : Houghton Mifflin . ISBN 0 - 618 - 44887 - X . Jump up ^ P.T. Barnum -- MSN Encarta . Archived from the original on October 31 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Strausbaugh , John ( November 9 , 2007 ) . `` When Barnum Took Manhattan '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 21 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Buiso , Gary ( May 25 , 2010 ) . `` A True Cover Up . Brooklyn Bridge Paint Job Glosses over History '' . New York Post . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Chan , Sewell ( August 2 , 2007 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge Is One of 3 With Poor Rating '' . The New York Times . Retrieved September 10 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis Community Development Project . `` Consumer Price Index ( estimate ) 1800 -- '' . Federal Reserve Bank of Minneapolis . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge construction starts Aug. 23 , keeping Manhattan - bound lanes closed nights till 2014 '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge Rehabilitation Spring 2014 Newsletter '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuilding the Bridge '' . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 11 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Rebuilding the Bridge -- brochure '' ( PDF ) . New York City Department of Transportation . Retrieved September 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( August 8 , 2016 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge , the ' Times Square in the Sky , ' May Get an Expansion '' . The New York Times . ISSN 0362 - 4331 . Retrieved August 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Hu , Winnie ( May 9 , 2017 ) . `` Finally , an Entrance Worthy of the Brooklyn Bridge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2017 - 05 - 10 . Jump up ^ Benardo , Leonard ; Weiss , Jennifer ( 2006 ) . Brooklyn by Name : How the Neighborhoods , Streets , Parks , Bridges , and More ... NYU Press . Retrieved April 2 , 2015 . A Board of Aldermen resolution on January 26 , 1915 , made it official . Jump up ^ E.P.D. ( January 25 , 1867 ) . `` Bridging the East River -- Another Project '' . The Brooklyn Daily Eagle . p. 2 . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2007 . Retrieved November 26 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Franks , Norman L.R. ; Guest , Russell & Alegi , Gregory ( 1997 ) . Above the War Fronts : The British Two - seater Bomber Pilot and Observer Aces , the British Two - seater Fighter Observer Aces , and the Belgian , Italian , Austro - Hungarian and Russian Fighter Aces , 1914 - 1918 . Grub Street . pp. 150 -- 151 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 898697 - 56 - 5 . Jump up ^ NYC Roads . `` The Brooklyn Bridge '' . Retrieved October 23 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Hartman , Curtis ( November 1 , 1983 ) . `` Selling the Brooklyn Bridge '' . Inc . Retrieved January 9 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . SunnyDream . Retrieved June 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Sexton , Joe ( March 2 , 1994 ) . `` 4 Hasidic Youths Hurt in Brooklyn Bridge Shooting '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` In Memoriam '' . Ari Halberstam Memorial Site . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Iyman Faris '' . GlobalSecurity.org . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lovgren , Stefan ( March 24 , 2006 ) . `` Cold War `` Time Capsule '' Found in Brooklyn Bridge `` . National Geographic News . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Burke , Kerry ; Hutchinson , Bill ( May 23 , 2008 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge turns 125 with a bang '' . New York Daily News . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge 125th Anniversary Celebration '' . ASCE Metropolitan Section . Retrieved November 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Ryzik , Melena ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` Telescope Takes a Long View , to London '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Farmer , Ann ( May 21 , 2008 ) . `` This Way to Brooklyn , This Way '' . The New York Times . Retrieved August 1 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Baker , Al ; Moynihan , Colin ; Nir , Sarah Maslin ( October 1 , 2011 ) . `` Police Arrest More Than 700 Protesters on Brooklyn Bridge '' . The New York Times . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` American Flags Bleached White Appear Atop Brooklyn Bridge '' . WNBC News . July 22 , 2014 . Retrieved May 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge ' white flags ' stump police '' . BBC News . July 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Esposito , Richard ; Winter , Tom ( July 23 , 2014 ) . `` NYPD Looking for 4 Young Adults in Brooklyn Bridge Flags Probe : Official '' . WNBC News . Jump up ^ Glorioso , Chris ; Esposito , Richard ( July 24 , 2014 ) . `` NYPD Running License Plates , Examining Cellphone Transmissions , Collecting DNA in Brooklyn Bridge White Flags Investigation '' . WNBC News . Jump up ^ `` Cops closing in on Brooklyn Bridge white flag suspects '' . New York Post . August 1 , 2014 . Retrieved August 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Germans Put Flags on Brooklyn Bridge '' . Daily Beast . August 12 , 2014 . Retrieved August 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Artists Claim Brooklyn Bridge Stunt '' . BBC News . Retrieved August 13 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Dienst , Jonathan ( August 12 , 2014 ) . `` Artists Claim White Flags on Bridge '' . WNBC News . Jump up ^ Odlum , Catherine ( 1885 ) . The Life and Adventures of Prof. Robert Emmet Odlum , Containing an Account of his Splendid Natatorium at the National Capital . Gray and Clarkson . Jump up ^ Stanley , Autumn ( 2009 ) . Raising More Hell and Fewer Dahlias : The Public Life of Charlotte Smith , 1840 -- 1917 . Bethlehem : Lehigh University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 934223 - 99 - 7 . Jump up ^ `` Odlum 's Leap to Death '' . The New York Times . May 20 , 1885 . p. 1 . Retrieved April 15 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Youth Dives Off Brooklyn Bridge ; Youngster Eludes the Police and Plunges Into the East River , Escaping Unhurt '' . The New York Times . June 30 , 1910 . ( Subscription required ( help ) ) . Jump up ^ `` Leaped to his death '' . Warren Sheaf. April 18 , 1895 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge Opens Special Bicycle Ramps '' . The New York Times . April 1 , 1971 . Jump up ^ `` Brooklyn Bridge '' . NYC DOT . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Quindlen , Anna ( April 2 , 1980 ) . `` Koch Faces Day Ebulliently ; He Looks Well Rested '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Rutenberg , Jim ( December 21 , 2005 ) . `` On Foot , on Bridge and at City Hall , Bloomberg Is Irate '' . The New York Times . Retrieved June 30 , 2010 . ^ Jump up to : Julavits , Robert ( August 26 , 2003 ) . `` Point of Collapse '' . The Village Voice . Retrieved January 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Strogatz , Steven ( 2003 ) . Sync : The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order . New York : Hyperion . pp. 174 -- 175 , 312 , 320 . ISBN 0 - 7868 - 6844 - 9 . Jump up ^ Google ( January 5 , 2017 ) . `` Brooklyn Bridge '' ( Map ) . Google Maps . Google . Retrieved January 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Barlow , John Perry ( March 21 , 1995 ) . `` The View from the Brooklyn Bridge In response to `` The Five Imperatives for Electronic Trade '' `` . Electronic Frontier Foundation . Retrieved March 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Cohen , Gabriel ( November 27 , 2005 ) . `` For You , Half Price '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 20 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` A Historic Home Marked '' . The New York Times . May 2 , 1899 . Retrieved December 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Davies , Katie ( February 18 , 2013 ) . `` Love locks appear on Brooklyn Bridge '' . Daily Mail . Retrieved September 11 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Martí , José . `` El puente de Brooklyn '' ( PDF ) ( in Spanish ) . Retrieved March 4 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Sampath Nelson , Emmanuel ( 2005 ) . The Greenwood Encyclopedia of Multiethnic American Literature : I -- M. Greenwood . p. 2692 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 313 - 33059 - 9 . Jump up ^ Delany , Samuel R. ( 1995 ) . ATLANTIS : THREE TALES . Wesleyan University Press . p. 59 . ISBN 0 - 8195 - 6312 - 9 . Jump up ^ `` Mark Violi -- Actor , Playwright , Screenwriter in New Jersey '' . Mark Violi -- Actor , Playwright , Screenwriter in New Jersey . ^ Jump up to : `` Roebling : The Story of the Brooklyn Bridge by Mark Violi -- Brooklyn Bridge Stage Play Drama '' . www.roeblingplay.com . Further reading Cadbury , Deborah ( 2004 ) . Dreams of Iron and Steel . New York : HarperCollins . ISBN 0 - 00 - 716307 - X . Haw , Richard ( 2005 ) . The Brooklyn Bridge : A Cultural History . New Brunswick : Rutgers University Press . ISBN 0 - 8135 - 3587 - 5 . Haw , Richard ( 2008 ) . Art of the Brooklyn Bridge : A Visual History . New York : Routledge . ISBN 0 - 415 - 95386 - 3 . Kingsley , William C. ; Low , William Seth ; Edson , Franklin ( 1883 ) . Opening Ceremonies of the New York and Brooklyn Bridge , May 24 , 1883 . Brooklyn , New York : Press of the Brooklyn eagle job printing Dept . McCullough , David ( 1972 ) . The Great Bridge . New York : Simon & Schuster . ISBN 978 - 0 - 671 - 21213 - 1 . Morris , John G. ( May 1983 ) . `` The Wonderful Brooklyn Bridge '' . National Geographic . 163 ( 5 ) : 565 -- 579 . ISSN 0027 - 9358 . OCLC 643483454 . Odlum , Catherine ( 1885 ) . The Life and Times of Prof Robert Emmet Odlum . Washington , DC : Gray & Clarkson . Stern , John ; Wilson , Carrie ( 2003 ) . The Brooklyn Bridge : A Study in Greatness ( PDF ) . New York : Aesthetic Realism Looks at NYC . Strogatz , Steven ( 2003 ) . Sync : The Emerging Science of Spontaneous Order . New York : Hyperion Books . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7868 - 6844 - 5 . Strogatz , Steven H. ; Abrams , Daniel M. ; McRobie , Allan ; Eckhardt , Bruno & Ott , Edward ( 2005 ) . `` Theoretical mechanics : Crowd synchrony on the Millennium Bridge '' . Nature . 438 ( 7064 ) : 43 -- 44 . PMID 16267545 . doi : 10.1038 / 438043a . Trachtenberg , Alan ( 1965 ) . Brooklyn Bridge : Fact and Symbol . Chicago : University of Chicago Press . ISBN 0 - 226 - 81115 - 8 . `` Brooklyn Bridge and its Railway '' . The Catskill Archive . `` The Great Bridge and its Lessons '' in Popular Science Monthly Volume 23 , July 1883 `` Constructive Elements of the East River Bridge '' in Popular Science Monthly Volume 23 , July 1883 External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Brooklyn Bridge . Brooklyn Bridge -- New York City Department of Transportation Brooklyn Bridge : Historic overview -- NYCRoads.com Great Buildings entry for the Brooklyn Bridge Brooklyn Bridge at Structurae Historic American Engineering Record ( HAER ) No . NY - 18 , `` Brooklyn Bridge '' Brooklyn Bridge at Historical Marker Database `` Brooklyn Bridge collected news and commentary '' . The New York Times . 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who sang on dancing on ice on sunday

Dancing on Ice - wikipedia Dancing on Ice Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the British series . For elsewhere , see Dancing on Ice around the world . For the most recent series , see Dancing on Ice ( series 10 ) . <Th_colspan="2"> Dancing on Ice <Td_colspan="2"> Title -- card used for the 2018 revival Created by ITV Studios Creative director ( s ) Christopher Dean ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Jayne Torvill ( 2006 -- 2014 ) Presented by Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Christine Bleakley Jordan Banjo ( backstage ) Judges Robin Cousins Karen Barber Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge Nicky Slater Natalia Bestemianova Ruthie Henshall Emma Bunton Louie Spence Katarina Witt Ashley Roberts Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Ashley Banjo Voices of Tony Gubba ( 2006 -- 13 ) Simon Reed ( 2013 -- 14 ) Matt Chapman ( 2018 ) Sam Matterface ( 2018 -- ) Theme music composer Paul Farrer Country of origin United Kingdom Original language ( s ) English No. of series 10 No. of episodes 138 <Th_colspan="2"> Production Executive producer ( s ) Jane Beacon Katie Rawcliffe Location ( s ) Elstree Studios ( 2006 -- 10 , 2012 -- 14 ) Shepperton Studios ( 2011 ) RAF Bovingdon ( 2018 -- ) Running time 60 -- 120 minutes Production company ( s ) ITV Studios <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network ITV Picture format 16 : 9 1080i ( HDTV ) 16 : 9 576i ( SDTV ) Original release Original Series : 14 January 2006 ( 2006 - 01 - 14 ) -- 9 March 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 09 ) Revived Series : 7 January 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 07 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> External links <Td_colspan="2"> Website Dancing on Ice is a British television show presented by Phillip Schofield alongside Holly Willoughby from 2006 to 2011 , and Christine Bleakley from 2012 to 2014 . The show consists of celebrities and their professional partners figure skate in front of a panel of judges . The series , broadcast on ITV , started on 14 January 2006 and ended on 9 March 2014 after the show 's contract was not renewed by ITV . On 4 September 2017 , it was announced that a revived series would air on ITV from 7 January 2018 with Schofield and Willoughby returning as hosts alongside a new backstage host , Jordan Banjo . It was confirmed on 25 January 2018 , that Dancing on Ice had been recommissioned for an eleventh series to air in 2019 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Background and history 1.1 Cancellation and revival 2 Format 3 Series overview 4 Presenters , judges and coaches 5 Professionals 6 Required elements 7 Main series results 7.1 Series 1 ( 2006 ) 7.2 Series 2 ( 2007 ) 7.3 Series 3 ( 2008 ) 7.4 Series 4 ( 2009 ) 7.5 Series 5 ( 2010 ) 7.6 Series 6 ( 2011 ) 7.7 Series 7 ( 2012 ) 7.8 Series 8 ( 2013 ) 7.9 Series 9 : All -- Stars ( 2014 ) 7.10 Series 10 ( 2018 ) 7.11 Series 11 ( 2019 ) 8 Series averages 9 Awards 10 Guest singers 11 Spin - offs 11.1 Champion of Champions ( 2007 ) 11.2 Dancing on Ice at Christmas ( 2008 ) 11.3 Dancing on Ice : Make Me a Star ( 2008 ) 11.4 Dancing on Ice : Ice Star ( 2009 ) 11.5 Dancing on Ice Goes Gold ( 2012 ) 11.6 Dancing on Ice Friday ( 2010 ) 12 Studio set and ice rink 13 Dancing on Ice : The Tour 14 Merchandise 15 References 16 External links Background and history Former Dancing on Ice title -- card The series was announced in November 2004 and originally titled Stars on Thin Ice , the show was renamed following the failure of ITV 's celebrity oriented 2005 summer schedule . Dancing on Ice is frequently compared to the BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing . In 2004 , the BBC aired a Strictly special entitled Strictly Ice Dancing at Christmas , which was won by England goalkeeper David Seaman ( who was a contestant in series 1 of Dancing on Ice ) . ITV 's show was given a January premiere amidst network doubts about its viability but became a surprise hit in Britain , where it became the third highest rated television show of 2006 . It attained an impressive 13 million viewers for the final in March . Britain 's best - known ice - skating duo and former Olympic champions Jayne Torvill and Christopher Dean help to train the aspiring dancers , and also appear throughout the show with comments and advice . Head Coach Karen Barber also trains the skaters for the live show . From the beginning , Torvill and Dean opened every episode with a performance , with the exception of the second , third and fourth shows of the fourth series , when Torvill performed alone due to Dean 's recovery from a shoulder operation . In 2012 they performed less regularly . Schofield previously presented with Holly Willoughby , with commentary originally from Tony Gubba ( later Simon Reed ) and voiceovers done by John Sachs . The members of The Ice Panel were originally Karen Barber , Jason Gardiner , Nicky Slater and Robin Cousins , and the fifth judge varied from series to series : Karen Kresge in the first series , Natalia Bestemianova in the second , Ruthie Henshall in the third and fourth and Emma Bunton in the fifth . In series 6 , there were only three judges : Gardiner , Cousins and Bunton . During the shows first two series , it ran two supplementary programmes -- Dancing on Ice Defrosted , presented by Stephen Mulhern , and Dancing on Ice Exclusive ( or Dancing on Ice Extra during series 1 ) presented by Andi Peters alongside Andrea McLean in series 1 and Ben Shephard in series 2 . In mid-2007 , it was announced that both shows would not return to accompany the third series as the audience attracted was out of ITV2 's target range . As part of ITV 's new revamped schedule at the start of 2008 , from the third series , the show aired on a Sunday night and featured updated music and new titles as well as redesigned graphics . The series 3 finale was a massive draw , pulling an average 11.7 million viewers ( up from 9.6 million the previous year ) peaking at 12.6 million viewers over the two - hour slot , up over a million from series 2 . The seventh series began on 8 January 2012 , with Torvill and Dean as coaches for which they will be paid £ 250,000 each series . Christine Bleakley was announced as the new co-presenter of the show replacing Holly Willoughby , whilst Katarina Witt and Louie Spence replaced Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner on the judging panel . On 20 November 2012 , it was announced that Gardiner was to return to the panel for the 2013 series , replacing Spence . The full judging panel for the 2013 series was revealed on 28 December 2012 , with former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts joining and Karen Barber returning to the panel after acting as head coach on the show the previous two years ; they joined Gardiner and head judge Robin Cousins on the panel . Cancellation and revival On 21 May 2013 , Torvill and Dean announced that they would leave the series after its ninth series in 2014 , leading to speculation that the whole show would be axed . On 24 June 2013 it was rumoured that Dancing on Ice may continue after they have left with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that the show would end after its ninth series in 2014 . On 4 September 2017 , ITV confirmed that the show would return in 2018 . Torvill and Dean will return to the show as head judges along with Schofield and Willoughby as presenters . On 19 October 2017 , Ashley Banjo was confirmed as a judge . Later that month Gardiner confirmed that he would return to the judging panel . Ashley 's brother Jordan Banjo acts as the show 's backstage digital host . ITV Racing 's betting presenter Matt Chapman was announced as the new commentator on 16 December 2017 . However , following the first live show on 7 January , Chapman claimed that he had `` quit '' the show but it was later confirmed to be a decision by the ITV producers , responding to pressure from the TV audience . Sport commentator Sam Matterface was later confirmed as Chapman 's replacement . It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . Format Each week the celebrities and their partners perform a live ice dance routine . The four / five ( as of Series 8 ) judges ( commonly known as the Ice Panel ) judge each performance and give a mark between 0.0 and 10.0 ( 0.0 to 6.0 between series 1 and 5 ) , depending on the performance . These total scores then create a leaderboard which combines with the public vote in order to determine the two lowest placed couples . As this is the case , the pair with the lowest score from the judges can avoid being in the bottom two if the public vote for them . Once the scores and votes are combined to form the final leaderboard for that week 's show , the two / three couples at the bottom compete in a final showdown known as the `` Skate Off '' , where they perform their routine again . Once the couples have performed their routines for the judging panel , the judges decide on who deserves to stay and cast their votes , based on their second performance . The couple with the most votes from the judges receives a place in the following week 's show , while the couple with the fewest votes leaves the competition . One couple leaves each week , but in series 7 , two couples left in one week , due to numbering issues . A live reunion special was staged one week after the end of each season , with all celebrities talking about their experiences during the season , and answering questions from a live studio audience . Torvil and Dean themselves then made a special in - studio appearance towards the end , thanking the contestants , hosts and judges , and of course , the home viewers for their votes . Series overview Nine series have been broadcast , as summarised below . Series Start Finish Couples Weeks Winning celebrity Winning professional Presenters Ice panel Guest judges 14 January 2006 4 March 2006 10 8 Gaynor Faye Daniel Whiston Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Karen Kresge N / A 20 January 2007 17 March 2007 11 9 Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Natalia Bestemianova 13 January 2008 16 March 2008 13 10 Suzanne Shaw Matt Evers Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Ruthie Henshall 11 January 2009 22 March 2009 11 Ray Quinn Maria Filippov 5 10 January 2010 28 March 2010 14 12 Hayley Tamaddon Daniel Whiston Robin Cousins Karen Barber Nicky Slater Jason Gardiner Emma Bunton Michael Ball ( week 6 ) Angela Rippon ( week 7 ) 6 9 January 2011 27 March 2011 16 Sam Attwater Brianne Delcourt Robin Cousins Jason Gardiner Emma Bunton N / A 7 8 January 2012 25 March 2012 15 Matthew Wolfenden Nina Ulanova Phillip Schofield Christine Bleakley Robin Cousins Louie Spence Katarina Witt 8 6 January 2013 10 March 2013 12 10 Beth Tweddle Daniel Whiston Robin Cousins Karen Barber Jason Gardiner Ashley Roberts 9 5 January 2014 9 March 2014 14 Ray Quinn Maria Filippov Nicky Slater ( weeks 6 & 7 ) 10 7 January 2018 11 March 2018 12 Jake Quickenden Vanessa Bauer Phillip Schofield Holly Willoughby Jordan Banjo ( Backstage ) Christopher Dean Jayne Torvill Jason Gardiner Ashley Banjo N / A Presenters , judges and coaches Presenters gallery Phillip Schofield ( 2006 -- 2014 , 2018 -- ) Holly Willoughby ( 2006 -- 2011 , 2018 -- ) Christine Bleakley ( 2012 -- 2014 ) Key Presenter Backstage Presenter Mentor Head judge ( s ) Judge Guest judge Coach Contestant <Th_colspan="10"> Series ( 2006 ) ( 2007 ) ( 2008 ) ( 2009 ) 5 ( 2010 ) 6 ( 2011 ) 7 ( 2012 ) 8 ( 2013 ) 9 ( 2014 ) 10 ( 2018 ) Phillip Schofield <Td_colspan="10"> Holly Willoughby <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Christine Bleakley <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Jordan Banjo <Td_colspan="9"> Christopher Dean <Td_colspan="9"> Jayne Torvill <Td_colspan="9"> Robin Cousins <Td_colspan="9"> Karen Barber <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="1"> Nicky Slater <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="1"> Jason Gardiner <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Karen Kresge <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="9"> Natalia Bestemianova <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> Ruthie Henshall <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Emma Bunton <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> Louie Spence <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Katarina Witt <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Ashley Roberts <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ashley Banjo <Td_colspan="9"> Michael Ball <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Angela Rippon <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Professionals Main article : List of Dancing on Ice professional skaters Winner Runner - up Third place First Eliminated Withdrew or injured Participating ( hide ) Professional Series 1 Series 2 Series 3 Series 4 Series 5 Series 6 Series 7 Series 8 Series 9 Series 10 Pavel Aubrecht N / A Ulrika Jonsson Samantha Mumba Jessica Taylor Sharron Davies <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Vanessa Bauer <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Jake Quickenden Victoria Borzenkova <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Tim Vincent <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Andrew Buchanan <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Anthea Turner Zaraah Abrahams N / A Brooke Castile <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Corey Feldman <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Brianne Delcourt <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Kieron Richardson Sam Attwater Sébastien Foucan Matt Lapinskas Gareth Gates Alex Beresford Matt Evers Bonnie Langford Lisa Scott - Lee Suzanne Shaw Zoë Salmon Heather Mills Denise Welch Jorgie Porter Pamela Anderson Suzanne Shaw Candice Brown Maria Filippov N / A Duncan James Gareth Gates Ray Quinn Gary Lucy Craig McLachlan Andy Akinwolere Shayne Ward Ray Quinn N / A Hamish Gaman <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Perri Shakes - Drayton Isabelle Gauthier <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Jeff Brazier <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Matthew Gonzalez <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Danniella Westbrook N / A Charlene Tilton <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Mark Hanretty <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Nadia Sawalha Rosemary Conley Oona King Injured Donna Air Jodeyne Higgins <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Johnson Beharry Chico <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Florentine Houdinière <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Donal MacIntyre <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Marika Humphreys Sean Wilson <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Ale Izquierdo <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Max Evans Robin Johnstone <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Gareth Thomas Joe Pasquale N / A Melanie Lambert N / A Kyran Bracken Michael Underwood Michael Underwood Mikey Graham <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Melody Le Moal <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Lemar Kristina Lenko Stefan Booth Stephen Gately Greg Rusedski Graeme Le Saux <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Andrei Lipanov N / A Clare Buckfield Natalie Pinkham Gemma Bissix Sinitta N / A Heidi Range N / A Bonnie Langford N / A Susie Lipanova <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Steve Backley Todd Carty Jeremy Sheffield <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Sylvain Longchambon <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Jennifer Metcalfe Injured Samia Ghadie Jorgie Porter Stephanie Waring Brandee Malto <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Antony Cotton Sergey Malyshev Tamara Beckwith N / A Aggie MacKenzie <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Molly Moenkhoff <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Bobby Davro <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Alex Murphy <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Kem Cetinay Darya Nucci <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Jeremy Edwards <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Pam O'Connor David Seaman Neil Fox <Td_colspan="8"> N / A Vicky Ogden <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Andy Whyment Joe Pasquale Sam Attwater N / A Fred Palascak N / A Kay Burley Sarah Greene Melinda Messenger Emily Atack <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Zaraah Abrahams Natalia Pestova N / A Phil Gayle <Td_colspan="8"> N / A Frankie Poultney N / A Lee Sharpe Chris Fountain Ellery Hanley Danny Young Comedy Dave Mark Rhodes N / A David Seaman N / A Colin Ratushniak <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Laura Hamilton <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Sean Rice <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Angela Rippon Chemmy Alcott <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Łukasz Różycki <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Elen Rivas Laila Morse N / A Beth Tweddle N / A Todd Sand Kelly Holmes <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Alexandra Schauman <Td_colspan="4"> N / A Dr. Hilary Jones Dominic Cork Sam Nixon N / A Todd Carty N / A Tamara Sharp Andi Peters <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Olga Sharutenko John Barrowman <Td_colspan="6"> N / A Keith Chegwin <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Matej Silecky <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Brooke Vincent Jenna Smith <Td_colspan="7"> N / A Luke Campbell <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Katie Stainsby <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Vanilla Ice <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Gary Lucy <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Nina Ulanova <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Steven Arnold Matthew Wolfenden N / A Kyran Bracken <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Doug Webster Andrea McLean <Td_colspan="9"> N / A Daniel Whiston Gaynor Faye Emily Symons Linda Lusardi Roxanne Pallett Hayley Tamaddon Kerry Katona Jennifer Ellison Beth Tweddle Hayley Tamaddon Cheryl Baker Stuart Widdall <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Coleen Nolan Tana Ramsay <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Michael Zenezini <Td_colspan="5"> N / A Chloe Madeley N / A Lauren Goodger <Td_colspan="2"> N / A Required elements From Series 1 to 8 , there was an element that the skaters were required to perform as part of their routines . These required elements included : Assisted and unassisted jumps Use of a prop Forming a spiral position Flying above the ice , suspended by a harness A one footed spin Shadow steps Classic moves of Torvill and Dean , sometimes with a choice between them Cross rolls Toe step sequences Pair spin One unique move Solo skate Change of edge As of Series 9 , the required skating elements format has been removed . Main series results Series 1 ( 2006 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 1 ) The first series began on Saturday 14 January 2006 and ended on Saturday 4 March 2006 , including ten celebrity skaters . The co-presenters were Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby , while The Ice Panel consisted of one - time World Junior Figure Skating champion Nicky Slater , choreographer Karen Kresge , theatre producer Jason Gardiner , two - time NHK Trophy champion Karen Barber and 1980 Olympic champion Robin Cousins . The contestants for the first series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Tamara Beckwith Socialite Sergey Malyshev Eliminated 1st Andi Peters TV presenter Tamara Sharp Eliminated 2nd Andrea McLean TV presenter Doug Webster Eliminated 3rd John Barrowman Actor & singer Olga Sharutenko Eliminated 4th Sean Wilson Actor Marika Humphreys Eliminated 5th Kelly Holmes Olympic middle distance runner Todd Sand Eliminated 6th David Seaman Retired footballer Pam O'Connor Eliminated 7th Bonnie Langford Actress Matt Evers Third place Stefan Booth Actor & singer Kristina Lenko Runner - up Gaynor Faye Actress Daniel Whiston Winner Series 2 ( 2007 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 2 ) The second series began on Saturday 20 January 2007 . In it , 11 celebrities competed , compared to ten in the first series . The final was held on Saturday 17 March 2007 . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present , while Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner , Karen Barber and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel . Karen Kresge did not return as a judge for a second series and was replaced by five - time European champion Natalia Bestemianova . The contestants for the second series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Neil Fox TV & radio presenter Pam O'Connor Eliminated 1st Phil Gayle Journalist & TV presenter Natalia Pestova Eliminated 2nd Ulrika Jonsson TV presenter Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 3rd Stephen Gately Singer ( Boyzone ) Kristina Lenko Eliminated 4th Kay Burley TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 5th Lisa Scott - Lee Singer ( Steps ) Matt Evers Eliminated 6th Lee Sharpe Footballer Frankie Poultney Eliminated 7th Emily Symons Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 8th Duncan James Singer ( Blue ) Maria Filippov Third place Clare Buckfield Actress Andrei Lipanov Second place Kyran Bracken Rugby player Melanie Lambert Winner Series 3 ( 2008 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 3 ) The commissioning of the third series of Dancing on Ice was first confirmed by Phillip Schofield at the BAFTA awards . The third series began on 13 January 2008 , moving to Sunday nights in the process and ended on 16 March 2008 , when Suzanne Shaw was crowned as the winner . Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present , while Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned to The Ice Panel . The third series saw the replacement of judge Natalia Bestemianova by West End star Ruthie Henshall . And for the first time in the history of the series , a contestant withdrew due to injury , and it was TV presenter Michael Underwood who did so . The contestants for the third series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Sarah Greene TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 1st Natalie Pinkham TV presenter Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 2nd Michael Underwood TV presenter Melanie Lambert Withdrew Samantha Mumba Singer Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 3rd Aggie MacKenzie TV presenter Sergey Malyshev Eliminated 4th Tim Vincent TV presenter Victoria Borzenkova Eliminated 5th Steve Backley Olympic javelin thrower Susie Lipanova Eliminated 6th Linda Lusardi Model & actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 7th Greg Rusedski Tennis player Kristina Lenko Eliminated 8th Gareth Gates Singer Maria Filippov Eliminated 9th Zaraah Abrahams Actress Fred Palascak Third place Chris Fountain Actor Frankie Poultney Runner - up Suzanne Shaw Singer ( Hear'Say ) Matt Evers Winner Series 4 ( 2009 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 4 ) The fourth series started on 11 January 2009 and ended on 22 March 2009 . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned to co-present as well as Jayne Torvill , Christopher Dean and Karen Barber to mentor the celebrities . Barber , Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner , Robin Cousins and Ruthie Henshall all returned to The Ice Panel for the fourth series . The contestants for the fourth series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Graeme Le Saux Former footballer Kristina Lenko Eliminated 1st ( Men 's round ) Gemma Bissix Actress Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 2nd ( Women 's round ) Jeremy Edwards Actor Darya Nucci Eliminated 3rd Michael Underwood TV presenter Melanie Lambert Eliminated 4th Todd Carty Actor Susie Lipanova Eliminated 5th Ellery Hanley Rugby player Frankie Poultney Eliminated 6th Melinda Messenger Model & TV presenter Fred Palascak Eliminated 7th Roxanne Pallett Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 8th Zöe Salmon TV presenter Matt Evers Eliminated 9th Coleen Nolan Singer & TV presenter Stuart Widdall Eliminated 10th Jessica Taylor Singer ( Liberty X ) Pavel Aubrecht Third place Donal MacIntyre Journalist Florentine Houdinière Runner - up Ray Quinn Singer & actor Maria Filippov Winner Series 5 ( 2010 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 5 ) The fifth series began on 10 January 2010 and ended on 28 March 2010 . Jayne Torvill , Christopher Dean and Karen Barber returned to train the celebrities , with Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returning as co-presenters . Barber , Nicky Slater , Jason Gardiner and Robin Cousins returned for their fifth series on The Ice Panel . However , Ruthie Henshall did not return for her third series on The Ice Panel and was replaced by singer Emma Bunton . In addition to the main show , there was also a new spin - off show called Dancing on Ice Friday which gives viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities . It was presented by Ben Shephard and former contestant Coleen Nolan and broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV . Cousins did not appear as a judge for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentary commitments for the Winter Olympics , so Barber was temporary head judge during Cousins 's absence . Michael Ball took his place on 14 February and Angela Rippon filled in for him on 21 February . The contestants for the fifth series were : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Sinitta Singer Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 1st ( Women 's round ) Bobby Davro Comedian Molly Moenkhoff Eliminated 2nd ( Men 's round ) Jeremy Sheffield Actor Susie Lipanova Eliminated 3rd Tana Ramsay TV presenter Stuart Widdall Eliminated 4th Heather Mills Businesswoman & activist Matt Evers Eliminated 5th Dr. Hilary Jones TV presenter Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 6th Sharron Davies Former Olympic swimmer Pavel Aubrecht Eliminated 7th Emily Atack Actress Fred Palascak Eliminated 8th Mikey Graham Singer ( Boyzone ) Melanie Lambert Eliminated 9th Danny Young Actor Frankie Poultney Eliminated 10th Danniella Westbrook Actress Matthew Gonzalez Eliminated 11th Kieron Richardson Actor Brianne Delcourt Third place Gary Lucy Actor Maria Filippov Second place Hayley Tamaddon Actress Daniel Whiston Winner Series 6 ( 2011 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 6 ) The sixth series started on 9 January 2011 and ended on 27 March 2011 with the following 16 celebrities taking part . Although 16 celebrities are confirmed to take part , in a shocking twist , the first two episodes were qualifying rounds , in each of which eight couples skated and two were eliminated , so that only 12 couples reached the competition proper . For the first time , viewers in the Republic of Ireland were able to vote via the TV3 Ireland website . Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill returned to mentor the contestants , with Karen Barber moving from The Ice Panel to the role of head coach . Phillip Schofield and Holly Willoughby returned as co-presenters for their sixth series . Jason Gardiner , Robin Cousins and Emma Bunton returned to The Ice Panel , but Nicky Slater did not . The contestants for the sixth series are : Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Angela Rippon TV presenter Sean Rice Did not qualify ( Qualifying round 1 ) Nadia Sawalha Actress & TV presenter Mark Hanretty Craig McLachlan Actor Maria Filippov Did not qualify ( Qualifying round 2 ) Elen Rivas Model Łukasz Różycki Steven Arnold Actor Nina Ulanova Eliminated 1st Dominic Cork Cricketer Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 2nd Jennifer Metcalfe Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 3rd Comedy Dave Radio DJ Frankie Poultney Eliminated 4th Kerry Katona Singer ( Atomic Kitten ) Daniel Whiston Eliminated 5th Vanilla Ice Rapper Katie Stainsby Eliminated 6th Denise Welch Actress & TV presenter Matt Evers Eliminated 7th Jeff Brazier TV presenter Isabelle Gauthier Eliminated 8th Johnson Beharry Soldier Jodeyne Higgins Eliminated 9th Chloe Madeley Model & TV presenter Michael Zenezini Third place Laura Hamilton TV presenter Colin Ratushniak Second place Sam Attwater Actor Brianne Delcourt Winner Series 7 ( 2012 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 7 ) The seventh series started on 8 January 2012 . The celebrities were revealed on 3 January 2012 . Phillip Schofield returned as presenter and was joined by Christine Bleakley following the departure of Holly Willoughby , with Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returning to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins was the only judge from series 6 to return , with six consecutive European champion Katarina Witt and choreographer Louie Spence replacing Emma Bunton and Jason Gardiner . The contestants for the seventh series are as follows . Singer Chesney Hawkes was originally part of the line - up , but withdrew after sustaining an injury . His replacement was The X Factor contestant Chico Slimani . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Andy Akinwolere TV presenter Maria Filippov Eliminated 1st Laila Morse Actress Łukasz Różycki Eliminated 2nd Mark Rhodes TV presenter Frankie Poultney Eliminated 3rd Corey Feldman Actor Brooke Castile Eliminated 4th Charlene Tilton Actress Matthew Gonzalez Eliminated 5th Rosemary Conley Businesswoman & author Mark Hanretty Eliminated 6th Sébastien Foucan Freerunner Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 7th Heidi Range Singer ( Sugababes ) Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 8th Sam Nixon TV presenter Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 9th Andy Whyment Actor Vicky Ogden Eliminated 10th Chemmy Alcott Alpine ski racer Sean Rice Eliminated 11th Jennifer Ellison Actress Daniel Whiston Eliminated 12th Chico Slimani Singer Jodeyne Higgins Third place Jorgie Porter Actress Matt Evers Second place Matthew Wolfenden Actor Nina Ulanova Winner Series 8 ( 2013 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 8 ) The eighth series started on 6 January 2013 . The line - up was officially announced on 18 December 2012 . Consisting of twelve couples , series 8 was the shortest series to air , and had the lowest number of couples since series 3 in 2008 . Christopher Dean , Jayne Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities , with Barber returning to The Ice Panel after two series away . Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Head judge Robin Cousins and Barber were joined on The Ice Panel by former judge Jason Gardiner and former The Pussycat Dolls singer Ashley Roberts , who replaced Louie Spence and Katarina Witt . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Pamela Anderson Actress Matt Evers Eliminated 1st Lauren Goodger Reality TV star Michael Zenezini Eliminated 2nd Oona King Politician Mark Hanretty Eliminated 3rd Anthea Turner TV presenter Andrew Buchanan Eliminated 4th Shayne Ward Singer Maria Filippov Eliminated 5th Joe Pasquale Comedian Vicky Ogden Eliminated 6th Keith Chegwin TV presenter Olga Sharutenko Eliminated 7th Samia Ghadie Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 8th Gareth Thomas Retired rugby player Robin Johnstone Withdrew Luke Campbell Boxer Jenna Smith Third place Matt Lapinskas Actor Brianne Delcourt Second place Beth Tweddle Olympic gymnast Daniel Whiston Winner Series 9 : all -- Stars ( 2014 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 9 ) The ninth series of Dancing on Ice began airing on 5 January 2014 . It was announced on 21 May 2013 by Christopher Dean and Jayne Torvill that it would be their last time as coaches , and ITV 's Director of Television , Peter Fincham , confirmed that the programme would be cancelled after this . On 24 June 2013 , it was reported that Dancing on Ice could continue with new coaches , however , on 22 October 2013 it was confirmed that this series will be the show 's last series . It was later announced that the ninth series would be an `` all -- star '' series , featuring former winners and other contestants from the eight previous series . The 14 - strong line up was revealed on 11 December 2013 , included 6 former champions , 6 other top - four finishers , plus Joe Pasquale and Todd Carty . Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returned to co-present . Dean , Torvill and Karen Barber returned to mentor the celebrities . Robin Cousins , Jason Gardiner , Barber and Ashley Roberts returned for their respective ninth , eighth , seventh and second series on The Ice Panel . Cousins was absent for weeks 6 and 7 due to commentating the 2014 Winter Olympics , so former judge Nicky Slater returned in his place and Barber was temporary head judge . Celebrity Original series Professional partner Status Jorgie Porter Series 7 -- 2nd Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 1st Joe Pasquale Series 8 -- 7th Robin Johnstone Eliminated 2nd David Seaman Series 1 -- 4th Frankie Poultney Eliminated 3rd Gary Lucy Series 5 -- 2nd Katie Stainsby Eliminated 4th Todd Carty Series 4 -- 9th Alexandra Schauman Eliminated 5th Zaraah Abrahams Series 3 -- 3rd Andrew Buchanan Eliminated 6th Bonnie Langford Series 1 -- 3rd Andrei Lipanov Eliminated 7th Gareth Gates Series 3 -- 4th Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 8th Suzanne Shaw Series 3 -- 1st Matt Evers Eliminated 9th Kyran Bracken Series 2 -- 1st Nina Ulanova Eliminated 10th Sam Attwater Series 6 -- 1st Vicky Ogden Eliminated 11th Beth Tweddle Series 8 -- 1st Łukasz Różycki Third place Hayley Tamaddon Series 5 -- 1st Daniel Whiston Runner up Ray Quinn Series 4 -- 1st Maria Filippov Winner Series 10 ( 2018 ) Main article : Dancing on Ice ( series 10 ) On 4 September 2017 , it was announced on This Morning that Dancing on Ice would return with Willoughby and Schofield as presenters , and Torvill and Dean returning in new roles of head judges . It was also revealed that Jason Gardiner would be returning to the Ice Panel , along with Diversity member Ashley Banjo . With the announcement of the new series it was confirmed that the show would have a new set , new graphics , a new logo and a new theme tune , including the contestants and professionals faces for the first time . The show 's new logo was released on the official Twitter account . The series will be filmed at RAF Bovingdon . Celebrity Known for Professional partner Status Candice Brown The Great British Bake Off winner Matt Evers Eliminated 1st Stephanie Waring Actress Sylvain Longchambon Eliminated 2nd Perri Shakes - Drayton Athlete Hamish Gaman Eliminated 3rd Cheryl Baker Singer ( Bucks Fizz ) & TV presenter Daniel Whiston Eliminated 4th Lemar Singer , songwriter & producer Melody Le Moal Eliminated 5th Antony Cotton Actor Brandee Malto Eliminated 6th & 7th Donna Air Actress & TV presenter Mark Hanretty Alex Beresford Weather forecaster Brianne Delcourt Eliminated 8th Kem Cetinay Reality TV star Alex Murphy Eliminated 9th Max Evans Rugby union player Ale Izquierdo Third place Brooke Vincent Actress Matej Silecky Runner - up Jake Quickenden Singer & reality TV star Vanessa Bauer Winner Series 11 ( 2019 ) It was announced on 25 January 2018 that Dancing on Ice would return for an eleventh series in 2019 . The presenters , judges and participating celebrities are yet to be confirmed by ITV . Series averages All information in this table comes from BARB . including figures from ITV + 1 and ITV HD channels Series Day # Ep . <Th_colspan="2"> Premiere <Th_colspan="2"> Final Aired Average viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Date Viewers ( in millions ) Saturdays 16 14 January 2006 9.83 4 March 2006 11.68 2006 9.12 18 20 January 2007 9.08 17 March 2007 9.14 2007 8.00 Sundays 20 13 January 2008 9.34 16 March 2008 12.08 2008 8.93 22 11 January 2009 8.83 22 March 2009 11.31 2009 8.86 5 23 10 January 2010 9.64 28 March 2010 9.42 8.28 6 23 9 January 2011 10.23 27 March 2011 9.35 2011 8.15 7 23 8 January 2012 8.42 25 March 2012 7.01 2012 6.63 8 19 6 January 2013 7.49 10 March 2013 7.36 2013 6.32 9 19 5 January 2014 6.76 9 March 2014 5.98 2014 5.04 10 10 7 January 2018 8.56 11 March 2018 2018 Awards Year Group Award Result Reference ( s ) 2006 National Television Awards Most Popular Entertainment Programme Nominated 2007 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2008 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TV Quick Awards Best Talent Show Nominated 2009 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TV Quick Awards Best Talent Show Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Won RTS Craft & Design Award Best Multicamera Work Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Nominated 2011 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated RTS Craft & Design Award Best Costume Design Nominated 2012 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2013 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated 2014 National Television Awards Most Popular Talent Show Nominated TRIC Awards TRIC Special Award Won Guest singers Series 2 -- Week 6 : Take That with `` Shine '' and `` Patience '' Series 3 -- Week 3 : Westlife with `` World of Our Own '' and `` Us Against The World '' Series 3 -- Week 9 : Leona Lewis with `` Footprints in the Sand '' and `` Better in Time '' Series 4 -- Week 5 : Bette Midler with `` From a Distance '' Series 4 -- Week 7 : Will Young with `` Let It Go '' Series 4 -- Week 10 : Girls Aloud with `` Untouchable '' Series 5 -- Week 2 : The Saturdays with `` Ego '' Series 5 -- Week 5 : Mumford & Sons with `` The Cave '' Series 5 -- Week 5 : Pixie Lott with `` Use Somebody '' and `` Cry Me Out '' Series 5 -- Week 8 : Katherine Jenkins and Andrew Lloyd Webber with `` Love Never Dies '' Series 5 -- Week 11 : Alexandra Burke with `` All Night Long '' Series 6 -- Qualifying Week 2 : Ellie Goulding with `` Your Song '' Series 6 -- Week 5 : Rumer with `` What the World Needs Now Is Love '' Series 6 -- Week 7 : Nicole Scherzinger with `` Do n't Hold Your Breath '' Series 6 -- Week 8 & 10 : The Overtones ( house band for week 10 ) Series 7 -- Week 2 : Pixie Lott with `` Kiss the Stars '' Series 7 -- Week 4 : Christina Perri with `` Jar of Hearts '' Series 7 -- Week 5 : One Direction with `` What Makes You Beautiful '' and `` One Thing '' Series 7 -- Week 10 : Marcus Collins with `` Seven Nation Army '' Series 8 -- Week 3 : Little Mix with `` Change Your Life '' Series 8 -- Week 7 : Olly Murs with `` Army of Two '' Series 8 -- Week 8 : Jools Holland and Rumer Series 9 -- Week 4 : Rebecca Ferguson with `` In My Life '' ( with Torvill and Dean ) and `` All That I 've Got '' ( with professional skaters ) Series 9 -- Semi-final : Kodaline with `` High Hopes '' Series 10 -- Week 7 : Camila Cabello with `` Never Be the Same '' Spin - offs Like many other reality TV shows , Dancing on Ice has had a number of supplementary shows . The first was Dancing on Ice Defrosted . It was presented by Stephen Mulhern and aired on ITV2 immediately after the main ITV show and again after the results show . The show featured opinions from celebrity guests and past contestants as well as from Torvill and Dean , the judges , presenters and competitors . Judge Nicky Slater also offered in - depth analysis of various performances using the latest video technology that the judges use to judge performances . The second spin - off show was originally called Dancing on Ice Extra and was presented by Andi Peters and Andrea McLean , both competitors in the first series . Midway through the first series Paul O'Grady left ITV to join Channel 4 meaning that ITV had no show to put on air at 5 pm . The format of Dancing on Ice Defrosted was modified so that it could be broadcast every weekday . Due to Andrea 's maternity leave during the second series she did not return to present the show and therefore Ben Shephard joined the show as the anchor presenter , and , unlike during the previous , series Andi Peters was now a roving reporter around the studio . For its second run the show was renamed Dancing on Ice Exclusive . Neither of these first two spin - off shows returned in 2008 nor 2009 . In 2010 it was announced that a new spin - off show would accompany Dancing on Ice , named Dancing on Ice Friday , presented by Ben Shephard and Coleen Nolan . Champion of champions ( 2007 ) This took place on Saturday 24 March 2007 and featured finalists from both Series 1 and Series 2 . All six celebrities did one routine each , scored by the judges , and then voted on by the public . The two couples finishing first after the public voted skated again in the skate off to decide the winner . The skaters that did not reach the skate off -- 3rd to 6th -- were announced `` in no particular order '' , so ranks may not be accurate . Place Celebrity Partner Position on Dancing on Ice Score 1st Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Series 2 winner 6.0 + 6.0 + 5.5 + 6.0 + 6.0 = 29.5 2nd Clare Buckfield Andrei Lipanov Series 2 runner - up 5.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 = 26.0 3rd Bonnie Langford Matt Evers Series 1 third place ( final ) 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 = 26.5 4th Duncan James Maria Filippov Series 2 third place ( final ) 4.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 = 26.0 5th Gaynor Faye Daniel Whiston Series 1 winner 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 = 25.5 6th Stefan Booth Kristina Lenko Series 1 runner - up 4.5 + 5.0 + 4.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 = 22.5 Dancing on Ice at Christmas ( 2008 ) For Christmas 2008 , Torvill and Dean went head to head with Jayne Torvill having a team of three female celebrities , and Christopher Dean having a team of three male celebrities . The judges were the usual line - up of Robin Cousins , Ruthie Henshall , Jason Gardiner , Karen Barber and Nicky Slater . Holly Willoughby and Phillip Schofield presented the 90 - minute programme . Place Celebrity Partner Position on Dancing on Ice Score 1st Suzanne Shaw Matt Evers Series 3 winner 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 + 6.0 = 30.0 2nd Chris Fountain Frankie Poultney Series 3 runner - up 6.0 + 6.0 + 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 = 28.0 3rd Kyran Bracken Melanie Lambert Series 2 winner 5.5 + 5.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 + 5.5 = 27.0 4th Clare Buckfield Pavel Aubrecht Series 2 runner - up 5.5 + 5.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.5 = 26.0 5th Duncan James Maria Filippov Series 2 third place 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 5.0 + 4.5 = 24.5 6th Zaraah Abrahams Fred Palascak Series 3 third place 5.0 + 4.5 + 4.5 + 5.0 + 5.0 = 24.0 Team Torvill scored 80 points to Team Dean 's 79.5 and won the show by also receiving the majority of the audience votes . Suzanne Shaw received the perfect score of 30 for the third time in a row . In her last two appearances on the show she has picked up the trophy . Dancing on Ice : Make Me a star ( 2008 ) A 30 - minute prime time spin - off to Dancing on Ice premiered on 26 January 2008 and ran for a few episodes , presented solely by Holly Willoughby . This both showed some exclusive footage of the celebrities training for the Sunday night main show and followed Torvill and Dean on the search for a member of the public to perform on the Dancing on Ice final in 2009 . Shows : Kyran Bracken skated with his new partner ( they have been on Holiday on Ice ) David Seaman and Melanie Lambert showed what to expect on the Tour Clare Buckfield and Andrei Lipanov did a new performance of `` Reach '' Dancing on Ice : Ice star ( 2009 ) This was shown after the announcement of the bottom two had been made but before the skate off . It showed Torvill and Dean 's search for an entertainment act on ice , with auditions from all kinds of ice skaters . The winner skated live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final and join Torvill and Dean on tour . From a shortlist of 20 acts , Torvill and Dean invited only 4 back to give another performance in the Dancing on Ice studio . The final 4 were : Hannah and Daniel -- Child pairs skaters Nick Rigby -- Figure skater The Oxford Freestylers -- Stunt and trick performers The Elody -- Skating girlband The best skater to slip through the net was Grimsby born Daniel Bennett who initially impressed Christopher Dean on his first audition . Controversially however Jane Torvil denied him entry after his cataclismic fall on the quarter finals just metres away from the legendary skating duo . The Oxford Freestylers won and performed live on the Dancing on Ice 2009 final . Dancing on Ice goes gold ( 2012 ) An Olympic special aired on 22 July 2012 , before the London 2012 Summer Olympics . It featured medal - winning Olympic athletes . The one - off special featured the judges from series 7 , with Phillip Schofield and Christine Bleakley returning as presenters . Torvill & Dean unveiled a new and specially - crafted performance . Head judge , Robin Cousins also performed a solo routine for first time in twelve years . Olympian Sport Medals Professional partner Judges scores Status Steve Williams OBE Rowing Gold , Coxless Four ( Athens 2004 , Beijing 2008 ) Katie Stainsby 9.5 , 9.5 , 10.0 = 29.0 Gold ( Winner ) Olga Korbut Gymnastics 4 Gold & 2 Silver ( Munich 1972 , Montreal 1976 ) Matthew Gonzalez 10.0 , 9.0 , 9.5 = 28.5 Silver ( 2nd place ) Pippa Wilson MBE Sailing Gold , Yngling sailing ( Beijing 2008 ) Mark Hanretty 9.0 , 9.5 , 9.5 = 28.0 Bronze ( 3rd place ) Gail Emms MBE Badminton Silver , Mixed Doubles ( Athens 2004 ) Łukasz Różycki 9.0 , 9.0 , 9.5 = 27.5 Eliminated Colin Jackson CBE Hurdling , Sprinting Silver , 110m Hurdles ( Seoul Olympics 1988 ) Frankie Poultney 9.0 , 8.5 , 9.0 = 26.5 Eliminated Jamie Baulch Sprinting Silver , 4 × 400 m relay ( Atlanta 1996 ) Maria Filippov 8.5 , 8.5 , 9.0 = 26.0 Eliminated Tessa Sanderson CBE Javelin Gold ( LA 1984 ) Yannick Bonheur 7.5 , 7.5 , 8.0 = 23.0 Eliminated The judges scores were added to the studio audiences votes to decide the winner . No public vote took place , as the programme was recorded earlier in the year . Dancing on Ice Friday ( 2010 ) A brand new spin - off show for the 2010 series of Dancing on Ice , appropriately called Dancing on Ice Friday , gave viewers the insight to the training of the celebrities over the last week . It was presented by television presenter Ben Shephard and former contestant and Loose Women star Coleen Nolan . The show was broadcast from 8 pm to 8.30 pm on Friday evenings on ITV throughout the duration of the main shows season . STV who broadcast the main show did not broadcast this on the Friday evening but after repeating the previous week 's main show on the following Saturday afternoon . Due to poor ratings , Dancing on Ice Friday was axed prior to the 2011 series . Studio set and Ice rink The show was based in the George Lucas Stage at Elstree Studios from 2006 to 2010 . In 2011 the show was broadcast from Shepperton Studios . In 2012 it returned to Elstree with a new , more modern set . There were several areas of the Elstree studio . The Tunnel was to the left of the rink and was where the couples entered the rink . The Ice Cave was situated at the back of the rink and was where Phillip Schofield stood to interview the couples . The Judges and Contestants Area was to the right of the rink and was where the judging panel were based , and where Holly Willoughby or Christine Bleakley stood to speak to them and the couples . The ice rink measured 30 × 15m . For the 2018 revival series the show was relocated to a purpose - built studio at RAF Bovingdon . Dancing on Ice : The Tour Main article : Dancing on Ice : The Tour Merchandise A DVD , featuring highlights from Series 1 , and a CD , containing music from Series 1 , were released shortly after it ended . A highlights DVD for Series 2 was released on 2 April 2007 and a Series 3 highlights DVD was released on 7 April 2008 . There is a Series 4 DVD in The Series 1 -- 5 Boxset ; you can ` t buy it by itself . The Series 5 Highlights DVD was released on 12 April 2010 and the Live Tour 2010 DVD was released on 29 November 2010 . A compilation boxset of highlights of Series 1 -- 5 has also been released . The Live Tours are also filmed at a different location each year by Live Nation UK Ltd who own the rights to the tours and released on DVD by Universal Media . The Live 25th Bolero Anniversary Tour DVD was released in November 2009 . References Jump up ^ `` Torvill and Dean skate on to ITV '' . BBC News . 25 November 2004 . Retrieved 23 July 2017 . Jump up ^ Judges -- Karen Barber ITV -- Dancing on Ice Jump up ^ Midgley , Neil ( 28 August 2007 ) . `` Dancing on thin ice '' . The Daily Telegraph . Retrieved 7 May 2012 . Jump up ^ TV ratings : March 16 -- Dancing on Ice final wins for ITV The Guardian Jump up ^ Dancing on Ice -- News -- Torvill and Dean get £ 1.5 m ' Dancing ' deal Digital Spy Jump up ^ Magrath , Andrea ( 18 November 2011 ) . `` Skating on in : Christine Bleakley to replace Holly Willoughby as co-host of Dancing on Ice '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Press releases Programme press releases Dancing on Ice judges -- ITV Press Centre '' . Itv.com . Archived from the original on 6 December 2011 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' : Jason Gardiner to replace Louie Spence -- Dancing on Ice News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 20 November 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` TV News '' . AudienceTickets.net . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 26 January 2013 at Archive.is ^ Jump up to : Eames , Tom ( 21 May 2013 ) . `` ' Dancing on Ice ' to air final series in 2014 , confirms Torvill and Dean '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 21 May 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` ' Dancing on Ice ' to survive axe ? '' . Digital Spy. 24 June 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing on Ice to end in 2014 '' . ITV Press Centre . 22 October 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice to return in 2018 '' . ITV Press Centre . 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice confirms Ashley Banjo as judge for 2018 series '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 19 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Is Jason Gardiner returning to Dancing on Ice ? Judging line - up of ITV show CONFIRMED '' . Radio Times . 25 October 2017 . Retrieved 25 October 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Jordan Banjo will join brother Ashley on Dancing on Ice as digital host ... whatever that means '' . Digital Spy. 8 December 2017 . Retrieved 14 December 2017 . Jump up ^ Mottershead , Lee ( 16 December 2017 ) . `` Matt Chapman gets his skates on to become voice of ITV 's Dancing on Ice - Horse Racing News - Racing Post '' . www.racingpost.com . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice commentator Matt Chapman quits after one episode '' . Radio Times . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Matterface replaces Matt Chapman as Dancing on Ice commentator '' . Radio Times . 12 January 2018 . Retrieved 12 January 2018 . ^ Jump up to : `` Dancing on Ice will return in 2019 '' . Radio Times . 25 January 2018 . Retrieved 27 January 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice series 3 '' . Digital Spy. 21 May 2007 . Retrieved 21 May 2006 . Jump up ^ `` About the show '' . itv.com. 5 December 2007 . Retrieved 30 December 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice -- TV3 '' . Tv3.ie . Archived from the original on 15 March 2011 . Retrieved 27 March 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice dates confirmed News Phillip Schofield '' . Officialphillipschofield.com . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' lineup revealed : Heidi Range , Jennifer Ellison , more -- Dancing on Ice News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 3 January 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Chesney 's ice exit '' . itv.com. 4 January 2012 . Archived from the original on 9 January 2012 . Retrieved 4 January 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' return date confirmed '' . Digital Spy. 13 December 2012 . Retrieved 24 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice 2013 celebrity line - up revealed '' . Newsbeat . BBC Online . 18 December 2012 . Retrieved 18 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Pamela Anderson , Samia Ghadie and Shayne Ward get their skates on as Dancing on Ice 2013 line - up is announced '' . Daily Mail . 17 December 2012 . Retrieved 19 December 2012 . Jump up ^ `` ' Dancing on Ice ' returns for All Stars final series '' . Digital Spy. 14 November 2013 . Retrieved 3 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Line up revealed tonight ! '' . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice All - Stars cast unveiled '' . 11 December 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice returning to ITV in 2018 with big change '' . Digital Spy. 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice ( @ dancingonice ) - Twitter '' . twitter.com . Jump up ^ `` Dancing On Ice makes Bovingdon its new home '' . www.hemeltoday.co.uk . Jump up ^ Top Programmes BARB Jump up ^ `` NTAs 2013 - Nominations in full '' . 8 January 2013 . Jump up ^ Take That on Dancing On Ice Metro , 16 February 2007 Jump up ^ `` Log into Facebook - Facebook '' . Facebook . Jump up ^ Leona Lewis ' blades of glory The Sun , 29 February 2008 Jump up ^ Pixie Lott sings ' Cry Me Out ' on Dancing On Ice 2010 Archived 12 February 2010 at the Wayback Machine . Unreality TV , 7 February 2010 Jump up ^ Pixie Lott opens Dancing on Ice with Kings of Leon classic STV , 9 February 2010 Jump up ^ `` Dancing on Ice : Make Me a Star '' . itv.com. 16 January 2008 . Retrieved 18 January 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Dancing On Ice makes Bovingdon its new home '' . www.hemeltoday.co.uk . Retrieved 7 January 2018 . External links Wikimedia Commons has media related to Dancing on Ice . 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what were the terms of surrender for the south

Battle of Appomattox Court House - wikipedia Battle of Appomattox Court House <Th_colspan="2"> Battle of Appomattox Court House <Td_colspan="2"> Part of the American Civil War <Td_colspan="2"> A print showing Union Army General - in - Chief Ulysses S. Grant accepting Confederate General - in - Chief Robert E. Lee 's surrender on April 9th , 1865 <Td_colspan="2"> Date April 9 , 1865 ( 1865 - 04 - 09 ) Location Appomattox Court House , ( Appomattox County ) , Virginia 37 ° 22 ′ 40 '' N 78 ° 47 ′ 40 '' W  /  37.37778 ° N 78.79444 ° W  / 37.37778 ; - 78.79444 Coordinates : 37 ° 22 ′ 40 '' N 78 ° 47 ′ 40 '' W  /  37.37778 ° N 78.79444 ° W  / 37.37778 ; - 78.79444 Result Decisive Union victory : Surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia to the Federal Army of the Potomac <Th_colspan="2"> Belligerents United States ( Union / North ) Confederate States ( Confederacy / South ) <Th_colspan="2"> Commanders and leaders Ulysses S. Grant George G. Meade Philip Sheridan Edward O.C. Ord Robert E. Lee <Th_colspan="2"> Units involved Army of the Potomac Army of the Shenandoah Army of the James Army of Northern Virginia <Th_colspan="2"> Strength 150,000 ∼ 28,000 <Th_colspan="2"> Casualties and losses 164 ∼ 500 killed and wounded 27,805 surrendered and paroled <Th_colspan="2"> Appomattox Campaign <Td_colspan="2"> Lewis 's Farm White Oak Road Dinwiddie Court House Five Forks 3rd Petersburg Sutherland 's Station Namozine Church Amelia Springs Rice 's Station Sailor 's Creek High Bridge Cumberland Church Appomattox Station Appomattox Court House The Battle of Appomattox Court House ( Virginia , U.S. ) , fought on the morning of April 9 , 1865 , was one of the last battles of the American Civil War ( 1861 -- 1865 ) . It was the final engagement of Confederate States Army General - in - Chief , Robert E. Lee , and his Army of Northern Virginia before it surrendered to the Union Army of the Potomac under the Commanding General of the United States , Ulysses S. Grant . Lee , having abandoned the Confederate capital of Richmond , Virginia , after the nine and one - half month Siege of Petersburg and Richmond , retreated west , hoping to join his army with the remaining Confederate forces in North Carolina , the Army of Tennessee under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston . Union infantry and cavalry forces under Gen. Philip Sheridan pursued and cut off the Confederates ' retreat at the central Virginia village of Appomattox Court House . Lee launched a last - ditch attack to break through the Union forces to his front , assuming the Union force consisted entirely of lightly armed cavalry . When he realized that the cavalry was now backed up by two corps of Federal infantry , he had no choice but to surrender with his further avenue of retreat and escape now cut off . The signing of the surrender documents occurred in the parlor of the house owned by Wilmer McLean on the afternoon of April 9 . On April 12 , a formal ceremony of parade and the stacking of arms led by Southern Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon to Federal Brig. Gen. Joshua Chamberlain of Maine marked the disbandment of the Army of Northern Virginia with the parole of its nearly 28,000 remaining officers and men , free to return home without their major weapons but enabling men to take their horses and officers to retain their sidearms ( swords and pistols ) , and effectively ending the war in Virginia . This event triggered a series of subsequent surrenders across the South , in North Carolina , Alabama and finally Shreveport , Louisiana , for the Trans - Mississippi Theater in the West by June , signaling the end of the four - year - long war . Contents 1 Background 1.1 Military situation 2 Opposing forces 2.1 Union 2.2 Confederate 3 April 9 3.1 Battle 3.2 Surrender 4 Aftermath 5 Civil War commemorative stamps 6 Battlefield preservation 7 See also 8 Notes 9 References 10 Further reading 11 External links Background ( edit ) Military situation ( edit ) Main articles : Appomattox Campaign , Battle of Five Forks , and Third Battle of Petersburg Further information : Richmond - Petersburg Campaign ( Siege of Petersburg ) , Overland Campaign , Eastern Theater of the American Civil War , and American Civil War The final campaign for Richmond , Virginia , the capital of the Confederate States , began when the Union / Federal / Northern Army of the Potomac crossed the James River in June 1864 . The armies under the command of Lieutenant General and General - in - Chief Ulysses S. Grant ( 1822 -- 1885 ) laid siege to Petersburg , south of Richmond , intending to cut the two cities ' supply lines and force the Confederates to evacuate . In the spring of 1865 , Confederate States Army Gen. Robert E. Lee ( 1807 -- 1870 ) , waited for an opportunity to leave the Petersburg lines , aware that the position was untenable , but Union troops made the first move . On April 1 , 1865 , Maj. Gen. Philip Sheridan 's cavalry turned Lee 's flank at the Battle of Five Forks . The next day Grant 's army achieved a decisive breakthrough , effectively ending the Petersburg siege . With supply railroad lines cut , Lee 's men abandoned the trenches they had held for ten months and evacuated on the night of April 2 -- 3 . Lee 's first objective was to reassemble and supply his men at Amelia Courthouse . His plan was to link up with Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's Army of Tennessee in North Carolina and go on the offensive after establishing defenses on the Roanoke River in southwest Virginia . When the troops arrived at Amelia on April 4 , however , they found no provisions . Lee sent wagons out to the surrounding country to forage , but as a result lost a day 's worth of marching time . The army then headed west to Appomattox Station , where another supply train awaited him . Lee 's army was now composed of the cavalry corps and two small infantry corps . En route to the station , on April 6 at Sailor 's Creek , nearly one fourth of the retreating Confederate army was cut off by Sheridan 's cavalry and elements of the II and VI Corps . Two Confederate divisions fought the VI Corps along the creek . The Confederates attacked but were driven back , and soon after the Union cavalry cut through the right of the Confederate lines . Most of the 7,700 Confederates were captured or surrendered , including Lt. Gen. Richard S. Ewell and eight other general officers . The delay prevented Lee from reaching the Appomattox station until late afternoon on April 8 , allowing Sheridan to reach the station ahead of the Southerners that evening , where he captured Lee 's supplies and obstructed his path . Following the minor battles of Cumberland Church and High Bridge , on April 7 , General Grant sent a note to Lee suggesting that it was time to surrender the Army of Northern Virginia . In a return note , Lee refused the request , but asked Grant what terms he had in mind . On April 8 , Union cavalry under Brig. Gen. and Brevet Maj. Gen. George Armstrong Custer captured and burned three supply trains waiting for Lee 's army at the Appomattox Station . Now both the two Federal forces , Army of the Potomac and the Army of the James were converging on Appomattox . With his supplies at Appomattox destroyed , Lee now looked west , to the railway at Lynchburg , where more supplies awaited him . However , on the morning of April 8 a battalion of the 15th Pennsylvania Cavalry was detached from Stoneman 's Raid into North Carolina and southwestern Virginia and had made a demonstration to within three miles of Lynchburg , giving the appearance of being the vanguard of a much larger force . Despite this new threat , Lee apparently decided to try for Lynchburg anyway . While the Union Army was closing in on Lee , all that lay between Lee and Lynchburg was Union cavalry . Lee hoped to break through the cavalry before infantry arrived . He sent a note to Grant saying that he did not wish to surrender his army just yet but was willing to discuss how Grant 's terms would affect the Confederacy . Grant , suffering from a throbbing headache , stated that `` It looks as if Lee still means to fight . '' The Union infantry was close , but the only unit near enough to support Sheridan 's cavalry was Maj. Gen. John Gibbon 's XXIV Corps of the Army of the James . This corps traveled 30 miles ( 48 km ) in 21 hours to reach the cavalry . Maj. Gen. Edward O.C. Ord , commander of the Army of the James , arrived with the XXIV Corps around 4 : 00 a.m. while the V Corps of the Army of the Potomac was close behind . Sheridan deployed his three divisions of cavalry along a low ridge to the southwest of Appomattox Court House . Lee 's retreat and Grant 's pursuit in the final Appomattox Campaign , April 2 -- 9 , 1865 Opposing forces ( edit ) Union ( edit ) Further information : Appomattox Campaign Union order of battle Confederate ( edit ) Further information : Appomattox Campaign Confederate order of battle April 9 ( edit ) Parlor of the ( reconstructed ) McLean House , the site of Confederate General Robert E. Lee 's surrender . Lee sat at the marble - topped table on the left , Lieutenant General Ulysses S. Grant at the table on the right The reconstructed McLean House ( brick house on right ) Battle ( edit ) At dawn on April 9 , 1865 , the Confederate Second Corps under Maj. Gen. John B. Gordon attacked Sheridan 's cavalry and quickly forced back the first line under Brevet Brig. Gen. Charles H. Smith . The next line , held by Brig . Gens . Ranald S. Mackenzie and George Crook , slowed the Confederate advance . Gordon 's troops charged through the Union lines and took the ridge , but as they reached the crest they saw the entire Union XXIV Corps in line of battle with the Union V Corps to their right . Lee 's cavalry saw these Union forces and immediately withdrew and rode off towards Lynchburg . Ord 's troops began advancing against Gordon 's corps while the Union II Corps began moving against Lt. Gen. James Longstreet 's corps to the northeast . Colonel Charles Venable of Lee 's staff rode in at this time and asked for an assessment , and Gordon gave him a reply he knew Lee did not want to hear : `` Tell General Lee I have fought my corps to a frazzle , and I fear I can do nothing unless I am heavily supported by Longstreet 's corps . '' Upon hearing it Lee finally stated the inevitable : `` Then there is nothing left for me to do but to go and see General Grant , and I would rather die a thousand deaths . '' Many of Lee 's officers , including Longstreet , agreed that surrendering the army was the only option left . The only notable officer opposed to surrender was Longstreet 's chief of artillery , Brig. Gen. Edward Porter Alexander , who predicted that if Lee surrendered then `` every other ( Confederate ) army will follow suit '' . At 8 : 00 a.m. , Lee rode out to meet Grant , accompanied by three of his aides . Grant received Lee 's first letter on the morning of April 9 as he was traveling to meet Sheridan . Grant recalled his migraine seemed to disappear when he read Lee 's letter , and he handed it to his assistant Rawlins to read aloud before composing his reply : General , Your note of this date is but this moment , 11 : 50 A.M. rec 'd. , in consequence of my having passed from the Richmond and Lynchburg road . I am at this writing about four miles West of Walker 's Church and will push forward to the front for the purpose of meeting you . Notice sent to me on this road where you wish the interview to take place . Grant 's response was remarkable in that it let the defeated Lee choose the place of his surrender . Lee received the reply within an hour and dispatched an aide , Charles Marshall , to find a suitable location for the occasion . Marshall scrutinized Appomattox Court House , a small village of roughly twenty buildings that served as a waystation for travelers on the Richmond - Lynchburg Stage Road . Marshall rejected the first house he saw as too dilapidated , instead settling on the 1848 brick home of Wilmer McLean . McLean had lived near Manassas Junction during the First Battle of Bull Run , and had retired to Appomattox to escape the war . With gunshots still being heard on Gordon 's front and Union skirmishers still advancing on Longstreet 's front , Lee received a message from Grant . After several hours of correspondence between Grant and Lee , a cease - fire was enacted and Grant received Lee 's request to discuss surrender terms . Surrender ( edit ) Union soldiers at the courthouse in April 1865 Well - dressed in his customary uniform , Lee waited for Grant to arrive . Grant , whose headache had ended when he received Lee 's note , arrived at the courthouse in a mud - spattered uniform -- a government - issue sack coat with trousers tucked into muddy boots , no sidearms , and with only his tarnished shoulder straps showing his rank . It was the first time the two men had seen each other face - to - face in almost two decades . Suddenly overcome with sadness , Grant found it hard to get to the point of the meeting and instead the two generals briefly discussed their only previous encounter , during the Mexican -- American War . Lee brought the attention back to the issue at hand , and Grant offered the same terms he had before : In accordance with the substance of my letter to you of the 8th inst. , I propose to receive the surrender of the Army of N. Va. on the following terms , to wit : Rolls of all the officers and men to be made in duplicate . One copy to be given to an officer designated by me , the other to be retained by such officer or officers as you may designate . The officers to give their individual paroles not to take up arms against the Government of the United States until properly exchanged , and each company or regimental commander sign a like parole for the men of their commands . The arms , artillery and public property to be parked and stacked , and turned over to the officer appointed by me to receive them . This will not embrace the side - arms of the officers , nor their private horses or baggage . This done , each officer and man will be allowed to return to their homes , not to be disturbed by United States authority so long as they observe their paroles and the laws in force where they may reside . Full Page of Albany Journal , 10 Apr 1865 Flag used by the Confederacy to surrender The terms were as generous as Lee could hope for ; his men would not be imprisoned or prosecuted for treason . Officers were allowed to keep their sidearms , horses , and personal baggage . In addition to his terms , Grant also allowed the defeated men to take home their horses and mules to carry out the spring planting and provided Lee with a supply of food rations for his starving army ; Lee said it would have a very happy effect among the men and do much toward reconciling the country . The terms of the surrender were recorded in a document hand - written by Grant 's adjutant Ely S. Parker , a Native American of the Seneca tribe , and completed around 4 p.m. , April 9 . Lee , upon discovering Parker to be a Seneca remarked `` It is good to have one real American here . '' Parker replied , `` Sir , we are all Americans . '' As Lee left the house and rode away , Grant 's men began cheering in celebration , but Grant ordered an immediate stop . `` I at once sent word , however , to have it stopped , '' he said . `` The Confederates were now our countrymen , and we did not want to exult over their downfall , '' he said . Custer and other Union officers purchased from McLean the furnishings of the room Lee and Grant met in as souvenirs , emptying it of furniture . Grant soon visited the Confederate army , and then he and Lee sat on the McLean home 's porch and met with visitors such as Longstreet and George Pickett before the two men left for their capitals . On April 10 , Lee gave his farewell address to his army . The same day a six - man commission gathered to discuss a formal ceremony of surrender , even though no Confederate officer wished to go through with such an event . Brigadier General ( brevet Major General ) Joshua L. Chamberlain was the Union officer selected to lead the ceremony . In his memoirs entitled The Passing of the Armies , Chamberlain reflected on what he witnessed on April 12 , 1865 , as the Army of Northern Virginia marched in to surrender their arms and their colors : The momentous meaning of this occasion impressed me deeply . I resolved to mark it by some token of recognition , which could be no other than a salute of arms . Well aware of the responsibility assumed , and of the criticisms that would follow , as the sequel proved , nothing of that kind could move me in the least . The act could be defended , if needful , by the suggestion that such a salute was not to the cause for which the flag of the Confederacy stood , but to its going down before the flag of the Union . My main reason , however , was one for which I sought no authority nor asked forgiveness . Before us in proud humiliation stood the embodiment of manhood : men whom neither toils and sufferings , nor the fact of death , nor disaster , nor hopelessness could bend from their resolve ; standing before us now , thin , worn , and famished , but erect , and with eyes looking level into ours , waking memories that bound us together as no other bond ; -- was not such manhood to be welcomed back into a Union so tested and assured ? Instructions had been given ; and when the head of each division column comes opposite our group , our bugle sounds the signal and instantly our whole line from right to left , regiment by regiment in succession , gives the soldier 's salutation , from the `` order arms '' to the old `` carry '' -- the marching salute . Gordon at the head of the column , riding with heavy spirit and downcast face , catches the sound of shifting arms , looks up , and , taking the meaning , wheels superbly , making with himself and his horse one uplifted figure , with profound salutation as he drops the point of his sword to the boot toe ; then facing to his own command , gives word for his successive brigades to pass us with the same position of the manual , -- honor answering honor . On our part not a sound of trumpet more , nor roll of drum ; not a cheer , nor word nor whisper of vain - glorying , nor motion of man standing again at the order , but an awed stillness rather , and breath - holding , as if it were the passing of the dead ! -- Joshua L. Chamberlain , The Passing of the Armies , pp. 260 -- 61 Chamberlain 's account has been questioned by historian William Marvel , who claims that `` few promoted their own legends more actively and successfully than he did '' . Marvel points out that Chamberlain in fact did not command the federal surrender detail ( but only one of the brigades in General Joseph J. Bartlett 's division ) and that he did not mention any `` salute '' in his contemporary letters , but only in his memoirs written many decades later when most other eyewitnesses had already died . At the surrender ceremonies , about 28,000 Confederate soldiers passed by and stacked their arms . The Appomattox Roster lists approximately 26,300 men who surrendered . This reference does not include the 7,700 who were captured at Sailor 's Creek three days earlier , who were treated as prisoners of war . Panoramic image of the reconstructed parlor of the McLean House . Ulysses S. Grant sat at the simple wooden table on the right , while Robert E. Lee sat at the more ornate marble - topped table on the left . The items in the room are exact reproductions , the original chairs and wooden table are in the collection of the Smithsonian and the marble table in the Chicago History Museum 's collection . Aftermath ( edit ) Further information : Conclusion of the American Civil War While General George Meade ( who was n't present at the meeting ) reportedly shouted that `` it 's all over '' upon hearing the surrender was signed , roughly 175,000 Confederates remained in the field , but were mostly starving and disillusioned . Many of these were scattered throughout the South in garrisons or guerilla bands while the rest were concentrated in three major Confederate commands . Just as Porter Alexander had predicted , as news spread of Lee 's surrender other Confederate commanders realized that the strength of the Confederacy was gone , and decided to lay down their own arms . Gen. Joseph E. Johnston 's army in North Carolina , the most threatening of the remaining Confederate armies , surrendered to Maj. Gen. William T. Sherman at Bennett Place in Durham , North Carolina on April 26 , 1865 . The 98,270 Confederate troops that laid down their weapons ( the largest surrender of the war ) marked the virtual end of the conflict . General Taylor surrendered his army at Citronelle , Alabama in early May , followed by General Edmund Kirby Smith surrendering the Confederate Trans - Mississippi Department on May 26 , 1865 near New Orleans , Louisiana . Upon hearing about General Lee 's surrender , Nathan Bedford Forrest , `` The Wizard of the Saddle '' , also surrendered , reading his farewell address on May 9 , 1865 at Gainesville , Alabama . General Stand Watie surrendered the last sizeable organized Confederate force on June 23 , 1865 in Choctaw County , Oklahoma . There were several more small battles after Lee 's surrender . The Battle of Palmito Ranch on May 12 -- 13 , 1865 , is commonly regarded as the final land battle of the war . Commander James Iredell Waddell surrendered CSS Shenandoah on November 6 , 1865 , at Liverpool , Great Britain . Lee never forgot Grant 's magnanimity during the surrender , and for the rest of his life would not tolerate an unkind word about Grant in his presence . Likewise , General Gordon cherished Chamberlain 's simple act of saluting his surrendered army , calling Chamberlain `` one of the knightliest soldiers of the Federal army . '' This statement by Gordon tends to contradict historian William Marvel 's perception of the event . Civil War commemorative stamps ( edit ) U.S. Postage Stamp , 1965 issue , commemorating the centennial anniversary of the Confederate surrender at Appomattox Court House During the Civil War Centennial , the United States Post Office issued five postage stamps commemorating the 100th anniversaries of famous battles , as they occurred over a four - year period , beginning with the Battle of Fort Sumter Centennial issue of 1961 . The Battle of Shiloh commemorative stamp was issued in 1962 , the Battle of Gettysburg in 1963 , the Battle of the Wilderness in 1964 , and the Appomattox Centennial commemorative stamp in 1965 . Battlefield preservation ( edit ) The Civil War Trust ( a division of the American Battlefield Trust ) and its partners have acquired and preserved 512 acres ( 2.07 km ) of the battlefield . See also ( edit ) List of American Civil War battles Civil War Defenses of Washington Washington , D.C. , in the American Civil War Bibliography of the American Civil War Bibliography of Abraham Lincoln Bibliography of Ulysses S. Grant Commemoration of the American Civil War on postage stamps Notes ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Bodart ( 1908 ) , p. 542 ^ Jump up to : Salmon , p. 492 . ^ Jump up to : Williams . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 477 -- 80 . Jump up ^ Lee , p. 387 . Jump up ^ Salmon , pp. 484 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 137 . Jump up ^ Salmon , p. 490 . Jump up ^ Korn , p. 139 . Jump up ^ Winik , p. 181 . ^ Jump up to : Winik , p. 182 . Jump up ^ Winik , p. 183 . ^ Jump up to : Winik , p. 184 . Jump up ^ Smith , pp. 403 -- 404 . Jump up ^ Winik , 186 -- 87 . Jump up ^ Winik , 188 . Jump up ^ Winik , 189 . Jump up ^ Davis , p. 387 ; Calkins , p. 175 , states Lee and Marshall left the McLean House `` some time after 3 : 00 in the afternoon ''. ; Eicher , The Longest Night , p. 819 , states `` the surrender interview lasted until about 3 : 45 p.m. '' ^ Jump up to : Winik , 191 . Jump up ^ Keegan , John ( 2009 ) . The American Civil War : A Military History . Vintage Books . p. 375 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 307 - 27314 - 7 . Jump up ^ Eicher , The Longest Night , p. 820 says that Lee 's General Orders No. 9 was read to the troops , but not by Lee . Jump up ^ William Marvel , Lee 's Last Retreat , p. 193 . Jump up ^ William Marvel , A Place called Appomattox , p. 260 - 262 and 359 - 359 ; and Lee 's Last Retreat , p. 191 - 195 . Jump up ^ Winik , p. 197 ; Eicher , The Longest Night , p. 821 , states 26,765 captured Confederates were paroled at Appomattox Court House . Calkins , p. 187 , states 1,559 cavalrymen turned in their weapons on April 10 , on p. 188 , 2,576 artillerymen surrendered on April 11 , and , on p. 192 , 23,512 infantry surrendered on April 12 , for a total of 27,647 . Jump up ^ The Appomattox Roster ; Vol. 15 , The Southern Historical Society Papers Jump up ^ Korn , p. 155 . Jump up ^ Long , p. 693 . Jump up ^ Gordon , p. 444 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) American Battlefield Trust `` Saved Land '' webpage . Accessed May 25 , 2018 . References ( edit ) Bodart , Gaston ( 1908 ) . Militär - historisches Kriegs - Lexikon , ( 1618 -- 1905 ) . Stern . Calkins , Chris . The Appomattox Campaign , March 29 -- April 9 , 1865 . Conshohocken , PA : Combined Books , 1997 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 938289 - 54 - 8 . Chamberlain , Joshua L. The Passing of the Armies : An Account of the Final Campaign of the Army of the Potomac . New York : Bantam Books , 1993 . ISBN 0 - 553 - 29992 - 1 . First published 1915 by G.P. Putnam 's Sons . Davis , Burke . To Appomattox : Nine April Days , 1865 . New York : Eastern Acorn Press reprint , 1981 . ISBN 0 - 915992 - 17 - 5 . First published New York : Rinehart , 1959 . Eicher , David J. The Longest Night : A Military History of the Civil War . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84944 - 5 . Eicher , John H. , and David J. Eicher . Civil War High Commands . Stanford , CA : Stanford University Press , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8047 - 3641 - 3 . Freeman , Douglas S. R.E. Lee , A Biography. 4 vols . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1934 -- 35 . OCLC 166632575 . Gordon , John B. Reminiscences of the Civil War . New York : Charles Scribner 's Sons , 1904 . Grant , Ulysses S. Personal Memoirs of U.S. Grant . 2 vols . Charles L. Webster & Company , 1885 -- 86 . ISBN 0 - 914427 - 67 - 9 . Korn , Jerry , and the Editors of Time - Life Books . Pursuit to Appomattox : The Last Battles . Alexandria , VA : Time - Life Books , 1987 . ISBN 0 - 8094 - 4788 - 6 . Lee , Fitzhugh , General Lee ; Great Commanders , D. Appleton and Company , 1894 . Long , E.B. The Civil War Day by Day : An Almanac , 1861 -- 1865 . Garden City , NY : Doubleday , 1971 . OCLC 68283123 . Marvel , William . A Place called Appomattox . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2000 . Marvel , William . Lee 's Last Retreat . The Flight to Appomattox . Chapel Hill , The University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5703 - 8 . Salmon , John S . The Official Virginia Civil War Battlefield Guide . Mechanicsburg , PA : Stackpole Books , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 8117 - 2868 - 4 . Smith , Jean Edward . Grant . New York : Simon & Schuster , 2001 . ISBN 0 - 684 - 84927 - 5 . Southern Historical Society . The Appomattox Roster ; Vol. 15 , The Southern Historical Society Papers . Williams , Joe ( 2004 - 09 - 22 ) . `` The Appomattox Campaign ; March 29 -- April 9 , 1865 '' . National Park Service . Retrieved 2012 - 08 - 21 . Winik , Jay . April 1865 : The Month That Saved America . New York : HarperCollins , 2006 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 06 - 089968 - 4 . First published 2001 . National Park Service Battle Summary CWSAC Report Update Further reading ( edit ) Catton , Bruce . A Stillness at Appomattox . Garden City , NY : Doubleday and Company , 1953 . ISBN 0 - 385 - 04451 - 8 . Dunkerly , Robert M. To the Bitter End : Appomattox , Bennett Place , and the Surrenders of the Confederacy . Emerging Civil War Series . El Dorado Hills , CA : Savas Beatie , 2015 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 61121 - 252 - 5 . Marvel , William . A Place Called Appomattox . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 1999 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 2568 - 6 . Marvel , William . Lee 's Last Retreat : The Flight to Appomattox . Chapel Hill : University of North Carolina Press , 2002 . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8078 - 5703 - 8 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Battle of Appomattox Court House . Battle of Appomattox Court House : Battle maps , photos , history articles , and battlefield news ( Civil War Trust ) Confederate Surrender at Appomattox , Virginia , April 10 , 1865 . <Th_colspan="2"> American Civil War <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Origins <Td_colspan="2"> Origins Issues Timeline leading to the War Antebellum era Bleeding Kansas Border states Compromise of 1850 Fire - Eaters Lincoln - Douglas debates Missouri Compromise Popular sovereignty Secession States ' rights President Lincoln 's 75,000 volunteers Slavery African Americans Cornerstone Speech Dred Scott v. Sandford Emancipation Proclamation Fugitive slave laws Plantations in the American South Slave Power Slavery in the United States Treatment of slaves in the United States Uncle Tom 's Cabin Abolitionism Susan B. Anthony John Brown Frederick Douglass William Lloyd Garrison Elijah Parish Lovejoy J. 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Grant <Td_colspan="3"> 18th President of the United States ( 1869 -- 1877 ) Commanding General of the United States Army 1865 - 1869 Life and politics Early life and career Birth Place Boyhood home Grant Schoolhouse Point Pleasant , Ohio White Haven home farm Galena home Military Career Military Service Commanding General of the United States Army American Civil War Battle of Shiloh Battle of Appomattox Court House Campaigns Vicksburg Campaign Chattanooga Campaign Overland Campaign Petersburg Campaign Appomattox Campaign General of the Army Reconstruction Era Presidency First inauguration Second inauguration Scandals Reforms Peace Policy Department of Justice Fifteenth Amendment Treaty of Washington Korean Expedition Comstock Laws Panic of 1873 1875 Civil Rights Act Modoc War Great Sioux War Pardons Cabinet Judicial appointments State of the Union addresses 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 Elections Republican National Convention , 1868 1872 United States presidential election , 1868 1872 Post-presidency Later life Bid for a Third Term World tour of Ulysses S. Grant Legacy Bibliography Personal Memoirs of Ulysses S. Grant Grant 's Tomb Grant Park Grant Memorial Presidential library Grantism General Grant ship General Grant tree grove Grant Cottage State Historic Site Lee and Grant at Appomattox The Peacemakers Cultural depictions U.S. Postage stamps Currency $50 Bill Grant High School U.S. Grant Hotel Family Julia Grant ( wife ) Jesse Root Grant ( father ) Frederick Dent Grant ( son ) Ulysses S. Grant Jr. ( son ) Jesse R. Grant ( son ) Nellie Grant ( daughter ) Ulysses S. Grant III ( grandson ) Chapman Grant ( grandson ) Ulysses S. Grant IV ( grandson ) Julia Dent Cantacuzène Spiransky - Grant ( granddaughter ) Cincinnati ( horse ) <Td_colspan="3"> ← Andrew Johnson Rutherford B. Hayes → Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Battle_of_Appomattox_Court_House&oldid=844518093 '' Categories : 1865 in Virginia Appomattox Campaign Appomattox County , Virginia Robert E. Lee Ulysses S. Grant Battles of the Eastern Theater of the American Civil War 1865 in the American Civil War Surrenders Union victories of the American Civil War Battles of the American Civil War in Virginia April 1865 events Battles commanded by Ulysses S. Grant Talk Contents About Wikipedia Čeština Dansk Deutsch Français گیلکی 한국어 Hrvatski Italiano Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Polski Română Русский Slovenčina Svenska Tiếng Việt 8 more Edit links This page was last edited on 5 June 2018 , at 12 : 58 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Battle of Appomattox Court House 2. Surrender of the Confederate Army of Northern Virginia 3. Ulysses S. Grant 4. Robert E. Lee 5. American Civil War

who made the cut at pebble beach pro am

AT&T Pebble Beach pro-am - wikipedia AT&T Pebble Beach pro-am Jump to : navigation , search AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament information Location Pebble Beach , California Established 1937 , 81 years ago Course ( s ) Pebble Beach Golf Links Spyglass Hill Golf Course Monterey Peninsula CC Par 72 ( PB ) , 72 ( SH ) , 71 ( MP ) Length 6,816 yd ( 6,233 m ) ( PB ) 6,953 yd ( 6,358 m ) ( SH ) 6,958 yd ( 6,362 m ) ( MP ) Organized by Monterey Peninsula Foundation Tour ( s ) PGA Tour Format Stroke play Prize fund $ 7.4 million Month played February <Th_colspan="2"> Tournament record score Aggregate 265 Brandt Snedeker ( 2015 ) To par − 22 Brandt Snedeker ( 2015 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Current champion <Td_colspan="2"> Ted Potter Jr . Pebble Beach Location in the United States Pebble Beach Location in California The AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am is a professional golf tournament on the PGA Tour , held annually at Pebble Beach , California , near Carmel . The tournament is typically held during the month of February on three different courses , currently Pebble Beach Golf Links , Spyglass Hill Golf Course , and Monterey Peninsula Country Club . The event was originally known as the Bing Crosby National Pro-Amateur , or just the Crosby Clambake . After Crosby 's death in 1977 , the tournament was hosted by his family for eight years . The Crosby name was dropped after the 1985 event , and AT&T Corporation became the title sponsor 32 years ago in 1986 . It is organized by the Monterey Peninsula Foundation . Contents ( hide ) 1 History 2 Tournament playing format 3 Professional field 4 Format 5 Tournament hosts 6 Winners 7 Multiple winners 8 Notes 9 References 10 External links History ( edit ) Founded 81 years ago in 1937 , entertainer Bing Crosby hosted the first National Pro-Am Golf Championship in southern California at Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club in San Diego County , the event 's location prior to World War II . Sam Snead won the first tournament , then just 18 holes , with a winner 's share of $500 . A second round was added in 1938 and was played through 1942 . After the war , it resumed in 1947 as a 54 - hole event , up the coast on golf courses near Monterey , where it has been played ever since . Beginning that year , it was played at Pebble Beach Golf Links , Cypress Point Club , and Monterey Peninsula Country Club until 1966 . The tournament became a 72 - hole event in 1958 . In 1967 , Spyglass Hill replaced Monterey Peninsula CC as the third course ( with the exception of 1977 , when it returned to MPCC ) . In 1991 , the private Cypress Point Club was dropped by the PGA Tour because it would not admit an African - American member , and was replaced as a tournament venue by Poppy Hills , which hosted through 2009 . Poppy Hills was not well received by the players , primarily due to poor drainage , and Monterey Peninsula CC returned to the rotation in 2010 . Notable professionals in recent years have included Tiger Woods , Phil Mickelson , Mark O'Meara , Davis Love III , Jordan Spieth , and Vijay Singh . Notable celebrities have included fan favorite Bill Murray , Glenn Frey , Kevin Costner , Steve Young , George Lopez , Tom Brady , Bill Belichick , Kenny G , Justin Timberlake , Ray Romano , Clay Walker , and Carson Daly . Past celebrities included many Hollywood legends , some of whom were accomplished amateur golfers . Jim Backus , who starred in many movies and television shows , made the 36 - hole pro-am cut in 1964 . The tournament continues to be a success every year despite the rainfall that often occurs , notably in 1996 , 1998 and 1999 ( see Format section below ) . There is a similar celebrity pro-am event on the European Tour , called the Alfred Dunhill Links Championship . Gene Littler holds a unique record in this event . When he won the 1975 event , it marked the only time that a player had won this particular event as a professional after having previously been the amateur on the winning pro-am team which Littler did as a 23 - year - old amateur in 1954 . Tournament playing format ( edit ) Singer Justin Timberlake at the 2006 AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am . The starting field consists of 156 professionals and 156 amateurs . Each professional is paired with an amateur player . On the first three days 156 two - man teams will play a better ball format with one round on each of the three courses . The pros also play an individual stroke play format . On the final day , those professionals and pro-am teams making the 54 - hole cut will play on the Pebble Beach Golf Links . Individual Pro cut : At 54 holes , the low 60 scorers plus any ties . Players between 61st and 70th ( and ties ) will receive both official money and FedEx Cup points , as the cut for this tournament ensures the field is smaller than a standard tournament cut of 70 to accommodate the pro-am teams playing on the last day . They are indicated as MDF ( Made the cut , did not finish ) . Pro-Am cut : At 54 holes , the low 25 teams , plus any ties . Only professionals may compete in the individual competition part of the tournament . Amateurs are restricted to playing only in the pro-amateur team competition . The local Pebble Beach tournament officials organize the pairing of professionals with amateurs , while the PGA Tour manages the assignment of the pros ' tee times . Professional field ( edit ) The professional field consists of 156 players selected using the standard eligibility rankings except that the following shall first be eligible : AT&T Pebble Beach winners prior to 2000 and in the last five seasons The Players Championship and major championship winners prior to 2000 and in the last five years There is no open qualifying for this tournament . Format ( edit ) Conducted as a planned 72 - hole event , 1958 -- present . Exceptions are as follows : 18 holes : 1937 36 holes - planned : 1938 to 1942 36 holes - due to bad weather : 1952 54 holes - planned : 1947 to 1951 , 1953 to 1957 54 holes - due to bad weather : 1974 , 1981 , 1986 , 1998 , 1999 , and 2009 In 1996 , the first 36 holes were played as scheduled on Thursday and Friday . Rain on Saturday and Sunday prevented the completion of the tournament and it was canceled ( 54 holes required to be official due to three course setup ) . In 1998 , weather conditions prevented the tournament from being finished on schedule ( 9 holes were played Thursday , 9 on Friday , 18 on Saturday , rain Sunday and Monday ) . The third round was delayed until August to prevent cancellation similar to 1996 . 43 of 168 players withdrew rather than return for the final round . Tournament hosts ( edit ) Venue Location Pebble Beach Golf Links 1947 -- present Spyglass Hill Golf Course 1967 -- 1976 , 1978 -- present Monterey Peninsula CC , Shore Course 1965 -- 1966 , 1977 , 2010 -- present Poppy Hills Golf Course 1991 -- 2009 Cypress Point Club 1947 -- 1990 Monterey Peninsula CC , Dunes Course 1947 -- 1964 Rancho Santa Fe Golf Club 1937 -- 1942 Winners ( edit ) Year Player Country Score To par Margin of victory Runner ( s ) - up First prize ( $ ) Ref <Th_colspan="9"> AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am 2018 Ted Potter Jr . United States 270 − 17 3 strokes Jason Day Dustin Johnson Phil Mickelson Chez Reavie 1,332,000 2017 Jordan Spieth United States 268 − 19 4 strokes Kelly Kraft 1,296,000 2016 Vaughn Taylor United States 270 − 17 1 stroke Phil Mickelson 1,260,000 <Th_colspan="9"> AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am 2015 Brandt Snedeker ( 2 ) United States 265 − 22 3 strokes Nick Watney 1,224,000 2014 Jimmy Walker United States 276 − 11 1 stroke Dustin Johnson Jim Renner 1,188,000 2013 Brandt Snedeker United States 267 − 19 2 strokes Chris Kirk 1,170,000 2012 Phil Mickelson ( 4 ) United States 269 − 17 2 strokes Charlie Wi 1,152,000 2011 D.A. Points United States 271 − 15 2 strokes Hunter Mahan 1,134,000 Dustin Johnson ( 2 ) United States 270 − 16 1 stroke David Duval J.B. Holmes 1,116,000 2009 Dustin Johnson United States 201 ^ − 15 4 strokes Mike Weir 1,098,000 2008 Steve Lowery United States 278 − 10 Playoff Vijay Singh 1,080,000 2007 Phil Mickelson ( 3 ) United States 268 − 20 5 strokes Kevin Sutherland 990,000 2006 Arron Oberholser United States 271 − 17 5 strokes Rory Sabbatini 972,000 2005 Phil Mickelson ( 2 ) United States 269 − 19 4 strokes Mike Weir 954,000 Vijay Singh Fiji 272 − 16 3 strokes Jeff Maggert 954,000 2003 Davis Love III ( 2 ) United States 274 − 14 1 stroke Tom Lehman 900,000 2002 Matt Gogel United States 274 − 14 3 strokes Pat Perez 720,000 Davis Love III United States 272 − 16 1 stroke Vijay Singh 720,000 2000 Tiger Woods United States 273 − 15 2 strokes Matt Gogel Vijay Singh 720,000 1999 Payne Stewart United States 206 ^ − 10 1 stroke Frank Lickliter 504,000 1998 Phil Mickelson United States 202 ^ − 14 1 stroke Tom Pernice , Jr . 450,000 Mark O'Meara ( 5 ) United States 268 − 20 1 stroke David Duval Tiger Woods 342,000 <Td_colspan="8"> Tournament canceled after two rounds due to weather 1995 Peter Jacobsen United States 271 − 17 2 strokes David Duval 252,000 Johnny Miller ( 3 ) United States 281 − 7 1 stroke Jeff Maggert Corey Pavin Kirk Triplett Tom Watson 225,000 Brett Ogle Australia 276 − 12 3 strokes Billy Ray Brown 225,000 1992 Mark O'Meara ( 4 ) United States 275 − 13 Playoff Jeff Sluman 198,000 1991 Paul Azinger United States 274 − 14 4 strokes Brian Claar Corey Pavin 198,000 Mark O'Meara ( 3 ) United States 281 − 7 2 strokes Kenny Perry 180,000 Mark O'Meara ( 2 ) United States 277 − 11 1 stroke Tom Kite 180,000 Steve Jones United States 280 − 8 Playoff Bob Tway 126,000 Johnny Miller ( 2 ) United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Payne Stewart 108,000 1986 Fuzzy Zoeller United States 205 ^ − 11 5 strokes Payne Stewart 108,000 <Th_colspan="9"> Bing Crosby National Pro-Am 1985 Mark O'Meara United States 283 − 5 1 stroke Kikuo Arai Larry Rinker Curtis Strange 90,000 1984 Hale Irwin United States 278 − 10 Playoff Jim Nelford 72,000 Tom Kite United States 276 − 12 2 strokes Rex Caldwell Calvin Peete 58,500 1982 Jim Simons United States 274 − 14 2 strokes Craig Stadler 54,000 1981 John Cook United States 209 ^ − 7 Playoff Bobby Clampett Ben Crenshaw Hale Irwin Barney Thompson 40,500 1980 George Burns United States 280 − 8 1 stroke Dan Pohl 54,000 1979 Lon Hinkle United States 284 − 4 Playoff Andy Bean Mark Hayes 54,000 1978 Tom Watson ( 2 ) United States 280 − 8 Playoff Ben Crenshaw 45,000 1977 Tom Watson United States 273 − 15 1 stroke Tony Jacklin 40,000 1976 Ben Crenshaw United States 281 − 7 2 strokes Mike Morley 37,000 Gene Littler United States 280 − 8 4 strokes Hubert Green 37,000 Johnny Miller United States 208 ^ − 8 4 strokes Grier Jones 27,750 1973 Jack Nicklaus ( 3 ) United States 282 − 6 Playoff Raymond Floyd Orville Moody 36,000 1972 Jack Nicklaus ( 2 ) United States 284 − 4 Playoff Johnny Miller 28,000 1971 Tom Shaw United States 278 − 10 2 strokes Arnold Palmer 27,000 1970 Bert Yancey United States 278 − 10 1 stroke Jack Nicklaus 25,000 1969 George Archer United States 283 − 5 1 stroke Bob Dickson Dale Douglass Howie Johnson 25,000 1968 Johnny Pott United States 285 − 3 Playoff Billy Casper Bruce Devlin 16,000 1967 Jack Nicklaus United States 284 − 4 5 strokes Billy Casper 16,000 1966 Don Massengale United States 283 − 4 1 stroke Arnold Palmer 11,000 1965 Bruce Crampton Australia 284 − 3 3 strokes Tony Lema 7,500 1964 Tony Lema United States 284 − 4 3 strokes Gay Brewer Bo Wininger 5,800 1963 Billy Casper ( 2 ) United States 285 − 3 1 stroke Dave Hill Jack Nicklaus Gary Player Bob Rosburg Art Wall , Jr . 5,300 1962 Doug Ford United States 286 − 2 Playoff Joe Campbell 5,300 1961 Bob Rosburg United States 282 − 6 1 stroke Roberto De Vicenzo Dave Ragan 5,300 1960 Ken Venturi United States 286 − 2 3 strokes Julius Boros Tommy Jacobs 4,000 1959 Art Wall , Jr . United States 279 − 9 2 strokes Jimmy Demaret Gene Littler 4,000 <Th_colspan="9"> Bing Crosby National Pro-Am Golf Championship 1958 Billy Casper United States 277 − 11 4 strokes Dave Marr 4,000 1957 Jay Hebert United States 213 − 3 2 strokes Cary Middlecoff 2,500 1956 Cary Middlecoff ( 2 ) United States 202 − 14 5 strokes Mike Souchak 2,500 <Th_colspan="9"> Bing Crosby National Pro-Am Golf Championship 1955 Cary Middlecoff United States 209 − 7 4 strokes Julius Boros Paul McGuire 2,500 1954 E.J. Harrison ( 2 ) United States 210 − 6 1 stroke Jimmy Demaret 2,000 1953 Lloyd Mangrum ( 2 ) United States 204 − 12 4 strokes Julius Boros 2,000 <Th_colspan="9"> Bing Crosby Pro-Am 1952 Jimmy Demaret United States 145 ^ + 1 2 strokes Art Bell 2,000 1951 Byron Nelson United States 209 − 7 3 strokes Cary Middlecoff 2,000 1950 Jack Burke , Jr . Dave Douglas Smiley Quick Sam Snead ( 4 ) United States 214 − 2 <Td_colspan="2"> n / a 2,000 1949 Ben Hogan United States 208 − 8 2 strokes Jim Ferrier 2,000 1948 Lloyd Mangrum United States 205 − 10 5 strokes Stan Leonard 2,000 1947 George Fazio Ed Furgol United States 213 <Td_colspan="2"> n / a 2,000 <Td_colspan="9"> 1943 -- 46 : No tournament due to World War II 1942 Johnny Dawson ( a ) United States 133 − 11 3 strokes Leland Gibson Lloyd Mangrum 800 1941 Sam Snead ( 3 ) United States 136 − 8 1 stroke Craig Wood 500 1940 Ed Oliver United States 135 − 9 3 strokes Vic Ghezzi 500 1939 E.J. Harrison United States 138 1 stroke Byron Nelson Horton Smith 500 1938 Sam Snead ( 2 ) United States 139 − 5 2 strokes Jimmy Hines 500 1937 Sam Snead United States 68 − 4 4 strokes George Von Elm 500 ^ Weather - shortened Note : Green highlight indicates scoring records . Main source Multiple winners ( edit ) Thirteen players have won this tournament more than once through 2018 . 5 wins Mark O'Meara : 1985 , 1989 , 1990 , 1992 , 1997 4 wins Sam Snead : 1937 , 1938 , 1941 , 1950 ( tie ) Phil Mickelson : 1998 , 2005 , 2007 , 2012 3 wins Jack Nicklaus : 1967 , 1972 , 1973 Johnny Miller : 1974 , 1987 , 1994 2 wins Lloyd Mangrum : 1948 , 1953 E.J. `` Dutch '' Harrison : 1939 , 1954 Cary Middlecoff : 1955 , 1956 Billy Casper : 1958 , 1963 Tom Watson : 1977 , 1978 Davis Love III : 2001 , 2003 Dustin Johnson : 2009 , 2010 Brandt Snedeker : 2013 , 2015 In addition , Nicklaus won the U.S. Open at Pebble Beach in 1972 , Watson in 1982 . Two others have won an AT&T and a U.S. Open at Pebble Beach ; Tom Kite ( 1983 & 1992 ) , and Tiger Woods ( 2000 & 2000 ) . Notes ( edit ) Jump up ^ Four - way tie , no playoff , each won $1237.50 Jump up ^ Tie , no playoff , each won $1625 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Crosby tourney will continue '' . Gettysburg Times . Pennsylvania . Associated Press . October 17 , 1977 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby family ends ties to familiar golf tourney '' . Lawrence Journal - World . Kansas . Associated Press . April 23 , 1985 . p. 11 . ^ Jump up to : `` Exploitation blamed for Crosby cancellation '' . Times Daily . Florence , Alabama . Associated Press . April 24 , 1985 . p. 6D . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach key : weather , draw '' . Ocala Star - banner . ( Florida ) . Associated Press . January 30 , 1986 . p. 4B . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am - Charities ^ Jump up to : `` Golfers ready for opening of Crosby 's meet '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Florida . Associated Press . January 24 , 1941 . p. 9 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Snead repeats to win Crosby tournament '' . Lawrence Daily Journal - World . Kansas . Associated Press . January 17 , 1938 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` To Crosby fiesta '' . Lawrence Daily Journal - World . ( Kansas ) . Associated Press . January 29 , 1942 . p. 8 . Jump up ^ `` Fazio protects ' Bing ' golf lead '' . Spokesman - Review . ( Spokane , Washington ) . Associated Press . January 13 , 1947 . p. 7 . Jump up ^ `` Fazio and Furgol split top Crosby golf prize '' . Milwaukee Sentinel . Associated Press . January 13 , 1947 . p. 5 , part 2 . Jump up ^ `` Toughest golf hole stymies great in Crosby 's Open play '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . January 10 , 1958 . p. 12 . Jump up ^ `` Casper is winner of Crosby event '' . Spokane Daily Chronicle . ( Washington ) . Associated Press . January 13 , 1958 . p. 18 . Jump up ^ `` Pebble Beach : new course '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Oregon . AP , UPI reports . June 23 , 1966 . p. 1D . Jump up ^ Shain , Jeff ( February 1 , 2013 ) . `` AT&T Pebble Beach -- First Look '' . PGA Tour . Retrieved February 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 - 2016 PGA Tour Eligibility Ranking '' . Retrieved 2 April 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2015 -- 16 PGA Tour Player Handbook & Tournament Regulations '' ( PDF ) . October 5 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( PDF ) on April 12 , 2016 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1996 Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1969 Jump up ^ `` Archer Wins Bing Crosby Golf Tourney '' . Gettysburg Times . Gettysburg , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 25 , 1969 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1968 Jump up ^ `` Johnny Pott Wins Crosby Golf Title In Sudden - Death Playoff '' . The Modesto Bee . Modesto , California . Associated Press . January 12 , 1968 . p . A-11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1967 Jump up ^ `` Casper Takes Crosby Tourney Lead '' . Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . Associated Press . January 23 , 1967 . p. 9 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1966 Jump up ^ `` Massengale Nips Palmer For Crosby Golf Title '' . The Gazette . Montreal , Canada . Associated Press . January 24 , 1966 . p. 36 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1965 Jump up ^ `` Crampton Captures Crosby Golf Title '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 25 , 1965 . p. 22 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1964 Jump up ^ `` Lema Nabs Crosby Golf Title '' . The Deseret News . Salt Lake City , Utah . United Press International . January 20 , 1964 . p. 4B . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1963 Jump up ^ `` Casper Captures Crosby Golf Tournament '' . Pittsburgh Post-Gazette . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 21 , 1963 . p. 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1962 Jump up ^ `` Bing Crosby Golf Tourney Opens With 324 Hopefuls '' . Ocala Star - Banner . Ocala , Florida . Associated Press . January 28 , 1962 . p. 13 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1961 Jump up ^ `` Crosby Golf Show Opens ; Demaret Aces '' . Eugene Register - Guard . Eugene , Oregon . Associated Press . January 18 , 1961 . p. 3D . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1960 Jump up ^ `` Fading Venturi Wins Top Money In Crosby Golf '' . Spartanburg Herald . Spartanburg , South Carolina . Associated Press . January 25 , 1960 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1959 Jump up ^ `` Art Wall In Crosby Golf Lead '' . Schenectady Gazette . Schenectady , New York . Associated Press . January 17 , 1959 . p. 21 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1958 Jump up ^ `` Bill Casper Is Crosby Golf Victor '' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , Florida . Associated Press . January 13 , 1958 . p. 1 - C. Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1957 Jump up ^ `` Bill Maxwell Holds Two - Stroke Margin '' . Ottawa Citizen . Ottawa , Canada . January 12 , 1957 . p. 15 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1956 Jump up ^ `` Cary Middlecoff Shatters Bing Crosby Golfing Mark '' . Ottawa Citizen . Ottawa , Canada . Associated Press . January 16 , 1956 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1955 Jump up ^ `` Barber , Leonard Share Golf Lead '' . The Day . New London , Connecticut . Associated Press . January 15 , 1955 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1954 Jump up ^ `` Veteran Pro Captures Bing Crosby Event By One Stroke '' . Lodi News - Sentinel . Lodi , California . United Press . January 18 , 1954 . p. 10 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1953 Jump up ^ `` Crosby Lead To Mangrum '' . The Milwaukee Sentinel . Milwaukee , Wisconsin . Associated Press . January 11 , 1953 . p . B1 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1952 Jump up ^ `` Demaret Wins Crosby Golf '' . The Day . New London , Connecticut . Associated Press . January 14 , 1952 . p. 12 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1951 Jump up ^ `` Nelson Bags One of Most Satisfying Wins of Career '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 15 , 1951 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1950 Jump up ^ `` Snead and Three Tie To Win Crosby Tourney '' . The Palm Beach Post . West Palm Beach , Florida . Associated Press . January 16 , 1950 . p. 7 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1949 Jump up ^ `` Hogan Wins Crosby Tourney With Total Of 208 '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . Daytona Beach , Florida . Associated Press . January 17 , 1949 . p. 5 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1948 Jump up ^ `` Mangrum Wins Crosby GolfWith 10 - Under - Pr 205 '' . The Day . New London , Connecticut . Associated Press . January 12 , 1948 . p. 8 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am History - 1947 Jump up ^ `` Dawson 's Record 133 Wins Crosby Golf , But No Cash ! '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . United Press . February 2 , 1942 . p. 20 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Snead Wins Crosby Open Golf Event '' . St. Petersburg Times . St. Petersburg , Florida . Associated Press . January 27 , 1941 . p. 11 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Oliver Sets Record For Crosby Golf '' . Reading Eagle . Reading , Pennsylvania . Associated Press . January 29 , 1940 . p. 14 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` Crosby Tourney Winner to Feed Hogs With Prize '' . Sarasota Herald - Tribune . Sarasota , Florida . Associated Press . January 30 , 1939 . p. 6 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Sam Snead Wins His Second Bing Crosby Tourney '' . The Modesto Bee . Modesto , California . United Press . January 17 , 1938 . p. 8 . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Parks Sixth In Tourney '' . The Pittsburgh Press . Pittsburgh , Pennsylvania . February 8 , 1937 . p. 27 . Retrieved 2010 - 02 - 10 . Jump up ^ AT&T Pebble Beach National Pro-Am - Winners Archived 2009 - 02 - 16 at the Wayback Machine . - at golfobserver.com ( since 1970 ) External Links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am . Official website Coverage on the PGA Tour 's official site Pebble Beach Golf Links <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) PGA Tour events Major championships Masters Tournament U.S. Open The Open Championship ( British Open ) PGA Championship Other tournaments Safeway Open CIMB Classic CJ Cup WGC - HSBC Champions Sanderson Farms Championship Shriners Hospitals for Children Open OHL Classic at Mayakoba RSM Classic Sentry Tournament of Champions Sony Open in Hawaii CareerBuilder Challenge Farmers Insurance Open Waste Management Phoenix Open AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am Genesis Open The Honda Classic WGC - Mexico Championship Puerto Rico Open Valspar Championship Arnold Palmer Invitational WGC - Dell Technologies Match Play Corales Puntacana Resort and Club Championship Houston Open RBC Heritage Valero Texas Open Zurich Classic of New Orleans Wells Fargo Championship The Players Championship AT&T Byron Nelson Fort Worth Invitational Memorial Tournament FedEx St. Jude Classic Travelers Championship The National Greenbrier Classic John Deere Classic Barbasol Championship RBC Canadian Open WGC - Bridgestone Invitational Barracuda Championship Wyndham Championship FedEx Cup playoff events The Northern Trust Dell Technologies Championship BMW Championship Tour Championship Team events Ryder Cup Presidents Cup World Cup Unofficial money events Hero World Challenge QBE Shootout CVS Health Charity Classic Former events List of former events Fall Series <Td_colspan="2"> All events are listed in chronological order . Coordinates : 36 ° 34 ′ 05 '' N 121 ° 57 ′ 00 '' W  /  36.568 ° N 121.950 ° W  / 36.568 ; - 121.950 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=AT%26T_Pebble_Beach_Pro-Am&oldid=831112542 '' Categories : PGA Tour events Golf in California Pro-Am golf tournaments Sports competitions in California Sports in Monterey County , California Tourist attractions in Monterey County , California Pebble Beach , California Recurring sporting events established in 1937 1937 establishments in California Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Webarchive template wayback links Coordinates on Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Français Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Svenska 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 18 March 2018 , at 20 : 40 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. AT&T Pebble Beach Pro-Am 2. Pebble Beach Golf Links 3. Tournament format 4. Past winners 5. Multiple winners

who was the first black to play major league baseball

List of first black major league Baseball players - wikipedia List of first black major league Baseball players Jump to : navigation , search Only includes players post-1946 ; for players from pre-color line baseball see Baseball color line § Origins . Below is a list of the first black players in Major League Baseball in chronological order , since the abolition of the Baseball color line . During the 1880s , Moses Fleetwood Walker , a black man , had played for the Toledo Blue Stockings of the American Association ( his brother Welday Walker also played a few games with the club ) , and it was essentially against Fleetwood Walker that the line was originally drawn . African - Americans had been excluded from major league baseball since 1884 , and from all of professional baseball since 1889 . Key † Elected to the Baseball Hall of Fame Contents ( hide ) 1 Overall 2 By team 3 See also 4 References Overall ( edit ) Player Team League Date Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson Brooklyn Dodgers NL 000000001947 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1947 Doby , Larry Larry Doby Cleveland Indians AL 000000001947 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1947 Thompson , Hank Hank Thompson St. Louis Browns AL 000000001947 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1947 Brown , Willard Willard Brown St. Louis Browns AL 000000001947 - 07 - 19 - 0000 July 19 , 1947 Bankhead , Dan Dan Bankhead Brooklyn Dodgers NL 000000001947 - 08 - 26 - 0000 August 26 , 1947 Campanella , Roy Roy Campanella Brooklyn Dodgers NL 000000001948 - 04 - 20 - 0000 April 20 , 1948 Paige , Satchel Satchel Paige Cleveland Indians AL 000000001948 - 07 - 09 - 0000 July 9 , 1948 Miñoso , Minnie Minnie Miñoso Cleveland Indians AL 000000001949 - 04 - 19 - 0000 April 19 , 1949 Newcombe , Don Don Newcombe Brooklyn Dodgers NL 000000001949 - 05 - 20 - 0000 May 20 , 1949 Irvin , Monte Monte Irvin New York Giants NL 000000001949 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1949 Easter , Luke Luke Easter Cleveland Indians AL 000000001949 - 08 - 11 - 0000 August 11 , 1949 Jethroe , Sam Sam Jethroe Boston Braves NL 000000001950 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1950 Márquez , Luis Luis Márquez Boston Braves NL 000000001951 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1951 Noble , Ray Ray Noble New York Giants NL Wilson , Artie Artie Wilson New York Giants NL Simpson , Harry Harry Simpson Cleveland Indians AL 000000001951 - 04 - 21 - 0000 April 21 , 1951 Mays , Willie Willie Mays New York Giants NL 000000001951 - 05 - 25 - 0000 May 25 , 1951 Hairston , Sam Sam Hairston Chicago White Sox AL 000000001951 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1951 Boyd , Bob Bob Boyd Chicago White Sox AL 000000001951 - 09 - 08 - 0000 September 8 , 1951 Jones , Sam Sam Jones Cleveland Indians AL 000000001951 - 09 - 22 - 0000 September 22 , 1951 Johnny Wright was the second black player signed to a contract by the Dodgers , and was on the roster of the 1946 Montreal Royals at the same time as Jackie Robinson . By team ( edit ) Teams are listed by franchise ; i.e. , teams that relocated to a new city after already breaking the color line are not listed a second time . Expansion teams that joined the National and American Leagues after 1961 have been integrated from their first game and are not listed . Player Team League Date Robinson , Jackie Jackie Robinson Brooklyn Dodgers NL 000000001947 - 04 - 15 - 0000 April 15 , 1947 Doby , Larry Larry Doby Cleveland Indians AL 000000001947 - 07 - 05 - 0000 July 5 , 1947 Thompson , Hank Hank Thompson St. Louis Browns AL 000000001947 - 07 - 17 - 0000 July 17 , 1947 Thompson , Hank Hank Thompson New York Giants NL 000000001949 - 07 - 08 - 0000 July 8 , 1949 Irvin , Monte Monte Irvin Jethroe , Sam Sam Jethroe Boston Braves NL 000000001950 - 04 - 18 - 0000 April 18 , 1950 Miñoso , Minnie Minnie Miñoso Chicago White Sox AL 000000001951 - 05 - 01 - 0000 May 1 , 1951 Trice , Bob Bob Trice Philadelphia Athletics AL 000000001953 - 09 - 13 - 0000 September 13 , 1953 Banks , Ernie Ernie Banks Chicago Cubs NL 000000001953 - 09 - 17 - 0000 September 17 , 1953 Roberts , Curt Curt Roberts * Pittsburgh Pirates NL 000000001954 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1954 Alston , Tom Tom Alston St. Louis Cardinals NL 000000001954 - 04 - 13 - 0000 April 13 , 1954 Escalera , Nino Nino Escalera Cincinnati Reds NL 000000001954 - 04 - 17 - 0000 April 17 , 1954 Harmon , Chuck Chuck Harmon Paula , Carlos Carlos Paula Washington Senators AL 000000001954 - 09 - 06 - 0000 September 6 , 1954 Howard , Elston Elston Howard New York Yankees AL 000000001955 - 04 - 14 - 0000 April 14 , 1955 Kennedy , John John Kennedy Philadelphia Phillies NL 000000001957 - 04 - 22 - 0000 April 22 , 1957 Virgil , Sr. , Ozzie Ozzie Virgil , Sr . Detroit Tigers AL 000000001958 - 06 - 06 - 0000 June 6 , 1958 Green , Pumpsie Pumpsie Green Boston Red Sox AL 000000001959 - 07 - 21 - 0000 July 21 , 1959 * Major League Baseball recognizes Curt Roberts as the Pirates ' first black player , however Carlos Bernier of Puerto Rico , also a black man , debuted on April 22 , 1953 . ‡ Thompson and Irvin broke in with the Giants during the same game on July 8 , 1949 . Hank was the starting third baseman , and Monte pinch hit in the eighth . See also ( edit ) African American portal Baseball portal History of baseball in the United States Negro league baseball List of Negro League baseball players List of first black players for European national football teams References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Men Kleinknecht . `` Integration of Baseball After World War II '' . Society for American Baseball Research . Jump up ^ O'Connell , Jack ( 2007 - 04 - 13 ) . `` Robinson 's many peers follow his lead '' . MLB.com . Retrieved 2007 - 10 - 11 . Jump up ^ http://mlb.mlb.com/news/article.jsp?ymd=20100511&content_id=9962586&vkey=news_cin&fext=.jsp&c_id=cin Jump up ^ Tygiel , Jules ( 1983 ) , Baseball 's Great Experiment : Jackie Robinson and His Legacy , New York : Oxford University Press , p. 329 , ISBN 0195033000 Jump up ^ http://www.post-gazette.com/stories/opinion/perspectives/carlos-bernier-more-than-a-footnote-683364/ <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Negro league baseball <Td_colspan="2"> List of players ( A -- D / E -- L / M -- R / S -- Z ) First black players in MLB Color line List of league champions Negro World Series East -- West All - Star Game American Series Museum List of teams by state <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Major independent teams <Td_colspan="2"> Pre-1920 teams Algona Brownies All Cubans All Nations Austin Black Senators Birmingham Giants Chicago Columbia Giants Chicago Unions Chicago Union Giants - Leland Giants Cuban Giants Cuban X-Giants French Lick Plutos Lincoln Stars Minneapolis Keystones New York Gorhams Page Fence Giants Philadelphia Giants Philadelphia Pythians San Antonio Black Bronchos St. Paul Colored Gophers West Baden Sprudels Post-1920 teams Bismarck Churchills Boston Royal Giants Brooklyn Bushwicks Cuban House of David Ethiopian Clowns Gilkerson 's Union Giants Globe Trotters Illinois Giants Jamestown Red Sox Mineola Black Spiders Mobile Black Bears Philadelphia Tigers Zulu Cannibal Giants <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Major leagues and teams <Td_colspan="2"> Negro National League ( 1920 -- 31 ) Birmingham Black Barons Chicago American Giants Chicago Giants Cleveland Browns Cleveland Elites Cleveland Hornets Cleveland Tate Stars Cleveland Tigers Columbus Buckeyes Cuban Stars ( West ) Dayton Marcos Detroit Stars Indianapolis ABCs Kansas City Monarchs Louisville White Sox Memphis Red Sox Milwaukee Bears Cleveland Cubs - Nashville Elite Giants Pittsburgh Keystones St. Louis Giants - St. Louis Stars Toledo Tigers Eastern Colored League ( 1923 -- 28 ) Bacharach Giants Baltimore Black Sox Brooklyn Royal Giants Cuban Stars ( East ) Harrisburg Giants Hilldale Club Homestead Grays Lincoln Giants Newark Stars Washington Potomacs American Negro League ( 1929 ) Bacharach Giants Baltimore Black Sox Cuban Stars ( East ) Hilldale Club Homestead Grays Lincoln Giants East -- West League ( 1932 ) Baltimore Black Sox Cleveland Stars Cuban Stars ( West ) Detroit Wolves Hilldale Club Homestead Grays Newark Browns Washington Pilots Negro Southern League ( 1932 ) Cole 's American Giants Indianapolis ABCs Louisville Black Caps - Columbus Turfs Memphis Red Sox Monroe Monarchs Montgomery Grey Sox Nashville Elite Giants 2nd Negro National League ( 1933 -- 48 ) Bacharach Giants Baltimore Black Sox Baltimore Elite Giants Cole 's American Giants Cleveland Red Sox Columbus Blue Birds - Akron Black Tyrites - Cleveland Giants Detroit Stars ( Washington ) Homestead Grays New York Black Yankees New York Cubans Newark Eagles Philadelphia Stars Pittsburgh Crawfords Washington Black Senators Negro American League ( 1937 -- 60s ) Atlanta Black Crackers Baltimore Elite Giants Birmingham Black Barons Chicago American Giants Cincinnati Tigers Cleveland Buckeyes - Louisville Buckeyes Detroit Stars Houston Eagles Indianapolis ABCs Indianapolis Athletics Indianapolis Clowns Indianapolis Crawfords Jacksonville Red Caps - Cleveland Bears Kansas City Monarchs Memphis Red Sox New Orleans Crescent Stars New York Cubans Philadelphia Stars St. Louis Stars <Td_colspan="2"> Note : All teams that played in an organized league listed above also played as an independent or barnstorming team before , during , and / or after joining a league . - also played in NNL - also played in ECL - also played in ANL - also played in EWL - also played in NSL - also played in NNL2 - also played in NAL <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Other leagues <Td_colspan="2"> Proto - leagues Southern League of Colored Base Ballists ( 1886 ) National Colored Base Ball League ( 1887 ) International League of Independent Professional Base Ball Clubs ( 1906 ) National Association of Colored Baseball Clubs of the United States and Cuba ( 1907 -- 09 ) Minor leagues Negro Southern League ( 1920 -- 36 ) Texas Colored League ( 1919 -- 26 ) Texas -- Louisiana League ( 1931 ) Texas Negro League ( 1924 -- 31 ) Texas -- Oklahoma Negro League ( 1933 -- 35 ) Negro Major Baseball League of America ( 1942 ) Negro Southern League ( 1945 -- 51 ) Post-integration United States Baseball League ( 1945 -- 46 ) West Coast Negro Baseball League ( 1946 ) Baseball Association of America ( 1949 ) Negro American League ( 1951 -- 60 ) <Td_colspan="2"> - Does not include the 1932 season for the Negro Southern League as it was considered a de facto major league that season . - The Negro American League was a major league from 1937 until 1950 . Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_first_black_Major_League_Baseball_players&oldid=789251558 '' Categories : Lists of Major League Baseball players Lists of black people Hidden categories : Articles with hCards Talk Contents About Wikipedia Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 08 : 43 . About Wikipedia

1. First black players in Major League Baseball 2. Jackie Robinson and the Brooklyn Dodgers 3. Larry Doby and the Cleveland Indians 4. Hank Thompson and the St. Louis Browns 5. Integration of baseball after World War II

what are the free exercise clause and the establishment clause

Free Exercise Clause - wikipedia Free Exercise Clause Jump to : navigation , search Constitutional Law of the United States Overview Articles Amendments History Judicial review Principles Separation of powers Individual rights Rule of law Federalism Republicanism Government structure Legislative branch Executive branch Judicial branch State government Local government Individual rights Freedom of religion Freedom of speech Freedom of the press Freedom of assembly Right to petition Freedom of association Right to keep and bear arms Right to trial by jury Criminal procedural rights Right to privacy Freedom from slavery Due process Equal protection Citizenship Voting rights Theory Living Constitution Originalism Purposivism Textualism Strict constructionism The Free Exercise Clause is the accompanying clause with the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution . The Establishment Clause and the Free Exercise Clause together read : `` Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion , or prohibiting the free exercise thereof ... '' In 1878 , the Supreme Court was first called to interpret the extent of the Free Exercise Clause in Reynolds v. United States , as related to the prosecution of polygamy under federal law . The Supreme Court upheld Reynolds ' conviction for bigamy , deciding that to do otherwise would provide constitutional protection for a gamut of religious beliefs , including those as extreme as human sacrifice . The Court said : `` Congress can not pass a law for the government of the Territory which shall prohibit the free exercise of religion . The first amendment to the Constitution expressly forbids such legislation . '' Of federal territorial laws , the Court said : `` Laws are made for the government of actions , and while they can not interfere with mere religious beliefs and opinions , they may with practices . '' Jehovah 's Witnesses were often the target of such restriction . Several cases involving the Witnesses gave the Court the opportunity to rule on the application of the Free Exercise Clause . Subsequently , the Warren Court adopted an expansive view of the clause , the `` compelling interest '' doctrine ( whereby a state must show a compelling interest in restricting religion - related activities ) , but later decisions have reduced the scope of this interpretation . Contents ( hide ) 1 Overview 2 Jehovah 's Witnesses cases 3 Compelling interest 4 See also 5 References 6 Research resources Overview ( edit ) The history of the Supreme Court 's interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause follows a broad arc , beginning with approximately 100 years of little attention , then taking on a relatively narrow view of the governmental restrictions required under the clause , growing into a much broader view in the 1960s , and later again receding . The first case to closely examine the scope of the Free Exercise Clause was Reynolds v. United States in 1878 . A case dealing with the prosecution of a polygamist under federal law , and the defendant 's claim of protection under the Free Exercise Clause , the Court sustained the law and the government 's prosecution . The Court read the Free Exercise Clause as protecting religious practices , but that did n't protect Reynolds ' practices which were crimes . This case , which also revived Thomas Jefferson 's statement regarding the `` wall of separation '' between church and state , introduced the position that although religious exercise is generally protected under the First Amendment , this does not prevent the government from passing neutral laws that incidentally impact certain religious practices . This interpretation of the Free Exercise Clause continued into the 1960s and the ascendancy of the Warren Court under chief justice Earl Warren . Applying a new standard of `` strict scrutiny '' in various areas of civil rights law , the Court began to apply this standard to the First Amendment religion clauses as well , reading the Free Exercise Clause to require accommodation of religious conduct except where a state could show a compelling interest and no less burdensome means to achieve that end . One example was Sherbert v. Verner , where the Court overturned the state Employment Security Commission 's decision to deny unemployment benefits to a practicing member of the Seventh - day Adventist Church who was forced out of a job after her employer adopted a 6 - day work week , which would have required her to work on Saturdays against the dictates of her religion . As Justice William Brennan stated for the majority , `` to condition the availability of benefits upon this appellant 's willingness to violate a cardinal principle of her religious faith effectively penalizes the free exercise of her constitutional liberties . '' This test was used through the years of the Burger Court , including particularly in the landmark case of Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) . This view of the Free Exercise Clause would begin to narrow again in the 1980s , culminating in the 1990 case of Employment Division v. Smith . Examining a state prohibition on the use of peyote , the Supreme Court upheld the law despite the drug 's use as part of a religious ritual , and without employing the strict scrutiny test . Instead , the Court again held that a `` neutral law of general applicability '' generally does not implicate the Free Exercise Clause . This was followed by intense disapproval from Congress and the passage of the Religious Freedom Restoration Act in 1993 to attempt to restore the prior test . However , in City of Boerne v. Flores , the Supreme Court struck down the act as applied to the States , holding that it unconstitutionally attempted to usurp the Supreme Court 's role in interpreting the Constitution , thus leaving the Smith test in place . Jehovah 's Witnesses cases ( edit ) During the twentieth century , many major cases involving the Free Exercise Clause were related to Jehovah 's Witnesses . Many communities directed laws against the Witnesses and their preaching work . From 1938 to 1955 , the organization was involved in over forty cases before the Supreme Court , winning a majority of them . The first important victory came in 1938 , when in Lovell v. City of Griffin , the Supreme Court held that cities could not require permits for the distribution of pamphlets . In 1939 , the Supreme Court decided Schneider v. Town of Irvington , in which it struck down anti-littering laws that were enforced only against Jehovah 's Witnesses who were handing out pamphlets . In 1940 , the Court considered Cantwell v. Connecticut ; the plaintiff , a Jehovah 's Witness , was charged with soliciting donations without a certificate from the Public Welfare Council . The Council was to grant the certificate only if the organization requesting it was a charity or sponsored a religious cause . The Supreme Court ruled that any law granting a public body the function of determining if a cause is religious or not violates the First Amendment . In 1940 , the Supreme Court would decide in Minersville School District v. Gobitis that members of the Jehovah 's Witnesses in a school could be required to salute the flag . The ruling in Gobitis , however , did not stand for long . In 1943 , West Virginia State Board of Education v. Barnette , the Supreme Court essentially reversed its previous opinion . Justice Frankfurter had , in the Gobitis case , suggested that the Witnesses attempt to reverse the School Board 's policy by exercising their vote . In the Barnette case , however , Justice Robert H. Jackson wrote , `` the very purpose of the Bill of Rights was to withdraw certain subjects from the vicissitudes of political controversy , to place them beyond the reach of majorities ... One 's right to life , liberty , and property , to free speech , a free press , freedom of worship and assembly , and other fundamental rights may not be submitted to vote . '' The Supreme Court did not rule that the Pledge was unconstitutional ; rather , they held that students may not be compelled to recite it . Compelling interest ( edit ) The Supreme Court under Earl Warren adopted an expansive view of the Free Exercise Clause . In , Sherbert v. Verner ( 1963 ) the Court held that states must have a `` compelling interest '' to refuse to accommodate religiously motivated conduct . The case involved Adele Sherbert , who was denied unemployment benefits by South Carolina because she refused to work on Saturdays , something forbidden by her Seventh - day Adventist faith . In Wisconsin v. Yoder ( 1972 ) , the Court ruled that a law that `` unduly burdens the practice of religion '' without a compelling interest , even though it might be `` neutral on its face , '' would be unconstitutional . The `` compelling interest '' doctrine became much narrower in 1990 , when the Supreme Court held in Employment Division v. Smith that , as long as a law does not target a particular religious practice , it does not violate the Free Exercise Clause . In 1993 , the Supreme Court revisited the Free Exercise Clause in Church of Lukumi Babalu Aye v. City of Hialeah . Hialeah had passed an ordinance banning ritual slaughter , a practice central to the Santería religion , while providing exceptions for some practices such as the kosher slaughter of Judaism . Since the ordinance was not `` generally applicable , '' the Court ruled that it was subject to the compelling interest test , which it failed to meet , and was therefore declared unconstitutional . Also in 1993 , Congress passed the Religious Freedom Restoration Act ( RFRA ) , which sought to restore the `` compelling interest '' standard . In City of Boerne v. Flores ( 1997 ) the Court struck down as exceeding Congress 's powers those provisions of the Act that forced state and local governments to provide protections exceeding those required by the First Amendment . According to the court 's ruling in Gonzales v. UDV ( 2006 ) , RFRA remains applicable to federal statutes , which must therefore still meet the `` compelling interest '' standard in free exercise cases . See also ( edit ) First Amendment to the United States Constitution Establishment clause Separation of Church and State Freedom of thought Freedom of religion Freedom of religion in the United States United States religious history References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Reynolds v. United States , 98 U.S. 145 , 162 ( 1878 ) Jump up ^ `` Free Exercise of Religion - The issue : When may the government enforce a law that burdens an individual 's ability to exercise his or her religious beliefs ? '' . University of Missouri - Kansas City ( UMKC ) School of Law . University of Missouri - Kansas City ( UMKC ) School of Law . Retrieved 22 November 2013 . Jump up ^ `` A Delicate Balance : The Free Exercise Clause and the Supreme Court '' . Article / analysis . Church - State Law . Pew Research center . October 24 , 2007 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 01 - 16 . Retrieved May 4 , 2012 . Research resources ( edit ) First Amendment Library entry on Free Exercise Clause ( with links to all of the Supreme Court 's Free Exercise opinions ) Hamilton , Marci A. ( 2005 ) . God vs. the Gavel : Religion and the Rule of Law . Cambridge : Cambridge University Press . ISBN 0 - 521 - 85304 - 4 . <Th_colspan="2"> United States Constitution Text ( via Wikisource ) Preamble and Articles I -- VII Amendments 1 -- 10 Amendments 11 -- 27 Unsuccessful Proposed Amendments Debates in State Conventions on the Adoption of the Constitution Preamble and articles Preamble II III IV V VI VII Amendments Ratified Bill of Rights 5 6 7 8 9 10 Others 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 Pending Congressional Apportionment Titles of Nobility Corwin Amendment Child Labor Repealed Eighteenth Amendment Unsuccessful Equal Rights District of Columbia Voting Rights <Td_colspan="2"> List of Amendments Bill of Rights ( Amendments 1 -- 10 ) Reconstruction Amendments ( Amendments 13 -- 15 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Amendment proposals in Congress Convention to propose amendments State ratifying conventions Formation History Articles of Confederation Mount Vernon Conference Annapolis Convention Philadelphia Convention Virginia Plan New Jersey Plan Connecticut Compromise Three - Fifths Compromise Committee of Detail Signing Independence Hall Syng inkstand The Federalist Papers Anti-Federalist Papers Massachusetts Compromise Virginia Ratifying Convention Hillsborough Convention Rhode Island ratification Drafting and ratification timeline Clauses Appointments Appropriations Assistance of Counsel Bill of credit Case or Controversy Citizenship Commerce Compact Compulsory Process Confrontation Contract Copyright and Patent Double Jeopardy Due Process Equal Protection Establishment Exceptions Excessive Bail Ex post facto Extradition Free Exercise Free Speech Fugitive Slave Full Faith and Credit General Welfare Guarantee Impeachment Import - Export Ineligibility Militia Natural - born citizen Necessary and Proper New States No Religious Test Oath or Affirmation Origination Petition Postal Presentment Privileges and Immunities Privileges or Immunities Recommendation Self - Incrimination Speech or Debate Speedy Trial State of the Union Supremacy Suspension Take Care Takings Taxing and Spending Territorial Title of Nobility Treaty Trial by Jury Vesting Vicinage War Powers List of clauses Interpretation Concurrent powers Congressional enforcement Constitutional law Criminal procedure Criminal sentencing Dormant Commerce Clause Enumerated powers Equal footing Executive privilege Incorporation of the Bill of Rights Judicial review Nondelegation doctrine Preemption Saxbe fix Separation of church and state Separation of powers Taxation power Unitary executive theory Display and legacy National Archives Charters of Freedom Rotunda Independence Mall Constitution Day Constitution Gardens National Constitution Center Scene at the Signing of the Constitution ( painting ) A More Perfect Union ( film ) Worldwide influence <Td_colspan="2"> US Government Portal Law Portal Wikipedia book <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) United States First Amendment case law <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Establishment Clause <Td_colspan="2"> Public funding Everson v. 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Dale ( 2000 ) Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Free_Exercise_Clause&oldid=801646066 '' Categories : First Amendment to the United States Constitution Separation of church and state in the United States History of religion in the United States Freedom of religion in the United States Clauses of the United States Constitution Christianity and law in the 18th century Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 20 September 2017 , at 23 : 26 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Free Exercise Clause 2. Establishment Clause 3. Supreme Court interpretation 4. Jehovah's Witnesses cases 5. Compelling interest doctrine

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Tap dance technique - wikipedia Tap dance technique Jump to : navigation , search This article does not cite any sources . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( August 2012 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Tap dance makes frequent use of syncopation . Tap dance choreographies typically start on the eighth beat , or between the eighth and the first count . Contents ( hide ) 1 Styles 2 Steps 2.1 Steps with one sound 2.2 Steps with two sounds 2.3 Steps with three sounds 2.4 Steps with four sounds 3 See also Styles ( edit ) Tap was formed from other types of dancing , such as ballet , jazz and contemporary clogging . Hoofers are tap dancers who dance only with their feet , making a louder , more grounded sound . This kind of tap dancing is also called `` rhythm tap '' . Another aspect of tap dancing is improvisation . This can either be done with music and follow the beats provided or without musical accompaniment , otherwise known as a cappella dancing . Steps ( edit ) There is no universal terminology for tap techniques and steps . The following includes descriptions of steps that are well known , although the names may vary . Play media Tap Dance Technique Steps with one sound ( edit ) toe : tap the ball or pad of the foot against the floor , use your ankle not your whole leg . heel tap : strike the heel of the foot on the floor and release it immediately . step : place the ball of the foot on the floor with a change of weight . touch : place the ball of the foot on the floor without change of weight . stamp : place the flat foot on the floor with a change of weight . Foot stays on floor . stomp : place the flat foot on the floor , lift foot off floor ( no change of weight ) . ( heel ) dig : place the heel on the floor , keeping the ball off the floor ( with or without change of weight ) . heel ( drop ) : standing on the balls of one or both feet , `` drop '' the heel on the floor , with or without change of weight . ball ( drop ) : standing on the heels of one or both feet , `` drop '' the ball on the floor , with or without change of weight . toe : hit the floor with the tip of the foot , usually behind the other foot , without change of weight . toe stand : stand on one or both tips of the feet . This requires fairly stiff tap shoes . hop : standing on one foot , jump up and land on the same foot . leap : standing on one foot , jump up and land on the other foot . jump : standing on one or both feet , jump up and land on both feet . brush : standing on one leg sweep the opposite leg forward or backward from the hip striking the ball of the foot . ( Backward aka `` spank '' ) scuff : as a brush , but striking the floor with the heel instead of the ball of the foot , Steps with two sounds ( edit ) ball heel : strike the ball of the foot on the floor and drop your heel . shuffle : combine two brushes , one forward and one backward . A faster shuffle can be achieved by making smaller movements that are closer to the body . There are actually many different ways to perform a shuffle . Broadway - style shuffles use knee movement to swing the foot into a shuffle . Hoofers generally execute a shuffle from movement in the upper leg and hip . While a faster shuffle may seem to come from the ankle , it is actually much easier to get speed and clarity from the hip , which is why this method is preferred . scuffle or paddle : combine a scuff with a backward brush . flap : brush forward and a step ( which is striking the ball of the foot on the floor with a change of weight ; similar to a walking step , only done on the ball of the foot -- the heel does not touch the floor ) . The flap is often counted as `` & 1 . '' It is similar to the shuffle , but instead of brushing the ball back after the brush forward , the dancer steps ( i.e. brush step instead of brush brush , as in a shuffle ) . slap : brush forward and a touch , similar to the flap but without change of weight . pickup : placing the heel of the foot on the ground and slapping the ball of the foot where the heel was in a picking up motion . pullback : standing on the balls of one or both feet , jump up , hitting the ground with the ball ( s ) of the foot / feet , and land on the same foot ( or again both feet ) , slapping your feet while in the air and landing on the foot / feet . Notable variations are single pullback , double pullback , alternating pullback , and other variations including other steps . riff : standing on one leg , swing the other leg to the front , first hitting the ground with the ball of the foot , then with the heel . ball change : two steps on alternating feet . The first step does not get full weight . Steps with three sounds ( edit ) riffle : a riff combined with a backward brush . ripple : using only the toe tap of one foot , striking with the outer edge of the tap , followed by the inner edge , followed by the ball of the foot . slurp : one foot is placed on the floor with or without weight , first hitting with the ball , then with the heel , then again with the ball . This step is usually very fast with precision . shuffle - hop - step : a shuffle connected with a hop and a step on the foot that had brushed in the beginning . three beat shuffle : the same movement as a two beat shuffle except with a heel Steps with four sounds ( edit ) Cramp roll : Steps and heel drops can be combined to make a cramp roll which produces a rolling sound like a horse gallop or a drum roll . It is performed by doing two steps ( right then left or vice versa ) , followed by two heel drops ( right then left or vice versa ) , releasing the first heel immediately upon completion . In other words , it is performed as `` ball ( R ) ball ( L ) heel ( R ) heel ( L ) '' and is often counted as `` 1 and a 2 . '' It may be preceded by a brush ( counted as `` & 1 & a 2 '' and known as a flap cramp roll or 5 - cramp roll ) or done double time , known as a `` bite cramproll '' and counted as `` a & a 1 . '' paradiddle : a scuffle , followed by step heel , all on the same foot . riff walk : a riff , followed by a dig - ball on the same foot . Can be extended to a 5 - sound riff walk by inserting a heel on the other foot between the riff and the dig - ball . Four beat shuffle : a shuffle with four beats , with relaxed movement of the foot . Irish : Named for its resemblance to Irish jigs . A shuffle followed by a hop on the standing foot , then the working foot crosses either in front or in back . All tap dancing steps are a combination of simple movements that build upon each other . Most movements , simple and complex , include `` taps '' , `` drops '' , `` brushes '' ( including shuffles and flaps ) , and `` steps '' . For example , `` shuffle ball change '' is a shuffle followed by a ball change . Tap dancing steps may be learned and mastered by children and adults alike and are a good way to express / learn rhythm , dance , and percussion . See also ( edit ) Maxie Ford Time step toe overs Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tap_dance_technique&oldid=822400226 '' Categories : Tap dance Dance technique Hidden categories : Articles lacking sources from August 2012 All articles lacking sources Articles containing video clips Talk Contents About Wikipedia Esperanto Edit links This page was last edited on 26 January 2018 , at 04 : 18 . About Wikipedia

1. Tap dance technique 2. Styles of tap dance 3. Steps with one sound 4. Steps with two sounds 5. Steps with three sounds

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The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) - wikipedia The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> The Big Bang Theory ( season 11 ) <Td_colspan="2"> iTunes digital art Starring Johnny Galecki Jim Parsons Kaley Cuoco Simon Helberg Kunal Nayyar Mayim Bialik Melissa Rauch Kevin Sussman Country of origin United States No. of episodes 19 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network CBS Original release September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) -- present ( present ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 10 <Td_colspan="2"> List of The Big Bang Theory episodes The eleventh season of the American television sitcom The Big Bang Theory premiered on CBS on Monday , September 25 , 2017 . It returned to its regular Thursday time slot on November 2 , 2017 , after Thursday Night Football on CBS ended . In March 2017 , CBS renewed the series for two additional seasons , bringing its total to twelve , and running through the 2018 -- 19 television season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Guest cast 2.3 Recurring cast 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References 6 External links Production ( edit ) Just like the previous three seasons , the first five episodes aired on Mondays due to CBS ' contractual rights to air the Thursday Night Football games . After Thursday Night Football ended , the series returned to its regular Thursday schedule starting on November 2 , 2017 . Filming for the eleventh season began on August 15 , 2017 ; it was also announced with the taping report that the premiere for the eleventh season would be titled `` The Proposal Proposal '' . Before the season premiered , five episodes were filmed from August 15 to September 19 , 2017 . According to TV Guide , Steve Holland announced on September 22 , 2017 that both Bob Newhart and Wil Wheaton would return this season after their absences during Season 10 . Cast ( edit ) Main article : List of The Big Bang Theory characters Main cast ( edit ) Johnny Galecki as Dr. Leonard Hofstadter Jim Parsons as Dr. Sheldon Cooper Kaley Cuoco as Penny Simon Helberg as Howard Wolowitz Kunal Nayyar as Dr. Rajesh `` Raj '' Koothrappali Mayim Bialik as Dr. Amy Farrah Fowler Melissa Rauch as Dr. Bernadette Rostenkowski - Wolowitz Kevin Sussman as Stuart Bloom Guest cast ( edit ) Riki Lindhome as Ramona Nowitzki Ira Flatow as himself Swati Kapila as Ruchi Beth Behrs as Nell Walton Goggins as Oliver Bill Gates as himself Jerry O'Connell as George Cooper Jr . Recurring cast ( edit ) Laurie Metcalf as Mary Cooper Christine Baranski as Dr. Beverly Hofstadter Stephen Hawking as himself Regina King as Janine Davis Brian Posehn as Dr. `` Bert '' Bertram Kibbler Wil Wheaton as himself Bob Newhart as Dr. Arthur Jeffries / Professor Proton John Ross Bowie as Dr. Barry Kripke Dean Norris as Colonel Richard Williams Brian Thomas Smith as Zack Johnson Brian George as Dr. V.M. Koothrappali Pamela Adlon as Halley Wolowitz ( voice only ) Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of The Big Bang Theory episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 232 `` The Proposal Proposal '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez September 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 25 ) T12. 15601 17.65 <Td_colspan="8"> Amy enthusiastically accepts Sheldon 's marriage proposal . However , when dining with Amy 's colleagues later that night , Sheldon is offended that they are more impressed with Amy 's work than his own . With help from Stephen Hawking , Sheldon later comes to grips with the fact that he will not always be the center of attention in the marriage . Bernadette is shocked to realize that she is pregnant again . She and Howard are not thrilled at the idea of having another baby so soon after their first . They attempt to convince Leonard and Penny to have a child as well , but are rebuffed . Title reference : Sheldon 's proposal of marriage 233 `` The Retraction Reaction '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Anthony Del Broccolo October 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 02 ) T12. 15602 14.06 <Td_colspan="8"> Leonard gives an interview on public radio where he admits physics research might be at a dead end . The university is furious and , while trying to think of reasons to put in a retraction , he depresses Sheldon into thinking he might be right . Howard and Raj come over and end up just as depressed . Getting drunk with Penny , the men go to the grave of Richard Feynman and realize there is hope for physics as long as they believe in it . Leonard accidentally sends a drunken email to Human Resources . Meanwhile , Amy and Bernadette agree with each other to keep quiet about the success in their careers so as not to upset Sheldon and Howard . While bragging to each other , they end up arguing which of their fields is better . Title reference : Leonard 's depression while writing a retraction of his statements on the radio . 234 `` The Relaxation Integration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon & Tara Hernandez October 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 09 ) T12. 15603 13.13 <Td_colspan="8"> Sheldon can not find the perfect wedding date and begins talking in his sleep , adopting the persona of a laid - back person who goes with the flow . Amy and Penny believe that his subconscious mind is trying to tell him to be more relaxed ; his attempt to be so while wearing flip - flops ends in disaster . He decides to leave all the wedding planning to Amy while he wears a Star Trek uniform underneath his tuxedo . Meanwhile , Raj and Stuart both become interested in Bernadette 's new coworker Ruchi . While she likes them both as friends , she does not want a relationship with anyone . Title reference : Sheldon trying to embrace the relaxed side of his personality . 235 `` The Explosion Implosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe October 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 16 ) T12. 15604 13.07 <Td_colspan="8"> Howard and Bernadette learn their second child will be a boy , leading Howard to doubt whether he can be a good father to a son . He and Sheldon go out in the desert to test launch a model rocket , but it explodes , causing him further doubt . On the way home , Howard does a good job coaching Sheldon to drive them home , for which Sheldon tells him he will be a good teacher to his son . Leonard 's mother Beverly begins talking to Penny as a friend and confidant , troubling Leonard , especially when he learns that Beverly told Penny that she was proud of her , a level of praise she never bestowed upon Leonard himself . When Leonard confronts Beverly , he is touched when she says that of all of her children 's spouses , Penny is the one by whom she is most impressed and that , for this , she is indeed proud of him . Meanwhile , Raj helps Bernadette turn baby girl clothes into boy ones . Title reference : The fate of Sheldon and Howard 's model rocket . 236 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe October 23 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 23 ) T12. 15605 13.20 <Td_colspan="8"> Amy and Howard begin collaborating on a neuroprosthetics project , upsetting Sheldon and Raj , who feel they are not spending as much time with them . When they seek solace with an annoyed Bernadette , she exploits the situation to trick Sheldon into doing Howard 's chores . Penny employs the approaches recommended in one of Bernadette 's parenting books to deal with Sheldon with success , but Leonard believes she is coddling Sheldon too much . Sheldon and Raj resolve the issue of missing their significant others by spending time together . Title reference : Amy and Howard 's collaboration contaminating Sheldon and Raj 's moods . 237 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Molaro , Dave Goetsch , Alex Yonks Teleplay by : Dave Steve Holland , Andy Gordon , Jeremy Howe November 2 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 02 ) T12. 15606 14.14 <Td_colspan="8"> Sheldon 's childhood science show with Professor Proton is being rebooted . After unsuccessfully auditioning for the part , he goes to Wil Wheaton for acting tips for his second audition . However , Sheldon is later dismayed when Wil has somehow taken the role instead . Talking it over with Arthur in his dreams he is still upset his idol is replaced and considers Wil an enemy again . Meanwhile , Howard gets a vasectomy while Bernadette is on bed rest . Penny offers to take care of Halley for them but they insult her by saying Penny is irresponsible . Halley ends up saying her first word by calling Penny `` Mama . '' Title reference : The announced reboot of the Professor Proton series . 238 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steven Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez November 9 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 09 ) T12. 15607 13.80 <Td_colspan="8"> Bert asks for Sheldon 's help in a geology research project relating to dark matter . Sheldon secretly agrees , but is too embarrassed to admit he is working with rocks . Bert finds out about this and ends their partnership . After talking with Amy , Sheldon goes to apologize , only to find Leonard has taken his place . Meanwhile , Raj runs into Ruchi again and goes out with her , but she does not believe in romantic love . After Howard and Bernadette tell Raj that he can just have sex with Ruchi , he agrees to keep it casual . Title reference : Sheldon working in geology with Bert . 239 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' Anthony Rich Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe November 16 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 16 ) T12. 15608 13.44 <Td_colspan="8"> After learning Sheldon went behind their backs to work with the military again , Leonard and Howard say Sheldon is like Thomas Edison , taking credit for other 's ideas , while they are more like Nikola Tesla . Leonard and Howard bring in Barry Kripke to help create a better idea than Sheldon 's , but Kripke goes to the military himself cutting all three of them out . Meanwhile , Bernadette fears Ruchi is trying to steal her projects at work while she is on maternity leave , and hires Raj to spy on her . Though he finds proof that Ruchi may be stealing from Bernadette , Raj tries to defend Ruchi like a boyfriend would , pointing out Bernadette 's hypocrisy as she would 've most likely stolen from other people 's projects as well . Ruchi is not happy about this and promptly dumps Raj . Title reference : The mens ' discussion of Tesla and Edison . 240 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo November 30 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 30 ) T12. 15609 13.84 <Td_colspan="8"> In 2010 , Leonard , Howard and Raj mined a lot of Bitcoin , worth thousands of dollars seven years later , but leave Sheldon out due to his fear of tax implications . Flashbacks are shown of how the Bitcoin ended up on an old laptop of Leonard 's , which Penny gave to her old boyfriend Zack after she and Leonard broke up . In 2017 , Leonard and Penny retrieve the computer from Zack , who first shows them a video of a drunken Penny apologizing for breaking up with Leonard . The Bitcoin is not found on the laptop . Sheldon had moved it to a flash drive on Leonard 's keychain to teach them a lesson , but Leonard lost the keychain years ago . A final flashback to 2013 shows Stuart discovering the flash drive , which he decides to erase and sell for $10 . Title reference : The men trying to find their old Bitcoin investment . 241 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Bill Prady & Maria Ferrari & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Tara Hernandez December 7 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 07 ) T12. 15610 14.41 <Td_colspan="8"> When Raj loses a job interview at a planetarium , his father says he has no confidence because Howard always makes fun of him . Raj distances himself from Howard and later gets the job . Howard is hurt by this ( even after apologizing to him ) and tries to make amends with Raj after his first talk at the planetarium , but when he sees him get a date , he leaves without speaking to him , thinking that the latter 's life is better without him . Meanwhile , Sheldon and Amy try randomly dividing up wedding tasks , but they keep arguing . The only thing they can agree on is to get married so they decide to just get married at City Hall . However , Sheldon decides that he wants a first dance with his new wife , and they go home to plan their wedding . Title reference : Howard eroding Raj 's confidence . 242 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Alex Ayers Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe December 14 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 14 ) T12. 15611 13.74 <Td_colspan="8"> Howard and Raj are still fighting so Howard dis - invites Raj to Halley 's birthday party . However , when Howard 's designated party planner Stuart pulls out at the last minute , Raj agrees to plan the party , which does n't turn out too well due to Halley being asleep , Bernadette on bed rest and no people turning up . When Howard and Raj get into a shoving match in the party 's bounce house , they end up letting out their frustrations with each other , but also having fun and reconciling . Leonard is depressed upon receiving his successful brother 's Christmas card and attempts to make a list of what he and Penny accomplished this year , but does n't come up with much . This prompts them to think about their plans for the future , so they decide to go on trips and achieve more out of life together before starting a family . Sheldon cooks Amy a Little House on the Prairie - themed birthday dinner , which gives them both food poisoning . They eventually recover enough to attend Halley 's birthday party with the others , where they decide to have fun in the bouncy castle and then have sex in Howard and Bernadette 's house . Title reference : Amy and Halley 's birthday celebrations . 243 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez & Jeremy Howe Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Andy Gordon January 4 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 04 ) T12. 15612 16.16 <Td_colspan="8"> Sheldon and Amy struggle to choose a best man and maid of honor from their friends . They secretly decide to test and score them , allowing everyone to have an equal shot at either role . Once the gang finds out , none of them apart from Bernadette and Stuart want to be in the wedding . Sheldon settles for Stuart as best man , but once Leonard tells Sheldon that as the groom , the decision is his alone , he picks Leonard . Amy is set to call Bernadette but once Penny realizes Amy is her best friend , she immediately pitches herself for the position and Amy enthusiastically chooses her . Amy later makes Penny tell Bernadette the bad news . Title reference : Sheldon and Amy scoring their friends for roles in the wedding . 244 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Steve Holland & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe January 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 11 ) T12. 15613 15.93 <Td_colspan="8"> With Leonard , Howard , Raj and Amy accomplishing so much on their respective projects , Sheldon is forced to admit he has nothing important to work on . He makes Amy leave the apartment for a few days so he can focus , but can not come up with any ideas and calls his mother as a distraction . Leonard and Amy have fun recreating experiments from when they were growing up , boring Penny , so she eats with Sheldon as he mulls over his scientific studies . Penny helps him realize that his study of dark matter is his rebound science from string theory , which Sheldon admits he never forgot about , but explaining string theory to her inspires Sheldon , helping him discover a potential breakthrough in the field . Meanwhile Howard is too busy with his family to be in the band with Raj , so Raj brings in Bert . But when Howard annoys Bernadette by writing an astronaut - themed musical while she is on bed - rest , she makes him rejoin the band . The three are poorly received , after singing Bert 's original song about the boulder from Indiana Jones at a Bar mitsvah . Title reference : A triple entendre to represent Sheldon going into isolation to figure out his future research field only to go back to studying string theory , the vibration of the strings in string theory , and Howard 's oscillation between being in a band with Raj and being solo . 245 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Chuck Lorre & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari Teleplay by : Steven Molaro & Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez January 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 18 ) T12. 15614 14.92 <Td_colspan="8"> Raj hooks up with a recently separated woman , Nell , after one of his lectures at the planetarium . Her husband Oliver confronts Raj at the planetarium and then breaks down over the end of his marriage . After comforting Oliver , Raj talks to Nell and convinces her to give her husband another chance . Meanwhile , after diving once again into string theory and sprawling his work across his and Amy 's apartment , Sheldon approaches a reluctant Leonard and Penny and convinces them to let him use his old room to study for a three - day trial period with an agreement to be quiet and stay out of their way . Sheldon surprisingly sticks to this agreement , being a reasonably good guest , which shockingly frustrates Leonard to no end . After Leonard lets out his frustrations , Sheldon then renegotiates the guest tenancy agreement for an extra few days and resumes being his normal demanding self , much to Leonard 's relief . Title reference : A double entendre that refers to both the love triangle between Raj , Nell , and Oliver , who is upset at his separation from Nell and the roommate triangle that has reformed between Sheldon , Leonard , and Penny , a distinct callback to the show 's initial seasons . 246 15 `` The Novelization Correlation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Andy Gordon & Adam Faberman Teleplay by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Jeremy Howe February 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 01 ) T12. 15615 14.69 <Td_colspan="8"> Sheldon and Amy are surprised to find that Wil Wheaton 's new Professor Proton show is actually very entertaining and that Wil had Howard on as a guest . On Howard 's suggestion , Sheldon apologizes to Wil , mending their friendship , and tells him he wants to be on the show ; but Wil asks for Amy . Sheldon tells her to do it , but she says she often does n't do things to avoid upsetting him . Sheldon is horrified when he realises how selfish he has been , especially when he finds out that the men do the same for him . Sheldon encourages Amy to go on the show to inspire girls to pursue science while trying to control his obvious jealousy for her . Meanwhile , Leonard writes a book about a physicist that solves a murder , the protagonist Logan Dean is based on himself . Bernadette points out Logan 's mean boss Illsa is similar to Penny , who thinks it is based on Bernadette , though Leonard does not correct her . However , Bernadette tells Penny the truth , upsetting her and making her mad at Leonard . After calling his mother for advice , Leonard learns that Illsa is actually like her ; but abandons the book when he realizes he wrote romantic tension into the relationship between the characters . Title reference : The uncertainty of which woman in Leonard 's life he subconsciously based the mean boss character in his novel on . 247 16 `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' Gay Linvill Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernandez & Adam Faberman March 1 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 01 ) T12. 15616 13.75 <Td_colspan="8"> Bernadette 's due date arrives but she still has n't given birth . As Amy and Howard work together at the college , the rest of the friends try various ways to initiate her labor , though Sheldon wants to play a complicated board game instead . Amy shocks Howard by saying Bernadette has already decided to name the baby after her father , Michael . He does n't agree and everyone makes suggestions as to what to name the baby . Bernadette goes into labor and gives birth to a son named Neil , after Neil Armstrong , Neil Gaiman , and Neil Diamond , with Michael as the middle name . Title reference : The naming of the Wolowitz son before he is born . 248 17 `` The Athenaeum Allocation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Steven Molaro & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari March 8 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 08 ) T12. 15617 13.88 <Td_colspan="8"> Sheldon and Amy decide on a wedding date of May 12th . They want to have their reception at the Athenaeum at Caltech . While scouting the location , they are shocked to see Leonard and Penny eating there , as Leonard had told Sheldon their application had been denied . In reality , Leonard just wanted a place to avoid Sheldon . Kripke has booked the venue for his birthday party on the same day as the wedding . Leonard cleans radioactive sludge for Kripke to get the date for Sheldon as an apology for lying . Kripke eventually agrees to change the day but when Amy hears he wants to sing at the wedding , she suggests they get married at the Griffith Observatory instead . Meanwhile , Howard and Bernadette are unsure if one of them should quit their job to stay home with the children . Howard volunteers , but when left alone with the children he passes out exhausted , leaving Raj in charge . When Bernadette meets Penny for lunch , she realizes that she loves being at the office again , but does n't want to leave the children . She and Howard promise to figure it out later after they take a nap . Title reference : The Athenaeum date being allocated for Kripke 's birthday instead of the wedding . 249 18 `` The Gates Excitation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Tara Hernadnez & Jeremy Howe March 29 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 29 ) T12. 15618 13.26 <Td_colspan="8"> The men are excited that Bill Gates is visiting Penny 's pharmaceutical company , although she says that she can not bring them along . Sheldon believes that it 's an April Fools ' Day prank . Leonard sees what hotel Gates is staying at on Penny 's schedule , so he , Raj and Howard meet him in the lobby the day before . Once Sheldon sees proof , the men twice send him to the wrong hotel as real pranks . Penny says Leonard can meet Gates for real , so he fakes being sick to avoid him . When Penny puts Gates on a video call , he recognizes Leonard from the previous night . Meanwhile , Amy is tired of Bernadette only talking about her children , so Bernadette uses her expanded parental brain to learn random science facts . Title reference : The men being excited to meet Bill Gates . 250 19 `` The Tenant Disassociation '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Jeremy Howe & Trevor Alper Teleplay by : Dave Goetsch & Eric Kaplan & Maria Ferrari April 5 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 05 ) T12. 15619 13.00 <Td_colspan="8"> After Sheldon has a food truck moved away from the building , Leonard and Penny are shocked to find he is the leader and sole member of the Tenants Association for the building . Amy does n't want to be in the middle but secretly suggests they rally support from the other tenants to vote Sheldon out . Nobody else supports Leonard so Amy tells them Sheldon was never added to the lease when he moved across the hall with her . Sheldon fires back with his own legal technicality so Amy is forced to support Leonard . She makes Sheldon happy by saying he can be Leonard 's official opposition , making Leonard believe he made a mistake . Meanwhile , Howard and Raj find a drone . Raj returns it to the cute owner Cynthia and gets her number . Unfortunately , Cynthia watches footage of Raj on the drone and is immediately turned off . Title reference : Sheldon leaving the Tenants Association . 251 20 `` The Reclusive Potential '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Maria Ferrari & Anthony Del Broccolo & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Adam Faberman April 12 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 12 ) T12. 15620 TBD 252 21 `` The Comet Polarization '' Mark Cendrowski Story by : Steve Holland & Bill Prady & Eric Kaplan Teleplay by : Maria Ferrari & Andy Gordon & Tara Hernandez April 19 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 19 ) T12. 15621 TBD 253 22 `` The Monetary Insufficiency '' Nikki Lorre Story by : Dave Goetsch & Maria Ferrari & Tara Hernandez Teleplay by : Steve Holland & Eric Kaplan & Jeremy Howe April 26 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 26 ) T12. 15622 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` The Proposal Proposal '' September 25 , 2017 4.1 / 16 17.65 1.7 5.42 5.8 23.08 `` The Retraction Reaction '' October 2 , 2017 3.2 / 12 14.06 1.8 5.14 5.0 19.20 `` The Relaxation Integration '' October 9 , 2017 2.9 / 11 13.13 1.6 4.77 4.5 17.90 `` The Explosion Implosion '' October 16 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.07 1.6 4.64 4.4 17.71 5 `` The Collaboration Contamination '' October 23 , 2017 2.8 / 10 13.20 1.6 4.76 4.4 17.96 6 `` The Proton Regeneration '' November 2 , 2017 2.7 / 11 14.14 1.8 5.14 4.5 19.28 7 `` The Geology Methodology '' November 9 , 2017 2.8 / 11 13.80 1.6 4.76 4.4 18.56 8 `` The Tesla Recoil '' November 16 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.44 1.7 4.84 4.3 18.28 9 `` The Bitcoin Entanglement '' November 30 , 2017 2.5 / 10 13.84 1.7 4.70 4.2 18.54 10 `` The Confidence Erosion '' December 7 , 2017 2.8 / 10 14.41 1.7 4.95 4.5 19.36 11 `` The Celebration Reverberation '' December 14 , 2017 2.6 / 11 13.74 TBD TBD TBD TBD 12 `` The Matrimonial Metric '' January 4 , 2018 3.1 / 12 16.16 1.4 3.74 4.5 19.90 13 `` The Solo Oscillation '' January 11 , 2018 3.1 / 12 15.93 1.8 5.18 4.9 21.11 14 `` The Separation Triangulation '' January 18 , 2018 2.9 / 12 14.92 1.6 4.65 4.5 19.58 15 `` The Novelization Correlation '' February 1 , 2018 2.9 / 12 14.69 1.7 4.88 4.6 19.58 16 `` The Neonatal Nomenclature '' March 1 , 2018 2.5 / 11 13.75 1.6 4.83 4.1 18.58 17 `` The Athenaeum Allocation '' March 8 , 2018 2.6 / 11 13.88 1.7 4.62 4.3 18.50 18 `` The Gates Excitation '' March 29 , 2018 2.5 / 11 13.26 TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` The Tenant Disassociation '' April 6 , 2018 2.4 / 11 13.00 TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces New 2017 -- 2018 Fall Schedule '' . The Futon Critic . May 17 , 2017 . Retrieved May 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Announces Fall 2017 - 2018 Primetime Premiere Dates '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved September 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Lesley ( March 20 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' Officially Renewed for Two Seasons as Mayim Bialik , Melissa Rauch Await Deals '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved March 20 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Taping Report Thread '' . The Big Bang Theory Forums . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The Big Bang Theory 's New Boss on Young Sheldon Crossovers and Season 11 '' . TVGuide.com . September 22 , 2017 . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Schwartz , Ryan ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` Big Bang Theory Finale : Jerry O'Connell Cast as Sheldon 's Brother Georgie '' . TVLine . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang ' and ' Young Sheldon ' adjust up , ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' The Brave , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Voice ' adjust up ; ' Good Doctor , ' ' DWTS , ' ' Kevin Can Wait , ' ' The Brave ' & ' Scorpion ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Good Doctor ' adjust up , other CBS shows and ' The Brave ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang , ' ' Voice , ' ' Lucifer , ' ' Me , Myself & I ' adjust up , ABC and ' 9JKL ' down : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' adjusts down , ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Voice ' adjust up : Monday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 3 , 2017 ) . `` ' Will & Grace ' adjusts up , ' Sheldon ' and other CBS shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 10 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Thursday Night Football ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up , ' Young Sheldon ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 8 , 2017 ) . `` ' Supernatural ' and NFL adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 8 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Thursday Night Football ' adjusts up , still at season low : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 19 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Four , ' ' Will & Grace , ' everything else unchanged : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Young Sheldon ' and ' The Four ' adjust up : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjusts up , ' The Four , ' ' Scandal ' and ' Great News ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Four ' adjust up , ' Mom ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2018 ) . `` ' Superstore , ' ' SWAT , ' ' Scandal ' and ' AP Bio ' adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2018 ) . `` ' Young Sheldon , ' ' SWAT , ' all NBC shows adjust down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' and ' Chicago Fire ' adjust up , ' SWAT ' adjusts down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Grey 's Anatomy ' adjust up , ' Mom , ' ' Supernatural , ' ' Arrow ' down : Thursday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15620 ) `` The Reclusive Potential '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15621 ) `` The Comet Polarization '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ( # T12. 15622 ) `` The Monetary Insufficiency '' `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 7 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Orville , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' 5 more shows double in week 2 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on TV in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD , ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling along in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and 12 more shows double in week 6 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved November 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' Jane the Virgin , ' 10 other shows double in week 8 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved December 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV By The Numbers . Retrieved January 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 12 , 2018 ) . `` ' 9 - 1 - 1 ' premiere gets a good boost in the week 15 broadcast Live + 3 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 12 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 26 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 14 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD , ' 16 other shows double in week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' leads the week 24 broadcast Live + 7 ratings -- by quite a bit '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . General references `` Shows A-Z -- big bang theory , the on CBS '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory : Episode Guide '' . MSN TV . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . `` The Big Bang Theory Episode Guide '' . Zap2It . Retrieved August 14 , 2014 . External links ( edit ) List of The Big Bang Theory episodes on IMDb The Big Bang Theory : Season 11 at Rotten Tomatoes <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) The Big Bang Theory Characters Leonard Hofstadter Sheldon Cooper Penny Howard Wolowitz Raj Koothrappali Episodes Season 1 `` Pilot '' Season 2 `` The Terminator Decoupling '' Season 3 `` The Jiminy Conjecture '' Season 4 `` The Cruciferous Vegetable Amplification '' `` The Hot Troll Deviation '' `` The Love Car Displacement '' `` The Toast Derivation '' `` The Roommate Transmogrification '' Season 5 `` The Skank Reflex Analysis '' `` The Infestation Hypothesis '' `` The Wiggly Finger Catalyst '' `` The Russian Rocket Reaction '' `` The Rhinitis Revelation '' `` The Good Guy Fluctuation '' `` The Isolation Permutation '' `` The Flaming Spittoon Acquisition '' `` The Shiny Trinket Maneuver '' `` The Recombination Hypothesis '' `` The Beta Test Initiation '' `` The Werewolf Transformation '' `` The Hawking Excitation '' `` The Stag Convergence '' `` The Countdown Reflection '' Season 6 `` The Fish Guts Displacement '' `` The Santa Simulation '' `` The Egg Salad Equivalency '' Season 7 `` The Hofstadter Insufficiency '' `` The Convention Conundrum '' Season 8 `` The Locomotion Interruption '' Season 9 Season 10 Season 11 Recurring concepts `` Soft Kitty '' Related articles Awards and nominations Bazinga ( genus ) Euglossa bazinga Young Sheldon <Td_colspan="2"> Portal Book Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=The_Big_Bang_Theory_(season_11)&oldid=835196082 '' Categories : 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons The Big Bang Theory seasons Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from September 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Čeština Deutsch Español Français Italiano Português Русский 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 7 April 2018 , at 04 : 42 . 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1. The Big Bang Theory season 11 2. Episode summaries and titles 3. Cast and guest appearances 4. Production and filming details 5. Ratings and viewership statistics

who plays aragon in lord of the rings

Viggo Mortensen - wikipedia Viggo Mortensen Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Viggo Mortensen <Td_colspan="2"> Mortensen in May 2016 ( 1958 - 10 - 20 ) October 20 , 1958 ( age 59 ) New York City , New York , U.S. Occupation Actor , producer , author , musician , photographer , poet , painter Years active 1984 -- present Spouse ( s ) Exene Cervenka ( m . 1987 ; div. 1998 ) Partner ( s ) Ariadna Gil ( 2009 -- present ) Children Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr. ( / ˈviːɡoʊ ˈmɔːrtənsən / ; Danish : ( viːɡo ˈmɒːdn̩sn̩ ) ; born October 20 , 1958 ) is a Danish - American actor , producer , author , musician , photographer , poet , and painter . Mortensen made his film debut in Peter Weir 's 1985 thriller Witness and appeared in many notable films of subsequent years , including The Indian Runner ( 1991 ) , Carlito 's Way ( 1993 ) , Crimson Tide ( 1995 ) , Daylight ( 1996 ) , The Portrait of a Lady ( 1996 ) , G.I. Jane ( 1997 ) , A Perfect Murder ( 1998 ) , A Walk on the Moon ( 1999 ) , and 28 Days ( 2000 ) . Mortensen received international attention in the early 2000s with his role as Aragorn in the epic film trilogy The Lord of the Rings . In 2005 , Mortensen won critical acclaim for David Cronenberg 's crime thriller A History of Violence . Two years later , another Cronenberg film , Eastern Promises ( 2007 ) , earned him further critical acclaim and a nomination for the Academy Award for Best Actor . A third teaming with Cronenberg in A Dangerous Method ( 2011 ) resulted in a nomination for the Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor - Motion Picture . Other well - received films have included Appaloosa ( 2008 ) and Far from Men ( 2014 ) . He received a second Best Actor nomination in 2017 at the 89th Academy Awards for his role in Captain Fantastic . Aside from acting , Mortensen 's other artistic pursuits include fine arts , photography , poetry , and music . In 2002 , he founded the Perceval Press to publish the works of little - known artists and authors . Contents ( hide ) 1 Early life 2 Career 2.1 Acting career 2.2 Perceval Press 2.3 Bibliography 2.4 Visual arts and discography 2.5 Awards and honors 3 Personal life 4 Filmography 5 Books 6 See also 7 References 8 External links Early life ( edit ) Viggo Peter Mortensen Jr. was born in New York City on October 20 , 1958 , the son of Grace Gamble ( née Atkinson ) and Viggo Peter Mortensen Sr. His mother was American , while his father was Danish ; they met in Norway . His maternal grandfather was a Canadian from Nova Scotia , and his maternal grandmother 's family was from New England . The family moved to Venezuela , then Denmark , and eventually settled in Argentina in the provinces of Córdoba , Chaco , and Buenos Aires , where Mortensen attended primary school and acquired a fluent proficiency in Spanish while his father managed poultry farms and ranches . When Mortensen was 11 , his parents divorced and he and his mother returned to New York , where he spent the rest of his childhood , graduating from Watertown High School in Watertown in 1976 . He then attended St. Lawrence University in Canton , earning a bachelor 's degree in Spanish Studies and Politics in 1980 . Upon graduating , he lived in England and Spain , then moved back to Denmark , where he took various jobs such as driving trucks in Esbjerg and selling flowers in Copenhagen . He eventually returned to the United States to pursue an acting career . Career ( edit ) Acting career ( edit ) Mortensen made his first film appearance playing an Amish farmer in Peter Weir 's Witness ( Mortensen had actually acted in at least one prior film , The Purple Rose of Cairo , but his scenes were deleted from the final cuts ) . Also in 1985 , he was cast in the role of Bragg on Search for Tomorrow . Mortensen 's 1987 performance in Bent at the Coast Playhouse , Los Angeles , won him a Dramalogue Critics ' Award . Coincidentally , the play , about homosexual concentration camp prisoners , was originally brought to prominence by Ian McKellen , with whom Mortensen later costarred in The Lord of the Rings . In 1987 , Mortensen guest starred as a police detective on the hit series Miami Vice . During the 1990s , Mortensen appeared in supporting roles in a variety of films , including Jane Campion 's The Portrait of a Lady , Young Guns II , Prison , Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III , Sean Penn 's The Indian Runner , Danny Cannon 's The Young Americans , Carl Colpaert 's The Crew , which won the São Paulo Film Festival Audience Award , Brian de Palma 's Carlito 's Way , Crimson Tide , G.I. Jane , Daylight , A Walk on the Moon , American Yakuza , Charles Robert Carner 's remake Vanishing Point , Philip Ridley 's films The Reflecting Skin and The Passion of Darkly Noon , the remake films A Perfect Murder and Gus Van Sant 's Psycho ( the 1998 remakes of two Alfred Hitchcock 's movies Dial M for Murder and Psycho ) , 28 Days , and The Prophecy , with Christopher Walken . Of these roles , Mortensen was probably best known for playing Master Chief John Urgayle in G.I. Jane . Mortensen at the premiere of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , December 1 , 2003 . Another major mainstream breakthrough came in 1999 , when Peter Jackson cast him as Aragorn in The Lord of the Rings film trilogy . According to the Special Extended Edition DVD of The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring , Mortensen was a last - minute replacement for Stuart Townsend , and would not have taken the part of Aragorn had it not been for his son 's enthusiasm for the J.R.R. Tolkien novel . In The Two Towers DVD extras , the film 's swordmaster , Bob Anderson , described Mortensen as `` the best swordsman I 've ever trained . '' Mortensen often performed his own stunts , and even the injuries he sustained during several of them did not dampen his enthusiasm . At one point during shooting of The Two Towers , Mortensen , Orlando Bloom , and Brett Beattie ( scale double for John Rhys - Davies ) all had painful injuries , and during a shoot of them , running in the mountains , Peter Jackson jokingly referred to the three as `` the walking wounded . '' Also , according to the Special Extended Edition DVD of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King , Mortensen purchased the two horses , Uraeus and Kenny , whom he rode and bonded with over the duration of the films . He received critical acclaim for his portrayal of Aragorn , and was ranked No. 15 on a 2015 survey of `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' conducted by Empire . In 2004 , Mortensen starred as Frank Hopkins in Hidalgo , the story of an ex-army courier who travels to Arabia to compete with his horse , Hidalgo , in a dangerous desert race for a contest prize . In 2005 , Mortensen starred in David Cronenberg 's movie A History of Violence as a family man revealed to have had an unsavory previous career . He was nominated for a Satellite Award for Outstanding Actor in a Motion Picture for this role . In the DVD extras for A History of Violence , Cronenberg related that Mortensen is the only actor he had come across who would come back from weekends with his family with items he had bought to use as props on the set . Interviewed by eTalk Daily at the 2005 Toronto International Film Festival , for A History of Violence In 2006 , he starred as Captain Diego Alatriste in the Spanish language film Alatriste , based on the series of novels The Adventures of Captain Alatriste , written by the Spanish writer Arturo Pérez - Reverte . In September 2007 , the film Eastern Promises , directed by David Cronenberg , was released to critical acclaim for the film itself and for Mortensen 's performance as a Russian gangster on the rise in London . His nude fight scene in a steam room was applauded by Roger Ebert : `` Years from now , it will be referred to as a benchmark . '' Mortensen 's performance in Eastern Promises resulted in his winning the Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film award from the British Independent Film Awards . He was also nominated for an Academy Award for Best Actor . In 2009 , Mortensen appeared as himself in the film Reclaiming The Blade , in which he discussed his passion for the sword and his sword - work in films such as The Lord of the Rings and Alatriste . Mortensen also talked about his work with Bob Anderson , the swordmaster on The Lord of the Rings , Alatriste , Pirates of the Caribbean and many others . Mortensen at the 32nd Genie Awards in March 2012 . In 2009 , Mortensen performed in The People Speak , a documentary feature film that uses dramatic and musical performances of the letters , diaries , and speeches of everyday Americans , based on historian Howard Zinn 's A People 's History of the United States . While it was reported in April 2009 that Mortensen had , at least temporarily , retired from film acting , Mortensen said he was misquoted . In a 2012 interview , he denied that he ever said he was retiring , only that he did n't have `` plans to do another movie '' at the time and that he was `` taking a little break now . I do n't have anything lined up . '' In 2009 he joined the cast of The Road , a film adaptation of the Cormac McCarthy novel of the same name , and collaborated with David Cronenberg for a third time on A Dangerous Method . After two decades , Mortensen returned to theatre in 2011 , starring in Ariel Dorfman 's Purgatorio in Madrid . Mortensen in 2010 Perceval Press ( edit ) With part of his earnings from The Lord of the Rings , Mortensen founded the Perceval Press publishing house -- named after the knight from the legend of King Arthur -- to help other artists by publishing works that might not find a home in more traditional publishing venues . Perceval Press is also the home of Mortensen 's many personal artistic projects in the area of fine arts , photography , poetry , song , and literature ( see below ) . Bibliography ( edit ) Viggo Mortensen at the 2009 Venice Film Festival . Mortensen is also an author , with various books of poetry , photography , and painting published . His bibliography includes : Ten Last Night -- ( 1993 ) , his first collection of poetry . Recent Forgeries -- ( 1998 ) , ISBN , 5th Edition , documents Viggo 's first solo exhibition and includes a CD with music and spoken - word poetry . Introduction by Dennis Hopper . Errant Vine -- ( 2000 ) , limited edition booklet of an exhibit at the Robert Mann Gallery . Hole in the Sun -- ( 2002 , ISBN ) , color and black & white photographs of a back yard swimming pool . SignLanguage -- ( 2002 ISBN ) , a catalog from an exhibition of his works , combining photographs , paintings , and poetry into a multimedia diary of his time in New Zealand while filming The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring . Introduction by Kevin Power . Coincidence of Memory -- ( 2002 , ISBN ) Third Edition . In this book , the artist combines photographs , paintings , and poems that cover his artistic output from 1978 to 2002 . Mo Te Upoko - o - te - ika / For Wellington -- ( 2003 ) , ISBN , a book to accompany the joint exhibitions at Massey University and the Wellington City Gallery during the premiere of The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King . 45301 -- ( 2003 ) , ISBN . Abstract images , fragments , and phrases from poems comprise this photography book . Many of the photographs were shot during travels to Morocco , Cuba , and the northern plains of the United States . Un hueco en el sol -- ( 2003 ) , a small booklet published to accompany the exhibition `` Un hueco en el sol '' at the Fototeca de Cuba in Havana . In Spanish . Miyelo -- ( 2003 ) , a series of panoramic photographs of a Lakota Ghost Dance . It also tells about the events leading up to the massacre at Wounded Knee . Nye Falsknerier -- ( 2003 ) . Paintings and poems translated into Danish from Ten Last Night , Recent Forgeries , Coincidence of Memory . The Horse is Good -- ( 2004 ) , ISBN , a photography book , partly shot during his work on the film Hidalgo , about horses as partners , teachers , and fellow travelers . Images from Morocco , South Dakota , Montana , California , Iceland , New Zealand , Denmark , Brazil , and Argentina . This book reflects Mortensen 's fondness for horses . In fact , he bought Uraeus -- the horse who played Brego , Aragorn 's steed ( Roheryn in the books ) in The Lord of the Rings movies -- as well as TJ , one of the horses who played Hidalgo . He also purchased the stallion that played Arwen 's horse , a grey Andalusian stallion named Florian , and gave it to the stunt woman , Jane Abbott , who rode the horse in place of Liv Tyler . Linger -- ( 2005 ) . In this book , the artist combines black and white photographs and prose poems . Images from Spain ( partly shot during his work on the film Alatriste ) , Morocco , Iceland , United States , Denmark ... I Forget You For Ever -- ( 2006 ) . Texts and photographs . Skovbo -- ( 2008 ) . Collection of photographs , poems ( in English , Spanish and Danish ) and quotes . Sådanset -- ( 2008 ) . A small booklet published to accompany the exhibition Sådanset ( October 18 -- November 16 , 2008 ) at the Palæfløjen in Roskilde ( Denmark ) . Canciones de Invierno -- Winter Songs -- ( 2010 ) . Collection of photographs and poems . Bilingual : in Spanish and English . It includes new texts ( most of the poems and all the translations ) and revised versions of texts previously published . They 're accompanied by pictures of landscapes taken during the previous two winters . That Turned Ugly Fast - ( 2015 ) , ISBN , Poems by Mark Berriman , with a foreword by Viggo Mortensen . Visual arts and discography ( edit ) Mortensen at the 2008 Toronto International Film Festival Mortensen is a painter and photographer . His paintings are frequently abstract and often contain fragments of his poetry in them . His paintings have been featured in galleries worldwide , and many of the paintings of the artist he portrayed in A Perfect Murder are his own . Mortensen experiments with his poetry and music by mixing the two art forms . He has collaborated with guitarist Buckethead on several albums , mostly released on his own label ( Perceval Press ) or TDRS Music . Viggo was first introduced to Buckethead 's work while working on sounds for an educational CD on Greek mythology . The finished product included a guitar part by Buckethead , which caught Viggo 's ear and led him to initiate contact with the guitarist . The collaboration grew from there . Mortensen 's discography includes : 1994 : Do n't Tell Me What to Do 1997 : One Less Thing to Worry About 1998 : Recent Forgeries 1999 : The Other Parade 1999 : One Man 's Meat 1999 : Live at Beyond Baroque 2003 : Pandemoniumfromamerica 2004 : Live At Beyond Baroque II 2004 : Please Tomorrow 2004 : This , That , and The Other 2005 : Intelligence Failure 2006 : 3 Fools 4 April 2007 : Time Waits for Everyone 2008 : At All 2010 : Canciones de Invierno 2011 : Reunion 2013 : Acá Mortensen is featured on The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King soundtrack , singing `` Aragorn 's Coronation '' ( the name of the extended version of this song in the 3rd original sound track is `` The Return of the King '' ) , the words by Tolkien and the music composed by Mortensen . In the extended DVD edition of the first Lord of the Rings movie , The Fellowship of the Ring , he sings the song `` The Lay of Beren and Lúthien '' . His poems are written in English , Danish , and Spanish . Awards and honors ( edit ) Mortensen and Kodi Smit - McPhee , screenwriter Joe Penhall , director John Hillcoat and producer Steve Schwartz at the 2009 Venice Film Festival for The Road Following his appearance in the Lord of the Rings trilogy , in 2006 he was granted an honorary doctorate by his alma mater , St. Lawrence University . On October 13 , 2006 , he was awarded the Gold Medal of the Province and the City of León , Spain . On April 16 , 2010 , he was awarded the Knight 's Cross of the Order of the Dannebrog . In 2017 he received his second Best Actor nomination in the 89th Academy Awards for his role in Captain Fantastic . Personal life ( edit ) Mortensen holds dual American and Danish citizenship . He speaks fluent Danish , English , French , and Spanish ; he is also conversational in Italian , and understands Norwegian and Swedish . He has stated that he was raised speaking English and Spanish , and sometimes feels more comfortable expressing himself in Spanish . He also has some knowledge of Catalan ; twice , when receiving a prize in Catalonia , he made a short speech in Catalan . Mortensen met actress and singer Exene Cervenka in 1986 on the set of the comedy Salvation ! The couple married on July 8 , 1987 . On January 28 , 1988 , Cervenka gave birth to a son named Henry Blake Mortensen . Mortensen and Cervenka lived in Idaho for three years . Mortensen and Cervenka separated in 1992 and divorced in 1997 . Since 2009 , he has been in a relationship with Spanish actress Ariadna Gil . Mortensen is a fan of soccer , with his favorite players being Argentine star Diego Maradona and Héctor `` Bambino '' Veira . He has professed a liking of Argentine club San Lorenzo de Almagro , English team Fulham FC , Turkish side Besiktas ( after attending games whilst shooting The Two Faces of January in Turkey ) , and both the Argentine and Danish national teams . He is also a hockey fan , particularly of the Montreal Canadiens ; he wore a Montreal Canadiens shirt underneath his costume throughout the filming of the Lord of the Rings trilogy . He is also a fan of the New York Mets and , in an interview promoting 2009 film The Road , was seen wearing apparel indicating his support of the Australian Football League 's Collingwood Magpies . While appearing on the Late Show with David Letterman , he held a sign supporting the New York Giants . Mortensen was a good friend of Icelandic painter Georg Guðni Hauksson until the latter 's death in 2011 . He had long been an admirer of Georg Guðni 's work as a landscape artist , and the two published books together as well as maintaining a close friendship . He was one of the signees of the `` Toronto Declaration '' protesting against spotlighting Tel - Aviv at the Toronto International Film Festival in 2009 . Mortensen has owned property in northern Sandpoint , Idaho , and spends time there when not filming movies . Mortensen endorsed Green Party candidate Jill Stein in the 2016 U.S Presidential race . Filmography ( edit ) Year Title Role Notes 1985 Witness Moses Hochleitner Miami Vice Eddie Episode : `` Red Tape '' Salvation ! Jerome Stample Prison Burke / Forsythe Electrocution Fresh Horses Green Once in a Blue Moon Tripwire Hans Leatherface : The Texas Chainsaw Massacre III Edward `` Tex '' Sawyer Young Guns II John W. Poe The Reflecting Skin Cameron Dove 1991 The Indian Runner Frank Roberts Boiling Point Ronnie Ruby Cairo John E. `` Johnny '' Faro Carlito 's Way Lalin The Young Americans Carl Frazer The Crew Phillip Floundering Homeless Man Gospel According to Harry Wes American Yakuza Nick Davis / David Brandt 1995 Gimlet Hombre Crimson Tide Lieutenant Peter `` Weps '' Ince The Passion of Darkly Noon Clay Black Velvet Pantsuit Junkie The Prophecy Lucifer Albino Alligator Guy Foucard Daylight Roy Nord The Portrait of a Lady Caspar Goodwood Vanishing Point Jimmy Kowalski G.I. Jane Master Chief John James `` Jack '' Urgayle My Brother 's Gun Juanito 1998 A Perfect Murder David Shaw Psycho Samuel `` Sam '' Loomis 1999 A Walk on the Moon Walker Jerome 2000 28 Days Eddie Boone 2001 The Lord of the Rings : The Fellowship of the Ring Aragorn Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2002 The Lord of the Rings : The Two Towers Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Cast SFX Award for Best SF or Fantasy Film Actor Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Cast National Board of Review Award for Best Cast Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Hidalgo Frank Hopkins 2005 A History of Violence Tom Stall / Joey Cusack Nominated -- Empire Award for Best Actor Nominated -- London Film Critics Circle Award for Actor of the Year Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor ( 3rd place ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor 2006 Alatriste Diego Alatriste y Tenorio Nominated -- Goya Award for Best Actor 2007 Eastern Promises Nikolai Luzhin British Independent Film Award for Best Actor Sant Jordi Award for Best Foreign Actor Satellite Award for Best Actor - Motion Picture Drama Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor in a Canadian Film Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actor Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Chicago Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor ( 2nd place ) Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor ( 2nd place ) Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor 2008 Appaloosa Everett Hitch Good John Halder 2009 The Road The Man Nominated -- Broadcast Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Fangoria Chainsaw Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Saturn Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Toronto Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Washington D.C. Area Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor 2011 A Dangerous Method Sigmund Freud Genie Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a Supporting Role Vancouver Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor in a Canadian Film Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture Nominated -- New York Film Critics Circle Award for Best Supporting Actor ( 3rd place ) Nominated -- Satellite Award for Best Supporting Actor -- Motion Picture 2012 On the Road Old Bull Lee Everybody Has a Plan Agustín / Pedro ( assumes twin characters ) 2014 The Two Faces of January Chester MacFarland Jauja Gunnar Dinesen Far from Men Daru 2016 Captain Fantastic Ben Cash Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Nominated -- Academy Award for Best Actor Nominated -- BAFTA Award for Best Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Florida Film Critics Circle Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Golden Globe Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Drama Nominated -- Houston Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Independent Spirit Award for Best Male Lead Nominated -- Online Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- San Diego Film Critics Society Award for Best Actor Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Male Actor in a Leading Role Nominated -- Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Nominated -- St. Louis Gateway Film Critics Association Award for Best Actor Books ( edit ) With anthropologists Federico Bossert and Diego Villar , Mortensen made several works related to ethnography of natives in South America , specifically in Argentina , Brasil , Paraguay , and Uruguay . Some of the published books , co-authored by Mortensen , are Sons of the Forest and Skovbo . See also ( edit ) List of actors with Academy Award nominations References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Stone , Andrew ; Carolyn Bain ; Michael Booth ; Fran Parnell ( 2008 ) . `` Cinema '' . Lonely Planet Denmark . Lonely Planet . p. 46 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 741 - 04669 - 4 . Although ( Mortensen ) was born in New York and has lived outside of Denmark for most of his life , he retains Danish citizenship . Jump up ^ `` Flawed father role a test for Viggo Mortensen '' . Toronto Star , Michael O'Sullivan , July 16 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Oscar Nominations 2017 : Viggo Mortensen on ' Captain Fantastic ' Nod '' . ABC News . January 24 , 2017 . Retrieved January 24 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Viggo Mortensen gets nude for ' Eastern Promises ' fight scene HamptonRoads.com PilotOnline.com Archived October 12 , 2007 , at the Wayback Machine . ^ Jump up to : `` St. Lawrence University : Commencement '' . Stlawu.edu . May 21 , 2006 . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Film : Viggo Mortensen magret seg ned 15 kilo for drømmerollen VG Nett '' . Vg.no . May 20 , 2009 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Pearlman , Cindy . `` Superstar Viggo 's a serious soul at heart . '' Chicago Sun - Times . September 9 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Doyle , Macreena A. ( 2003 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen ' 80 REMEMBERS '' . St. Lawrence Magazine . St. Lawrence University . Retrieved October 2 , 2012 . Jump up ^ DePaulo , Lisa . `` Why Viggo Mortensen Is Off the Grid '' . Esquire . Retrieved June 6 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Brooks , Xan ( April 17 , 2009 ) . `` The happy trails of Viggo Mortensen '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Lane , Harriet ( February 22 , 2008 ) . `` My mother is very happy about it '' . The Guardian . Retrieved October 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Viggo Mortensen '' . denmark.dk . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Applebaum , Stephen ( December 5 , 2002 ) . `` Mortensen 's battle scars '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ `` The 100 Greatest Movie Characters '' . Empire , June 29 , 2015 Jump up ^ `` Eastern Promises '' . Chicago Sun - Times . Retrieved December 22 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` British Independent Film Awards 2007 nominations '' . British Independent Film Awards . Archived from the original on December 26 , 2007 . Retrieved January 24 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` 80th Academy Awards '' . Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences . Archived from the original on January 23 , 2008 . Retrieved January 22 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Rigorous Promotions Have Viggo Mortensen Considering Retirement '' . starpulse.com. April 6 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Gilsdorf , Ethan ( March 10 , 2012 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen Speaks : Part 1 of 3 '' . Wired . Jump up ^ Shoard , Catherine ( August 6 , 2010 ) . `` Viggo Mortensen to star in Walter Salles 's On the Road '' . The Guardian . London . Retrieved March 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Lodderhose , Diana ( April 22 , 2010 ) . `` UPI to distribute new Cronenberg pic '' . Variety . Retrieved February 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Viggo Mortensen vuelve al teatro con Carme Elias en una obra sobre la capacidad de perdón ( in Spanish ) '' . El País . Retrieved November 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Little press shines with star power '' . Los Angeles Times . March 3 , 2004 . Retrieved May 9 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Viggo & Buckethead '' , March 5 , 2004 , IGN Music `` . Retrieved August 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` Viggo Mortensen Tells Grads ' Activism Not A Dirty Word ' '' . Newswise . May 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Bysted A / S. `` Kongehuset - Forside '' . Kongehuset.dk . Archived from the original on April 2 , 2015 . Retrieved March 9 , 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 10 Questions for Viggo Mortensen '' . Time . December 17 , 2008 . Jump up ^ Trucks , Rob ( May 20 , 2008 ) . `` Interview : Exene Cervenka of X '' . The Village Voice . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2014 . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Heller , Zoe ( December 2 , 2011 ) . `` Viggo Talks and Talks '' . The New York Times . Retrieved February 2 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Interview with Clarín ( in Spanish ) Jump up ^ `` Hollywood'da doğdu Beşiktaşlı oldu - Hürriyet Magazin Hattı '' . Hürriyet . Retrieved November 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hockey is my religion , the Canadiens are my god . '' The Globe and Mail . January 23 , 2009 Jump up ^ `` Best of ABC Online '' . ABC News . Jump up ^ DV ehf . `` Viggo Mortensen kveður Georg Guðna '' . DV.is . Retrieved August 13 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` A Visit with Viggo . '' Sandpoint Magazine . Winter 2004 Edition . Jump up ^ Viggo editará la obra de Branislava Susnik . ABC Color ( Paraguay ) External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Viggo Mortensen . Wikiquote has quotations related to : Viggo Mortensen Viggo Mortensen on IMDb Viggo Mortensen at DMOZ Perceval Press Viggo Mortensen 's publishing house Viggo Mortensen at BAFTA , A Life in Pictures event <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for Viggo Mortensen <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Academy of Canadian Cinema and Television award winners for Best Supporting Actor Canadian Film Award 1969 -- 1978 Michael Posner ( 1969 ) Gratien Gélinas ( 1970 ) Danny Freedman ( 1971 ) Donald Pilon ( 1972 ) Willie Lamothe ( 1973 ) no award ( 1974 ) Henry Beckman ( 1975 ) Frank Moore ( 1976 ) Jean Lapointe ( 1977 ) Henry Beckman ( 1978 ) Genie Award 1980 -- 2011 Gordon Pinsent ( 1980 ) Germain Houde ( 1981 ) Saul Rubinek ( 1982 ) R.H. Thomson ( 1983 ) Michael Zelniker ( 1984 ) Alan Scarfe ( 1985 ) Alan Arkin ( 1986 ) Gabriel Arcand ( 1987 ) Germain Houde ( 1988 ) Rémy Girard ( 1989 ) Rémy Girard ( 1990 ) August Schellenberg ( 1991 ) Michael Hogan ( 1992 ) Kevin Tighe ( 1993 ) Don McKellar ( 1994 ) Kenneth Welsh ( 1995 ) Peter Donaldson ( 1996 ) Peter MacNeill ( 1997 ) Callum Keith Rennie ( 1998 ) Mark McKinney ( 1999 ) Martin Cummins ( 2000 ) Vincent Gale ( 2001 ) Elias Koteas ( 2002 ) Stéphane Rousseau ( 2003 ) Jean Lapointe ( 2004 ) Denis Bernard ( 2005 ) Stephen McHattie ( 2006 ) Armin Mueller - Stahl ( 2007 ) Callum Keith Rennie ( 2008 ) Maxim Gaudette ( 2009 ) Dustin Hoffman ( 2010 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2011 ) Canadian Screen Award 2012 -- present Serge Kanyinda ( 2012 ) Gordon Pinsent ( 2013 ) John Cusack ( 2014 ) Nick Serino ( 2015 ) Vincent Cassel ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> BIFA Award for Best Performance by an Actor in a British Independent Film <Td_colspan="2"> Ray Winstone ( 1998 ) Ian McKellen ( 1999 ) Daniel Craig ( 2000 ) Ben Kingsley ( 2001 ) James Nesbitt ( 2002 ) Chiwetel Ejiofor ( 2003 ) Phil Davis ( 2004 ) Ralph Fiennes ( 2005 ) Tony Curran ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2008 ) Tom Hardy ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Michael Fassbender ( 2011 ) Toby Jones ( 2012 ) James McAvoy ( 2013 ) Brendan Gleeson ( 2014 ) Tom Hardy ( 2015 ) Dave Johns ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Critics ' Choice Movie Award for Best Acting Ensemble ( 2001 -- 2009 ) Gosford Park ( 2001 ) : Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby Chicago ( 2002 ) : Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King ( 2003 ) : Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways ( 2004 ) : Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh Crash ( 2005 ) : Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate Little Miss Sunshine ( 2006 ) : Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear Hairspray ( 2007 ) : Nikki Blonsky , Amanda Bynes , Paul Dooley , Zac Efron , Allison Janney , Elijah Kelley , Queen Latifah , James Marsden , Michelle Pfeiffer , Brittany Snow , Jerry Stiller , John Travolta , Christopher Walken Milk ( 2008 ) : Josh Brolin , Joseph Cross , James Franco , Victor Garber , Emile Hirsch , Diego Luna , Denis O'Hare , Sean Penn , Alison Pill Inglourious Basterds ( 2009 ) : Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke ( 2010 -- present ) The Fighter ( 2010 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Melissa Leo , Jack McGee , Mark Wahlberg The Help ( 2011 ) : Jessica Chastain , Viola Davis , Bryce Dallas Howard , Allison Janney , Chris Lowell , Ahna O'Reilly , Sissy Spacek , Octavia Spencer , Mary Steenburgen , Emma Stone , Cicely Tyson , Mike Vogel Silver Linings Playbook ( 2012 ) : Bradley Cooper , Robert De Niro , Anupam Kher , Jennifer Lawrence , Chris Tucker , Jacki Weaver American Hustle ( 2013 ) : Amy Adams , Christian Bale , Louis C.K. , Bradley Cooper , Jack Huston , Jennifer Lawrence , Alessandro Nivola , Michael Peña , Jeremy Renner , Elisabeth Röhm , Shea Whigham Birdman or ( The Unexpected Virtue of Ignorance ) ( 2014 ) : Zach Galifianakis , Michael Keaton , Edward Norton , Andrea Riseborough , Amy Ryan , Emma Stone , Naomi Watts Spotlight ( 2015 ) : Billy Crudup , Brian d'Arcy James , Michael Keaton , Rachel McAdams , Mark Ruffalo , Liev Schreiber , John Slattery , Stanley Tucci Moonlight ( 2016 ) : Mahershala Ali , Patrick Decile , Alex R. Hibbert , Naomie Harris , André Holland , Jharrel Jerome , Janelle Monáe , Jaden Piner , Trevante Rhodes , Ashton Sanders <Th_colspan="2"> Satellite Award for Best Actor -- Motion Picture Musical or Comedy ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Tom Cruise ( 1996 ) Jack Nicholson ( 1997 ) Ian Bannen ( 1998 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 1999 ) Michael Douglas ( 2000 ) Ewan McGregor ( 2001 ) Kieran Culkin ( 2002 ) Bill Murray ( 2003 ) Jamie Foxx ( 2004 ) Terrence Howard ( 2005 ) Joseph Cross ( 2006 ) Ryan Gosling ( 2007 ) Ricky Gervais ( 2008 ) Michael Stuhlbarg ( 2009 ) Michael Cera ( 2010 ) Motion Picture Drama ( 1996 -- 2010 , retired ) Geoffrey Rush ( 1996 ) Robert Duvall ( 1997 ) Edward Norton ( 1998 ) Terence Stamp ( 1999 ) Geoffrey Rush ( 2000 ) Brian Cox ( 2001 ) Michael Caine / Daniel Day - Lewis ( 2002 ) Sean Penn ( 2003 ) Don Cheadle ( 2004 ) Philip Seymour Hoffman ( 2005 ) Forest Whitaker ( 2006 ) Viggo Mortensen ( 2007 ) Richard Jenkins ( 2008 ) Jeremy Renner ( 2009 ) Colin Firth ( 2010 ) Motion Picture ( 2011 -- present ) Ryan Gosling ( 2011 ) Bradley Cooper ( 2012 ) Matthew McConaughey ( 2013 ) Michael Keaton ( 2014 ) Leonardo DiCaprio ( 2015 ) Andrew Garfield / Viggo Mortensen ( 2016 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Screen Actors Guild Award for Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture ( 2001 -- 2010 ) 2001 Gosford Park Eileen Atkins , Bob Balaban , Alan Bates , Charles Dance , Stephen Fry , Michael Gambon , Richard E. Grant , Tom Hollander , Derek Jacobi , Kelly Macdonald , Helen Mirren , Jeremy Northam , Clive Owen , Ryan Phillippe , Maggie Smith , Geraldine Somerville , Kristin Scott Thomas , Sophie Thompson , Emily Watson , James Wilby 2002 Chicago Christine Baranski , Ekaterina Shchelkanova , Taye Diggs , Denise Faye , Colm Feore , Richard Gere , Deidre Goodwin , Queen Latifah , Lucy Liu , Susan Misner , Mýa , John C. Reilly , Dominic West , Renée Zellweger , Catherine Zeta - Jones 2003 The Lord of the Rings : The Return of the King Sean Astin , Sean Bean , Cate Blanchett , Orlando Bloom , Billy Boyd , Bernard Hill , Ian Holm , Ian McKellen , Dominic Monaghan , Viggo Mortensen , John Noble , Miranda Otto , John Rhys - Davies , Andy Serkis , Liv Tyler , Karl Urban , Hugo Weaving , David Wenham , Elijah Wood Sideways Thomas Haden Church , Paul Giamatti , Virginia Madsen , Sandra Oh 2005 Crash Christopher `` Ludacris '' Bridges , Sandra Bullock , Don Cheadle , Matt Dillon , Jennifer Esposito , William Fichtner , Brendan Fraser , Terrence Howard , Thandie Newton , Ryan Phillippe , Larenz Tate 2006 Little Miss Sunshine Alan Arkin , Abigail Breslin , Steve Carell , Toni Collette , Paul Dano , Greg Kinnear 2007 No Country for Old Men Javier Bardem , Josh Brolin , Garret Dillahunt , Tess Harper , Woody Harrelson , Tommy Lee Jones , Kelly Macdonald 2008 Slumdog Millionaire Rubina Ali , Tanay Chheda , Ashutosh Lobo Gajiwala , Azharuddin Mohammed Ismail , Anil Kapoor , Irrfan Khan , Ayush Mahesh Khedekar , Tanvi Ganesh Lonkar , Madhur Mittal , Dev Patel , Freida Pinto 2009 Inglourious Basterds Daniel Brühl , August Diehl , Julie Dreyfus , Michael Fassbender , Sylvester Groth , Jacky Ido , Diane Kruger , Mélanie Laurent , Denis Ménochet , Mike Myers , Brad Pitt , Eli Roth , Til Schweiger , Rod Taylor , Christoph Waltz , Martin Wuttke The King 's Speech Anthony Andrews , Helena Bonham Carter , Jennifer Ehle , Colin Firth , Michael Gambon , Derek Jacobi , Guy Pearce , Geoffrey Rush , Timothy Spall <Td_colspan="2"> Complete list ( 1995 -- 2000 ) ( 2001 -- 2010 ) ( 2011 -- 2020 ) VIAF : 75052789 LCCN : nr99025465 ISNI : 0000 0001 1029 6296 GND : 133819671 SUDOC : 057750009 BNF : cb140198291 ( data ) ULAN : 500349273 MusicBrainz : 44b3288f - c16f - 430d - 81dd - 545cf3d2963f BNE : XX1149093 RKD : 239525 IATH : w6nz8fs3 PIC : 294461 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Viggo_Mortensen&oldid=807224483 '' Categories : 1958 births 20th - century American painters 21st - century American painters 20th - century American male actors 21st - century American male actors 20th - century Danish male actors 21st - century Danish male actors 20th - century Danish painters 21st - century Danish painters 20th - century Danish poets 21st - century Danish poets American expatriates in Argentina American emigrants to Argentina American expatriates in Denmark American expatriates in Venezuela American male film actors American male painters American male singers American people of Canadian descent American people of Danish descent American people of English descent American photographers American male poets Artists from New York City Best Supporting Actor Genie and Canadian Screen Award winners Danish male film actors Danish male singers Danish people of American descent Danish people of Canadian descent Danish people of English descent Danish male poets Danish photographers Empire Icon Award winners Knights of the Order of the Dannebrog Living people Male actors from New York City Singers from New York ( state ) Outstanding Performance by a Cast in a Motion Picture Screen Actors Guild Award winners People from Sandpoint , Idaho People from Watertown , New York St. Lawrence University alumni Truck drivers Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links Articles with Spanish - language external links Use mdy dates from July 2017 Articles with hCards Articles with DMOZ links Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with ULAN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with RKDartists identifiers Wikipedia articles with SNAC - ID identifiers Wikipedia articles with PIC identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Brezhoneg Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Føroyskt Français Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Basa Jawa ქართული Қазақша Кыргызча Latina Lietuvių Magyar მარგალური Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Română Русский Scots Shqip Simple English Slovenščina کوردی Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska Tagalog தமிழ் ไทย Türkçe Українська 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 26 October 2017 , at 18 : 01 . 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1. Viggo Mortensen 2. Acting career 3. The Lord of the Rings 4. Perceval Press 5. Personal life

when did season 6 of white collar come out

List of White Collar episodes - wikipedia List of White Collar episodes Jump to : navigation , search White Collar is a crime / mystery television series that premiered on October 23 , 2009 , on the USA Network . The series stars Matt Bomer as Neal Caffrey , a former conman , forger and thief , and Tim DeKay as FBI Special Agent Peter Burke . The pair form an unlikely partnership as they work together to apprehend white collar criminals . The series also stars Willie Garson as Mozzie , an old friend of Neal 's who occasionally aids the FBI in their investigations ; Tiffani Thiessen as Elizabeth Burke , Peter 's wife ; and Marsha Thomason and Sharif Atkins as agents Diana Berrigan and Clinton Jones , respectively . Natalie Morales appeared in the first season as agent Lauren Cruz . Hilarie Burton was introduced in the second season as Sara Ellis , a love interest for Neal . She joined the main cast at the beginning of the third season . White Collar aired its first season of 14 episodes in two parts , which premiered in 2009 and 2010 . This was followed by a second season , comprising 16 episodes . The first group of nine episodes aired in summer 2010 , while the remaining seven aired in spring 2011 . The third season began airing in 2011 and ended in 2012 . The first 10 episodes of the season aired in summer 2011 , while the remaining six began airing in winter 2012 . The series was renewed for a fourth season comprising 16 episodes , which began airing in July 2012 . A fifth season which was renewed for 16 episodes , later reduced to 13 , started airing in October 2013 . On March 2014 , the series was renewed for a sixth season , which was confirmed to be its final season the following September . The season premiered on November 6 , 2014 . On December 18 , after the airing of the last episode of the sixth season , White Collar ended its run . The first three seasons are available on DVD in regions 1 , 2 , and 4 , while the first season is also available on Blu - ray . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episode list 2.1 Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) 2.5 Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) 2.6 Season 6 ( 2014 ) 3 Home video releases 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired First aired Last aired <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 14 <Td_colspan="1"> October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) March 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 09 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) March 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 5 <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) <Td_colspan="1"> 6 <Td_colspan="2"> 6 <Td_colspan="1"> November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) Episode list ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2009 -- 10 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bronwen Hughes Jeff Eastin October 23 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 23 ) 5039 - 08 - 179 5.40 <Td_colspan="8"> Con artist , master forger , and criminal extraordinaire Neal Caffrey ( Matt Bomer ) escapes from prison to find Kate Moreau ( Alexandra Daddario ) , the woman he loves , only to end up behind bars again . He strikes up a deal with Federal Agent Peter Burke ( Tim DeKay ) , the FBI agent who put him there , and together they take an unconventional route in tracking down a criminal known as `` The Dutchman '' ( Mark Sheppard ) . Also introduced is Neal 's trusted friend and partner in crime , Mozzie ( Willie Garson ) , a fellow conman with extensive knowledge about many subjects . Neal uses his new position in the FBI to find clues that will eventually lead him to Kate , the man with the ring , and the truth . `` Threads '' Dennie Gordon Clifton Campbell October 30 , 2009 ( 2009 - 10 - 30 ) 5039 - 09 - 103 5.08 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal and Peter infiltrate New York 's Fashion Week as they try to prevent an international criminal from selling sensitive data hidden in one of the runway dresses . `` Book of Hours '' John T. Kretchmer Tom Garrigus November 6 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 06 ) 5039 - 09 - 102 3.85 <Td_colspan="8"> A New York mobster enlists the help of the FBI to recover a precious stolen Bible -- a mission that tests Neal 's loyalties with the FBI . `` Flip of the Coin '' Timothy Busfield Jeff Eastin & Joseph C. Muscat November 13 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 13 ) 5039 - 09 - 105 4.28 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter and Neal try to locate smuggled Iraqi artifacts where the lead suspect is a U.S. soldier and an acquaintance of Peter , but anomalies in the evidence suggest other forces at work . 5 5 `` The Portrait '' Allan Arkush Jeff Eastin & Travis Romero November 20 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 20 ) 5039 - 09 - 101 4.56 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter and Neal set up a sting to recover a valuable stolen portrait , but strain is put on their uneasy partnership when Peter suspects Neal will succumb to temptation . Neal finds out the truth about the stolen portrait , and returns it to its rightful owner . 6 6 `` All In '' John T. Kretchmer Jim Campolongo & Joe Henderson November 27 , 2009 ( 2009 - 11 - 27 ) 5039 - 09 - 104 4.40 <Td_colspan="8"> Immersed in a dangerous case in Chinatown involving one of his aliases and a crafty Interpol agent , Neal is forced to decide between his loyalties to Peter and the FBI or his desire to find Kate . The interpol agent reveals that the man with the ring is in the FBI . 7 7 `` Free Fall '' Kevin Bray Jeff Eastin December 4 , 2009 ( 2009 - 12 - 04 ) 5039 - 09 - 107 5.55 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter must determine if Neal 's lying when Neal becomes a suspect in a jewelry heist . Meanwhile , Neal closes in on the man with the ring and discovers that he may be closer than he imagined . Introduced in the episode is FBI special agent Garrett Fowler ( Noah Emmerich ) , an OPR agent bent on discrediting Peter and Neal with whatever means possible . 8 8 `` Hard Sell '' John T. Kretchmer Jim Campolongo & Joe Henderson January 19 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 19 ) 5039 - 09 - 108 4.70 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal infiltrates a corrupt Wall Street brokerage firm and Peter must go undercover alongside him . Neal suspects Peter as the man with the ring and confronts Peter about it . Peter initially denies but after the case is closed , Peter tells Neal that he had spoken with Kate . Peter tells Neal that Kate mentioned wanting a music box that Neal had stolen . Peter also tells Neal that it does not seem Kate was acting under the control of Fowler . Neal refuses to believe Peter and sets out to find the music box that Fowler wants . 9 9 `` Bad Judgment '' John T. Kretchmer Jeff Eastin & Joseph C. Muscat January 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 01 - 26 ) 5039 - 09 - 112 4.30 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter and Neal discover a corrupt judge working with Fowler , and devise a plan to take them down . Meanwhile , Neal asks Peter to get a message to Kate as Mozzie sweeps Peter 's house for bugs . At the end of the episode , Neal retrieves a paper flower from the grave of Kate 's father , Robert , another cryptic message from Kate . 10 10 `` Vital Signs '' Dennie Gordon Joan B. Weiss February 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 02 ) 5039 - 09 - 106 2.89 <Td_colspan="8"> June is approached by a sketchy charity when her granddaughter is removed from the waiting list for a kidney transplant . Neal and Peter decide to investigate the charity , suspecting that transplants are being bought with `` donations '' . 11 11 `` Home Invasion '' Ken Girotti Channing Powell February 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 09 ) 5039 - 09 - 110 3.83 <Td_colspan="8"> The FBI investigates a murder and a mysterious coded list and Neal catches up with Alex Hunter ( Gloria Votsis ) , an old friend who might know something about the music box , but is n't too keen on Neal 's connection with the FBI . 12 12 `` Bottlenecked '' Phil Abraham Jeff Eastin & Tom Garrigus February 23 , 2010 ( 2010 - 02 - 23 ) 5039 - 09 - 109 3.57 <Td_colspan="8"> When Neal is confronted by his blue - collar counterpart Matthew Keller ( Ross McCall ) , he must revive a decades - old competition to create an impossible forgery of a bottle of wine . However , things are n't exactly as they seem . 13 13 `` Front Man '' Michael Smith Rashad Raisani March 2 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 02 ) 5039 - 09 - 111 3.48 <Td_colspan="8"> When trying to resolve a kidnapping , Neal is apprehended by an old friend and is forced to play his game to save the one who was kidnapped . Alex finally reveals the location of the music box to Neal , and teams up to steal it . Peter tells Neal that he knows Neal is planning to steal it , and tells him that he has the option to stop looking for Kate and do something good with his life . 14 14 `` Out of the Box '' Kevin Bray Jeff Eastin March 9 , 2010 ( 2010 - 03 - 09 ) 5039 - 09 - 113 4.04 <Td_colspan="8"> After discovering the music box in Manhattan , Neal and his friends plan a party heist to steal it . Things come to a head as Fowler and Peter square off , while Neal demands Kate in exchange for the box . Peter makes it to the airstrip before Neal takes off with Kate , and tries to stop him . Neal turns around , and admits that Peter is the only one who can change his mind . Before he can join Kate , Neal looks back at Peter , and the jet explodes . Season 2 ( 2010 -- 11 ) ( edit ) White Collar was renewed for a second season scheduled to begin July 13 , 2010 on USA Network , with Marsha Thomason joining the cast as a series regular and Hilarie Burton appearing in a six - episode arc as insurance investigator Sara Ellis . The nine - episode summer season ran through September 7 , 2010 and concluded with a seven - episode winter season that began on January 18 , 2011 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 15 `` Withdrawal '' Tim Matheson Jeff Eastin July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) 5039 - 10 - 201 4.29 <Td_colspan="8"> In the aftermath of Kate 's death , Neal 's deal and Peter 's job are in jeopardy . To prove themselves , they must catch The Architect ( Tim Matheson ) , a high - profile bank robber . 16 `` Need to Know '' Sanford Bookstaver Joe Henderson July 20 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 20 ) 5039 - 10 - 202 3.96 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal goes undercover as a political `` fixer '' in order to bring down a corrupt politician . Diana and Peter 's lead brings them to an unidentified man who escapes their pursuit . It is also revealed that Peter had Diana keep the music box 's location hidden even from Peter himself . Neal begins to suspect that Peter is investigating the plane explosion behind his back . 17 `` Copycat Caffrey '' Paul Holahan Channing Powell July 27 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 27 ) 5039 - 10 - 203 3.72 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter sends Neal back to school after someone copycats one of his old schemes . Alex returns with some bad news . Diana discovers the music box is hiding something . Peter and Diana set out to find the missing key , which is the last piece of the music box that Alex gives Neal before leaving for Italy . 18 `` By the Book '' Michael Smith Alexandra McNally August 3 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 03 ) 5039 - 10 - 204 4.10 <Td_colspan="8"> For the first time in his life , Mozzie must turn to the FBI for help when the person of his affection , a waitress from a local diner ( Diane Farr ) disappears . Mozzie uses cryptic clues , often references to book texts , left by Gina to find and rescue her , which evolves to a case involving a man on the FBI 's radar for quite some time . 19 5 `` Unfinished Business '' Tricia Brock Jeff Eastin August 10 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 10 ) 5039 - 10 - 205 4.00 <Td_colspan="8"> A routine bond theft escalates into an attempted murder when Neal is unknowingly hired to kill the assigned insurance investigator , Sara Ellis ( Hilarie Burton ) , the same woman who had testified against him regarding his alleged theft of a Raphael painting a few years earlier . Meanwhile , Neal and Mozzie investigate the jet 's wreckage , concluding that the jet was rigged to explode midair , but was detonated early by someone . They manage to have the cockpit 's voice recorder sent to the insurance company Sterling Bosch , under the care of Sara Ellis . After taking the impostor who ordered the hit on Sara , Neal tries to recover the package from her apartment , but is interrupted by an assassination attempt by the real assassin , who is subsequently captured by Peter and his team . 20 6 `` In the Red '' David Straiton Matt Negrete August 17 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 17 ) 5039 - 10 - 206 4.48 <Td_colspan="8"> The arrest of a jewel thief leads Peter and Neal toward a much more heinous extortion case against adoptive parents . Mozzie breaks into Sara 's apartment and recovers the recording , only to have it taken back by Sara and her detectives in a search of Neal 's apartment . After teaming up with the mob , Peter and Neal take the adoption lawyer ( John Larroquette ) into custody . Sara returns to Neal 's apartment after finding out what happened to Kate , and promises to help Neal with his investigation . The recording reveals that Kate called an unidentified person shortly before the jet exploded , which prompts Neal and friends to hunt down who was on the other end of the phone . 21 7 `` Prisoner 's Dilemma '' Vincent Misiano Mark Goffman August 24 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 24 ) 5039 - 10 - 208 4.60 <Td_colspan="8"> An FBI Agent is accused of selling witness locations during criminal trials , and the U.S. Marshals ask Peter and Neal for help tracking down the suspect . Peter winds up befriending the suspect upon discovering that the U.S. Marshal in charge of the investigation is actually selling the locations , and goes on the run with him trying to clear his name . Moz discovers that the mystery voice on the black box recording belongs to the still - in - hiding Garrett Fowler . 22 8 `` Company Man '' Rosemary Rodriguez Jim Campolongo August 31 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 31 ) 5039 - 10 - 207 4.44 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal and Peter must go undercover into the world of corporate espionage after a tech company 's head researcher is murdered . Mozzie and Diana are put together to look over Kate 's murder , and Mozzie realizes that Diana has the music box and Peter knows where it is . Peter then shows the music box to Neal , and Neal reveals the key Alex gave him . Neal tells Peter , `` No more secrets '' , before opening the box . 23 9 `` Point Blank '' Kevin Bray Jeff Eastin September 7 , 2010 ( 2010 - 09 - 07 ) 5039 - 10 - 209 4.72 <Td_colspan="8"> The gang finds Fowler ( Noah Emmerich ) and finds out he is innocent . He is being blackmailed by the same person Peter has a patchwork picture of . Mozzie cracks the code inside of the musicbox . Before he can tell anyone , he is shot by an unidentified man ( Paul Blackthorne ) who steals the code . 24 10 `` Burke 's Seven '' Michael Smith Joe Henderson January 18 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 18 ) 5039 - 10 - 214 3.81 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter is framed for a crime he did not commit , and is subsequently suspended from the FBI . Neal helps him organize a con in order to catch the real criminal ( Paul Blackthorne ) , find who shot Mozzie , and clear Peter 's name . 25 11 `` Forging Bonds '' John T. Kretchmer Jeff Eastin & Alexandra McNally January 25 , 2011 ( 2011 - 01 - 25 ) 5039 - 10 - 213 3.90 <Td_colspan="8"> After Peter and Neal realize that Vincent Adler ( Andrew McCarthy ) is behind Kate 's murder , Peter has a talk with Neal where he reveals everything from the time he met Mozzie to when he was caught by the FBI . 26 12 `` What Happens in Burma ... '' John T. Kretchmer Hy Conrad February 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 01 ) 5039 - 10 - 210 3.46 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter and Neal must set foot on Burmese soil when they visit its embassy in order to prove the innocence of the son of an American diplomat . 27 13 `` Countermeasures '' Michael Smith Jim Campolongo February 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 08 ) 5039 - 10 - 211 3.46 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal is approached by an old friend of June 's ( Billy Dee Williams ) and believes that he has some ulterior motives . 28 14 `` Payback '' Russell Lee Fine Mark Goffman February 22 , 2011 ( 2011 - 02 - 22 ) 5039 - 10 - 212 3.27 <Td_colspan="8"> Matthew Keller ( Ross McCall ) returns when he contacts Neal and Peter from prison asking for a favor . Over the course of their investigation , Peter is kidnapped and must be found before he is killed which inadvertently forces Neal to deal with his feelings from losing Kate . 29 15 `` Power Play '' Jeff F. King Mark Goffman March 1 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 01 ) 5039 - 10 - 216 3.30 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal and Peter switch identities after they are approached by a woman ( Cody Horn ) who claims that her boss ( Richard Schiff ) is behind a collusion scheme . 30 16 `` Under the Radar '' John T. Kretchmer Jeff Eastin March 8 , 2011 ( 2011 - 03 - 08 ) 5039 - 10 - 215 3.81 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal and Peter are abducted by Adler ( Andrew McCarthy ) , and Neal gets closer to uncovering the secret behind Kate 's death . Season 3 ( 2011 -- 12 ) ( edit ) On September 27 , 2010 , White Collar was renewed for a 16 episode third season , which began June 7 , 2011 . Hilarie Burton joined the cast as a series regular . Diahann Carroll appeared as June , and Denise Vasi , who appeared in the pilot episode as June 's granddaughter Cindy , returned as well . The first half of the season also saw guest appearances by Dana Ashbrook , Beau Bridges , Eliza Dushku , Nathen Garson , Lena Headey , Ernie Hudson , Olek Krupa , Al Sapienza , and the return of Matthew Keller ( Ross McCall ) . Series star Tim DeKay directed one episode . Series creator and executive producer Jeff Eastin tweeted that Andrew McCarthy , who played Vincent Adler , would also direct an episode . Another flashback episode , `` The Dentist of Detroit '' , revealed much of Mozzie 's childhood . The first half of the season , consisting of 10 episodes , concluded on August 9 , 2011 , while the remaining six episodes began airing on January 17 , 2012 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 31 `` On Guard '' Russell Lee Fine Jeff Eastin June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) BCW301 3.90 <Td_colspan="8"> Despite their newly - arisen trust issues , Neal and Peter have to work together to catch a thief who took his stash out of the Federal Reserve . 32 `` Where There 's a Will '' Sanford Bookstaver Mark Goffman June 14 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 14 ) BCW302 3.71 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter and Neal find a treasure map on a forged will , and soon enter a race to locate the treasure and save the daughter of the beneficiary . 33 `` Deadline '' Michael Smith Alexandra McNally June 21 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 21 ) BCW303 3.67 <Td_colspan="8"> When a magazine journalist 's ( Jayne Atkinson ) life is threatened , Diana goes undercover as her assistant to protect her while Peter and Neal investigate the subject of the journalist 's story . Meanwhile , Neal and Sara have a date with Diana and Christie ( Moran Atias ) . 34 `` The Dentist of Detroit '' Dennie Gordon Channing Powell & Matt Negrete June 28 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 28 ) BCW306 3.72 <Td_colspan="8"> When a mobster ( Al Sapienza ) from Mozzie 's Detroit childhood surfaces in Manhattan , Neal and Peter must help their friend rework a scam from his past to take down the ruthless gangster and prevent a mob war . 35 5 `` Veiled Threat '' Paul Holahan Jim Campolongo July 5 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 05 ) BCW304 4.19 <Td_colspan="8"> When a black widow ( Mädchen Amick ) arrives in New York , Neal and Peter go undercover as wealthy bachelors to find her next target . 36 6 `` Scott Free '' Tricia Brock Joe Henderson July 12 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 12 ) BCW305 3.84 <Td_colspan="8"> When a teenage conman ( Hutch Dano ) goes on a wild crime spree in New York , Peter realizes he has a new Neal Caffrey on his hands . 37 7 `` Taking Account '' Michael Smith Daniel Shattuck July 19 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 19 ) BCW307 4.18 <Td_colspan="8"> When an expert hacker drains a prominent New York bank , Neal assumes the criminal 's identity in order to spend the pilfered fortune and draw him out of hiding . Mozzie finds himself in an unfamiliar situation when the hacker 's former accomplice ( Lena Headey ) switches sides . Meanwhile , Sara temporarily moves in with Neal and discovers the surveillance camera footage of Neal and Mozzie 's treasure . 38 8 `` As You Were '' David Straiton Matt Negrete July 26 , 2011 ( 2011 - 07 - 26 ) BCW308 3.89 <Td_colspan="8"> When an old Naval Academy buddy of Agent Jones goes missing , Peter and Neal delve into the dangerous world of international private security to find him . While Jones deals with realizing his friend might not be who he remembers and meeting an old flame , Mozzie convinces Neal to break into Peter and Elizabeth 's house to go after the manifest . 39 9 `` On the Fence '' Paul Holahan Mark Goffman August 2 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 02 ) BCW309 3.71 <Td_colspan="8"> When Neal and Peter discover wanted fugitive Matthew Keller ( Ross McCall ) is smuggling priceless Egyptian antiquities into the city , Neal must go undercover with an exotic and beautiful Egyptologist ( Eliza Dushku ) to locate and capture his foe . 40 10 `` Countdown '' John Kretchmer Story by : Jeff Eastin & Channing Powell Teleplay by : Jeff Eastin August 9 , 2011 ( 2011 - 08 - 09 ) BCW310 4.30 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal and Mozzie must stay one step ahead of the FBI while appearing to work with them in order to keep them from discovering that they possess the treasure . Later , Peter returns home to discover that Elizabeth has been kidnapped by Matthew Keller . 41 11 `` Checkmate '' John Kretchmer Story by : Joe Henderson & Alexandra McNally Teleplay by : Joe Henderson January 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 17 ) BCW313 3.23 <Td_colspan="8"> Elizabeth escapes from Keller through a combination of FBI diligence and her own cleverness . Meanwhile , as a delaying tactic , Peter , Neal and Mozzie arrange to have the treasure surrounded by an unsuspecting NYPD , and must work with Keller to get it away from them . 42 12 `` Upper West Side Story '' Russell Lee Fine Alexandra McNally & Jim Campolongo January 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 24 ) BCW312 3.47 <Td_colspan="8"> A student ( Graham Phillips ) at a prestigious prep school asks Neal and Peter to look into the disappearance of scholarship funds , which he believes was orchestrated by the father ( Dylan Baker ) of his crush ( Elizabeth Gillies ) . In order to investigate , Neal must go undercover as a substitute teacher . 43 13 `` Neighborhood Watch '' Andrew McCarthy Jeff F. King January 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 01 - 31 ) BCW311 3.04 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal and Peter investigate a robbery plot at a hotel after Elizabeth overhears a neighbor ( Joe Manganiello ) having a suspicious conversation . When Neal suggests Peter ask Mozzie to keep an eye on her , he may switch from a babysitter to her accomplice when Elizabeth tries to help . 44 14 `` Pulling Strings '' Anton Cropper Channing Powell February 7 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 07 ) BCW314 2.47 <Td_colspan="8"> While Peter is tied up hosting Elizabeth 's parents ( Tom Skerritt and Debra Monk ) , Neal is assigned to help Sara search for a missing Stradivarius . 45 15 `` Stealing Home '' Tim DeKay Story by : Mark Goffman & Jim Campolongo Teleplay by : Mark Goffman February 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 21 ) BCW315 2.31 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal goes undercover with a gang of cons in order to steal valuable memorabilia from Yankee stadium . 46 16 `` Judgment Day '' Russell Lee Fine Jeff Eastin February 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 28 ) BCW316 2.55 <Td_colspan="8"> Agent Kramer ( Beau Bridges ) tries to sabotage Neal 's commutation while Neal tries to fix a mistake from his past . Peter must make a difficult decision . With Peter 's help , Neal is able to get away with his theft of the painting and faces the committee , telling them and later Peter that whether he is released or not , he plans to continue working for the FBI because he now has a purpose and a life . Unfortunately , Agent Kramer refuses to back down , wishing to take Neal back to D.C. by any means necessary . Peter is able to secretly warn Neal about Kramer 's plan to ' steal ' Neal and make him work for him . This gives Neal time to escape , so he cuts off his anklet and flees the country with Mozzie before the committee can make its decision . Season 4 ( 2012 -- 13 ) ( edit ) White Collar was renewed for a fourth season of sixteen episodes on August 25 , 2011 . Treat Williams appeared throughout the season as Sam , an undercover agent from Washington whose past overlaps with Neal 's . Mekhi Phifer appeared in the first two episodes as Kyle Collins , a manhunter working for the federal government . Gregg Henry recurred as a man who helps Neal and Mozzie hide while in the Cape Verde Islands , while Mia Maestro appeared as Maya , a woman with whom Neal becomes involved while on the run . Laura Vandervoort appeared in one episode as a wealthy socialite who becomes another love interest for Neal . Michael Weston appeared in one episode as a criminal mastermind , alongside Laurie Williams . Rebecca Mader appeared in one episode as Abigail , a woman who forces Neal to take part in a heist . Perrey Reeves appeared in one episode as a dedicated fixer . Gloria Votsis returned as Alex Hunter in the eighth episode of the season . Victor Webster made an appearance in the ninth episode of the season as Eric Dunham , a trader on Wall Street who is being investigated for insider trading . Titus Welliver guest starred as Senator Terrence Pratt , a man who may be linked to Neal 's father . Reed Diamond made an appearance as Cole Edwards , a construction mogul with links to the government . Sprague Grayden appeared as a younger Ellen Parker , while Judith Ivey continued playing the older version of the character . Hilarie Burton reprised her role as insurance investigator and Neal 's love interest Sara Ellis ; she appeared in four episodes altogether . The remaining six episodes of season four began airing in January 2013 . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 47 `` Wanted '' Paul Holahan Jeff Eastin July 10 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 10 ) BCW401 3.21 <Td_colspan="8"> After Neal and Mozzie fled , Kyle Collins ( Mekhi Phifer ) of the Office of International Affairs tries to find Neal after the FBI fails for six weeks . Peter finally manages to talk to Neal , and background sounds help Peter , Jones , and Diana deduce that Neal 's in Cape Verde . Peter heads there to try to find Neal first . Unfortunately , Collins searches Peter 's home after he leaves and finds his map with Cape Verde circled . Collins and Peter meet in a cafe where Collins announces a $500,000 bounty on Neal 's head . Collins purposely does not specify `` alive '' . Neal , Mozzie , and Peter look for a way out and turn to different sources for help . Peter and Mozzie go to one of Mozzie 's friends , while Neal goes to the island 's richest man , a very private person named Dobbs ( Gregg Henry ) . Dobbs soon reveals that he is aware of Neal 's true identity , and Collins arrives to capture Neal . 48 `` Most Wanted '' Paul Holahan Mark Goffman July 17 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 17 ) BCW402 2.98 <Td_colspan="8"> Collins holds Neal prisoner on Dobbs ' estate , and shoots Neal in the leg when he discovers Neal has broken loose from his restraints . Peter and Mozzie covertly help Neal get away from Collins , and upon planning their escape , discover Dobbs is really one of the FBI 's most wanted men . Together , they set up a con for Neal to help capture Dobbs and return to New York under his original deal . In the end Peter gets reassigned . 49 `` Diminishing Returns '' Stefan Schwartz Jim Campolongo July 24 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 24 ) BCW403 3.01 <Td_colspan="8"> With Peter reassigned to the Evidence room , he and Neal go up against David Cook ( Michael Weston ) , a criminal mastermind whom Peter has been tracking since joining the FBI . 50 `` Parting Shots '' Robert Duncan McNeill Alexandra McNally July 31 , 2012 ( 2012 - 07 - 31 ) BCW404 2.82 <Td_colspan="8"> While helping Sara ( Hilarie Burton ) resolve an insider trading scandal , Neal saves the life of the alleged perpetrator 's widow ( Laura Vandervoort ) , but he has to stay undercover with her to help prevent the theft of her insurance settlement . Meanwhile , Peter gets reassigned back to the White Collar division , and Ellen is shot after being recalled into Witness Protection , leaving Neal with unanswered questions . 51 5 `` Honor Among Thieves '' Arlene Sanford Joe Henderson August 14 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 14 ) BCW405 2.93 <Td_colspan="8"> When Ellen is murdered , Neal leaves himself open to being blackmailed by the art thief they 're after in exchange for information , which may lead to a breach of trust between him and Peter . 52 6 `` Identity Crisis '' David Straiton Channing Powell August 21 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 21 ) BCW406 3.89 <Td_colspan="8"> Mozzie 's purchase of a storage unit leads him to finding a number of clues about a spy organization from the Revolutionary War that may still be operating today . 53 7 `` Compromising Positions '' Paul Holahan Matthew Negrete August 28 , 2012 ( 2012 - 08 - 28 ) BCW407 3.36 <Td_colspan="8"> With help from Mozzie and Sara ( Hilarie Burton ) , Peter and Neal attempt to ensure the conviction of a corrupt developer . Their main obstacle is a clever woman who acts as a no - questions - asked fixer for a variety of clients including Sara 's company . Meanwhile , Neal meets with Ellen 's friend Sam , who tells him of a conspiracy including highly placed law enforcement officials . 54 8 `` Ancient History '' Russell Lee Fine Daniel Shattuck September 4 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 04 ) BCW408 3.38 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal is contacted again by his old acquaintance and fellow thief Alex ( Gloria Votsis ) , who is being investigated by the FBI in relation to a heist for which Neal is arrested . Peter furthers his covert investigation of `` Sam '' behind Neal 's back when Neal receives a suspicious package from Ellen delivered by the Marshals . Alex is in town on more business , which causes some rifts between Peter , Neal , and Mozzie . 55 9 `` Gloves Off '' Renny Harlin Mark Goffman September 11 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 11 ) BCW409 3.80 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter sends Neal undercover as a Wall Street stock trader . Neal discovers a White Collar boxing ring where traders fight for insider information . In order to take down the corrupt CEO , Peter and Neal must step out of the office and step in to the ring . Peter makes a huge mistake that sends Sam into hiding . 56 10 `` Vested Interest '' Russell Lee Fine Jeff Eastin September 18 , 2012 ( 2012 - 09 - 18 ) BCW410 3.41 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter and Neal attend an FBI conference where someone is trying to steal high valued defense technology , but discover the thief 's plan to kidnap the designer instead . After Peter learns the real Sam is dead , a DNA test shows the man they believe to be Sam is actually Neal 's father . 57 11 `` Family Business '' Paul Holahan Joe Henderson January 22 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 22 ) BCW411 2.77 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal 's father James explains how as a young cop he began working for a gangster named Dennis Flynn , now deceased . When he tried to end his employment Flynn framed him for the murder of his superior , and he confessed when some unknown person with high law enforcement connections threatened his wife , Neal , and Ellen . Believing him guilty , Neal 's mother refused further contact . In the present , Neal and Peter infiltrate the operations of Flynn 's son , also named Dennis . They pose as the maker and potential buyer , respectively , of counterfeit whisky , and are able to prove that the younger Dennis killed Ellen . But Dennis is killed in custody , showing that the law enforcement conspiracy is still in operation . James is sent to a safe house while Neal and Peter plan their next move . 58 12 `` Brass Tacks '' Anton Cropper Jim Campolongo & Alexandra McNally January 29 , 2013 ( 2013 - 01 - 29 ) BCW412 2.61 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal and Peter discover that Dennis Flynn 's fatal prisoner transfer was ordered by U.S. Senator Terrence Pratt ( Titus Welliver ) who was once James ' Captain in the Washington police . They plan to bring him down by proving fraud charges against his associate , land developer Cole Edwards ( Reed Diamond ) . But Edwards remains loyal to the Senator , who retaliates by ending the FBI career of Peter 's boss . Meanwhile Mozzie is paired up with Jones to search for the meaning of a key left to Neal in Ellen 's personal effects . Elizabeth asks Neal to lie to Peter about the key to protect him after an attempted assassination , but Peter learns the truth from Jones and , greatly offended , continues to investigate on his own . 59 13 `` Empire City '' Tim DeKay Channing Powell & Daniel Shattuck February 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 05 ) BCW413 2.28 <Td_colspan="8"> Two brothers are attempting to revive the famous Cotton Club , but one is also involved in fraudulent sales of taxi medallions . To investigate , Neal and Peter pose as promoters and book June as a singer for the club 's opening . Meanwhile , Peter and Neal each independently discover the NYC location indicated by the key : the Empire State Building . 60 14 `` Shoot the Moon '' Russell Lee Fine Matthew Negrete & Bob DeRosa February 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 19 ) BCW414 2.42 <Td_colspan="8"> A couple on a romantic crime spree take two hostages who turn out to be Peter and Elizabeth . Neal must anticipate their next crime to effect a rescue . Sara has a potential new position in London . Neal and Mozzie determine that Ellen 's evidence about James is stored in an office on the 50th floor of the Empire State Building . 61 15 `` The Original '' John Kretchmer Mark Goffman February 26 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 26 ) BCW415 2.12 <Td_colspan="8"> The former assistant to a dead master sculptor has `` found '' a new work which Neal thinks is a forgery . With a high - tech scanner diverted from the forgery investigation , Neal , Mozzie and James determine the exact location of Ellen 's evidence box . But Peter 's new FBI boss Amanda Calloway ( Emily Procter ) is on to them , and she is reporting to Senator Pratt . 62 16 `` In the Wind '' Russell Lee Fine Jeff Eastin March 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 03 - 05 ) BCW416 2.36 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal concocts an elaborate plan to get the evidence box out of the Empire State Building even though Pratt and Calloway are also searching for it . Pratt 's man stops an escaping James , who is carrying what he thinks is the box but is actually a decoy given to him by Mozzie . In the ensuing confrontation , James kills Pratt with Peter 's gun and escapes , leaving Peter to be arrested for the murder with all the physical evidence against him . Neal learns from the real evidence box that James was actually guilty of the murder for which he was imprisoned . Neal begs James to go to the FBI and tell the truth to free Peter , but James coldly refuses and leaves Neal with the realization that his father used him . Season 5 ( 2013 -- 14 ) ( edit ) On September 25 , 2012 , USA Network renewed the series for a 16 - episode fifth season , but this was later reduced to 13 . It premiered on October 17 , 2013 . Marsha Thomason was pregnant during the filming of season five and did not appear for the majority of the season . No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 63 `` At What Price '' Stefan Schwartz Jeff Eastin & Joe Henderson October 17 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 17 ) BCW506 2.53 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter is about to be prosecuted for murder , which could end his FBI career even if he were acquitted . Elizabeth urges Neal to save him at any cost . Neal is contacted by the Dutchman , Curtis Hagan ( Mark Sheppard ) , the man he helped Peter convict of forgery in their first case together . Hagan has influence over Peter 's prosecutor , and can get the charges dismissed if Neal can make a convincing fake audio confession from James . Neal and Mozzie do this and learn Hagan 's price : Neal must steal a collection of gold coins from a secure building . Neal does this with the aid of a device Mozzie has built to spoof the anklet 's signal to make him appear to be at home . Neal then learns that the Dutchman has filmed the heist and plans to blackmail him into committing further crimes for him . Peter is promoted to be head of the NYC White Collar Crime office . He gives Neal a new anklet and promises him a new handler from outside the office . Their last case together is to investigate the coin robbery . 64 `` Out of the Frying Pan '' Roger Kumble Daniel Shattuck October 24 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 24 ) BCW501 2.13 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal meets his new handler David Siegel ( Warren Kole ) , a young star agent . The FBI have arrested the proprietor of a website for stolen goods , and they plan to arrest his contacts while a very pregnant Diana works hard to make the website appear to continue operating . Neal and Siegel are sent to the warehouse of an art dealer involved with the website , who turns out to be Mozzie . He escapes , but Siegel sees him ; though Neal is able to keep Peter from learning that the dealer is Mozzie , Siegel uncovers the `` Teddy '' identity behind Mozzie 's vast holdings . This is actually what Mozzie believes to be his true identity , that of a baby who disappeared shortly before Mozzie was found . Mozzie returns to the warehouse , sets fire to it , and vanishes into a hideout beneath it . The FBI believe Teddy is dead , but Diana is not fooled , goes to the warehouse , and finds the hideout . She tries to arrest Mozzie but suddenly goes into labor . Mozzie delivers the baby , whom she names `` Theo '' , and she so far keeps his secret . Neal breaks into the FBI evidence room and destroys evidence against Hagan , which will give him a chance in his retrial . 65 `` One Last Stakeout '' Russell Lee Fine Joe Henderson October 31 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 31 ) BCW503 2.38 <Td_colspan="8"> Hagan is free , and he gives Neal 48 hours to steal one chapter of a mysterious book on display at a museum . Neal and Mozzie plan to fool another criminal , Zev , into breaking into the museum to steal a painting , with Neal taking the book chapter at the same time and then catching Zev . To get access , he befriends a museum worker named Rebecca ( Bridget Regan ) and steals her key . Neal tells Siegel he has heard chatter indicating that the museum is about to be robbed , and Peter authorizes a stakeout . Mozzie disables the security cameras of the museum and Zev enters . Neal is delayed when Peter , nostalgic about his former partnership , joins the stakeout . However , he is able to enter the building and replace the chapter with a forgery Mozzie has created . Zev trips the alarms but still escapes ; Neal leaves prints behind when he escapes himself . Neal and Peter find Zev 's prints at the crime scene , allowing the FBI to arrest Zev and recover the painting . Neal gives the book chapter to Hagan after making a copy ; he and Mozzie will try to figure out why Hagan wanted it . Siegel secretly witnesses the meeting between Neal and Hagan . Rebecca is fired for the security breach , after learning that Neal works with the FBI . Siegel is found murdered on the street . 66 `` Controlling Interest '' Kevin Bray Jim Campolongo November 7 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 07 ) BCW504 2.24 <Td_colspan="8"> The now - destitute Mozzie has moved into Neal 's apartment . With the investigation of Siegel 's death stalled , Peter joins Neal for a new field assignment . A disoriented man named Nate Griffith ( David Call ) walks into the Bureau , carrying a packet of cash , confessing that he broke into a vault and stole $2 million . Peter and Neal trace Griffith to Dr. Mara Summers , his psychiatrist . Peter decides to examine the vault with Neal . The bank claims ignorance of any break - in . Neal checks their records for details on the vault , and traces it back to `` Niteowl Holdings '' . Peter and Neal suspect Dr. Summers has something to do with the robbery . Peter traces Niteowl Holdings to Shane Jacobi , an ex-con , and confronts him . He denies any connection to Niteowl Holdings , but appears surprised to learn that the vault was robbed . Meanwhile , Neal approaches Dr. Summers as a patient , hoping to glean some information from her . But she drugs him , and gets information on the ongoing investigation from him . Moz identifies the drug as `` Good Night Cinderella '' , used by Asian prostitutes to rob their johns . He suggests that the best way to recall what he told Dr. Summers would be to go back under the drug again . Moz makes the drug , Neal drinks it , and Peter and Moz help Neal recall the entire conversation . The next day , Peter and Jones visit Griffith 's house , and on discovering Jacobi there , they arrest him . They realize that Summers manipulated Griffith into robbing Jacobi 's vault . Neal gets a confession from Dr. Summers by putting her under the drug . The FBI arrest Dr. Summers but do not recover the money , because Neal has diverted it and given it to Mozzie to start afresh . He tells Mozzie that he plans to free himself from all constraints , including both Hagan 's and Peter 's . 67 5 `` Master Plan '' Jeff F. King Alexandra McNally November 14 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 14 ) BCW502 2.21 <Td_colspan="8"> A wealthy man ( Richard Thomas ) hires Elizabeth to choose art presents for his son , who has recently resurfaced long after disappearing as a teenager . She was a tutor for the real son before he vanished , and in talking to the alleged son about art she begins to suspect that he is an impostor . Neal takes a job as butler to the household to investigate . Elizabeth is fired after she voices her suspicions and the alleged son passes a DNA test . However , Neal and Peter are able to prove that he faked the test and to find the location where he is holding the real son prisoner , in order to get the information he needs for his deception . Meanwhile , Peter battles a flu - like illness which is relieved by a concoction that Mozzie prepares from the honey of the beehives he has introduced to Neal 's apartment . 68 6 `` Ice Breaker '' Eric Stoltz Matt Whitney & Mark Lafferty November 21 , 2013 ( 2013 - 11 - 21 ) BCW505 2.49 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter and Neal search for a Russian forger of U.S. passports and find Sergei , the cousin of a notorious Russian gangster and sponsor of a figure skater named Katya ( Annet Mahendru ) . They go undercover as a skating coach and sports agent respectively , and are able to arrest Sergei and several Russian criminals to whom he had provided passports . Meanwhile , Neal and Mozzie enlist the still unemployed Rebecca 's help in decoding the book chapter by posing as FBI agents . Peter and Jones know they are up to something , and Peter finds evidence of the fake FBI office they created to deceive her . Rebecca tells them that Mosconi , the 19th - century author of the book , never included a chapter 13 in his books , the same chapter that Neal believed he removed from the book and gave to Hagan . 69 7 `` Quantico Closure '' Willie Garson Nick Thiel December 5 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 05 ) BCW507 2.12 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter 's anniversary dinner with Elizabeth is interrupted by an attractive woman named Jill ( Kim Dickens ) , his ex-girlfriend and former classmate at the FBI academy . Jill now works for a secretive division of the FBI and wants Peter 's help in buying a computer chip , potentially of great use to enemy nations , from a hacker now living in Manhattan . Jill insists that no one else know anything about the mission , which makes Elizabeth suspicious and later interferes with Peter 's efforts to conduct the buy safely . Peter and Jill notice and identify two mercenaries that are also following the hacker , but when they go to the hotel room for the buy , they are unaware that the mercenaries have evaded Jones ' surveillance . Elizabeth and Neal come to the same hotel at the same time , suspecting Jill 's intentions toward Peter . When the mercenaries capture everyone , only Elizabeth and Neal 's initiative saves the day . Meanwhile , Neal and Jones recover Siegel 's gun and FBI badge ; though the petty criminal who was using them in carjackings appears to be a dead end , but Peter finds a possible clue in the badge . Also , Neal and Rebecca are able to decipher a picture of a stained glass window from the book chapter , and Rebecca believes the window might be in New York , where Mosconi briefly lived in 1886 . Later , he is able to show her the window , and they kiss . 70 8 `` Digging Deeper '' Sanford Bookstaver Jessica Grasl & Julian Meiojas December 12 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 12 ) BCW508 2.09 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter learns of the recovery of a stolen dinosaur egg , but the companion skeleton of an adult female Tyrannosaurus rex is still missing . He and Neal foil a thief 's attempt to steal the egg back ; he identifies a financier ( Željko Ivanek ) as his employer but does not know where the skeleton is . Neal and Mozzie build a forgery of the egg containing a tracker , leading them to the skeleton . Meanwhile , a suspicious Peter discovers that Neal is seeing Rebecca , and when he and Elizabeth crash their romantic dinner he learns that Rebecca thinks Neal is an FBI agent . Neal tells him he lied to her so she would not know of his criminal past , and Peter urges him to come clean to her . He does so and Rebecca accepts him ; they have sex . Hagan correctly deduces that Neal plans to steal the stained - glass window , and with an implicit threat to June he tells Neal to steal it for him . 71 9 `` No Good Deed '' Charlotte Sieling Story by : Eddie Serrano Teleplay by : Alexandra McNally December 19 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 19 ) BCW509 2.52 <Td_colspan="8"> In bed , Neal tells Rebecca a limited version of the truth but says he ca n't involve her in the theft of the window for her own safety . She convinces him to let her help , and the next day she distracts the men repairing the window while Neal and Mozzie steal it . They discover that one of the panels allows secret messages in Chapter 13 to be read , but only in the real Chapter 13 , not their copy . They plan to trade this panel to Hagan for the evidence that Hagan has of Neal 's earlier coin theft . At the same time , an FBI watch of pawnshops turns up one of the gold coins that Neal stole for Hagan , and that Hagan used to bribe Peter 's prosecutor Dawson . Peter 's investigation leads him to Decker , the man who fenced them for Dawson , but Mozzie tips off Decker and allows him to escape . Peter goes to Neal 's apartment and claims that he has captured Decker , and Neal confesses to the coin theft , implying that he rather than Hagan was the one who bribed Dawson to save Peter . Peter feels obligated to arrest Neal and thus reopen his own case , probably ending his career , but Elizabeth counsels him against this . The next morning , Jones actually arrests Decker , and Peter does not question him about the coins ; there are enough weapons and other contraband coins in Decker 's store to ensure his conviction on other charges . Peter then goes to Dawson and offers not to reveal the bribe if Dawson resigns his position and returns the coins , which he does . Peter tells Neal that there will be `` changes '' in their working relationship , as he now realizes that Neal can not fully change his criminal ways . Neal agrees . 72 10 `` Live Feed '' John Kretchmer Story by : Chris Masi Teleplay by : Jim Campolongo January 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 09 ) BCW510 2.81 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter is offered a promotion and reassignment to DC , but he is reluctant to take it until he resolves the mystery of Siegel 's murder . Neal brings the panel to a meeting with Hagan intending to bargain , but Hagan shows him that he is holding Rebecca hostage and forces him and Mozzie to solve the puzzle hidden in the Codex . Peter is called to investigate an apparent forgery of a painting by William Blake . He calls in Neal despite the tension between them , and Neal finds Hagan 's hidden signature in the painting . By offering to buy the painting and then tracking the resulting computer activity , Peter finds the seller 's location , which is the very building where Neal and Mozzie are working with Hagan . Neal forces Hagan to release Rebecca by threatening to destroy the Codex chapter , then does it anyway after Mozzie has memorized their results . He finds Rebecca on a Brooklyn street and they embrace ; Rebecca tells Neal that the hidden treasure is a twin to the Hope Diamond . The FBI arrive at that building and arrest Hagan , who says he has information that Peter should consider if he values his freedom . They go to Hagan 's house to look at it , but Hagan is killed by a sniper before he can reveal anything . On Hagan 's body is information that leads Neal and Peter to a Brooklyn apartment , which both Hagan and Siegel were watching on the day Siegel died . They enter the apartment and find three things : extensive files on Neal , Peter , and their associates , preparations to make both the Blake forgery and Hagan 's signature , and evidence that the apartment 's occupant is actually Rebecca . 73 11 `` Shot Through the Heart '' Doug Hannah Matt Whitney & Jessica Grasl January 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 16 ) BCW511 2.65 <Td_colspan="8"> While Neal distracts Rebecca , the FBI search her apartment . Peter concludes that she is actually in love with Neal , and as a ruse calls her in and tells her that Neal is the prime suspect in Hagan 's murder . She asks Neal to meet in a park ; Neal tells her he will have to run and she offers to go with him . Just as she is about to say that she is not really a mild - mannered book expert , she detects the FBI stakeout and flees . From evidence in the apartment , Peter determines that she is really Rachel Turner , a disgraced former MI5 agent . He also figures out where she hid the gun with which she killed Siegel . Against Peter 's instructions , Neal arranges another meeting with her , offering to trade the location of the diamond for Hagan 's blackmail information . Once he has the information he handcuffs her and tells her the FBI are on the way . She shoots the handcuff instead of him but she has been delayed long enough for the FBI to catch her . With Siegel 's murder solved , Peter and Elizabeth prepare to move to Washington , where he has accepted the FBI promotion and she has accepted a job with the National Gallery . Neal and Mozzie are preparing to use Mozzie 's memorized information to find the diamond when `` Rebecca '' phones from prison to say she will see Neal soon . 74 12 `` Taking Stock '' Tim DeKay Alexandra McNally & Mark Lafferty January 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 23 ) BCW512 2.75 <Td_colspan="8"> Neal asks Peter to support his request to have his sentence set aside , assuring him that he can truly go straight . As they are packing up evidence from Rebecca 's case , a phone rings with a request to hire Rebecca for a job . Peter asks Diana to impersonate Rebecca and meet with the client . Rebecca is brought to the FBI office , where she helps Diana authenticate herself in return for being allowed to talk to Neal . The client wants Rebecca to steal a thumb drive from a financier 's office , and Jones deduces that the drive contains an algorithm that could cause a financial crash . The financier takes the drive to his house , and while Peter is still applying for a warrant , Diana and Neal plan to break in and steal it . When Diana is called away for a child - care emergency , Neal does so ; the emergency is revealed to have been the work of Mozzie , who has driven away her son Theo 's nanny , forcing Diana to have Mozzie care for his namesake during the case . Diana gives a fake drive to the client , who incriminates himself and is arrested , with a slight hitch when the real Rebecca texts him that she is in custody . Theo inspires Mozzie to a breakthrough on the Mosconi puzzle , but as he calls Neal to tell him about it , he is shown being watched by Rebecca , who has escaped from prison . 75 13 `` Diamond Exchange '' Russell Lee Fine Jim Campolongo & Nick Thiel January 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 01 - 30 ) BCW513 2.99 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter and Neal find Mozzie , who has been injected with something . Rebecca then tells them she has poisoned him and will trade the antidote for the diamond . Interpreting Mozzie 's symbols as geographical coordinates leads them to Fort Totten in Queens , where Mozzie is able to guide them near the diamond 's location before collapsing . Mozzie is hospitalized and successfully treated for belladonna poisoning after Jones and Diana determine where Rebecca got her poison . Peter and Neal find the diamond and call Rebecca , who has been following them and immediately takes them prisoner at gunpoint . She locks them in a cell and prepares to leave by helicopter , but they escape and Neal reveals that he switched the diamond with a similar - sized piece of brick before giving it to her . He convinces her to surrender rather than shoot him . Peter asks the FBI for Neal 's release and believes they will agree ; Neal tells Mozzie he plans to go straight . But the FBI director refuses to sign off -- perhaps , Peter speculates , because Neal is so useful to them . Disillusioned , Peter tells Elizabeth he wants to stay in his current position closer to field work ; she agrees but wants to keep the job in DC . A bitter Neal asks Mozzie to circumvent the new anklet . After Mozzie leaves , Neal recognizes and confronts a man who has been following him . He is then grabbed from behind and thrown in a van , without his anklet . Season 6 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 76 `` Borrowed Time '' John Kretchmer Joe Henderson November 6 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 06 ) BCW601 1.54 <Td_colspan="8"> Peter brings Rebecca in to help locate Neal , who is being held captive by one of her former associates , Jim Boothe . Meanwhile , Jim wastes no time letting Neal know that if he does n't comply with his demands he 'll be pushed down an elevator shaft . Jim has lofty aspirations of joining an exclusive group of thieves , The Pink Panthers , and his entry ticket is the diamond currently held by the FBI . He needs Neal to steal it back . But Neal has a better plan - he thinks the situation calls for a grander gesture , and , for his trouble , he expects something in return . Elizabeth tells Peter that she is pregnant . Rebecca , upon leaving white collar , takes an agent 's gun which leaves the second agent no choice but to shoot her , killing her in the end . As Neal says , `` She made a choice . For Her , it was better to risk almost certain death than go back to jail . '' 77 `` Return to Sender '' Martha Mitchell Mark Lafferty November 13 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 13 ) BCW602 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> The U.S. Attorney General signs off on a contract , written by Mozzie , guaranteeing Neal 's freedom if he helps take down the Panthers . Neal goes to his first meeting with them , without his anklet , and is surprised to meet Keller , who according to Russian authorities is still in one of their prisons . The Panthers assign Neal to steal a stamp about to be auctioned by an Argentine woman . Neal and Peter obtain admission to the auction by posing as a reclusive father and son , and Neal successfully takes the stamp in spite of a sophisticated security system . But the FBI will not release the stamp , so Neal makes a forgery which Keller vouches for . Neal deduces that Keller is an undercover Interpol informant , and confirms this with him , agreeing that neither can afford to expose the other . The Panthers tell Neal that the purpose of his theft of the stamp was to test the security system in preparation for a bigger job . Mozzie deduces that Elizabeth is pregnant , and Peter later tells Neal . 78 `` Uncontrolled Variables '' Sanford Bookstaver Julian Meiojas November 20 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 20 ) BCW603 1.38 <Td_colspan="8"> The Panthers assign Keller and Neal to copy a data disk from a safe in a security firm 's office . Neal cultivates Amy , the assistant to the firm 's head , and gets Mozzie into the safe , but the disk uses 1970 's technology and Mozzie must take it home to read it . Before they can get it back to the safe , Amy 's boss returns early from a trip and discovers it missing . Neal suggests that Amy confess to taking it to expose the security weakness , then ask for a promotion . Instead she quits her job in disgust and Neal is broken - hearted at having betrayed her . Keller and his Interpol handler Luc give the disk to the Panthers , and the FBI are able to interpret it as instructions to route some high - value cargo randomly through US airports . 79 `` All is Fair '' Paul Holahan Jessica Grasl December 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 04 ) BCW604 1.59 <Td_colspan="8"> Five years ago , while Neal was in prison , Mozzie met , worked with , and married a con artist named Eva before she swindled and abandoned him . Now Eva is back , asking for a divorce so she can marry Jack , a wealthy man who has recently devoted his life to charity . Neal and Peter determine that Eva and Jack are working together and plan to steal a Faberge egg , leaving Mozzie as the fall guy . They stop the theft , but Mozzie allows Eva to escape , without signing the divorce papers . Meanwhile , the FBI figure out that the Panthers ' target is a plane bringing hundreds of millions in cash back from Europe , to a random airport determined by the stolen algorithm . Peter has the San Francisco FBI stake out the latest plane , but the Panthers do n't show because , as Woodford tells Neal at June 's house , they know that they have a mole . 80 5 `` Whack a Mole '' Jeff F. King Nick Thiel December 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 11 ) BCW605 1.57 <Td_colspan="8"> Woodford does not know who the mole is , but he is sure it is not Neal since a spy bug was found before Neal joined the group . Neal refuses to help find the mole , making Woodford trust him even more and reveal the plan to steal the cash from the airport via a massive armed assault . Peter finds that the spy bug was planted by Luc to spy on Keller , and he asks Luc to pull Keller off of the operation . Peter , Mozzie and Neal brainstorm ways the Panthers could steal the cash less dangerously , until Peter hits on the idea of using pneumatic tubes built decades ago to move mail out of the airport . Luc finds out Neal is hiding something and decides to disobey Peter and leave Keller on the operation . Keller kills Luc and puts his own tracking chip on Woodford 's deputy , who is then killed by Woodford . The FBI and Interpol agree to keep the operation going so Luc 's death wo n't be in vain . Peter misses the appointment with Elizabeth to view the first sonogram of their son , and vows to her that he will never let anything else be a priority . Mozzie begs Neal to be introduced to the Pink Panthers , but Neal refuses , telling him it 's not the right time . Since the Panthers are now one man short , Neal brings Peter to the meeting stating he 's the one who 's been helping him . Woodford responds by aiming his gun at Peter . 81 6 `` Au Revoir '' Sanford Bookstaver Jeff Eastin & Julian Meiojas & Eddie Serrano December 18 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 18 ) BCW606 1.86 <Td_colspan="8"> The Panthers ' plan proceeds as planned except for two things : Mozzie intercepts a portion of the cash by opening the pneumatic tube in a tunnel , and the FBI arrests everyone at the end . Neal and Keller sneak away from Peter and meet Mozzie in the tunnel , where Keller betrays their arrangement and apparently shoots Neal in a struggle . Peter arrives , kills the fleeing Keller , and finds Neal being taken away in an ambulance . At the hospital , he and Mozzie view what appears to be Neal 's lifeless body . One year later , after Peter and El 's son Neal is born , a mysterious delivery of a bottle of fine wine inspires Peter to search out a storage unit containing evidence that Neal faked his death . Peter smiles and laughs as Neal Caffrey is last seen in Paris , seeking out some new adventure . Home video releases ( edit ) Season Episodes <Th_colspan="4"> DVD release dates Region 1 Region 2 Region 4 Discs 14 July 13 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 13 ) July 26 , 2010 ( 2010 - 07 - 26 ) August 18 , 2010 ( 2010 - 08 - 18 ) 16 June 7 , 2011 ( 2011 - 06 - 07 ) February 18 , 2013 ( 2013 - 02 - 18 ) February 8 , 2012 ( 2012 - 02 - 08 ) 16 June 5 , 2012 ( 2012 - 06 - 05 ) TBA December 11 , 2013 ( 2013 - 12 - 11 ) 16 October 8 , 2013 ( 2013 - 10 - 08 ) TBA June 25 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 25 ) 5 13 November 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 04 ) TBA TBA 6 6 May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) TBA TBA Total 81 May 5 , 2015 ( 2015 - 05 - 05 ) TBA TBA 22 References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : `` White Collar Nabs Season 4 Renewal '' . TVLine . August 25 , 2011 . Retrieved September 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( March 21 , 2014 ) . `` ' White Collar ' Renewed for Season 6 by USA ; Network Greenlights Drama ' Rush ' & ' Complications ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 1 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 12 , 2014 ) . `` ' White Collar 's Final Season To Launch In November '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved September 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar : Episode Guide '' . Zap2it . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Release Information for White Collar '' . TVShowsOnDVD.com . Retrieved February 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( October 27 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending October 25 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 30 , 2009 . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 3 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 1 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 10 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 8 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 18 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 15 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( November 24 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 22 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 29 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 2 , 2009 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending November 29 , 2009 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( December 8 , 2009 ) . `` USA Network ratings notes '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 9 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 26 , 2010 ) . `` Mid-Season Premieres of Hit Originals Lead USA To Victory '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 2 , 2010 ) . `` Cable ratings for the week ending January 31 , 2010 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 3 , 2010 ) . `` Southland , White Collar Drop On Tuesday , They Hope Because Of Lost '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 10 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Rebounds ! '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 10 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Slips a Tad '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 3 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Beats Southland By 40 % With Viewers ; and 13 % With Adults 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 3 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 10 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Ends First Season On An Up Note ; Southland Going Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 13 , 2010 . Retrieved March 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Ausiello , Michael ( February 12 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar Promotes Marsha Thomason '' . ew.com . Retrieved February 12 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Eng , Joyce ( May 26 , 2010 ) . `` Hilarie Burton Heads to White Collar '' . TV Guide . Retrieved May 26 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` USA 's ' Facing Kate ' Premieres in January ; ' Psych ' & ' Burn Notice ' Return in November ; ' White Collar ' & ' Royal Pains ' Return in January '' . TV by the Numbers . August 18 , 2010 . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 14 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch Soars , Plus White Collar , Covert Affairs , Memphis Beat , The Hills Finale Ratings & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on July 16 , 2010 . Retrieved July 14 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 21 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch , Plus White Collar , Pretty Little Liars , Warehouse 13 , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 21 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 28 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Deadliest Catch , Covert Affairs , White Collar , Pretty Little Liars , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 28 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 4 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Warehouse 13 , Pretty Little Liars , Memphis Beat , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 5 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 11 , 2010 ) . `` Tuesday Cable : Pretty Little Liars Goes Over 3 Million in Finale + Covert Affairs , Warehouse 13 , Teen Mom & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 18 , 2010 ) . `` More Tuesday Cable : Warehouse 13 Drops , Teen Mom , & Hawthorne Get Bigger & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 18 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 25 , 2010 ) . `` More Tuesday Cable Ratings : Warehouse 13 Stabilizes , Melissa & Joey Holds Most of Premiere # s & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( September 1 , 2010 ) . `` MTuesday Cable Ratings : White Collar , Warehouse 13 Steady , Covert Affairs Slips & Much More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 1 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 9 , 2010 ) . `` More Tuesday Cable Ratings : Teen Mom Tops Night + Warehouse 13 & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' White Collar ' Premiere ; ' The Game , ' ' Light 's Out , ' ' Tosh. 0 ' Down ; ' Teen Mom ' & ' Southland ' Up & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 26 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game , ' ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 ' Lead Night + ' Southland ' Up , ' White Collar , ' ' Lights Out ' Steady & More '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Leads Night + ' Teen Mom 2 , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Southland , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Lights Out ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game ' Down , But Still Leads Night + ' Teen Mom 2 , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Southland , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Lights Out ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 24 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' Lead Night , ' White Collar ' Up ; Miami ' Housewives , ' Not So Hot + ' Lights Out ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 25 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( March 2 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Leads ; ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Southland , ' ' White Collar ' Fall ; ' Lights Out ' Rises & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( March 9 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' White Collar ' and ' Southland ' Finales Rise + ' Lights Out , ' ' Teen Mom ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( September 27 , 2010 ) . `` ' Royal Pains , ' ' White Collar , ' & ' Psych ' All Renewed '' . TVbytheNumbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( February 8 , 2011 ) . `` Exclusive : White Collar Promotes Hilarie Burton to Series Regular '' . TVLine . Retrieved February 23 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Vasi , Denise ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` Denise Vasi Tweet '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved May 4 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( June 20 , 2011 ) . `` White Collar Exclusive : Beau Bridges Cast as Peter 's Mentor '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Ross , Robyn ( June 1 , 2011 ) . `` Eliza Dushku to Stir Things Up on White Collar '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 2 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( June 14 , 2011 ) . `` White Collar : Is a Musical Episode in the Works ? '' . TV Guide . Retrieved June 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Jeff Eastin ( July 5 , 2011 ) . `` Jeff Eastin Tweet '' . Twitter . Retrieved July 5 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 8 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops Night ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Return Down , Plus ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' 16 & Pregnant ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 8 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( June 15 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Deadliest Catch ' Tops ; Premieres Of ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 22 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 22 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( June 29 , 2011 ) . `` Updated Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Memphis Beat , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 29 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 7 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & Lots More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 13 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 20 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom , ' ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Hawthorne ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 20 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( July 27 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Still on Top + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' Deadliest Catch , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs , ' ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Gene Simmons ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 27 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 3 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Still on Top ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Rise + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Billy the Exterminator ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 3 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( August 10 , 2011 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' on Top but ; ' White Collar , ' ' Covert Affairs ' Rise in Summer Finales + ' Pretty Little Liars , ' ' Billy the Exterminator ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 11 , 2011 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( January 17 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' The Game , ' ' Teen Mom , ' ' Storage Wars ' Top ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' Premieres & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( January 24 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : Teen Mom , ' ' Storage Wars ' Tops + ' The Game , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gorman , Bill ( February 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Edges ' Tosh. 0 ' Premiere + ' The Game , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland , ' ' Key & Peele ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 3 , 2012 . Retrieved February 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Seidman , Robert ( February 8 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom 2 ' Wins Easily + ' Tosh. 0 , ' ' The Game , ' ' Key & Peele , ' White Collar , ' ' Justified , ' ' Southland ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 10 , 2012 . Retrieved February 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( February 23 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Special & Tosh. 0 Lead + ' Justified , ' ' White Collar , ' ' Chopped , ' ' Ink Master , ' ' Hardcore Pawn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on February 27 , 2012 . Retrieved February 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Holds Strong , ' Teen Mom II ' Falls Considerably '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on March 1 , 2012 . Retrieved March 1 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Gonzalez , Sandra ( May 10 , 2012 ) . `` ' Everwood ' star joins ' White Collar ' as ( possible spoiler ) -- EXCLUSIVE '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 9 , 2012 ) . `` White Collar Makes Tracks for Sunny ( Spoiler ) in Season 4 -- Plus , Who 's Hunting Neal ? '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( March 29 , 2012 ) . `` Matt 's Inside Line : Scoop on Vampire Diaries , White Collar , Fringe , Smash , Secret Circle & More '' . TV Line . Retrieved March 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` Red - Hot White Collar Buzz : Why Is Smallville Alum Laura Vandervoort Kissing Neal ? ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Ng , Philiana ( April 17 , 2012 ) . `` ' White Collar ' : ' House ' Actor Lands Guest Starring Gig ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved April 17 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Masters , Megan ( April 23 , 2012 ) . `` TVLine Items : Lost , TVD Vets Join New Syfy Drama , Rebecca Mader Gets Collar 'd and More ! '' . TV Line . Retrieved April 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gelman , Vlada ( May 14 , 2012 ) . `` Casting Scoops : Richard Burgi Tapped as Burn Notice Villain , Gloria Votsis Back on White Collar '' . TV Line . Retrieved May 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Mitovich , Matt Webb ( June 4 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : White Collar Nabs Castle Alum Victor Webster '' . TV Line . Retrieved June 9 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( July 9 , 2012 ) . `` Exclusive : White Collar Elects Titus Welliver and Reed Diamond for Guest Roles '' . TV Guide . Retrieved July 10 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Michael Ausiello ( July 10 , 2012 ) . `` Ask Ausiello : scoop on Grey 's , Parenthood , Castle , Vampire Diaries , Horror Story and more '' . TVLine.com . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Season 4 remaining episodes '' . White Collar on USA Network . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Returning This January Promo '' . White Collar on YouTube . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 11 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' White Collar ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Workaholics ' , ' Jane By Design ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( July 18 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 18 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( July 25 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Teen Mom ' , & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved July 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 1 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night + ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Workaholics ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 1 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 15 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night , + ' Rizzoli & Isles ' , ' Storage Wars ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Counting Cars ' , ' How Jaws Changed the World ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 15 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( August 22 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Storage Wars ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( August 29 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Teen Mom ' Wins Night + ' Storage Wars ' , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved August 29 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 6 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Counting Cars ' Wins Night , ' Teen Mom ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Dance Moms ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , DNC Coverage & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 6 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 12 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Rides to First Place & Series High , + ' Teen Mom ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Time Machine ' , ' Covert Affairs ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 12 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( September 19 , 2012 ) . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Sons of Anarchy ' Wins Night , ' Counting Cars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Face Off ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 20 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' and ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Win Night , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . Retrieved January 24 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Pretty Little Liars ' & ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' Win Night + ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . Retrieved January 30 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Hardcore Pawn ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Justified ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . Retrieved February 6 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , College Basketball , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' , ' Justified ' , ' Face Off ' & More '' . Retrieved February 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : ' Tosh. 0 ' Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' The Daily Show ' , ' Snooki & JWOWW ' , ' Real Husbands of Hollywood ' & More '' . Retrieved February 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara . `` Tuesday Cable Ratings : NBA Basketball Wins Night , ' Pretty Little Liars ' , ' Tosh. 0 ' , ' Justified ' , ' Cougar Town ' , ' Dance Moms ' & More '' . Retrieved March 3 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( September 25 , 2012 ) . `` USA 's ' Royal Pains ' , ' White Collar ' & ' Covert Affairs ' Renewed '' . Deadline Hollywood . Retrieved September 25 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ' White Collar ' season 5 spoilers : Matt Bomer 's next go - around to only be 13 episodes Jump up ^ `` Shows A-Z - white collar on usa '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' White Collar ' : Tim DeKay Previews Neal / Peter Hardships , Big Changes and Season 5 '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved January 17 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( October 18 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Project Runway ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 25 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Leads Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Children 's Hospital ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 25 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 1 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Covert Affairs ' , ' Impractical Jokers ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 8 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 15 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Football Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' White Collar , ' Braxton Family Values ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 22 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Beyond Scared Straight ' , NBA Basketball + More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 23 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 6 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , NBA Basketball , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 13 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' Project Runway All Stars ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 14 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 20 , 2013 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Tops Night + ' Time Machine ' , ' The Daily Show ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night , NBA Basketball , ' White Collar ' , ' Ground Floor ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Wins Night + NBA Basketball , ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More - Ratings TVbytheNumbers Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( January 24 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Appalachian Outlaws ' , ' White Collar ' , ' Mob Wives ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( January 31 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Pawn Stars ' Leads Night + ' Here Comes Honey Boo Boo ' , ' Ridiculousness ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 31 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 7 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : Thursday Night Football Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Real Housewives of New Jersey ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( November 14 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins Night , ' Pawn Stars ' , Basketball , ' White Collar ' & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 15 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 21 , 2014 ) . `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' Pawn Stars ' , ' The O'Reilly Factor ' , NBA Basketball & More '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops Night + NBA Basketball , ' Pawn Stars ' , ' Undrafted ' , Liga MX & More '' . Zap2it . December 5 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Wins NIght , NBA Basketball , ' Project Runway All Stars ' , ' White Collar ' & More '' . Zap2it . December 12 , 2014 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Thursday Cable Ratings : ' Thursday Night Football ' Tops Night + ' The Colbert Report ' Finale , NBA Basketball , ' The Daily Show ' & More '' . Zap2it . December 19 , 2016 . Retrieved July 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( April 21 , 2010 ) . `` White Collar - DVD and Blu - ray Formally Announced : Date , Cost , Package Art and Extras ! '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar : Season One : Mark Feuerstein , Paulo Costanzo , Jill '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved 2010 - 08 - 11 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar - Season 1 ( 4 Disc Set ) '' . ezydvd.com.au . Retrieved June 8 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 21 , 2011 ) . `` White Collar - Date , Packaging , Extras and More for Fox 's ' Season 2 ' Set ! '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved March 21 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar - Season 2 '' . Amazon.co.uk . Retrieved Dec 31 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar - The Complete 2nd Season ( DVD ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( March 14 , 2012 ) . `` White Collar - Date , Cost , Package Art and Extras for ' Season 3 ' on DVD '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved March 14 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar - The Complete 3rd Season ( DVD ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( August 15 , 2013 ) . `` White Collar - We 've Heisted the Box Art for ' Season 4 ' on DVD ! '' . TVshowsonDVD.com . Retrieved August 16 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` White Collar : Season 4 ( DVD ) '' . Ezy DVD . Retrieved December 18 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Lambert , David ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` White Collar - Release Date , Price , Extras and Box Art for ' Season 5 ' on DVD '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Lambert , David ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` White Collar - Fox Plans Spring Releases for ' Season 6 ' and ' The CON - Plete Collection ' ! '' . TVShowsOnDVD . Retrieved April 6 , 2015 . External links ( edit ) Official website List of White Collar episodes on IMDb List of White Collar episodes at TV.com White Collar at epguides.com <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) White Collar Episodes `` Pilot '' `` Upper West Side Story '' `` Neighborhood Watch '' `` Pulling Strings '' Characters Neal Caffrey Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_White_Collar_episodes&oldid=801023412 '' Categories : Lists of American crime television series episodes White Collar ( TV series ) episodes 2009 American television seasons 2010 American television seasons 2011 American television seasons 2012 American television seasons 2013 American television seasons 2014 American television seasons Hidden categories : Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Suomi Edit links This page was last edited on 17 September 2017 , at 05 : 57 . 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1. White Collar episodes 2. Crime/mystery television series 3. Neal Caffrey and Peter Burke partnership 4. White collar criminals 5. FBI investigations

when did north dakota became a state 2011

North Dakota - wikipedia North Dakota Jump to : navigation , search This article is about the U.S. state of North Dakota . For other uses , see North Dakota ( disambiguation ) . <Th_colspan="2"> State of North Dakota <Td_colspan="2"> Flag Seal <Td_colspan="2"> Nickname ( s ) : Peace Garden State , Roughrider State , Flickertail State <Td_colspan="2"> Motto ( s ) : Liberty and Union , Now and Forever , One and Inseparable <Td_colspan="2"> Demonym North Dakotan Capital Bismarck Largest city Fargo Largest metro Fargo metropolitan area Area Ranked 19th Total 70,698 sq mi ( 183,108 km ) Width 335 miles ( 539 km ) Length 211 miles ( 340 km ) % water 2.4 Latitude 45 ° 56 ′ N to 49 ° 00 ′ N Longitude 96 ° 33 ′ W to 104 ° 03 ′ W <Td_colspan="2"> Population Ranked 47th Total 757,952 ( 2016 est . ) Density 11.70 / sq mi ( 3.83 / km ) Ranked 47th Median household income $57,415 ( 25th ) <Td_colspan="2"> Elevation Highest point White Butte 3,508 ft ( 1069 m ) Mean 1,900 ft ( 580 m ) Lowest point Red River of the North at Manitoba border 751 ft ( 229 m ) <Td_colspan="2"> Before statehood Dakota Territory Admission to Union November 2 , 1889 ( 39th ) Governor Doug Burgum ( R ) Lieutenant Governor Brent Sanford ( R ) Legislature Legislative Assembly Upper house Senate Lower house House of Representatives <Td_colspan="2"> U.S. Senators John Hoeven ( R ) Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) U.S. House delegation Kevin Cramer ( R ) ( list ) Time zones most of state Central : UTC - 6 / - 5 southwest Mountain : UTC - 7 / - 6 <Td_colspan="2"> ISO 3166 US - ND Abbreviations ND , N.D. , N. Dak. , Nodak Website www.nd.gov <Th_colspan="2"> ( show ) North Dakota state symbols <Td_colspan="2"> The Flag of North Dakota <Td_colspan="2"> The Seal of North Dakota <Th_colspan="2"> Living insignia Bird Western meadowlark Fish Northern pike Flower Wild prairie rose Grass Western wheatgrass Insect Western honeybee Mammal Nokota horse Tree American Elm <Th_colspan="2"> Inanimate insignia Beverage Milk Dance Square dance Fossil Teredo petrified wood Song `` North Dakota Hymn '' Other Chokecherry ( state fruit ) <Th_colspan="2"> State route marker <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> State quarter <Td_colspan="2"> Released in 2006 <Td_colspan="2"> Lists of United States state symbols North Dakota ( / ˌnɔːrθ dəˈkoʊtə / ( listen ) ; locally ( ˌno̞ɹθ dəˈko̞ɾə ) ) is a state in the midwestern and northern regions of the United States . It is the 19th most extensive , but the 4th least populous , and the 4th most sparsely populated of the 50 U.S. states . North Dakota was admitted as the 39th state to the Union on November 2 , 1889 . The state capital is Bismarck , and the largest city is Fargo . North Dakota weathered the Great Recession of the early 21st century with a boom in natural resources , particularly a boom in oil extraction from the Bakken formation , which lies beneath the northwestern part of the state . The development drove strong job and population growth , and low unemployment . However , falling oil prices have put pressure on state finances , leading to questions about the lack of diversity in the North Dakota economy and its vulnerability to commodity price swings . Contents ( hide ) 1 Geography 1.1 Climate 2 History 3 Demographics 3.1 Population 3.2 Birth data 3.3 Migration 3.4 Ancestry 3.5 Religion 3.6 Languages 4 Culture 4.1 American Indian Nations 4.2 Pow wows 4.3 Norwegian and Icelandic influences 4.4 Germans from Russia 4.5 Fine and performing arts 4.6 Entertainment 4.7 Popular culture 5 Economy 5.1 Agriculture 5.2 Energy 5.3 Tourism 5.4 Health care 6 Emergency services 7 Transportation 8 Governance 8.1 Executive 8.2 Legislative 8.3 Judicial 8.4 Indian tribes and reservations 8.5 Federal 8.6 Politics 8.7 State taxes 8.8 Awards and recognition 9 Major cities 10 Education 10.1 Higher education 11 State symbols 12 Media 13 Notable people 14 See also 15 References 16 Bibliography 16.1 Primary sources 17 External links Geography ( edit ) View of western North Dakota Köppen climate types of North Dakota Main article : Geography of North Dakota See also : List of North Dakota counties Map of North Dakota Moose in North Dakota Theodore Roosevelt National Park , North Dakota North Dakota is in the U.S. region known as the Great Plains . The state shares the Red River of the North with Minnesota to the east . South Dakota is to the south , Montana is to the west , and the Canadian provinces of Saskatchewan and Manitoba are to the north . North Dakota is situated near the middle of North America with a stone marker in Rugby , North Dakota marking the `` Geographic Center of the North American Continent '' . With an area of 70,762 square miles ( 183,273 km ) , North Dakota is the 19th largest state . The western half of the state consists of the hilly Great Plains as well as the northern part of the Badlands , which are to the west of the Missouri River . The state 's high point , White Butte at 3,506 feet ( 1,069 m ) , and Theodore Roosevelt National Park are in the Badlands . The region is abundant in fossil fuels including natural gas , crude oil and lignite coal . The Missouri River forms Lake Sakakawea , the third largest man - made lake in the United States , behind the Garrison Dam . The central region of the state is divided into the Drift Prairie and the Missouri Plateau . The eastern part of the state consists of the flat Red River Valley , the bottom of glacial Lake Agassiz . Its fertile soil , drained by the meandering Red River flowing northward into Lake Winnipeg , supports a large agriculture industry . Devils Lake , the largest natural lake in the state , is also found in the east . Eastern North Dakota is overall flat ; however , there are significant hills and buttes in western North Dakota . Most of the state is covered in grassland ; crops cover most of eastern North Dakota but become increasingly sparse in the center and farther west . Natural trees in North Dakota are found usually where there is good drainage , such as the ravines and valley near the Pembina Gorge and Killdeer Mountains , the Turtle Mountains , the hills around Devil 's Lake , in the dunes area of McHenry County in central North Dakota , and along the Sheyenne Valley slopes and the Sheyenne delta . This diverse terrain supports nearly 2,000 species of plants . The state of North Dakota is home to the geographical center of North America near Rugby , North Dakota Climate ( edit ) Main article : Climate of North Dakota North Dakota has a continental climate with hot summers and cold winters . The temperature differences are quite significant because of its far inland position and being in the center of the Northern Hemisphere , with roughly equal distances to the North Pole and the Equator . As such , summers are almost subtropical in nature , but winters are cold enough to ensure plant hardiness is very low . Average daily maximum and minimum temperatures for selected cities in North Dakota Location July ( ° F ) July ( ° C ) January ( ° F ) January ( ° C ) Fargo 82 / 59 28 / 15 18 / 0 − 7 / − 17 Bismarck 84 / 57 29 / 14 23 / 2 − 5 / − 16 Grand Forks 81 / 56 27 / 13 16 / − 3 − 8 / − 19 Minot 81 / 58 27 / 14 21 / 3 − 6 / − 16 Williston 84 / 56 29 / 13 22 / 0 − 5 / − 17 Dickinson 83 / 55 28 / 12 26 / 6 − 3 / − 14 Mandan 84 / 57 29 / 14 20 / − 1 − 6 / − 18 History ( edit ) Main articles : Dakota Territory and History of North Dakota See also : North Dakota oil boom Early Indian treaty territories in North Dakota . Map and overview Fort Union Trading Post National Historic Site Native American peoples lived in what is now North Dakota for thousands of years before the coming of Europeans . The known tribes included the Mandan people ( maybe from around the 11th century ) , while the first Hidatsa group arrived a few hundred years later . They both assembled in villages on tributaries to Missouri River in what would become the west central North Dakota . Crow Indians travelled the plains from the west to visit and trade with the related Hidatsas after the split between them - probably in the 17th century . Later came divisions of the Dakota people - the Lakota , the Santee and the Yanktonai . The Assiniboine and the Plains Cree undertook southward journeys to the village Indians , either for trade or for war . The Shoshone Indians in present - day Wyoming and Montana may have carried out attacks on Indian enemies so far east as the Missouri . A group of Cheyennes lived in a village of earth lodges at the lower Sheyenne River ( Biesterfeldt Site ) for decades in the 18th century . Due to attacks by Crees , Assiniboines and Chippewas armed with fire weapons they left the area around 1780 and crossed the Missouri some time after . A band of the few Sotaio Indians lived east of Missouri River and met the uprooted Cheyennes before the end of the century . They soon followed the Cheyennes across the Missouri and lived among them south of Cannonball River . Eventually the Cheyenne and the Sutaio became one tribe and turned into mounted buffalo hunters with ranges mainly outside North Dakota . Before the middle of the 19th century , the Arikara entered the upcoming state from the south and joined the Mandan and Hidatsa . With time , a number of Indians entered into treaties with the United States . Many of the treaties defined the territory of a specific tribe ( see the map ) . The first European to reach the area was the French - Canadian trader Pierre Gaultier , sieur de La Vérendrye , who led an exploration and trading party to the Mandan villages in 1738 . guided by Assiniboine Indians . In 1762 the region became part of Spanish Louisiana until 1802 . Dakota Territory was settled sparsely by European Americans until the late 19th century , when the railroads were constructed into the region . With the advantage of grants of land , they vigorously marketed their properties , extolling the region as ideal for agriculture . An omnibus bill for statehood for North Dakota , South Dakota , Montana , and Washington , titled the Enabling Act of 1889 , was passed on February 22 , 1889 during the administration of Grover Cleveland . His successor , Benjamin Harrison , signed the proclamations formally admitting North Dakota and South Dakota to the Union on November 2 , 1889 . The rivalry between the two new states presented a dilemma of which was to be admitted first . Harrison directed Secretary of State James G. Blaine to shuffle the papers and obscure from him which he was signing first and the actual order went unrecorded , thus no one knows which of the Dakotas was admitted first . However , since North Dakota alphabetically appears before South Dakota , its proclamation was published first in the Statutes At Large . Since then , it has become common to list the Dakotas alphabetically and thus North Dakota is usually listed as the 39th state . Unrest among wheat farmers , especially among Norwegian immigrants , led to a populist political movement centered in the Non Partisan League ( `` NPL '' ) around the time of World War I , during which it ran candidates on the Republican ticket ( yet merging into the Democratic Party after World War II ) . It tried to insulate North Dakota from the power of out - of - state banks and corporations . In addition to founding the state - owned Bank of North Dakota and North Dakota Mill and Elevator ( both still in existence ) , the NPL established a state - owned railroad line ( later sold to the Soo Line Railroad ) . Anti-corporate laws virtually prohibited a corporation or bank from owning title to land zoned as farmland . These laws , still in force today , after having been upheld by state and federal courts , make it almost impossible to foreclose on farmland , as even after foreclosure , the property title can not be held by a bank or mortgage company . Furthermore , the Bank of North Dakota , having powers similar to a Federal Reserve branch bank , exercised its power to limit the issuance of subprime mortgages and their collateralization in the form of derivative instruments , and so prevented a collapse of housing prices within the state in the wake of 2008 's financial crisis . The original North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck burned to the ground on December 28 , 1930 . It was replaced by a limestone - faced art deco skyscraper that still stands today . A round of federal investment and construction projects began in the 1950s , including the Garrison Dam and the Minot and Grand Forks Air Force bases . There was a boom in oil exploration in western North Dakota in the late 1970s and early 1980s , as rising petroleum prices made development profitable . This boom came to an end after petroleum prices declined . In recent years the state has had a strong economy , with unemployment lower than the national average and strong job and population growth . Much of the growth has been based on development of the Bakken oil fields in the western part of the state . Estimates as to the remaining amount of oil vary , with some estimating over 100 years worth of oil remaining in the area . Demographics ( edit ) Population ( edit ) North Dakota population density The United States Census Bureau estimates North Dakota 's population was 757,952 on July 1 , 2016 , a 12.7 % increase since the 2010 United States Census . This makes North Dakota the U.S. state with the largest percentage in population growth since 2011 . Only Alaska , Wyoming , and Vermont have fewer residents . From fewer than 2,000 people in 1870 , North Dakota 's population grew to near 680,000 by 1930 . Growth then slowed , and the population has fluctuated slightly over the past seven decades , hitting a low of 617,761 in the 1970 census , with 642,200 in the 2000 census . Except for Native Americans , the North Dakota population has a lesser percentage of minorities than in the nation as a whole . As of 2011 , 20.7 % of North Dakota 's population younger than age 1 were minorities . The center of population of North Dakota is in Wells County , near Sykeston . <Th_colspan="4"> Historical population Census Pop . % ± 1870 2,405 -- 1880 36,909 1,434.7 % 1890 190,983 417.4 % 1900 319,146 67.1 % 1910 577,056 80.8 % 1920 646,872 12.1 % 1930 680,845 5.3 % 1940 641,935 − 5.7 % 1950 619,636 − 3.5 % 1960 632,446 2.1 % 1970 617,761 − 2.3 % 1980 652,717 5.7 % 1990 638,800 − 2.1 % 2000 642,200 0.5 % 672,591 4.7 % Est. 2016 757,952 12.7 % <Td_colspan="4"> Source : 1910 -- 2010 2015 Estimate Birth Data ( edit ) Note : Births in table do n't add up , because Hispanics are counted both by their ethnicity and by their race , giving a higher overall number . Live Births by Race / Ethnicity of Mother Race 2013 2014 2015 White 8,940 ( 84.3 % ) 9,509 ( 83.7 % ) 9,354 ( 82.7 % ) Non-Hispanic White 8,531 ( 80.5 % ) 9,036 ( 79.5 % ) 8,796 ( 77.7 % ) Native 1,021 ( 9.6 % ) 1,032 ( 9.1 % ) 985 ( 8.7 % ) Black 375 ( 3.5 % ) 504 ( 4.4 % ) 640 ( 5.6 % ) Asian 263 ( 2.5 % ) 314 ( 2.8 % ) 344 ( 3.0 % ) Hispanic ( of any race ) 436 ( 4.1 % ) 480 ( 4.2 % ) 580 ( 5.1 % ) Total North Dakota 10,599 ( 100 % ) 11,359 ( 100 % ) 11,314 ( 100 % ) Migration ( edit ) Throughout the latter half of the nineteenth century and into the early twentieth century , North Dakota , along with most of the midwest , experienced a mass influx of newcomers , from both the eastern United States and immigrants from Europe . North Dakota was a known popular destination for immigrant farmers and general laborers and their families , mostly from Norway , Sweden , Germany and the United Kingdom . Much of this settlement gravitated throughout the western side of the Red River Valley , as was similarly seen in South Dakota and in a parallel manner in Minnesota . This area is well known for its fertile lands . By the outbreak of the First World War , this was among North America 's richest farming regions . But a period of higher rainfall ended , and many migrants were n't successful in the arid conditions . Many family plots were too small to farm successfully . From the 1930s until the end of the 20th century , North Dakota 's population gradually declined , interrupted by a couple of brief increases . Young adults with university degrees were particularly likely to leave the state . With the advancing process of mechanization of agricultural practices , and environmental conditions requiring larger landholdings for successful agriculture , subsistence farming proved to be too risky for families . Many people moved to urban areas for jobs . Since the late 20th century , one of the major causes of migration from North Dakota is the lack of skilled jobs for college graduates . Expansion of economic development programs has been urged to create skilled and high - tech jobs , but the effectiveness of such programs has been open to debate . During the first decade of the 21st century , the population increased in large part because of jobs in the oil industry related to development of shale - oil fields . Elsewhere , the Native American population has increased as some reservations have attracted people back from urban areas . Immigration North Dakota is one of the top resettlement locations for refugees proportionally . According to the U.S. Office of Refugee Resettlement , in 2013 -- 2014 `` more than 68 refugees '' per 100,000 North Dakotans were settled in the state . In fiscal year 2014 , 582 refugees settled in the state . Fargo Mayor Mahoney said North Dakota accepting the most refugees per capita should be celebrated given the benefits they bring to the state . In 2015 , Lutheran Social Services of North Dakota , the state 's only resettlement agency , was `` awarded $458,090 in federal funding to improve refugee services . '' Immigration from outside the United States resulted in a net increase of 3,323 people , and migration within the country produced a net loss of 21,110 people . Of the residents of North Dakota , 69.8 % were born in North Dakota , 27.2 % were born in a different state , 0.6 % were born in Puerto Rico , U.S. Island areas , or born abroad to American parent ( s ) , and 2.4 % were born in another country . The age and gender distributions approximate the national average . Ancestry ( edit ) According to the 2010 Census , the racial and ethnic composition of North Dakota was as follows : White American : 90.0 % ( 88.7 % non-Hispanic white ) Native American : 5.4 % Black or African American : 1.2 % Asian : 1.0 % Pacific Islander : 0.1 % Some other race : 0.5 % Multiracial American : 0.2 % North Dakota Racial Breakdown of Population ( hide ) Racial composition 1990 2000 White 94.6 % 92.4 % 90.0 % Native American 4.1 % 4.9 % 5.4 % Black 0.6 % 0.6 % 1.2 % Asian 0.5 % 0.6 % 1.0 % Native Hawaiian and other Pacific Islander -- -- 0.1 % Other race 0.3 % 0.4 % 0.5 % Two or more races -- 1.2 % 1.8 % Throughout the mid-19th century , Dakota Territory was still dominated by Native Americans . Warfare and disease reduced their population at the same time Europeans and Americans were settling in the state . In the 21st century , most North Dakotans are of Northern European descent . As of 2009 , the seven largest European ancestry groups in North Dakota are : German : 47.2 % ( 305,322 ) Norwegian : 30.8 % ( 199,154 ) Irish : 7.7 % ( 49,892 ) Swedish : 4.7 % ( 30,194 ) Russian : 4.1 % ( 26,642 ) French : 4.1 % ( 26,320 ) English : 3.9 % ( 25,331 ) Hispanic or Latino ( of any racial groups ) : 2.0 % Religion ( edit ) <Th_colspan="5"> Religion in North Dakota religion percent <Td_colspan="2"> Lutheran <Td_colspan="2"> 35 % <Td_colspan="2"> Catholic <Td_colspan="2"> 30 % <Td_colspan="2"> Methodist <Td_colspan="2"> 7 % <Td_colspan="2"> Baptist <Td_colspan="2"> 6 % <Td_colspan="2"> Declined to answer <Td_colspan="2"> 6 % <Td_colspan="2"> Assembly of God <Td_colspan="2"> 3 % <Td_colspan="2"> No religion <Td_colspan="2"> 3 % <Td_colspan="2"> Mormon <Td_colspan="2"> 3 % <Td_colspan="2"> Presbyterians <Td_colspan="2"> 1.27 % <Td_colspan="2"> Jehovah 's witnesses <Td_colspan="2"> 1 % Vang Evangelical Lutheran Church in Manfred North Dakota has the most churches per capita of any state . Additionally , North Dakota has the highest percentage of church - going population of any state . A 2001 survey indicated 35 % of North Dakota 's population was Lutheran , and 30 % was Catholic . Other religious groups represented were Methodists ( 7 % ) , Baptists ( 6 % ) , the Assemblies of God ( 3 % ) , Presbyterians ( 1.27 % ) , and Jehovah 's Witnesses ( 1 % ) . Christians with unstated or other denominational affiliations , including other Protestants and The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter - day Saints ( LDS Church ) , totaled 3 % , bringing the total Christian population to 86 % . There were an estimated 920 Muslims and 730 Jews in the state in 2000 . Three percent of respondents answered `` no religion '' on the survey , and 6 % declined to answer . The largest church bodies by number of adherents in 2010 were the Roman Catholic Church with 167,349 ; the Evangelical Lutheran Church in America with 163,209 ; and the Lutheran Church -- Missouri Synod with 22,003 . Languages ( edit ) In 2010 , 94.86 % ( 584,496 ) of North Dakotans over 5 years old spoke English as their primary language . 5.14 % ( 31,684 ) of North Dakotans spoke a language other than English . 1.39 % ( 8,593 ) spoke German , 1.37 % ( 8,432 ) spoke Spanish , and 0.30 % ( 1,847 ) spoke Norwegian . Other languages spoken included Serbo - Croatian ( 0.19 % ) , Chinese and Japanese ( both 0.15 % ) , and Native American languages and French ( both 0.13 % ) . In 2000 , 2.5 % of the population spoke German in addition to English , reflecting early 20th century immigration . Culture ( edit ) American Indian nations ( edit ) Paul Kane witnessed and participated in the annual bison hunt of the Métis in June 1846 on the prairies in Dakota . In the 21st century , North Dakota has an increasing population of Native Americans , who in 2010 made up 5.44 % of the population . By the early 19th century the territory was dominated by Siouan - speaking peoples , whose territory stretched west from the Great Lakes area . The word `` Dakota '' is a Sioux ( Lakota / Dakota ) word meaning `` allies '' or `` friends '' . The primary historic tribal nations in or around North Dakota , are the Lakota and the Dakota ( `` The Great Sioux Nation '' or `` Oceti Sakowin , '' meaning the seven council fires ) , the Blackfoot , the Cheyenne , the Chippewa ( known as Ojibwe in Canada ) , and the Mandan . The federally recognized tribes have Indian reservations in the state , where as sovereign nations and enjoy a political status higher than the state of North Dakota . Pow wows ( edit ) Social gatherings known as `` powwows '' ( or wacipis in Lakota / Dakota ) continue to be an important part of Native American culture , and are held regularly throughout the state . Throughout Native American history , powwows were held , usually in the spring , to rejoice at the beginning of new life and the end of the winter cold . These events brought Native American tribes together for singing and dancing and allowed them to meet with old friends and acquaintances , as well as to make new ones . Many powwows also held religious significance for some tribes . Today , powwows are still a part of the Native American culture , and are attended by Native and non-Natives alike . In North Dakota , the United Tribes International Powwow , held each September in the capital of Bismarck , is one of the largest powwows in the United States . A pow wow is an occasion for parades and Native American dancers in regalia , with many dancing styles presented . It is traditional for male dancers to wear regalia decorated with beads , quills and eagle feathers ; male grass dancers wear colorful fringe regalia ; and male fancy dancers wear brightly colored feathers . Female dancers dance much more subtly than the male dancers . Fancy female dancers wear cloth , beaded moccasins and jewelry , while the jingle dress dancer wears a dress made of metal cones . Inter-tribal dances during the pow wow , allow everyone ( even spectators ) can take part in the dancing . Norwegian and Icelandic influences ( edit ) Norwegian settlers in front of their sod house in North Dakota in 1898 Around 1870 many European immigrants from Norway settled in North Dakota 's northeastern corner , especially near the Red River . Icelanders also arrived from Canada . Pembina was a town of many Norwegians when it was founded ; they worked on family farms . They started Lutheran churches and schools , greatly outnumbering other denominations in the area . This group has unique foods such as lefse and lutefisk . The continent 's largest Scandinavian event , Norsk Høstfest , is celebrated each September in Minot . The Icelandic State Park in Pembina County and an annual Icelandic festival reflect immigrants from that country , who are also descended from Scandinavians . Old World folk customs have persisted for decades in North Dakota , with revival of techniques in weaving , silver crafting , and wood carving . Traditional turf - roof houses are displayed in parks ; this style originated in Iceland . A stave church is a landmark in Minot . Ethnic Norwegians constitute nearly one - third or 32.3 % of Minot 's total population and 30.8 % of North Dakota 's total population . Germans from Russia ( edit ) See also : Germans from Russia Ethnic Germans who had settled in Russia for several generations grew dissatisfied in the nineteenth century because of economic problems and because of the revocation of religious freedoms for Mennonites and Hutterites . By 1900 , about 100,000 immigrated to the U.S. , settling primarily in North Dakota , South Dakota , Kansas and Nebraska . The south - central part of North Dakota became known as `` the German - Russian triangle '' . By 1910 , about 60,000 ethnic Germans from Russia lived in Central North Dakota . They were Lutherans and Roman Catholics who had kept many German customs of the time when their ancestors immigrated to Russia . They were committed to agriculture . Traditional iron cemetery grave markers are a famous art form practiced by ethnic Germans . Fine and performing Arts ( edit ) North Dakota 's major fine art museums and venues include the Chester Fritz Auditorium , Empire Arts Center , the Fargo Theatre , North Dakota Museum of Art , and the Plains Art Museum . The Bismarck - Mandan Symphony Orchestra , Fargo - Moorhead Symphony Orchestra , Greater Grand Forks Symphony Orchestra , Minot Symphony Orchestra and Great Plains Harmony Chorus are full - time professional and semi-professional musical ensembles that perform concerts and offer educational programs to the community . Entertainment ( edit ) See also : Music of North Dakota North Dakotan musicians of many genres include blues guitarist Jonny Lang , country music singer Lynn Anderson , jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter Peggy Lee , big band leader Lawrence Welk , and pop singer Bobby Vee . The state is also home to Indie rock June Panic ( of Fargo , signed to Secretly Canadian ) . Ed Schultz is known around the country as the host of progressive talk radio show , The Ed Schultz Show , and The Ed Show on MSNBC . Shadoe Stevens hosted American Top 40 from 1988 to 1995 . Josh Duhamel is an Emmy Award - winning actor known for his roles in All My Children and Las Vegas . Nicole Linkletter and CariDee English were winning contestants of Cycles 5 and 7 , respectively , of America 's Next Top Model . Kellan Lutz has appeared in movies such as Stick It , Accepted , Prom Night , and Twilight . Popular culture ( edit ) See also : Cuisine of North Dakota Outdoor activities such as hunting and fishing are hobbies for many North Dakotans . Ice fishing , skiing , and snowmobiling are also popular during the winter months . Residents of North Dakota may own or visit a cabin along a lake . Popular sport fish include walleye , perch , and northern pike . The western terminus of the North Country National Scenic Trail is on Lake Sakakawea , where it abuts the Lewis and Clark Trail . Economy ( edit ) See also : List of North Dakota companies and North Dakota locations by per capita income Sunflowers in Traill County , North Dakota Agriculture is North Dakota 's largest industry , although petroleum , food processing , and technology are also major industries . It is the fastest - growing state in U.S. by GDP . Its growth rate is about 8.3 % . The economy of North Dakota had a gross domestic product of $36.8 billion in 2013 . The per capita income in 2013 was $50,899 , ranked 16th in the nation . The three - year median household income from 2002 -- 2004 was $39,594 , ranking 37th in the U.S. According to Gallup data , North Dakota led the U.S. in job creation in 2013 and has done so since 2009 . The state has a Job Creation Index score of 40 , nearly 10 points ahead of its nearest competitors . North Dakota has added 56,600 private - sector jobs since 2011 , creating an annual growth rate of 7.32 percent . According to statistics released on March 25 , 2014 by the Bureau of Economic Analysis , North Dakota 's personal income grew 7.6 percent in 2013 to $41.3 billion . The state has recorded the highest personal income growth among all states for the sixth time since 2007 . North Dakota 's personal income growth is tied to various private business sectors such as agriculture , energy development , and construction . `` Just over 21 % of North Dakota 's total 2013 gross domestic product ( GDP ) of $49.77 billion comes from natural resources and mining . '' The state levies a 5 % production tax on the gross value at the wellhead of all oil produced in the state , with some exceptions . The state also levies an oil extraction ( excise ) tax on produced oil . In 2012 the state collected $1.68 billion in oil revenues , up 71.4 % over its 2011 collections . Oil taxes provide 42.3 % of the state 's total net revenues , nearly four times the individual income tax and more than eight times the revenue received from corporate income taxes . The state 's 5 % oil production tax is split between state and county governments . The state treasurer takes 20 % that it then allocates to cities and to an impact grant program . The remaining 80 % is split between the state and county governments according to a mandated formula . -- Auskick 2014 The state created a legacy fund in 2010 -- similar to a sovereign wealth fund in foreign nations -- to salt away some of the state 's revenues from oil and gas production . By law , 30 % of the state 's oil and gas taxes ( after some mandated distributions ) are deposited in the legacy fund . This has resulted in oil and gas tax collections of $446.3 million for fiscal year 2012 , $824.7 million for fiscal year 2013 and $926.6 million for fiscal year 2014 . -- Auskick 2014 North Dakota is the only state with a state - owned bank , the Bank of North Dakota in Bismarck , and a state - owned flour mill , the North Dakota Mill and Elevator in Grand Forks . These were established by the NPL before World War II . Fargo is home to the second - largest campus of Microsoft with 1,700 employees , and Amazon.com employs several hundred in Grand Forks . As of May 2014 , the state 's unemployment rate is the lowest in the nation at 2.6 % . It has not reached 5 percent since 1987 . At end of 2010 , the state per capita income was ranked 17th in the nation , the biggest increase of any state in a decade from rank 38th . The reduction in the unemployment rate and growth in per capita income is attributable to the oil boom in the state . Due to a combination of oil - related development and investing in technology and service industries , North Dakota has had a budget surplus every year since the 2008 market crash . North Dakota highest unemployment rate since the late 20th century was 6.8 % , recorded in 1983 . That is below the current unemployment rate of the majority of states . Agriculture ( edit ) North Dakota 's earliest industries were fur trading and agriculture . Although less than 10 % of the population is employed in the agricultural sector , it remains a major part of the state 's economy . With industrial - scale farming , it ranks 9th in the nation in the value of crops and 18th in total value of agricultural products sold . Large farms generate the most crops . The share of people in the state employed in agriculture is comparatively high : as of 2008 , only approximately 2 -- 3 percent of the population of the United States is directly employed in agriculture . North Dakota has about 90 % of its land area in farms with 27,500,000 acres ( 111,000 km ) of cropland , the third - largest amount in the nation . Between 2002 and 2007 , total cropland increased by about one million acres ( 4,000 km ) ; North Dakota was the only state showing an increase . Over the same period , 1,800,000 acres ( 7,300 km ) were shifted into soybean and corn monoculture production , the largest such shift in the United States . Agriculturalists are concerned about too much monoculture , as it makes the economy at risk from insect or crop diseases affecting a major crop . In addition , this development has adversely affected habitats of wildlife and birds , and the balance of the ecosystem . North Dakota Mill and Elevator postcard , ca . 1922 The state is the largest producer in the U.S. of many cereal grains , including barley ( 36 % of U.S. crop ) , durum wheat ( 58 % ) , hard red spring wheat ( 48 % ) , oats ( 17 % ) , and combined wheat of all types ( 15 % ) . It is the second leading producer of buckwheat ( 20 % ) . As of 2007 , corn became the state 's largest crop produced , although it is only 2 % of total U.S. production . The Corn Belt extends to North Dakota , but is situated more on the edge of the region instead of in its center . Corn yields are high in the southeast part of the state and smaller in other parts of the state . Most of the cereal grains are grown for livestock feed . An increasing number of livestock are being fed corn . The state is the leading producer of many oilseeds , including 92 % of the U.S. canola crop , 94 % of flax seed , 53 % of sunflower seeds , 18 % of safflower seeds , and 62 % of mustard seed . Canola is suited to the cold winters and it matures fast . Processing of canola for oil production produces canola meal as a by - product . The by - product is a high - protein animal feed . Soybeans are also an increasingly important crop , with 400,000 acres ( 1,600 km ) additional planted between 2002 and 2007 . Soybeans are a major crop in the eastern part of the state , and cultivation is common in the southeast part of the state . Soybeans were not grown at all in North Dakota in the 1940s , but the crop has become especially common since 1998 . In North Dakota soybeans have to mature fast , because of the comparatively short growing season . Soybeans are grown for livestock feed . North Dakota is the second leading producer of sugarbeets , which are grown mostly in the Red River Valley . The state is also the largest producer of honey , dry edible peas and beans , lentils , and the third - largest producer of potatoes . North Dakota 's economy is aided by nearly $1 billion in federal agricultural subsidies annually . North Dakota 's Top Agricultural Commodities ( according to the USDA as of 2011 ) 2011 rank in the U.S Commodity Percent of Nation 's production Beans , dry edible , all 25 % Beans , navy 35 % Beans , pinto 46 % Canola 83 % Flaxseed 87 % Honey 22 % Sunflower , oil 40 % Wheat , durum 36 % Wheat , spring 37 % Sunflower , all 38 % Sunflower , non-oil 24 % Wheat , all 10 % Barley 11 % Lentils 17 % Oats 8 % Peas , dry edible 21 % Sugarbeets 16 % Safflower 1 % 6 Hay , alfalfa 6 % 6 Potatoes 4 % 8 Hay , all 4 % 10 Soybeans 4 % 12 Corn for grain 2 % 17 Hay , other 2 % 26 Wheat , winter 1 % 21 Sheep and lambs 1 % 17 Cattle and calves 2 % 15 Wool production 2 % Energy ( edit ) Oil well in western North Dakota The energy industry is a major contributor to the economy . North Dakota has both coal and oil reserves . Shale gas is also produced . Lignite coal reserves in Western North Dakota are used to generate about 90 % of the electricity consumed , and electricity is also exported to nearby states . North Dakota has the second largest lignite coal production in the U.S. However , lignite coal is the lowest grade coal . There are larger and higher grade coal reserves ( anthracite , bituminous coal and subbituminous coal ) in other U.S. states . Oil was discovered near Tioga in 1951 , generating 53 million barrels ( 8,400,000 m ) of oil a year by 1984 . Recoverable oil reserves have jumped dramatically recently . The oil reserves of the Bakken Formation may hold up to 400 billion barrels ( 6.4 × 10 m ) of oil , 25 times larger than the reserves in the Arctic National Wildlife Refuge . A report issued in April 2008 by the U.S. Geological Survey estimates the oil recoverable by current technology in the Bakken formation is two orders of magnitude less , in the range of 3 billion barrels ( 480 × 10 ^ m ) to 4.3 billion barrels ( 680 × 10 ^ m ) , with a mean of 3.65 billion barrels ( 580 × 10 ^ m ) . North - Western North Dakota is the center of an oil boom : the Williston , Tioga , Stanley and Minot - Burlington communities are having rapid growth that strains housing and local services . As of 2012 , the state is the 2nd - largest oil producer in the U.S. , with an average of 575,490 barrels per day . The Great Plains region , which includes the state of North Dakota , has been referred to as `` the Saudi Arabia of wind energy . '' Development of wind energy in North Dakota has been cost effective because the state has large rural expanses and wind speeds seldom go below 10 mph . Tourism ( edit ) North Dakota is considered the least visited state , owing , in part , to its not having a major tourist attraction . Nonetheless , tourism is North Dakota 's third largest industry , contributing more than $3 billion into the state 's economy annually . Outdoor attractions like the 144 - mile Maah Daah Hey Trail and activities like fishing and hunting attract visitors . The state is known for the Lewis & Clark Trail and being the winter camp of the Corps of Discovery . Areas popular with visitors include Theodore Roosevelt National Park in the western part of the state . The park often exceeds 475,000 visitors each year . Regular events in the state that attract tourists include Norsk Høstfest in Minot , billed as North America 's largest Scandinavian festival ; the Medora Musical ; and the North Dakota State Fair . The state also receives a significant amount of visitors from the neighboring Canadian provinces of Manitoba and Saskatchewan , particularly when the exchange rate is favorable . Health care ( edit ) See also : List of hospitals in North Dakota North Dakota has six level - II trauma centers , 44 hospitals , 52 rural health clinics , and 80 nursing homes . Major provider networks include Sanford , PrimeCare , Trinity , and Altru . Blue Cross Blue Shield of North Dakota is the largest medical insurer in the state . North Dakota expanded Medicaid in 2014 , and its health insurance exchange is the federal site , HealthCare.gov . North Dakota law requires pharmacies , other than hospital dispensaries and pre-existing stores , to be majority - owned by pharmacists . Voters rejected a proposal to change the law in 2014 . Emergency Services ( edit ) The North Dakota Department of Emergency Services provides 24 / 7 communication and coordination for more than 50 agencies . In addition , `` it administers federal disaster recovery programs and the Homeland Security Grant Program '' . In 2011 , the Department selected Geo - Comm , Inc. `` for the Statewide Seamless Base Map Project , '' which will facilitate `` identifying locations 9 -- 1 -- 1 callers '' and route emergency calls based on locations . In 1993 the state adopted the Burkle addressing system numbering rural roads and buildings to aid in the delivery of emergency services . Transportation ( edit ) See also : List of North Dakota numbered highways , List of North Dakota railroads , and Aviation in North Dakota Interstate 94 in North Dakota , near Gladstone . Transportation in North Dakota is overseen by the North Dakota Department of Transportation . The major Interstate highways are Interstate 29 and Interstate 94 , with I - 29 and I - 94 meeting at Fargo , with I - 29 oriented north to south along the eastern edge of the state , and I - 94 bisecting the state from east to west between Minnesota and Montana . A unique feature of the North Dakota Interstate Highway system is virtually all of it is paved in concrete , rather than blacktop , because of the extreme weather conditions it must endure . The largest rail systems in the state are operated by BNSF and the Canadian Pacific Railway . Many branch lines formerly used by BNSF and Canadian Pacific Railway are now operated by the Dakota , Missouri Valley and Western Railroad and the Red River Valley and Western Railroad . North Dakota 's principal airports are the Hector International Airport ( FAR ) in Fargo , Grand Forks International Airport ( GFK ) , Bismarck Municipal Airport ( BIS ) , Minot International Airport ( MOT ) and Sloulin Field International Airport ( ISN ) in Williston . Amtrak 's Empire Builder runs through North Dakota , making stops at Fargo ( 2 : 13 am westbound , 3 : 35 am eastbound ) , Grand Forks ( 4 : 52 am westbound , 12 : 57 am eastbound ) , Minot ( around 9 am westbound and around 9 : 30 pm eastbound ) , and four other stations . It is the descendant of the famous line of the same name run by the Great Northern Railway , which was built by the tycoon James J. Hill and ran from St. Paul to Seattle . Intercity bus service is provided by Greyhound and Jefferson Lines . Public transit in North Dakota includes daily fixed - route bus systems in Fargo , Bismarck - Mandan , Grand Forks , and Minot , paratransit service in 57 communities , along with multi-county rural transit systems . Governance ( edit ) As with the federal government of the United States , political power in North Dakota state government is divided into three branches : executive , legislative , and judicial . The Constitution of North Dakota and the North Dakota Century Code form the formal law of the state ; the North Dakota Administrative Code incorporates additional rules and policies of state agencies . Executive ( edit ) See also : List of Governors of North Dakota , List of Lieutenant Governors of North Dakota , List of Secretaries of State of North Dakota , and List of Attorneys General of North Dakota John Burke , 10th Governor of North Dakota The executive branch is headed by the elected governor . The current governor is Doug Burgum , a Republican who took office December 15 , 2016 after his predecessor , Jack Dalrymple did not seek reelection . The current Lieutenant Governor of North Dakota is Brent Sanford , who is also the President of the Senate . The offices of governor and lieutenant governor have four - year terms , which are next up for election in 2020 . The governor has a cabinet consisting of appointed leaders of various state government agencies , called commissioners . The other elected constitutional offices are secretary of state , attorney general , state auditor , and state treasurer . Legislative ( edit ) The North Dakota Legislative Assembly is a bicameral body consisting of the Senate and the House of Representatives . The state has 47 districts . Each district has one senator and two representatives . Both senators and representatives are elected to four - year terms . The state 's legal code is named the North Dakota Century Code . Judicial ( edit ) North Dakota 's court system has four levels . Municipal courts serve the cities , and most cases start in the district courts , which are courts of general jurisdiction . There are 42 district court judges in seven judicial districts . Appeals from the trial courts and challenges to certain governmental decisions are heard by the North Dakota Court of Appeals , consisting of three - judge panels . The five - justice North Dakota Supreme Court hears all appeals from the district courts and the Court of Appeals . Indian tribes and reservations ( edit ) Historically , North Dakota was populated by the Mandan , Hidatsa , Lakota , and Ojibwe , and later by the Sanish and Métis . Today , five federally recognized tribes within the boundaries of North Dakota have independent , sovereign relationships with the federal government and territorial reservations : Mandan , Hidatsa , and Arikara Nation , Fort Berthold Reservation ; Sisseton Wahpeton Oyate , Lake Traverse Indian Reservation ; Standing Rock Sioux , Standing Rock Indian Reservation ; Spirit Lake Tribe , Spirit Lake Reservation ; and Turtle Mountain Band of Chippewa Indians , Turtle Mountain Reservation . Federal ( edit ) See also : List of United States Senators from North Dakota North Dakota 's United States Senators are John Hoeven ( R ) and Heidi Heitkamp ( D - NPL ) . The state has one at - large congressional district represented by Representative Kevin Cramer ( R ) . Federal court cases are heard in the United States District Court for the District of North Dakota , which holds court in Bismarck , Fargo , Grand Forks , and Minot . Appeals are heard by the Eighth Circuit Court of Appeals based in St. Louis , Missouri . Politics ( edit ) Main article : Politics of North Dakota Treemap of the popular vote by county , 2016 presidential election . See also : Political party strength in North Dakota and List of political parties in North Dakota North Dakota Senator John Hoeven ( R ) North Dakota Senator Heidi Heitkamp ( D ) The major political parties in North Dakota are the Democratic - NPL and the Republican Party . As of 2007 , the Constitution Party and the Libertarian Party are also organized parties in the state . At the state level , the governorship has been held by the Republican Party since 1992 , along with a majority of the state legislature and statewide officers . Dem - NPL showings were strong in the 2000 governor 's race , and in the 2006 legislative elections , but the League has not had a major breakthrough since the administration of former state governor George Sinner . The Republican Party presidential candidate usually carries the state ; in 2004 , George W. Bush won with 62.9 % of the vote . Of all the Democratic presidential candidates since 1892 , only Grover Cleveland ( 1892 , one of three votes ) , Woodrow Wilson ( 1912 and 1916 ) , Franklin D. Roosevelt ( 1932 and 1936 ) , and Lyndon B. Johnson ( 1964 ) received Electoral College votes from North Dakota . On the other hand , Dem - NPL candidates for North Dakota 's federal Senate and House seats won every election between 1982 and 2008 , and the state 's federal delegation was entirely Democratic from 1987 to 2011 . State taxes ( edit ) North Dakota has a slightly progressive income tax structure ; the five brackets of state income tax rates are 2.1 % , 3.92 % 4.34 % , 5.04 % , and 5.54 % as of 2004 . In 2005 North Dakota ranked 22nd highest by per capita state taxes . The sales tax in North Dakota is 5 % for most items . The state allows municipalities to institute local sales taxes and special local taxes , such as the 1.75 % supplemental sales tax in Grand Forks . Excise taxes are levied on the purchase price or market value of aircraft registered in North Dakota . The state imposes a use tax on items purchased elsewhere but used within North Dakota . Owners of real property in North Dakota pay property tax to their county , municipality , school district , and special taxing districts . The Tax Foundation ranks North Dakota as the state with the 20th most `` business friendly '' tax climate in the nation . Tax Freedom Day arrives on April 1 , 10 days earlier than the national Tax Freedom Day . In 2006 , North Dakota was the state with the lowest number of returns filed by taxpayers with an Adjusted Gross Income of over $1 M -- only 333 . Awards and recognition ( edit ) In 2014 , North Dakota was named the `` best - run state in the country '' according to 24 / 7 Wall Street , a financial news organization . `` The group notes North Dakota 's 2.9 percent unemployment rate in 2013 as well as the highest rise in gross domestic product at 9.7 percent . '' North Dakota Supreme Court Chief Justice Gerald VandeWalle was awarded the Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award in 2014 . Governor Jack Dalrymple , who selected VandeWalle as the 41st Rough Rider Award recipient , said `` When you think about visionary leaders having a significant impact on our state , Justice VandeWalle stands out among the rest '' . The Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award `` recognizes present or former North Dakotans who have been influenced by this state in achieving national recognition in their fields of endeavor , thereby reflecting credit and honor upon North Dakota and its citizens '' . Major cities ( edit ) See also : List of cities in North Dakota Downtown Fargo in 2007 North Dakota State Capitol in Bismarck , North Dakota Fargo is the largest city in North Dakota and is the economic hub for the region . Bismarck , in south - central North Dakota along the banks of the Missouri River , has been North Dakota 's capital city since 1883 , first as capital of the Dakota Territory , and then as state capital since 1889 . Minot is a city in northern North Dakota and is home of the North Dakota State Fair and Norsk Høstfest . A few miles west of Bismarck on the west side of the Missouri River , the city of Mandan was named for the Mandan Indians who inhabited the area at the time of the Lewis and Clark Expedition . New Salem is the site of the world 's largest statue of a holstein cow ; the world 's largest statue of a bison is in Jamestown . Grand Forks and Devils Lake are in scenic areas of North Dakota . West Fargo , the fifth largest city in North Dakota , is one of the fastest growing cities. and was recognized as a Playful City USA by the KaBOOM ! Foundation in 2011 . Williston is near the confluence of the Missouri River and the Yellowstone River near Montana . Medora in the North Dakota Badlands hosts the Medora Musical every summer and is the gateway to Theodore Roosevelt National Park . Fort Yates , along the Missouri River on the Standing Rock Indian Reservation , claims to host the final resting place of Hunkpapa Lakota leader Sitting Bull ( Mobridge , South Dakota also claims his gravesite ) . Education ( edit ) Higher education ( edit ) Main article : List of colleges and universities in North Dakota The state has 11 public colleges and universities , five tribal community colleges , and four private schools . The largest institutions are North Dakota State University and the University of North Dakota . The higher education system consists of the following institutions : North Dakota University System ( public institutions ) : Bismarck State College in Bismarck Dickinson State University in Dickinson Lake Region State College in Devils Lake Mayville State University in Mayville Minot State University in Minot Dakota College at Bottineau in Bottineau North Dakota State University in Fargo North Dakota State College of Science in Wahpeton & Fargo University of North Dakota in Grand Forks Valley City State University in Valley City Williston State College in Williston Tribal institutions : Cankdeska Cikana Community College in Fort Totten Fort Berthold Community College in New Town Sitting Bull College in Fort Yates Turtle Mountain Community College in Belcourt United Tribes Technical College in Bismarck Private institutions : University of Jamestown in Jamestown Rasmussen College in Fargo and Bismarck Trinity Bible College in Ellendale University of Mary in Bismarck State symbols ( edit ) Main article : List of North Dakota state symbols The wild prairie rose State bird : western meadowlark , Sturnella neglecta State fish : northern pike , Esox lucius State horse : Nokota horse State flower : wild prairie rose , Rosa arkansana State tree : American elm , Ulmus americana State fossil : teredo petrified wood State grass : western wheatgrass , Pascopyrum smithii State nicknames : Roughrider State , Flickertail State , Peace Garden State , Sioux state . State mottos : ( Great Seal of North Dakota ) Liberty and Union , Now and Forever , One and Inseparable ( Coat of arms of North Dakota ) Strength from the Soil ( Latin Motto of North Dakota , effective August 1 , 2011 ) Serit ut alteri saeclo prosit ( One sows for the benefit of another age . ) State slogan : Legendary State song : `` North Dakota Hymn '' State dance : square dance State fruit : chokecherry State march : `` Flickertail March '' State beverage : milk State art museum : North Dakota Museum of Art State license plate : see the different types over time `` The Flickertail State '' is one of North Dakota 's nicknames and is derived from Richardson 's ground squirrel ( Spermophilus richardsonii ) , a very common animal in the region . The ground squirrel constantly flicks its tail in a distinctive manner . In 1953 , legislation to make the ground squirrel the state emblem was voted down in the state legislature . Media ( edit ) See also : List of newspapers in North Dakota , List of radio stations in North Dakota , and List of television stations in North Dakota The state has 10 daily newspapers , the largest being The Forum of Fargo - Moorhead . Other weekly and monthly publications ( most of which are fully supported by advertising ) are also available . The most prominent of these is the alternative weekly High Plains Reader . The state 's oldest radio station , WDAY - AM , was launched on May 23 , 1922 . North Dakota 's three major radio markets center around Fargo , Bismarck , and Grand Forks , though stations broadcast in every region of the state . Several new stations were built in Williston in the early 2010s . North Dakota has 34 AM and 88 FM radio stations . KFGO in Fargo has the largest audience . Broadcast television in North Dakota started on April 3 , 1953 , when KCJB - TV ( now KXMC - TV ) in Minot started operations . North Dakota 's television media markets are Fargo - Grand Forks , ( 117th largest nationally ) , including the eastern half of the state , and Minot - Bismarck ( 152nd ) , making up the western half of the state . There are currently 31 full - power television stations , arranged into 10 networks , with 17 digital subchannels . Public broadcasting in North Dakota is provided by Prairie Public , with statewide television and radio networks affiliated with PBS and NPR . Public access television stations open to community programming are offered on cable systems in Bismarck , Dickinson , Fargo , and Jamestown . Notable people ( edit ) For a more comprehensive list , see List of people from North Dakota . Sam Anderson , actor . Brian Bohrer , minister and author . James F. Buchli , former NASA astronaut . Quentin N. Burdick , former U.S. Senator , third longest - serving Senator among current members of this body . Warren Christopher , former U.S. Secretary of State , diplomat and lawyer . Shannon Curfman , American blues - rock guitarist and singer . Angie Dickinson , Golden Globe - winning television and film actress . Josh Duhamel , Emmy Award - winning actor and former male fashion model . Carl Ben Eielson , aviator , bush pilot and explorer . CariDee English , winner of Cycle 7 on America 's Next Top Model . Host of Pretty Wicked . Louise Erdrich , Native American author of novels , poetry , and children 's books . Darin Erstad , MLB all - star and World Series Champion . Travis Hafner , MLB Designated Hitter for the Cleveland Indians . Richard Hieb , former NASA astronaut . Clint Hill , United States Secret Service agent who was in the presidential motorcade during the assassination of John F. Kennedy . Virgil Hill , former WBA World Cruiserweight champion and Olympic boxer . David C. Jones , 9th chairman of the U.S. Joint Chiefs of Staff Gordon Kahl , tax protestor best known for the Medina shootout in 1983 . Chuck Klosterman , writer , journalist , critic , humorist , and essayist whose work often focuses on pop culture . Louis L'Amour , author of primarily Western fiction . Jonny Lang , Grammy - winning blues guitarist and singer . Peggy Lee , jazz and traditional pop singer and songwriter . Nicole Linkletter , winner of Cycle 5 on `` America 's Next Top Model '' . Kellan Lutz , actor who portrays Emmett Cullen in Twilight and New Moon . Former male fashion model . Roger Maris , right fielder in Major League Baseball and former single season home run record holder Cara Mund , Miss America 2018 Phil Jackson , former basketball coach who won 11 NBA championships in his coaching career . Thomas McGrath , poet and political activist . Michael H. Miller , 61st Superintendent of the United States Naval Academy Mancur Olson , economist . Alan Ritchson , participant in 3rd season of American Idol , singer , model and actor . Sakakawea , who joined Lewis and Clark on their expedition . Ed Schultz , host of The Ed Schultz Show . Eric Sevareid , CBS news journalist . Ann Sothern , Oscar nominated film and television actress . Richard St. Clair , Harvard - educated composer of modern classical music . Shadoe Stevens , host of American Top 40 . Bobby Vee , pop music singer . Lawrence Welk , musician , accordion player , bandleader , and television impresario . Wiz Khalifa , hip hop artist . Carson Wentz , professional football player for the Philadelphia Eagles See also ( edit ) North Dakota portal Index of North Dakota - related articles Job Creation Index Outline of North Dakota -- organized list of topics about North Dakota References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Population and Housing Unit Estimates '' . U.S. Census Bureau . June 22 , 2017 . Retrieved June 22 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Median Annual Household Income '' . The Henry J. Kaiser Family Foundation . Retrieved December 9 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` Elevations and Distances in the United States '' . United States Geological Survey . 2001 . Archived from the original on October 15 , 2011 . Retrieved October 24 , 2011 . ^ Jump up to : Elevation adjusted to North American Vertical Datum of 1988 . ^ Jump up to : Shactman , Brian ( August 28 , 2011 ) . `` Unemployed ? Go to North Dakota '' . CNBC . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Fernando , Vincent ; Jin , Betty ( August 23 , 2010 ) . `` 10 States With Ridiculously Low Unemployment -- And Why '' . Business Insider . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : Shaffer , David ( December 22 , 2012 ) . `` N. Dakota population growth is tops in U.S '' . Star Tribune . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Facts and figures '' . infoplease.com . Retrieved June 22 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Land and Water Area of States , 2000 '' . Information Please . 2006 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt National Park Virtual Tour '' . The Real North Dakota Project . 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` History of Lake Sakakawea State Park '' . North Dakota Parks & Recreation Department . 2003 . Archived from the original on September 28 , 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` A Glacier , A Lake , A Valley and Soil for the Future '' . University of Minnesota . 1979 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Facts and Trivia '' . 50States.com. 2007 . Retrieved August 17 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Flora of North Dakota : Checklist '' . ashipunov.info . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Geographical Center of North America , Rugby , North Dakota '' . RoadsideAmerica.com . Retrieved April 18 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota climate averages '' . Weatherbase . Retrieved November 10 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Wood , W. Raymond and Thomas D. Thiessen : Early Fur Trade On The Northern Plains . Canadian Traders Among the Mandan and Hidatsa Indians , 1738 - 1818 . Norman and London , 1987 , p. 5 . Jump up ^ Ahler , Stanley A. , T.D. Thiessen and M.K. Trimble : People of the Willows . The Prehistory and Early History of the Hidatsa Indians . Grand Forks , 1991. , p. 38 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. Raymond : Notes on the Crow - Hidatsa Schism . Plains Anthropologist , Vol. 22 ( 1977 ) , pp. 83 - 100 , p. 86 . Jump up ^ Milloy , John S. : The Plains Cree. Trade , Diplomacy and War , 1790 - 1870 . Winnipeg , 1988 , pp. 47 - 66 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. Raymond : The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland : Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map . Plains Anthropologist . Vol. 55 , No. 216 ( Nov. 2010 ) , pp. 255 - 276 , p. 266 . Jump up ^ Hyde , George E. : Life of George Bent . Written From His Letters . Norman , 1987 . pp. 9 - 15 . Jump up ^ Wood , W. Raymond : The Earliest Map of the Mandan Heartland : Notes on the Jarvis and Mackay 1791 Map . Plains Anthropologist . Vol. 55 , No. 216 ( Nov. 2010 ) , pp. 255 - 276 , p. 272 . Jump up ^ Meyer , Roy W. : The Village Indians of the Upper Missouri . The Mandans , Hidatsas , and Arikaras . Lincoln and London , 1977 , p. 90 . Jump up ^ `` Audio Transcript of Pierre Gaultier de La Vérendrye 1738 '' . The Atlas of Canada . 2003 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Louisiana Purchase - History , Facts , & Map '' . Britannica.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Enabling Act '' . Washington State Legislature . Archived from the original on September 19 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Coin of the Month '' . The United States Mint . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota 's Boundaries '' . North Dakota Geological Survey . 2002 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Port , Rob ( March 16 , 2015 ) . `` Why Not Just End North Dakota 's Corporate Farming Law ? '' . SayAnythingBlog . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` CHAPTER 10 - 06.1 Corporate or Limited Liability Company Farming '' ( PDF ) . State of North Dakota . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Harkinson , Josh ( March 27 , 2009 ) . `` How the Nation 's Only State - Owned Bank Became the Envy of Wall Street '' . Mother Jones . Retrieved December 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota State Capitol Building & Grounds Virtual Tour Map '' . The Real North Dakota Project . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Timeline '' . WorldAtlas.com . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` North Dakota History : Overview and Summary '' . State Historical Society of North Dakota . 1999 . Archived from the original on April 3 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Perry , Mark ( January 31 , 2013 ) . `` Bakken oil boom in North Dakota might last for 100 years '' . American Enterprise Institute . Retrieved February 7 , 2013 . ^ Jump up to : `` Table 1 . Annual Estimates of the Resident Population for the United States , Regions , States , and Puerto Rico : April 1 , 2010 to July 1 , 2016 '' ( CSV ) . U.S. Census Bureau . December 20 , 2016 . Retrieved December 20 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota is Nation 's Fastest - Growing State Since 2011 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Historical Population '' . North Dakota State University . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota QuickFacts from the US Census Bureau '' . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Exner , Rich ( June 3 , 2012 ) . `` Americans under age 1 now mostly minorities , but not in Ohio : Statistical Snapshot '' . The Plain Dealer . Jump up ^ `` statecenters '' . U.S. Census Bureau . 2000 . Archived from the original on June 22 , 2013 . Retrieved November 21 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Resident Population Data . `` Resident Population Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on October 19 , 2013 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2013 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2014 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Births : Final Data for 2015 '' ( PDF ) . Cdc.gov . Retrieved 4 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Leading Population Trends in North Dakota '' . North Dakota State University . 2007 . Archived from the original on August 18 , 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Agenda 2003 -- Saving North Dakota '' . The Forum of Fargo - Moorhead. 2002 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Oil boom turbocharges North Dakota population growth '' , The Denver Post , Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Where refugees go in America '' . Washington Post . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fiscal Year 2014 Refugee Arrivals - Office of Refugee Resettlement - Administration for Children and Families '' . Acf.hhs.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota leads nation in refugee resettlement per capita '' . Inforum.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Federal funding issued for refugee resettlement '' . Inforum.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Cumulative Estimates of the Components of Population Change for the United States , Regions and States : April 1 , 2000 to July 1 , 2015 ( NST - EST2008 - 04 ) '' . U.S. Census Bureau . December 15 , 2015 . Archived from the original ( CSV ) on February 5 , 2009 . Retrieved January 16 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Data Access and Dissemination Systems ( DADS ) . `` American FactFinder -- Results '' Archived August 15 , 2014 , at the Wayback Machine ... Jump up ^ 2010 Census Data . `` 2010 Census Data -- 2010 Census '' . 2010.census.gov . Archived from the original on March 24 , 2011 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Historical Census Statistics on Population Totals By Race , 1790 to 1990 , and By Hispanic Origin , 1970 to 1990 , For The United States , Regions , Divisions , and States '' . Census.gov . Archived from the original on December 24 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Census Viewer '' . Censusviewer.com . January 8 , 2014 . Archived from the original on January 8 , 2014 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ 2010 Census Data . `` 2010 Census Data '' . Census.gov . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` American Religious Identification Survey '' . Exhibit 15 . The Graduate Center , City University of New York . Archived from the original on September 13 , 2006 . Retrieved November 24 , 2006 . Jump up ^ `` Presbytery of the Northern Plains '' . Presbytery of the Northern Plains . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota -- Religions '' . City-data.com . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Association of Religion Data Archives State Membership Report '' . Thearda.com . Retrieved November 27 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Most Spoken Language in North Dakota in 2010 '' . Modern Language Association . Archived from the original on June 19 , 2006 . Retrieved December 15 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` US Census 2000 '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ William Charles Sherman , Playford V. Thorson , Warren A. Henke , Plains Folk : North Dakota 's Ethnic History ( North Dakota Institute for Regional Studies , 1986 ) pp 189 , 242 , 256 Jump up ^ Elwyn B. Robinson , History of North Dakota ( 1966 ) pp. 285 -- 87 , 557 Jump up ^ `` Germans from Russia Heritage Collection '' . Library.ndsu.edu . September 1 , 2002 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Josh Duhamel '' . IMDb. 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Fish Species '' . North Dakota Game and Fish Department . 2007 . Retrieved August 19 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Economy of North Dakota '' . NetState . June 4 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Gross Domestic Product ( GDP ) by State '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . October 26 , 2006 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Regional Economic Accounts '' . U.S. Bureau of Economic Analysis . Archived from the original on October 18 , 2008 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` United States and States -- R2001 . Median Household Income '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Archived from the original on September 14 , 2007 . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ O'Neal , Adam ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` N. Dakota Again Tops Job - Creation List , D.C. Second '' . Real Clear Politics . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Thomas , G. Scott ( June 27 , 2013 ) . `` Governors and jobs : How governors rank for job creation in their states '' . The Business Journals . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Saad , Lydia ( February 12 , 2014 ) . `` North Dakota Leads in Job Creation for Fifth Straight Year '' . Gallup . Retrieved February 12 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Nowatzki , Mike ( March 25 , 2014 ) . `` N.D. leads nation in personal income growth again '' . Prairie Business . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ND records nation 's highest personal income growth '' . Yahoo News . March 25 , 2014 . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Graeber , Daniel ( March 26 , 2014 ) . `` Economy in oil - rich North Dakota booming '' . UPI . Retrieved March 26 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Will $60 Oil Ruin North Dakota 's Economy ? '' . 247wallst.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon to Expand Customer Service Center in Grand Forks , ND '' . Bloomberg . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ Gunderson , Dan . `` With Microsoft , Hitachi to open software business in Fargo '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved December 21 , 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Local Area Unemployment Statistics Home Page '' . Bls.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Cauchon , Dennis ( March 17 , 2011 ) . `` North Dakota economy booms , population soars '' . USA Today . Jump up ^ Canova , Timothy . `` The Public Option : The Case for Parallel Public Banking Institutions '' ( PDF ) . Retrieved January 31 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` Current Unemployment Rates for States and Historical Highs / Lows '' . Bls.gov . August 19 , 2013 . Retrieved September 13 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota -- DP - 3 . Profile of Selected Economic Characteristics : 2000 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved August 30 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Extension '' . Csrees.usda.gov. April 19 , 2011 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . ^ Jump up to : United States Department of Agriculture ( December 2009 ) . 2007 Census of Agriculture . 1 . Part 51 . pp. 276 -- 293 , pp. 345 -- 355 , p. 434 , pp. 474 -- 489 . Jump up ^ `` NASS -- Publications -- Trends in U.S. Agriculture '' . Nass.usda.gov . December 5 , 2005 . Retrieved October 23 , 2012 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Jump up ^ ( 2 ) Jump up ^ ( 3 ) Jump up ^ `` Things To Do In North Dakota '' . ThingsToDo.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Gunderson , Dan ( August 28 , 2006 ) . `` North Dakota oil patch is booming '' . Minnesota Public Radio . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Donovan , Lauren ( June 20 , 2006 ) . `` North Dakota may be bigger oil player than Alaska '' . Bismarck Tribune . Jump up ^ `` 3 to 4.3 Billion Barrels of Technically Recoverable Oil Assessed in North Dakota and Montana 's Bakken Formation -- 25 Times More Than 1995 Estimate '' . U.S. Geological Survey . April 10 , 2008 . Retrieved April 11 , 2008 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Drilling and Production Statistics '' . Dmr.nd.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Crude Oil Production '' . Eia.doe.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota becomes US 's 2nd - leading oil producer - Economic Times '' . July 10 , 2012 . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Text `` Archive.is '' ignored ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Earth Policy Reader '' . Retrieved February 25 , 2009 . Jump up ^ Lukas , Paul ( November 1 , 1999 ) . `` State Secret North Dakota , our least visited state , is also among the most underappreciated '' . CNNMoney.com . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ Meltzer , Matt ( September 20 , 2015 ) . `` The Least - Visited States in America , and Why You Should Go to Each '' . Thrillist.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` First Annual Centennial Strategy for Theodore Roosevelt National Park '' ( PDF ) . August 2007 . Retrieved July 13 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Norsk Høstfest '' . October 7 , 2006 . Jump up ^ Elvins , Sarah ( September 2 , 2015 ) . `` ' A river of money flowing south ' : cross-border shopping in North Dakota and the insatiable Canadian desire for American goods , 1900 -- 2001 '' . History of Retailing and Consumption. 1 ( 3 ) : 230 -- 245 . ISSN 2373 - 518X . doi : 10.1080 / 2373518X. 2015.1134256 . Jump up ^ Verified Trauma Centers . American College of Surgeons . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Health Resources . Ndhealth.gov . Retrieved on May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Health Resources . Ndhealth.gov . Retrieved on May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Health Resources . Ndhealth.gov . Retrieved on May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Licensed and Non-Licensed Affiliates '' . BCBSND . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Department of Human Services '' . Nd.gov . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Health Insurance Marketplace for Individuals '' . HealthCare.gov . March 31 , 2014 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Blair , Whitney ( December 6 , 2010 ) . `` Why Walgreens In Fargo , N.D. , Ca n't Fill Your Prescriptions '' . Npr.org . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Secretary of State - Election Night Results - November 8th , 2016 '' . results.sos.nd.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ND Department of Emergency Services : Welcome '' . Nd.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ND Department of Emergency Services : About NDDES '' . Nd.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Home - GeoComm '' . GeoComm . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Map Data Development Services - '' . Geo-comm.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Emergency Services Communications Systems , North Dakota Century Code No. 57 - 40.6 -- 10 part d. of date unknown . Retrieved on June 7 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Dakota , Missouri Valleya and Western Railroad '' . Dakota , Missouri Valleya and Western Railroad . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` About Us '' . Red River Valley and Western Railroad . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Amtrak -- Routes -- Northwest '' . Amtrak . Retrieved October 5 , 2007 . Jump up ^ Transit / Data Maps . NDSU SURTC . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` State Government '' . State of North Dakota . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Administrative Code North Dakota Legislative Branch '' . Legis.nd.gov . July 1 , 1978 . Retrieved April 18 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` District Courts '' . North Dakota Supreme Court . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` All District Judges '' . North Dakota Supreme Court . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota Judicial System '' . North Dakota Supreme Court . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` FAQ : Individual Income Tax '' . Office of State Tax Commissioner , Tax Department , North Dakota . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` States Ranked by Total State Taxes and Per Capita Amount : 2005 '' . U.S. Census Bureau . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Sales and Use '' . Office of State Tax Commissioner , Tax Department , North Dakota . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Grand Forks : Economy -- Major Industries and Commercial Activity '' . City-Data.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Property '' . Office of State Tax Commissioner , Tax Department , North Dakota . Retrieved October 4 , 2007 . ^ Jump up to : `` Tax Research Areas > North Dakota '' . The Tax Foundation . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ IRS -- Tax Stats at a Glance Archived August 9 , 2012 , at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ Smith , Nick . `` North Dakota named best - run state for third year '' . Bismarcktribune.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Gov. Dalrymple names chief justice Rough Rider Award winner '' . Inforum.com . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Theodore Roosevelt Rough Rider Award - North Dakota Office of the Governor '' . governor.nd.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` 2010 Census Redistricting Data ( Public Law 94 - 171 ) Summary File '' . American FactFinder . United States Census Bureau . Archived from the original on July 21 , 2011 . Retrieved May 2 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` City of West Fargo Official Website '' . Westfargond.gov . Retrieved September 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ ( 4 ) Jump up ^ `` Official Portal for North Dakota State Government '' . nd.gov . June 16 , 1957 . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` License Plates of North Dakota ( United States ) '' . Worldlicenceplates.com . Retrieved December 14 , 2011 . Jump up ^ S.D. Senate Bill No. 134 . Jump up ^ `` First Stations in Each State '' . National Radio Club . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ AM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA . Transition.fcc.gov . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ FM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA . Transition.fcc.gov . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ FM Query Results -- Audio Division ( FCC ) USA . Transition.fcc.gov . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Radio Online ® . Ratings.radio-online.com ( June 8 , 2013 ) . Retrieved on July 12 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` North Dakota 's First Television Station '' . Prairie Public . Archived from the original on October 23 , 2007 . Retrieved October 6 , 2007 . Jump up ^ `` Nielsen Media 2011 -- 2012 Local Market Estimates '' . TVJobs.com . Retrieved January 9 , 2013 . Bibliography ( edit ) See also : Bibliography of North Dakota history Arends , Shirley Fischer . The Central Dakota Germans : Their History , Language , and Culture . ( 1989 ) . 289 pp . Berg , Francie M. , ed . Ethnic Heritage in North Dakota . ( 1983 ) . 174 pp . Blackorby , Edward C. Prairie Rebel : The Public Life of William Lemke ( 1963 ) , radical leader in 1930s online edition Collins , Michael L. That Damned Cowboy : Theodore Roosevelt and the American West , 1883 -- 1898 ( 1989 ) . Cooper , Jerry and Smith , Glen . Citizens as Soldiers : A History of the North Dakota National Guard . ( 1986 ) . 447 pp . Crawford , Lewis F. History of North Dakota ( 3 vol 1931 ) , excellent history in vol 1 ; biographies in vol. 2 -- 3 Danbom , David B. `` Our Purpose Is to Serve '' : The First Century of the North Dakota Agricultural Experiment Station . ( 1990 ) . 237 pp . Eisenberg , C.G. History of the First Dakota - District of the Evangelical - Lutheran Synod of Iowa and Other States . ( 1982 ) . 268 pp . Ginsburg , Faye D. Contested Lives : The Abortion Debate in an American Community . ( 1989 ) . 315 pp. the issue in Fargo Hargreaves , Mary W.M. Dry Farming in the Northern Great Plains : Years of Readjustment , 1920 -- 1990 . ( 1993 ) . 386 pp . Howard , Thomas W. , ed . The North Dakota Political Tradition. ( 1981 ) . 220 pp . Hudson , John C. Plains Country Towns. ( 1985 ) . 189 pp. geographer studies small towns Junker , Rozanne Enerson . The Bank of North Dakota : An Experiment in State Ownership. ( 1989 ) . 185 pp . Lamar , Howard R. Dakota Territory , 1861 -- 1889 : A Study of Frontier Politics ( 1956 ) . Lounsberry , Clement A. Early history of North Dakota ( 1919 ) excellent history by editor of Bismarck Tribune ; 645pp online edition Lysengen , Janet Daley and Rathke , Ann M. , eds . The Centennial Anthology of `` North Dakota History : Journal of the Northern Plains . '' ( 1996 ) . 526 pp. articles from state history journal covering all major topics in the state 's history Morlan , Robert L. Political Prairie Fire : The Nonpartisan League , 1915 -- 1922 . ( 1955 ) . 414 pp. NPL comes to power briefly Peirce , Neal R . The Great Plains States of America : People , Politics , and Power in the Nine Great Plains States ( 1973 ) excerpt and text ssearch , chapter on North Dakota Robinson , Elwyn B. , D. Jerome Tweton , and David B. Danbom . History of North Dakota ( 2nd ed. 1995 ) standard history , by leading scholars ; extensive bibliography Robinson , Elwyn B. History of North Dakota ( 1966 ) First edition online Schneider , Mary Jane . North Dakota Indians : An Introduction . ( 1986 ) . 276 pp . Sherman , William C. and Thorson , Playford V. , eds . Plains Folk : North Dakota 's Ethnic History . ( 1988 ) . 419 pp . Sherman , William C. Prairie Mosaic : An Ethnic Atlas of Rural North Dakota . ( 1983 ) . 152 pp . Smith , Glen H. Langer of North Dakota : A Study in Isolationism , 1940 -- 1959 . ( 1979 ) . 238 pp. biography of influential conservative Senator Snortland , J. Signe , ed . A Traveler 's Companion to North Dakota State Historic Sites. ( 1996 ) . 155 pp . Stock , Catherine McNicol . Main Street in Crisis : The Great Depression and the Old Middle Class on the Northern Plains. ( 1992 ) . 305pp . online edition Tauxe , Caroline S. Farms , Mines and Main Streets : Uneven Development in a Dakota County . ( 1993 ) . 276 pp. coal and grain in Mercer county Tweton , D. Jerome and Jelliff , Theodore B. North Dakota : The Heritage of a People . ( 1976 ) . 242 pp. textbook history Wilkins , Robert P. and Wilkins , Wynona Hutchette . North Dakota : A Bicentennial History . ( 1977 ) 218 pp. popular history Wishart , David J. ed . Encyclopedia of the Great Plains , University of Nebraska Press , 2004 , ISBN 0 - 8032 - 4787 - 7 . complete text online ; 900 pages of scholarly articles Young , Carrie . Prairie Cooks : Glorified Rice , Three - Day Buns , and Other Reminiscences. ( 1993 ) . 136 pp . Primary sources ( edit ) Benson , Bjorn ; Hampsten , Elizabeth ; and Sweney , Kathryn , eds. Day In , Day Out : Women 's Lives in North Dakota . ( 1988 ) . 326 pp . Maximilian , Prince of Wied . Travels in the Interior of North America in the rears 1832 to 1834 ( Vols . XXII - XXIV of `` Early Western Travels , 1748 -- 1846 , '' ed. by Reuben Gold Thwaites ; 1905 -- 1906 ) . Maximilian spent the winter of 1833 -- 1834 at Fort Clark . University of North Dakota , Bureau of Governmental Affairs , ed. , A Compilation of North Dakota Political Party Platforms , 1884 -- 1978 . ( 1979 ) . 388 pp . WPA . 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1. North Dakota geography 2. North Dakota history 3. North Dakota population 4. North Dakota economy 5. North Dakota culture

where is the house in the movie belly

Belly ( film ) - wikipedia Belly ( film ) This article needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( November 2009 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) <Th_colspan="2"> Belly <Td_colspan="2"> Theatrical release poster Directed by Hype Williams Produced by Larry Meistrich Ron Rotholz Robert Salerno Hype Williams Screenplay by Hype Williams Story by Nas Anthony Bodden Hype Williams Starring Nas DMX Taral Hicks T - Boz Method Man Music by Stephen Cullo Cinematography Malik Hassan Sayeed Edited by David Leonard Production company Big Dog Films Distributed by Artisan Entertainment Release date November 4 , 1998 ( 1998 - 11 - 04 ) Running time 92 minutes Country United States Language English Budget $3 million Box office $9,639,390 ( US and Canada ) Belly is a 1998 American crime drama film , directed by music video director Hype Williams , in his film directing debut . Filmed in New York City , the film stars rappers DMX and Nas , alongside Taral Hicks , Method Man , and R&B singer T - Boz . A sequel , Belly 2 : Millionaire Boyz Club , was released in 2006 . Contents ( hide ) 1 Plot 2 Cast 3 Reception 4 Soundtrack 5 References 6 External links Plot ( edit ) The film begins in early 1999 , with two young Queens , New York street criminals Tommy `` Buns '' Bundy ( DMX ) and Sincere ( `` Sin '' ) ( Nas ) , along with their associates in crime Mark and Black . The four violently rob a nightclub , murdering five people . Escaping in a stolen car , they cheer their success with chicken legs and Cristal . Black goes to dump the car while the rest retreat to Tommy 's Jamaica Estates house , where they celebrate and joke around ( The movie Gummo is playing on the TV ) , waking Tommy 's girlfriend Keisha ( Taral Hicks ) . Sincere soon leaves and is followed in gesture by the others . He returns to his St. Albans home to his girlfriend Tionne ( Tionne `` T - Boz '' Watkins ) and infant daughter Kenya . Meanwhile , Tommy learns of a new form of heroin which he takes as a lucrative business opportunity . The next day , Tommy meets with Sincere to discuss the venture . His rhetoric is met with resistance from the more intellectually inclined Sincere , who has become enlightened to the plight of urban poor and seeks a life free of crime . After Tommy ridicules Sincere for his sentiments and mentions his connection with a Jamaican drug lord `` Ox '' residing in New York City , Sincere reluctantly agrees . Tommy then visits Ox in his lavish mansion , to plead for Ox 's assistance in obtaining the heroin . Ox agrees on the grounds that Tommy repays him via a huge favor at a later date . In Mark 's grandmother 's basement , the group convenes to discuss the imminent flux of business . Sin explains via narration that one of Tommy 's associates , Knowledge , is to be involved in the operation . Meanwhile , Sincere teases Black , who is upset that his share of the money from the robbery was less than Sincere received . While this is happening , Knowledge tells Tommy over the phone that he had heard that Black had been talking about wanting to rob Sincere . Tommy becomes incredibly enraged . He pushes Black to the floor and forces him to strip naked in front of everyone while firing a handgun wildly into the floor . Tommy then orders Black to sit on the couch , as he visibly harbors hostile feelings towards the rest of the men . The duo , along with some of their friends , including Knowledge and Mark , start transporting drugs from Queens to Omaha , and begin to overrun the drug business there . This is met with jealousy from a local drug dealer Big Head Rico ( Tyrin Turner ) , who informs the police of their activities . This results in a raid at their stash - house , which results in Mark 's death and Knowledge 's arrest . Knowledge calls Tommy 's house from jail and is told by Keisha that Tommy is n't there , nor should he have called since the FBI could have tapped their phone . Knowledge gets angry that Tommy wo n't come to bail him out , and calls Shameek , aka Father Sha ( Method Man ) , to not only infiltrate Rico 's gang , but to handle Tommy . While at a strip club in Omaha , Shameek confronts Rico and informs him that Knowledge sent him here to kill him and his associates . When Rico tries to run from Shameek , Shameek shoots and kills Rico as well as some members of his crew . While reloading , Shameek is shot by the bartender . Stumbling out the club , he manages to evade police . Meanwhile , Tommy goes to Jamaica with Ox , and repays him by killing Sosa , the son of a local drug lord . Back at Tommy 's house , Keisha is arrested by police and later bailed out by Tionne . Tommy finds out about the raid and leaves town . Later , when Sosa 's family and friends find out that it was Ox who ordered the hit , Pelpa , the gang 's leader and close friend of Sosa , sends a hit squad to kill him in his home . Ox is able to kill most of them before he himself is finally killed by a female assassin named Chiquita . While these events occur , Sincere prepares to leave the drug game and move his girlfriend and child to Africa , despite Tommy 's jokes that he was getting soft for wanting to leave . They make plans to leave on New Years Day , 2000 . However , Sincere is now suspicious of Tommy since the Omaha incident . Tommy , meanwhile , has been laying low in Atlanta , selling marijuana with Wise and LaKid , two younger men from New York . One night at dinner , Tommy instigates an argument between Wise and LaKid , in which ends with both men to drawing their guns and LaKid shooting Wise dead . Tommy , extremely intoxicated , remains seated , calmly glancing at Wise 's dead body as the police arrive to arrest him and is , inexplicably , later released . It is later revealed that Tommy was chosen by federal agents to assassinate a black Muslim leader , Rev. Saviour , ( Dr. Benjamin Chavis ) who plans to preach against the government on New Year 's Eve . Tionne comes home from shopping to find Shameek and a few other men waiting for her inside and is confronted concerning the whereabouts of Sincere and Tommy . After a tense standoff with pistols , the men leave . Later while talking to a friend ( AZ ) outside a barbershop , Black ( who had sworn that he 'd get revenge after the basement incident ) and an accomplice confront Sincere and shoots him in the leg , causing Sincere to shoot back in self - defense , killing Black and his accomplice , before fleeing the scene . On New Years ' Eve 1999 , Tommy confronts Rev. Saviour in his study before he was to make a massive speech of hope and points his gun at him . Saviour convinces Tommy not to go through with his mission , even though this will be seen as an act of betrayal by the feds and will put his life at risk . Tommy , in tears , agrees , and the two men embrace . Shameek visits Keisha 's home , in the hopes of finding Tommy there . He physically assaults Keisha , and after a struggle , Keisha gets hold of Shameek 's gun , and shoots him in the face at point - blank range . Sincere , now in Africa with Tionne and their child , reflects on recent events , relieved and happy to start a new life . Cast ( edit ) Nas -- Sincere DMX -- Tommy `` Buns '' Bundy Taral Hicks -- Keisha Tionne `` T - Boz '' Watkins -- Tionne Method Man -- Shameek aka Father Sha Tyrin Turner -- Big Head Rico Hassan Johnson -- Mark Oliver `` Power '' Grant -- Knowledge Louie Rankin -- Lennox aka Ox Stan Drayton -- Wise James Parris -- LaKid Benjamin Chavis -- Reverend Saviour Sean Paul -- Himself Lavita `` Vita '' Raynor -- Kionna Ghostface Killah -- cameo appearance AZ -- friend of Sincere Reception ( edit ) The film was poorly received by critics , scoring 13 % on Rotten Tomatoes . Although it was generally praised for its highly stylized `` noir - like '' visual design and cinematography , it was criticized for what was seen as a weak plot . Terrance Tartt of the Iowa Film association gave it two thumbs up , he said it was `` the most accurate representation of living the gangster life style he has ever seen '' Since then the film has developed a cult following , as well as a critical reassessment . Soundtrack ( edit ) Year Album <Th_colspan="2"> Peak chart positions Certifications U.S. U.S. R&B 1998 Belly Released : November 3 , 1998 Label : Def Jam 5 US : Gold References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Belly ( 1998 ) '' . Box Office Mojo . Retrieved July 4 , 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Belly ( 1998 ) '' . MQRE . Retrieved 24 May 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Belly '' . Rotten Tomatoes . Retrieved May 25 , 2013 . This article includes a list of references , but its sources remain unclear because it has insufficient inline citations . Please help to improve this article by introducing more precise citations . ( February 2010 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) ^ LaSalle , Mick ( Nov. 4 , 1998 ) . `` A Clumsy Film Debut , Williams ' ` Belly ' Flops '' . San Francisco Chronicle . ^ Richberg , Chris and Williams , Houston ( Jun. 12 , 2006 ) . `` DMX Talks ' Beast ' Sequel to ' Belly ' . AllHipHop.com : Daily Hip - Hop News . External links ( edit ) Belly on IMDb Belly at AllMovie Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Belly_(film)&oldid=849446083 '' Categories : 1998 films English - language films 1990s crime drama films American crime drama films American films Artisan Entertainment films Directorial debut films Films set in the future Films about African - American organized crime Films about drugs Films set in New York City Films shot in Nebraska Films shot in New Jersey Films shot in New York City American gangster films Hip hop films Hood films Neo-noir Films set in 1999 Hidden categories : Articles needing additional references from November 2009 All articles needing additional references All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from March 2011 Articles lacking in - text citations from February 2010 All articles lacking in - text citations Talk Contents About Wikipedia Français Kreyòl ayisyen Polski Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 9 July 2018 , at 02 : 30 ( UTC ) . 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1. Belly (film) - American crime drama 2. Directed by Hype Williams 3. Starring Nas and DMX 4. Plot revolves around street criminals and drug business 5. Poor critical reception but developed a cult following

key things that can affect the quality of service of a san include

Storage area network - wikipedia Storage area network Not to be confused with Network - attached storage . Computer network types by spatial scope Nanoscale Near - field ( NFC ) Body ( BAN ) Personal ( PAN ) Near - me ( NAN ) Local ( LAN ) Home ( HAN ) Storage ( SAN ) Wireless ( WLAN ) Campus ( CAN ) Backbone Metropolitan ( MAN ) Wide ( WAN ) Cloud ( IAN ) Internet Interplanetary Internet A storage area network ( SAN ) or storage network is a Computer network which provides access to consolidated , block level data storage . SANs are primarily used to enhance storage devices , such as disk arrays and tape libraries , accessible to servers so that the devices appear to the operating system as locally attached devices . A SAN typically is its network of storage devices not accessible through the local area network ( LAN ) by other devices . The cost and complexity of SANs dropped in the early 2000s to levels allowing wider adoption across both enterprise and small to medium - sized business environments . A SAN does not provide file abstraction , only block - level operations . However , file systems built on top of SANs do provide file - level access , and are known as shared - disk file systems . Contents 1 Storage architectures 2 SAN components 2.1 Host layer 2.2 Fabric layer 2.3 Storage layer 3 SAN Network Protocols 4 SAN software 5 SAN filesystems 6 In media and entertainment 7 Quality of service 8 Storage virtualization 9 See also 10 References 11 External links Storage architectures ( edit ) The Fibre Channel SAN connects servers to storage via Fibre Channel switches . Storage area networks ( SANs ) are sometimes referred to as network behind the servers and historically developed out of the centralised data storage model , but with its own data network . A SAN is , at its simplest , a dedicated network for data storage . In addition to storing data , SANs allow for the automatic backup of data , and the monitoring of the storage as well as the backup process . A SAN is a combination of hardware and software. > It grew out of data - centric mainframe architectures , where clients in a network can connect to several servers that store different types of data . To scale storage capacities as the volumes of data grew , direct attached storage ( DAS ) was developed , where disk arrays or just a bunch of disks ( JBODs ) are attached to the servers . In this LAN based storage architecture , storage devices can be added to increase storage capacity . However , the server through which the storage devices are accessed is a single point of failure , and a large part of the LAN network bandwidth is used for accessing , storing and backing up data . To solve the single point of failure issue , a direct attached shared storage architecture was implemented , where several servers could access the same storage device . DAS was the first network storage system and is still widely implemented where data storage requirements are not very high . Out of it developed the network attached storage ( NAS ) architecture , where one or more dedicated file server or storage devices are made available in a LAN . Therefore the transfer of data , particularly for backup , still takes place over the existing LAN . If more than a terabyte of data was stored at any one time , LAN bandwidth became a bottleneck . Therefore SANs were developed , where a dedicated storage network was attached to the LAN , and terabytes of data are transferred over a dedicated high speed and bandwidth network . Within the storage network , storage devices are interconnected . Transfer of data between storage devices , such as for backup , happen behind the servers , and are meant to be transparent . While in a NAS architecture data is transferred using the TCP and IP protocols over Ethernet , distinct protocols were developed for SANs , such as Fibre Channel . Therefore SANs have often their own network and storage devices , which have to be bought , installed and configured . This makes SANs inherently more expensive than NAS architectures . SAN components ( edit ) Dual port 8Gb FC host bus adapter card . SANs have their own networking devices , such as SAN switches . To access the SAN so - called SAN servers are used , which in turn connect to SAN interfaces . Within the SAN a range of data storage devices may be interconnected , such as SAN capable disk arrays , JBODS and tape libraries . Host layer ( edit ) Servers that allow access to the SAN and its storage devices are said to form the host layer of the SAN . Such servers have host bus adapters ( HBAs ) , which are hardware cards that attach to slots on the server mainboard , and the corresponding firmware and drivers . Through the host bus adapters the operating system of the server can communicate with the storage devices in the SAN . A cable connects to the host bus adapter card through the gigabit interface converter ( GBIC ) . These interface converters are also attached to switches and storage devices within the SAN , and they convert digital bits into light impulses that can then be transmitted over the storage network cables . Conversely , the GBIC converts incoming light impulses back into digital bits . The predecessor of the GBIC was called gigabit link module ( GLM ) . Fabric layer ( edit ) Qlogic SAN - switch with optical Fibre Channel connectors installed . The SAN networking devices are called fabric layers and include SAN switches , but also routers , protocol bridges , gateway devices , and cables . SAN network devices move data within the SAN , or between an initiator , such as an HBA port of a server , and a target , such as the port of a storage device . SAN networks often have redundancy , so SAN switches are connected with redundant links . SAN switches connect the servers with the storage devices and are typically non-blocking , thus transmitting data across all attached wires at the same time . When SANs were first built hubs were the only devices that were fibre channel capable , but fibre channel switches were developed and hubs are now rarely found in SANs . Switches have the advantage over hubs that they allow all attached devices to communicate simultaneously , as a switch provides a dedicated link to connect all its ports with one another . SAN switches are for redundancy purposes set up in a meshed topology . A single SAN switch can have as few as 8 ports , up to 32 ports with modular extentions . So called director class switches can have as many as 128 ports . When SANs were first built fibre channel had to be implemented over copper cables , these days multimode optical fibre cables are used in SANs . In switched SANs the fibre channel switched fabric protocol FC - SW - 6 is used , where every device in the SAN has a hardcoded World Wide Name ( WWN ) address in the host bus adapter ( HBA ) . If a device is connected to the SAN its WWN is registered in the SAN switch name server . In place of a WWN , or world wide port name ( WWPN ) , SAN fibre channel storage device vendors may also hardcode a world wide node name ( WWNN ) . The ports of storage devices often have an WWN starting with 5 , while the bus adapters of servers start with 10 or 21 . Storage layer ( edit ) Fibre Channel is a layered technology that starts at the physical layer and progresses through the protocols to the upper level protocols like SCSI and SBCCS . On top of the Fibre Channel - Switched Protocol is often the serialized Small Computer Systems Interface ( SCSI ) protocol , implemented in servers and SAN storage devices . It allows software applications to communicate , or encode data , for storage devices . The internet Small Computer Systems Interface ( iSCSI ) over Ethernet and the Infiniband protocols may also be found implemented in SANs , but are often bridged into the fibre channel SAN . However , Infiniband and iSCSI storage devices , in particular , disk arrays , are available . The various storage devices in a SAN are said to form the storage layer . It can include a variety of hard disk and magnetic tape devices that store data . In SANs disk arrays are joined through a RAID , which makes a lot of hard disks look and perform like one big storage device . Every storage device , or even partition on that storage device , has a logical unit number ( LUN ) assigned to it . This is a unique number within the SAN and every node in the SAN , be it a server or another storage device , can access the storage through the LUN . The LUNs allow for the storage capacity of a SAN to be segmented and for the implementation of access controls . A particular server , or a group of servers , may , for example , be only given access to a particular part of the SAN storage layer , in the form of LUNs . When a storage device receives a request to read or write data , it will check its access list to establish whether the node , identified by its LUN , is allowed to access the storage area , also identified by a LUN . LUN masking is a technique whereby the host bus adapter and the SAN software of a server restrict the LUNs for which commands are accepted . In doing so LUNs that should in any case not be accessed by the server are masked . Another method to restrict server access to particular SAN storage devices is fabric - based access control , or zoning , which has to be implemented on the SAN networking devices and the servers . Thereby server access is restricted to storage devices that are in a particular SAN zone . SAN network protocols ( edit ) Most storage networks use the SCSI protocol for communication between servers and disk drive devices . A mapping layer to other protocols is used to form a network : ATA over Ethernet ( AoE ) , mapping of ATA over Ethernet Fibre Channel Protocol ( FCP ) , the most prominent one , is a mapping of SCSI over Fibre Channel Fibre Channel over Ethernet ( FCoE ) ESCON over Fibre Channel ( FICON ) , used by mainframe computers HyperSCSI , mapping of SCSI over Ethernet iFCP or SANoIP mapping of FCP over IP iSCSI , mapping of SCSI over TCP / IP iSCSI Extensions for RDMA ( iSER ) , mapping of iSCSI over InfiniBand Storage networks may also be built using SAS and SATA technologies . SAS evolved from SCSI direct - attached storage . SATA evolved from IDE direct - attached storage . SAS and SATA devices can be networked using SAS Expanders . Examples of stacked protocols using SCSI : <Td_colspan="5"> Applications <Td_colspan="5"> SCSI Layer FCP FCP FCP FCP iSCSI FCIP iFCP <Td_colspan="3"> TCP FCoE <Td_colspan="3"> IP FC <Td_colspan="4"> Ethernet SAN software ( edit ) A SAN is primarily defined as a special purpose network , the Storage Networking Industry Association ( SNIA ) defines a SAN as `` a network whose primary purpose is the transfer of data between computer systems and storage elements '' . But a SAN does not just consist of a communication infrastructure , it also has a software management layer . This software organizes the servers , storage devices , and the network so that data can be transferred and stored . Because a SAN is not a direct attached storage ( DAS ) , the storage devices in the SAN are not owned and managed by a server . Potentially the data storage capacity that can be accessed by a single server through a SAN is infinite , and this storage capacity may also be accessible by other servers . Moreover SAN software must ensure that data is directly moved between storage devices within the SAN , with minimal server intervention . SAN management software is installed on one or more servers and management clients on the storage devices . Two approaches have developed to SAN management software : in - band management means that management data between server and storage devices is transmitted on the same network as the storage data . While out - of - band management means that management data is transmitted over dedicated links . SAN management software will collect management data from all storage devices in the storage layer , including info on read and write failure , storage capacity bottlenecks and failure of storage devices . SAN management software may integrate with the Simple Network Management Protocol ( SNMP ) . In 1999 an open standard was introduced for managing storage devices and provide interoperability , the Common Information Model ( CIM ) . The web - based version of CIM is called Web - Based Enterprise Management ( WBEM ) and defines SAN storage device objects and process transactions . Use of these protocols involves a CIM object manager ( CIMOM ) , to manage objects and interactions , and allows for the central management of SAN storage devices . Basic device management for SANs can also be achieved through the Storage Management Interface Specification ( SMI - S ) , were CIM objects and processes are registered in a directory . Software applications and subsystems can then draw on this directory . Management software applications are also available to configure SAN storage devices , allowing , for example , the configuration of zones and logical unit numbers ( LUNs ) . Ultimately SAN networking and storage devices are available from many vendors . Every SAN vendor has its own management and configuration software . Common management in SANs that include devices from different vendors is only possible if vendors make the application programming interface ( API ) for their devices available to other vendors . In such cases , upper - level SAN management software can manage the SAN devices from other vendors . SAN filesystems ( edit ) In a SAN data is transferred , stored and accessed on a block level . As such a SAN does not provide data file abstraction , only block - level storage and operations . But file systems have been developed to work with SAN software to provide file - level access . These are known as SAN file systems , or shared disk file system . Server operating systems maintain their own file systems on their own dedicated , non-shared LUNs , as though they were local to themselves . If multiple systems were simply to attempt to share a LUN , these would interfere with each other and quickly corrupt the data . Any planned sharing of data on different computers within a LUN requires software , such as SAN file systems or clustered computing . In media and entertainment ( edit ) Video editing systems require very high data transfer rates and very low latency . SANs in media and entertainment are often referred to as serverless due to the nature of the configuration which places the video workflow ( ingest , editing , playout ) desktop clients directly on the SAN rather than attaching to servers . Control of data flow is managed by a distributed file system such as StorNext by Quantum . Per - node bandwidth usage control , sometimes referred to as quality of service ( QoS ) , is especially important in video editing as it ensures fair and prioritized bandwidth usage across the network . Quality of service ( edit ) SAN Storage QoS enables the desired storage performance to be calculated and maintained for network customers accessing the device . Some factors that affect SAN QoS are : Bandwidth -- The rate of data throughput available on the system . Latency -- The time delay for a read / write operation to execute . Queue depth -- The number of outstanding operations waiting to execute to the underlying disks ( traditional or solid - state drives ) . QoS can be impacted in a SAN storage system by an unexpected increase in data traffic ( usage spike ) from one network user that can cause performance to decrease for other users on the same network . This can be known as the `` noisy neighbor effect . '' When QoS services are enabled in a SAN storage system , the `` noisy neighbor effect '' can be prevented and network storage performance can be accurately predicted . Using SAN storage QoS is in contrast to using disk over-provisioning in a SAN environment . Over-provisioning can be used to provide additional capacity to compensate for peak network traffic loads . However , where network loads are not predictable , over-provisioning can eventually cause all bandwidth to be fully consumed and latency to increase significantly resulting in SAN performance degradation . Storage virtualization ( edit ) Main article : Storage virtualization Storage virtualization is the process of abstracting logical storage from physical storage . The physical storage resources are aggregated into storage pools , from which the logical storage is created . It presents to the user a logical space for data storage and transparently handles the process of mapping it to the physical location , a concept called location transparency . This is implemented in modern disk arrays , often using vendor proprietary technology . However , the goal of storage virtualization is to group multiple disk arrays from different vendors , scattered over a network , into a single storage device . The single storage device can then be managed uniformly . See also ( edit ) ATA over Ethernet ( AoE ) Direct - attached storage ( DAS ) Disk array Fibre Channel Fibre Channel over Ethernet File Area Network Host Bus Adapter ( HBA ) iSCSI iSCSI Extensions for RDMA List of networked storage hardware platforms List of storage area network management systems Massive array of idle disks ( MAID ) Network - attached storage ( NAS ) Redundant array of independent disks ( RAID ) SCSI RDMA Protocol ( SRP ) Storage Management Initiative -- Specification -- ( SMI - S ) Storage hypervisor Storage Resource Management ( SRM ) Storage virtualization System area network References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Jon Tate , Pall Beck , Hector Hugo Ibarra , Shanmuganathan Kumaravel & Libor Miklas ( 2017 ) . `` Introduction to Storage Area Networks '' ( PDF ) . Red Books , IBM . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : NIIT ( 2002 ) . Special Edition : Using Storage Area Networks . Que Publishing . ISBN 9780789725745 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) ^ Jump up to : Christopher Poelker & Alex Nikitin , eds. ( 2009 ) . Storage Area Networks For Dummies . John Wiley & Sons . ISBN 9780470471340 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ Richard Barker & Paul Massiglia ( 2002 ) . Storage Area Network Essentials : A Complete Guide to Understanding and Implementing SANs . John Wiley & Sons . p. 198 . ISBN 9780471267119 . CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` TechEncyclopedia : IP Storage '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ `` TechEncyclopedia : SANoIP '' . Retrieved 2007 - 12 - 09 . Jump up ^ A. Bia , A. Rabasa & C.A. Brebbia , eds. ( 2013 ) . Data Management and Security : Applications in Medicine , Sciences , and Engineering . WIT Press . p. 63 . ISBN 9781845647087 . CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter ( link ) Jump up ^ `` StorNext Storage Manager - High - speed file sharing , Data Management , and Digital Archiving Software '' . Quantum.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . External links ( edit ) Introduction to Storage Area Networks Exhaustive Introduction into SAN , IBM Redbook SAN vs. DAS : A Cost Analysis of Storage in the Enterprise SAS and SATA , solid - state storage lower data center power consumption SAN NAS Videos Storage Area Network Info GND : 4658854 - 1 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Storage_area_network&oldid=854174788 '' Categories : Data management Telecommunications engineering Storage area networks Hidden categories : CS1 maint : Uses authors parameter CS1 maint : Uses editors parameter Use dmy dates from February 2013 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from September 2011 Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Español Euskara فارسی Français 한국어 हिन्दी Hrvatski Italiano עברית ಕನ್ನಡ Македонски മലയാളം Nederlands 日本 語 Piemontèis Polski Português Русский Simple English Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 24 more Edit links This page was last edited on 9 August 2018 , at 13 : 21 ( UTC ) . 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1. Storage area network (SAN) 2. Block-level data storage 3. Fibre Channel SAN 4. SAN components 5. SAN management software

when did the great plague start and end

Great plague of London - wikipedia Great plague of London Jump to : navigation , search Collecting the dead for burial during the Great Plague The Great Plague , lasting from 1665 to 1666 , was the last major epidemic of the bubonic plague to occur in England . It happened within the centuries - long time period of the Second Pandemic , an extended period of intermittent bubonic plague epidemics which began in Europe in 1347 , the first year of the Black Death , an outbreak which included other forms such as pneumonic plague , and lasted until 1750 . The Great Plague killed an estimated 100,000 people -- almost a quarter of London 's population -- in 18 months . The plague was caused by the Yersinia pestis bacterium , which is usually transmitted through the bite of an infected rat flea . The 1665 -- 66 epidemic was on a far smaller scale than the earlier Black Death pandemic ; it was remembered afterwards as the `` great '' plague mainly because it was the last widespread outbreak of bubonic plague in England during the 400 - year timespan of the Second Pandemic . Contents ( hide ) 1 London in 1665 2 The recording of deaths 3 Preventative measures 4 Outbreak 4.1 Early days 4.2 Exodus from the city 4.3 Height of the epidemic 5 Aftermath 6 Impact 7 See also 8 References 9 Bibliography 10 External links London in 1665 ( edit ) Map of London by Wenceslas Hollar , c. 1665 As in other European cities of the period , the plague was endemic in 17th century London . The disease periodically erupted into massive epidemics . There were 30,000 deaths due to the plague in 1603 , 35,000 in 1625 , and 10,000 in 1636 , as well as smaller numbers in other years . During the winter of 1664 , a bright comet was to be seen in the sky and the people of London were fearful , wondering what evil event it portended . London at that time consisted of a city of about 448 acres surrounded by a city wall , which had originally been built to keep out raiding bands . There were gates at Ludgate , Newgate , Aldersgate , Cripplegate , Moorgate and Bishopsgate and to the south lay the River Thames and London Bridge . In the poorer parts of the city , hygiene was impossible to maintain in the overcrowded tenements and garrets . There was no sanitation , and open drains flowed along the centre of winding streets . The cobbles were slippery with animal dung , rubbish and the slops thrown out of the houses , muddy and buzzing with flies in summer and awash with sewage in winter . The City Corporation employed `` rakers '' to remove the worst of the filth and it was transported to mounds outside the walls where it accumulated and continued to decompose . The stench was overwhelming and people walked around with handkerchiefs or nosegays pressed against their nostrils . Some of the city 's necessities such as coal arrived by barge , but most came by road . Carts , carriages , horses and pedestrians were crowded together and the gateways in the wall formed bottlenecks through which it was difficult to progress . The nineteen - arch London Bridge was even more congested . The better - off used hackney carriages and sedan chairs to get to their destinations without getting filthy . The poor walked , and might be splashed by the wheeled vehicles and drenched by slops being thrown out and water falling from the overhanging roofs . Another hazard was the choking black smoke belching forth from factories which made soap , from breweries and iron smelters and from about 15,000 houses burning coal . Outside the city walls , suburbs had sprung up providing homes for the craftsmen and tradespeople who flocked to the already overcrowded city . These were shanty towns with wooden shacks and no sanitation . The government had tried to control this development but had failed and over a quarter of a million people lived here . Other immigrants had taken over fine town houses , vacated by Royalists who had fled the country during the Commonwealth , converting them into tenements with different families in every room . These properties were soon vandalised and became rat - infested slums . Administration of the City of London was organised by the Lord Mayor , Aldermen and common councillors , but not all of the inhabited area generally comprising London was legally part of the City . Both inside the City and outside its boundaries there were also Liberties , which were areas of varying sizes which historically had been granted rights to self - government . Many had been associated with religious institutions , and when these were abolished in the Dissolution of the Monasteries , their historic rights were transferred along with their property to new owners . The walled City was surrounded by a ring of Liberties which had come under its authority , contemporarily called ' the City and Liberties ' , but these were surrounded by further suburbs with varying administrations . Westminster was an independent town with its own liberties , although it was joined to London by urban development . The Tower of London was an independent liberty , as were others . Areas north of the river not part of one of these administrations came under the authority of the county of Middlesex , and south of the river under Surrey . The `` Woodcut '' map of London , dating from the 1560s At that time , bubonic plague was a much feared disease but its cause was not understood . The credulous blamed emanations from the earth , `` pestilential effluviums '' , unusual weather , sickness in livestock , abnormal behaviour of animals or an increase in the numbers of moles , frogs , mice or flies . It was not until 1894 that the identification by Alexandre Yersin of its causal agent Yersinia pestis was made and the transmission of the bacterium by rat fleas became known . Although the Great Plague in London had long been believed to be bubonic plague caused by Yersinia pestis , this was only definitively confirmed by DNA analysis in 2016 . The recording of deaths ( edit ) In order to judge the severity of an epidemic , it is first necessary to know how big the population was in which it occurred . There was no official census of the population to provide this figure , and the best contemporary count comes from the work of John Graunt ( 1620 -- 1674 ) , who was one of the earliest Fellows of the Royal Society and one of the first demographers , bringing a scientific approach to the collection of statistics . In 1662 , he estimated that 384,000 people lived in the City of London , the Liberties , Westminster and the out - parishes , based on figures in the bills of mortality published each week in the capital . These different districts with different administrations constituted the officially recognised extent of London as a whole . In 1665 , he revised his estimate to ' not above 460,000 ' . Other contemporaries put the figure higher , ( the French Ambassador , for example , suggested 600,000 ) but with no mathematical basis to support their estimates . The next largest city in the kingdom was Norwich , with a population of 30,000 . Infected Oriental rat flea . Yersinia pestis bacteria appear as a dark mass in the gut . The bacteria block the flea 's digestive system , leaving it hungry but unable to eat . Instead , when it tries to feed , it regurgitates Yersinia into the wound . There was no duty to report a death to anyone in authority . Instead , each parish appointed two or more ' searchers of the dead ' , whose duty was to inspect a corpse and determine the cause of death . A searcher was entitled to charge a small fee from relatives for each death they reported , and so habitually the parish would appoint someone to the post who would otherwise be destitute and would be receiving support from the parish poor rate . Typically , this meant searchers would be old women who were illiterate , might know little about identifying diseases and who would be open to dishonesty . Searchers would typically learn about a death either from the local sexton who had been asked to dig a grave , or from the tolling of a church bell . Anyone who did not report a death to their local church , such as Quakers , Anabaptists , other non-Anglican Christians or Jews , frequently did not get included in the official records . Searchers during times of plague were required to live apart from the community and stay indoors except when performing their duties , for fear of spreading the diseases . Outside they should avoid other people and always carry a white stick to warn of their occupation . Searchers reported to the Parish Clerk , who made a return each week to the Company of Parish Clerks in Brode Lane . Figures were then passed to the Lord Mayor and then to the Minister of State once plague became a matter of national concern . The reported figures were used to compile the Bills of Mortality , which listed total deaths in each parish and whether by plague . The system of Searchers to report the cause of death continued until 1836 . Graunt recorded the incompetence of the Searchers at identifying true causes of death , remarking on the frequent recording of ' consumption ' rather than other diseases which were recognised then by physicians . He suggested a cup of ale and a doubling of their fee to two groats rather than one was sufficient for Searchers to change the cause of death to one more convenient for the householders . No one wished to be known as having had a death by plague in their household , and Parish Clerks , too , connived in covering up cases of plague in their official returns . Analysis of the Bills of Mortality during the months plague took hold shows a rise in deaths other than by plague well above the average death rate , which has been attributed to misrepresentation of the true cause of death . As plague spread , a system of quarantine was introduced , whereby any house where someone had died from plague would be locked up and no one allowed to enter or leave for 40 days . This frequently led to the deaths of the other inhabitants , by neglect if not from plague , and provided ample incentive not to report the disease . The official returns record 68,596 cases of plague , but a reasonable estimate suggests this figure is 30,000 short of the true total . A plague house was marked with a red cross on the door with the words `` Lord have mercy upon us '' , and a watchman stood guard outside . Preventative measures ( edit ) Reports of plague around Europe began to reach England in the 1660s , causing the Privy Council to consider what steps might be taken to prevent it crossing to England . Quarantining of ships had been used during previous outbreaks and was again introduced for ships coming to London in November 1663 , following outbreaks in Amsterdam and Hamburg . Two naval ships were assigned to intercept any vessels entering the Thames estuary . Ships from infected ports were required to moor at Hole Haven on Canvey Island for a period of 30 days before being allowed to travel upriver . Ships from ports free of plague or completing their quarantine were given a certificate of health and allowed to travel on . A second inspection line was established between the forts on opposite banks of the Thames at Tilbury and Gravesend with instructions only to pass ships with a certificate . The duration of quarantine was increased to forty days in May 1664 as the continental plague worsened , and the areas subject to quarantine changed with the news of the spread of plague to include all of Holland , Zeeland and Friesland ( all regions of the Dutch Republic ) , although restrictions on Hamburg were removed in November . Quarantine measures against ships coming from the Dutch Republic were put in place in 29 other ports from May , commencing with Great Yarmouth . The Dutch ambassador objected at the constraint of trade with his country , but England responded that it had been one of the last countries introducing such restrictions . Regulations were enforced quite strictly , so that people or houses where voyagers had come ashore without serving their quarantine were also subjected to 40 days quarantine . Outbreak ( edit ) Plague was one of the hazards of life in Britain from its dramatic appearance in 1347 with the Black Death . The Bills of Mortality began to be published regularly in 1603 , in which year 33,347 deaths were recorded from plague . Between then and 1665 , only four years had no recorded cases . In 1563 , a thousand people were reportedly dying in London each week . In 1593 , there were 15,003 deaths , 1625 saw 41,313 dead , between 1640 and 1646 came 11,000 deaths , culminating in 3,597 for 1647 . The 1625 outbreak was recorded at the time as the ' Great Plague ' , until 1665 surpassed it . These official figures are likely to under - report actual numbers . Early days ( edit ) Rattus rattus , the Black Rat . Smaller than the Norwegian rat , which later supplanted it , it is also keener to live near to humankind . Timber houses and overcrowded slums provided great homes . The link between the rat as reservoir of infection and host to fleas which could transfer to man was not understood . Efforts were made to eliminate cats and dogs but not rats . If anything , this encouraged the rats . Although plague was known , it was still sufficiently uncommon that medical practitioners might have had no personal experience of seeing the disease ; medical training varied from those who had attended the college of physicians , to apothecaries who also acted as modern doctors , to simple charlatans . Other diseases abounded , such as an outbreak of smallpox the year before , and these uncertainties all added to difficulties identifying the true start of the epidemic . Contemporary accounts suggest cases of plague occurred through the winter of 1664 / 5 , some of which were fatal but a number of which did not display the virulence of the later epidemic . The winter was cold , the ground frozen from December to March , river traffic on the Thames twice blocked by ice , and it may be that the cold weather held back its spread . This outbreak of bubonic plague in England is thought to have spread from the Netherlands , where the disease had been occurring intermittently since 1599 . It is unclear exactly where the disease first struck but the initial contagion may have arrived with Dutch trading ships carrying bales of cotton from Amsterdam , which was ravaged by the disease in 1663 -- 1664 , with a mortality given of 50,000 . The first areas to be struck are believed to be the dock areas just outside London , and the parish of St Giles in the Fields . In both of these localities , poor workers were crowded into ill - kept structures . Two suspicious deaths were recorded in St. Giles parish in December 1664 and another in February 1665 . These did not appear as plague deaths on the Bills of Mortality , so no control measures were taken by the authorities , but the total number of people dying in London during the first four months of 1665 showed a marked increase . By the end of April , only four plague deaths had been recorded , two in the parish of St. Giles , but total deaths per week had risen from around 290 to 398 . Although there had been only three official cases in April , which level of plague in earlier years had not induced any official response , the Privy Council now acted to introduce household quarantine . Justices of the Peace in Middlesex were instructed to investigate any suspected cases and to shut up the house if it was confirmed . Shortly after , a similar order was issued by the King 's Bench to the City and Liberties . A riot broke out in St. Giles when the first house was sealed up ; the crowd broke down the door and released the inhabitants . Rioters caught were punished severely . Instructions were given to build pest - houses , which were essentially isolation hospitals built away from other people where the sick could be cared for ( or stay until they died ) . This official activity suggests that despite the few recorded cases , the government was already aware that this was a serious outbreak of plague . With the arrival of warmer weather , the disease began to take a firmer hold . In the week 2 -- 9 May , there were three recorded deaths in the parish of St Giles , four in neighbouring St Clement Danes and one each in St Andrew , Holborn and St Mary Woolchurch Haw . Only the last was actually inside the city walls . A Privy Council committee was formed to investigate methods to best prevent the spread of plague , and measures were introduced to close some of the ale houses in affected areas and limit the number of lodgers allowed in a household . In the city , the Lord Mayor issued a proclamation that all householders must diligently clean the streets outside their property , which was a householder 's responsibility , not a state one ( the city employed scavengers and rakers to remove the worst of the mess ) . Matters just became worse , and Aldermen were instructed to find and punish those failing their duty . As cases in St. Giles began to rise , an attempt was made to quarantine the area and constables were instructed to inspect everyone wishing to travel and contain inside vagrants or suspect persons . People began to be alarmed . Samuel Pepys , who had an important position at the Admiralty , stayed in London and provided a contemporary account of the plague through his diary . On 30 April he wrote : `` Great fears of the sickness here in the City it being said that two or three houses are already shut up . God preserve us all ! '' Another source of information on the time is a fictional account , A Journal of the Plague Year , which was written by Daniel Defoe and published in 1722 . He had been only six when the plague struck but made use of his family 's recollections ( his uncle was a saddler in East London and his father a butcher in Cripplegate ) , interviews with survivors and sight of such official records as were available . Exodus from the city ( edit ) By July 1665 , plague was rampant in the City of London . King Charles II of England , his family and his court left the city for Salisbury , moving on to Oxford in September when some cases of plague occurred in Salisbury . The aldermen and most of the other city authorities opted to stay at their posts . The Lord Mayor of London , Sir John Lawrence , also decided to stay in the city . Businesses were closed when merchants and professionals fled . Defoe wrote `` Nothing was to be seen but wagons and carts , with goods , women , servants , children , coaches filled with people of the better sort , and horsemen attending them , and all hurrying away '' . As the plague raged throughout the summer , only a small number of clergymen , physicians and apothecaries remained to cope with an increasingly large number of victims . Edward Cotes , author of London 's Dreadful Visitation , expressed the hope that `` Neither the Physicians of our Souls or Bodies may hereafter in such great numbers forsake us '' . The poorer people were also alarmed by the contagion and some left the city , but it was not easy for them to abandon their accommodation and livelihoods for an uncertain future elsewhere . Before exiting through the city gates , they were required to possess a certificate of good health signed by the Lord Mayor and these became increasingly difficult to obtain . As time went by and the numbers of plague victims rose , people living in the villages outside London began to resent this exodus and were no longer prepared to accept townsfolk from London , with or without a certificate . The refugees were turned back , were not allowed to pass through towns and had to travel across country , and were forced to live rough on what they could steal or scavenge from the fields . Many died in wretched circumstances of starvation and thirst in the hot summer that was to follow . Height of the epidemic ( edit ) A bill of mortality for the plague in 1665 In the last week of July , the London Bill of Mortality showed 3,014 deaths , of which 2,020 had died from the plague . The number of deaths as a result of plague may have been underestimated , as deaths in other years in the same period were much lower , at around 300 . As the number of victims affected mounted up , burial grounds became overfull , and pits were dug to accommodate the dead . Drivers of dead - carts travelled the streets calling `` Bring out your dead '' and carted away piles of bodies . The authorities became concerned that the number of deaths might cause public alarm and ordered that body removal and interment should take place only at night . As time went on , there were too many victims , and too few drivers , to remove the bodies which began to be stacked up against the walls of houses . Daytime collection was resumed and the plague pits became mounds of decomposing corpses . In the parish of Aldgate , a great hole was dug near the churchyard , fifty feet long and twenty feet wide . Digging was continued by labourers at one end while the dead - carts tipped in corpses at the other . When there was no room for further extension it was dug deeper until ground water was reached at twenty feet . When finally covered with earth it housed 1,114 corpses . Plague doctors traversed the streets diagnosing victims , although many of them had no formal medical training . Several public health efforts were attempted . Physicians were hired by city officials and burial details were carefully organized , but panic spread through the city and , out of the fear of contagion , people were hastily buried in overcrowded pits . The means of transmission of the disease were not known but thinking they might be linked to the animals , the City Corporation ordered a cull of dogs and cats . This decision may have affected the length of the epidemic since those animals could have helped keep in check the rat population carrying the fleas which transmitted the disease . Thinking bad air was involved in transmission , the authorities ordered giant bonfires to be burned in the streets and house fires to be kept burning night and day , in hopes that the air would be cleansed . Tobacco was thought to be a prophylactic and it was later said that no London tobacconist had died from the plague during the epidemic . Trade and business had completely dried up , and the streets were empty of people except for the dead - carts and the desperate dying victims , as witnessed and recorded by Samuel Pepys in his diary : `` Lord ! How empty the streets are and how melancholy , so many poor sick people in the streets full of sores ... in Westminster , there is never a physician and but one apothecary left , all being dead . '' That people did not starve was down to the foresight of Sir John Lawrence and the Corporation of London who arranged for a commission of one farthing to be paid above the normal price for every quarter of corn landed in the Port of London . Another food source was the villages around London which , denied of their usual sales in the capital , left vegetables in specified market areas , negotiated their sale by shouting , and collected their payment after the money had been left submerged in a bucket of water to `` disinfect '' the coins . Records state that plague deaths in London and the suburbs crept up over the summer from 2,000 people per week to over 7,000 per week in September . These figures are likely to be a considerable underestimate . Many of the sextons and parish clerks who kept the records themselves died . Quakers refused to co-operate and many of the poor were just dumped into mass graves unrecorded . It is not clear how many people caught the disease and made a recovery because only deaths were recorded and many records were destroyed in the Great Fire of London the following year . In the few districts where intact records remain , plague deaths varied between 30 % and over 50 % of the total population . Though concentrated in London , the outbreak affected other areas of the country as well . Perhaps the most famous example was the village of Eyam in Derbyshire . The plague allegedly arrived with a merchant carrying a parcel of cloth sent from London , although this is a disputed point . The villagers imposed a quarantine on themselves to stop the further spread of the disease . This prevented the disease from moving into surrounding areas but the cost to the village was the death of around 80 % of its inhabitants over a period of fourteen months . Aftermath ( edit ) See also : Great Fire of London By late autumn , the death toll in London and the suburbs began to slow until , in February 1666 , it was considered safe enough for the King and his entourage to come back to the city . With the return of the monarch , others began to return : The gentry returned in their carriages accompanied by carts piled high with their belongings . The judges moved back from Windsor to sit in Westminster Hall , although Parliament , which had been prorogued in April 1665 , did not reconvene until September 1666 . Trade recommenced and businesses and workshops opened up . London was the goal of a new wave of people who flocked to the city in expectation of making their fortunes . Writing at the end of March 1666 , Lord Clarendon , the Lord Chancellor , stated `` ... the streets were as full , the Exchange as much crowded , the people in all places as numerous as they had ever been seen ... '' . Plague cases continued to occur sporadically at a modest rate until the summer of 1666 . On the second and third of September that year , the Great Fire of London destroyed much of the City of London , and some people believed that the fire put an end to the epidemic . However , it is now thought that the plague had largely subsided before the fire took place . In fact , most of the later cases of plague were found in the suburbs , and it was the City of London itself that was destroyed by the Fire . According to the Bills of Mortality , there were in total 68,596 deaths in London from the plague in 1665 . Lord Clarendon estimated that the true number of mortalities was probably twice that figure . The next year , 1666 , saw further deaths in other cities but on a lesser scale . Dr Thomas Gumble , chaplain to the Duke of Albermarle , both of whom had stayed in London for the whole of the epidemic , estimated that the total death count for the country from plague during 1665 and 1666 was about 200,000 . The Great Plague of 1665 / 1666 was the last major outbreak of bubonic plague in Great Britain . The last recorded death from plague came in 1679 , and it was removed as a specific category in the Bills of Mortality after 1703 . It spread to other towns in East Anglia and the southeast of England but fewer than ten percent of parishes outside London had a higher than average death rate during those years . Urban areas were more affected than rural ones ; Norwich , Ipswich , Colchester , Southampton and Winchester were badly affected , while the West of England and areas of the Midlands escaped altogether . The population of England in 1650 was approximately 5.25 million , which declined to about 4.9 million by 1680 , recovering to just over 5 million by 1700 . Other diseases , such as smallpox , took a high toll on the population even without the contribution by plague . The higher death rate in cities , both generally and specifically from the plague , was made up by continuous immigration , from small towns to larger ones and from the countryside to the town . There were no contemporary censuses of London 's population , but available records suggest that the population returned to its previous level within a couple of years . Burials in 1667 had returned to 1663 levels , Hearth Tax returns had recovered , John Graunt contemporarily analysed baptism records and concluded they represented a recovered population . Part of this could be accounted for by the return of wealthy households , merchants and manufacturing industries , all of which needed to replace losses amongst their staff and took steps to bring in necessary people . Colchester had suffered more severe depopulation , but manufacturing records for cloth suggested that production had recovered or even increased by 1669 , and the total population had nearly returned to pre-plague levels by 1674 . Other towns did less well : Ipswich was affected less than Colchester , but in 1674 , its population had dropped by 18 % , more than could be accounted for by the plague deaths alone . As a proportion of the population who died , the London death toll was less severe than in a number of other towns . The total of deaths in London was greater than in any previous outbreak for 100 years , though as a proportion of the population , the epidemics in 1563 , 1603 and 1625 were comparable or greater . Perhaps around 2.5 % of the English population died . Impact ( edit ) The plague in London largely affected the poor , as the rich were able to leave the city by either retiring to their country estates or residing with kin in other parts of the country . The subsequent Great Fire of London , however , ruined many city merchants and property owners . As a result of these events , London was largely rebuilt and Parliament enacted the Rebuilding of London Act 1666 . Although the street plan of the capital remained relatively unchanged , some improvements were made : streets were widened , pavements were created , open sewers abolished , wooden buildings and overhanging gables forbidden , and the design and construction of buildings controlled . The use of brick or stone was mandatory and many gracious buildings were constructed . Not only was the capital rejuvenated , but it became a healthier environment in which to live . Londoners had a greater sense of community after they had overcome the great adversities of 1665 and 1666 . Rebuilding took over ten years and was supervised by Robert Hooke as Surveyor of London . The architect Sir Christopher Wren was involved in the rebuilding of St Paul 's Cathedral and more than fifty London churches . King Charles ll did much to foster the rebuilding work . He was a patron of the arts and sciences and founded the Royal Observatory and supported the Royal Society , a scientific group whose early members included Robert Hooke , Robert Boyle and Sir Isaac Newton . In fact , out of the fire and pestilence flowed a renaissance in the arts and sciences in England . Plague pits have been archaeologically excavated during underground construction work . Between 2011 and 2015 , some 3,500 burials from the ' New Churchyard ' or ' Bethlam burial ground ' were discovered during the construction of the Crossrail railway at Liverpool Street . Yersinia pestis DNA was found in the teeth of individuals found buried in pits at the site , confirming they had died of bubonic plague . See also ( edit ) Loimologia , a first - hand account of the 1665 plague by Dr. Nathaniel Hodges Plague doctor costume Black Death in England Derby plague of 1665 Great Plague of Vienna of 1679 Plague doctor contract Old St. Paul 's , A Tale of the Plague and the Fire , novel by Harrison Ainsworth Plague ! The Musical , a musical loosely based on the 1665 plague Ring a Ring o ' Roses , a nursery rhyme , commonly believed to have arisen at this time References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Haensch , Stephanie ; et al. ( 2010 ) , `` Distinct Clones of Yersinia pestis Caused the Black Death '' , PLoS Pathogens , 6 ( 10 ) : e1001134 , PMC 2951374 , PMID 20949072 , doi : 10.1371 / journal. ppat. 1001134 Jump up ^ `` The Great Plague of London , 1665 '' . Contagion , Historical Views of Diseases and Epidemics . Harvard University . Retrieved 2015 - 03 - 02 . ^ Jump up to : `` DNA in London Grave May Help Solve Mysteries of the Great Plague '' . 2016 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 18 . Jump up ^ `` DNA confirms cause of 1665 London 's Great Plague '' . BBC News . 8 September 2016 . Retrieved 9 September 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Backgrounder : Plague '' . AVMA : Public Health . American Veterinary Medical Association . 2006 - 11 - 27 . Archived from the original on 16 May 2008 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Spread of the Plague '' . Bbc.co.uk. 2002 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2012 - 12 - 18 . Jump up ^ Ibeji , Mike ( 2011 - 03 - 10 ) . `` Black Death '' . BBC . Retrieved 2008 - 11 - 03 . Jump up ^ Moote ( 2004 ) pp. 60 - 61 Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( 2001 ) . `` 17th Century : Plague '' . Gresham College . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 28 . Jump up ^ Moote ( 2004 ) pp. 10 - 11 Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1665 ) . `` March 1st '' . Diary of Samuel Pepys . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22167 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 12 -- 13 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 14 -- 15 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 18 -- 19 ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 24 -- 27 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 15 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) p. 42 Jump up ^ Bockemühl J ( 1994 ) . `` 100 years after the discovery of the plague - causing agent -- importance and veneration of Alexandre Yersin in Vietnam today '' . Immun Infekt. 22 ( 2 ) : 72 -- 5 . PMID 7959865 . ^ Jump up to : Stanbridge , Nicola ( 2016 - 09 - 08 ) . `` DNA confirms cause of 1665 London 's Great Plague '' . BBC News . Retrieved 2016 - 09 - 08 . Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. p. 7 Jump up ^ Bell Folio ed. , p. 10 -- 11 Jump up ^ Bell folio ed. , p. 10 -- 11 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Folio ed. , p. 12 ^ Jump up to : Bell , Folio ed. p. 13 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 116 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 117 -- 119 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 3 -- 5 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. p. 10 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , pp. 7 , 8 Jump up ^ Appleby , Andrew B. ( 1980 ) . `` The Disappearance of Plague : A Continuing Puzzle '' . The Economic History Review . 33 ( 2 ) : 161 -- 173 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1468 - 0289.1980. tb01821. x . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 46 -- 50 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 14 , 15 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 16 Jump up ^ Bell , Folio ed. , p. 17 ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 60 -- 62 Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1665 ) . `` April 30th '' . Diary of Samuel Pepys . ISBN 0 - 520 - 22167 - 2 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 47 , 62 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) p. 103 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 66 -- 69 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 141 -- 145 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 174 -- 175 Jump up ^ Moote , Lloyd and Dorothy : The Great Plague : the Story of London 's most Deadly Year , Baltimore , 2004 . p. 115 . Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 166 -- 169 Jump up ^ Porter , Stephen ( 2009 ) . The Great Plague . Amberley Publishing . p. 39 . ISBN 978 - 1 - 84868 - 087 - 6 . Jump up ^ Pepys , Samuel ( 1996 ) . The Concise Pepys . Wordsworth Editions Ltd . pp. 363 , 16 September 1665 . ISBN 978 - 1853264788 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 99 -- 101 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ Coleman , Michel P. ( 1986 ) . `` A Plague Epidemic in Voluntary Quarantine '' . International Journal of Epidemiology. 15 ( 3 ) : 379 -- 385 . doi : 10.1093 / ije / 15.3. 379 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 193 -- 196 Jump up ^ Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 250 -- 251 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 155 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 154 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 148 -- 150 Jump up ^ Porter 1999 , p. 155 -- 156 Jump up ^ `` An Act for rebuilding the City of London '' . Statutes of the Realm : volume 5 - 1628 - 80 , pp. 603 -- 612 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 06 . ^ Jump up to : Leasor ( 1962 ) pp. 269 -- 271 Jump up ^ The Rebuilding of London After the Great Fire . Thomas Fiddian. 1940 . Retrieved 2013 - 09 - 02 . Jump up ^ Hart , Vaughan ( 2002 ) . Nicholas Hawksmoor : Rebuilding Ancient Wonders . Yale University Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 09699 - 6 . Bibliography ( edit ) Arnold , Catherine ( 2006 ) . Necropolis : London and its dead . London : Simon and Schuster . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4165 - 0248 - 7 . Bell , Walter George ( 1924 ) . The Great Plague in London in 1665 . Michigan : AMS Press . ISBN 978 - 1 - 85891 - 218 - 9 . Bell , Walter George ( 1951 ) . Belinda Hollyer , ed . The great Plague in London ( folio society ed . ) . Folio society by arrangement with Random House . Leasor , James ( 1962 ) . The Plague and the Fire . London : George Allen and Unwin . ISBN 978 - 0 - 7551 - 0040 - 8 . Moote , A. Lloyd ( 2008 ) . The Great Plague : The Story of London 's Most Deadly Year . London : JHU Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 8018 - 9230 - 1 . Porter , Stephen ( 2012 ) . The Great Plague of London . Gloucestershire : Amberley Publishing . ISBN 978 - 1 - 4456 - 0773 - 3 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Black Death . History of the Plague in London by Daniel Defoe <Th_colspan="3"> History of London Evolution Londinium Lundenwic City of London City of Westminster Middlesex County of London Greater London Timeline Periods Roman London Anglo - Saxon London Norman and Medieval London Tudor London Stuart London 18th - century London 19th - century London 1900 -- 39 The Blitz 1945 -- 2000 21st century Events Peasants ' Revolt Black Death Great Plague Great Fire 1854 cholera outbreak Great Stink Great Exhibition 1908 Franco - British Exhibition The Battle of Cable Street Festival of Britain Great Smog Swinging London London Plan 1966 FIFA World Cup Final 7 / 7 bombings Olympic Games ( 1908 1948 2012 ) 2012 Summer Paralympics Grenfell Tower fire Government Metropolitan Board of Works London County Council Greater London Council Greater London Authority London Assembly Mayor of London London independence Services Bow Street Runners Metropolitan Police Service London Ambulance Service London Fire Brigade Port of London Authority London sewerage system London Underground City of London City of London Corporation Lord Mayor of the City of London Wards of the City of London Guildhall Livery Companies Lord Mayor 's Show City of London Police Bank of England Structures St Paul 's Cathedral Tower of London Palace of Whitehall Westminster Hall London Bridge Tower Bridge Westminster Abbey Big Ben The Monument Fortifications <Td_colspan="3"> Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Great_Plague_of_London&oldid=793412511 '' Categories : Second plague pandemic Health disasters in the United Kingdom Disasters in London 17th - century deaths from plague ( disease ) 17th - century health disasters 17th century in London 1665 in England 1666 in England 1666 natural disasters Death in London Epidemics Health in London Social history of London Hidden categories : Good articles Commons category with local link different than on Wikidata Use dmy dates from April 2011 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Español Esperanto Français 한국어 Bahasa Indonesia Italiano עברית Nederlands Norsk Norsk nynorsk Polski Português Русский Simple English ไทย Türkçe 中文 Edit links This page was last edited on 1 August 2017 , at 15 : 49 . 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1. Great Plague of London 2. Bubonic plague 3. Epidemic in 1665-1666 4. Impact on London's population 5. Preventative measures and outbreak response

law & order special victims unit season 19 episode 4

Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) - wikipedia Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) Jump to : navigation , search <Th_colspan="2"> Law & Order : Special Victims Unit ( season 19 ) <Td_colspan="2"> Season 19 promotion cover Starring Mariska Hargitay Kelli Giddish Ice - T Peter Scanavino Raúl Esparza Philip Winchester Country of origin United States No. of episodes 17 <Th_colspan="2"> Release Original network NBC Original release September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Season chronology <Td_colspan="2"> ← Previous Season 18 <Td_colspan="2"> List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes The nineteenth season of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit premiered on September 27 , 2017 . Michael Chernuchin , who had previously worked on Law & Order , Law & Order : Criminal Intent and Chicago Justice took over from Rick Eid as showrunner . This is also the first season since season twelve in 2010 -- 2011 , where another Law & Order series -- Law & Order True Crime : The Menendez Murders -- aired alongside SVU on NBC . The season will conclude on May 23 , 2018 with a two part season finale . Contents ( hide ) 1 Production 1.1 Storylines 2 Cast 2.1 Main cast 2.2 Special guest stars 2.3 Recurring cast 2.4 Guest stars 3 Episodes 4 Ratings 5 References Production ( edit ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit was renewed for a nineteenth season on May 12 , 2017 . Michael S. Chernuchin , who had previously worked on Law & Order , Law & Order : Criminal Intent and Chicago Justice took over from Rick Eid as showrunner , after Eid left to be showrunner for the fifth season of Chicago P.D. after only one season as showrunner . Production on the season started on July 20 , 2017 . On January 9 , 2018 , NBC ordered an extra two episodes for season nineteen , as confirmed in a tweet by Robert Brooks Cohen , rounding the episode count to 24 . Storylines ( edit ) Showrunner / executive producer Michael Chernuchin told The Hollywood Reporter that this season of SVU would be ' ripping the headlines ' of more current and political events such as the Charlottesville riots . Chernuchin noting , `` Conflict . It 's just the state of the world today with everybody . Everybody 's political now and everything is political now and we want to deal with that . '' Kate Stanhope at THR also mentioned to Chernuchin about the pulled episode ( `` Unstoppable '' ) from last season , asking him if he was hesitant about diving into politics this season . Chernuchin replied , `` I 'm not going to choose a side . I wo n't choose a side . I 'm going to present both political views and let the audience decide which one is right . My goal , and I told the writers on this on the first day of our writers ' room , is at the end of every episode , I want half the audience to throw their shoes at the television and the other half to stand up and cheer . '' Another episode Chernuchin told THR would be based on the Charlie Gard case , an infant in England who was born with a rare genetic disorder that causes progressive brain damage and muscle failure . `` That 's a life and death story , '' Chernuchin explained . `` Cat - fishing , '' cyberbullying -- which he described to THR as `` ( SVU 's ) answer to 13 Reasons Why -- and an airplane episode covering `` all the turmoil on airplanes these days . '' Chernuchin concluded , `` We are ripping things from the headlines . Some of them are big , famous headlines and some of them are smaller headlines . '' On September 8 , 2017 , Chernuchin gave an overview of the season premiere and outlook on the season as a whole to TV Line ; noting that A.D.A. Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) would start having other problems than court battles when Peter Stone ( Philip Winchester ) shows up , Stone pushing Barba into `` a huge moral decision . '' Chernuchin also teased that Lieutenant Benson 's life would be getting worse before it gets any better , `` What I told Mariska ( Hargitay ) when I came aboard is , ' You 're a broken woman , because of your past , and I 'm going to drag you through the woods and you 're gon na come out the other side a better person , '' he previewed . `` So we 're gon na throw the kitchen sink at her ( Benson ) . '' He also mentioned there 's a possibility of romance for Benson : `` There might be , she 's not looking for it , but it might happen . '' In an interview with E ! News , Kelli Giddish ( Det . Amanda Rollins ) says a change in Benson and Rollins ' relationship dynamic is coming . `` I 'm so looking forward to developing a friendship with Benson , the Rollins and Benson relationship , because they have so much in common . '' Benson and Rollins ' relationship was rocky , most notably between seasons fifteen and eighteen as the former began moving up the ranks to Sergeant and then Lieutenant . `` They have been at odds , it 's just nice to come into that office and know that we 're not going to fight but kind of support each other as I think these two characters would in real life , '' Giddish continued . An episode based on the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations aired on January 17 , 2018 . `` We are hitting Harvey Weinstein head - on , but it 's not in the realm of the entertainment business , '' Michael Chernuchin said in an interview with Entertainment Weekly . `` It 's a real important episode about the rape culture in an industry , and we wanted to try ( to ) stretch the law to criminalize that sort of environment . '' Cast ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit characters The entire main cast from the previous season returned . In August 2017 , it was announced that Philip Winchester would reprise his role as Assistant State 's Attorney Peter Stone from Chicago Justice , appearing around the midpoint of the season . New show runner / executive producer Michael Chernuchin told Entertainment Weekly that Stone 's character would be coming in as an antagonist and that he will be a foil for A.D.A. Barba ( Raúl Esparza ) this season ; Stone 's character is n't necessarily taking his ( Barba 's ) job . `` There 's more than one A.D.A. in New York ( ... ) Philip will come in and he wo n't be the nicest person our characters have ever met . What he 's going to be doing , too , is basically bringing all of the franchises into one . He 's connecting Law & Order , the Chicago franchises and now SVU . '' His character debuted in the thirteenth episode of the season . In the thirteenth episode , Raúl Esparza departed the cast after six seasons on the show . He told Natalie Abrams of Entertainment Weekly that it was his decision to leave , adding `` I 've done six seasons , I felt like it was time to go . I had explored a lot of what I thought Barba was about . I just felt it was time to move on . '' Philip Winchester took his place as the show 's permanent A.D.A , guest starring in Esparza 's final episode before joining the main cast in the fourteenth episode . Main cast ( edit ) Mariska Hargitay as Lieutenant Olivia Benson Kelli Giddish as Detective Amanda Rollins Ice - T as Detective Odafin `` Fin '' Tutuola Peter Scanavino as Detective Dominick `` Sonny '' Carisi , Jr . Raúl Esparza as A.D.A. Rafael Barba ( episodes 1 -- 13 ) Philip Winchester as A.D.A. Peter Stone ( episode 14 onwards ; guest star : episode 13 ) Special guest stars ( edit ) Sam Waterston as DA Jack McCoy Stephanie March as ADA Alex Cabot Recurring cast ( edit ) Dean Winters as DA Investigator Brian Cassidy Ryan Buggle as Noah Porter - Benson Barbara Miluski as Judge Lisa Peck Peter Jacobson as Defense Attorney Randy Dworkin Vincent Curatola as Judge Al Burtuccio Brooke Shields as Sheila Porter Yvonna Kopacz - Wright as Dr. Darcy Wilder Ami Brabson as Judge Karyn Blake Peter Hermann as Defense Attorney Trevor Langan Steve Rosen as Defence Attorney Michael Guthrie Helmar Augustus Cooper as Judge Reginald Flowers Jayne Houdyshell as Judge Ruth Linden Peter Gallagher as Deputy Chief William Dodds Maureen Mueller as Susan Janet Jenna Stern as Judge Elana Barth Tamara Tunie as Medical Examiner Melinda Warner Carolyn McCormick as Dr. Elizabeth Olivet Ned Eisenberg as Defense Attorney Roger Kressler Sonia Manzano as Judge Gloria Pepitone Joe Grifasi as Judge Hashi Horowitz Susie Essman as Defense Attorney Arlene Heller Callie Thorne as Defense Attorney Nicki Staines Ernest Waddell as Ken Randall Guest stars ( edit ) It was announced on August 11 , 2017 by The Hollywood Reporter that actress Brooke Shields would play a ' major ' recurring role throughout the course of the season . `` I play a very different character from any I have ever played , '' Shields commented . `` I 'm excited to stir the SVU pot a bit . '' THR noted that details of her role are being kept under wraps , although it 's been teased that Shields ' role will `` shake up Benson 's ( Mariska Hargitay ) world . '' At the New York Fashion Week event on September 7 , 2017 , Shields talked about her `` complicated '' character ; `` We 're discovering the character , '' she said of her at the time , mysterious recurring role , `` it 's pretty complicated and it 's gut wrenching . What 's so amazing about the show is that the characters are so rich and layered , and they 're just filtering me through it . '' Shields also noted that her character was set to begin appearing in the third episode ( `` Contrapasso '' ) of the season . In that episode 's last scene , Shields ' character was revealed to be Noah 's previously unknown grandmother , Sheila Porter , who challenged Benson for custody before becoming friends . Her story arc finished in 2018 when Sheila abducted Noah in a cliffhanger episode , before being caught by Benson and the squad and arrested . On August 18 , Entertainment Weekly released a sneak - peak of the script of SVU 's season 19 premiere episode and announced that Will Chase would be guest starring as Byron Marks , an accused rapist who turned fugitive when he fled to Cuba six years prior , he is caught by Fin ( Ice T ) in the premiere 's opening scenes . Amy Smart guest starred as one of Marks ' victims , and Peter Jacobson -- who previously guest starred in the thirteenth - season finale and recurred in season fourteen as a pimp named Bart Ganzel -- guest starred in the premiere as his recurring mothership Law & Order character , Defense Attorney Randy Dworkin , a character created by Michael Chernuchin during his tenure on L&O . Annabeth Gish guest starred in the third episode of the season . She portrayed a defense attorney in a case where a man is castrated and left for dead ; leading the SVU squad to three female suspects with possible motives . Cleveland Cavaliers point guard Isaiah Thomas , made a cameo appearance as himself in an October episode ( `` Complicated '' ) of SVU . Thomas ' cameo appearance occurs in the midst of a missing persons investigation . Mike Faist , a Tony Award - nominated actor starring as Connor Murphy in Broadway musical Dear Evan Hansen , guest starred as a young man struggling with the long - ago disappearance of his sister in `` Complicated '' . The Walking Dead alum , Brighton Sharbino guest starred as a teenager who disappears when her classmates make her the subject of a cyberbullying attack . Madison Pettis also guest starred in the episode , titled `` No Good Reason '' , which aired on NBC , October 18th 2017 . Another Broadway star , Christiane Noll , guest starred in the episode `` Unintended Consquences '' as Sarah Curtis `` After 19 years on the air , I will finally be appearing as a guest star on episode # 19006 of Law & Order : SVU ! I am really excited because this is my first big guest starring role , '' Noll told Playbill . Peter Scolari guest starred along with Noll in `` Unintended Consequences '' as Dr. Dennis Barkley . In October 2017 , THR announced Melora Walters and Joanna Going would guest star in a special episode of SVU ( `` Something Happened '' ) . Walters played the rape victim , Laurel Linwood , who knows she was raped but ca n't remember what happened . Going played Laurel 's sister , Leah , who is brought in to help fill in the blanks . On September 20 , 2017 , it was announced Sam Waterston would guest star in an upcoming episode of SVU as his Law & Order character , Jack McCoy . Waterston was re-united with show runner / EP Michael S. Chernuchin , who also held the same position at the time Waterston joined the original series in 1994 ; Chernuchin is credited as the creator of the McCoy character . This also marked Waterston 's fourth guest appearance on SVU . In the episode `` Pathological '' , Tamara Tunie ( M.E. Melinda Warner ) , Carolyn McCormick ( Dr. Elizabeth Olivet ) , and Jenna Stern ( Judge Elana Barth ) returned as their respective characters . The episode aired on January 10 , 2018 . On December 14 , 2017 , Martin Donovan and Yasmine Al Massri were confirmed to guest star in an episode titled `` Flight Risk '' based on the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations . The episode was about sexual harassment in the airline industry and aired on January 17 , 2018 . On January 31 , 2018 , Rhea Seehorn guest starred in an episode titled `` Info Wars '' , inspired by the Charlottesville riots and the website InfoWars , Rhea 's character inspired by InfoWars reporter Millie Weaver . On March 5 , 2018 , it was revealed that Stephanie March will reprise her role as ADA Alexandra Cabot in an upcoming episode due to air on April 18 , 2018 . This will mark March 's first appearance on the show since season thirteen . Episodes ( edit ) See also : List of Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 411 `` Gone Fishin ' '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin September 27 , 2017 ( 2017 - 09 - 27 ) 1901 5.67 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit is notified about a fugitive rapist ( Will Chase ) on the loose in Havana , Cuba . Fin crosses international borders to capture him , which soon causes political controversy when Fin is accused of kidnapping the perp . When all of his victims are reluctant to testify , Benson must count on one victim ( Amy Smart ) to help put the perp away . Meanwhile , Benson discovers shocking allegations made about her , which eventually leads to her ex-boyfriend and former SVU detective Brian Cassidy returning to her life to investigate her actions and the allegation made against her . 412 `` Mood '' Michael Pressman Allison Intrieri October 4 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 04 ) 1902 5.82 <Td_colspan="8"> A woman ( Saxon Sharbino ) reports to SVU that she was raped . At first , the detectives believe her but , after several misleading reports , the detectives soon find themselves in a complicated position , with Rollins and Carisi fighting about whether her story is true and whether the case should be taken to trial . Meanwhile , Cassidy continues his investigation into Benson 's personal life regarding the shocking allegations made about her and Benson decides to take action , leading to an extremely shocking discovery and the loss of an old friendship in Benson 's life . 413 `` Contrapasso '' Jean de Segonzac Richard Sweren October 11 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 11 ) 1903 5.79 <Td_colspan="8"> A man ( Paul Fitzgerald ) is brutally castrated and left for dead in a hotel , but survives the ordeal and the Special Victims Unit soon discover there were three witnesses to the scene , who immediately become suspects in the case . However , the case quickly takes a bizarre twist when the three witnesses make a claim that they are victims from something he did in the past and they were getting revenge . Barba must decide whether to prosecute the women or defend them in the complicated case . Meanwhile , Olivia gets shocking news from Trevor Langan regarding Noah 's biological family , revealing that Noah 's mother Ellie Porter had been lying about something all this time during the past investigation . 414 `` No Good Reason '' Martha Mitchell Julie Martin & Brianna Yellen October 18 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 18 ) 1904 5.58 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit is called in to investigate the sudden disappearance of a high school student ( Brighton Sharbino ) . They soon discover that she was the victim of a nasty cyberbullying attack from her fellow peers and best friend ( Madison Pettis ) . When she is finally found , she claims that she was raped by three boys from her school at a party , one being one of her best friends . The case goes well until the victim becomes reluctant to testify due to hatred and bullying from her peers and Benson must convince her to be brave . Meanwhile , Sheila Porter attempts to challenge Benson 's parenting skills as a mother , which infuriates Benson . Episode inspired by the events in the Netflix web series 13 Reasons Why . 415 5 `` Complicated '' Tricia Brock Céline C. Robinson October 25 , 2017 ( 2017 - 10 - 25 ) 1905 5.81 <Td_colspan="8"> A young woman ( Ili Ray ) who has been missing for ten years is suddenly found and the cold case into her disappearance is reopened by the Special Victims Unit . However , the detectives become suspicious of her story when several things do n't match up and the detectives soon discover a disturbing cold secret kept in the family . Meanwhile , Benson and Sheila both fight against each other for custody of Noah , with Sheila claiming she fears for Noah 's safety due to Benson 's recent allegations , infuriating Benson and putting them both in an intense and conflicted relationship . Cameo appearance by Isaiah Thomas . 416 6 `` Unintended Consequences '' Jonathan Herron Elizabeth Rinehart November 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 08 ) 1906 4.97 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to a high end rehab center to investigate the death of a teenage girl , after she was last seen there . Suspicious of the activity going on and the concerning behaviour and reports from some of the clients , Rollins goes undercover in the rehab center as a worker , joining the manager ( Anne Corley ) in her duties , hoping to get evidence of criminal activity in order to get justice for the murder victim 's family . Meanwhile , Benson tries to overcome her doubts about Sheila , after letting her visit Noah for the first time and befriending her . 417 7 `` Something Happened '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin November 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 11 - 29 ) 1907 7.07 <Td_colspan="8"> A rape victim ( Melora Walters ) who ca n't remember the details or what happened when she was sexually assaulted visits the Special Victims Unit , distraught and desperate to remember exactly what happened . Benson brings her into an interrogation room to help her remember the details of what happened . However , it quickly becomes intense when the rape victim starts to break down in fear , stress and desperation . In order to help the victim remember what happened , Benson finally decides to tell her a long kept secret from her past that she has n't told anyone before , in the hopes that the victim will remember what happened and who assaulted her so justice can be served . The case soon takes a shocking twist which reveals a secret long kept from both the victim and her sister ( Joanna Going ) . 418 8 `` Intent '' Adam Bernstein Robert Brooks Cohen & Lawrence Kaplow December 6 , 2017 ( 2017 - 12 - 06 ) 1908 6.18 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in after a popular social media star ( Gage Golightly ) is raped , following a romantic date gone wrong . The detectives discover she posted a hint of who she was dating online for her followers , but the victim 's reputation is soon questioned after a text threat is discovered that was subsequently sent to her suspected rapist which could ruin the case . Meanwhile , Rollins and Carisi get into a bar fight and Benson sets firm ground rules with Sheila about what she can and can not tell Noah about his past and family background , but eventually , Olivia 's worst nightmare comes true when she gets some horrifying news about Noah . 419 9 `` Gone Baby Gone '' Jean de Segonzac Lawrence Kaplow & Elizabeth Rinehart January 3 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 03 ) 1909 6.23 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit , along with Deputy Chief William Dodds , start a top priority frantic search for Noah after he is kidnapped while clothes shopping with Sheila at the mall . Benson , frantic , starts to panic , which sends emotions running high amongst the team members . Desperate to have her son safe and back with her , Benson decides to take matters into her own hands and tries to attempt to track down Noah 's kidnapper , despite Dodds ' orders . However , things eventually become extremely dangerous and Benson 's life is soon put in serious danger as things take a shocking twist . 420 10 `` Pathological '' Jono Oliver Brianna Yellen January 10 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 10 ) 1910 6.06 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to investigate a sexual assault case involving two disabled children ( Conor Tague & Erin Wilhelmi ) who attend a special needs school . Through further investigation , the case takes a surprising twist after Rollins discovers a shocking truth when one of the students ' medical exam shows that the child 's medical disability stems from a surprising source and the case soon turns into one of child abuse in the hands of her mother ( Dendrie Taylor ) . The case soon goes from bad to worse when the abuse case soon turns to murder . Meanwhile , Benson tries to help Noah cope with nightmares after the previous traumatizing events involving himself , Benson and Sheila Porter . Episode inspired by the Murder of Dee Dee Blanchard 421 11 `` Flight Risk '' Michael Pressman Julie Martin & Allison Intrieri January 17 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 17 ) 1911 6.21 <Td_colspan="8"> When a Muslim female pilot ( Yasmine Al Massri ) locks herself in the cockpit and attempts to return the plane to JFK Airport ( nearly causing a crash ) , she finds herself arrested on suspicion of terrorism . However , when she makes a claim that the captain of the plane ( Martin Donovan ) was sexually assaulting her and she diverted the plane to avoid contact with him , the Special Victims Unit is called to investigate . Barba eventually convenes with a grand jury to determine the suspected rapists complicity in the crime . Meanwhile , Tutuola takes several steps to ensure that Benson is safe at work , after the previous incident with Sheila Porter . Episode inspired by the Harvey Weinstein sexual abuse allegations . 422 12 `` Info Wars '' Michael Slovis Richard Sweren & Robert Brooks Cohen January 31 , 2018 ( 2018 - 01 - 31 ) 1912 5.48 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to a brutal crime scene after a violent protest in the city results in a controversial , right - wing female pundit ( Rhea Seehorn ) getting viciously sexually assaulted . However , with many people in the crowd during the protest , the squad has a hard time catching the victim 's assailants . When the case is taken to trial , Barba and Benson both fight with each other after struggling to keep their political opinions about the case quiet and both disagreeing with each other , which leaves the squad clashing over sides in the controversial , violent case and sets tensions rising between the detectives and Barba . Episode and episode title inspired by actual website InfoWars , with specific main character reference to InfoWars ' reporter Millie Weaver . 423 13 `` The Undiscovered Country '' Alex Chapple Michael Chernuchin February 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 07 ) 1913 6.64 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in to investigate after a father ( Joe Tapper ) kidnaps his mitochondrial DNA depletion syndrome - affected infant . When the father is found , he says he wants his son alive , whereas his wife ( Abigail Hawk ) wants him put out of his misery , which sends the SVU detectives taking sides in the family 's right - to - die case . Barba 's interference in the case leads to the entire DA 's office being in jeopardy , which results in DA Jack McCoy getting involved and sending Barba to trial for murder . However , Barba is found not guilty . Traumatized by the case , Barba quits his job as an ADA and is replaced by former Chicago ASA Peter Stone , who has recently lost his father Benjamin Stone , a former ADA previously assigned to the NYPD 's Homicide Unit . Episode inspired by the Charlie Gard case . 424 14 `` Chasing Demons '' Fred Berner Richard Sweren & Allison Intrieri February 28 , 2018 ( 2018 - 02 - 28 ) 1914 5.55 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit take a doctor ( Lorenzo Scott ) to trial who has been accused of molesting little boys . As the trial is going good , Brian Cassidy testifies but when the doctor 's lawyer ( Daryl Edwards ) suspects Cassidy of being racist , Cassidy loses it , which causes a mistrial . However , when Cassidy turns up to Benson 's apartment with blood on him and Dr. West is found dead after Cassidy visited him , Benson must decide whether Cassidy is guilty of murder or if Cassidy is innocent which he claims , which complicates Rollins ' and Benson 's relationship and gets Stone and Benson 's relationship off to a rocky start , all while a determined Homicide detective ( Kylie Bunbury ) investigates Cassidy . 425 15 `` In Loco Parentis '' Norberto Barba Michael Chernuchin & Julie Martin March 7 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 07 ) 1915 5.51 <Td_colspan="8"> Carisi 's sister ( Rachel Bay Jones ) visits Carisi saying that her daughter ( Ryann Shane ) was raped . The Special Victims Unit investigate the case , but Carisi 's niece claims she lied about the rape , and the charges are dropped . However , when Carisi 's niece claims that she was really raped after visiting the suspect , Carisi and SVU must investigate whether she is being truthful after her credibility in the case was damaged . Meanwhile , during the investigation , ADA Stone learns the hard way that there are no perfect witnesses when it comes down to dealing with sex crimes , while the squad warm up to him after the departure of Barba . 426 16 `` Dare '' Christopher Misiano Richard Sweren & Cèline C. Robinson March 14 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 14 ) 1916 6.13 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called to a recreation centre after a thirteen year old girl disappears while on a school excursion . The detectives soon learn that her two friends left her with a stranger , which makes him the prime suspect . Eventually , the girl is found unconscious in the recreation centre stripped to her underwear . After the girl dies in the hospital due to her injuries , the case takes a shocking twist when it is discovered that the deceased girl 's organs were harvested by a surgeon without the parents ' consent . Stone takes the extremely controversial and complicated case to court , hoping to get justice for the deceased girl and her mourning family . 427 17 `` Send in the Clowns '' Alex Chapple Julie Martin & Brianna Yellen March 21 , 2018 ( 2018 - 03 - 21 ) 1917 6.51 <Td_colspan="8"> The Special Victims Unit are called in to investigate the disappearance of a teenage prodigy during a spring break trip . Through the investigation , they find a prime suspect . It is a butcher who was seen leaving the club with the teenage girl in a clown mask where the teenager was last seen . However , the case becomes extremely difficult to close , when the detectives try and find her body at a dump , but the dump is emptied with what is likely holding the girl 's body as well , and Stone tries to get justice for the girl and lock up the butcher as the chances of the girl being alive become extremely slim . However , towards the end , the case takes a shocking twist and the detectives discover that the perp is someone who they least suspected . 428 18 `` Service '' TBA TBA April 11 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 11 ) 1918 TBD 429 19 `` Sunk Cost Fallacy '' TBA TBA April 18 , 2018 ( 2018 - 04 - 18 ) 1919 TBD 430 20 `` The Book of Esther '' TBA TBA May 2 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 02 ) 1920 TBD 431 21 `` Guardian '' TBA TBA May 9 , 2018 ( 2018 - 05 - 09 ) 1921 TBD Ratings ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Gone Fishin ' '' September 27 , 2017 1.4 / 5 5.67 1.0 3.19 2.4 8.83 `` Mood '' October 4 , 2017 1.3 / 5 5.82 TBD TBD TBD TBD `` Contrapasso '' October 11 , 2017 1.2 / 5 5.79 1.0 2.82 2.2 8.61 `` No Good Reason '' October 18 , 2017 1.2 / 4 5.58 1.0 2.85 2.2 8.45 5 `` Complicated '' October 25 , 2017 1.2 / 4 5.81 0.9 2.77 2.1 8.59 6 `` Unintended Consequences '' November 8 , 2017 1.1 / 4 4.97 0.9 3.04 2.0 8.01 7 `` Something Happened '' November 29 , 2017 1.5 / 5 7.07 1.0 3.08 2.5 10.15 8 `` Intent '' December 6 , 2017 1.3 / 5 6.18 0.9 2.68 2.2 8.86 9 `` Gone Baby Gone '' January 3 , 2018 1.4 / 5 6.23 TBD TBD TBD TBD 10 `` Pathological '' January 10 , 2018 1.3 / 5 6.06 1.0 3.09 2.3 9.15 11 `` Flight Risk '' January 17 , 2018 1.4 / 5 6.21 1.0 2.98 2.4 9.17 12 `` Info Wars '' January 31 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.48 1.0 3.01 2.2 8.48 13 `` The Undiscovered Country '' February 7 , 2018 1.3 / 5 6.64 1.0 3.17 2.3 9.81 14 `` Chasing Demons '' February 28 , 2018 1.1 / 4 5.55 1.0 3.01 2.1 8.56 15 `` In Loco Parentis '' March 7 , 2018 1.2 / 5 5.51 0.8 2.76 2.0 8.30 16 `` Dare '' March 14 , 2018 1.3 / 5 6.13 1.0 2.84 2.3 8.97 17 `` Send In The Clowns '' March 21 , 2018 1.4 / 5 6.51 0.9 2.78 2.3 9.29 18 `` Service '' April 11 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 19 `` Sunk Cost Fallacy '' April 18 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 20 `` The Book of Esther '' May 2 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD 21 `` Guardian '' May 9 , 2018 TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD TBD References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on NBC '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved April 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( May 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Renewed for Season 19 , Showrunner Rick Eid Exits for ' Chicago PD ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Otterson , Joe ( 2017 ) . `` ' Law and Order : SVU ' Taps ' Chicago Justice ' EP Michael Chernuchin as New Showrunner . '' Variety.com . Retrieved August 5 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Martin , Julie ( 2017 - 07 - 19 ) . `` # SVU19 # Day1 # InGoodHandspic.twitter.com/gJLjS7mjHh '' . @ JulieMartinSVU . Retrieved 2017 - 08 - 21 . Jump up ^ Robert B Cohen ( @ RobertBCohen ) ( 9 Jan 2018 ) . `` This is great news . Of 24 SVU episodes this season , only 4 are scheduled to be directed by women . That must change . # TimesUp '' ( Tweet ) -- via Twitter . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Season 19 to Tackle Charlottesville Riots , Charlie Gard Case '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Fall TV Spoilers 2017 : Scoop on 35 + Returning Favorites '' . TV Line . September 8 , 2017 . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Harnick , Christopher ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Finally ! The Law and Order : SVU Change Everyone -- Including Kelli Giddish -- Has Been Waiting For '' . E ! News . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' to tackle Harvey Weinstein scandal '' . EW.com . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 8 , 2017 ) . `` Philip Winchester Joins ' Law & Order : SVU ' , Will Reprise ' Chicago Justice ' Role '' . Deadline . Retrieved August 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Stanhope , Kate ( August 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Enlists Brooke Shields for Major Recurring Role ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 17 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' Arrow , ' ' Once Upon a Time , ' ' Scandal ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Winchester , Philip . `` Where will Stone 's office be ? Let the SVU adventure begin ... pic.twitter.com/Ovs01vaxqI '' . Twitter.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit on NBC -- `` The Undiscovered Country '' ( # 1913 ) `` . The Futon Critic . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Abrams , Natalie ( February 7 , 2018 ) . `` Raúl Esparza exits Law & Order : SVU after six seasons '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tvline.com/2018/03/05/law-and-order-svu-stephanie-march-return-season-19-alexandra-cabot/ Jump up ^ Bratskeir , Anne ( September 7 , 2017 ) . `` Brooke Shields calls her ' Law & Order : SVU ' role ' gut wrenching ' '' . am New York . Retrieved September 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( August 18 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order SVU premiere : Fin lands major arrest in script page '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved August 19 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Roots , Kim ( August 30 , 2017 ) . `` SVU Enlists X-Files ' Annabeth Gish '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 31 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Goldberg , Rob ( September 12 , 2017 ) . `` Isaiah Thomas to Take Part in Episode of Law and Order : SVU '' . Bleacher Report . Retrieved September 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` DEAR EVAN HANSEN 's Mike Faist to Guest Star on NBC 's LAW & ORDER : SVU '' . Broadway World . September 17 , 2017 . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Carter , Matt ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` Law & Order : SVU season 19 episode 4 : Walking Dead alum to appear '' . MattCarter.com . Retrieved October 4 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Gans , Andrew ( September 19 , 2017 ) . `` Tony Nominee Christiane Noll Lands SVU Role '' . Playbill . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Lambe , Stacy ( October 31 , 2017 ) . `` Olivia Benson Faces Another Emotional Challenge on ' Law & Order : SVU ' ( Exclusive Clip ) '' . Entertainment Tonight Online . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( October 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Taps ' Big Love ' and ' Kingdom ' Alums for Special Episode ( Exclusive ) '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved November 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Stanhope , Kate ( September 20 , 2017 ) . `` Sam Waterston to Reprise ' Law & Order ' Role on ' SVU ' '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved September 21 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` Spoiler Room : Scoop on ' Timeless , ' ' Supergirl , ' ' SVU ' and more '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Bentley , Jean ( December 14 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Harvey Weinstein Episode Adds ' Weeds , ' ' Quantico ' Alums ( Exclusive ) '' . Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved February 28 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://www.newsbusters.org/blogs/culture/lindsay-kornick/2018/02/01/law-order-svu-rape-female-conservative-commentator-info-wars . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ `` Law & Order : Special Victims Unit '' . www.people.com . Retrieved 2018 - 03 - 05 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( September 28 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' premiere adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved September 28 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 5 , 2017 ) . `` ' SEAL Team , ' ' Law & Order : SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 5 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 12 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Survivor , ' ' Goldbergs , ' ' Blacklist ' adjust up , ' Dynasty ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 12 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Rios , Taylor ( October 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Walking Dead ' Alum To Appear In ' Law & Order : SVU ' Season 19 , See Brighton Sharbino All Grown Up '' . Inquisitr . Retrieved October 29 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 20 , 2017 ) . `` TV Ratings Wednesday : ' Empire ' leads a close race for No. 1 , ' Riverdale ' dips '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 20 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( October 26 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Blacklist ' and ' Designated Survivor ' adjust down , final World Series numbers : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 26 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' SVU , ' CMAs and others unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( December 7 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' SVU ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 7 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 5 , 2018 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' adjusts up , ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 5 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Dee Dee Wanted Her Daughter To Be Sick , Gypsy Wanted Her Mom Murdered '' . Buzzfeed.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 11 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 11 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' to tackle Harvey Weinstein scandal '' . EW.com . November 22 , 2017 . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 19 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale , ' ' X-Files ' and everything else unchanged : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 19 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Megyn Kelly Reports on Alex Jones and ' Infowars ' '' . nbcnews.com . June 18 , 2017 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Shocking Law & Order Episode Portrays Antifa Rape of Infowars Reporter '' . infowars.com . February 1 , 2018 . Retrieved February 2 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Amazing Race ' adjusts up , ' The Blacklist ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 1 , 2018 . Jump up ^ `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' Season 19 to Tackle Charlottesville Riots , Charlie Gard Case '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 2018 - 02 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' Riverdale ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 1 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 8 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and Riverdale ' adjust up , ' Chicago PD ' and ' Life Sentence ' down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 8 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 15 , 2018 ) . `` ' The X-Files ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 15 , 2018 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 22 , 2018 ) . `` ' Survivor , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Modern Family ' adjust up , ' Speechless ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 22 , 2018 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/ymkopacz/status/967169304398647297?s=20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Blondecalabrian/status/969399526791483397?s=20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/JulieMartinSVU/status/971495031814139904?s=20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/Samarq521/status/982111555822092294?s=20 . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' The Good Doctor ' score big in premiere week broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved October 17 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( October 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' is the most - watched show on tv in week 3 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' Chicago PD ' 10 more shows double in week 4 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 3 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Grey 's Anatomy ' keeps rolling in week 5 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( November 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' rides high in week 7 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 15 , 2017 ) . `` CW crossovers get another bump in week 10 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( December 21 , 2017 ) . `` ' Agents of SHIELD ' gets a good bump in week 11 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Zap2it.com . Retrieved January 13 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( January 26 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Brave ' goes from low to ... less low : Week 16 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 1 , 2018 ) . `` ' This Is Us , ' ' The Good Doctor ' both double in week 17 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2018 ) . `` Closing the book on the Super Bowl ' This Is Us ' : Week 19 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . Retrieved February 16 , 2018 . Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-20-broadcast-live-7-ratings-feb-5-11-2018/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-23-broadcast-live-7-ratings-feb-26-march-4-2018/ . Missing or empty title = ( help ) Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-24-broadcast-live-7-ratings-march-5-11-2018/ Jump up ^ ( ( cite web url = http://tvbythenumbers.zap2it.com/dvr-ratings/week-25-broadcast-live-7-ratings-march-12-18-2018/ Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2018 ) . `` ' The Good Doctor ' scores highest in week 26 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2018 . <Th_colspan="2"> ( hide ) Law & Order : Special Victims Unit Characters Detectives Elliot Stabler Olivia Benson John Munch Monique Jeffries Fin Tutuola Chester Lake Nick Amaro Amanda Rollins Dominick Carisi Jr . Commanding officers Donald Cragen Olivia Benson Assistant District Attorneys Alexandra Cabot Casey Novak Kim Greylek Rafael Barba Doctors George Huang Melinda Warner Other characters Barry Moredock Brian Cassidy Elizabeth Donnelly Michael Cutter Sonya Paxton Jack McCoy Seasons Episodes Season 1 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 Notable episodes `` Payback '' `` 911 '' `` Authority '' `` Cold '' `` Zebras '' `` Behave '' `` Smoked '' `` Scorched Earth '' `` Justice Denied '' `` Father Dearest '' `` Rhodium Nights '' `` Lost Reputation '' `` Above Suspicion '' `` Acceptable Loss '' `` Manhattan Vigil '' `` Comic Perversion '' `` Glasgowman 's Wrath '' `` Chicago Crossover '' See also Cast members Awards and nominations Law & Order franchise Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Law_%26_Order:_Special_Victims_Unit_(season_19)&oldid=835648156 '' Categories : Law & Order : Special Victims Unit episodes 2017 American television seasons 2018 American television seasons Hidden categories : Pages with citations lacking titles Pages with citations having bare URLs Use mdy dates from August 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Wikiquote Español Français Italiano Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Edit links This page was last edited on 9 April 2018 , at 23 : 11 . 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1. Law & Order: Special Victims Unit season 19 2. Showrunner Michael Chernuchin 3. Storylines based on current events 4. Main cast and guest stars 5. Episode summaries and air dates

who coined the phrase it ain't over til the fat lady sings

It ai n't over till the fat lady sings - wikipedia It ai n't over till the fat lady sings Jump to : navigation , search For the Irish band , see The Fat Lady Sings . Amalie Materna as the valkyrie Brünnhilde ( 1876 ) It ai n't over till ( or until ) the fat lady sings is a colloquialism which is often used as a proverb . It means that one should not presume to know the outcome of an event which is still in progress . More specifically , the phrase is used when a situation is ( or appears to be ) nearing its conclusion . It cautions against assuming that the current state of an event is irreversible and clearly determines how or when the event will end . The phrase is most commonly used in association with organized competitions , particularly sports . The phrase is generally understood to be referencing the stereotypically overweight sopranos of the opera . The imagery of Richard Wagner 's opera cycle Der Ring des Nibelungen and its last part , Götterdämmerung , is typically the one used in depictions accompanying reference to the phrase . The `` fat lady '' is the valkyrie Brünnhilde , who is traditionally presented as a very buxom lady with horned helmet , spear and round shield ( although Amalie Materna played Brünnhilde during Wagner 's lifetime ( 1876 ) with a winged helmet ) . Her farewell scene lasts almost twenty minutes and leads directly to the finale of the whole Ring Cycle . As Götterdämmerung is about the end of the world ( or at least the world of the Norse gods ) , in a very significant way `` it is ( all ) over when the fat lady sings . '' The saying has become so well known that it was the subject of an article in the journal Obesity Reviews . Attribution ( edit ) The first recorded use appeared in the Dallas Morning News on 10 March 1976 : Despite his obvious allegiance to the Red Raiders , Texas Tech sports information director Ralph Carpenter was the picture of professional objectivity when the Aggies rallied for a 72 -- 72 tie late in the SWC tournament finals . `` Hey , Ralph , '' said Bill Morgan , `` this ... is going to be a tight one after all . '' `` Right '' , said Ralph , `` the opera ai n't over until the fat lady sings . '' In the same newspaper on 26 November 2006 , Steve Blow followed up the discovery by contacting Bill Morgan about the incident : Bill vividly remembers the comment and the uproar it caused throughout the press box . He always assumed it was coined on the spot . `` Oh , yeah , it was vintage Carpenter . He was one of the world 's funniest guys , '' said Bill , a contender for that title himself . The 1976 use of the phrase was discovered by Fred R. Shapiro , who published it in The Yale Book of Quotations . It had previously been attributed to sportswriter and broadcaster Dan Cook , who used the phrase after the first basketball game between the San Antonio Spurs and the Washington Bullets ( now the Washington Wizards ) during the 1978 NBA Playoffs . Cook used the line to illustrate that while the Spurs had won once , the series was not over yet . Shapiro called this a notable example of misattribution . Phrases with similar meanings ( edit ) `` It ai n't over till it 's over '' , a phrase popularized by baseball player Yogi Berra . `` Do n't count your chickens before they hatch '' , a well - known saying which originated in the 16th century . `` Nothing is carved in stone '' , a phrase meaning that the future can always be changed . References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Libretti Götterdämmerung '' . Richard Wagner . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Rössner , S. ( 2014 - 10 - 01 ) . `` ' It ai n't over till the fat lady sings ' '' . Obesity Reviews . 15 ( 10 ) : 851 -- 852 . doi : 10.1111 / obr. 12219 . ISSN 1467 - 789X . Jump up ^ Pincus , David ( March 9 , 2010 ) . `` Today in Sports History : March 10th '' . SBNation . Vox Media , Inc . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Blow , Steve ( November 26 , 2006 ) . `` Fat lady first sang in the pages of The News '' . Dallas Morning News . access - date = requires url = ( help ) Jump up ^ Adams , Cecil ( October 25 , 1991 ) . `` What 's the origin of `` the opera ai n't over till the fat lady sings ? '' `` . The Straight Dope . Retrieved January 30 , 2015 . Jump up ^ Fred R. Shapiro , ed. ( 2006 ) . The Yale Book of Quotations . Yale University Press . p. xix . ISBN 978 - 0 - 300 - 10798 - 2 . <Th_colspan="2"> Washington Wizards <Td_colspan="2"> Founded in 1961 Formerly the Chicago Packers ( 1961 -- 1962 ) , the Chicago Zephyrs ( 1962 -- 1963 ) , the Baltimore Bullets ( 1963 -- 1973 ) , the Capital Bullets ( 1973 -- 1974 ) , and the Washington Bullets ( 1974 -- 1997 ) Based in Washington , D.C. Franchise Franchise Expansion Draft All - time roster Draft history Head coaches Seasons Current season Arenas International Amphitheatre Chicago Coliseum Baltimore Civic Center Cole Field House Capital Centre / US Airways Arena Capital One Arena General Managers Ferry Nash Unseld Grunfeld G - League affiliate Capital City Go - Go in 2018 Administration Ted Leonsis ( Owner ) Ernie Grunfeld ( President & GM of Basketball Ops . ) Scott Brooks ( Head Coach ) Retired numbers 10 11 25 41 45 ( To be retired March 23 , 2018 ) NBA Championships ( 1 ) 1978 Eastern Conference Championships ( 4 ) 1971 1978 1979 Culture and lore Wes Unseld 1975 championship upset It ai n't over till the fat lady sings The Big E Abe Pollin Earl the Pearl Agent Zero Robin Ficker Media TV WDCW NBC Sports Washington Comcast Network Radio WJFK - FM Announcers Steve Buckhantz Phil Chenier Dave Johnson Glenn Consor <Th_colspan="2"> Richard Wagner 's Der Ring des Nibelungen Das Rheingold Die Walküre Siegfried Götterdämmerung Composition Music Poem Source Völsunga saga Poetic Edda Prose Edda Nibelungenlied Thidreks saga Cycles Das Rheingold ( 1869 ) discography Die Walküre ( 1870 ) discography Ride of the Valkyries Siegfried ( 1876 ) discography Siegfried Idyll Götterdämmerung ( 1876 ) discography Sequels Der gerettete Alberich Expecting Someone Taller Related Jahrhundertring What 's Opera , Doc ? Ring The Perfect Wagnerite It ai n't over till the fat lady sings Gods of War Der Ring des Nibelungen discography Tarnhelm Hitler : A Film from Germany Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=It_ain%27t_over_till_the_fat_lady_sings&oldid=814692701 '' Categories : Adages English proverbs Washington Wizards Hidden categories : Pages using citations with accessdate and no URL Talk About Wikipedia فارسی Simple English Edit links This page was last edited on 10 December 2017 , at 09 : 48 . About Wikipedia

1. Colloquialism "It ain't over till the fat lady sings" 2. Meaning of the phrase in relation to events in progress 3. Association with organized competitions, particularly sports 4. Reference to the stereotypically overweight sopranos of opera 5. Origin and history of the phrase

write the role of ori and restriction site in a cloning vector pbr322

PBR322 - wikipedia PBR322 A schematic representation of the pBR322 vector with restriction sites indicated in blue . pBR322 is a plasmid and was one of the first widely used E. coli cloning vectors . Created in 1977 in the laboratory of Herbert Boyer at the University of California , San Francisco , it was named after the postdoctoral researchers who constructed it . The p stands for `` plasmid , '' and BR for `` Bolivar '' and `` Rodriguez . '' pBR322 is 4361 base pairs in length and has two antibiotic resistance genes -- the gene bla encoding the ampicillin resistance ( Amp ) protein , and the gene tetA encoding the tetracycline resistance ( Tet ) protein . It contains the origin of replication of pMB1 , and the rop gene , which encodes a restrictor of plasmid copy number . The plasmid has unique restriction sites for more than forty restriction enzymes . Eleven of these forty sites lie within the Tet gene . There are two sites for restriction enzymes HindIII and ClaI within the promoter of the Tet gene . There are six key restriction sites inside the Amp gene . The circular sequence is numbered such that 0 is the middle of the unique EcoRI site and the count increases through the Tet gene . The Amp gene is penicillin beta - lactamase . Promoters P1 and P3 are for the beta - lactamase gene . P3 is the natural promoter , and P1 is artificially created by the ligation of two different DNA fragments to create pBR322 . P2 is in the same region as P1 , but it is on the opposite strand and initiates transcription in the direction of the tetracycline resistance gene . Contents 1 Background 2 DNA sequence 3 See also 4 References 5 External links Background ( edit ) Early cloning experiments may be conducted using natural plasmids such the ColE1 and pSC101 . Each of these plasmids may have its advantages and disadvantages . For example , the ColE1 plasmid and its derivatives have the advantage of higher copy number and allow for chloramphenicol amplification of plasmid to produce a high yield of plasmid , however screening for immunity to colicin E1 is not technically simple . The plasmid pSC101 , a natural plasmid from Salmonella panama , confers tetracycline resistance which allows for simpler screening process with antibiotic selection , but it is a low copy number plasmid which does not give a high yield of plasmid . Another plasmid , RSF 2124 , which is a derivative of ColE1 , confers ampicillin resistance but is larger . Many other plasmids were artificially constructed to create one that would be ideal for cloning purpose , and pBR322 was found to be most versatile by many and was therefore the one most popularly used . It has two antibiotic resistance genes , as selectable markers , and a number of convenient unique restriction sites that made it suitable as a cloning vector . The plasmid was constructed with genetic material from 3 main sources -- the tetracycline resistance gene of pSC101 , the ampicillin resistance gene of RSF 2124 , and the replication elements of pMB1 , a close relative of the ColE1 plasmid . A large number of other plasmids based on pBR322 have since been constructed specifically designed for a wide variety of purposes . Examples include the pUC series of plasmids . Most expression vectors for extrachromosomal protein expression and shuttle vectors contain the pBR322 origin of replication , and fragments of pBR322 are very popular in the construction of intraspecies shuttle or binary vectors and vectors for targeted integration and excision of DNA from chromosome . DNA sequence ( edit ) The sequence in pBR322 is pBR322 1 ttctcatgtt tgacagctta tcatcgataa gctttaatgc ggtagtttat cacagttaaa 61 ttgctaacgc agtcaggcac cgtgtatgaa atctaacaat gcgctcatcg tcatcctcgg 121 caccgtcacc ctggatgctg taggcatagg cttggttatg ccggtactgc cgggcctctt 181 gcgggatatc gtccattccg acagcatcgc cagtcactat ggcgtgctgc tagcgctata 241 tgcgttgatg caatttctat gcgcacccgt tctcggagca ctgtccgacc gctttggccg 301 ccgcccagtc ctgctcgctt cgctacttgg agccactatc gactacgcga tcatggcgac 361 cacacccgtc ctgtggatcc tctacgccgg acgcatcgtg gccggcatca ccggcgccac 421 aggtgcggtt gctggcgcct atatcgccga catcaccgat ggggaagatc gggctcgcca 481 cttcgggctc atgagcgctt gtttcggcgt gggtatggtg gcaggccccg tggccggggg 541 actgttgggc gccatctcct tgcatgcacc attccttgcg gcggcggtgc tcaacggcct 601 caacctacta ctgggctgct tcctaatgca ggagtcgcat aagggagagc gtcgaccgat 661 gcccttgaga gccttcaacc cagtcagctc cttccggtgg gcgcggggca tgactatcgt 721 cgccgcactt atgactgtct tctttatcat gcaactcgta ggacaggtgc cggcagcgct 781 ctgggtcatt ttcggcgagg accgctttcg ctggagcgcg acgatgatcg gcctgtcgct 841 tgcggtattc ggaatcttgc acgccctcgc tcaagccttc gtcactggtc ccgccaccaa 901 acgtttcggc gagaagcagg ccattatcgc cggcatggcg gccgacgcgc tgggctacgt 961 cttgctggcg ttcgcgacgc gaggctggat ggccttcccc attatgattc ttctcgcttc 1021 cggcggcatc gggatgcccg cgttgcaggc catgctgtcc aggcaggtag atgacgacca 1081 tcagggacag cttcaaggat cgctcgcggc tcttaccagc ctaacttcga tcactggacc 1141 gctgatcgtc acggcgattt atgccgcctc ggcgagcaca tggaacgggt tggcatggat 1201 tgtaggcgcc gccctatacc ttgtctgcct ccccgcgttg cgtcgcggtg catggagccg 1261 ggccacctcg acctgaatgg aagccggcgg cacctcgcta acggattcac cactccaaga 1321 attggagcca atcaattctt gcggagaact gtgaatgcgc aaaccaaccc ttggcagaac 1381 atatccatcg cgtccgccat ctccagcagc cgcacgcggc gcatctcggg cagcgttggg 1441 tcctggccac gggtgcgcat gatcgtgctc ctgtcgttga ggacccggct aggctggcgg 1501 ggttgcctta ctggttagca gaatgaatca ccgatacgcg agcgaacgtg aagcgactgc 1561 tgctgcaaaa cgtctgcgac ctgagcaaca acatgaatgg tcttcggttt ccgtgtttcg 1621 taaagtctgg aaacgcggaa gtcagcgccc tgcaccatta tgttccggat ctgcatcgca 1681 ggatgctgct ggctaccctg tggaacacct acatctgtat taacgaagcg ctggcattga 1741 ccctgagtga tttttctctg gtcccgccgc atccataccg ccagttgttt accctcacaa 1801 cgttccagta accgggcatg ttcatcatca gtaacccgta tcgtgagcat cctctctcgt 1861 ttcatcggta tcattacccc catgaacaga aatccccctt acacggaggc atcagtgacc 1921 aaacaggaaa aaaccgccct taacatggcc cgctttatca gaagccagac attaacgctt 1981 ctggagaaac tcaacgagct ggacgcggat gaacaggcag acatctgtga atcgcttcac 2041 gaccacgctg atgagcttta ccgcagctgc ctcgcgcgtt tcggtgatga cggtgaaaac 2101 ctctgacaca tgcagctccc ggagacggtc acagcttgtc tgtaagcgga tgccgggagc 2161 agacaagccc gtcagggcgc gtcagcgggt gttggcgggt gtcggggcgc agccatgacc 2221 cagtcacgta gcgatagcgg agtgtatact ggcttaacta tgcggcatca gagcagattg 2281 tactgagagt gcaccatatg cggtgtgaaa taccgcacag atgcgtaagg agaaaatacc 2341 gcatcaggcg ctcttccgct tcctcgctca ctgactcgct gcgctcggtc gttcggctgc 2401 ggcgagcggt atcagctcac tcaaaggcgg taatacggtt atccacagaa tcaggggata 2461 acgcaggaaa gaacatgtga gcaaaaggcc agcaaaaggc caggaaccgt aaaaaggccg 2521 cgttgctggc gtttttccat aggctccgcc cccctgacga gcatcacaaa aatcgacgct 2581 caagtcagag gtggcgaaac ccgacaggac tataaagata ccaggcgttt ccccctggaa 2641 gctccctcgt gcgctctcct gttccgaccc tgccgcttac cggatacctg tccgcctttc 2701 tcccttcggg aagcgtggcg ctttctcata gctcacgctg taggtatctc agttcggtgt 2761 aggtcgttcg ctccaagctg ggctgtgtgc acgaaccccc cgttcagccc gaccgctgcg 2821 ccttatccgg taactatcgt cttgagtcca acccggtaag acacgactta tcgccactgg 2881 cagcagccac tggtaacagg attagcagag cgaggtatgt aggcggtgct acagagttct 2941 tgaagtggtg gcctaactac ggctacacta gaaggacagt atttggtatc tgcgctctgc 3001 tgaagccagt taccttcgga aaaagagttg gtagctcttg atccggcaaa caaaccaccg 3061 ctggtagcgg tggttttttt gtttgcaagc agcagattac gcgcagaaaa aaaggatctc 3121 aagaagatcc tttgatcttt tctacggggt ctgacgctca gtggaacgaa aactcacgtt 3181 aagggatttt ggtcatgaga ttatcaaaaa ggatcttcac ctagatcctt ttaaattaaa 3241 aatgaagttt taaatcaatc taaagtatat atgagtaaac ttggtctgac agttaccaat 3301 gcttaatcag tgaggcacct atctcagcga tctgtctatt tcgttcatcc atagttgcct 3361 gactccccgt cgtgtagata actacgatac gggagggctt accatctggc cccagtgctg 3421 caatgatacc gcgagaccca cgctcaccgg ctccagattt atcagcaata aaccagccag 3481 ccggaagggc cgagcgcaga agtggtcctg caactttatc cgcctccatc cagtctatta 3541 attgttgccg ggaagctaga gtaagtagtt cgccagttaa tagtttgcgc aacgttgttg 3601 ccattgctgc aggcatcgtg gtgtcacgct cgtcgtttgg tatggcttca ttcagctccg 3661 gttcccaacg atcaaggcga gttacatgat cccccatgtt gtgcaaaaaa gcggttagct 3721 ccttcggtcc tccgatcgtt gtcagaagta agttggccgc agtgttatca ctcatggtta 3781 tggcagcact gcataattct cttactgtca tgccatccgt aagatgcttt tctgtgactg 3841 gtgagtactc aaccaagtca ttctgagaat agtgtatgcg gcgaccgagt tgctcttgcc 3901 cggcgtcaac acgggataat accgcgccac atagcagaac tttaaaagtg ctcatcattg 3961 gaaaacgttc ttcggggcga aaactctcaa ggatcttacc gctgttgaga tccagttcga 4021 tgtaacccac tcgtgcaccc aactgatctt cagcatcttt tactttcacc agcgtttctg 4081 ggtgagcaaa aacaggaagg caaaatgccg caaaaaaggg aataagggcg acacggaaat 4141 gttgaatact catactcttc ctttttcaat attattgaag catttatcag ggttattgtc 4201 tcatgagcgg atacatattt gaatgtattt agaaaaataa acaaataggg gttccgcgca 4261 catttccccg aaaagtgcca cctgacgtct aagaaaccat tattatcatg acattaacct 4321 ataaaaatag gcgtatcacg aggccctttc gtcttcaaga a See also ( edit ) List of restriction enzyme cutting sites References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Watson , N. ( 1988 ) . `` A new revision of the sequence of plasmid pBR322 '' . Gene . 70 ( 2 ) : 399 -- 403 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 ( 88 ) 90212 - 0 . PMID 3063608 . Jump up ^ Balbás P , Soberón X , Merino E , Zurita M , Lomeli H , Valle F , Flores N , Bolivar F ( 1986 ) . `` Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special - purpose derivatives -- a review '' . Gene . 50 ( 1 - 3 ) : 3 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 ( 86 ) 90307 - 0 . PMID 3034735 . ^ Jump up to : `` pBR322 Nucleotide Sequences , NCBI Sequence Viewer v2. 0 '' . ^ Jump up to : R.W. Old & S.B. Primrose . Principles of Gene Manipulation ( 5th ed . ) . pp. 53 -- 61 . Jump up ^ Manen D , Caro L ( February 1991 ) . `` The replication of plasmid pSC101 '' . Mol . Microbiol. 5 ( 2 ) : 233 -- 7 . doi : 10.1111 / j. 1365 - 2958.1991. tb02103. x . PMID 2041467 . Jump up ^ Bolivar F , Rodriguez RL , Betlach MC , Boyer HW ( 1977 ) . `` Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles . I. Ampicillin - resistant derivatives of the plasmid pMB9 '' . Gene . 2 ( 2 ) : 75 -- 93 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 ( 77 ) 90074 - 9 . PMID 344136 . Jump up ^ Bolivar F , Rodriguez RL , Greene PJ , Betlach MC , Heyneker HL , Boyer HW , Crosa JH , Falkow S ( 1977 ) . `` Construction and characterization of new cloning vehicles . II . A multipurpose cloning system '' . Gene . 2 ( 2 ) : 95 -- 113 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 ( 77 ) 90000 - 2 . PMID 344137 . Jump up ^ S.B. Primrose & R.M Twyman ( 17 January 2006 ) . Principles of Gene Manipulation and Genomics ( PDF ) ( 7th ed . ) . Wiley - Blackwell . pp. 64 -- 65 . ISBN 978 - 1405135443 . Jump up ^ Balbás P , Soberón X , Merino E , Zurita M , Lomeli H , Valle F , Flores N , Bolivar F ( 1986 ) . `` Plasmid vector pBR322 and its special - purpose derivatives -- a review '' . Gene . 50 ( 1 - 3 ) : 3 -- 40 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 ( 86 ) 90307 - 0 . PMID 3034735 . Jump up ^ Yanisch - Perron C , Vieira J , Messing J ( 1985 ) . `` Improved M13 phage cloning vectors and host strains : nucleotide sequences of the M13mp18 and pUC19 vectors '' . Gene . 33 ( 1 ) : 103 -- 19 . doi : 10.1016 / 0378 - 1119 ( 85 ) 90120 - 9 . PMID 2985470 . Jump up ^ Paulina Balbás ; Argelia Lorence , eds. ( April 2004 ) . Recombinant Gene Expression : Reviews and Protocols ( 2nd ed . ) . Humana Press Inc . pp. 77 -- 85 . ISBN 978 - 1592597741 . External links ( edit ) pBR322 Map pBR322 Features pBR322 DNA Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=PBR322&oldid=820444018 '' Categories : DNA mobile genetic elements Molecular biology techniques Talk Contents About Wikipedia Català Deutsch Português Русский Tiếng Việt Edit links This page was last edited on 14 January 2018 , at 19 : 56 ( UTC ) . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. pBR322 plasmid 2. E. coli cloning vector 3. Antibiotic resistance genes 4. Restriction sites 5. Cloning purposes

what is the wheel base of a honda crv

Honda CR - V - wikipedia Honda CR - V `` CR - V '' redirects here . For other uses , see CRV . <Th_colspan="2"> Honda CR - V <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Manufacturer Honda Model years 1997 -- present <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Class Compact crossover SUV Body style 5 - door SUV Layout Transversely mounted , front engine , front - wheel drive / all - wheel drive <Th_colspan="2"> Chronology Predecessor Honda Crossroad The Honda CR - V is a compact crossover manufactured by Honda since 1995 and introduced in the North American market in 1997 . It uses the Honda Civic platform with an SUV body design . The CR - V is Honda 's mid-range utility vehicle , slotting between the smaller HR - V and the larger Pilot . Honda states `` CR - V '' stands for `` Comfortable Runabout Vehicle '' while the term `` Compact Recreational Vehicle '' is used in a British car review article that was republished by Honda . Honda began producing the CR - V in Sayama , Japan , and Swindon , UK , for worldwide markets , adding North American manufacturing sites in East Liberty , Ohio , in 2007 ; El Salto , Jalisco , Mexico , in late 2007 ( ended in early 2017 ) ; Alliston , Ontario , Canada , in 2012 ; and Greensburg , Indiana in February 2017 . The CR - V also is produced in Wuhan ( Hubei province ) for the Chinese market by the Dongfeng Honda Automobile Company , a joint venture with Dongfeng Motor Corporation . Contents ( hide ) 1 First generation ( 1995 -- 2001 ) 1.1 1999 - 2001 update 1.2 Safety 2 Second generation ( 2002 -- 2006 ) 2.1 Facelift 3 Third generation ( 2007 -- 2011 ) 3.1 Facelift 4 Fourth generation ( 2012 -- 2016 ) 4.1 Facelift 5 Fifth generation ( 2017 -- present ) 5.1 Engines 5.2 Safety 6 Sales 7 References 8 External links First generation ( 1995 -- 2001 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> First generation ( RD1 -- RD3 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 1995 -- 2001 Model years 1997 -- 2001 Assembly Swindon , United Kingdom ( HUKM ) Sayama , Japan Hsinchu , Taiwan Santa Rosa , Laguna , Philippines ( Honda Santa Rosa , Laguna Plant ) Ayutthaya , Thailand ( Honda Ayutthaya Plant ) Karawang , Indonesia ( Honda Karawang Plant ) Designer Hiroyuki Kawase ( 1993 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Related Honda Civic ( sixth generation ) Honda Integra <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 2.0 L B20B I4 2.0 L B20Z I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual MDMA 4 - speed automatic MDLA 4 - speed automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,620 mm ( 103 in ) 2,625.1 mm ( 103.35 in ) ( post-facelift ) Length 4,510 mm ( 178 in ) Width 1,780 mm ( 70 in ) Height 1,678 mm ( 66.1 in ) 1997 -- 1998 ( 2WD version ) 1,700 mm ( 67 in ) 1997 -- 1998 ( 4WD LX ) 1,725 mm ( 67.9 in ) 1997 -- 1998 ( 2WD EX 126 BHP ) 1,745 mm ( 68.7 in ) 1999 -- 2001 ( 2WD EX 146 BHP 2.0 Engine ) 1,755 mm ( 69.1 in ) 1999 -- 2001 ( 4WD EX 146 BHP 2.0 Engine ) 1,770 mm ( 70 in ) 1999 -- 2001 ( 4WD EX-L With Navigation ) The CR - V ( Chassis Code RD1 - RD3 ) was Honda 's first in - house designed sport utility vehicle by Hiroyuki Kawase . The CR - V was introduced in Japan at Honda Verno dealerships only and was regarded as a luxury vehicle in Japan due to the exterior width dimensions exceeding Japanese Government dimension regulations . For North American market , it was displayed at the 1996 Chicago Auto Show and went on sale in February 1997 . Upon introduction , the model had only one trim level , which would later be known as the LX model trim ; it was powered by the 2.0 L straight - four B20B producing 126 hp ( 94 kW ) at 5400 rpm and 133 lb ⋅ ft ( 180 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4800 rpm . Outer dimensions for this engine would be identical to the Integra 's 1.8 L engine , but internally the engine had a larger 84 mm ( 3.3 in ) bore to add the extra displacement needed to produce more torque . The engine utilized a one - piece cylinder sleeve construction unique from any other B - series engine . The chassis was a unibody design with a four - wheel double wishbone suspension . Inside , the rear seats were able to fold down , and a picnic table was stowed in the rear floor area . All models featured plastic cladding covering the front bumper , rear bumper , and fender wells . In most countries , CR - Vs had a chrome grille ; however , in the United States , the grille was made out of the same black plastic as the bumpers . The EX included anti-lock brakes and 15 inch alloy wheels over the LX trim . Drivetrain options were front - wheel drive or Honda 's Real Time AWD . 1999 - 2001 update ( edit ) The engine was changed to the 2.0 L B20Z engine , producing 147 hp ( 110 kW ) at 6200 rpm and 133 lb ⋅ ft ( 180 N ⋅ m ) of torque at 4500 rpm . This improved performance for the 3,200 lb ( 1,500 kg ) vehicle . Fuel economy of 23 mpg ( 10 L / 100 km ; 28 mpg ) city / 28 mpg ( 8.4 L / 100 km ; 34 mpg ) highway ( US ) and price were not affected by the increase in power , which was the result of a higher compression ratio ( 9.6 : 1 compared to the B20B 's 8.8 : 1 ) , a new intake manifold , and slightly higher lift on the intake valves . Safety ( edit ) The 1997 -- 2001 model tested by the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety ( IIHS ) was the LX model with standard driver and passenger airbags . Even though the car 's structure received an acceptable rating , the overall car received a marginal rating as the dummy 's left leg would have been broken . In addition to this lower body injury , the dummy 's head went through the airbag which may have caused a minor concussion . The chest was well protected . Honda CR - V pre-facelift Facelift Honda CR - V Facelift Honda CR - V Sport , Australia Honda CR - V ( Japan ) Models equipped with an automatic transmission now had an overdrive cancel button that allowed the driver to lock the transmission in the first three gears to provide power for passing and climbing grades . The pattern of the cloth on the seats was also redesigned , and the head restraints earned an acceptable rating from the IIHS for whiplash protection . The 1999 European , Australian , and Asian CR - V models featured more drastic changes . Exterior alterations included a new front bumper , smoothed off rear bumper , and a smaller plastic radio antenna on the rear of the roof . `` Nighthawk Black '' was added to the list of paint choices , while `` Passion Orange '' disappeared . New dark blue pearl and red pearl shades replaced the former solid red and metallic blue hues . European models received an enlarged Honda emblem on the front grille , and a new metallic yellow paint in certain markets . In 2000 , a Special Edition model was introduced in North America . The SE featured body - colored bumpers and side moldings , a body - colored hard spare tire cover , leather upholstery , CD / cassette audio deck , rear privacy glass , a Navtech navigation system , and chrome grille accent . Until 2001 , the CR - V sold more than any other vehicle in its class . The North American models also received new exterior colors including Naples Gold Metallic and Taffeta White . Electron Blue was introduced in 2000 to replace Submarine Blue Pearl , while Satin Silver Metallic replaced Sebring Silver Metallic in 2001 . However , that year , sales of the Ford Escape and its clone , the Mazda Tribute , surpassed those of the CR - V . The Australian higher specification model was called the `` Sport '' . It was added at the time of the first facelift and included body - colored bumpers , mirrors , door handles , and hard rear spare wheel cover . It also included alloy wheels , roof rails , and a large glass sunroof . The CR - V became the country 's best - selling SUV in 2000 , outselling the Toyota Landcruiser for the first time . Second generation ( 2002 -- 2006 ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Second generation ( RD4 -- RD9 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production 2001 -- 2006 Model years 2002 -- 2006 Assembly Swindon , England Ayutthaya , Thailand Sayama , Japan Ping - Tung , Taiwan Santa Rosa , Laguna , Philippines India Karawang , Indonesia Wuhan , China ( Dongfeng Honda ) Designer Mitsuhiro Honda ( 1999 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Related Honda Civic ( seventh generation ) Honda Element Honda Integra DC5 <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 2.0 L K20A1 I4 2.0 L K20A4 I4 2.2 L N22A2 turbo diesel I4 2.4 L K24A1 I4 Transmission 5 - speed manual 4 - speed automatic 5 - speed automatic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,620 mm ( 103 in ) 2,625 mm ( 103.3 in ) ( post-facelift ) Length 4,535 mm ( 178.5 in ) 4,600 mm ( 180 in ) ( post-facelift ) Width 1,785 mm ( 70.3 in ) Height 1,680 mm ( 66 in ) 2002 -- 2004 1,700 mm ( 67 in ) 2002 -- 2004 2WD 1,750 mm ( 69 in ) 2002 -- 2004 4WD 1,759 mm ( 69.3 in ) 2005 -- 2006 2WD 1,780 mm ( 70 in ) 2005 -- 2006 4WD 1,800 mm ( 71 in ) 2005 -- 2006 2WD / 4WD Pre-facelift Honda CR - V Sport ( Australia ) Pre-facelift Honda CR - V ( Malaysia ) The bigger and heavier second generation CR - V ( Chassis Code RD4 - RD8 ) was a full redesign , based on the seventh generation Civic , and powered by the K24A1 engine . North American versions of the new engine produced 160 hp ( 120 kW ) and 162 lb ⋅ ft ( 220 N ⋅ m ) of torque . Per new SAE regulations , the same engine is now rated at 156 hp ( 116 kW ) and 160 lb ⋅ ft ( 220 N ⋅ m ) . The new CR - V retained the fuel economy of the previous model because of the i - VTEC system . The new chassis had increased torsional and bending rigidity , the suspension included front toe control link MacPherson struts and a rear reactive - link double wishbone ; the compact rear suspension increased cargo space to 72 cu ft ( 2,000 l ) . The second generation CR - V was Car and Driver magazine 's Best Small SUV for 2002 and 2003 . Second generation CR - Vs in countries outside of North America were again offered in both `` low specification '' and `` high specification '' variants , with the latter featuring body - colored bumpers and fittings . It also now did not require the glass hatch to be opened before the swinging door . Changes between model years 2002 , 2003 , and 2004 were minor , involving an enlargement of the center compartment bin and the addition of a front passenger door power lock in the latter two years respectively . It is reported that in late 2003 , Honda took legal action against Shuanghuan of China accusing its Laibao SRV of copying the CR - V 's exterior design . Another manufacturer from China made a copy called the Tianqi Meiya TM6480A . Facelift ( edit ) In 2005 , the CR - V received a mid-cycle refresh . New 16 inch wheels replaced the previous 15 inch versions . Changes included new taillights and headlights with clear indicators and two separate H1 bulbs for low beams and high beams , the previous setup used H4 single bulb for both low and high beams . The taillights now used clear lenses instead of amber for the turning indicators . The grille was also changed ; it had two horizontal bars instead of one . The front bumper design was slightly changed , it now has round fog lights compared to the previous rectangle fog lights and in addition to the lower grill there are two horizontal bars instead of one . The rear bumper reflectors were longer and narrower . 2005 facelift On the inside of the car , the EX trim received upgrades which included steering wheel - mounted audio controls and an outside temperature monitor . The stereo system was also XM Satellite Radio ready ( USA but not Canada ) . All CR - V models also had revised rear seat headrests , which had been redesigned to reduce rear view blockage . Mechanically , the 2005 model was also changed . A major change included a drive - by - wire throttle for all CR - Vs . The all - wheel drive system was improved ; it had been tuned to activate faster in low traction situations . US market models were equipped with a five - speed automatic , as opposed to the previous four - speed automatic . In the United States and Canada , all 2005 MY and later CR - Vs have anti-lock brakes , electronic brake force distribution , traction control and Vehicle Stability Assist , front seat - mounted side airbags , and side - curtain airbags with rollover sensors for all occupants . In Australia , the MY05 facelift went on sale in late 2004 . Base models made do with only dual airbags and ABS as standard equipment , while the Sport came equipped with side airbags for the first time . Curtain airbags were unavailable on any model , until the next generation . Following the tradition of adding a trim level above the EX during the refresh like the first generation CR - V , Honda added the SE trim level for the 2005 CR - V . The CR - V SE featured painted bumpers , body side molding , and hard , body - colored spare tire cover . For a more luxurious experience , Honda added a leather interior , leather - wrapped steering wheel , and heated side mirrors and front seats . Third generation ( 2007 -- 2011 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda CR - V ( third generation ) <Th_colspan="2"> Third generation ( RE1 -- RE5 , RE7 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production Sept 2006 -- 2011 Model years 2007 -- 2011 Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , United States El Salto , Mexico Ping - Tung , Taiwan Sayama , Saitama , Japan Swindon , England Vĩnh Phúc , Vietnam Wuhan , China Ayutthaya , Thailand Karawang , Indonesia <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Related Acura RDX Honda Civic <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 2,620 mm ( 103.1 in ) Length 4,518 mm ( 177.9 in ) Width 2007 -- 09 : 1,820 mm ( 71.7 in ) 2010 -- 2011 : 1,819 mm ( 71.6 in ) Height 1,704 mm ( 67.1 in ) The third generation CR - V went on sale in the US in late September 2006 for the 2007 model year . Unlike preceding models it features a rear liftgate rather than a side - opening rear door and no longer has the spare tire mounted on the rear door . The third generation CR - V was powered by Honda 's standard K - series 2.4 L inline - four engine . In North American markets , this engine 's power is rated at 166 hp ( 124 kW ) at 5,800 rpm and 161 lb ⋅ ft ( 218 N ⋅ m ) at 4,200 rpm . A 2.2 L i - CTDI diesel engine was offered in the European and Asian markets . The European market CR - V had the R20A 2.0 L petrol engine , based on the Honda R - series i - VTEC SOHC engine found in the Honda Civic , as opposed to the previous CR - V offering the K20A . Facelift ( edit ) MY2010 facelift For the 2010 model year , the CR - V received style , powertrain , and equipment changes . Changes included a redesigned front fascia with a new horizontal - slat chrome grille and honeycomb - designed lower front grille , new front bumper , and revised taillights . The rear bumper was redesigned , as well as new five split - spoke 17 - inch alloy wheels for EX and EX-L models . The interior received minor changes , including seat fabrics , as well as wider driver and front - passenger armrests . The audio head unit controls were altered and the information display backlighting in the gauges was changed to blue , instead of the previous black . A USB audio input became standard in the EX-L trim while hands - free Bluetooth connectivity was exclusive to the EX-L trim equipped with navigation system . In 2011 , a mid-level SE trim debuted with a 6 - disc CD changer and 17 - inch 7 - spoke alloy wheels that came from the pre-facelift EX and EX-L trims . Fourth generation ( 2012 -- 2016 ) ( edit ) Main article : Honda CR - V ( fourth generation ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fourth generation ( RM1 , RM3 , RM4 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production Nov 2011 -- 2016 Model years 2012 -- 2016 <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Related Acura RDX Honda Civic ( ninth generation ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 103.1 in ( 2,619 mm ) Length 178.3 in ( 4,529 mm ) Width 71.6 in ( 1,819 mm ) Height 65.1 in ( 1,654 mm ) The CR - V Concept debuted at the Orange County International Auto Show in September 2011 , the production 2012 CR - V debuted at the 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show . The CR - V went on sale in the U.S. on December 15 , 2011 . It is powered with a 2.4 - liter i - VTEC inline - four engine puts out 185 hp and 163 pound - feet ( 220Nm ) of torque at 4,400 rpm along with an all - new Real - Time all - wheel - drive ( AWD ) with intelligent control system . All North American Honda CR - Vs come equipped with a 5 - speed automatic transmission . Facelift ( edit ) 2015 facelift The facelifted 2015 model year CR - V went on sale during October 2014 . The CR - V uses the direct injected `` Earth Dreams '' engine and continuously variable transmission ( CVT ) transmission combination first introduced on the ninth generation Accord , EPA estimated fuel economy is improved + 4 / + 3 / + 3 mpg ( city / highway / combined ) . The structure has been modified to improve crash performance , particularly in the IIHS 's small offset crash test . The suspension shock absorbers , springs , anti-roll bars and lower control arms are also revised to improve ride performance , while a reduced 15.6 : 1 steering gear ratio and larger brake booster gives it a sportier feel . Fifth generation ( 2017 -- present ) ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Fifth generation ( RW1 -- RW6 ) <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Overview Production Nov 2016 -- present Model years 2017 -- present Assembly East Liberty , Ohio , United States ( ELAP ) Greensburg , Indiana , United States ( HMIN ) El Salto , Jalisco , Mexico ( Honda Mexico ) Sayama , Saitama , Japan Ping - Tung , Taiwan Ayutthaya , Thailand ( Honda Ayutthaya Plant ) Alliston , Ontario , Canada ( HCM ) Alor Gajah , Melaka Malaysia Swindon , England ( HUKM ) Wuhan , China ( Dongfeng Honda ) Greater Noida , India ( Honda India ) Karawang , Indonesia ( Honda Prospect Motor ) <Th_colspan="2"> Body and chassis Related Acura CDX Honda Civic ( tenth generation ) <Th_colspan="2"> Powertrain Engine 2.4 L K24W I4 1.5 L L15B7 I4 ( turbo ) 2.0 L R20A I4 1.6 L I4 ( turbo - diesel ) Transmission Continuously Variable Transmission ( CVT ) 9 - speed ZF automatic ( diesel ) <Th_colspan="2"> Dimensions Wheelbase 104.7 in ( 2,659 mm ) Length 180.6 in ( 4,587 mm ) Width 73.0 in ( 1,854 mm ) Height 66.1 in ( 1,679 mm ) ( FWD ) 66.5 in ( 1,689 mm ) ( AWD ) Curb weight 3307 -- 3397 lbs ( FWD ) 3421 -- 3512 lbs ( AWD ) Rear view The fifth generation CR - V was unveiled in October 2016 in Detroit . Sales began on December 21 , 2016 as a 2017 model year . In some European countries , the fourth generation model is still being sold . It utilises the same Honda compact global platform introduced on the 10th generation Civic . The base ( LX ) trim is powered by an Earth Dreams 2.4 - liter I - 4 engine with 184 hp ( 137 kW ; 187 PS ) , premium trims are equipped with a 1.5 - liter turbocharged I - 4 with 190 hp ( 142 kW ; 193 PS ) . The turbocharged engine delivers peak torque at 2,000 rpm - 5,000 rpm whereas the naturally - aspirated engine delivers its peak torque at 3,900 rpm . The `` Honda Sensing '' package , which includes features like Adaptive Cruise Control with Low - Speed Follow ( ACC ) , Collision Mitigation Braking ( CMBS ) and Lane Keeping Assist ( LKAS ) , are standard on EX and above trims ; the package was formerly reserved to the Touring trim prior to the 5th gen release . New safety features introduced include : Blind Spot Information ( BSI ) with Rear Cross Traffic Monitor ( CTM ) , replacing the LaneWatch system from the previous generation CR - V , and Auto High Beam ( HSS ) headlights . LED daytime - running lights , 18 '' Alloy Wheels , and electronic parking brake with a new auto - hold feature , are now standard on EX and up trim levels . Additional , new features include a power lift-gate , active grille shutter system to reduce aerodynamic drag , Android Auto / Apple CarPlay on an updated 7 - inch touch screen display with volume knob , 7 - inch TFT instrument display and LED headlights . Honda began producing the CR - V at Greensburg , Indiana ( HMIN ) during February 2017 . The fifth generation CR - V was also launched in Thailand on March 24 , 2017 , and in Indonesia on April 27 , 2017 at the 25th Indonesia International Motor Show . Indonesian models went on sale on June 17 , 2017 . The ASEAN models ( excluding Indonesia and Malaysia ) are available with a 1.6 - litre Honda i - DTEC turbodiesel option ( producing 160 horsepower and 350Nm of torque ) paired to a ZF 9HP transversely - mounted 9 - speed automatic transmission . The i - DTEC turbodiesel engine has been revised from having a single variable - nozzle turbocharger in the earlier version to having two turbochargers - one for low RPMs and the other for high RPMs - to minimise turbo lag . It uses an aluminum cylinder head paired to an open - deck cylinder block , with shorter and thinner piston skirts to reduce mechanical friction to levels comparable to a petrol engine . In the Philippines , the 1.6 - litre i - DTEC diesel engine manages 120 PS and 300 Nm of torque . The Honda CR - V Hybrid was unveiled at the 2017 Auto Shanghai in China during April 2017 . In Malaysia , four models are offered to the consumer which are : Honda CR - V 2.0 2WD SOHC i - VTEC Honda CR - V 1.5 TC 2WD DOHC VTEC TURBO Honda CR - V 1.5 TC 4WD DOHC VTEC TURBO Honda CR - V 1.5 TC - P 2WD DOHC VTEC TURBO Engines ( edit ) Engine Horsepower Torque 2.4 L I4 184 hp ( 137 kW ) @ 6,400 rpm 180 lb ⋅ ft ( 240 N ⋅ m ) @ 3,900 rpm 1.5 L I4 Turbo 190 hp ( 140 kW ) @ 5,600 rpm 179 lb ⋅ ft ( 243 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,200 rpm 2.0 L I4 152 hp ( 113 kW ) @ 6,500 rpm 139 lb ⋅ ft ( 188 N ⋅ m ) @ 4,300 rpm 1.6 L I4 Turbo Diesel 160 hp ( 120 kW ) @ 4,000 rpm 258 lb ⋅ ft ( 350 N ⋅ m ) @ 2,000 rpm . Safety ( edit ) NHTSA 2017 CR - V : Overall : Frontal Driver : Frontal Passenger : Side Driver : Side Passenger : Side Pole Driver : Rollover FWD : / 16.3 % Rollover AWD : / 16.2 % Sales ( edit ) US Sales of Honda CR - V Calendar year Sales 66,752 1998 100,582 1999 120,754 2000 118,260 118,313 2002 146,266 2003 143,909 149,281 2005 150,219 2006 170,028 2007 219,160 2008 197,279 2009 191,214 203,714 2011 218,373 2012 281,652 2013 303,904 2014 335,019 2015 345,647 2016 357,335 2017 377,895 References ( edit ) Jump up ^ `` Honda CR - V Model Details '' . NADAguides . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . Debuting in Japan for the 1996 model year , the five - passenger compact utility vehicle Honda CR - V was introduced to North America in early 1997 . Jump up ^ Stein , Jason ( 17 July 2005 ) . `` GM planning to beef up its lineup of small sport wagons by ' 08 '' . Autoweek . Automotive News . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . since the 1996 U.S. debut of the RAV4 . The Honda CR - V hit the market a year later . Jump up ^ `` Honda Announces a Full Model Change for the CR - V '' ( Press release ) . Honda Worldwide . 18 September 2001 . Retrieved 5 August 2017 . The initials CR - V stand for `` Comfortable Runabout Vehicle '' . Jump up ^ `` Fact Book : Press Information CR - V Concept '' ( Press release ) ( in Japanese ) . Honda Japan . 18 September 2001 . Retrieved 15 March 2018 . 心地よく 自由 に 走り回れる 乗り物 '' = Comfortable Runabout Vehicle Jump up ^ `` Cr - v 1995.10 '' . Fact Book : Press Information ( Press release ) ( in Japanese ) . Honda Japan . 9 October 1995 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Comfortable Runabout Vehicle `` CR - V '' Jump up ^ Simister , John ( 15 September 2012 ) . `` It 's a better CR - V in every way ... '' The Independent . London . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . This is Honda 's fourth car to wear the CR - V initials that stand for Compact Recreational Vehicle . Republished as `` It 's a better CR - V in every way ... '' ( Press Reviews ) . Honda UK . 16 September 2012 . Retrieved 10 January 2018 . Jump up ^ ( 1 ) Archived 2015 - 11 - 17 at the Wayback Machine . Jump up ^ `` Honda CRV Luxury '' . AutoSpeed. 2007 - 11 - 20 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` Lawsuits '' . Ortaffa , France : China Motor Vehicle Documentation Centre . Archived from the original on 2011 - 07 - 23 . Jump up ^ `` 2007 Honda CR - V Specs '' . JB car pages . Retrieved 2008 - 07 - 24 . Jump up ^ Lienert , Anita ( 2011 - 09 - 22 ) . `` 2012 Honda CR - V Concept Debuts Sep 22 , 2011 '' . Insideline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` All - new Honda CR - V debuts at LA Auto Show '' . Jump up ^ Lienert , Paul ( 2011 - 11 - 17 ) . `` 2012 Honda CR - V Is Redesigned : 2011 Los Angeles Auto Show '' . Insideline.com . Retrieved 2012 - 11 - 21 . Jump up ^ `` Press Release '' . www.honda.com . Retrieved 2014 - 05 - 31 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 10 - 06 . Retrieved 2014 - 09 - 22 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 CR - V ( Preliminary ) Specifications & Features - Honda.com '' . News.honda.com. 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honda CR - V First Look Review '' . Motor Trend . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ Snavely , Brent ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` Honda reveals all - new CR - V in Detroit '' . Detroit Free Press . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 Honda CR - V : Product & Performance Overview '' . Automoblog.net . February 28 , 2017 . Retrieved March 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Abuelsamid , Sam ( October 13 , 2016 ) . `` 2017 Honda CR - V : More Of Everything , Including A Volume Knob ! '' . Forbes . Retrieved October 13 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Bold and Sophisticated Styling and Turbo Engine Power Restate the All - New 2017 Honda CR - V as the Outright Benchmark Compact SUV '' ( Press release ) . Honda News . 2016 - 10 - 13 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ America , Honda North . `` Honda to Add Production of Best - selling CR - V in Indiana '' . www.prnewswire.com ( Press release ) . Retrieved 2 March 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Honda CR - V Specifications '' . Honda Prospect Motor ( Indonesia ) . Retrieved 25 September 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The new 1.6 L i - DTEC Honda engine '' . Car-engineer.com. 2014 - 11 - 28 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ https://hondaphil.com/model/cr-v/specifications/ Jump up ^ `` 2017 HONDA CR - V SUV AWD NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` 2017 HONDA CR - V SUV FWD NHTSA '' . Nhtsa.gov . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ http://www.honda.com/newsandviews/local_news_content/[5147d]_Honda_2012_Digital_FactBook.pdf Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Sets All - Time Sales Records '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Sets New All - Time Sales Record for 2002 '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Sets New All - Time Sales Record '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Posts 10th Consecutive Year of Record Sales in 2006 '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2009 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Media Newsroom Release : American Honda Reports 2008 Annual and December Monthly Sales '' ( Press release ) . Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2010 - 01 - 06 . Retrieved 2009 - 07 - 14 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda December Sales Up 25.5 Percent '' ( Press release ) . PRnewswire.com. 4 January 2011 . Retrieved 2011 - 09 - 03 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Reports December Sales '' ( Press release ) . California : Hondanews.com . Archived from the original on 2012 - 04 - 17 . Retrieved 2012 - 06 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' ( Press release ) . Archived from the original on 2014 - 01 - 04 . Retrieved 2014 - 07 - 25 . Jump up ^ `` Honda Division Breaks Annual Auto Sales Record as Honda and Acura Brands Set Numerous New Sales Marks '' ( Press release ) . Honda News . 2015 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . Jump up ^ `` American Honda Sets New All - Time Annual Sales Record '' ( Press release ) . Honda News . 2016 - 01 - 05 . Retrieved 2017 - 09 - 17 . External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Honda CR - V . 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size <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Inspire / Accord CP <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Legend <Td_colspan="5"> Legend <Td_colspan="9"> Legend <Td_colspan="8"> Legend <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Legend Coupé <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Ballade Sports CR - X <Td_colspan="4"> CR - X <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> Civic Coupe <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Coupe <Td_colspan="7"> Insight <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="8"> CR - Z <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Integra Coupe <Td_colspan="9"> Integra Coupe <Td_colspan="5"> Integra Coupe <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> Accord Coupe <Td_colspan="4"> Accord Coupe <Td_colspan="6"> Accord Coupe <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="3"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="4"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="4"> Legend Coupe <Td_colspan="3"> Legend Coupe <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Roadster <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="4"> Beat <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="11"> S2000 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> S660 Convertible <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="3"> City Cabriolet <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> CR - X del Sol <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Sport compact <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="5"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="6"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="2"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="2"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="7"> Integra Type R <Td_colspan="5"> Integra Type R <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="9"> Sports car <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Type R <Td_colspan="9"> Accord Euro - R <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> Torneo Euro - R <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="15"> NSX <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> NSX <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="10"> NSX Type R <Td_colspan="4"> NSX - R <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="9"> Mini Crossover <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Z <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="7"> HR - V <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Vezel / HR - V <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> BR - V Compact Crossover <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> Crossroad <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="2"> Crossroad <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="9"> Element <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="6"> CR - V <Td_colspan="2"> CR - V Mid-size Crossover <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="7"> Crosstour <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="8"> Pilot <Td_colspan="3"> Pilot SUV <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Jazz <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Passport <Td_colspan="5"> Passport <Td_colspan="6"> Pilot <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Horizon <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> MDX <Td_colspan="7"> MDX <Td_colspan="6"> MDX <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="6"> Crossroad <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> Station wagon <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Country <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Shuttle <Td_colspan="7"> Civic Shuttle <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> Orthia <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> Airwave <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="4"> Fit Shuttle <Td_colspan="4"> Fit Shuttle <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="3"> Accord Wagon CB9 <Td_colspan="4"> Accord Wagon CEI <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Wagon CF6 <Td_colspan="6"> Accord Wagon CM <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Tourer CW <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Avancier <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> Avancier Mini MPV <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> Capa <Td_colspan="6"> Mobilio Spike <Td_colspan="8"> Freed Spike <Td_colspan="3"> Freed Spike <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="3"> EV Plus <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="7"> Mobilio <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Mobilio Compact MPV <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> Stream <Td_colspan="8"> Stream <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="7"> S - MX <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="5"> Edix / FR - V <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Jade <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="5"> Stepwgn <Td_colspan="4"> Stepwgn <Td_colspan="4"> Stepwgn <Td_colspan="6"> Stepwgn <Td_colspan="4"> Stepwgn Minivan <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Shuttle <Td_colspan="4"> Odyssey RA6 <Td_colspan="5"> Odyssey RB <Td_colspan="5"> Odyssey RB3 <Td_colspan="6"> Odyssey RC <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="5"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="5"> LaGreat / Odyssey RL <Td_colspan="7"> Odyssey RL3 <Td_colspan="8"> Odyssey RL5 <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="11"> Elysion <Td_colspan="4"> Elysion Pickup <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="15"> Tourmaster <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="11"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="9"> Ridgeline <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="2"> Ridgeline Microvan <Td_colspan="9"> Acty Van <Td_colspan="11"> Acty <Td_colspan="11"> Acty <Td_colspan="9"> Acty Van <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> City Pro <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Van <Td_colspan="4"> Civic Pro <Td_colspan="8"> Civic Pro <Td_colspan="8"> Partner Van <Td_colspan="3"> Partner <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="9"> <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="9"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 <Th_colspan="42"> hide Honda road car timeline , North American market , 1980s -- present <Td_colspan="2"> Type <Td_colspan="10"> 1980s <Td_colspan="10"> 1990s <Td_colspan="10"> 2000s <Td_colspan="10"> 2010s 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 0 5 6 7 8 9 <Td_colspan="2"> Subcompact <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> Insight <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="5"> Civic <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="2"> Fit <Td_colspan="6"> Fit <Td_colspan="5"> Fit <Td_colspan="2"> Compact <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> Insight <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="1"> Insight <Td_colspan="2"> Accord <Td_colspan="4"> Accord <Td_colspan="4"> Accord <Td_colspan="4"> Accord <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> Civic <Td_colspan="6"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="4"> Civic <Td_colspan="2"> Mid-size <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> Accord <Td_colspan="5"> Accord <Td_colspan="5"> Accord <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Coupe <Td_colspan="5"> Accord <Td_colspan="2"> Accord <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="3"> Clarity <Td_colspan="2"> Full - size <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="5"> Accord Sedan <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="2"> Coupe <Td_colspan="3"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="4"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="5"> Prelude <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> Sport compact <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="4"> CR - X <Td_colspan="4"> CR - X <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="5"> del Sol <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="6"> CR - Z <Td_colspan="3"> Civic Type R <Td_colspan="2"> Sports car <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> S2000 <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="1"> Crossover Mini <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="4"> HR - V Compact <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="9"> Element <Td_colspan="8"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="5"> CR - V <Td_colspan="3"> CR - V Mid-size <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> Crosstour <Td_colspan="4"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="6"> Pilot <Td_colspan="7"> Pilot <Td_colspan="4"> Pilot <Td_colspan="2"> Sport Utility Vehicle <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="3"> <Td_colspan="5"> Passport <Td_colspan="5"> Passport <Td_colspan="7"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="2"> Minivan <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="5"> <Td_colspan="4"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="6"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="6"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="7"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="2"> Odyssey <Td_colspan="2"> Sport Utility Truck <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="10"> <Td_colspan="6"> <Td_colspan="9"> Ridgeline <Td_colspan="2"> <Td_colspan="3"> Ridgeline Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Honda_CR-V&oldid=850306815 '' Categories : Honda vehicles All - wheel - drive vehicles Compact sport utility vehicles Crossover sport utility vehicles Front - wheel - drive vehicles Cars introduced in 1995 1990s automobiles 2000s automobiles 2010s automobiles Hidden categories : CS1 Japanese - 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1. Honda CR-V: A compact crossover SUV manufactured by Honda since 1995. 2. Compact Recreational Vehicle: A term used to describe the CR-V in a British car review article. 3. First generation (1995-2001): The initial version of the CR-V, featuring a unibody design and front-wheel drive or all-wheel drive options. 4. Second generation (2002-2006): A full redesign based on

when is series 4 of the 100 coming out

List of the 100 episodes - wikipedia List of the 100 episodes Jump to : navigation , search The 100 ( pronounced The Hundred ) is an American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series developed by Jason Rothenberg , which premiered on March 19 , 2014 , on The CW . It is loosely based on a 2013 book of the same name , the first in a book series by Kass Morgan . The series follows a group of teens as they become the first people from a space habitat to return to Earth after a devastating nuclear apocalypse . In March 2016 , the series was renewed for a fourth season of 13 episodes , which premiered on February 1 , 2017 . In March 2017 , the series was renewed for a fifth season . As of May 24 , 2017 , 58 episodes of The 100 have aired , concluding the fourth season . Contents ( hide ) 1 Series overview 2 Episodes 2.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 2.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 2.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 2.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 3 Ratings 3.1 Season 1 ( 2014 ) 3.2 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) 3.3 Season 3 ( 2016 ) 3.4 Season 4 ( 2017 ) 4 References 5 External links Series overview ( edit ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season <Th_colspan="2"> Episodes <Th_colspan="2"> Originally aired <Th_colspan="2"> Nielsen ratings First aired Last aired Rank Viewers ( millions ) <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 150 2.59 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 157 2.46 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 16 <Td_colspan="1"> January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 165 1.94 <Td_colspan="1"> <Td_colspan="2"> 13 <Td_colspan="1"> February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) TBA TBA Episodes ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' Bharat Nalluri Jason Rothenberg March 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 19 ) 296843 2.73 <Td_colspan="8"> Set in an indeterminate year in the distant future , 97 years after a nuclear apocalypse has devastated the surface of Earth , the only remaining humans are residents of an orbiting space stations known as `` The Ark '' . Equipped with vital - monitoring wristbands and instructions to proceed directly to Mount Weather , upon landing , 100 juvenile delinquents are sent to the surface to test its habitability . Among them is 17 - year - old Clarke Griffin ( Eliza Taylor ) , the daughter of The Ark 's chief medical officer , Dr. Abby ( Paige Turco ) . The 100 discover a lush Earth filled with new wonders and dangers . Clarke and four others search for the former Mount Weather Emergency Operations Center , a possible site of supplies . Ultimately , they discover that there are hostile survivors on the ground when Jasper , one of their party , is speared . The other delinquents remain at the landing site and , under the leadership of Bellamy ( Bob Morley ) , celebrate their new world . Back on The Ark , Chancellor Jaha ( Isaiah Washington ) has been shot , causing the merciless and unsympathetic Councilman Kane ( Henry Ian Cusick ) to take charge . `` Earth Skills '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 26 , 2014 ( 2014 - 03 - 26 ) 2J7052 2.27 <Td_colspan="8"> Chancellor Jaha recovers and learns of his son Wells ' supposed fate on the ground . Abby recruits Raven , a zero - gravity mechanic , to fix a drop pod to send herself to the ground . Meanwhile on Earth , Clarke , Wells , Murphy , and Bellamy set out to rescue Jasper , who was taken by the grounders after being attacked . They find Jasper tied to a tree and manage to return to camp with him , in addition to a panther they killed prior his rescue . Bellamy forces the 100 to trade their wristbands for food . Clarke manages to keep hers . As the Ark watches more wristbands going offline believing they are dying , a figure watches the 100 from above the camp . `` Earth Kills '' Dean White Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain April 2 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 02 ) 2J7053 1.90 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Clarke 's engineer father Jake discovers a life support problem with The Ark , and is arrested for threatening to tell the people and `` floated '' by Jaha . In the present , Clarke , Finn , and Wells search for antibiotic seaweed to treat Jasper 's wounds . Bellamy assembles a hunting group who are followed by Charlotte , a troubled 13 - year - old . A lethal acidic fog hits , forcing Clarke , Finn , and Wells to seek shelter . The three talk , and Clarke berates Wells for his apparent part in her father 's execution believing he told his father of Clarke 's father 's intent to commit treason . Bellamy and Charlotte take refuge from the fog ; he comforts her when she has a nightmare . Clarke discovers her mother 's culpability in her father 's death , learning that she actually told Thelonious , knowing her father would be floated . Clarke and Wells reconcile . Later , Charlotte 's misinterpretation of Bellamy 's advice leads her to kill Wells . `` Murphy 's Law '' P.J. Pesce T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson April 9 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 09 ) 2J7054 1.69 <Td_colspan="8"> Monty attempts to use the wristbands to contact The Ark . Octavia and Jasper discover Murphy 's knife outside the wall with two fingers , which are Wells ' . Clarke publicly accuses Murphy , inciting a mob that begins hanging him . Overwhelmed , Charlotte confesses and Murphy is cut down . Charlotte flees camp with Clarke and Finn , and they take refuge in a bunker , pursued by a revenge - seeking Murphy . Feeling guilty , Charlotte attempts to turn herself in , but Bellamy intercepts her . The whole group ends up at a dead - end cliff where Charlotte jumps off and commits suicide , and Bellamy banishes Murphy . Monty accidentally fries all of the wristbands . Finn runs to the bunker in frustration , Clarke follows , and they have sex . On The Ark , Abby and Raven go to great lengths to acquire a pressure regulator , but Kane finds out and has Abby arrested . Raven launches off The Ark alone and prepares to enter the atmosphere . 5 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' Milan Cheylov Bruce Miller April 16 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 16 ) 2J7055 1.80 <Td_colspan="8"> Raven , unconscious , has made it to the ground . Bellamy reaches her pod first and throws away her radio . Clarke and Finn follow , and help Raven , who is revealed to be Finn 's girlfriend , leaving Clarke devastated . They catch up with Bellamy and tell him of the 300 people to be culled from The Ark to preserve oxygen . He helps locate the radio , but it can not be repaired in time , so they devise a plan to fire `` flare '' rockets that The Ark will see , confirming that Earth is survivable . On The Ark , the approved plan calls for sealing off and deoxygenating Section 17 . A desperate Abby reveals her husbands discovery to The Ark , causing some residents to volunteer for the culling . After the culling , Abby , imprisoned , and Jaha watch in surprise as the `` flare '' rockets appear in the viewport above Abby 's cell . Meanwhile , Octavia is captured by a grounder . 6 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' Wayne Rose Tracy Bellomo & Dorothy Fortenberry April 23 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 23 ) 2J7056 1.97 <Td_colspan="8"> In flashbacks , Bellamy witnesses Octavia 's birth ; he names her after Augustus ' sister Octavia the Younger . Due to The Ark 's one child rule , Octavia is forced to live beneath the floor of her family 's quarters . To ensure her daughter 's safety , her mother resorts to prostitution in order to gain notice of guard 's inspections . When Octavia is 16 , Bellamy takes her to a masked ball for Unity Day ; she is caught , and their mother is executed . A year later , Commander Shumway convinces Bellamy to assassinate Jaha , in exchange for a place on the dropship with his sister . In the present , Bellamy combs the camp looking for Octavia , to no avail . He assembles a search party , and they leave for the woods . Meanwhile , Clarke and Raven travel to Finn 's bunker in hopes of finding a radio transmitter with which to contact The Ark , and Raven discovers Finn 's involvement with Clarke . Bellamy , Finn , and Jasper rescue Octavia , and Finn is stabbed in the process . 7 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' John Showalter Akela Cooper & Kira Snyder April 30 , 2014 ( 2014 - 04 - 30 ) 2J7057 1.88 <Td_colspan="8"> In the midst of a hurricane on the ground , Finn is near death from a poisoned stab wound . Bellamy , having captured the grounder who stabbed Finn , tortures him for the antidote but he does n't speak . Raven successfully connects with The Ark ; Abby assists Clarke with treating Finn . Octavia convinces the grounder to reveal the antidote by poisoning herself with the same blade . On The Ark , Abby is released but is removed from the Council . Replacing her is the former chancellor , Diana Sydney , whose intentions are questionable . After learning that Earth is habitable , The Ark begins preparations for Project Exodus : their re-colonization of Earth . However , their drop ships can only carry about 25 % of The Ark 's population . In addition , residual tension from the culling causes mistrust in the Council . 8 8 `` Day Trip '' Matt Barber Story by : Andrei Haq Teleplay by : Elizabeth Craft & Sarah Fain May 7 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 07 ) 2J7058 1.64 <Td_colspan="8"> Video connection is established with The Ark . The Ark informs the 100 of a nearby underground depot that may serve as a winter home . Bellamy and Clarke investigate , and discover a stockpile of weapons and supplies . Dax , whom Commander Shumway is coercing to kill Bellamy , follows them . Octavia takes advantage of the camp 's suffering from the effects of an hallucinogenic nuts gathered as rations and frees the grounder , whose name is Lincoln . Bellamy , also hallucinating , is wracked with guilt for the culling and almost killed by Dax . Now , coming to terms with his actions , he speaks to Jaha and is pardoned in exchange for information about the assassination attempt . This leads to the arrest and imprisonment of Shumway . He is visited by Diana Sydney , and it is revealed that Jaha 's assassination was her idea . Diana then has Shumway killed in his cell . 9 9 `` Unity Day '' John Behring Kim Shumway & Kira Snyder May 14 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 14 ) 2J7059 1.73 <Td_colspan="8"> `` Unity Day '' arrives , when the joining of the orbiting space stations is celebrated . As the 100 celebrate , they find their video link interrupted when a bomb explodes during the ceremony on The Ark . Diana engineers a mutiny in order to hijack the first dropship . As the ship launches , it is not fully disconnected from The Ark 's main systems , causing an Ark - wide power outage and disabling every dropship . On the ground , in an effort to initiate peace , Finn arranges a meeting with the local grounder leader through Lincoln . Clarke represents the group and goes to the meeting , where she meets Anya , a grounder leader . Jasper , who along with Bellamy is monitoring the meeting from cover , believes he sees the grounder spotters in the trees about to shoot , he opens fire , and the meeting dissolves into battle . That night , Clarke and Bellamy see the dropship descending . It comes in too fast with no parachute , and violently crashes in the distance . 10 10 `` I Am Become Death '' Omar Madha T.J. Brady & Rasheed Newson May 21 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 21 ) 2J7060 1.46 <Td_colspan="8"> Murphy returns to the dropship after being captured and tortured by the grounders for information about the group . Soon , a deadly virus spreads thanks to Murphy , who was used by the grounders as an agent of biological warfare . Bellamy , Raven and Clarke all contract the disease . Octavia learns from Lincoln that this is his people 's way of softening the battlefield . To delay the incoming attack , Raven builds a bomb to stop the grounders from crossing the bridge featured in the previous episode . Bellamy tasks Jasper with detonating the bomb , and he does so just as the raiding party reaches the bridge . Later , Murphy smothers Connor as revenge for his part in Murphy 's hanging . Raven breaks up with Finn . 11 11 `` The Calm '' Mairzee Almas Bruce Miller May 28 , 2014 ( 2014 - 05 - 28 ) 2J7061 1.71 <Td_colspan="8"> After a fire destroys most of the food supply , the group sends out hunting parties to restock . Clarke , Finn , and Myles go out together , but Clarke and Finn are captured and brought to the grounder camp . Anya instructs Clarke to save Tris , her second , a young girl who was injured in the bomb blast . Clarke tries to save her but is unsuccessful . In revenge , Finn is taken away to be executed . Clarke escapes by killing her guard and runs . Bellamy , Raven , Octavia , and Monty search for the missing party and find Myles , hurt in the woods . Monty mysteriously disappears after hearing a strange signal on their hand radios . Kane awakens on a devastated Ark . He searches for survivors and realizes Jaha is alive in the Earth Monitoring Station and trying to bring systems online . With over half The Ark 's populace likely dead , they discover that there are survivors in an access bay to the exodus ship . Kane braves the extreme heat in a maintenance tunnel to reach the survivors -- including Abby . 12 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' Dean White Tracy Bellmo & Akela Cooper June 4 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 04 ) 2J7062 1.58 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke is recaptured by Anya , and they encounter a grounder named Tristan , who assumes command . Clarke is saved by Lincoln and taken to a very much alive Finn . Lincoln leads the two through a network of tunnels occupied by the reapers , cannibalistic humanoids the grounders themselves are afraid of . Lincoln seemingly sacrifices himself so Clarke and Finn can live to warn the others , including Octavia . Back at the dropship , Murphy has taken Jasper hostage . Bellamy trades himself for Jasper . While Raven attempts to open the dropship door , Murphy prepares to hang Bellamy . She 's successful as Bellamy is dangling , and Murphy retreats to the upper level . Murphy shoots his gun aimlessly at the floor and accidentally shoots Raven . Murphy blows a hole in the ship with gunpowder and escapes with a radio . A returned Clarke convinces the group to flee the camp for the ocean where they 'll be safe . On The Ark , with the dropships no longer functional , Jaha realizes the only way to save the rest of the citizens is by bringing The Ark and its people to the ground . 13 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg June 11 , 2014 ( 2014 - 06 - 11 ) 2J7063 1.68 <Td_colspan="8"> The 100 are ambushed by grounder scouts and forced to retreat to camp . Meanwhile , the remaining citizens of The Ark prepare to return to Earth . After a technical failure to jettison requires manual intervention , Jaha remains on The Ark . The Mecha Station , with Abby and Kane , makes it to the ground . Back at the dropship , Tristan leads the grounders ' attack . The 100 mount their defense . Octavia is injured and leaves with Lincoln . Most of the 100 retreat into the dropship ; Anya leaps in after them . As previously planned , Jasper manages to activate its rockets , and the massive fireball kills all 300 of the grounders , and apparently Finn and Bellamy . When the 100 emerge from the dropship , gas grenades drop at their feet , and they all pass out . Clarke wakes up in a white room . Through the window in her door she sees Monty locked in an identical room across the hallway . A sign next to his door reads `` Mount Weather Quarantine Ward '' . Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 14 `` The 48 '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg October 22 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 22 ) 3J5251 1.54 <Td_colspan="8"> Finding Monty gone from his cell , Clarke breaks out and discovers she is trapped in an underground complex inside Mount Weather . She discovers an entire population of humans has survived but is unable to go outside because they have never built up the resistance to radiation that the grounders and the 100 have from space and adaptation . After meeting their President Dante Wallace , she is invited to stay along with the 47 surviving teenagers out of the original 100 that landed on Earth . Distrusting him , she makes a break for freedom but is stopped by Jasper . Clarke secretly plots an escape . Meanwhile , grounders capture Finn and Bellamy , before Abby , Kane , and the rest of The Ark 's survivors find them and free them . After heading to the crash site , they discover an injured Raven and Murphy . Bellamy attacks Murphy , and Kane arrests him . The group returns to the newly established Camp Jaha . Separated from everyone else , Lincoln tries to save a poisoned Octavia , but with no antidote , he is forced to take her to his village , knowing it will mean certain death if he is caught . 15 `` Inclement Weather '' John F. Showalter Michael Angeli October 29 , 2014 ( 2014 - 10 - 29 ) 3J5252 1.48 <Td_colspan="8"> Chancellor Jaha discovers a baby left on The Ark and plans to take him to Earth . While a suspicious Clarke confronts Dante , Octavia is healed by Nyko , a friend of Lincoln 's . Octavia holds Nyko hostage and leverages him to Indra , the village leader , in order to get Lincoln back . Abby performs surgery on Raven to remove the bullet from her spine without any anaesthesia . Jaha learns that the baby is an hallucination of his son , who convinces him to continue living his life ; he crash lands a missile to Earth . During the prisoner exchange , Octavia is attacked by the reapers , who capture Lincoln . Clarke learns that Anya -- the leader of the grounders -- is being held in Mount Weather with other prisoners being forced to supply blood to heal the mountain residents . 16 `` Reapercussions '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre November 5 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 05 ) 3J5253 1.68 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Anya escape Mount Weather into the reaper tunnels . Abby is punished for supplying guns to Finn , Bellamy and the others leave Camp Jaha to search for their friends . Octavia joins Indra 's hunting party in order to follow the reapers and retrieve Lincoln , but he is not among the grounders they intercept . In Mount Weather , Jasper and Monty worry about Clarke 's whereabouts . Kane goes after Finn , Bellamy , and the others , and appoints Abby chancellor in his absence . Clarke and Anya risk their lives to escape the tunnels ; Anya takes Clarke hostage . Lincoln is shown to be in Mount Weather , and it is revealed that the reapers work with the mountain men , bringing prisoners to Mount Weather and being fed with dead grounders . 17 `` Many Happy Returns '' P.J. Pesce Kim Shumway November 12 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 12 ) 3J5254 1.75 <Td_colspan="8"> Chancellor Jaha is found in a desert and rescued by a boy named Zoran , living with his parents who left their people in search of a place called the `` City of Light '' . Searching for their friends , Finn , Bellamy , and the others find a survivor from The Ark -- Mel -- who is saved by Bellamy after Sterling dies while trying to rescue her . While Clarke and Anya are on the run from mountain men who follow them , Raven starts working in the camp again alongside Wick , who has made her a brace for her leg . Octavia finally reunites with Bellamy and the others . Chancellor Jaha is forced to leave Zoran and his parents when Zoran 's father trades him for a horse . On their way out of the woods , Clarke and Anya arrive at Camp Jaha . Ark soldiers shoot and kill Anya and knock out Clarke , after mistaking her for a hostile grounder . 18 5 `` Human Trials '' Ed Fraiman Charlie Craig November 19 , 2014 ( 2014 - 11 - 19 ) 3J5255 1.64 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke is brought into Camp Jaha , and after receiving medical attention from Abby is reunited with Bellamy , Octavia , and Raven . They go after Finn and Murphy . Kane is hoping to find peace with the grounders but instead is imprisoned at the grounder camp , where he discovers Jaha is also a prisoner . Meanwhile , Lincoln is being held at Mount Weather where he is the subject of experimentation involving a red drug that turns grounders into reapers . Jasper takes extreme measures to save Maya from radiation exposure by allowing a blood transfusion conducted by Dr. Tsing . After Maya 's successful treatment , Dr. Tsing and Cage -- Dante 's son and Lincoln 's torturer -- ask President Wallace for permission to move forward with trials on the 47 . He refuses . Elsewhere , Finn holds an entire grounder village hostage while searching for Clarke . Clarke , Bellamy , and Octavia arrive in time to see Finn gun down 18 grounders . 19 6 `` Fog of War '' Steven DePaul Kira Snyder December 3 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 03 ) 3J5256 1.86 <Td_colspan="8"> Two days after the massacre , Raven discovers that Mount Weather has jammed communications . Leaving camp to investigate , Bellamy and Octavia discover that Lincoln has become a reaper . Clarke still has n't spoken to Finn . Raven manages to listen in on Mount Weather 's radio broadcasts and discovers the previously encountered acid fog is a weapon of the mountain . In Mount Weather , Wallace wants Jasper to find volunteers to provide blood for the mountain residents , but he is unsuccessful . Maya discovers the radiation leak she was caught in was no accident and confides in Jasper about the mountain 's caged grounders . In captivity , Jaha and Kane are told that one of them must kill the other to gain an audience with the Commander . Kane attempts to take his own life rather than kill Jaha , but a grounder witness , Lexa , reveals herself to be the Commander and says that she believes their wish for peace is sincere . She sends Jaha to Camp Jaha with a message ; leave within two days , or die . 20 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' Antonio Negret James Thorpe December 10 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 10 ) 3J5257 1.62 <Td_colspan="8"> With the grounders ' deadline imminent , Abby and Jaha disagree over what the survivors are to do ; Jaha wishes to evacuate to the so called `` City of Light '' , while Abby wants to remain behind to rescue the 47 . Clarke , Octavia , and Bellamy hold the reaper - state Lincoln in the dropship , and learn he was drugged and experimented on . Lincoln 's heart stops but is restarted by Clarke , who believes there is a way to cure reapers -- information they can leverage to the grounders . When Abby is successful in curing Lincoln , Lexa grants Clarke the truce but demands Finn 's execution for the massacre before it can begin . In Mount Weather , Jasper , Monty , Miller , and Harper discover that there are Ark survivors on the ground . Dr. Tsing learns that for the mountain residents to live on the surface , they would have to kill the 47 for their bone marrow . Though Wallace vetoes the plan , his son Cage goes behind his back and begins the process with Harper . 21 8 `` Spacewalker '' John F. Showalter Bruce Miller December 17 , 2014 ( 2014 - 12 - 17 ) 3J5258 1.40 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke returns to camp with knowledge of the only way the grounders will accept a truce . Opinions are divided when Clarke reveals the grounders will cease their attack if they are given Finn . Flashbacks to The Ark reveal that Finn was imprisoned because he took the fall for Raven 's illegal spacewalking . At Camp Jaha , Abby and a returned Kane think they can bargain with the grounders by offering to put Finn on trial , but such plans are for naught , as Finn ultimately turns himself in . In a last - ditch effort to save Finn , Clarke goes to meet with Lexa . When Lexa refuses clemency Clarke asks to say goodbye . She approaches Finn , kisses him , and tells him that she loves him while stabbing him , saving him the brutal execution of grounder custom . 22 9 `` Remember Me '' Omar Madha Dorothy Fortenberry January 21 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5259 1.48 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and a group from The Ark accompany Finn 's body to a grounder camp to complete their agreement for a truce . Clarke is haunted by visions of Finn . Bellamy tries to convince Clarke to let him go to Mount Weather as a inside man ; she refuses . At the village , Finn 's corpse is burned along with those of the massacre victims . Kane gifts Lexa a bottle of liquor , which when tested appears poisoned , leading to the belief it was an assassination attempt by the Sky People . The grounders accuse and prepare to execute Raven , but Clarke and Bellamy pinpoint Gustus , Lexa 's right hand , as the true culprit . Later , Clarke changes her mind and sends Bellamy , along with Lincoln , to infiltrate Mount Weather . 23 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' Dean White Akela Cooper January 28 , 2015 ( 2015 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5260 1.53 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Lexa encounter a gigantic mutated gorilla after one of the grounder council members drives Clarke into the forest with the intent to kill her . They escape it but become temporarily trapped in its cage , and Lexa is injured . Clarke figures out a way to escape and has an idea about freeing the grounders inside Mount Weather to act as an insider army . Bellamy and Lincoln plan their infiltration of Mount Weather en route to the reaper tunnels , but upon arrival Lincoln is overcome by his addiction , leaving Bellamy to a questionable fate . Murphy helps Jaha confront his past , while Jaha persuades Murphy that the Sky People have nothing to offer him that his best option is to search for the mystical ' City of Light ' . After witnessing Octavia 's determination and unwavering spirit to fight , Indra offers to make Octavia her second in command , but Kane warns Octavia that once the war ends it is likely that the grounders and Sky People will end up breaking their alliance . 24 11 `` Coup de Grace '' P.J. Pesce Charlie Craig February 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5261 1.51 <Td_colspan="8"> Bellamy is caged in Mount Weather along with numerous grounders . Jasper 's search for Monty and Harper remains fruitless , so he confronts the President about their disappearance . Cage sends snipers to assassinate Clarke and Lexa ; they are intercepted , and one is captured for questioning . Maya discovers Bellamy being harvested for blood and saves him ; he makes contact with Clarke . President Wallace and Jasper discover Dr. Tsing 's illegal experiments on Harper and Monty . Cage replaces his father as President by force and orders a lockdown for the surviving 47 teens . Realizing she has to draw attention to the outside for Bellamy 's sake , Clarke sends Emerson , their captive , back to Mount Weather with a message boasting that the army that is coming for them . 25 12 `` Rubicon '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre February 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5262 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> An unmasked Cage rescues Emerson on the surface , revealing the success of the bone marrow experiments . In the dormitory , Jasper tells the others of Bellamy 's presence . Meanwhile , Jaha , Murphy , and his group encounter a strange woman , named Emori , who offers to serve as guide to the City of Light ... but she is not all that she appears to be . In Mount Weather , Bellamy seeks a way to help his friends . When Bellamy makes radio contact , Clarke and Raven overhear Cage 's plan to bomb the planned peace conference in Tondc . Clarke races to the village , where she explains the danger to Lexa . Lexa convinces Clarke that an evacuation would expose Bellamy 's presence in the mountain ; the two secretly escape . As they leave , Clarke sees her mother arrive in the village and returns to try to rescue Abby as the missile hits the village . 26 13 `` Resurrection '' Dean White Bruce Miller February 18 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5263 1.42 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Abby survive the missile strike on Tondc , but Abby is horrified to realize that Clarke knew it was coming and did not evacuate the village . She goes back to help survivors , while Lexa and Clarke set off to find and kill the spotter who called in the strike and is still shooting . Lincoln saves Indra 's life , while Octavia leads the other seconds in an effort to dig out survivors . Abby finds Kane pinned below rubble and struggles to free him , while they wonder whether they deserve to survive at all . Clarke finds and kills the spotter with Lincoln 's help , and realizes that the spotter 's lack of a hazmat suit means the mountain men have started harvesting her friends . Inside Mount Weather , Jasper and the others fight back and find refuge with those in Mount Weather who do not agree with Cage . 27 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' Uta Briesewitz Kim Shumway February 25 , 2015 ( 2015 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5264 1.55 <Td_colspan="8"> Octavia has figured out that Clarke and Lexa knew about the missile , and Lexa decides she needs to be killed to protect that secret . Clarke prevents this and angrily confronts Lexa , who reveals that she has feelings for Clarke . Bellamy , Raven , and Wick find a way to disable the acid fog . Raven and Wick have celebratory sex , but Bellamy discovers that the fog 's still active and that his radio contact has been cut off while the army is marching on Mount Weather . Clarke inspires Lexa to not treat love as weakness , and that there is more to life than just surviving . Lexa kisses Clarke , but she is not ready for another relationship so soon . Raven signals the fog is disabled ; Clarke and Lexa lead their army to the mountain . The mountain men prepare to deploy the acid fog , but Bellamy manages to elude a security team and destroy the system in an explosion just in time . Elsewhere , Jaha and Murphy encounter a perilous minefield roadblock as they continue their search for the City of Light . After traversing the minefield , at a cost of their remaining group , they reach a lake where Emori , the scavenger and looter they encountered earlier , is there with her gang and offers them a boat to transport them to their destination . 28 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' Omar Madha Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre March 4 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 04 ) 3J5265 1.49 <Td_colspan="8"> Bellamy is letting the grounders imprisoned inside Mount Weather out of their cages as Cage starts to raid the complex for the 47 . Some of them are temporarily captured but freed again by Bellamy , Jasper , and Maya , who bring them to the harvest chamber . Soldiers soon raid the harvest chamber too , taking the 47 prisoner once again . Meanwhile , Cage visits his father , desperately hoping he will tell him a way to stop the incoming attack . Raven and Wick destroy the mountain 's generators , and the lock on Mount Weather 's door is disabled . When they pull the door open however , Lexa commands her people to stand down -- she has made a deal with Emerson , her people will be freed if the grounder army retreats leaving the Sky People left for dead . It is later learned that this was Dante 's suggestion . When the grounders retreat , almost all the Sky People accept defeat and soon leave too , leaving behind only Clarke at the front door and Octavia in the tunnels . 29 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg March 11 , 2015 ( 2015 - 03 - 11 ) 3J5266 1.34 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke joins Octavia in the tunnels and is let into Mount Weather by Bellamy . With the 47 waiting for bone marrow extraction , Clarke and Bellamy take Dante hostage . When Cage still refuses to stop , Clarke shoots his father , which leads Cage to begin bone marrow extraction on Abby . Seeing no other option , Clarke has Monty hack into Mount Weather 's air filtration system , and she and Bellamy irradiate the mountain , eradicating the population , including Maya . Cage escapes but comes upon Lincoln , who injects Cage with the reaper drug , killing him , leaving Emerson , who also escaped , as the last Mountain Man . Everyone returns to Camp Jaha , but Clarke , wracked with guilt , leaves . Meanwhile , Jaha and Murphy arrive at an island where they separate . Murphy finds a lighthouse inside of which he watches a recording of the previous occupant who says she `` got the launch codes '' , before shooting himself . Jaha finds a well kept mansion , surrounded by drones , where he meets an A.I. , named `` A.L.I.E. '' , in the form of an attractive dark - haired woman wearing a red dress , who thanks him for his `` gift '' : the nuclear warhead from the missile he used to land on Earth . Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 30 `` Wanheda : Part One '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg January 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 21 ) 3J5751 1.88 <Td_colspan="8"> For three months , Clarke has been living on her own in the woods . At a grounder trading post , Clarke sleeps with the post owner , Niylah , and is caught by a bounty hunter while leaving the next morning . At Camp Jaha , renamed Arkadia , Lincoln -- unable to leave camp due to a kill order put on him by Lexa -- tries to fit in with the Sky People , much to Octavia 's distaste . Bellamy , with several others , goes on patrol and encounters Ice Nation scouts . Jasper is injured , and part of the group returns to Arkadia . The rest meet up with Kane and Indra , from whom they learn there is a bounty on Clarke . They leave to search for Clarke , but the Rover ATV they are using gets trapped by a deliberately felled tree . Meanwhile , Murphy is released from his bunker and finds Jaha and A.L.I.E at the mansion . Murphy refuses to be a part of Jaha 's mission but decides to leave the island with him when he sees that Emori is part of the boat crew . 31 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' Mairzee Almas Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre January 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 01 - 28 ) 3J5752 1.63 <Td_colspan="8"> The attackers of the Rover ATV turn out to be fellow Ark members from Farm Station who landed separately , including Monty 's mother . Conflicts with the Ice Nation , in whose territory they landed , have reduced their numbers to 63 . They accept Kane 's offer to come to Arkadia . Part of the group continues their search for Clarke , but after Bellamy is injured by the bounty hunter who has captured Clarke , the group is forced to return to base . Indra returns to the grounder city of Polis where the bounty hunter -- revealed to be Prince Roan of Ice Nation -- delivers Clarke to Lexa . Meanwhile , Jaha continues his mission for A.L.I.E. While Otan distracts Jaha , Emori and ( unwittingly ) Murphy kill Gideon and steal a backpack containing A.L.I.E. 's portable nuclear powered hardware . When Otan returns he appears to be brainwashed , and Murphy throws the pack into the water . Emori and Murphy escape on the boat , while Jaha and Otan scramble to save the bag . A.L.I.E. reveals that no one can die in the City of Light , showing them Gideon - alive and unscarred - in the city . 32 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' Antonio Negret Kim Shumway February 4 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 04 ) 3J5753 1.57 <Td_colspan="8"> Lexa reveals to Clarke that she intends to initiate the Sky People into her Coalition . Meanwhile , Bellamy , his girlfriend Gina , Octavia , and Raven arrive at Mount Weather with supplies for the Farm Station refugees . There , Echo , the grounder Bellamy first freed from the cages beneath the mountain , appears and speaks of an Ice Nation plot to attack the summit in Polis . Bellamy , Pike , and Octavia leave for Polis . As they reach the summit , it is revealed there is no imminent threat to those present ; the `` warning '' was a ruse to lure them away . Meanwhile , an assassin infiltrates Mount Weather , kills Gina , and punches in the self - destruct codes . After a fight between the assassin on one hand , and Sinclair and Raven on the other , Mount Weather detonates , killing all 36 members of the Farm Station ; only Raven and Sinclair survive . It is revealed that Echo is working with Queen Nia of the Ice Nation , who is helped by Emerson , the last survivor of Mount Weather , in carrying out its destruction . 33 `` Watch the Thrones '' Ed Fraiman Dorothy Fortenberry February 11 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 11 ) 3J5754 1.32 <Td_colspan="8"> In a fight to the death for the right to the throne , Queen Nia chooses her son Roan to fight Lexa . At Arkadia , Bellamy , wracked with guilt , resigns from the guard . Monty and Jasper leave camp , and Monty confronts his grieving friend . Pike publicly confronts Kane and Abby , questioning them about the grounder army surrounding Arkadia , sent as protection by Lexa . Pike convinces Bellamy to supply him with guns and help massacre the grounder army . Lincoln , Abby , and Kane stop them at the last minute . Pike 's name is then suggested for inclusion on the ballot for the upcoming Chancellor vote . Back at Polis , Lexa bests Roan but kills Nia instead of him , and pronounces Roan the king of Ice Nation . Back at Arkadia , Pike is the elected Chancellor . Pike then frees himself , his supporters , and Bellamy , and they leave to finish what they started . 34 5 `` Hakeldama '' Tim Scanlan Charlie Craig February 18 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 18 ) 3J5755 1.36 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke , Lexa , and other grounders from Polis discover the fallen army of grounders , slain by Pike and his followers . Indra is found wounded and claims Bellamy persuaded Pike to let her live in order to tell Lexa that the Sky People reject the newly - formed coalition . Lexa allows Clarke 's return to Arkadia to tell Bellamy and the others to step down . Clarke fails to convince Bellamy , but instead induces Lexa to end the cycle of violence in hopes of peace . Meanwhile , Murphy and Emori set up traps to steal from passersby . Murphy is caught , and one of the grounders spots the pill Jaha gave him earlier in the season ; he demands to know where Murphy found it . After arriving in Arkadia , Jaha and A.L.I.E. set out to recruit more people into the City of Light by giving out the pills . Devastated by her chronic agony , Raven decides to take the pill , which successfully removes her pain . She then sees A.L.I.E. for the first time . 35 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' Dean White Kira Snyder February 25 , 2016 ( 2016 - 02 - 25 ) 3J5756 1.41 <Td_colspan="8"> When Roan has Emerson , the last Mountain Man , delivered to Polis , Clarke must decide his fate . Ultimately , she decides to let Lexa banish him . Octavia and Kane find out Pike intends to clear a nearby grounder village and utilize their fertile soil for crops , so Octavia rides to alert the village . The village set a deadly trap for the incoming Sky People , which Octavia manages to warn Bellamy about just in time . Abby confiscates the City of Light chips from Jaha when it becomes clear he has no recollection of his son . A.L.I.E. enlists Raven 's help to search The Ark for her second iteration , A.L.I.E. 2.0 . They are unable to find it , which leads to the realization that it may be on the mythical 13th station , named Polaris , that got shot out of orbit before joining the rest of The Ark . Titus , the Flamekeeper , tortures Murphy for information , alongside an escape pod with two letters clearly scorched off from re-entry that , with the other marked letters , spells Polaris . 36 7 `` Thirteen '' Dean White Javier Grillo - Marxuach March 3 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 03 ) 3J5757 1.39 <Td_colspan="8"> Murphy convinces Titus to tell him more about the origin of his religion , speculating that the first Commander was from the 13th station rather than born on the ground . Flashbacks reveal that after A.L.I.E. causes the nuclear apocalypse , Becca -- A.L.I.E. 's creator and avatar template -- attempted to create A.L.I.E. 2.0 to interface more directly with humanity . When The Ark destroyed her research station Polaris , Becca injected herself with an unknown black substance while implanting the ALIE 2.0 in her neck , and traveled to Earth in an escape pod . In the present , Clarke and Lexa prepare to part ways in response to Lexa 's decision to blockade Arkadia until Pike is removed from leadership . Titus attempts to ensure that the Sky People are destroyed by shooting Clarke and blaming Murphy for it , only he shoots Lexa accidentally . After Lexa dies , it is revealed that A.L.I.E. 2.0 has been implanted in the back of her neck ; Titus describes it as the spirit of the Commander . 37 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' John Showalter Charlie Craig March 10 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 10 ) 3J5758 1.20 <Td_colspan="8"> The grounders inform Arkadia of the blockade and note that it will only be lifted if Pike is surrendered to them . In response , Pike begins to plan for war , while Kane plans to hand Pike over to the grounders . To this end , Sinclair allows himself to be arrested . He and an interned Lincoln stage an argument in lock - up , creating a distraction for Kane to capture Pike . Bellamy and other guards intercept him at the gate . Meanwhile , Raven convinces Jasper to help her break into Pike 's office to recover the confiscated chip manufacturer . Jasper , mentioning Finn , prompts a realisation that Raven has no recollection of him at all , and they leave the device where it is . As Jaha reflects on his future plans , Pike decides to sentence Kane to death for treason , forcing Bellamy and Monty to re-evaluate which side they are truly on in the ever - escalating tensions towards war . 38 9 `` Stealing Fire '' Uta Briesewitz Heidi Cole McAdams March 31 , 2016 ( 2016 - 03 - 31 ) 3J5759 1.23 <Td_colspan="8"> In Polis , a conclave is held to decide the new Commander . Ontari , Nia 's bodyguard , arrives and murders the other Nightbloods , declaring herself Commander . Titus names Clarke the new Flamekeeper and she takes A.L.I.E. 2.0 , known to the grounders as `` the Flame '' , to find Luna , a Nightblood friend of Lincoln . Titus kills himself to ensure Ontari can not use him against Clarke , and Ontari swears Roan and Murphy to secrecy about the missing Flame . Meanwhile , Bellamy goes to Octavia for help to save Kane , Lincoln , and Sinclair from execution , but is captured by Octavia and Indra . Abby , Octavia , Miller , and Harper stage an elaborate rescue , with last - minute help from Monty , whose betrayal of Pike is covered up by his mother . When Pike threatens to execute the interned grounders , Lincoln surrenders to save them , while the others escape Arkadia . Octavia watches from a distance as Pike executes Lincoln . 39 10 `` Fallen '' Matt Barber Charmaine DeGrate & Javier Grillo - Marxuach April 7 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 07 ) 3J5760 1.13 <Td_colspan="8"> Acting as a fake Flamekeeper , Murphy helps Ontari convince the grounders to submit to her rule ; she later forces him to have sex with her . Pike discovers Monty 's betrayal , forcing him to flee Arkadia . Monty rejoins Kane , Octavia , and a captive Bellamy at the dropship , but Pike 's men capture them , and Bellamy offers to lead them to the rest of Kane 's insurgents . Instead , he leads them to the grounder blockade and hands Pike over to them . Kane goes with the grounders to Polis . Meanwhile , A.L.I.E. 's influence spreads throughout Arkadia , and Raven enlists Abby and Jasper to help her destroy the chip inside her . A.L.I.E. restores Raven 's pain to torture her into submission , and then uses her to coerce Abby to take the chip . Jasper , finding the whole of Arkadia in A.L.I.E. 's thrall , manages to escape with an unconscious Raven , encountering Clarke on the way out . 40 11 `` Nevermore '' Ed Fraiman Kim Shumway April 14 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 14 ) 3J5761 1.08 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke and Jasper regroup with Bellamy , Octavia , Monty , and Sinclair . They decide to carry out Raven 's original plan to free herself from A.L.I.E. 's control : by building an electromagnetic pulse device ( EMP ) from one of The 100 's old wristbands and frying the chip inside her . Clarke leads the group to Niylah 's trading post , where there is a salvaged bracelet . Monty and Octavia return to the dropship to retrieve additional components for the EMP , but they are attacked by Monty 's mother Hannah , now under A.L.I.E. 's control . Monty fatally shoots his mother to save Octavia , and they return to Niylah 's , where they are able to destroy the chip inside Raven using the EMP and Clarke cuts out its liquefied remains using Titus ' Flamekeeper kit . Raven reveals to the group that the Flame is the only thing that can stop A.L.I.E. 41 12 `` Demons '' P.J. Pesce Justine Juel Gillmer April 21 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 21 ) 3J5762 1.15 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke 's group finds Arkadia abandoned , and retrieve Lincoln 's journal , which contains a map to Luna 's location . A mysterious masked figure attacks Harper , Miller , and his boyfriend Bryan before they can reach Arkadia and then targets Clarke , who unmasks him as Carl Emerson . Emerson kills Sinclair , and traps everyone else in the airlock planning to force Clarke to watch them suffocate . Clarke uses the Flame to kill him and saves her friends . The group hold a funeral for Lincoln and Sinclair , after which Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper embark on a journey to find Luna , while the others remain to use the Arkadia 's mainframe to hack A.L.I.E. Meanwhile , Emori arrives in Polis and reunites with Murphy . Jaha arrives with knowledge of Ontari 's deception , revealing that Emori is under A.L.I.E. 's control . Ontari has Murphy arrested , and Jaha convinces her to take a chip . With Ontari in her thrall , A.L.I.E. now has mastery of both the Sky People and the grounders . 42 13 `` Join or Die '' Dean White Julie Benson & Shawna Benson April 28 , 2016 ( 2016 - 04 - 28 ) 3J5763 1.27 <Td_colspan="8"> Flashbacks depict Pike giving The 100 an Earth Skills crash - course in the two weeks prior to the events of the pilot episode . Realising the teens were being sent to the ground and failing to persuade Jaha to let him go with them , Pike beats Murphy in front of the class to incite them to fight for their survival . In the present , Kane and Pike arrive in an A.L.I.E. - controlled Polis and are taken prisoner by Ontari . While incarcerated , Pike is tortured by fellow prisoner Indra in revenge for the massacre of her people , but Murphy convinces her they must unite against A.L.I.E. 's followers . Jaha threatens Abby to coerce Kane into taking the chip . Meanwhile Clarke , Bellamy , Octavia , and Jasper arrive at the shore and send a signal to Luna 's people . After being drugged , they awaken aboard a disused oil rig and meet Luna , who refuses to take the Flame . 43 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' P.J. Pesce Lauren Muir & Kira Snyder May 5 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 05 ) 3J5764 1.13 <Td_colspan="8"> At Arkadia , Harper and Monty sleep together while Raven hacks into the City of Light . She breaks through the firewalls but is blocked by the spirit of Hannah . Monty erases his mother 's code , but A.L.I.E. removes herself from Arkadia before Raven can destroy her code . Meanwhile , Murphy , Indra , and Pike escape the Polis dungeons and destroy A.L.I.E. 's core processor , but she has already migrated to the computer system on The Ark , still orbiting Earth . At the oil rig , Clarke plans to implant the Flame into Luna against her will , but is unsuccessful . Some of Luna 's people return from the mainland having been taken over by A.L.I.E. , and capture Jasper and Luna . After breaking free and killing her captors , Luna , knowing Clarke will stop at nothing to get her to accept the Flame , drugs Clarke and her companions , and has them returned to the mainland . 44 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' Ed Fraiman Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 12 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 12 ) 3J5765 1.17 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke encounters Roan in the woods , and he agrees to help her infiltrate Polis to implant the Flame into Ontari as a last resort . In Arkadia , Jasper is revealed to have been put under A.L.I.E. 's control at the oil rig , and traps Monty and Raven , and takes Harper hostage . At Polis , Roan is shot by Kane and dragged away , while Clarke is captured and tortured by Abby . Murphy , Pike , and Indra rescue Bellamy and the rest of the group . Bellamy and Murphy then attempt to rescue Clarke while the others fight A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , during which Kane is almost killed in an explosion but is tackled aside by Indra , who is captured . Bellamy and Murphy arrive in time to save Clarke , but Jaha prevents them from using Ontari by inflicting a severe head wound that leaves her brain - dead . 45 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 19 , 2016 ( 2016 - 05 - 19 ) 3J5766 1.29 <Td_colspan="8"> At Arkadia , Monty rescues Harper and captures Jasper . At the Polis tower , freed from A.L.I.E. 's control , Abby transfuses the near - dead Ontari 's Nightblood into Clarke so she can be implanted with the Flame . While Pike and the others fend off A.L.I.E. 's acolytes , Clarke takes a chip and enters the City of Light . She is protected by Lexa 's spirit and aided by Raven 's hacking against A.L.I.E. 's minions , and is led to Becca 's spirit who shows her A.L.I.E. 's kill switch . To stop Clarke , A.L.I.E. claims that the world 's abandoned nuclear power plants are melting down and releasing radiation , meaning Earth will be uninhabitable in the next six months , and City of Light is the only salvation . Clarke decides to pull the switch despite this , destroying A.L.I.E. and freeing all her subjugates . In the aftermath , Octavia executes Pike to avenge Lincoln 's death . Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . overall No. in season Title Directed by Written by Original air date Prod . code U.S. viewers ( millions ) 46 `` Echoes '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg February 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 01 ) T27. 13251 1.21 <Td_colspan="8"> Picking up immediately after destroying A.L.I.E. , Clarke confides in Bellamy about ALIE 's warning of the nuclear power plants melting down and the human race surviving only six more months . In the aftermath of the battle , it turns out that the people Lexa killed to protect Clarke in the City of Light are actually dead , leading the people of Polis to declare both Wanheda and Skaikru their enemies . During these events , Echo leads the Ice Nation warriors against Skaikru and begins to take the city by force ; in order to stop her , Clarke and Abby go to King Roan to save him from his bullet wound . When Roan awakens , Echo attempts to convince him to kill Clarke , but Clarke gives Roan the Flame and he declares himself ruler of the thirteen clans until the Flame chooses another commander and announces their peace with Skaikru . Murphy and Emori run away from everyone to be together . Clarke , Bellamy , and Jaha leave Polis to return to Arkadia to decide their next move in their fight against the radiation that 's coming . Elsewhere at Arkadia , Raven attempts to determine exactly what kind of damage the radiation will deliver while Jasper 's suicide attempt is unknowingly interrupted by Monty . 47 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' Ed Fraiman Justine Juel Gillmer February 8 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 08 ) T27. 13252 1.01 <Td_colspan="8"> Ilian , a grounder who was under ALIE 's influence , kills his family to convince his mother to take the chip . Soon after when his mother dies , she tells him to avenge her . In Polis , Ambassador Raphael and Ilian plan to challenge Roan . Roan prepares for battle despite being too weak from his injury . Kane and Octavia attempt to deter Raphael , but he refuses , Octavia later assassinates him . At Arkadia , Raven , Clarke , Bellamy , Monty , Harper , Bryan , and Miller devise a plan to restore Alpha Station to survive the radiation and acquire a hydro - generator for water from Farm Station which is in the Ice Nation . Grounders meet them there and eventually agree to give them the generator . However , they find many of their own as slaves and vote amongst them to use the generator to make an explosion to free them . Everyone returns to Arkadia but with no way of supplying water for everyone . Clarke tells the people of the radiation crisis and they all agree to work together . Kane and Abby sleep together in Polis . 48 `` The Four Horsemen '' P.J. Pesce Heidi Cole McAdams February 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 15 ) T27. 13253 1.05 <Td_colspan="8"> A possible lead from Jaha for a safe place for when the radiation comes turns out to be false hope . A group of grounders arrive at Arkadia with signs of Acute Radiation Syndrome ( A.R.S ) from eating contaminated fish , including Nyko and Luna . Abby wants to use their radiation medicine , but Raven who 's now in charge of rationing , stops her . Murphy steals it and gives it to Abby anyway . The new Flamekeeper , Gaia , steals the Flame from King Roan , but before Octavia kills her Indra stops her , stating that she 's her estranged daughter . Using a decoy , Octavia tells Roan the Flame was destroyed . Arkadia can only house 100 people for the next 5 years to ride out the radiation . Clarke writes a list and includes Bellamy as number 99 , and he writes her name for the 100th spot . Luna is the only person who does n't die from the A.R.S , which makes Abby realize that Luna 's body is rejecting the radiation because of her Nightblood . 49 `` A Lie Guarded '' Ian Samoil Kim Shumway February 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 02 - 22 ) T27. 13254 1.00 <Td_colspan="8"> In Polis , Kane and Bellamy are sentenced to die when Roan ends the alliance with both Skaikru and Trikru . Meanwhile , Abby , Raven , Murphy and Luna return to ALIE 's island to discover how they can use Luna 's Nightblood to save the human race from the radiation . Drones fire on them , resulting in Nyko 's death and driving Luna to her breaking point . Echo hunts down Octavia and after a sword fight , Octavia is stabbed and falls off a cliff , but survives . Also , Monty and Jasper discover and expose Clarke 's list of 100 names forcing Jaha to resolve the conflict . 50 5 `` The Tinder Box '' John F. Showalter Morgan Gendel March 1 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 01 ) T27. 13255 1.02 <Td_colspan="8"> Raven and Abby discover that because they were released from ALIE 's control via EMP instead of when Clarke pulled the kill switch , that they have leftover knowledge from Becca / ALIE in their brains . They learn that Becca was making Nightblood on the Ark and after they find a rocket , they prepare to go back to the Ark to make Nightblood for the survival of the human race . Meanwhile , Ilian brings Octavia to Arkadia to sneak his way in . Octavia warns them of Roan 's planned takeover of the ship and Clarke goes to negotiate with him . They eventually agree to share Arkadia 50 - 50 until Ilian blows up the ship and they all watch their last chance of survival burn to the ground . 51 6 `` We Will Rise '' Dean White Charmaine DeGrate March 15 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 15 ) T27. 13256 0.98 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan go on a road trip to deliver ten barrels of hydrazine fuel to Raven for her trip to space to make Nightblood . Meanwhile , the residents of Arkadia band against Ilian and want to execute him for destroying the ship but Kane tries to resolve the conflict peacefully . However , Octavia holds a gun to Ilian 's head but is stopped at the last minute by Kane who points out that Lincoln had been murdered in a similar fashion ; she has an emotional breakdown and leaves . Also , Clarke lets her lover , Niylah , stay at Arkadia for the time being . During the drive , a Trikru attack on Clarke , Bellamy , and Roan results in one of the hydrazine barrels being pierced by an arrow and emptied . Later as Raven hears the news , she suffers a seizure . 52 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' Tim Scanlan Terri Hughes Burton & Ron Milbauer March 22 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 22 ) T27. 13257 0.90 <Td_colspan="8"> The black rain begins to fall , and as the Sky People shelter in the remains of Arkadia , Bellamy tries to rescue a father and son trapped outside , but is unable to reach them . Meanwhile , Octavia and Ilian take refuge in a cave , but when he tries to get her to open up about Lincoln , she tries to go into the black rain and kill herself , but he stops her . They have sex , and she decides to go with him back to his family 's abandoned farm . At the underground lab on Becca 's island , Abby tells Clarke her new plan to implant Luna 's bone marrow into a test subject to see if it can create immunity , but to test this they would need to use a huge dose of radiation on the subject , which could kill them . When a grounder thief breaks into Becca 's mansion and is captured , Emori identifies him as her nemesis Baylis . She intends to kill him , but Clarke decides to use him as the test subject . Emori later admits to Murphy that the thief is not Baylis , and that she lied to save herself from being sacrificed . 53 8 `` God Complex '' Omar Madha Lauren Muir March 29 , 2017 ( 2017 - 03 - 29 ) T27. 13258 0.97 <Td_colspan="8"> After the first test kills the thief , Emori 's lie is discovered and she is taken prisoner , with the intention of using her as the next subject . Murphy also has to be tied up when he tries to stop them , and Luna is knocked out by Roan when she tries to leave . Clarke changes her mind and injects herself with Luna 's bone marrow , becoming a Nightblood , but before she can subject herself to the radiation , Abby destroys the machine , with her hallucinations having convinced her that Clarke would die . In Arkadia , Jaha overhears Niylah use a phrase associated with the cult who built the shelter , and believes that the shelter he found was a decoy . Suspecting Gaia may have information that could lead to the real shelter , he , Kane and Monty go to Polis , where the Tree People are fighting the Ice Nation for control . Gaia helps them deduce that the shelter is beneath Polis , and they find it using a talisman found at the decoy shelter . 54 9 `` DNR '' Mairzee Almas Miranda Kwok April 26 , 2017 ( 2017 - 04 - 26 ) T27. 13260 0.81 <Td_colspan="8"> Clarke struggles to keep the peace in Polis after word of Jaha 's discovery of the shelter spreads , which makes other clans , including Roan 's and Indra 's , want a part of the shelter for their own people . At Arkadia , Jasper and Bellamy get into an argument when Jasper and other like - minded youth of the original 100 want to stay behind to celebrate the end of the world , while Bellamy wants to lead the remainder of Arkadia 's 400 - plus population to the shelter before the death wave arrives in less than six days and wipes out all life . Meanwhile , Raven decides to stay behind at the lab as she is haunted by Becca 's hallucination urging her to continue the space rocket repairs as Murphy and Emori decide to head out to the shelter . Elsewhere , Octavia struggles to adjust to living at Ilian 's farm until a brutal and lethal encounter with three hostile grounders make her realize that she can not run away from her past . 55 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' Dean White Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 3 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 03 ) T27. 13259 0.85 <Td_colspan="8"> A battle is held at Polis to determine which clan will get the shelter by putting one warrior from each clan in a enclosed area for a fight to the death . Octavia volunteers to represent her people in which she finds herself up against not only Roan , but Ilian , who wants to assist her . Luna also partakes for her own agenda . She claims to have lost all hope in humanity after Clarke and Abby 's morally questionable Nightblood experiments , and believes nobody deserves to survive . However , not all of the clans are willing to play fair as Kane and Bellamy try to find out which one is plotting to kill all the participants . Echo is discovered to be cheating without Roan 's knowledge , by secretly joining the fight and killing other combatants with arrows . She is banished by Roan as punishment . Octavia decides to team up with Ilian , but he is killed with an arrow to his neck . Later , only three warriors are left ; Octavia teams up with Roan to take on Luna , but a storm of black rain arrives which puts both of them at a disadvantage against Luna , who has Nightblood . Although Luna kills Roan , Octavia eventually defeats Luna and becomes the winning champion . She decides to share the shelter equally with the clans , allowing 100 survivors from each clan . However , some members of Skaikru have already taken over the shelter before the end of the battle , and sealed the door shut . 56 11 `` The Other Side '' Henry Ian Cusick Julie Benson & Shawna Benson May 10 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 10 ) T27. 13261 0.86 <Td_colspan="8"> With Jaha having sealed the Second Dawn bunker , he argues with Bellamy over leaving others above ground as the death wave approaches . Abby takes it upon herself to free Bellamy from containment , and subdue Murphy guarding him , to help open the bunker , but Bellamy comes face - to - face with Clarke who stands by Jaha 's decision . However , Clarke must make her own choice to whether to stop Bellamy or help him . On the surface , Octavia quarrels with Echo over her involvement in the battle and as a result Octavia and Indra ban her from entering the bunker . At Arkadia , Monty tries to reason with Jasper and the others to travel to Polis to the bunker before it is too late , but Jasper and the others ( showing signs of fatal radiation poisoning ) decides to end it all with a suicide pact , except for Harper . Elsewhere at the lab , Raven pushes herself to make a tough choice due to both Becca and Sinclair 's hallucinations over how to cure her damaged brain and to continue building the space rocket . 57 12 `` The Chosen '' Alex Kalymnios Aaron Ginsburg & Wade McIntyre May 17 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 17 ) T27. 13262 0.83 <Td_colspan="8"> Jaha and Kane disagree over how to handle their grim reality when they must choose only 100 out of their 400 people to shelter at the Second Dawn bunker to make room for the rest of the 1,200 grounders that want to place their own survivors there as well . It all leads to holding a lottery which threatens to tear the fragile plans apart . Abby asks Kane to let her give up her place to make space for others . Meanwhile , Clarke leads Bellamy , Murphy , and Emori , to save Raven , who still is at the lab . However , they run into a grounder clan , which wreck their truck until Echo appears to save them . With no time to return to Polis , Monty and Harper are called to transport the group to the lab , where they decide to go to space before the death wave reaches them . 58 13 `` Praimfaya '' Dean White Jason Rothenberg May 24 , 2017 ( 2017 - 05 - 24 ) T27. 13263 0.91 <Td_colspan="8"> As the death wave hits Polis and the Second Dawn bunker , Clarke , Bellamy , Murphy , Emori , Monty , Harper and Echo gather at the lab along with Raven to get the rocket ready to travel to the remains of the Ark in its decaying orbit to resettle . Monty is incapacitated after going out along with Murphy to obtain an oxygen generator to install in the Ark . Bellamy stops Echo from committing suicide by persuading her to make a difference with their work . With only 90 minutes before the radioactive pyroclastic wave of the death wave hits , Clarke decides to stay behind to climb to the top of a 300 - foot antenna tower to realign the dish in order to program power for the Ark prior to launch . The rocket 's launch is successful , and Raven spacewalks to the Ark to dock the rocket pod . After programming power for the Ark , Clarke runs to the lab with the death wave right behind her , but upon arriving , she is revealed to have been affected by the radiation . On the Ark , Raven 's group almost runs out of air before the oxygen generator is installed . Six years and seven days later , Clarke is revealed to have survived the death wave and has been living in the lab and the area along with a young nightblood girl . While Clarke tries to make contact with the Ark , a spacecraft lands on Earth . Realizing the danger , Clarke and the girl run and hide . Ratings ( edit ) Season 1 ( 2014 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` Pilot '' March 19 , 2014 0.9 / 3 2.73 `` Earth Skills '' March 26 , 2014 0.7 / 2 2.27 `` Earth Kills '' April 2 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.90 `` Murphy 's Law '' April 9 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.69 5 `` Twilight 's Last Gleaming '' April 16 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.80 6 `` His Sister 's Keeper '' April 23 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.97 7 `` Contents Under Pressure '' April 30 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.88 8 `` Day Trip '' May 7 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 9 `` Unity Day '' May 14 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.73 10 `` I Am Become Death '' May 21 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.46 11 `` The Calm '' May 28 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.71 12 `` We Are Grounders -- Part I '' June 4 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.58 13 `` We Are Grounders -- Part II '' June 11 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 Season 2 ( 2014 -- 15 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) `` The 48 '' October 22 , 2014 0.5 / 1 1.54 `` Inclement Weather '' October 29 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.48 `` Reapercussions '' November 5 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.68 `` Many Happy Returns '' November 12 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.75 5 `` Human Trials '' November 19 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.64 6 `` Fog of War '' December 3 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.86 7 `` Long Into an Abyss '' December 10 , 2014 0.6 / 2 1.62 8 `` Spacewalker '' December 17 , 2014 0.5 / 2 1.40 9 `` Remember Me '' January 21 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.48 10 `` Survival of the Fittest '' January 28 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.53 11 `` Coup de Grace '' February 4 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.51 12 `` Rubicon '' February 11 , 2015 0.5 / 2 1.36 13 `` Resurrection '' February 18 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.42 14 `` Bodyguard of Lies '' February 25 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.55 15 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part One '' March 4 , 2015 0.5 / 1 1.49 16 `` Blood Must Have Blood , Part Two '' March 11 , 2015 0.4 / 1 1.34 Season 3 ( 2016 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Wanheda : Part One '' January 21 , 2016 0.7 / 2 1.88 0.4 1.01 2.89 `` Wanheda : Part Two '' January 28 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.63 0.4 0.9 1.0 2.54 `` Ye Who Enter Here '' February 4 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.57 N / A 0.92 N / A 2.48 `` Watch the Thrones '' February 11 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.32 N / A 0.89 N / A 2.21 5 `` Hakeldama '' February 18 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.36 0.4 0.96 0.9 2.32 6 `` Bitter Harvest '' February 25 , 2016 0.6 / 2 1.41 N / A 0.88 N / A 2.29 7 `` Thirteen '' March 3 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.39 N / A 0.80 N / A 2.19 8 `` Terms and Conditions '' March 10 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.20 0.4 0.92 0.8 2.13 9 `` Stealing Fire '' March 31 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.23 0.4 0.76 0.8 1.99 10 `` Fallen '' April 7 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.13 0.4 0.79 0.8 1.98 11 `` Nevermore '' April 14 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.08 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.83 12 `` Demons '' April 21 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.15 0.3 0.74 0.7 1.89 13 `` Join or Die '' April 28 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.27 0.4 0.75 0.8 2.02 14 `` Red Sky at Morning '' May 5 , 2016 0.4 / 2 1.13 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.88 15 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part One '' May 12 , 2016 0.4 / 1 1.17 0.3 0.72 0.7 1.89 16 `` Perverse Instantiation -- Part Two '' May 19 , 2016 0.5 / 2 1.29 0.3 0.79 0.8 2.08 Season 4 ( 2017 ) ( edit ) No . Title Air date Rating / share ( 18 -- 49 ) Viewers ( millions ) DVR ( 18 -- 49 ) DVR viewers ( millions ) Total ( 18 -- 49 ) Total viewers ( millions ) `` Echoes '' February 1 , 2017 0.4 / 2 1.21 0.3 0.75 0.7 1.97 `` Heavy Lies the Crown '' February 8 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.01 0.3 0.78 0.7 1.79 `` The Four Horsemen '' February 15 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.05 0.3 0.76 0.7 1.80 `` A Lie Guarded '' February 22 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.00 0.3 0.70 0.7 1.69 5 `` The Tinder Box '' March 1 , 2017 0.4 / 1 1.02 N / A N / A N / A N / A 6 `` We Will Rise '' March 15 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.98 0.4 0.73 0.7 1.72 7 `` Gimme Shelter '' March 22 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.90 0.3 0.74 0.6 1.63 8 `` God Complex '' March 29 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.97 0.3 0.68 0.6 1.65 9 `` DNR '' April 26 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.81 N / A N / A N / A N / A 10 `` Die All , Die Merrily '' May 3 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.85 N / A N / A N / A N / A 11 `` The Other Side '' May 10 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.86 N / A N / A N / A N / A 12 `` The Chosen '' May 17 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.83 N / A N / A N / A N / A 13 `` Praimfaya '' May 24 , 2017 0.3 / 1 0.91 N / A N / A N / A N / A The 100 : U.S. viewers per episode ( millions ) <Th_colspan="2"> Season Ep. 1 Ep. 2 Ep. 3 Ep. 4 Ep. 5 Ep. 6 Ep. 7 Ep. 8 Ep. 9 Ep. 10 Ep. 11 Ep. 12 Ep. 13 Ep. 14 Ep. 15 Ep. 16 2.73 2.27 1.90 1.69 1.80 1.97 1.88 1.64 1.73 1.46 1.71 1.58 1.68 <Td_colspan="3"> N / A 1.54 1.48 1.68 1.75 1.64 1.86 1.62 1.40 1.48 1.53 1.51 1.36 1.42 1.55 1.49 1.34 1.88 1.63 1.57 1.32 1.36 1.41 1.39 1.20 1.23 1.13 1.08 1.15 1.27 1.13 1.17 1.29 1.21 1.01 1.05 1.00 1.02 0.98 0.90 0.97 0.81 0.85 0.86 0.83 0.91 <Td_colspan="3"> N / A Source : Nielsen Media Research References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Ellis , Kate . `` Dangerous planet Earth : The CW 's new sci - fi drama ' The 100 ' premieres '' . TV Media . Retrieved April 21 , 2014 . Jump up ^ Bibel , Sara ( December 12 , 2013 ) . `` The CW Sets Midseason Schedule & New Series Premiere Dates ; ' The Tomorrow People ' Moving to Monday '' . TV by the Numbers ( Press release ) . Retrieved December 21 , 2013 . Jump up ^ James Hibberd ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW orders 3 new sci - fi shows '' . Entertainment Weekly . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Nellie Andreeva ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` UPDATE : CW 's ' The Tomorrow People ' , ' The 100 ' , ' Reign ' & ' Oxygen ' Ordered To Series '' . Deadline.com . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Cynthia Littleton ( May 9 , 2013 ) . `` CW Orders 4 Dramas ; Renews ' Carrie Diaries , ' ' Nikita ' '' . Variety . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ `` 100 , THE ( CW ) '' . The Futon Critic . Retrieved May 10 , 2013 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` ' The Flash ' , ' The 100 ' and even ' Crazy Ex-Girlfriend ' renewed : All 11 CW series picked up for 2016 -- 17 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Mitovitch , Matt Webb ( August 11 , 2016 ) . `` CW Boss on Fifth Superhero Night , Supergirl Predictions , Episode Counts , Little Women Status and More '' . TV Line . Retrieved August 11 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Abrams , Natalie ( November 16 , 2016 ) . `` CW sets Riverdale premiere date ; Supernatural , Legends of Tomorrow moving timeslots '' . EW . Retrieved November 17 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Andreev , Nellie ( March 10 , 2017 ) . `` The 100 ' Renewed For Season 5 By CW '' . Deadline . Retrieved March 10 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` Full 2013 -- 2014 TV Season Series Rankings '' . Deadline . May 22 , 2014 . Archived from the original on May 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 4 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 21 , 2014 ) . `` Full 2014 -- 15 TV Season Series Rankings : Football & ' Empire ' Ruled '' . Deadline.com . Archived from the original on May 22 , 2015 . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . Jump up ^ de Moraes , Lisa ( May 26 , 2016 ) . `` Full 2015 - 16 TV Season Series Rankings : ' Blindspot ' , ' Life In Pieces ' & ' Quantico ' Lead Newcomers '' . Deadline.com . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( March 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 27 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Mixology ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( April 3 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 3 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 10 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Law and Order : SVU ' & ' Mixology ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 10 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( April 24 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' , ' Suburgatory ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 24 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 1 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up ; ' Revolution ' & ' CSI ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 1 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 8 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Modern Family ' , ' Law & Order : SVU ' & ' Suburgatory ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 8 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 15 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Revolution ' , ' Arrow ' , ' Survivor ' , ' Suburgatory ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 15 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( May 22 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' , ' The Middle ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 22 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( May 29 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustments to ' The 100 ' or ' So You Think You Can Dance ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 29 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( June 5 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up + Final Ratings for Stanley Cup Finals : Game 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 6 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( June 12 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Motive ' Adjusted Up ; No Adjustment to ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved June 12 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( October 23 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Middle ' , ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Up ; ' black - ish ' Adjusted Down + Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on October 25 , 2014 . Retrieved October 23 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( October 30 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' The Goldbergs ' , ' Modern Family ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down & Final World Series Numbers '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on November 1 , 2014 . Retrieved October 30 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ′ Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( November 20 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down + No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' , ' Red Band Society ' or ' Nashville ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved November 20 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 4 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : No Adjustment for ' Arrow ' , ' Modern Family ' or ' The 100 ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 4 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 11 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Arrow ' , ' Hell 's Kitchen ' & ' Chicago P.D. ' Adjusted Up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 11 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( December 18 , 2014 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Survivor ' Reunion Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' The 100 ' or ' The Sing - Off ' '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved December 18 , 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Criminal Minds ' & ' Law & Order : SVU ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 Adjusted Down - Ratings - TVbytheNumbers.Zap2it.com '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Stalker ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down ; No Adjustment for ' Empire ' '' . TVbytheNumbers . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 5 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up , ' Fresh Off the Boat ' & ' The 100 ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( February 12 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' The Goldbergs ' , ' The 100 ' , ' The Mentalist ' , ' The Mysteries of Laura ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Criminal Minds ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Bibel , Sara ( February 19 , 2015 ) . `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' Arrow ' , ' American Idol ' & ' Modern Family ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' & ' Stalker ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' , ' American Idol ' , ' Suvivor ' & ' Arrow ' Adjusted Up ; ' The 100 ' , ' black - ish ' & ' Nashville ' Adjusted Down '' . ^ Jump up to : `` Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' Adjusted Up '' . ^ Jump up to : Kondolojy , Amanda ( March 12 , 2015 ) . `` ' Wednesday Final Ratings : ' Empire ' & ' American Idol ' Adjusted Up ; ' CSI : Cyber ' Adjusted Down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 12 , 2015 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up , CW premieres hold , ' My Diet ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( January 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Apocalypse ' premiere and all other shows hold '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved January 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 5 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' and ' Mom ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 5 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 12 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Mom ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 12 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 19 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Scandal ' and ' How to Get Away with Murder ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 19 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 26 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Life in Pieces ' adjusts down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 26 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 4 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' American Idol ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 4 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 11 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Scandal ' adjusts up , 4 CBS shows adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 11 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 1 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Scandal , ' ' Life in Pieces ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 1 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 8 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Odd Couple ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 8 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 15 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Blacklist ' adjusts up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 15 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 22 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' and ' Bones ' adjust up , ' 2 Broke Girls ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 22 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 29 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Big Bang Theory ' adjust up ; ' Odd Couple , ' ' Mom ' and ' The 100 ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 29 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 6 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' adjusts up , ' Mom ' and ' Rush Hour ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 6 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 13 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory , ' ' The Catch ' and ' Legends of Tomorrow ' adjust up '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 13 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 20 , 2016 ) . `` Thursday final ratings : ' Bones ' adjusts up , ' The Catch ' finale and ' Game of Silence ' adjust down '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 20 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' rerun adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' Goldbergs , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Blindspot ' adjust up , ' Black - ish ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 9 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2017 ) . `` ' Speechless ' adjusts up , ' SVU ' and ' Blindspot ' adjust down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( February 24 , 2017 ) . `` ' Lethal Weapon , ' ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Speechless ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 24 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' The Goldbergs ' and ' Criminal Minds ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 17 , 2017 ) . `` ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 17 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' Law & Order : SVU ' adjusts up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' Modern Family , ' ' Survivor ' and ' Chicago PD ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( April 27 , 2017 ) . `` ' Survivor ' and ' Black - ish ' adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 27 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 4 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds , ' ' Chicago PD ' adjust up , ' The 100 ' adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 4 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 11 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Modern Family , ' ' Criminal Minds ' finale , ' Chicago PD ' & ' Speechless ' all adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 11 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire , ' ' Blindspot ' finale adjust up : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 18 , 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Porter , Rick ( May 25 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' finale and ' Dirty Dancing ' adjust up , ' Survivor ' reunion adjusts down : Wednesday final ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 25 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 8 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' X-Files ' premiere dominates week 18 , ' Limitless ' doubles '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 8 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 16 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Lucifer ' premiere shows solid growth in week 19 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 16 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 22 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' gains the most , ' Vampire Diaries ' and ' Shades of Blue ' double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 22 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 29 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' How to Get Away with Murder ' , 5 other shows double in a DVR - heavy week 21 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 29 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 7 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Blacklist ' and ' The Big Bang Theory ' lead week 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 7 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 14 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' has biggest week 23 gain , ' Jane the Virgin ' and 3 others double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 21 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 21 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Grey 's Anatomy , ' ' Blindspot , ' ' Jane ' and ' Quantico ' top week 24 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 28 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Quantico ' lead week 25 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 28 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 19 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' The Big Bang Theory ' and ' Empire ' lead the week of March 28 -- April 3 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 19 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 25 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' stay on top for April 4 -- 10 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 25 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 2 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' have biggest gains , 4 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 9 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Big Bang Theory ' lead for April 18 -- 24 , 5 shows double '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 9 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 17 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' lead for April 25 - May 1 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 23 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' tops total gains , ' Vampire Diaries ' and 9 others double in 18 - 49 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 23 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( May 31 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Big Bang Theory ' finale and ' Empire ' share lead for May 9 -- 15 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( June 6 , 2016 ) . `` Broadcast Live + 7 ratings : ' Empire ' and ' Blacklist ' finales lead the week May 16 -- 22 '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved May 31 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 15 , 2017 ) . `` ' Big Bang Theory , ' ' Agents of SHIELD ' benefit the most in week 20 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 15 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( February 23 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Timeless ' lead the week 21 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved February 23 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 2 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' and ' Agents of SHIELD ' on top again : Week 22 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 2 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 9 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' makes biggest gains again : Week 23 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 9 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( March 30 , 2017 ) . `` ' This Is Us ' finale , ' Designated Survivor ' top week 26 's broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved March 30 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 6 , 2017 ) . `` ' Empire ' and ' Designated Survivor ' score in week 27 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 6 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Porter , Rick ( April 13 , 2017 ) . `` ' Designated Survivor ' scores again , 7 shows double in week 28 broadcast Live + 7 ratings '' . TV by the Numbers . Retrieved April 13 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season One Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . June 13 , 2014 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Two Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . March 12 , 2015 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Three Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 20 , 2016 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` The 100 : Season Four Ratings '' . TV Series Finale . May 25 , 2017 . Retrieved July 27 , 2017 . Jump up ^ External links ( edit ) Official website List of The 100 episodes on IMDb Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_The_100_episodes&oldid=789336240 '' Categories : The 100 Lists of drama television series episodes Lists of American science fiction television series episodes Hidden categories : Use mdy dates from May 2016 Articles containing potentially dated statements from May 2017 All articles containing potentially dated statements Official website not in Wikidata Talk Contents About Wikipedia Български Čeština Deutsch Español Français Magyar Polski Português Русский Українська Edit links This page was last edited on 6 July 2017 , at 19 : 42 . About Wikipedia

1. The 100 - American post-apocalyptic science fiction drama television series 2. Jason Rothenberg - developer of The 100 series 3. Season 1 - aired in 2014, follows a group of teens returning to Earth after a nuclear apocalypse 4. Season 2 - aired in 2014-2015, continuation of the story after the events of Season 1 5. Nielsen ratings - viewership statistics for each

advantages of using such devices instead of using desktop personal computers

Desktop computer - wikipedia Desktop computer A stylized illustration of a desktop personal computer , consisting of a case ( containing the motherboard and processor ) , a monitor , a keyboard and a mouse A desktop computer is a personal computer designed for regular use at a single location on or near a desk or table due to its size and power requirements . The most common configuration has a case that houses the power supply , motherboard ( a printed circuit board with a microprocessor as the central processing unit ( CPU ) , memory , bus , and other electronic components ) , disk storage ( usually one or more hard disk drives , optical disc drives , and in early models a floppy disk drive ) ; a keyboard and mouse for input ; and a computer monitor , speakers , and , often , a printer for output . The case may be oriented horizontally or vertically and placed either underneath , beside , or on top of a desk . Contents 1 History 1.1 Origins 1.2 Growth and development 1.3 Decline 2 Types 2.1 All - in - one 2.2 Full - sized 2.3 Home theater 2.4 Compact 3 Comparison with laptops 4 See also 5 References 6 External links History ( edit ) Origins ( edit ) Apple II computer on display at the private Musée Bolo . Prior to the widespread use of microprocessors , a computer that could fit on a desk was considered remarkably small ; the type of computers most commonly used were minicomputers , which were themselves desk - sized . Early computers took up the space of a whole room . Minicomputers generally fit into one or a few refrigerator - sized racks . It was not until the 1970s when fully programmable computers appeared that could fit entirely on top of a desk . 1970 saw the introduction of the Datapoint 2200 , a `` smart '' computer terminal complete with keyboard and monitor , was designed to connect with a mainframe computer but that did n't stop owners from using its built in computational abilities as a stand alone desktop computer . The HP 9800 series , which started out as programmable calculators in 1971 but was programmable in BASIC by 1972 , used a smaller version of a minicomputer design based on ROM memory and had small one - line LED alphanumeric displays and displayed graphics with a plotter . The Wang 2200 of 1973 had a full - size cathode ray tube ( CRT ) and cassette tape storage . The IBM 5100 in 1975 had a small CRT display and could be programmed in BASIC and APL . These were generally expensive specialized computers sold for business or scientific uses . Growth and development ( edit ) Apple II , TRS - 80 and Commodore PET were first generation personal home computers launched in 1977 , which were aimed at the consumer market -- rather than businessmen or computer hobbyists . Byte magazine referred to these three as the `` 1977 Trinity '' of personal computing . Throughout the 1980s and 1990s , desktop computers became the predominant type , the most popular being the IBM PC and its clones , followed by the Apple Macintosh , with the third - placed Commodore Amiga having some success in the mid-1980s but declining by the early 1990s . IBM 5150 Personal Computer Early personal computers , like the original IBM Personal Computer , were enclosed in a `` desktop case '' , horizontally oriented to have the display screen placed on top , thus saving space on the user 's actual desk , although these cases had to be sturdy enough to support the weight of CRT displays that were widespread at the time . Over the course of the 1990s , desktop cases gradually became less common than the more - accessible tower cases ( Tower was a trademark of NCR created by ad agency Reiser Williams deYong ) that may be located on the floor under or beside a desk rather than on a desk . Not only do these tower cases have more room for expansion , they have also freed up desk space for monitors which were becoming larger every year . Desktop cases , particularly the compact form factors , remain popular for corporate computing environments and kiosks . Some computer cases can be interchangeably positioned either horizontally ( desktop ) or upright ( mini-tower ) . Influential games such as Doom and Quake during the 1990s had pushed gamers and enthusiasts to frequently upgrade to the latest CPUs and graphics cards ( 3dfx , ATI , and Nvidia ) for their desktops ( usually a tower case ) in order to run these applications , though this has slowed since the late 2000s as the growing popularity of Intel integrated graphics forced game developers to scale back . Creative Technology 's Sound Blaster series were a de facto standard for sound cards in desktop PCs during the 1990s until the early 2000s , when they were reduced to a niche product , as OEM desktop PCs came with sound boards integrated directly onto the motherboard . Decline ( edit ) While desktops have long been the most common configuration for PCs , by the mid-2000s the growth shifted from desktops to laptops . Notably , while desktops were mainly produced in the United States , laptops had long been produced by contract manufacturers based in Asia , such as Foxconn . This shift led to the closure of the many desktop assembly plants in the United States by 2010 . Another trend around this time was the increasing proportion of inexpensive base - configuration desktops being sold , hurting PC manufacturers such as Dell whose build - to - order customization of desktops relied on upselling added features to buyers . Battery - powered portable computers had just 2 % worldwide market share in 1986 . However , laptops have become increasingly popular , both for business and personal use . Around 109 million notebook PCs shipped worldwide in 2007 , a growth of 33 % compared to 2006 . In 2008 , it was estimated that 145.9 million notebooks were sold , and that the number would grow in 2009 to 177.7 million . The third quarter of 2008 was the first time when worldwide notebook PC shipments exceeded desktops , with 38.6 million units versus 38.5 million units . The sales breakdown of the Apple Macintosh have seen sales of desktop Macs staying mostly constant while being surpassed by that of Mac notebooks whose sales rate has grown considerably ; seven out of ten Macs sold were laptops in 2009 , a ratio projected to rise to three out of four by 2010 . The change in sales of form factors is due to the desktop iMac moving from affordable ( iMac G3 ) to upscale ( iMac G4 ) and subsequent releases are considered premium all - in - ones . By contrast , the MSRP of the MacBook laptop lines have dropped through successive generations such that the MacBook Air and MacBook Pro constitute the lowest price of entry to a Mac , with the exception of the even more inexpensive Mac Mini ( albeit without a monitor and keyboard ) , not surprisingly the MacBooks are the top - selling form factors of the Macintosh platform today . The decades of development means that most people already own desktop computers that meet their needs and have no need of buying a new one merely to keep pace with advancing technology . Notably the successive release of new versions of Windows ( Windows 95 , 98 , XP , Vista , 7 , 8 , 10 and so on ) had been drivers for the replacement of PCs in the 1990s , but this slowed down in the 2000s due to the poor reception of Windows Vista over Windows XP . Recently , some analysts have suggested that Windows 8 has actually hurt sales of PCs in 2012 , as businesses have decided to stick with Windows 7 rather than upgrade . Some suggested that Microsoft has acknowledged `` implicitly ringing the desktop PC death knell '' as Windows 8 offers little upgrade in desktop PC functionality over Windows 7 ; instead , Windows 8 's innovations are mostly on the mobile side . The post-PC trend has seen a decline in the sales of desktop and laptop PCs . The decline has been attributed to increased power and applications of alternative computing devices , namely smartphones and tablet computers . Although most people exclusively use their smartphones and tablets for more basic tasks such as social media and casual gaming , these devices have in many instances replaced a second or third PC in the household that would have performed these tasks , though most families still retain a powerful PC for serious work . Among PC form factors , desktops remain a staple in the enterprise market but have lost popularity among home buyers . PC makers and electronics retailers have responded by investing their engineering and marketing resources towards laptops ( initially netbooks in the late 2000s , and then the higher - performance Ultrabooks from 2011 onwards ) , which manufacturers believe have more potential to revive the PC market than desktops . In April 2017 , StatCounter declared a `` Milestone in technology history and end of an era '' with Android operating system more popular than Windows ( the operating system that made desktops dominant over mainframe computers ) . Windows is still most popular on desktops ( and laptops ) , while smartphones ( and tablets ) use Android , iOS ( Apple products ) or Windows 10 Mobile . Types ( edit ) All - in - one ( edit ) Apple 20 '' iMac Intel Core Duo Dell Inspiron One 23 Touch AIO Desktop PC An all - in - one desktop computer integrates the system 's internal components into the same case as the display , thus occupying a smaller footprint ( with fewer cables ) than desktops that incorporate a tower . The all - in - one form factor was popular during the early 1980s for personal computers intended for professional use such as the Kaypro II , Osborne 1 , TRS - 80 Model II and Compaq Portable . Many manufacturers of home computers like Commodore and Atari included the computer 's motherboard into the same enclosure as the keyboard ; these systems were most often connected to a television set for display . Apple has manufactured several popular examples of all - in - one computers , such as the original Macintosh of the mid-1980s and the iMac of the late 1990s and 2000s . Some all - in - one desktops , such as the iMac G4 , have used laptop components in order to reduce the size of the system case . By the mid 2000s , many all - in - one designs have used flat panel displays , and later models have incorporated touchscreen displays , allowing them to be used similarly to a mobile tablet . Like most laptops , some all - in - one desktop computers are characterized by an inability to customize or upgrade internal components , as the systems ' cases do not provide convenient access to upgradable components , and faults in certain aspects of the hardware may require the entire computer to be replaced , regardless of the health of its remaining components . There have been exceptions to this ; the monitor portion of HP 's Z1 workstation can be angled flat , and opened like a vehicle hood for access to internal hardware . Full - sized ( edit ) These desktops are very common and quite budget friendly compared to others in the market . It comes with separate display component and processing component . The components are connected by cables or wireless connection to execute command from each other . These computers are easy to customize and upgrade as per user requirements . Home theater ( edit ) These desktops are connected to home entertainment systems and typically used for amusement purpose . They come with high definition display , video graphics , surround sound and TV tuner systems to compliment typical PC features . Compact ( edit ) These desktops are comparable to Full - Sized desktops , but reduced in physical proportions . Compact desktops can be difficult to customize and upgrade . Comparison with laptops ( edit ) Main article : Laptop § Disadvantages Desktops have an advantage over laptops in that the spare parts and extensions tend to be standardized , resulting in lower prices and greater availability . For example , the size and mounting of the motherboard is standardized into ATX , microATX , BTX or other form factors . Desktops have several standardized expansion slots , like conventional PCI or PCI express , while laptops only tend to have one mini-PCI slot and one PC Card slot ( or ExpressCard slot ) . Procedures for assembly and disassembly of desktops tend to be simple and standardized as well . This tends not to be the case for laptops , though adding or replacing some parts , like the optical drive , hard disk , or adding an extra memory module is often quite simple . This means that a desktop computer configuration , usually a tower case , can be customized and upgraded to a greater extent than laptops . This customization has kept tower cases popular among gamers and enthusiasts . Another advantage of the desktop is that ( apart from environmental concerns ) power consumption is not as critical as in laptop computers because the desktop is exclusively powered from the wall socket . Desktop computers also provide more space for cooling fans and vents to dissipate heat , allowing enthusiasts to overclock with less risk . The two large microprocessor manufacturers , Intel and AMD , have developed special CPUs for mobile computers ( i.e. laptops ) that consume less power and lower heat , but with lower performance levels . Laptop computers , conversely , offer portability that desktop systems ( including small form factor and all - in - one desktops ) can not due to their compact size and clamshell design . The laptop 's all - in - one design provides a built - in keyboard and a pointing device ( such as a trackpad ) for its user , and can draw on power supplied by a rechargeable battery . Laptops also commonly integrate wireless technologies like WiFi , Bluetooth and 3G , giving them a broader range of options for connecting to the internet , though this trend is changing as newer desktop computers come integrated with one or more of these technologies . A desktop computer needs a UPS to handle electrical disturbances like short interruptions , blackouts and spikes ; achieving an on - battery time of more than 20 -- 30 minutes for a desktop PC requires a large and expensive UPS . A laptop with sufficiently charged battery can continue to be used for hours in case of a power outage and is not affected by short power interruptions and blackouts . A desktop computer often has the advantage over a comparable laptop in computational capacity . Overclocking is often more feasible on a desktop than on a laptop ; similarly hardware add - ons such as discrete graphics co-processors may only be possible to install in a desktop . See also ( edit ) x86 Desktop replacement computer Legacy ports Operating system Software Single board computer Home computer References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Lamont Wood , `` Forgotten PC history : The true origins of the personal computer '' Archived 2008 - 08 - 14 at the Wayback Machine. , Computerworld , 8 August 2008 Jump up ^ Hewlett - Packard 9830A , history-computer.com Jump up ^ `` Timeline of Computer History '' . Computer History Museum . Retrieved May 7 , 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Most Important Companies '' . Byte . September 1995 . Archived from the original on 2008 - 06 - 18 . Retrieved 2008 - 06 - 10 . Jump up ^ `` Thirty years of Mac : 1984 - The Macintosh '' . Apple . Retrieved 8 May 2014 . ^ Jump up to : `` PC sales are in decline , and in an alarming way for the first time '' . ExtremeTech . Jump up ^ Darlin , Damon ( 2006 - 06 - 15 ) . `` Falling Short of A+ - New York Times '' . The New York Times . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Michael Dell back as CEO ; Rollins resigns - CNET News '' . CNET. 2007 - 01 - 31 . Retrieved 2012 - 10 - 30 . Jump up ^ `` Lap - top computers gain stature as power grows '' . Daily News of Los Angeles ( CA ) . 12 April 1987 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . ^ Jump up to : `` The Falling Costs of Mobile Computing '' . Falling Costs of Mobile Computing Drive Corporate Adoption . Computer Economics , Inc . December 2005 . Retrieved September 30 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Worldwide notebook shipments grow 33 % on year in 2007 , says IDC , 31 January 2008 , Yen Ting Chen , DigiTimes , retrieved at 12 September 2011 Jump up ^ Analysis : Did Intel underestimate netbook success ? , Accessed at 10 January 2009 Jump up ^ Notebook PC Shipments Exceed Desktops for First Time in Q3 , isuppli.com , accessed at 13 January 2009 Jump up ^ Randall Stross ( 18 April 2008 ) . `` The PC Does n't Have to Be an Anchor '' . New York Times . Retrieved 20 April 2009 . Jump up ^ `` Intel : laptop / desktop crossover coming sooner than expected '' . The Register , UK . Retrieved 10 October 2008 . Jump up ^ Charles Jade . `` Decline of the Desktop Mac '' . gigaom.com . ^ Jump up to : `` Computer Sales in Free Fall '' . The Wall Street Journal . Jump up ^ `` Microsoft quietly kills off the desktop PC '' . ExtremeTech . Jump up ^ 2013 PC Sales Decline Jump up ^ Why sales declined in 2013 Jump up ^ `` Can a $50 mini PC replace your desktop ? '' . Yes , the hardware is technically much slower than anything in a modern Windows desktop , but it did n't feel that way . Instead , the interface was snappy , Web browsing was smooth , and load times were short . Jump up ^ `` Android overtakes Windows for first time : `` Milestone in technology history and end of an era '' as Microsoft no longer owns dominant OS '' ( Press release ) . ^ Jump up to : `` How to Buy an All - in - One PC '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Review : Gateway Profile 4 vs. Apple iMac '' . BetaNews . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ Schofield , Jack . `` Should I buy an all - in - one PC for my small business ? '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ `` HP Z1 G2 review '' . PC Magazine . Retrieved 18 October 2015 . Jump up ^ APC BackUPs UPS Specs Jump up ^ Cost of APC Back - ups - 1500VA - 230V Jump up ^ Cliff , J. `` Laptops vs desktops . Personal Computer World '' . Incisive Media Limited . Retrieved February 7 , 2012 . External links ( edit ) Wikibooks has a book on the topic of : How To Assemble A Desktop PC Computer Tour -- of major components of a desktop computers at HowStuffWorks <Th_colspan="2"> Computer sizes <Td_colspan="2"> Classes of computers Microcomputer , personal computer Stationary Workstation Desktop Home Personal supercomputer Portable Tabletop Smart TV Interactive kiosk Game arcade cabinet System board Home console Microconsole SFF Nettop Plug Smart speaker Mobile Laptop Desktop replacement 2 - in - 1 Subnotebook Netbook Smartbook Ultrabook Ultra-mobile PC Tablet Ultra-mobile PC 2 - in - 1 Phablet Tabletop Handheld Handheld PC Palmtop PC Pocket computer PDA Electronic organizer Mobile phone Feature phone Smartphone Phablet PMP E-reader Handheld game console Portable / Mobile data terminal Calculator Scientific Programmable Graphing Wearable Digital wristwatch Calculator watch Smartwatch Smartglasses Smart ring Midrange Server Minicomputer Supermini Large Super Mainframe Minisuper Others Microcontroller Nanocomputer Single - board computer Smartdust Wireless sensor network Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Desktop_computer&oldid=864295888 '' Categories : Classes of computers Personal computers Personal computing Hidden categories : Webarchive template wayback links All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from July 2017 Talk Contents About Wikipedia বাংলা Беларуская Català Čeština Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español فارسی Français Galego 한국어 हिन्दी Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano Қазақша Magyar मैथिली മലയാളം Bahasa Melayu Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk ਪੰਜਾਬੀ پښتو Polski Português Русский Shqip Slovenčina Suomi Svenska தமிழ் తెలుగు ไทย Türkçe ᨅᨔ ᨕᨘᨁᨗ Українська Tiếng Việt ייִדיש 中文 34 more Edit links This page was last edited on 16 October 2018 , at 10 : 32 ( UTC ) . 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1. Desktop computer components 2. Types of desktop computers 3. Comparison between desktops and laptops 4. Decline of desktop computer sales 5. All-in-one desktop computers

list of horses that have died in the grand national

List of equine fatalities in the Grand National - wikipedia List of equine fatalities in the Grand National Modern steeplechase races have an average of just over 4 equine fatalities for every 1,000 horses taking part , according to the British Horseracing Authority . However , the Grand National , a popular steeplechase held annually in England , yielded 7 fatalities out of 439 horses taking part between 2000 and 2010 . The Grand National is a National Hunt handicap race over a distance of 4 miles 31⁄2 furlongs and over 30 fences at Aintree Racecourse near Liverpool . The high number of equine deaths in the race has made it a target for animal rights activists . While course officials have repeatedly taken safety measures over the years , such as improving veterinary facilities and reducing the severity of fences , some have campaigned for further modifications or the abolition of the event that was inaugurated in 1839 . After the 1989 Grand National , in which two horses died in incidents at Becher 's Brook ( the sixth and 22nd fence on the course ) , Aintree began making significant changes to the fences that are jumped during the National . The brook on the landing - side of Becher 's was filled in to prevent horses rolling back into it , and the incline on the landing - side has been mostly levelled out , whilst retaining a drop to slow the runners . Other fences have been reduced in height , toe - boards have been made taller , and the entry requirements for participating horses have been made stricter , such as the requirement for runners to have been placed fourth or better in a previous recognised steeplechase over a distance of at least three miles . Some within the horseracing community , including some with notable achievements in the Grand National , such as Ginger McCain and Bob Champion , have argued that the lowering of fences and the narrowing of ditches , primarily designed to increase horse safety , has had the adverse effect by encouraging the runners to race faster . During the 1970s and 1980s the Grand National saw a total of 12 horses die ( half of which were at Becher 's Brook ) ; in the next 20 - year period from 1990 to 2010 , when modifications to the course were most significant , there were 17 equine fatalities . Contents ( hide ) 1 List of fatalities 2 Summary by fence 3 See also 4 References List of fatalities ( edit ) The animal welfare charity League Against Cruel Sports counts the number of horse deaths at 40 over the three - day meet from the year 2000 to 2013 . The following list details the equine fatalities during , or as a direct result of participating in , the Grand National , that is , the showpiece steeplechase itself rather than all the various races held over the entire three - day `` Grand National meeting '' ( which includes two other races over one circuit of the National course : the Fox Hunters for amateur jockeys and the Topham for professional jockeys ) . It includes , where applicable and where known , the fence at which the fatality occurred . Year Horse Fence # Fate Going Ran Note Source 2012 Synchronised While running riderless Fell Good 40 Fell at Becher 's Brook but continued running riderless until the 11th fence where he fractured his right - hind tibia and fibula and had to be euthanised . 2012 According to Pete ( 6 & ) 22 Brought down Good 40 Fractured his left - fore humerus and had to be euthanised . 2011 Ornais 4 ( & 20 ) Fell Good 40 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 2011 Dooneys Gate 6 ( & 22 ) Fell Good 40 Fractured his thoracolumbar upon falling and had to be euthanised . 2009 Hear The Echo While running Collapsed Good - soft 40 Collapsed on the run - in and died . 2008 McKelvey While running riderless Collided with barrier Good 40 Unseated rider at 20th fence and continued running riderless until he collided with railings , was unable to regain his feet due to injuries , and had to be euthanised . 2007 Graphic Approach While running riderless Collapsed Good 40 Fell at Becher 's Brook but continued running riderless before collapsing with concussion ; he was euthanised several days later . 2006 Tyneandthyneagain 1 ( & 17 ) Fell Good - soft 40 Continued running riderless until falling later , was diagnosed with a spinal injury and had to be euthanised . 2003 Goguenard ( 3 & ) 19 Brought down Good 40 Injured in a mêlée by another falling horse and had to be euthanised . 2002 The Last Fling ( 8 & ) 24 Fell Good 40 Broke his back upon falling and died . 2002 Manx Magic ( 4 & ) 20 Fell Good 40 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 1999 Eudipe ( 6 & ) 22 Fell Good 32 Broke his back upon falling and had to be euthanised . 1998 Pashto 1 ( & 17 ) Fell Heavy 37 Collapsed after falling and had to be euthanised . 1998 Do Rightly 4 ( & 20 ) Fell Heavy 37 Suffered a heart attack whilst jumping the fence . 1998 Griffins Bar While running Fell Heavy 37 Incurred a shoulder fracture after jumping the fifth fence and fell ; later had to be euthanised . 1997 Straight Talk 14 ( & 30 ) Fell Good 36 Incurred a leg fracture upon falling and had to be euthanised . 1997 Smith 's Band ( 4 & ) 20 Fell Good 36 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . Rust Never Sleeps While running Pulled up Good 27 Pulled up lame before the 13th fence , diagnosed with a broken shoulder and euthanised . 1991 Ballyhane After finishing Collapsed Good - soft 40 Suffered a haemorrhage after completing the race and died . 1990 Roll - A-Joint 8 ( & 24 ) Fell Firm 38 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 1990 Hungary Hur While running Pulled up Firm 38 Incurred a leg fracture while running towards the 19th fence , pulled up and euthanised . 1989 Brown Trix 6 ( & 22 ) Fell Heavy 40 Incurred a shoulder fracture upon falling . 1989 Seeandem 6 ( & 22 ) Fell Heavy 40 Broke his back upon falling and died . Dark Ivy 6 ( & 22 ) Fell Good 40 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 1984 Earthstopper After finishing Collapsed Good 40 Collapsed and died after finishing the race . Duncreggan 8 ( & 24 ) Fell Soft 41 Injured in fall and later euthanised . 1982 Again The Same 8 ( & 24 ) Pulled up 39 Upon his return home the horse was found to have broken a bone in his knee and had to be euthanised . 1979 Kintai 15 Brought down Good 34 Injured in fall and later euthanised . 1979 Alverton ( 6 & ) 22 Fell Good 34 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 1978 Rag Trade While running Pulled up Firm 37 Pulled up lame before the 22nd fence and later euthanised . 1977 Winter Rain 6 ( & 22 ) Fell Good 42 Injured in fall and later euthanised . 1977 Zeta 's Son ( 9 & ) 25 Fell Good 42 Injured in fall and later euthanised . Land Lark 15 Fell Good 31 Suffered a heart attack while jumping the fence . Beau Bob ( 6 & ) 22 Fell Good 31 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 1973 Grey Sombrero 15 Fell Firm 38 Incurred a shoulder fracture upon falling and had to be euthanised . 1970 Racoon 3 ( & 19 ) Fell Good 28 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and had to be euthanised . 1967 Vulcano 3 ( & 19 ) Fell Good 44 Injured in fall and euthanised . 1960 Belsize II ( 4 & ) 20 Fell Good 26 Injured in fall and euthanised with a suspected cervical fracture . 1959 Henry Purcell 6 & 22 Fell Good 34 Broke his back upon falling and had to be euthanised . 1954 Dominick 's Bar 2 & 18 Fell Soft 29 Suffered a heart attack while jumping the fence . 1954 Paris New York 4 & 20 Fell Soft 29 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 1954 Legal Joy 13 & 29 Fell Soft 29 Broke a leg in a fall and had to be euthanised . 1954 Coneyburrow 12 & 28 Fell Soft 29 Injured in a fall and later euthanised . 1953 Cardinal Error 4 ( & 20 ) Fell Good 31 Injured or possibly killed in a fall . 1953 Parasol II 8 ( & 24 ) Fell Good 31 Injured in a fall and later euthanised . 1952 Skouras 6 & 22 Fell Good - firm 47 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and had to be euthanised . 1950 Limestone Cottage 8 ( & 24 ) Fell Good 49 Injured in fall . 1946 Symbole 6 & 22 Fell Good 34 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 1938 Cabin Fire 8 ( & 24 ) Fell Good 36 1938 Rock Lad 16 Injured on landing Good 36 1936 Avenger 1 & 17 Fell Good 36 Incurred a cervical fracture and had to be euthanised . 1931 Swift Roland 6 & 22 Fell `` Perfect '' 43 Fatally injured when another faller landed on him . 1931 Drin 9 & 25 Fell `` Perfect '' 43 Incurred a leg fracture and had to be euthanised . 1930 Derby Day Fell `` Perfect '' 41 1929 Stort Fell `` Average '' 66 Incurred a leg fracture and had to be euthanised . 1926 Lone Hand Fell Good 30 1922 The Inca 6 & 22 Fell Good 32 Incurred a leg fracture and had to be euthanised . 1922 Awbeg 8 & 24 Fell Good 32 Incurred a leg fracture and had to be euthanised . 1907 Kilts 1 & 17 Fell Good 23 1901 True Blue Fell Snow 24 1891 The Emperor While running Fell Good 21 Having been pulled up , fell and broke his back while running back to the stables . 1882 Wild Monarch Fell Heavy 12 1872 Primrose 2 & 18 Fell Hard 25 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised . 1871 Lord Raglan Fell `` Perfect '' 25 Broke a leg and was euthanised . 1869 Huntsman 's Daughter `` Average '' 22 Reports state only that the horse had to be euthanised after the race . 1868 Chimney Sweep While running Collided with barrier Heavy 21 Injured when collided with barrier on the Melling Road and had to be euthanised . 1863 Telegraph 5 & 21 Fell Good 16 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised . 1862 O'Connell 15 Fell `` Average '' 13 Was taken to the stables where he later died . His rider , Joe Wynne , also died later that evening from injuries sustained in the fall ; this is the only occasion a jockey has been killed in the Grand National . 1861 The Conductor Refused `` Average '' 24 Injured in mêlée and had to be euthanised . 1857 Garry Owen Pulled up Heavy 28 Ruptured his loins . 1857 Albatross Collapsed Heavy 28 Fell dead while running towards the fence . 1856 Banstead 2 & 18 Fell `` Average '' 21 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised . 1855 Miss Mowbray 8 & 24 Fell Heavy 20 Incurred a cervical fracture upon falling and died . 1854 Bedford 9 & 25 Fell Good 20 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised . 1849 The Curate 2 & 18 Fell Heavy 24 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised . 1849 Equinox 3 & 19 Fell Heavy 24 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised . 1849 Kilfane 4 & 20 Fell Heavy 24 Injured in fall and had to be euthanised . 1848 Counsellor Fell Heavy 29 1848 The Sailor Fell Heavy 29 1848 Blue Pill Fell Heavy 29 1845 Clansman 8 & 24 Fell Heavy 16 1839 Dictator 9 & 25 Fell Heavy 17 Burst blood vessel . Summary by fence ( edit ) The following table summarises the total number of equine fatalities by each of the 16 fences on the course , and includes the current height of each . Fence # Current height Total fatalities 1 & 17 4'06 '' 2 & 18 4'07 '' 3 & 19 ( open ditch ) 4'10 '' 4 & 20 4'10 '' 8 5 & 21 5'00 '' 6 & 22 ( Becher 's Brook ) 5'00 '' 14 7 & 23 ( Foinavon ) 4'06 '' 0 8 & 24 ( Canal Turn ) 5'00 '' 7 9 & 25 ( Valentine 's ) 5'00 '' 10 & 26 5'00 '' 0 11 & 27 ( open ditch ) 5'00 '' 0 12 & 28 5'00 '' 13 & 29 4'07 '' 14 & 30 4'06 '' 15 ( The Chair ) 5'02 '' 16 ( Water Jump ) 2'06 '' 0 See also ( edit ) Overview of the Grand National fences Race Horse Death Watch References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Injuries and Fatalities British Horseracing Authority . Jump up ^ `` Risk of fatalities at Grand National is too high , says academic '' . Anglia Ruskin University . Archived from the original on 18 July 2012 . Retrieved 7 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` BBC News - Who , what , why : How dangerous is the Grand National ? '' . bbc.co.uk. 11 April 2011 . Retrieved 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Horse Welfare & Safety '' . Aintree.co.uk. 14 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Animal Welfare Groups Have Called For A Ban On Aintree 's Grand National Race After Two Horses Died UK News Sky News '' . News.sky.com . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - Horse Racing - Grand National : Ginger McCain queries smaller fences '' . BBC News . 10 April 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand National : Neptune Collonge Honoured After Horses Die Following Aintree Race UK News Sky News '' . News.sky.com . Archived from the original on 19 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` BBC Sport - According to Pete trainer wants bigger Grand National fences '' . Bbc.co.uk. 16 April 2012 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.league.org.uk/news-and-opinion/press-releases/2014/apr/injury-and-fatalities-are-inevitable-during-grand-national-meet Jump up ^ http://www.aintree.co.uk/docLib/2009_pages010109.pdf ^ Jump up to : `` Synchronised and According to Pete die in Grand National '' . 14 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Grand - National - deaths - According - To - Pete - trainer - backs - Aintree '' . Daily Mail . London . 16 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Davies , Stephen ( 10 April 2011 ) . `` Aintree day of horror as TV audience of millions see two horses die at the National '' . Daily Mail . London . Jump up ^ `` Mon Mome seals shock National win '' . BBC News . 4 April 2009 . Jump up ^ Harlow , Phil ( 5 April 2008 ) . `` Comply Or Die wins Grand National '' . BBC News . Jump up ^ Armytage , Marcus ( 11 May 2007 ) . `` Sad end for Graphic Approach '' . The Daily Telegraph . London . Jump up ^ `` Aintree Grand National Result 2006 '' . Racingbetter.co.uk . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Monty 's Pass wins Grand National '' . BBC News . 5 April 2003 . ^ Jump up to : `` News - Liverpool Local News - Bindaree comes back to win National '' . Liverpool Echo. 6 April 2002 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/Aintree+%2799%3A+Eudipe+team+left+stunned+by+loss.-a060189260 ^ Jump up to : `` Inquiries launched into Grand National deaths '' . BBC News . 6 April 1998 . ^ Jump up to : `` Horses pay price of failure '' . BBC News . 3 April 1998 . Jump up ^ http://www.thefreelibrary.com/WHERE+THEY+FINISHED+WHERE+THEY+FELL.-a061180250 Jump up ^ ( 1 ) ^ Jump up to : http://grandnational-thearchives.bravehost.com/1990.html ^ Jump up to : http://www.angelfire.com/alt/constantinople66/thefences.htm Jump up ^ `` ' A mistake at Becher 's proved fatal . Dark Ivy came down perpendicular and broke his neck ' `` Sporting Intelligence '' . Sportingintelligence.com. 9 April 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` Hello Dandy Wins National '' . The New York Times . 1 April 1984 . Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1KsZqGdBZ_U Jump up ^ http://grittar1982.webs.com/ Jump up ^ `` Rubstic '' . Grand National . 10 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Patrick Weaver ( 12 April 2010 ) . `` Jonjo O'Neill exorcises Alverton demons '' . Retrieved 17 April 2011 . Jump up ^ `` Rag Trade '' . Grand National . 9 March 2010 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1977 : Hat trick for Red Rum '' . BBC News . 2 April 1977 . ^ Jump up to : ( 2 ) ^ Jump up to : http://www.grandnationalinsider.co.uk/pdfs/1975.pdf Jump up ^ http://www.freewebs.com/grandnationalanorak/therace.htm Jump up ^ https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NxVSjJcxTxw Jump up ^ Malcolm , Derek ( 9 January 1967 ) . `` Classic report : Foinavon takes evasive action and triumphs '' . The Guardian . London . Jump up ^ BBC TV race footage shows the field racing towards Becher 's second time with Belsize tailed off . The horse takes a heavy fall at fence 20 . Press coverage confirms the fall proved fatal . Jump up ^ `` The Priston Web '' . Priston.org.uk. 2 January 1957 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1954 GRAN NATIONAL , GREAT FOOTAGE , ROYAL TAN WINS '' . YouTube . 9 August 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` GRAND NATIONAL ( CRUELTY ) ( Hansard , 29 April 1954 ) '' . Hansard.millbanksystems.com. 29 April 1954 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : Belfast Telegraph Newspaper , 28 March 1953 Jump up ^ `` Skouras Takes a Fatal Fall at Aintree - HU045787 - Rights Managed - Stock Photo - Corbis '' . Corbisimages.com. 5 April 1952 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ http://fiftiesnationals.webs.com/1950.htm Jump up ^ `` 1946 GRAND NATIONAL , GREAT FOOTAGE , LOVELY COTTAGE WINS '' . YouTube . 9 August 2008 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` THE GRAND NATIONAL 1936 - British Pathé '' . Britishpathe.com . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . ^ Jump up to : `` Sport : Grand National , Apr. 6 , 1931 '' . Time . 6 April 1931 . ^ Jump up to : `` Animals : Gamble , Violation , Disgrace '' . Time . 27 April 1931 . ^ Jump up to : `` 29 CHASERS FELL IN RACE. ; Only Three Finished in Grand National Over Hard English Course '' ( PDF ) . The New York Times . 18 April 1922 . ^ Jump up to : `` Full text of `` Heroes and heroines of the Grand National '' `` . Archive.org . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ Liverpool Mercury 22 March 1871 page 7 Jump up ^ Liverpool Mercury Thursday 4 March 1869 page 3 , column 3 Jump up ^ Liverpool Mercury 13 March 1862 page 3 ^ Jump up to : Liverpool Daily Post Thursday 5 March 1857 Jump up ^ Grand National History 1849 - 1840 Grand National History 1840s Jump up ^ Charles Arlington Blew , William ( 1901 ) . A History of Steeple - chasing . London : J.C. Nimmo . p. 302 . Jump up ^ `` Grand National : The 1839 Grand National '' . Grandnational.hyak.co.uk . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . Jump up ^ `` The 26th of February 1839 AD , First Grand National , famous dates in History '' . Information-britain.co.uk. 3 February 2011 . Retrieved 23 April 2012 . <Th_colspan="2"> hide Grand National Races by year 1836 1837 1838 1839 1840 1841 1842 1843 1844 1845 1846 1847 1848 1849 1850 1851 1852 1853 1854 1855 1856 1857 1858 1859 1860 1861 1862 1863 1864 1865 1866 1867 1868 1869 1870 1871 1872 1873 1874 1875 1876 1877 1878 1879 1880 1881 1882 1883 1884 1885 1886 1887 1888 1889 1890 1891 1892 1893 1894 1895 1896 1897 1898 1899 1900 1901 1902 1903 1904 1905 1906 1907 1908 1909 1910 1911 1912 1913 1914 1915 1916 1917 1918 1919 1920 1921 1922 1923 1924 1925 1926 1927 1928 1929 1930 1931 1932 1933 1934 1935 1936 1937 1938 1939 1940 1941 1942 1943 1944 1945 1946 1947 1948 1949 1950 1951 1952 1953 1954 1955 1956 1957 1958 1959 1960 1961 1962 1963 1964 1965 1966 1967 1968 1969 1970 1971 1972 1973 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982 1984 1985 1986 1989 1990 1991 1997 1998 2017 2018 2019 Course Aintree Racecourse Becher 's Brook Canal Turn The Chair Famous horses Aldaniti Battleship Corbiere Crisp Devon Loch The Duke E.S.B. Foinavon Golden Miller L'Escargot Lord Gyllene Lottery Peter Simple Red Rum West Tip Famous jockeys Duke of Alburquerque Jack Anthony Martin Becher Tommy Carberry Bob Champion Richard Dunwoody Brian Fletcher Dick Francis Josh Gifford Bruce Hobbs Count Karl Kinsky Jem Mason Tony McCoy Tom Olliver Ernest Piggott Richard Pitman Ruby Walsh Fred Winter Other people Peter Bromley Ginger McCain Vincent O'Brien Michael O'Hehir Peter O'Sullevan Jenny Pitman Fred Rimell Queen Elizabeth The Queen Mother Lord Oaksey Lord Sefton Lists List of Grand National winners List of Grand National first four placings List of equine fatalities in the Grand National List of female Grand National jockeys Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=List_of_equine_fatalities_in_the_Grand_National&oldid=845885001 '' Categories : Aintree Racecourse Grand National Hidden categories : All articles with dead external links Articles with dead external links from April 2012 CS1 : Julian -- Gregorian uncertainty Use British English from December 2014 Use dmy dates from April 2017 All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from April 2018 Talk Contents About Wikipedia Add links This page was last edited on 14 June 2018 , at 19 : 56 . Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution - ShareAlike License ; additional terms may apply . By using this site , you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy . Wikipedia ® is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation , Inc. , a non-profit organization . About Wikipedia

1. Equine fatalities in the Grand National 2. Safety measures in the Grand National 3. Animal rights activists and the Grand National 4. Changes to the Grand National course 5. Debate over the impact of safety measures in the Grand National

are there any members of the bee gees still alive

Bee Gees - wikipedia Bee Gees <Th_colspan="2"> Bee Gees <Td_colspan="2"> Bee Gees in 1978 ( top to bottom ) Barry , Robin and Maurice Gibb <Th_colspan="2"> Background information Also known as BGs Genres Pop soul disco rock soft rock Years active 1958 -- 2003 2009 -- 2012 Labels Leedon Spin Festival Polydor Philips Atlantic RSO Mercury Capitol United Artists Warner Bros . Website beegees.com <Th_colspan="2"> Past members Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Vince Melouney Colin Petersen The Bee Gees were a pop music group formed in 1958 . Their lineup consisted of brothers Barry , Robin , and Maurice Gibb . The trio were successful for most of their decades of recording music , but they had two distinct periods of exceptional success : as a popular music act in the late 1960s and early 1970s , and as prominent performers of the disco music era in the mid-to - late 1970s . The group sang recognisable three - part tight harmonies ; Robin 's clear vibrato lead vocals were a hallmark of their earlier hits , while Barry 's R&B falsetto became their signature sound during the mid-to - late 1970s and 1980s . The Bee Gees wrote all of their own hits , as well as writing and producing several major hits for other artists . Born on the Isle of Man to English parents , the Gibb brothers lived in Chorlton , Manchester , England , until the late 1950s . There , in 1955 , they formed the Rattlesnakes . The family then moved to Redcliffe , in Queensland , Australia , and then to Cribb Island . After achieving their first chart success in Australia as the Bee Gees with `` Spicks and Specks '' ( their 12th single ) , they returned to the UK in January 1967 , when producer Robert Stigwood began promoting them to a worldwide audience . The Bee Gees have sold more than 220 million records worldwide , making them one of the world 's best - selling artists of all time . They were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame in 1997 ; the presenter of the award to `` Britain 's first family of harmony '' was Brian Wilson , historical leader of The Beach Boys , another `` family act '' featuring three harmonising brothers . The Bee Gees ' Hall of Fame citation says , `` Only Elvis Presley , the Beatles , Michael Jackson , Garth Brooks and Paul McCartney have outsold the Bee Gees . '' Following Maurice 's death in January 2003 , at the age of 53 , Barry and Robin retired the group 's name after 45 years of activity . In 2009 , Robin announced that he and Barry had agreed the Bee Gees would re-form and perform again . Robin died in May 2012 , aged 62 , after a prolonged struggle with cancer and other health problems , leaving Barry as the only surviving member of the group 's final line - up . Contents 1 History 1.1 1955 -- 1966 : Music origins , Bee Gees formation and popularity in Australia 1.2 1967 -- 1969 : International fame and touring years 1.2. 1 Bee Gees ' 1st , Horizontal and Idea 1.2. 2 Odessa , Cucumber Castle and breakup 1.3 1970 -- 1974 : Reformation 1.4 1975 -- 1979 : Turning to disco 1.4. 1 Main Course and Children of the World 1.4. 2 Saturday Night Fever and Spirits Having Flown 1.5 1980 -- 1986 : Outside projects , band turmoil , solo efforts and decline 1.6 1987 -- 1999 : Comeback , return to popularity and Andy 's death 1.7 2000 -- 2008 : This Is Where I Came In and Maurice 's death 1.8 2009 -- 2012 : Return to performing and Robin 's death 1.9 2013 -- present : Looking back at a lifetime of music 2 Influences 3 Legacy 3.1 Songwriting 4 Accolades and achievements 4.1 Awards and nominations 5 Band members 5.1 Timeline 6 Discography 6.1 Studio albums 7 Song catalogue 8 Filmography 9 See also 10 References 11 Bibliography 12 External links History ( edit ) 1955 -- 1966 : music origins , Bee Gees formation and popularity in Australia ( edit ) Plaque at Maitland Terrace / Strang Road intersection in Union Mills , Isle of Man In 1955 , the brothers Barry , Robin and Maurice Gibb moved back to their father Hugh Gibb 's hometown of Chorlton - cum - Hardy , Manchester , England , and formed a skiffle / rock - and - roll group , the Rattlesnakes , which consisted of Barry on guitar and vocals , Robin and Maurice on vocals , and friends Paul Frost on drums and Kenny Horrocks on tea - chest bass . In December 1957 , the boys began to sing in harmony . The story is told that they were going to lip sync to a record in the local Gaumont cinema ( as other children had done on previous weeks ) , but as they were running to the theatre , the fragile shellac 78 - RPM record broke . The brothers had to sing live and received such a positive response from the audience that they decided to pursue a singing career . In May 1958 , the Rattlesnakes were disbanded when Frost and Horrocks left , so the Gibb brothers then formed Wee Johnny Hayes and the Blue Cats , with Barry as Johnny Hayes . In August 1958 , the Gibb family , including older sister Lesley and infant brother Andy , emigrated to Redcliffe , just north - east of Brisbane in Queensland , Australia . The young brothers began performing to raise pocket money . They were introduced to leading Brisbane radio DJ Bill Gates by speedway promoter and driver Bill Goode , who had hired the brothers to entertain the crowd at the Redcliffe Speedway in 1960 . The crowd at the speedway would throw money onto the track for the boys , who generally performed during the interval of meetings ( usually on the back of a truck that drove around the track ) , and in a deal with Goode , any money they collected from the crowd they were allowed to keep . Gates renamed them the BGs ( later changed to `` Bee Gees '' ) after his , Goode 's and Barry Gibb 's initials . The name was not specifically a reference to `` Brothers Gibb '' , despite popular belief . The family moved to a house at Cribb Island which was later demolished to allow the expansion of Brisbane Airport . While there , the brothers attended Northgate State School . By 1960 , the Bee Gees were featured on television shows , including their performance of `` Time Is Passing By '' . In the next few years they began working regularly at resorts on the Queensland coast . For his songwriting , Barry sparked the interest of Australian star Col Joye , who helped them get a recording deal in 1963 with Festival Records subsidiary Leedon Records , under the name `` Bee Gees '' . The three released two or three singles a year , while Barry supplied additional songs to other Australian artists . In 1962 , the Bee Gees were chosen as the supporting act for Chubby Checker 's concert at Sydney Stadium . From 1963 to 1966 , the Gibb family lived at 171 Bunnerong Road , Maroubra in Sydney . Just prior to his death , Robin Gibb recorded the song `` Sydney '' , about the brothers ' experience of living in that city . It was released on his posthumous album 50 St. Catherine 's Drive . The house was demolished in 2016 . A minor hit in 1965 , `` Wine and Women '' , led to the group 's first LP , The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs . By 1966 Festival was , however , on the verge of dropping them from the Leedon roster because of their perceived lack of commercial success . It was at this time that they met the American - born songwriter , producer and entrepreneur Nat Kipner , who had just been appointed A&R manager of a new independent label , Spin Records . Kipner briefly took over as the group 's manager and successfully negotiated their transfer to Spin in exchange for granting Festival the Australian distribution rights to the group 's recordings . Through Kipner the Bee Gees met engineer - producer , Ossie Byrne , who produced ( or co-produced with Kipner ) many of the earlier Spin recordings , most of which were cut at his own small , self - built St Clair Studio in the Sydney suburb of Hurstville . Byrne gave the Gibb brothers virtually unlimited access to St Clair Studio over a period of several months in mid-1966 . The group later acknowledged that this enabled them to greatly improve their skills as recording artists . During this productive time they recorded a large batch of original material -- including the song that would become their first major hit , `` Spicks and Specks '' ( on which Byrne played the trumpet coda ) -- as well as cover versions of current hits by overseas acts such as the Beatles . They regularly collaborated with other local musicians , including members of beat band Steve & The Board , led by Steve Kipner , Nat 's teenage son . Frustrated by their lack of success , the Gibbs decided to return to England in late 1966 . Ossie Byrne travelled with them , and Colin Petersen , who eventually became the group 's drummer , followed soon afterward . While at sea in January 1967 , the Gibbs learned that `` Spicks and Specks '' had been awarded Best Single of the Year by Go - Set , Australia 's most popular and influential music newspaper . 1967 -- 1969 : international Fame and touring years ( edit ) Bee Gees ' 1st , Horizontal and Idea ( edit ) See also : The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 The Bee Gees in 1967 ( left to right : Barry Gibb , Robin Gibb , Vince Melouney , Maurice Gibb and Colin Petersen ) Before their departure from Australia to England , Hugh Gibb sent demos to Brian Epstein , who managed the Beatles and directed NEMS , a British music store . Epstein passed the demo tapes to Robert Stigwood , who had recently joined NEMS . After an audition with Stigwood in February 1967 , the Bee Gees signed a five - year contract whereby Polydor Records would release their records in the UK , and Atco Records would do so in the US . Work quickly began on the group 's first international album , and Stigwood launched a promotional campaign to coincide with its release . Stigwood proclaimed that the Bee Gees were `` The Most Significant New Talent of 1967 '' , thus initiating the comparison of the Bee Gees to the Beatles . Before recording the first album , the group expanded to include Colin Petersen and Vince Melouney . `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' , their second British single ( their first - issued UK 45 rpm was `` Spicks and Specks '' ) , was issued to radio stations with a blank white label listing only the song title . Some DJs immediately assumed this was a new single by the Beatles and started playing the song in heavy rotation . This helped the song climb into the top 20 in both the UK and US . No such chicanery was needed to boost the Bee Gees ' second single , `` To Love Somebody '' , into the US Top 20 . Originally written for Otis Redding , `` To Love Somebody '' , a soulful ballad sung by Barry , has since become a pop standard covered by many artists including the Flying Burrito Brothers , Rod Stewart , Bonnie Tyler , Janis Joplin , the Animals , Gary Puckett and the Union Gap , Nina Simone , Jimmy Somerville , Billy Corgan and Michael Bolton . Another single , `` Holiday '' , released in the US , peaked at No. 16 . The parent album , Bee Gees 1st ( their first internationally ) , peaked at No. 7 in the US and No. 8 in the UK . Bill Shepherd was credited as the arranger . After recording that album , the group recorded their first BBC session at the Playhouse Theatre , Northumberland Avenue , in London , with Bill Bebb as the producer , and they performed three songs . That session is included on BBC Sessions : 1967 -- 1973 ( 2008 ) . Following the release of Bee Gees ' 1st , the group was first introduced in New York as `` the English surprise '' . At that time , the band made their first British TV appearance on Top of the Pops . Maurice recalled : Jimmy Savile was on it and that was amazing because we 'd seen pictures of him in the Beatles fan club book , so we thought we were really there ! That show had Lulu , us , the Move , and the Stones doing ' Let 's Spend the Night Together ' . You have to remember this was really before the superstar was invented so you were all in it together . In late 1967 , they began recording for the second album . On 21 December 1967 , for a live broadcast from Liverpool Anglican Cathedral , they performed their own song , `` Thank You For Christmas '' ( which was recorded in the Horizontal sessions but was not released until 2008 ) , as well as `` Silent Night '' and `` Hark ! The Herald Angels Sing '' . The folk group the Settlers also performed on that programme and were conducted by the Very Reverend Edward H. Patey , dean of the cathedral . Ten days later , the band finished the year off with their Christmas Eve special , How on Earth ? January 1968 began with a promotional trip to the US . Los Angeles Police was on alert in anticipation of a Beatles - type reception , and special security arrangements were being put in place . In February , Horizontal repeated the success of their first album , featuring the group 's first UK No. 1 single `` Massachusetts '' ( a No. 11 US hit ) and the No. 7 UK single `` World '' . The sound of the album Horizontal had a more `` rock '' sound than their previous release , although ballads like `` And the Sun Will Shine '' and `` Really and Sincerely '' were also prominent . The Horizontal album reached No. 12 in the US and No. 16 in the UK . Promoting the record , the group made their first appearance on US television on The Smothers Brothers Show , on CBS . Tommy Smothers had first encountered the band on a trip to London , and became their friend as well as a fan . That evening , Smothers wore a shirt which Maurice had bought for him at the Beatles ' Apple Boutique . With the release of Horizontal , they also embarked on a Scandinavian tour with concerts in Copenhagen . Around the same time , the Bee Gees turned down an offer to write and perform the soundtrack for the film Wonderwall , according to director Joe Massot . On 27 February 1968 , the band , backed by the 17 - piece Massachusetts String Orchestra , began their first tour of Germany with two concerts at Hamburg Musikhalle . In March 1968 , the band was supported by Procol Harum ( who had a well - known hit `` A Whiter Shade of Pale '' ) on their German tour . As Robin 's partner Molly Hullis recalls : `` Germans were wilder than the fans in England at the heights of Beatlemania . '' The tour schedule took them to 11 venues in as many days with 18 concerts played , finishing with a brace of shows at the Stadthalle , Braunschweig . After that , the group was off to Switzerland . As Maurice described it : There were over 5,000 kids at the airport in Zurich . The entire ride to Bern , the kids were waving Union Jacks . When we got to the hotel , the police were n't there to meet us and the kids crushed the car . We were inside and the windows were all getting smashed in , and we were on the floor . On 17 March , the band performed `` Words '' on The Ed Sullivan Show . The other artists who performed on that night 's show were Lucille Ball , George Hamilton and Fran Jeffries . On 27 March 1968 , the band performed at the Royal Albert Hall in London . The Bee Gees performing on Dutch television Twien in 1968 Two more singles followed in early 1968 : the ballad `` Words '' ( No. 8 UK , No. 15 US ) and the double A-sided single `` Jumbo '' b / w `` The Singer Sang His Song '' . `` Jumbo '' , the Bee Gees ' least successful single to date , only reached No. 25 in the UK and No. 57 in the US . The Bee Gees felt `` The Singer Sang His Song '' was the stronger of the two sides , an opinion shared by listeners in the Netherlands who made it a No. 3 hit . Further Bee Gees chart singles followed : `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' , their second UK No. 1 ( No. 8 US ) , and `` I Started a Joke '' ( No. 6 US ) , both culled from the band 's third album Idea . Idea reached No. 4 in the UK and was another top 20 album in the US ( No. 17 ) . Following the tour and TV special to promote the album , Vince Melouney left the group , desiring to play more of a blues style music than the Gibbs were writing . Melouney did achieve one feat while with the Bee Gees : his composition `` Such a Shame '' ( from Idea ) is the only song on any Bee Gees album not written by a Gibb brother . The group also filmed a BBC television special with Frankie Howerd , called Frankie Howerd Meets the Bee Gees , written by Ray Galton and Alan Simpson . This gave the group the opportunity to display their comedy skills in sketches with Howerd . The band were due to begin a seven - week tour of the US on 2 August 1968 , but on 27 July , Robin collapsed and fell unconscious . He was admitted to a London nursing home suffering from nervous exhaustion , and the American tour was postponed . The band began recording their sixth album , which resulted in their spending a week recording at Atlantic Studios in New York . Robin , still feeling poorly , missed the New York sessions , but the rest of the band put away instrumental tracks and demos . Odessa , Cucumber Castle and breakup ( edit ) The Bee Gees performing at The Tom Jones Show in early 1969 , one of the last performances with Robin as he left the group later in March By 1969 , the cracks started to show within the group , as Robin began to feel that Stigwood had been favouring Barry as the frontman . The Bee Gees ' performances in early 1969 on the Top of the Pops and The Tom Jones Show performing `` I Started a Joke '' and `` First of May '' as a medley was one of the last live performances of the group with Robin . Their next album , which was to have been a concept album called Masterpeace , evolved into the double - album Odessa . Most rock critics felt this was the best Bee Gees album of the 1960s with its progressive rock feel on the title track , the country - flavoured `` Marley Purt Drive '' and `` Give Your Best '' , and ballads such as `` Melody Fair '' and `` First of May '' ( the last of which became the only single from the album and a UK # 6 hit ) . Feeling the flipside , `` Lamplight '' , should have been the A-side , Robin quit the group in mid-1969 and launched a solo career . The first of many Bee Gees compilations , Best of Bee Gees , was released featuring the non-LP single `` Words '' plus the Australian hit `` Spicks and Specks '' . The single `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' was also released and was a moderate hit in the UK , where it reached No. 23 , but it was only No. 54 in the US . The compilation reached the top 10 in both the UK and the US . While Robin pursued his solo career , Barry , Maurice and Petersen continued on as the Bee Gees recording their next album , Cucumber Castle . The band made their debut performance without Robin at Talk of the Town . They had recruited their sister , Lesley , into the group at this time . To accompany the album , they also filmed a TV special which aired on the BBC in 1971 . Petersen played drums on the tracks recorded for the album but was fired from the group after filming began ( he went on to form the Humpy Bong with Jonathan Kelly ) . His parts were edited out of the final cut of the film and Pentangle drummer Terry Cox was recruited to complete the recording of songs for the album . After the album was released in early 1970 , it seemed that the Bee Gees were finished . The leadoff single , `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' , was a big hit in the UK , reaching No. 2 , but a disappointment in the US , only reaching No. 73 . The next two singles , `` I.O.I.O. '' and `` If I Only Had My Mind on Something Else '' barely scraped the charts . On 1 December 1969 , Barry and Maurice parted ways professionally . Maurice started to record his first solo album , The Loner , which was not released . Meanwhile , he released the single `` Railroad '' and starred in the West End musical , Sing a Rude Song . In February 1970 , Barry recorded a solo album which never saw official release either , although `` I 'll Kiss Your Memory '' was released as a single backed by `` This Time '' without much interest . Meanwhile , Robin saw success in Europe with his No. 2 hit `` Saved by the Bell '' and the album Robin 's Reign . 1970 -- 1974 : reformation ( edit ) The Bee Gees performing at The Midnight Special in 1973 In the summer of 1970 , according to Barry , `` Robin rang me in Spain where I was on holiday ( saying ) ' let 's do it again ' '' . By 21 August 1970 , after they had reunited , Barry announced that the Bee Gees `` are there and they will never , ever part again '' . Maurice said , `` We just discussed it and re-formed . We want to apologise publicly to Robin for the things that have been said . '' Earlier in June 1970 , Robin and Maurice recorded a dozen songs before Barry joined and included two songs that were on their reunion album . Around the same time , Barry and Robin were about to publish the book , On the Other Hand . They also recruited Geoff Bridgford as the group 's official drummer ; Bridgford had previously worked with the Groove and Tin Tin , and played drums on Maurice 's unreleased first solo album . In 1970 , 2 Years On was released in October in the US and November in the UK . The lead single `` Lonely Days '' reached No. 3 in the United States , promoted by appearances on The Johnny Cash Show , Johnny Carson 's Tonight Show , The Andy Williams Show , The Dick Cavett Show and The Ed Sullivan Show . Their ninth album , Trafalgar , was released in late 1971 . The single `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' was the first to hit No. 1 on the US charts , while `` Israel '' reached No. 22 in the Netherlands . `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' also brought the Bee Gees their first Grammy Award nomination for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals . Later that year , the group 's songs were included in the soundtrack for the film Melody . In 1972 , they hit No. 16 in the US with the non-album single `` My World '' , backed by Maurice 's composition `` On Time '' . Another 1972 single , `` Run to Me '' from the LP To Whom It May Concern , returned them to the UK top 10 for the first time in three years . On 24 November 1972 , the band headlined the `` Woodstock of the West '' Festival at the Los Angeles Coliseum ( which was a West Coast answer to Woodstock in New York ) , which also featured Sly and the Family Stone , Stevie Wonder and the Eagles . Also in 1972 , the group sang `` Hey Jude '' with Wilson Pickett . By 1973 , however , the Bee Gees were in a rut . The album , Life in a Tin Can , released on Robert Stigwood 's newly formed RSO Records , and its lead - off single , `` Saw a New Morning '' , sold poorly with the single peaking at No. 94 . This was followed by an unreleased album ( known as A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants ) . A second compilation album , Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 , was released in 1973 , although it did not repeat the success of Volume 1 . On the 6 April 1973 episode of The Midnight Special they performed `` Money ( That 's What I Want ) '' with Jerry Lee Lewis . Also in 1973 , they were invited by Chuck Berry to perform two songs with him onstage at The Midnight Special : `` Johnny B. Goode '' and `` Reelin ' and Rockin ' '' . After a tour of the United States in early 1974 and a Canadian tour later in the year , the group ended up playing small clubs . As Barry joked , `` We ended up in , have you ever heard of Batley 's the variety club in ( West Yorkshire ) England ? '' . On the advice of Ahmet Ertegün , head of their US label Atlantic Records , Stigwood arranged for the group to record with soul music producer Arif Mardin . The resulting LP , Mr. Natural , included fewer ballads and foreshadowed the R&B direction of the rest of their career . When it , too , failed to attract much interest , Mardin encouraged them to work within the soul music style . The brothers attempted to assemble a live stage band that could replicate their studio sound . Lead guitarist Alan Kendall had come on board in 1971 but did not have much to do until Mr. Natural . For that album , they added drummer Dennis Bryon , and they later added ex-Strawbs keyboard player Blue Weaver , completing the Bee Gees band that lasted through the late ' 70s . Maurice , who had previously performed on piano , guitar , harpsichord , electric piano , organ , mellotron and bass guitar , as well as mandolin and Moog synthesiser , now confined himself to bass onstage . 1975 -- 1979 : turning to disco ( edit ) Main Course and Children of the World ( edit ) Bee Gees ' wordmark logo ( 1975 -- 81 ) At Eric Clapton 's suggestion , the brothers moved to Miami , Florida , early in 1975 to record . After starting off with ballads , they eventually heeded the urging of Mardin and Stigwood , and crafted more dance - oriented disco songs , including their second US No. 1 , `` Jive Talkin ' '' , along with US No. 7 `` Nights on Broadway '' . The band liked the resulting new sound . This time the public agreed by sending the LP Main Course up the charts . This album included the first Bee Gees songs wherein Barry used falsetto , something that would later become a trademark of the band . This was also the first Bee Gees album to have two US top - 10 singles since 1968 's Idea . Main Course also became their first charting R&B album . On the Bee Gees ' appearance on The Midnight Special in 1975 , to promote Main Course , they sang `` To Love Somebody '' with Helen Reddy . Around the same time , the Bee Gees recorded three Beatles covers -- `` Golden Slumbers / Carry That Weight '' , `` She Came in Through the Bathroom Window '' with Barry providing lead vocals , and `` Sun King '' with Maurice providing lead vocals , for the unsuccessful musical / documentary All This and World War II . The next album , Children of the World released in September 1976 , was drenched in Barry 's new - found falsetto and Weaver 's synthesizer disco licks . Mardin was unavailable to produce , so the Bee Gees enlisted Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson , who had worked with Mardin during the Main Course sessions . This production team would carry the Bee Gees through the rest of the 1970s . The first single from the album was `` You Should Be Dancing '' ( which features percussion work by musician Stephen Stills ) . The song pushed the Bee Gees to a level of stardom they had not previously achieved in the US , though their new R&B / disco sound was not as popular with some die hard fans . The pop ballad `` Love So Right '' reached No. 3 in the US , and `` Boogie Child '' reached US No. 12 in January 1977 . The album peaked at No. 8 in the US . A compilation Bee Gees Gold was released in November , containing the group 's hits from 1967 to 1972 . Saturday Night Fever and Spirits Having Flown ( edit ) Following a successful live album , Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live , the Bee Gees agreed with Stigwood to participate in the creation of the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack . It would be the turning point of their career . The cultural impact of both the film and the soundtrack was seismic throughout the world , prolonging the disco scene 's mainstream appeal . The band 's involvement in the film did not begin until post-production . As John Travolta asserted , `` The Bee Gees were n't even involved in the movie in the beginning ... I was dancing to Stevie Wonder and Boz Scaggs . '' Producer Robert Stigwood commissioned the Bee Gees to create the songs for the film . The brothers wrote the songs `` virtually in a single weekend '' at Château d'Hérouville studio in France . Barry Gibb remembered the reaction when Stigwood and music supervisor Bill Oakes arrived and listened to the demos : They flipped out and said these will be great . We still had no concept of the movie , except some kind of rough script that they 'd brought with them ... You 've got to remember , we were fairly dead in the water at that point , 1975 , somewhere in that zone -- the Bee Gees ' sound was basically tired . We needed something new . We had n't had a hit record in about three years . So we felt , Oh Jeez , that 's it . That 's our life span , like most groups in the late ' 60s . So , we had to find something . We did n't know what was going to happen . Bill Oakes , who supervised the soundtrack , asserts that Saturday Night Fever did not begin the disco craze ; rather , it prolonged it : `` Disco had run its course . These days , Fever is credited with kicking off the whole disco thing -- it really did n't . Truth is , it breathed new life into a genre that was actually dying . '' Three Bee Gees singles -- `` How Deep Is Your Love '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 3 ) , `` Stayin ' Alive '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 4 ) and `` Night Fever '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 1 ) -- charted high in many countries around the world , launching the most popular period of the disco era . They also penned the song `` If I Ca n't Have You '' , which became a US No. 1 hit for Yvonne Elliman , while the Bee Gees ' own version was the B - side of `` Stayin ' Alive '' . Such was the popularity of Saturday Night Fever that two different versions of the song `` More Than a Woman '' received airplay , one by the Bee Gees , which was relegated to an album track , and another by Tavares , which was the hit . The Gibb sound was inescapable . During a nine - month period beginning in the Christmas season of 1977 , seven songs written by the brothers held the No. 1 position on the US charts for 27 of 37 consecutive weeks : three of their own releases , two for brother Andy Gibb , the Yvonne Elliman single , and `` Grease '' , performed by Frankie Valli . Fuelled by the film 's success , the soundtrack broke multiple industry records , becoming the highest - selling album in recording history to that point . With more than 40 million copies sold , Saturday Night Fever is among music 's top five best selling soundtrack albums . As of 2010 , it is calculated as the fourth highest - selling album worldwide . In March 1978 , the Bee Gees held the top two positions on the US charts with `` Night Fever '' and `` Stayin ' Alive '' , the first time this had happened since the Beatles . On the US Billboard Hot 100 chart for 25 March 1978 , five songs written by the Gibbs were in the US top 10 at the same time : `` Night Fever '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` If I Ca n't Have You '' , `` Emotion '' and `` Love Is Thicker Than Water '' . Such chart dominance had not been seen since April 1964 , when the Beatles had all five of the top five American singles . Barry Gibb became the only songwriter to have four consecutive number - one hits in the US , breaking the John Lennon and Paul McCartney 1964 record . These songs were `` Stayin ' Alive '' , `` Love Is Thicker Than Water '' , `` Night Fever '' and `` If I Ca n't Have You '' . The Bee Gees won five Grammy Awards for Saturday Night Fever over two years : Album of the Year , Producer of the Year ( with Albhy Galuten and Karl Richardson ) , two awards for Best Pop Performance by a Duo or Group with Vocals ( one in 1978 for `` How Deep Is Your Love '' and one in 1979 for `` Stayin ' Alive '' ) , and Best Vocal Arrangement for Two or More Voices for `` Stayin ' Alive '' . During this era , Barry and Robin also wrote `` Emotion '' for an old friend , Australian vocalist Samantha Sang , who made it a top 10 hit , with the Bee Gees singing backing vocals . Barry also wrote the title song to the film version of the Broadway musical Grease for Frankie Valli to perform , which went to No. 1 . The Bee Gees ' younger brother Andy now followed his older siblings into a music career and enjoyed considerable success . Produced by Barry , Andy Gibb 's first three singles all topped the US charts . The Bee Gees also co-starred with Peter Frampton in Robert Stigwood 's film Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band ( 1978 ) , loosely inspired by the classic 1967 album by The Beatles . The movie had been heavily promoted prior to release and was expected to enjoy great commercial success . However , it was savaged by film critics as a disjointed mess and ignored by the public . Though some of its tracks charted , the soundtrack too was a high - profile flop . The single `` Oh ! Darling '' , credited to Robin Gibb , reached No. 15 in the US . The Bee Gees ' follow - up to Saturday Night Fever was the Spirits Having Flown album . It yielded three more hits : `` Too Much Heaven '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 3 ) , `` Tragedy '' ( US No. 1 , UK No. 1 ) , and `` Love You Inside Out '' ( US No. 1 ) . This gave the act six consecutive No. 1 singles in the US within a year and a half , equalling the Beatles and surpassed only by Whitney Houston . In January 1979 , the Bee Gees performed `` Too Much Heaven '' as their contribution to the Music for UNICEF Concert at the United Nations General Assembly , a benefit organised by the Bee Gees , Robert Stigwood , and David Frost for UNICEF that was broadcast worldwide . The brothers donated the royalties from the song to the charity . Up to 2007 , this song has earned over $11 million for UNICEF . During the summer of 1979 , the Bee Gees embarked on their largest concert tour covering the US and Canada . The Spirits Having Flown tour capitalised on Bee Gees fever that was sweeping the nation , with sold - out concerts in 38 cities . The Bee Gees produced a video for the title track `` Too Much Heaven '' , directed by Miami - based filmmaker Martin Pitts and produced by Charles Allen . With this video , Pitts and Allen began a long association with the brothers . The Bee Gees even had a country hit in 1979 with `` Rest Your Love on Me '' , the flip side of their pop hit `` Too Much Heaven '' , which made the top 40 on the country charts . It was also a 1981 hit for Conway Twitty , topping the country music charts . The Bee Gees ' overwhelming success rose and fell with the disco bubble . By the end of 1979 , disco was rapidly declining in popularity , and the backlash against disco put the Bee Gees ' American career in a tailspin . Radio stations around the US began promoting `` Bee Gee - Free Weekends '' . Following their remarkable run from 1975 to 1979 , the act would have only one more top 10 single in the US , and that would not come until 1989 . Barry Gibb considered the success of the Saturday Night Fever soundtrack both a blessing and a curse : Fever was No. 1 every week ... It was n't just like a hit album . It was No. 1 every single week for 25 weeks . It was just an amazing , crazy , extraordinary time . I remember not being able to answer the phone , and I remember people climbing over my walls . I was quite grateful when it stopped . It was too unreal . In the long run , your life is better if it 's not like that on a constant basis . Nice though it was . 1980 -- 1986 : outside projects , band turmoil , solo efforts and decline ( edit ) Robin co-produced Jimmy Ruffin 's Sunrise released in May 1980 , but the songs were started in 1979 ; the album contains songs written by the Gibb brothers . In March 1980 , Barry Gibb worked with Barbra Streisand on her album Guilty . He co-produced , and wrote or co-wrote all nine of the album 's tracks ( four of them written with Robin , and the title track with both Robin and Maurice ) . Barry also appeared on the album 's cover with Streisand and duetted with her on two tracks . The album reached No. 1 in both the US and the UK , as did the single `` Woman in Love '' ( written by Barry and Robin ) , becoming Streisand 's most successful single and album to date . Both of the Streisand / Gibb duets , `` Guilty '' and `` What Kind of Fool '' , also reached the US Top 10 . In October , the Bee Gees regrouped to record songs that would go on to their upcoming album , but it was not continued , and Weaver , Kendall ( who returned in 1987 ) , and Bryon left the group . The brothers later recruited some studio musicians . In 1981 , the Bee Gees released the album Living Eyes , their last full - length album release on RSO . This album was the first CD ever played in public , when it was played to viewers of the BBC show Tomorrow 's World . With the disco backlash still running strong , the album failed to make the UK or US Top 40 -- breaking their streak of Top 40 hits , which started in 1975 with `` Jive Talkin ' '' . Two singles from the album fared little better -- `` He 's a Liar '' , which reached No. 30 in the US , and `` Living Eyes '' , which reached No. 45 . In 1982 , Dionne Warwick enjoyed a UK No. 2 and US Adult Contemporary No. 1 hit with her comeback single , `` Heartbreaker '' , taken from her eponymous album written largely by the Bee Gees and co-produced by Barry Gibb . The album reached No. 3 in the UK and the Top 30 in the US , where it was certified Gold . A year later , Dolly Parton and Kenny Rogers recorded the Bee Gees - penned track `` Islands in the Stream '' , which became a US No. 1 hit and entered the Top 10 in the UK . Rogers ' 1983 album , Eyes That See in the Dark , was written entirely by the Bee Gees and co-produced by Barry . The album was a Top 10 hit in the US and was certified Double Platinum . The Bee Gees had greater success with the soundtrack to Staying Alive in 1983 , the sequel to Saturday Night Fever . The soundtrack was certified platinum in the US , and included their Top 30 hit `` The Woman in You '' . Also in 1983 , the band was sued by Chicago songwriter Ronald Selle , who claimed the brothers stole melodic material from one of his songs , `` Let It End '' , and used it in `` How Deep Is Your Love '' . At first , the Bee Gees lost the case ; one juror said that a factor in the jury 's decision was the Gibbs ' failure to introduce expert testimony rebutting the plaintiff 's expert testimony that it was `` impossible '' for the two songs to have been written independently . However , the verdict was overturned a few months later . In August 1983 , Barry signed a solo deal with MCA Records and spent much of late 1983 and 1984 writing songs for this first solo effort , Now Voyager . Robin released three solo albums in the ' 80s , How Old Are You ? , Secret Agent and Walls Have Eyes . And Maurice released his second single to date , `` Hold Her in Your Hand '' , for the first time since 1970 . In 1985 , Diana Ross released the album Eaten Alive , written by the Bee Gees , with the title track co-written with Michael Jackson ( who also performed on the track ) . The album was again co-produced by Barry Gibb , and the single `` Chain Reaction '' gave Ross a UK and Australian No. 1 hit . 1987 -- 1999 : comeback , return to popularity and Andy 's death ( edit ) The Bee Gees released the album E.S.P. in 1987 , which sold over 3 million copies . It was their first album in six years , and their first for Warner Bros. Records . The single `` You Win Again '' went to No. 1 in numerous countries , including the UK , and made the Bee Gees the first group to score a UK No. 1 hit in each of three decades : the 1960s , 1970s , and 1980s . The single was a disappointment in the US , charting at No. 75 , and the Bee Gees voiced their frustration over American radio stations not playing their new European hit single , an omission which the group felt led to poor sales of their current album in the US . The song won the Bee Gees the 1987 British Academy 's Ivor Novello Award for Best Song Musically and Lyrically , and in February 1988 the band received a Brit Award nomination for Best British Group . On 10 March 1988 , younger brother Andy Gibb died , aged 30 , as a result of myocarditis , an inflammation of the heart muscle due to a recent viral infection . His brothers acknowledge that Andy 's past drug and alcohol use probably made his heart more susceptible to this illness . Just before Andy 's death , the brothers had decided that Andy would join them , which would have made them a four - member group . Instead , the Bee Gees got together with Eric Clapton to create a group called ' the Bunburys ' to raise money for English charities . The group recorded three songs for The Bunbury Tails : `` We 're the Bunburys '' , `` Bunbury Afternoon '' , and `` Fight ( No Matter How Long ) '' . The last song reached No. 8 on the rock music chart and appeared on The 1988 Summer Olympics Album . The Bee Gees ' following album , One ( 1989 ) , featured a song dedicated to Andy , `` Wish You Were Here '' . The album also contained their first US Top 10 hit ( No. 7 ) in a decade , `` One '' ( an Adult Contemporary No. 1 ) . After the album 's release , the band embarked on its first world tour in 10 years . In 1990 , Polydor Records issued the box set Tales from the Brothers Gibb : A History in Song , which contains all singles released ( except 1981 's `` Living Eyes '' ) , rare B - sides , unreleased tracks , solo material and live performances . Many songs received new stereo mixes by Bill Inglot , and some songs made their CD debut . At the time of its release , Tales was one of the first box sets issued in the music business , and it was considered an honour for a group to have one . In the UK , Polydor issued a single - disc hits collection from Tales called The Very Best of the Bee Gees , which contained their biggest UK hits . The album became one of their best - selling albums in that country , and was eventually certified Triple Platinum . Bee Gees in Los Angeles in 1992 Following their next album , High Civilization ( 1991 ) , which contained the UK top five hit `` Secret Love '' , the Bee Gees went on a European tour . After the tour , Barry Gibb began to battle a serious back problem , which required surgery . In addition , he suffered from arthritis , which at one point was so severe that it was doubtful that he would be able to play guitar for much longer . Also in the early 1990s , Maurice Gibb finally sought treatment for his alcoholism , which he had battled for many years with the help of Alcoholics Anonymous . In 1993 , the group returned to the Polydor label and released the album Size Is n't Everything , which contained the UK top five hit `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' . Success still eluded them in the US , however , as the first single released , `` Paying the Price of Love '' , only managed to reach No. 74 on the Billboard Hot 100 , while the parent album stalled at No. 153 . In 1997 , they released the album Still Waters , which sold over four million copies and reached No. 2 in the UK ( their highest album chart position there since 1979 ) and No. 11 in the US . The album 's first single , `` Alone '' , gave them another UK Top 5 hit and a top 30 hit in the US . Still Waters would be the band 's most successful US release of their post-RSO era . At the 1997 BRIT Awards held in Earls Court , London on 24 February , the Bee Gees received the award for Outstanding Contribution to Music . On 14 November 1997 , the Bee Gees performed a live concert in Las Vegas called One Night Only . The show included a performance of `` Our Love ( Do n't Throw It All Away ) '' synchronised with a vocal by their deceased brother Andy and a cameo appearance by Celine Dion singing `` Immortality '' . The CD of the performance sold over 5 million copies . The `` One Night Only '' name grew out of the band 's declaration that , due to Barry 's health issues , the Las Vegas show was to be the final live performance of their career . After the immensely positive audience response to the Vegas concert , Barry decided to continue despite the pain , and the concert expanded into their last full - blown world tour of `` One Night Only '' concerts . The tour included playing to 56,000 people at London 's Wembley Stadium on 5 September 1998 and concluded in the newly built Olympic Stadium in Sydney , Australia on 27 March 1999 to 72,000 people . In 1998 , the group 's soundtrack for Saturday Night Fever was incorporated into a stage production produced first in the West End and then on Broadway . They wrote three new songs for the adaptation . Also in 1998 the brothers recorded Ellan Vannin for Manx charities . Known as the unofficial national anthem of the Isle of Man , the brothers performed the song during their world tour to reflect their pride in the place of their birth . The Bee Gees closed the decade with what turned out to be their last full - sized concert , known as BG2K , on 31 December 1999 . 2000 -- 2008 : this is where I came in and Maurice 's death ( edit ) In 2001 , the group released what turned out to be their final album of new material as a group , This Is Where I Came In . The album was another success , reaching the Top 10 in the UK ( being certified Gold ) , and the Top 20 in the US . The title track was also a UK Top 20 hit single . The album gave each member of the group a chance to write in his own way , as well as composing songs together . For example , Maurice 's compositions and leads are `` Man in the Middle '' and `` Walking on Air '' , while Robin contributed `` Déjà Vu '' , `` Promise the Earth '' , and `` Embrace '' , and Barry contributed `` Loose Talk Costs Lives '' , `` Technicolour Dreams '' and `` Voice in the Wilderness '' . The other songs are collaborative in writing and vocals . They performed many tracks from This Is Where I Came In , plus many of their biggest hits , on the live televised concert series Live by Request , shown on the A&E Network . The last concert of the Bee Gees as a trio was at the Love and Hope Ball in 2002 . Maurice , who had been the musical director of the Bee Gees during their final years as a group , died unexpectedly on 12 January 2003 , at age 53 , from a heart attack , while awaiting emergency surgery to repair a strangulated intestine . Initially , his surviving brothers announced that they intended to carry on the name `` Bee Gees '' in his memory , but as time passed they decided to retire the group 's name , leaving it to represent the three brothers together . The same week that Maurice died , Robin 's solo album Magnet was released . On 23 February 2003 , the Bee Gees received the Grammy Legend Award , they also became the first recipients of that award in the 21st century . Barry and Robin accepted as well as Maurice 's son , Adam , in a tearful ceremony . Although there was talk of a memorial concert featuring both surviving brothers and invited guests , nothing materialised . Barry and Robin continued to work independently , and both released recordings with other artists , occasionally coming together to perform at special events . In late 2004 , Robin embarked on a solo tour of Germany , Russia and Asia . During January 2005 , Barry , Robin and several legendary rock artists recorded `` Grief Never Grows Old '' , the official tsunami relief record for the Disasters Emergency Committee . Later that year , Barry reunited with Barbra Streisand for her top - selling album Guilty Pleasures , released as Guilty Too in the UK as a sequel album to the previous Guilty . Robin continued touring in Europe . Also in 2004 , Barry recorded his song `` I Cannot Give You My Love '' with Cliff Richard , which became a UK top 20 hit single . In February 2006 , Barry and Robin reunited on stage for a Miami charity concert to benefit the Diabetes Research Institute . It was their first public performance together since Maurice 's death . The pair also played at the 30th annual Prince 's Trust Concert in the UK on 20 May 2006 . In October 2008 , Robin performed a couple of songs in London as part of the BBC Electric Proms Saturday Night Fever performance . This involved various other performers and the BBC Concert Orchestra , and was screened on the BBC and BBC interactive services . 2009 -- 2012 : return to performing and Robin 's death ( edit ) In an interview with Easy Mix radio host Tim Roxborough on 1 September 2009 , Barry 's 63rd birthday , Barry commented on future tours saying that `` they will be back '' ; but in an agreement with Warner / Rhino they would not make an announcement at that time . On 7 September 2009 , Robin disclosed to Jonathan Agnew that he had been in touch with Barry and that they had agreed that the Bee Gees would re-form and `` perform again '' . Barry and Robin performed on the BBC 's Strictly Come Dancing on 31 October 2009 and appeared on ABC - TV 's Dancing with the Stars on 17 November 2009 . On 15 March 2010 , Barry and Robin inducted the Swedish group ABBA into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . On 26 May 2010 , the two made a surprise appearance on the ninth - season finale of American Idol . On 20 November 2011 it was announced that Robin Gibb , at 61 years old , had been diagnosed with liver cancer , a condition he had become aware of several months earlier . He had become noticeably thinner in previous months and had to cancel several appearances due to issues with severe abdominal pain . On 13 February 2012 , Robin joined British military trio the Soldiers for the Coming Home charity concert at the London Palladium , in support of injured servicemen . It was his first public appearance for almost five months and , as it turned out , his final one . On 14 April 2012 , it was reported that Robin had contracted pneumonia in a Chelsea hospital and was in a coma . Although he came out of his coma on 20 April 2012 , his condition deteriorated rapidly , and he died on 20 May 2012 of liver and kidney failure . With Robin 's death , Barry became the last surviving Gibb brother , and the Bee Gees dissolved as a musical group . 2013 -- present : looking back at a lifetime of music ( edit ) In September and October 2013 , Barry performed his first solo tour `` in honour of his brothers and a lifetime of music '' . In addition to the Rhino collection , The Studio Albums : 1967 -- 1968 , Warner Bros. released a box set in 2014 called The Warner Bros Years : 1987 -- 1991 that included the studio albums E.S.P. , One and High Civilization as well as extended mixes and B - sides . It also included the band 's entire 1989 concert in Melbourne , Australia , available only on video as All for One prior to this release . The documentary The Joy of the Bee Gees is aired on BBC Four on 19 December 2014 . In 2015 , 13STAR Records released a box set 1974 -- 1979 by 23 March , which included the studio albums Mr. Natural , Main Course , Children of the World and Spirits Having Flown . A fifth disc called The Miami Years includes all the tracks from Saturday Night Fever as well as B - sides . No unreleased tracks from the era were included . After a hiatus from performing , Barry Gibb returned to solo and guest singing performances . He occasionally appears with his son , Steve Gibb , who declined to use the Bee Gees brand mainly because of his much different style . In 2016 , he released In the Now , his first solo effort since 1984 's Now Voyager . It was the first release of new Bee Gees - related music since the posthumous release of Robin Gibb 's 50 St. Catherine 's Drive . The Bee Gees have signed a new distribution deal with Capitol Records , bringing them back to Universal . Influences ( edit ) The Bee Gees were influenced by the Beatles , the Everly Brothers , the Mills Brothers , Elvis Presley , the Rolling Stones , Roy Orbison the Beach Boys and Stevie Wonder . On the 2014 documentary The Joy of the Bee Gees , Barry claimed that the Bee Gees were also influenced by the Hollies and Otis Redding . Legacy ( edit ) Brian May of Queen said : `` Of course I was , and am a huge fan of the Bee Gees ' creations in music . Undoubtedly at the pinnacle of song - writing considered over the last -- 30 years , is it ? ! My fondest recollections are not of the SNF days , which were really a re-birth in the Bee Gees ' popularity , but the early ground - breaking songs ... I remember singing these ( songs ) with my pal Tim Staffell ( of Smile ) and Freddie ( Mercury ) in the real old days . '' May also praised the song `` You Win Again '' as one of the greatest songs of the ' 80s . In his 1980 Playboy magazine interview , John Lennon praised the Bee Gees , `` Try to tell the kids in the seventies who were screaming to the Bee Gees that their music was just the Beatles redone . There is nothing wrong with the Bee Gees . They do a damn good job . There was nothing else going on then '' . Michael Jackson , who was also influenced by the Bee Gees , said , `` I cried listening to their music . I knew every note , every instrument '' . Paul McCartney recalled , `` It was the ' Mining Disaster ' song that Robert Stigwood played me , I said ' sign them , they 're great ' '' . Ringo Starr said , `` The Bee Gees from our era were quite important , especially the harmonies . '' In a 2007 interview with Duane Hitchings , who co-wrote Rod Stewart 's 1978 disco song `` Da Ya Think I 'm Sexy ? '' , noted that the song was : a spoof on guys from the ' cocaine lounge lizards ' of the Saturday Night Fever days . We Rock and Roll guys thought we were dead meat when that movie and the Bee Gees came out . The Bee Gees were brilliant musicians and really nice people . No big egos . Rod , in his brilliance , decided to do a spoof on disco . VERY smart man . There is no such thing as a `` dumb '' super success in the music business . Kevin Parker of Tame Impala has said that listening to the Bee Gees after taking mushrooms inspired him to change the sound of the music he was making in his album Currents . Barry Gibb once said : `` When we first came out , Jimi Hendrix said we were two - year old Beatles . He was just giving an opinion at the time . People just like to have a go at other artists . But we are very good friends with Jimi now '' . Years later , Gibb recalled : `` He was a great mate of mine . He came to my twenty - first birthday . He was an extremely polite bloke . I never knew about the drugs then . I thought he was acting a bit weird and saying kind of remote things , but I was too naive to even consider that it might be drugs , I never caught on with Jimi and the drugs . I saw him drunk a few times because I remember thinking he was always really quiet until he had a few drinks '' ... The English indie rock band the Cribs was also influenced by the Bee Gees . Cribs member Ryan Jarman said : `` It must have had quite a big influence on us -- pop melodies is something we always revert to . I always want to get back to pop melodies and I 'm sure that 's due to that Bee Gees phase we went through '' . Following Robin 's death on 20 May 2012 , Beyoncé remarked : `` The Bee Gees were an early inspiration for me , Kelly Rowland and Michelle . We loved their songwriting and beautiful harmonies . Recording their classic song , ' Emotion ' was a special time for Destiny 's Child . Sadly we lost Robin Gibb this week . My heart goes out to his brother Barry and the rest of his family . Singer Jordin Sparks remarked that her favorite Bee Gees songs are `` Too Much Heaven '' , `` Emotion '' ( although performed by Samantha Sang with Barry on the background vocals using his falsetto ) , and `` Stayin ' Alive '' . Carrie Underwood said , about discovering the Bee Gees during her childhood , `` My parents listened to the Bee Gees quite a bit when I was little , so I was definitely exposed to them at an early age . They just had a sound that was all their own , obviously , ( it was ) never duplicated '' . Other artists who were influenced by the Bee Gees include : The Pet Shop Boys , George Michael , Billy Joel , Paul Simon of Simon & Garfunkel , David Bowie , Brian Wilson of the Beach Boys , Debbie Harry of Blondie , Madonna , Andy Bell of Beady Eye , Noel Gallagher and Elton John . The electropop / synth - pop band Hyperbubble even released a dedicated EP , Christmas with The Bee Gees . The Bee Gees have sold in excess of 220 million records worldwide . Songwriting ( edit ) Everyone should be aware that the Bee Gees are second only to Lennon and McCartney as the most successful songwriting unit in British popular music . -- Music historian Paul Gambaccini . At one point in 1978 , the Gibb brothers were responsible for writing and / or performing nine of the songs in the Billboard Hot 100 . In all , the Gibbs placed 13 singles onto the Hot 100 in 1978 , with 12 making the Top 40 . The Gibb brothers are fellows of the British Academy of Songwriters , Composers and Authors ( BASCA ) . At least 2,500 artists have recorded their songs . Singer - songwriter Gavin DeGraw spoke to the Bee Gees ' influence with their own music as well as their songwriting : Let 's talk about the Bee Gees . That 's an iconic group . Not just a great band , but a great group of songwriters . Even long after the Bee Gees ' success on the pop charts , they were still writing songs for other people , huge hit songs . Their talent went far beyond their moment of normal pop success . It is a loss to the music industry and a loss of an iconic group . The beauty of this industry is that we do pay tribute and every artist coming up is a fan of a generation prior to it , so there 's a real tradition element to it `` . Among the artists who have covered their songs are Michael Bolton , Boyzone , Eric Clapton , Billy Corgan , Destiny 's Child , Faith No More , the Flaming Lips , John Frusciante , Al Green , Engelbert Humperdinck , Elton John , Tom Jones , Janis Joplin , Demi Lovato , Lulu , N - Trance , the Pet Shop Boys , Elvis Presley , Nina Simone , Percy Sledge , Robert Smith , Status Quo , Steps and Take That . In 2009 , as part of the Q150 celebrations , the Bee Gees were announced as one of the Q150 Icons of Queensland for their role as `` Influential Artists '' . Accolades and achievements ( edit ) Bee Gees ' star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame In October 1999 the Isle of Man Post Office unveiled a set of 6 stamps honouring their native sons ' music . The official launch took place at the London Palladium where the stage show of Saturday Night Fever was playing . A similar launch was held in New York shortly after to coincide with the show opening across the Atlantic . The songs depicted on the stamps are `` Massachusetts '' , `` Words '' , `` I 've Gotta Get A Message To You '' , `` Night Fever '' , `` Stayin ' Alive '' and `` Immortality '' . In 1978 , following the success of Saturday Night Fever , and the single `` Night Fever '' in particular , Reubin Askew , the Governor of the US state of Florida , named the Bee Gees honorary citizens of the state , since they resided in Miami at the time . In 1979 , the Bee Gees got their star on the Hollywood Walk of Fame . They were inducted in 1994 on the Songwriters Hall of Fame , as well as Florida 's Artists Hall of Fame in 1995 , ARIA Hall of Fame in 1997 . Also in 1997 , the Bee Gees were inducted into the Rock and Roll Hall of Fame . In 2001 , they were inducted on the Vocal Group Hall of Fame . After Maurice 's death , the Bee Gees were also inducted in Dance Music Hall of Fame in 2001 , London 's Walk of Fame in 2006 and Musically Speaking Hall Of Fame in 2008 . And on 15 May 2007 , the Bee Gees were named BMI Icons at the 55th annual BMI Pop Awards . Collectively , Barry , Maurice and Robin Gibb have earned 109 BMI Pop , Country and Latin Awards . All three brothers ( including Maurice , posthumously ) were invested as Commanders of the Order of the British Empire in December 2001 with the ceremony taking place at Buckingham Palace on 27 May 2004 . On 10 July 2009 , the Isle of Man 's capital bestowed the Freedom of the Borough of Douglas honour on Barry and Robin , as well as posthumously on Maurice . On 20 November 2009 , the Douglas Borough Council released a limited edition commemorative DVD to mark their naming as Freemen of the Borough . On 14 February 2013 , Barry Gibb unveiled a statue of the Bee Gees , as well as unveiling `` Bee Gees Way '' ( a walkway filled with photos of the Bee Gees ) , in honour of the Bee Gees in Redcliffe , Queensland , Australia . On 27 June 2018 , Barry Gibb , the last surviving member of the Bee Gees , was knighted by Prince Charles after being named on the Queen 's New Years Honours List . Awards and nominations ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) Year Association Category Nominated work Result Ref . 1978 Grammy Awards Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Group `` How Deep Is Your Love '' Won 1979 Best Pop Vocal Performance by a Duo or Group Saturday Night Fever Won Best Arrangement of Voices `` Stayin ' Alive '' Won Album of the Year Saturday Night Fever Won Producer of the Year Saturday Night Fever Won American Music Awards Favorite Pop / Rock Band , Duo or Group Bee Gees Won Favorite Soul / R&B Album Saturday Night Fever Won 1980 Favorite Pop / Rock Band , Duo or Group Bee Gees Won Favorite Pop / Rock Album Spirits Having Flown Won 1997 International Artist Award Bee Gees Won BRIT Awards Outstanding Contribution To Music Bee Gees Won World Music Awards Legend Award Bee Gees Won 2003 Grammy Awards Special award of merit Legend Award Bee Gees Won Hall of Fame Award Saturday Night Fever Won 2015 Lifetime Achievement Award Bee Gees Won Band members ( edit ) Barry Gibb played rhythm guitar . During the early 1970s , Robin Gibb played piano , organ and guitar occasionally , after which , he only played strings and keyboards privately . Maurice Gibb played bass guitar , acoustic guitar , lead guitar , harmonica , piano , organ , mellotron , keyboard , synthesizer and drums . From 1966 to 1972 he played multiple instruments on many records . During the late 1970s he played mainly bass guitar . From about 1986 onward he usually played keyboards and guitars . Maurice was credited by the brothers as being the most technologically savvy member of the band . Principal members Barry Gibb -- vocals , rhythm guitar ( 1958 -- 2003 , 2009 -- 2012 ) Robin Gibb -- vocals , organ , piano , mellotron , keyboards , rhythm guitar , melodica , harmonica ( 1958 -- 1969 , 1970 -- 2003 , 2009 -- 2012 ; d . 2012 ) Maurice Gibb -- vocals , lead guitar , bass , keyboards , rhythm guitar , piano , mellotron , organ , keyboards , drums , harmonica ( 1958 -- 2003 ; d . 2003 ) These musicians were considered members of the band : Colin Petersen -- drums ( 1967 -- 1969 ) Vince Melouney -- lead guitar ( 1967 -- 1968 ) Geoff Bridgeford -- drums ( 1971 -- 1972 ; touring 1970 -- 1971 ) Touring musicians Alan Kendall -- lead guitar ( 1971 -- 1981 , 1989 -- 2003 ) Dennis Bryon -- drums ( 1973 -- 1981 ) Blue Weaver -- synthesizers , keyboards ( 1975 -- 1981 ) Chris Karan -- drums ( 1972 ) Geoff Westley -- keyboards , piano ( 1973 -- 1976 ) Joe Lala -- percussion ( 1976 , 1979 ) Joey Murcia -- rhythm guitar ( 1976 , 1979 ) Harold Cowart -- bass ( 1979 ) Tim Cansfield -- lead guitar ( 1989 ) Vic Martin -- keyboard , synthesizer ( 1989 ) Gary Moberly -- keyboard , synthesizer ( 1989 ) George Perry -- bass ( 1989 -- 1993 ) Chester Thompson -- drums ( 1989 ) Mike Murphy -- drums ( 1989 ) Trevor Murrell -- drums ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Rudi Dobson -- Keyboards ( 1991 -- 1992 ) Scott F. Crago -- drums Ben Stivers -- keyboard ( 1996 -- 1999 ) Matt Bonelli -- bass ( 1993 -- 2001 ) Steve Rucker -- drums ( 1993 -- 1999 ) Guest musicians ( studio and touring ) Phil Collins -- drums Lenny Castro -- percussion Don Henley -- drums ( 1989 ) Glenn Frey -- guitar Timothy B. Schmit -- bass guitar Joe Walsh -- lead guitar Don Felder -- lead guitar Jeff Porcaro -- drums Mike Porcaro -- bass guitar Steve Porcaro -- keyboards Steve Lukather -- guitar David Hungate - bass guitar David Paich -- keyboards Greg Phillinganes -- keyboards Bobby Kimball -- keyboards Leland Sklar -- bass guitar Reb Beach -- lead guitar Gregg Bissonette -- drums Ricky Lawson -- drums Scott F. Crago -- drums Steve Gadd -- drums Steve Ferrone -- drums Steve Jordan -- drums Nathan East -- bass guitar Steuart Smith -- lead guitar Timeline ( edit ) Discography ( edit ) Main articles : Bee Gees discography and List of songs recorded by the Bee Gees See also : Robin Gibb discography Soundtracks Saturday Night Fever ( 1977 ) and Staying Alive ( 1983 ) contain music not released on their original albums . All their officially released albums included on this list ; A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants have not been included on the list because it only appeared on numerous bootlegs and was not officially released . Studio albums ( edit ) The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs ( 1965 ) Spicks and Specks ( 1966 ) Bee Gees ' 1st ( 1967 ) Horizontal ( 1968 ) Idea ( 1968 ) Odessa ( 1969 ) Cucumber Castle ( 1970 ) 2 Years On ( 1970 ) Trafalgar ( 1971 ) To Whom It May Concern ( 1972 ) Life in a Tin Can ( 1973 ) Mr. Natural ( 1974 ) Main Course ( 1975 ) Children of the World ( 1976 ) Spirits Having Flown ( 1979 ) Living Eyes ( 1981 ) E.S.P. ( 1987 ) One ( 1989 ) High Civilization ( 1991 ) Size Is n't Everything ( 1993 ) Still Waters ( 1997 ) This Is Where I Came In ( 2001 ) Song catalogue ( edit ) This section needs additional citations for verification . Please help improve this article by adding citations to reliable sources . Unsourced material may be challenged and removed . ( December 2015 ) ( Learn how and when to remove this template message ) The Gibbs gained ownership rights to their back catalogue , returning distribution rights to Warner Music Group ( which had purchased Atco ) , where they subsequently reissued digitally remastered versions of Saturday Night Fever , their later Bee Gees Greatest album , and a new boxed set : The Studio Albums : 1967 -- 1968 under the Reprise Records / Rhino Records labels . Additionally , more recent titles such as Still Waters and This Is Where I Came In were among the first batch of re-releases . The band 's three Warner Bros. releases , E.S.P. , One and High Civilisation were also made available on iTunes for the first time since the albums went out of print in North America in the mid-90s . According to Robin Gibb 's website , three more reissues were planned for the 2008 holiday season : Best of Bee Gees , Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 and Love Songs . The double album Odessa was released on 13 January 2009 in a special 3 - disc deluxe edition complete with the original red velvet cover with remastered stereo and mono versions of the album as well as alternate versions and unreleased tracks . Since the remastered release of Odessa , Rhino has stopped reissuing original Bee Gees albums and there has not been any announcement as to when the remaining albums will be remastered . In December 2016 , Capitol Records assumed distribution rights for the entire Bee Gees catalog . Ellan Vannin was recorded in 1997 as a 1,000 quantity limited edition single for Isle of Man charities . The song was featured in the Bee Gees World Tour and on ITV 's `` An Evening With ... '' but to date has not been released generally . The single was subsequently also available as part of the 1999 Bee Gees Stamp issue . In conjunction with the 50th anniversary of the Bee Gees ( when they started calling themselves `` Bee Gees '' in 1959 ) , Rhino Records have released two new collections . Mythology is a four - disc collection highlighting each brother , including Andy , with tracks personally selected by Barry , Robin , Maurice 's wife Yvonne ( with his children Adam and Samantha ) , and Andy 's daughter Peta . Maurice 's disc contains two unreleased tracks called `` Angel of Mercy '' and `` The Bridge '' . Andy 's disc contains the unreleased track `` Arrow Through The Heart '' . Mythology also features a scrapbook of family photos , many never - before published , along with tributes from artists such as George Martin , Brian Wilson , Elton John , Graham Nash and the band 's longtime manager Robert Stigwood . The second collection , The Ultimate Bee Gees , is a more modest two - disc 40 - track collection highlighting their biggest hits and includes a bonus DVD of unreleased videos , previously unreleased television appearances , live performances and promo videos . Each disc is themed , with the first disc being the more upbeat songs called `` A Night Out '' and the second disc being more ballad - focused called `` A Night In '' . Filmography ( edit ) Film Year Title Director 1969 Cucumber Castle Hugh Gladwish 1978 Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band Michael Schultz 1997 Keppel Road Tony Cash In Our Own Time Martyn Atkins Television shows Year Title Director 1968 Idea Jean - Christophe Averty 1979 The Bee Gees Special Louis J. Horvitz 1994 Space Ghost Coast to Coast C. Martin Croker , Jeff Doud 2001 This Is Where I Came In David Leaf , John Scheinfield 2002 Live By Request Lawrence Jordan Videography Year Title Director 1990 One for All Tour Adrian Woods , Peter Demetris 1997 One Night Only Bee Gees See also ( edit ) Book : Bee Gees Bee Gees portal List of Bee Gees world tours References ( edit ) Jump up ^ Pop / Rock '' Soft Rock '' Soft Rock . `` Soft Rock Music Artists '' . AllMusic . Retrieved 2017 - 04 - 21 . CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list ( link ) Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees - Biography & History - AllMusic '' . AllMusic . ^ Jump up to : Petridis , Alexis ( 18 July 2013 ) . `` Barry Gibb of the Bee Gees : ' I want to keep the music alive ' '' . The Guardian . Retrieved 14 September 2014 . Jump up ^ Music Blog , The L.A. Times ( 20 May 2012 ) . `` Robin Gibb dead : Bee Gees singer , 62 , had battled cancer '' . Los Angeles Times . Retrieved 22 February 2013 . Jump up ^ `` The Bee Gees biography '' . 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Jump up ^ `` Barry Gibb unveils a Bee Gees statue in Australia '' , Express , UK Jump up ^ `` Gibb returns to Redcliffe to unveil Bee Gees statue '' , ABC , AU , 14 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` Barry Gibb remembers barefoot days as Bee Gees celebrated in bronze '' , Brisbane Times , Queen 's land , AU , 14 February 2013 Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees statue set to be unveiled '' , News , AU : Yahoo ! Jump up ^ O'Connor , Roisin ( 27 June 2018 ) . `` Sir Barry Gibb knighted at Buckingham Palace by Prince Charles : ' If it were not for my brothers , I would not be here ' '' . The Independent . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` Arise Sir Barry : Bee Gee is knighted '' . BBC Online . 26 June 2018 . Retrieved 28 June 2018 . Jump up ^ `` 1977 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . ^ Jump up to : `` 1978 Grammy Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Bee Gees Head Lists For 6 Grammy Awards '' . Daytona Beach Morning Journal . The News - Journal Corporation . 9 January 1979 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` World Music Awards : : Awards '' . Retrieved 6 April 2014 . Jump up ^ `` 2002 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` 2003 Grammy Award Winners '' . Grammy.com . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Grammy Awards 2015 : winners and performances -- as it happened '' . Guardian . 9 February 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Colin Petersen '' . starclustermusic.de . Archived from the original on 24 September 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ `` Vince Maloney '' . starclustermusic.de . Archived from the original on 21 March 2015 . Retrieved 19 February 2015 . Jump up ^ https://www.allmusic.com/album/main-course-mw0000651911 Jump up ^ `` Beegees '' . Beegees . Archived from the original on 7 July 2011 . Retrieved 9 July 2011 . Bibliography ( edit ) Bilyeu , Melinda ; Cook , Hector ; Hughes , Andrew Môn ( 2009 ) ( 2003 ) . The Bee Gees -- Tales of The Brothers Gibb . Omnibus Press . ISBN 978 - 0 - 85712 - 004 - 5 . Retrieved 14 May 2013 ... External links ( edit ) Wikimedia Commons has media related to Bee Gees . Bee Gees Official website Bee Gees at Rolling Stone Bee Gees at AllMusic Bee Gees ' Vocal Group Hall of Fame webpage Bee Gees at bmi.com Robin Gibb sadly passes away after losing his battle with cancer Who Do You Think You Are ? -- Bee Gees Family History Bee Gees interviewed on the Pop Chronicles ( 1970 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Bee Gees <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Bee Gees <Td_colspan="2"> Barry Gibb Robin Gibb Maurice Gibb Colin Petersen Vince Melouney Alan Kendall Dennis Bryon Blue Weaver Studio albums The Bee Gees Sing and Play 14 Barry Gibb Songs Spicks and Specks Bee Gees ' 1st Horizontal Idea Odessa Cucumber Castle 2 Years On Trafalgar To Whom It May Concern Life in a Tin Can Mr. Natural Main Course Children of the World Spirits Having Flown Living Eyes E.S.P. One High Civilization Size Is n't Everything Still Waters This Is Where I Came In Extended plays The Bee Gees New York Mining Disaster 1941 Soundtracks Melody Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive Live albums Here at Last ... Bee Gees ... Live One Night Only Compilation albums Turn Around , Look at Us Rare , Precious and Beautiful Rare , Precious and Beautiful , Volume 2 Best of Bee Gees Inception / Nostalgia Best of Bee Gees , Volume 2 Bee Gees Gold Bee Gees Greatest Tales from the Brothers Gibb The Very Best of the Bee Gees Their Greatest Hits : The Record Number Ones Love Songs The Ultimate Bee Gees Mythology Timeless : The All - Time Greatest Hits Videography Idea Cucumber Castle The Bee Gees Special One for All Tour One Night Only The Ultimate Bee Gees In Our Own Time Tours The Bee Gees ' concerts in 1967 and 1968 2 Years On Tour Trafalgar Tour Mr. Natural Tour Main Course Tour Children of the World Tour Spirits Having Flown Tour One for All World Tour High Civilization World Tour One Night Only World Tour Articles Discography List of songs recorded List of unreleased material A Kick in the Head Is Worth Eight in the Pants The Barry Gibb Talk Show IBC Studios Hither Green rail crash Bands The Rattlesnakes Humpy Bong The Fut The Bloomfields Tin Tin The Groove Billy Thorpe and the Aztecs Toe Fat Amen Corner One World Project People Hugh Gibb Andy Gibb Steve Gibb Spencer Gibb Robert Stigwood Arif Mardin Ossie Byrne Steve Kipner Albhy Galuten <Td_colspan="2"> Book Category Commons Portal <Th_colspan="2"> Bee Gees singles discography 1960s 1963 `` The Battle of the Blue and the Grey '' / `` The Three Kisses of Love '' `` Timber ! '' / `` Take Hold of That Star '' 1964 `` Peace of Mind '' / `` Do n't Say Goodbye '' `` Claustrophobia '' / `` Could It Be '' `` Turn Around , Look at Me '' / `` ( Theme From ) The Travels of Jamie McPheeters '' 1965 `` Every Day I Have to Cry '' / `` You Would n't Know '' `` Wine and Women '' / `` Follow the Wind '' `` I Was A Lover , A Leader of Men '' / `` And the Children Laughing '' 1966 `` I Want Home '' / `` Cherry Red '' `` Monday 's Rain '' / `` All of My Life '' `` Spicks and Specks '' / `` I Am the World '' 1967 `` Born a Man '' / `` Big Chance '' `` New York Mining Disaster 1941 '' / `` I Ca n't See Nobody '' `` To Love Somebody '' / `` Close Another Door '' `` Holiday '' / `` Every Christian Lion Hearted Man Will Show You '' `` Massachusetts '' / `` Barker of the UFO '' `` World '' / `` Sir Geoffrey Saved the World '' 1968 `` Words '' / `` Sinking Ships '' `` Jumbo '' / `` The Singer Sang His Song '' `` I 've Gotta Get a Message to You '' / `` Kitty Can '' `` I Started a Joke '' / `` Kilburn Towers '' 1969 `` First of May '' / `` Lamplight '' `` Tomorrow Tomorrow '' / `` Sun in My Morning '' `` Do n't Forget to Remember '' / `` The Lord '' 1970s 1970 `` If Only I Had My Mind on Something Else '' / `` Sweetheart '' ( US ) `` I.O.I.O. '' / `` Sweetheart '' `` Lonely Days '' / `` Man for All Seasons '' 1971 `` How Can You Mend a Broken Heart '' / `` Country Woman '' `` Do n't Wanna Live Inside Myself '' / `` Walking Back to Waterloo '' 1972 `` My World '' / `` On Time '' `` Run to Me '' / `` Road to Alaska '' `` Alive '' / Paper Mache , Cabbages and Kings '' 1973 `` Saw a New Morning '' / `` My Life Has Been a Song '' `` Would n't I Be Someone '' / `` Elisa '' `` Mr. Natural '' / `` It Does n't Matter Much to Me '' `` Throw a Penny '' / `` I Ca n't Let You Go '' `` Charade '' / `` Heavy Breathing '' `` Jive Talkin ' '' / `` Wind of Change '' `` Nights on Broadway '' / `` Edge of the Universe '' 1976 `` Fanny ( Be Tender with My Love ) '' / `` Country Lanes '' `` You Should Be Dancing '' / `` Subway '' `` Love So Right '' / `` You Stepped Into My Life '' 1977 `` Boogie Child '' / `` Lovers '' `` Edge of the Universe ( live ) '' / `` Words ( live ) '' `` How Deep Is Your Love '' / `` Ca n't Keep a Good Man Down '' ( live ) `` Stayin ' Alive '' / `` If I Ca n't Have You '' 1978 `` Night Fever '' / `` Down the Road ( live ) '' `` Too Much Heaven '' / `` Rest Your Love on Me '' 1979 `` Tragedy '' / `` Until '' `` Love You Inside Out '' / `` I 'm Satisfied '' 1980s 1981 `` He 's a Liar '' `` Living Eyes '' / `` I Still Love You '' `` The Woman in You '' / `` Stayin ' Alive '' `` Someone Belonging to Someone '' / `` I Love You Too Much '' ( instrumental ) `` You Win Again '' / `` Backtafunk '' `` E.S.P. '' / `` Overnight '' 1989 `` Ordinary Lives '' / `` Wing and a Prayer '' `` One '' / `` Flesh and Blood '' 1990s 1990 `` Bodyguard '' / `` Will You Ever Let Me '' 1991 `` Secret Love '' / `` Party with No Name '' `` When He 's Gone '' / `` True Confessions '' `` The Only Love '' / `` You Win Again '' ( live ) `` Happy Ever After '' / `` Evolution '' `` Paying the Price of Love '' / `` My Destiny '' `` For Whom the Bell Tolls '' / `` Decadance '' 1994 `` How to Fall in Love , Part 1 '' / `` Fallen Angel '' `` Kiss of Life '' / `` 855 - 7019 '' 1997 `` Alone '' / `` Rings Around the Moon '' `` I Could Not Love You More '' / `` Love Never Dies '' ( EUR ) `` Still Waters ( Run Deep ) '' / `` Love Never Dies '' 2000s 2001 `` This Is Where I Came In '' / `` Just in Case '' Other countries 1968 `` And the Sun Will Shine '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( France ) 1970 `` Let There Be Love '' / `` Really and Sincerely '' ( Netherlands ) 1971 `` When the Swallows Fly '' / `` Give Your Best '' ( Netherlands ) `` Morning of my Life '' / `` To Love Somebody '' 1972 `` Israel '' / `` Dearest '' ( Netherlands ) `` Sea of Smiling Faces '' / `` Please Do n't Turn Out the Lights '' 1977 `` Children of the World '' / `` Boogie Child '' ( Australia ) `` Crazy for Your Love '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' `` Angela '' / `` You Win Again ( Remix ) '' ( Germany , Netherlands ) <Th_colspan="2"> Saturday Night Fever Films Saturday Night Fever Staying Alive People John Travolta Robert Stigwood Norman Wexler John Badham Sylvester Stallone Music Saturday Night Fever soundtrack Staying Alive soundtrack `` Far from Over '' Bee Gees David Shire Related topics Stage adaptation Nik Cohn `` Tribal Rites of the New Saturday Night '' `` Saturday Night Glee - ver '' Tony Manero <Th_colspan="2"> Awards for Bee Gees <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="2"> Grammy Award for Album of the Year 1959 -- 1979 The Music from Peter Gunn -- Henry Mancini ( 1959 ) Come Dance with Me ! -- Frank Sinatra ( 1960 ) The Button - Down Mind of Bob Newhart -- Bob Newhart ( 1961 ) Judy at Carnegie Hall -- Judy Garland ( 1962 ) The First Family -- Vaughn Meader ( 1963 ) The Barbra Streisand Album -- Barbra Streisand ( 1964 ) Getz / Gilberto -- Stan Getz , João Gilberto ( 1965 ) September of My Years -- Frank Sinatra ( 1966 ) A Man and His Music -- Frank Sinatra ( 1967 ) Sgt . Pepper 's Lonely Hearts Club Band -- The Beatles ( 1968 ) By the Time I Get to Phoenix -- Glen Campbell ( 1969 ) Blood , Sweat & Tears -- Blood , Sweat & Tears ( 1970 ) Bridge over Troubled Water -- Simon & Garfunkel ( 1971 ) Tapestry -- Carole King ( 1972 ) The Concert for Bangladesh -- Various ( 1973 ) Innervisions -- Stevie Wonder ( 1974 ) Fulfillingness ' First Finale -- Stevie Wonder ( 1975 ) Still Crazy After All These Years -- Paul Simon ( 1976 ) Songs in the Key of Life -- Stevie Wonder ( 1977 ) Rumours -- Fleetwood Mac ( 1978 ) Saturday Night Fever -- Bee Gees / Various ( 1979 ) 1980 -- 2000 52nd Street -- Billy Joel ( 1980 ) Christopher Cross -- Christopher Cross ( 1981 ) Double Fantasy -- John Lennon and Yoko Ono ( 1982 ) Toto IV -- Toto ( 1983 ) Thriller -- Michael Jackson ( 1984 ) Ca n't Slow Down -- Lionel Richie ( 1985 ) No Jacket Required -- Phil Collins ( 1986 ) Graceland -- Paul Simon ( 1987 ) The Joshua Tree -- U2 ( 1988 ) Faith -- George Michael ( 1989 ) Nick of Time -- Bonnie Raitt ( 1990 ) Back on the Block -- Quincy Jones and various artists ( 1991 ) Unforgettable ... with Love -- Natalie Cole ( 1992 ) Unplugged -- Eric Clapton ( 1993 ) The Bodyguard -- Whitney Houston ( 1994 ) MTV Unplugged -- Tony Bennett ( 1995 ) Jagged Little Pill -- Alanis Morissette ( 1996 ) Falling into You -- Celine Dion ( 1997 ) Time Out of Mind -- Bob Dylan ( 1998 ) The Miseducation of Lauryn Hill -- Lauryn Hill ( 1999 ) Supernatural -- Santana ( 2000 ) 2001 -- present Two Against Nature -- Steely Dan ( 2001 ) O Brother , Where Art Thou ? Soundtrack ( 2002 ) Come Away with Me -- Norah Jones ( 2003 ) Speakerboxxx / The Love Below -- Outkast ( 2004 ) Genius Loves Company -- Ray Charles and various artists ( 2005 ) How to Dismantle an Atomic Bomb -- U2 ( 2006 ) Taking the Long Way -- Dixie Chicks ( 2007 ) River : The Joni Letters -- Herbie Hancock ( 2008 ) Raising Sand -- Robert Plant & Alison Krauss ( 2009 ) Fearless -- Taylor Swift ( 2010 ) The Suburbs -- Arcade Fire ( 2011 ) 21 -- Adele ( 2012 ) Babel -- Mumford & Sons ( 2013 ) Random Access Memories -- Daft Punk ( 2014 ) Morning Phase -- Beck ( 2015 ) 1989 -- Taylor Swift ( 2016 ) 25 -- Adele ( 2017 ) 24K Magic -- Bruno Mars ( 2018 ) <Th_colspan="2"> Rock and Roll Hall of Fame -- Class of 1997 Performers Bee Gees Barry Gibb , Maurice Gibb , Robin Gibb Buffalo Springfield Richie Furay , Dewey Martin , Bruce Palmer , Stephen Stills , Neil Young Crosby , Stills , & Nash David Crosby , Graham Nash , Stephen Stills The Jackson 5 Jackie Jackson , Jermaine Jackson , Marlon Jackson , Michael Jackson , Tito Jackson Joni Mitchell Parliament - Funkadelic Jerome Brailey , George Clinton , Bootsy Collins , Raymond Davis , Tiki Fulwood , Glenn Goins , Michael Hampton , Fuzzy Haskins , Eddie Hazel , Walter Morrison , Cordell Mosson , Billy Bass Nelson , Garry Shider , Calvin Simon , Grady Thomas , Bernie Worrell The ( Young ) Rascals Eddie Brigati , Felix Cavaliere , Gene Cornish , Dino Danelli Early influences Mahalia Jackson Bill Monroe Non-performers ( Ahmet Ertegun Award ) Syd Nathan WorldCat Identities BNF : cb139018984 ( data ) GND : 5137690 - 8 ISNI : 0000 0001 1940 4062 LCCN : n81036981 MusicBrainz : bf0f7e29 - dfe1 - 416c - b5c6 - f9ebc19ea810 NKC : ko2002161838 SUDOC : 052588173 VIAF : 139205291 Retrieved from `` https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Bee_Gees&oldid=866329373 '' Categories : Bee Gees ARIA Award winners ARIA Hall of Fame inductees Atlantic Records artists Barry Gibb Brit Award winners British disco groups Grammy Award winners Grammy Legend Award Juno Award for International Album of the Year winners Maurice Gibb Musical groups established in 1958 Musical groups disestablished in 2003 Musical groups reestablished in 2009 Musical groups disestablished in 2012 Musical groups from Manchester British musical trios English pop music groups Queensland musical groups Philips Records artists Robin Gibb Rock and Roll Hall of Fame inductees English rock music groups RSO Records artists Mercury Records artists Sibling musical trios UNICEF people United Artists Records artists Warner Bros. Records artists British soft rock music groups British soul musical groups English expatriates in Australia English expatriates in the United States Grammy Lifetime Achievement Award winners Capitol Records artists Show business families of the United Kingdom Q150 Icons Child musical groups Sibling musical groups 1958 establishments in Australia Hidden categories : Pages using Timeline CS1 maint : Multiple names : authors list EngvarB from January 2017 Use dmy dates from June 2014 Articles with hCards All articles with unsourced statements Articles with unsourced statements from October 2011 Wikipedia articles needing page number citations from December 2013 Articles needing additional references from December 2015 All articles needing additional references All articles with vague or ambiguous time Vague or ambiguous time from December 2015 Articles containing Manx - language text Wikipedia articles with BNF identifiers Wikipedia articles with GND identifiers Wikipedia articles with ISNI identifiers Wikipedia articles with LCCN identifiers Wikipedia articles with MusicBrainz identifiers Wikipedia articles with NKC identifiers Wikipedia articles with SUDOC identifiers Wikipedia articles with VIAF identifiers Talk Contents About Wikipedia Afrikaans Asturianu Azərbaycanca Български Català Čeština Dansk Deutsch Eesti Ελληνικά Español Esperanto Euskara فارسی Français Gaeilge Galego 한국어 Հայերեն Hrvatski Ido Bahasa Indonesia Íslenska Italiano עברית ქართული Кыргызча Latina Latviešu Lietuvių Magyar Македонски മലയാളം مصرى Bahasa Melayu Nāhuatl Nederlands 日本 語 Norsk Norsk nynorsk پنجابی Polski Português Română Runa Simi Русский Scots Shqip Sicilianu Simple English Slovenčina Slovenščina Српски / srpski Srpskohrvatski / српскохрватски Suomi Svenska ไทย Türkçe Українська Tiếng Việt 中文 53 more Edit links This page was last edited on 29 October 2018 , at 18 : 15 ( UTC ) . 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1. Bee Gees 2. Pop music group 3. Disco music era 4. Success and achievements 5. Band members and history

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Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) - Wikipedia Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) This article is about the U.S. reality television show . For other uses , see Big Brother ( disambiguation ) . For the recently concluded season , see Big Brother 20 ( U.S. ) . For the digital edition , see Big Brother : Over The Top . For the celebrity edition , see Celebrity Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) . Big Brother Network Channels ( hide ) CBS ( broadcast ) 2000 -- CBS All Access ( digital ) 2016 Presenters Current presenters ( hide ) <Th_colspan="2"> Big Brother Julie Chen - Moonves 2000 -- <Th_colspan="2"> Big Brother : After Dark Julie Chen - Moonves 2007 -- <Th_colspan="2"> Celebrity Big Brother : After Dark Julie Chen - Moonves 2018 -- <Th_colspan="2"> Off the Block with Ross and Marissa Ross Mathews 2018 -- Marissa Jaret Winokur 2018 -- Former presenters ( show ) Ian O'Malley 2000 Jeff Schroeder 2012 -- 2017 Shows Editions ( show ) Big Brother 2000 -- Big Brother : Over The Top 2016 Celebrity Big Brother 2018 -- Current shows ( show ) Big Brother 2000 -- Big Brother : After Dark 2007 -- Celebrity Big Brother 2018 -- Celebrity Big Brother : After Dark 2018 -- Off the Block with Ross and Marissa 2018 -- Former shows ( show ) House Calls : The Big Brother Talk Show 2004 -- 2008 Big Brother : Live Chat 2012 -- 2017 Big Brother : Over the Top 2016 Seasons Previous season ( show ) Big Brother 20 HouseGuests Winner : Kaycee Clark Runner - up : Tyler Crispen Others : Joseph `` JC '' Mounduix , Angela Rummans , Samantha `` Sam '' Bledsoe , Brett Robinson , Haleigh Broucher , Scottie Salton , Faysal Shafaat , Angie `` Rockstar '' Lantry , Bayleigh Dayton , Rachel Swindler , Kaitlyn Herman , Winston Hines , Chris `` Swaggy C '' Williams , Stephen `` Steve '' Arienta Celebrity Big Brother HouseGuests Winner : Marissa Jaret Winokur Runner - up : Ross Mathews Others : Mark McGrath , Ariadna Gutiérrez , Omarosa , James Maslow , Brandi Glanville , Metta World Peace , Shannon Elizabeth , Keshia Knight Pulliam , Chuck Liddell Big Brother 19 HouseGuests Winner : Josh Martinez Runner - up : Paul Abrahamian Others : Christmas Abbott , Kevin Schlehuber , Alexandra `` Alex '' Ow , Raven Walton , Jason Dent , Matthew Cines , Mark Jansen , Elena Davies , Cody Nickson , Jessica Graf , Ramses Soto , Dominique Cooper , Jillian Parker , Megan Lowder ( walked ) , Cameron Heard Big Brother : Over the Top HouseGuests Winner : Morgan Willett Runner - up : Jason Roy 2nd Runner - up : Kryssie Ridolfi Others : Justin Duncan , Shelby Stockton , Danielle Lickey , Whitney Hogg , Alex Willett , Scott Dennis , Neeley Jackson , Shane Chapman , Monte Massongill , Michael `` Cornbread '' Ligon Big Brother 18 HouseGuests Winner : Nicole Franzel Runner - up : Paul Abrahamian Others : James Huling , Corey Brooks , Victor Arroyo , Natalie Negrotti , Michelle Meyer , Paulie Calafiore , Bridgette Dunning , Zakiyah Everette , Da'Vonne Rogers , Frank Eudy , Tiffany Rousso , Bronte D'Acquisto , Jozea Flores , Glenn Garcia Big Brother 17 HouseGuests Winner : Steve Moses Runner - up : Liz Nolan Others : Vanessa Rousso , John McGuire , Austin Matelson , Julia Nolan , James Huling , Meg Maley , Becky Burgess , Jackie Ibarra , Shelli Poole , Clay Honeycutt , Jason Roy , Audrey Middleton , Jeff Weldon , Da'Vonne Rogers , Jace Agolli Big Brother 16 HouseGuests Winner : Derrick Levasseur Runner - up : Cody Calafiore Others : Victoria Rafaeli , Caleb Reynolds , Frankie Grande , Christine Brecht , Nicole Franzel , Donny Thompson , Zach Rance , Hayden Voss , Jocasta Odom , Amber Borzotra , Brittany Martinez , Devin Shepherd , Paola Shea , Joanna `` Joey '' Van Pelt Big Brother 15 HouseGuests Winner : Andy Herren Runner - up : GinaMarie Zimmerman Others : Spencer Clawson , McCrae Olson , Judd Daugherty , Elissa Slater , Amanda Zuckerman , Aaryn Gries , Helen Kim , Jessie Kowalski , Candice Stewart , Howard Overby , Kaitlin Barnaby , Jeremy McGuire , Nick Uhas , David Girton Big Brother 14 HouseGuests Winner : Ian Terry Runner - up : Dan Gheesling Others : Danielle Murphree , Shane Meaney , Jenn Arroyo , Joe Arvin , Frank Eudy , Britney Haynes , Ashley Iocco , Mike `` Boogie '' Malin , Wil Heuser , Janelle Pierzina , Josephine `` JoJo '' Spatafora , Willie Hantz ( expelled ) , Kara Monaco , Jodi Rollins Big Brother 13 HouseGuests Winner : Rachel Reilly Runner - up : Porsche Briggs Others : Adam Poch , Jordan Lloyd , Kalia Booker , Shelly Moore , Jeff Schroeder , Daniele Donato , Brendon Villegas , Lawon Exum , Dominic Briones , Cassi Colvin , Keith Henderson , Dick Donato ( walked ) Big Brother 12 HouseGuests Winner : Hayden Moss Runner - up : Lane Elenburg Others : Enzo Palumbo , Britney Haynes , Ragan Fox , Brendon Villegas , Matt Hoffman , Kathy Hillis , Rachel Reilly , Kristen Bitting , Andrew Gordon , Monet Stunson , Annie Whittington Big Brother 11 HouseGuests Winner : Jordan Lloyd Runner - up : Natalie Martinez Others : Kevin Campbell , Michele Noonan , Jeff Schroeder , Russell Kairouz , Lydia Tavera , Chima Simone ( expelled ) , Jessie Godderz , Ronnie Talbott , Casey Turner , Laura Crosby , Braden Bacha Big Brother 10 HouseGuests Winner : Dan Gheesling Runner - up : Robert `` Memphis '' Garrett Others : Jerry MacDonald , Keesha Smith , Lorenza `` Renny '' Martyn , Bryan Ollie , Michelle Costa , April Dowling , Libra Thompson , Jessie Godderz , Angie Swindell , Steven Daigle , Brian Hart Big Brother 9 HouseGuests Winner : Adam Jasinski Runner - up : Ryan Quicksall Others : Sheila Kennedy , Sharon Obermueller , Natalie Cunial , James Zinkland , Joshuah Welch , Chelsia Hart , Matt McDonald , Allison Nichols , Alex Coladonato , Amanda Hansen , Jen Diturno , Parker Somerville , Neil Garcia ( walked ) , Jacob Heald Big Brother 8 HouseGuests Winner : Dick Donato Runner - up : Daniele Donato Others : Zach Swerdzewski , Jameka Cameron , Eric Stein , Jessica Hughbanks , Amber Tomcavage , Jen Johnson , Dustin Erikstrup , Kail Harbick , Nick Starcevic , Mike Dutz , Joe Barber , Carol Journey Big Brother 7 : All - Stars HouseGuests Winner : Mike `` Boogie '' Malin Runner - up : Erika Landin Others : Janelle Pierzina , Will Kirby , George Boswell , Danielle Reyes , James Rhine , Howie Gordon , Marcellas Reynolds , Kaysar Ridha , Diane Henry , Jason `` Jase '' Wirey , Nakomis Dedmon , Alison Irwin Big Brother 6 HouseGuests Winner : Maggie Ausburn Runner - up : Ivette Corredero Others : Janelle Pierzina , April Lewis , Howie Gordon , Beau Beasley , James Rhine , Rachel Plencner , Jennifer Vasquez , Kaysar Ridha , Sarah Hrejsa , Eric Littmann , Michael Donnellan , Ashlea Evans Big Brother 5 HouseGuests Winner : Drew Daniel Runner - up : Michael `` Cowboy '' Ellis Others : Diane Henry , Jennifer `` Nakomis '' Dedmon , Karen O'Neil Ganci , Marvin Latimer , Adria Montgomery - Klein , Natalie Montgomery - Carroll , Will Wikle , Jason `` Jase '' Wirey , Scott Long , Holly King , Lori Valenti , Mike Lubinski Big Brother 4 HouseGuests Winner : Jun Song Runner - up : Alison Irwin Others : Robert Roman , Erika Landin , Jee Choe , Jack Owens , Justin Giovinco , Nathan Marlow , Dana Varela , David Lane , Michelle Maradie , Amanda Craig , Scott Weintraub ( expelled ) Big Brother 3 HouseGuests Winner : Lisa Donahue Runner - up : Danielle Reyes Others : Jason Guy , Amy Crews , Marcellas Reynolds , Roddy Mancuso , Gerry Lancaster , Chiara Berti , Josh Feinberg , Eric Ouellette , Tonya Paoni , Lori Olsen Big Brother 2 HouseGuests Winner : Will Kirby Runner - up : Nicole Schaffrich Others : Monica Bailey , Hardy Ames - Hill , Bill `` Bunky '' Miller , Krista Stegall , Kent Blackwelder , Mike `` Boogie '' Malin , Shannon Dragoo , Autumn Daly , Sheryl Braxton , Justin Sebik ( expelled ) Big Brother 1 HouseGuests Winner : Eddie McGee Runner - up : Josh Souza 2nd Runner - up : Curtis Kin Others : Jamie Kern , George Boswell , Cassandra Waldon , Brittany Petros , Karen Fowler , Jean Jordan , William Collins Big Brother is a television reality game show based on an originally Dutch TV series of the same name created by producer John de Mol in 1997 . The series follows a diverse group of contestants , known as HouseGuests , who are living together in a custom - built home under constant surveillance . The HouseGuests are completely isolated from the outside world and can have no communication with those not in the house . The contestants are competing for a $500,000 grand prize , with weekly competitions and evictions determining who will win the show . The series takes its name from the character in George Orwell 's novel Nineteen Eighty - Four . The series launched on July 5 , 2000 to a successful start , though ratings and critical reaction continued to grow increasingly negative . This led to the second season being a revamp of the show , featuring a more competition - based challenge . The series has since continued to be a hit for CBS , and is the second longest - running adaptation of the series to date , after the Spanish adaptation . The series currently has two spin - offs : Big Brother : Over the Top , which was the first reality game show to air exclusively on a streaming platform airing in Fall 2016 on CBS 's streaming service , CBS All Access ; and Celebrity Big Brother , which aired on CBS in February 2018 . CBS also renewed the series for a 19th and 20th season . The 19th season premiered on June 28 , 2017 , the 20th season premiered on June 27 , 2018 . As of September 26 , 2018 , 706 episodes of Big Brother have aired . Contents 1 History 1.1 Series 1.2 Companion shows 1.3 Spin - offs 2 Format 2.1 Season 1 2.2 Season 2 -- present 3 Broadcast 4 Competitions 4.1 Head of Household ( HOH ) 4.2 Power of Veto ( POV ) 4.3 Food and luxury 4.4 Battle of the Block 4.5 Battle Back 5 Series details and viewership 5.1 Main edition 5.2 Celebrity edition 5.3 Digital 6 Controversy and criticism 7 See also 8 References 9 External links History ( edit ) Series ( edit ) A view of CBS Studio Center sound stage 18 , where the house is located The series was bought by CBS in early 2000 for an estimated $20 million . The United States version of the series officially premiered on July 5 , 2000 when the original ten housemates entered the house . Since its inception , the show has been hosted by television personality Julie Chen . It is produced by Allison Grodner and Rich Meehan for Fly on the Wall Entertainment and Endemol Shine North America ( formerly Endemol USA ) . The success of the series has spawned several spin - offs . The series airs once a year , during the summer , with the exception of the ninth season which aired in spring of 2008 and the Over the Top spinoff series broadcasting in fall 2016 . Currently , 19 seasons of the show have aired , along with one digital season . The show has aired a total of 545 episodes since it premiered , with the September 5 , 2013 airing marking the 500th episode . To date , there have been a total of 253 HouseGuests compete in the series . Upon entering the house , the HouseGuests who leave the house without permission are not allowed to return . Should a HouseGuest break the rules set in the house , they can be expelled from the house . To date , three HouseGuests have self - evicted for personal matters , while four HouseGuests were expelled from the house because of acts of violence and / or rule - breaking . Companion shows ( edit ) Since its premiere , there have been numerous companion programs to the show . In 2004 , the web series House Calls : The Big Brother Talk Show ( 2004 -- 08 ) began airing . The series , which lasted for thirty minutes and aired on weeknights , allowed fans to call in and discuss the events of the game . This made House Calls the first live Internet talk show produced exclusively for a television network . The series was initially hosted by Gretchen Massey and Big Brother 3 ( 2002 ) HouseGuest Marcellas Reynolds during its first two seasons . Beginning with the show 's third season , a new co-host was featured on the series each day , with some returning more than once . During the show 's fifth and sixth seasons , each co-host was given a designated day of the week to host alongside Gretchen . Following the show 's sixth season , it was confirmed that it would not be renewed . Big Brother : After Dark , a second companion series , was debuted in 2007 and aired on Showtime Too nightly from 12 a.m. to 3 a.m. Eastern Time . The series continued this schedule until 2013 , when it was moved to TVGN ( now Pop ) . Former HouseGuest Jeff Schroeder began hosting the Big Brother : Live Chat online discussion show in 2012 , where he interviewed the HouseGuests both before they enter the house and following their evictions . He also performed post-finale backyard interviews with the cast . On August 10 , 2017 , Schroeder announced that he was moving to Colorado and would no longer be able to do the interviews . For Big Brother 20 , the `` Live Chat '' was replaced by Off the Block with Ross and Marissa . Hosted by former Celebrity HouseGuests Marissa Jaret Winokur and Ross Mathews , the show is set to air on Fridays on Facebook following the live eviction . Spin - offs ( edit ) There have been two spin - off editions of Big Brother . In October 2016 , CBS premiered a spin - off web series , Big Brother : Over the Top , as an original series for CBS All Access . Unlike the flagship , television version , it was broadcast exclusively online with a shorter , 10 - week season . The second spin - off , Celebrity Big Brother , was aired on CBS on February 7 , 2018 . Though not an actual spin - off , the Canadian edition of the series is the first and currently only series to adopt the American format of Big Brother . However , other franchises such as Big Brother Brasil soon adopted the Veto Competition , Have / Have - Nots , and Head of Household into their format while still incorporating the international public vote format . Format ( edit ) The Big Brother logo used from 2001 -- 2013 . Big Brother is a game show in which a group of contestants , referred to as HouseGuests , live in a custom - built `` house '' ( actually a set built on a CBS stage in Los Angeles , Stage 18 since season 6 ) , constantly under video surveillance . While in the house , the contestants are completely isolated from the outside world , meaning no phone , television , Internet , magazines , newspaper , or contact with those not in the house . This rule could be broken , however , in the event of a medical injury , a family emergency , or death . The format of the series is mainly seen as a social experiment , and requires HouseGuests to interact with others who may have differing ideals , beliefs , and prejudices . While a competition , the series allows viewers to witness the relationships formed in the house and the behavior of the HouseGuests . Though locked in the house , the HouseGuests are free to quit the game , though will not be allowed entry back into the house . Should a HouseGuest break the rules of the game , they could be expelled from the house , and unable to return . The contestants compete for a grand prize of $500,000 . Season 1 ( edit ) The premiere season used the original format of the series , which originated in the Netherlands . HouseGuests were required to nominate two of their fellow contestants for potential banishment , and the two with the most votes would be nominated . Should multiple HouseGuests receive the most nominations , then more than two HouseGuests were marked for banishment . This process was mandatory for all HouseGuests , and failure to comply could result in expulsion from the house . The HouseGuests in these seasons were forbidden from discussing nominations , and doing so could result in punishment . The public , through a vote conducted by phone , would vote to banish one of the nominated HouseGuests from the house , and the HouseGuest with the most votes from the viewers would be banished from the house . When only three HouseGuests remained , the viewers would vote for which of them should win the series , and the HouseGuest with the most votes would become the winner . The format , during that season , was plagued with a negative reception from both critics and viewers . Season 2 -- present ( edit ) Big Brother 14 winner , Ian Terry , with the Diamond Power of Veto Having spent millions on the series , CBS issued a second season of the series and announced that various changes would occur with the format . The current format of the series is focused more on competition and strategy than the original series , which makes resemblance to the format from another CBS show , Survivor . At the start of each week in the house , the HouseGuests compete for the title of Head of Household . The Head of Household for each week is given luxuries such as their own personal bedroom and free laundry service , but is responsible for nominating two HouseGuests for eviction . The Head of Household would not be able to compete in the following week 's Head of Household competition , meaning that a HouseGuest could not hold the title for two weeks in a row , except for the final week or other stated circumstances . All HouseGuests excluding the Head of Household and nominees later vote to determine which of the two nominees should be evicted , and the nominated HouseGuest who received the most votes is evicted during a live episode . If there is a tie in the voting , the reigning Head of Household is required to make the tie - breaker decision . Unlike other versions of Big Brother , the HouseGuests may discuss the nomination and eviction process openly and freely . The HouseGuests also competed in Have - Not competitions , in which the losers were required to solely eat slop for the rest of the week , as well as sleep in a special bedroom . Upon reaching a point in the game , the evicted HouseGuests go on to become members of the Jury ; the Jury is responsible for choosing who wins the series . The members of the Jury are not shown any Diary Room interviews or any footage that may include strategy or details regarding nominations . Once only two HouseGuests remain , the members of the Jury cast their votes for who should win the series . Jessie Godderz , holds the record for most appearances on Big Brother with two appearances as a HouseGuest and six appearances as a special guest . To keep the series intriguing , each season typically features a new twist to change the format of the game . This began with Big Brother 3 ( 2002 ) and the `` Expect the Unexpected '' twist . Other seasons feature smaller twists that have a smaller impact on the game , usually affecting that sole week . The most notable example of this is Pandora 's Box , a twist that originated in Big Brother 11 ( 2009 ) . The twist sees the current Head of Household for that week being tempted by the box , and can choose to either open the box or leave it . Should a HouseGuest choose to open Pandora 's Box , both good and bad consequences could be unleashed into the house ; these can affect not only the Head of Household but the other housemates . Similar formats are applied in later seasons , for example , the Den of Temptation introduced in season 19 . Secret powers have also appeared in the past . Mike Malin was the first HouseGuest to receive a secret power , earning the Coup d'État during Big Brother : All - Stars ( 2006 ) . The Coup d'État allowed the holder to remove one or both nominees from the block on eviction night , as well as choose who is nominated in their place . Malin chose not to use the power , and it subsequently returned during Big Brother 11 ( 2009 ) when Jeff Schroeder was given the power by the viewers . Matt Hoffman was given a Diamond Power of Veto during Big Brother 12 ( 2010 ) , which allowed him to remove one HouseGuest from the block and choose the replacement nominee . During Big Brother 14 ( 2012 ) , HouseGuest Ian Terry won a second Power of Veto , which could be used the same as the normal Power of Veto . Many seasons have featured twists in which evicted HouseGuests can win reentry into the house , either by public vote or competition . Normally this involves sequestering each eliminated contestant individually or in the jury house ( depending on whether the twist occurred pre-jury or post-jury respectively ) . Contestants who ' self - evict ' ( quit the game voluntarily ) are ineligible to return in these twists . Examples of the twists employed in various seasons are listed below . In Big Brother 3 , the first four evictees were asked what they would give up to re-enter the house and the two that listed the most faced a public vote . In Big Brother 6 , the first four evictees faced a public vote . In Big Brother 9 , the first six evictees faced a public vote , before facing a house vote on whether to bring back the most recent evictee or the `` mystery HouseGuest '' chosen by America , In Big Brother 13 , the first four evictees faced a public vote , before the winner competed against the most recent , fifth evictee for reentry . Each Season from Big Brother 15 until Big Brother 18 , the first four jurors competed alongside the remaining HouseGuests in the following HoH competition , with the winner eligible for HoH . In Big Brother 18 and Big Brother 19 the first five evictees competed in a series of knockout competitions until the one final HouseGuest won reentry . In Big Brother 20 , one of the Power Apps granted a contestant a chance at reentry upon eviction . Jessie Godderz has made the most Big Brother appearances in the show 's history , appearing in seasons 10 and 11 as a HouseGuest and in seasons 12 -- 14 and 17 -- 20 as well as the Celebrity edition in a special guest appearance . Victor Arroyo is the only HouseGuest to be evicted three times in the same season , having won a competition to gain reentry into the house twice . Dan Gheesling and Paul Abrahamian are the only players that have lasted until the Final 2 in two separate seasons and face a jury vote . However , Abrahamian was unable to win in either of his two appearances and holds the distinction of first HouseGuest to do so . Broadcast ( edit ) Julie Chen , seen here with Les Moonves , has hosted the series since its premiere . Since its launch in the United States , Big Brother has aired on CBS . The show is simulcast in Canada on Global . The fourth and ninth seasons have both aired in the United Kingdom , the latter airing in the Spring season . The first season featured a total of six episodes per week , though all future installments would air three nights per week . Of these three episodes , the weekly eviction episode is the only one that is live ; this is the only episode to feature host Julie Chen . This show generally airs on Thursdays . To date , there have been a total of 558 episodes of the series to air . With the exception of the ninth season , the series typically airs once a year during the Summer season . The first fifteen seasons aired in standard definition , with the sixteenth season being the first to be produced in HD . Before the series made the transfer , it was the last remaining regularly scheduled Primetime series to remain in standard definition . CBS released the entire third season as a nine - disc set on Region 1 DVD . This made it the first season to receive an official release , and has since become a rare item to find . The fourth season saw the release of a two - disc highlights DVD , featuring previously unseen footage deemed too racy for the main broadcast . To date , these are the only seasons to see a physical release . Beginning with the seventh season , all future seasons are available for purchase on digital retail sites . With the fifteenth season , TVGN ( now Pop ) began airing re-runs of the series at later dates , making it the first season to be aired following its premiere ; this continued with the sixteenth season . Subscribers to CBS All Access are able to stream the complete run of Big Brother , including the differently - formatted first season , and an episode of Big Brother 2 that did not air in most markets due to ongoing coverage of the September 11 attacks . One of the main aspects of the series is the live feeds , in which viewers can view inside the house at any time . The live feeds have been a part of the series since its inception , initially being offered as a free service during the first season . From the second season onward , a subscription to the live feeds has been required , with the price ranging each year . The first season 's feeds were available on the show 's official site , hosted by AOL . From the second season to the fourteenth season , the feeds were available through RealNetworks either as a subscription or as a free addition for Gold members . With the fifteenth season onward , the live feeds have aired on the official CBS website , again requiring a subscription from users . Though advertised as being available at any time , the feeds are shut off during the weekly nomination ceremony , Power of Veto ceremony , and the competitions and evictions for that week ; this is to provide suspense for the series . Slanderous statements and singing of copyrighted music are also blocked for legal reasons . CBS aired the spin - off series Celebrity Big Brother from February 7 -- 25 , 2018 . It was the first spin - off to air on the broadcast network , and the second season overall to air in the winter television season . The celebrity edition aired in a concentrated run with fewer episodes , but with multiple episodes each week . Competitions ( edit ) Head of Household ( HoH ) ( edit ) The Head of Household competition is held at the beginning of each week , and is most often performed on the live eviction episode . Most often , the first Head of Household competition will require HouseGuests to participate either in pairs or in teams . While the fourth , fifth , and eighth seasons had the HouseGuests competing in pairs , the sixth , seventh , eleventh , twelfth , fourteenth , fifteenth , and sixteenth editions all saw HouseGuests competing as part of a group . The live Head of Household competitions are typically question based , and will see HouseGuests eliminated each round . Competitions such as `` Majority Rules '' have been used numerous times , with the game being played in the fourth , fifth , sixth , eighth , tenth , and twelfth seasons ; a variation of the competition was used in the seventh season . Some competitions will attempt to cause drama in the house , such as the `` En Garde '' Head of Household competition in which the winner of each round selected the next two to face off against one another . This competition was later used in the tenth , eleventh , twelfth , thirteenth , fourteenth , fifteenth , and sixteenth seasons . Various competitions throughout the season will be endurance , requiring HouseGuests to be the last one remaining in the competition . Endurance competitions are often held after game changing announcements , such as when a previously evicted HouseGuest returns . Various endurance competitions may have punished or reward contestants who either fall off first or last . Skill based competitions also appear frequently throughout the season , some of which may last for numerous hours . Skill competitions , such as the thirteenth season 's `` Big Brother Open '' , are finished during the live eviction broadcast . The final Head of Household competition of each season features three rounds ; the first is endurance , the second is skill , and the final is question based . The record for most Head of Household competitions won in a single season is four ( 4 ) . The record has been held by Drew Daniel , Janelle Pierzina , Hayden Moss , Rachel Reilly , Ian Terry , Aaryn Gries , Caleb Reynolds , Vanessa Rousso and Steve Moses in terms of reigns . Frankie Grande won HOH 5 times the sixteenth season , however he was dethroned twice due to the dual HoH twist that was in play during his season , and third reign was rewound due to the rewind button twist . This leaves Frankie with just two full reigns as HoH . Ian Terry has the record for most consecutive Head of Household wins , with four ( winning at the Final 9 , 7 , 5 and 3 rounds ) . One of the Head of Household 's duties is to nominate 2 people for eviction . Victoria from the sixteenth season holds the record for most times being nominated with nine . Power of Veto ( PoV ) ( edit ) The Power of Veto symbol , used since its creation The Power of Veto is a power first introduced in Big Brother 3 . During its first season , it did not allow a nominated HouseGuest to use it on themselves . The final Power of Veto that season was the Golden Power of Veto , and allowed a nominated HouseGuest to remove themself from the block . Following this , the Golden Power of Veto was used in all subsequent seasons . The Diamond Power of Veto , used in Big Brother 12 allowed one HouseGuest to remove themselves from the block , as well as choose the replacement nominee only moments before the live eviction. Power of Veto competitions differ drastically from the Head of Household competition , with PoV competitions being more skill based in nature . Competitions such as the `` Pop Goes the Veto ! '' competition , which required HouseGuest to find letter tiles and spell the longest word , have been used in numerous consecutive seasons . Competitions such as the `` Big Brother Boardwalk '' competition see HouseGuests attempting to guess how much of an item there is ; this is one of various competitions that do not require HouseGuests to compete in a physical based competition . The `` How Bad Do You Want It ? '' Power of Veto competition , first introduced in the seventh season , saw HouseGuests taking punishments in exchange for advancing in the competition . Variations of this competition have been used in numerous subsequent seasons . HouseGuests Janelle Pierzina ( S7 ) , Daniele Donato ( S8 ) , Paul Abrahamian ( S19 ) , and Kaycee Clark ( S20 ) currently hold the record for most Power of Veto wins in a single season , with five wins each . HouseGuests James Zinkand , Frank Eudy , Shane Meaney and Kaycee Clark all hold the record for most consecutive Power of Veto wins , with three each . Food and luxury ( edit ) Food and luxury competitions have been a part of the series since it first premiered . In early seasons , the losers of the food competition would be placed on a peanut butter and jelly diet , and would not be permitted to eat any other foods . Beginning with Big Brother 7 , the losers of the Have - Not competition were required to eat `` Big Brother Slop '' for food , sleep in the Have - Not bedroom , and take cold showers for the week . Slop has proven to be an issue for some HouseGuests ; Hypoglycemic HouseGuest Amanda Hansen fainted and had a seizure after only a few days of being on the slop diet , while HouseGuest Allison Nichols had an allergic reaction to the slop ( both of these cases occurred in Big Brother 9 ) . Both women were medically evacuated from the house , though they returned the following morning . HouseGuests who choose to break the slop rule are punished by Big Brother . HouseGuest Jen Johnson from Big Brother 8 was the first HouseGuest to break the food restriction rules , and earned a penalty eviction vote for doing so ; she was ultimately evicted that week . Audrey Middleton from Big Brother 17 and Matt Clines from Big Brother 19 also broke the rules and earned a penalty vote and ultimately evicted . HouseGuests Jeff Schroeder and Kevin Campbell of Big Brother 11 also broke the rules , to a lesser degree , and earned an extra day on the slop diet . The HouseGuests also frequently compete in luxury competitions during their time in the house . Most frequently , HouseGuests will compete for the right to watch a film or television show in the house . When competitions for films or television shows occur , an actor or actress from the series may enter the house to host the competition or speak with the HouseGuests . Actors such as Jeremy Piven , David Hasselhoff , and Neil Patrick Harris have all entered the house to participate in luxury competitions or rewards . Battle of the block ( edit ) The Battle of the Block was first introduced during Big Brother 16 , and was reintroduced during the premiere of Big Brother 17 . Instead of the normal singular Head of Household ( HOH ) , two HOHs were named for that week . Each would then nominate a pair of nominees . These two pairs of nominees would compete against each other in a competition . The winning pair was safe from eviction and dethroned the HOH that nominated , allowing for the other HOH to remain in power for the rest of the week . While the winning pair was safe from eviction for the rest of the week , the dethroned HOH was not . There were eight Battle of the Block competitions in season 16 and five in season 17 . Battle Back ( edit ) The Battle Back Competition allows an evicted house guest to return into the house and play as if they had never left . While elements of this competition first appeared in Seasons 15 and 16 , it was officially introduced in Season 18 and returned to play a role in both Season 19 and 20 as well . During Season 18 , the first two evicted houseguests battled one on one , and the winner went on to compete against the third . The winner of that matchup would face the next evicted HouseGuest , and the winner of the final match - up re-entered the game . Victor Arroyo was the winner . Also that season , jury members competed alongside the HouseGuests still in the game . The last HouseGuest standing became the new HoH while the last Jury member standing returned to the game . Victor won this Battle Back making him the first HouseGuest in Big Brother history to re-enter the game in the same season for a third time . This version of the Battle Back did not return for season 19 . During Season 19 , the four evicted houseguests played against each other in one competition . The top two then played head - to - head , and the winner then had to face off against a member inside the house . If the evicted houseguest won , they would re-enter the game . However , if the non-evicted houseguest won , no one would re-enter the game and all four evicted houseguests would be permanently eliminated . Cody Nickson beat Paul Abrahamian in the final round and re-entered the game . During Season 20 , the first four evicted jury members played against each other in one competition . Scottie Salton beat out his competitors Bayleigh Dayton , Angie `` Rockstar '' Lantry and Faysal Shafaat and re-entered the game . Series details and viewership ( edit ) Main edition ( edit ) Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Runner - Up Final Vote Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes July 5 , 2000 September 29 , 2000 88 10 Eddie McGee Josh Souza 59 -- 27 -- 14 % 9.10 70 July 5 , 2001 September 20 , 2001 82 12 Will Kirby Nicole Schaffrich 5 -- 2 7.90 30 July 10 , 2002 September 25 , 2002 Lisa Donahue Danielle Reyes 9 -- 1 8.70 33 July 8 , 2003 September 24 , 2003 13 Jun Song Alison Irwin 6 -- 1 8.80 33 5 July 6 , 2004 September 21 , 2004 14 Drew Daniel Michael `` Cowboy '' Ellis 4 -- 3 8.30 31 6 July 7 , 2005 September 20 , 2005 80 14 Maggie Ausburn Ivette Corredro 7.24 30 7 July 6 , 2006 September 12 , 2006 72 14 ( All Returnees ) Mike `` Boogie '' Malin Erika Landin 6 -- 1 7.56 28 8 July 5 , 2007 September 18 , 2007 81 14 `` Evel '' Dick Donato Daniele Donato 5 -- 2 7.52 33 9 February 12 , 2008 April 27 , 2008 16 Adam Jasinski Ryan Quicksall 6 -- 1 6.56 33 10 July 13 , 2008 September 16 , 2008 71 13 Dan Gheesling Robert `` Memphis '' Garrett 7 -- 0 6.72 29 11 July 9 , 2009 September 15 , 2009 73 13 ( 1 Returnee ) Jordan Lloyd Natalie Martinez 5 -- 2 7.19 30 12 July 8 , 2010 September 15 , 2010 75 13 Hayden Moss Lane Elenburg 4 -- 3 7.76 30 13 July 7 , 2011 September 14 , 2011 14 ( 6 Returnees ) Rachel Reilly Porsche Briggs 7.95 29 14 July 12 , 2012 September 19 , 2012 16 ( 4 Returnees ) Ian Terry Dan Gheesling 6 -- 1 6.79 30 15 June 26 , 2013 September 18 , 2013 90 16 Andy Herren GinaMarie Zimmerman 7 -- 2 6.47 36 16 June 25 , 2014 September 24 , 2014 97 Derrick Levasseur Cody Calafiore 6.41 40 17 June 24 , 2015 September 23 , 2015 98 17 Steve Moses Liz Nolan 6 -- 3 6.18 40 18 June 22 , 2016 September 21 , 2016 99 16 ( 4 Returnees ) Nicole Franzel Paul Abrahamian 5 -- 4 5.78 42 19 June 28 , 2017 September 20 , 2017 92 17 ( 1 Returnee ) Josh Martinez 6.06 39 20 June 27 , 2018 September 26 , 2018 99 16 Kaycee Clark Tyler Crispen 5.41 40 Celebrity edition ( edit ) Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Runner - Up Final Vote Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes February 7 , 2018 February 25 , 2018 26 11 Marissa Jaret Winokur Ross Mathews 6 -- 3 5.04 13 Winter 2019 <Td_colspan="8"> TBA Digital ( edit ) Season Launch date Finale date Days HouseGuests Winner Runner - Up Final Vote Average viewers ( millions ) Episodes Over the Top September 28 , 2016 December 1 , 2016 65 13 Morgan Willett Jason Roy America 's Vote N / A 10 ^ 1 For the first season of the main edition and Over the Top , the public voted to determine the winner between the three finalists . However , the voting percentages were not revealed for Over the Top . ^ 2 Thirteen HouseGuests were originally announced with a set of identical twins secretly playing as one HouseGuest . After surviving the first four evictions , the twins were allowed to compete as individuals . ^ 3 The 14 returning HouseGuests were chosen among 20 candidates -- eight through public vote , and six by the producers . ^ 4 The returning HouseGuest was chosen among four candidates , determined by a competition . ^ 5 One of the HouseGuests was expelled from the house during the season . Due to this , their vote was instead decided by the American public . ^ 6 Sixteen HouseGuests were originally announced with a set of identical twins secretly playing as one HouseGuest . After surviving the first five evictions , the twins were allowed to compete as individuals . ^ 7 The returning HouseGuest entered the house as a result of an opening night twist . ^ 8 A returning HouseGuest from the main edition was chosen among two candidates , determined by public vote . The candidates were from the main edition . Controversy and criticism ( edit ) Since its inception , Big Brother has been criticized following reports of `` HIB '' ( Harassment , Intimidation , and Bullying ) , violence in the house , obscene language , breach of integrity , and the physical and mental strain of appearing on the series . On September 13th , 2018 , during the 20th season , Julie Chen closed out the show , saying , `` From outside the Big Brother house ... I 'm Julie Chen Moonves , good night . '' It was the first time in her entire television career she used her married name . It is believed she was standing in solidarity with her husband , Les Moonves , who had just been ousted as President of CBS the week before . See also ( edit ) Big Brother franchise List of Big Brother U.S. HouseGuests Big Brother Canada The Glass House Bigg Boss India References ( edit ) ^ Jump up to : Porreca , Brian ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Moves to Fall on CBS All Access '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved August 2 , 2016 . Jump up ^ Carman , John ( July 5 , 2000 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Watches Their Every Movement '' . San Francisco Chronicle . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . ^ Jump up to : `` CBS TO BROADCAST ITS FIRST CELEBRITY EDITION OF REALITY HIT `` BIG BROTHER '' `` . CBS . Retrieved 8 September 2017 . ^ Jump up to : Webb Mitovich , Matt ( December 1 , 2017 ) . `` CBS Pits Celeb Big Brother vs. Olympics , Sets Date for 30th Amazing Race '' . TV Line . Retrieved December 1 , 2017 . Jump up ^ `` CBS RENEWS HIT SUMMER SERIES `` BIG BROTHER '' FOR TWO MORE EDITIONS `` . CBS . Retrieved 2016 - 08 - 10 . Jump up ^ https://twitter.com/GlobalTV/status/994763609589846016 Jump up ^ Greensit , Charlotte ( 2000 - 02 - 21 ) . `` Nowhere to Hide '' . Time World . Retrieved 2 September 2013 . Jump up ^ Burr , Ty ( 12 July 2000 ) . `` True Man Show '' . EW.com . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother : ' Til Death Do You Part ' Here ... There ... Everywhere '' . The Futon Critic . February 11 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 03 - 09 . Jump up ^ Kondolojy , Amanda ( September 24 , 2014 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Renewed for 17th and 18th Seasons by CBS '' . TV by the Numbers . Archived from the original on September 26 , 2014 . Retrieved September 25 , 2014 . Jump up ^ ' Big Brother ' USA : Two houseguests evicted during 500th episode Digital Spy , September 5 , 2013 Jump up ^ `` CBS Big Brother ' House Calls ' Show Has Been Canceled '' . IMDb . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 5 ' to feature daily web talk show co-hosted by Marcellus Reynolds '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor Live : The Internet Talk Show to Air Thursdays and Fridays on CBS.com '' . Gohawaii.about.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Marcellas Reynolds -- Other works '' . IMDb . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Kelly . `` My TV : MY TV 's FIRST EXCLUSIVE INTERVIEW : a one - on - one with Bunky '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Daniele Donato '' realitycompetitiontv `` . Archived from the original on 6 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Housecalls cancelled + reality blurred '' . Realityblurred.com. 2009 - 06 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ CBS plans ' Big Brother ' spin - off Variety Jump up ^ Carrie `` Spicy '' Milburn ( 2013 - 05 - 29 ) . `` Big Brother After Dark Season 15 Moves From Showtime To TVGN '' . Reality Nation . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother : After Dark ' Moves From Showtime to TVGN '' . Hollywoodreporter.com. 2013 - 05 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Video -- Live Chat : Nicole Franzel '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Young , Cia ( September 18 , 2017 ) . `` ' BB19 ' NEWS : DR . WILL TO CONDUCT BACKYARD FACEBOOK LIVE INTERVIEWS WITH HOUSEGUESTS AFTER JEFF SCHROEDER EXIT '' . Inquisitr.com . Retrieved September 18 , 2017 . Jump up ^ Chen , Julie ( @ JulieChen ) ( June 17 , 2018 ) . `` The # BB20 HGs will be revealed tomorrow ... # ButFirst , I have more BB news ! # BBCeleb alums @ MarissaJWinokur and @ helloross are back ... and hosting a new show called `` Off the Block with Ross and Marissa '' on Facebook Watch every Friday this summer ! @ CBSBigBrother '' ( Tweet ) . Retrieved June 18 , 2018 -- via Twitter . Jump up ^ Brian Porreca ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Moves to Fall on CBS All Access '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Hollywood Reporter - Billboard Media Group . Jump up ^ Andreeva , Nellie ( August 2 , 2016 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' : New Season Coming To CBS All Access This Fall '' . Deadline Hollywood . Archived from the original on August 4 , 2016 . Retrieved August 4 , 2016 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Canada Blog -- Big Brother Canada Season 3 officially announced -- GlobalTV '' . GlobalTV . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Brasil : Show format - Wikipedia '' . Wikipedia . Retrieved 12 November 2017 . Jump up ^ Braxton , Greg ( September 11 , 2000 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' Guests Threaten Walkout '' . Los Angeles Times . Jump up ^ `` Bustle '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' : Derrick Lavasseur 's Grandpa Dies -- Hollywood Life '' . Hollywood Life . 27 July 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Milmo , Cahal ( August 1 , 2000 ) . `` Psychologists in trouble for ' Big Brother ' '' . The Independent . London . 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CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` BB1 Ep. # 1 '' . Big Brother . Season 1 . Episode 1 . July 5 , 2000 . ^ Jump up to : `` ATTWX 's Big Brother 1 '' . Archived from the original on 2 March 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` AOL bags internet rights to Big Brother '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother throws out ' Nasty Nick ' '' . BBC News . August 17 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Tom going strong in Big Brother '' . BBC News . August 18 , 2000 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother USA and Canada format explained -- Big Brother 2013 Secrets & Lies Features '' . bbspy. 2013 - 03 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` the casting sucked , and more Big Brother bashing -- and some praise ! '' . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` Big Brother 2 : audience wo n't vote ; Julie Chen will return as host '' . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Episode One '' . Big Brother 12 . Season 12 . Episode 1 . July 8 , 2010 . 00 : 25 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ Pickard , Ann ( August 19 , 2009 ) . `` Why is Big Brother so big in the US ? '' . Guardian.co.uk . London . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` Episode Two '' . Big Brother 11 . Season 11 . Episode 1 . July 12 , 2009 . 35 : 57 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Episode Three '' . Big Brother 11 . Season 11 . Episode 1 . July 14 , 2009 . 39 : 20 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` Episode Four '' . Big Brother 11 . Season 11 . Episode 1 . July 16 , 2009 . 33 : 20 minutes in . CBS . Jump up ^ `` The Peanut Butter Brigade : Dedicated To The Big Brother 2 Cast '' . Archived from the original on 2 September 2015 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Powell , John ( August 23 , 2003 ) . `` ' Big Brother ' twist unveiled '' . JAM ! Showbiz . Archived from the original on July 10 , 2012 . Retrieved May 25 , 2010 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' 14 Finale Episode Breakdown : Ian Quacks To 500K `` CBS Detroit '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' recap : Expect the Unexpected '' . Archived from the original on 29 October 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jessica Paff ( 1 September 2009 ) . `` ' Big Brother 11 ' Kevin gets stuck in Pandora 's box ? - Zap2it -- News & Features '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' : Former Winner Dispenses Advice in Pandora 's Box , But Is It Reward Or Punishment ? ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com. 2012 - 09 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 14 ' : Pandora 's Box releases a power into the house -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com. 2012 - 08 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 08 - 27 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` Mike Boogie and the coup d'etat '' . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 11 Episode 16 -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' evicts Jessie Godderz after Jeff Schroeder plays twist '' . Reality TV World . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother : Matt 's Secret Diamond Power of Veto power is Revealed , Sending Shock Waves Through the House -- on '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Ian Terry , Big Brother Winner , Is Richer and More Mature : People.com '' . PEOPLE.com . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Adam Graham ; The Detroit News ( 26 September 2014 ) . `` Life lessons , kinda , from ' Big Brother ' '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on 2008 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 19 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ `` E4 picks up US ' Big Brother ' '' . Digital Spy . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 16 Episode 39 Recap : Then There Were Three `` CBS Detroit '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Philiana Ng ( 17 September 2014 ) . `` ' Big Brother 16 ' : Caleb on Eviction , The Hitmen and Amber -- Hollywood Reporter '' . The Hollywood Reporter . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` After 500 episodes , it 's time to add ' Big Brother ' to the reality TV pantheon '' . EW.com . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Cop To It ! ' Big Brother ' Winner Selected in Season Finale '' CBS Los Angeles `` . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` Big Brother 9 finale ratings down from last season but `` consistent '' with this season `` . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Josef Adalian ( 5 June 2014 ) . `` Big Brother 16 Twist : HD at Last -- Vulture '' . Vulture . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Debuts in HD With Special Two - Night Premiere : Live Kickoff and All - Nighter Events -- Big Brother -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Reality Bites : Big Brother Goes HD , Survivor Snuffs ' Redemption Island ' - TVLine '' . TVLine. 5 June 2014 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother To Be Broadcast in HD : First - Ever Season in HD -- Big Brother -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Big Brother 3 -- The Complete Season : Eddie McGee , Josh Souza , Curtis Kin , Jamie Kern , George Boswell , Cassandra Waldon , Brittany Petros , Karen Fowler ( II ) , Jean Jordan , William Collins ( VI ) , Regina Lewis , Drew Pinsky , Will Kirby , Nicole Nilson Schaffrich , Monica Bailey , Hardy - Ames Hill , Bill Miller , Krista Stegall , Kent Blackwelder , Mike Malin , Curnal Achilles Aulisio , Danny Roew , Mark W. Roden : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Customer Reviews : Big Brother 3 -- The Complete Season '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : The Best of Big Brother 4 -- X-Factor : Eddie McGee , Josh Souza , Curtis Kin , Jamie Kern , George Boswell , Cassandra Waldon , Brittany Petros , Karen Fowler ( II ) , Jean Jordan , William Collins ( VI ) , Regina Lewis , Drew Pinsky , Will Kirby , Nicole Nilson Schaffrich , Monica Bailey , Hardy - Ames Hill , Bill Miller , Krista Stegall , Kent Blackwelder , Mike Malin , Win Media : Movies & TV '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Amazon.com : Big Brother : Season 14 , Episode 1 `` Episode 1 '' : Amazon Video `` . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` TVGN To Air ' Big Brother 15 ′ Entire Week of Episodes on Friday Nights Plus Bonus Hour of ' After Dark ' '' . Big Brother 16 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 2014 Live Feeds -- Season 16 -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' bores people to jeers '' . Baltimore Sun . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` CBS will charge for access to Big Brother 2 live video streams ; houseguests moved in last Sunday '' . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Big Brother International . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Careful , Big Brother Is Charging '' . WIRED. 6 July 2001 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` What Are Big Brother Live Feeds ? '' . Big Brother 16 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS 'S SUMMER OF ' Big Brother ' On - Air ( CBS ) , Online ( RealNetworks , CBS.com and the CBS Audience Network ) , on the Phone ( CBS Mobile ) and New this Summer -- On Showtime ! '' ( CBS press release ) . The Futon Critic . June 11 , 2006 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` CBS and RealNetworks Offer up Big Brother Subscriptions '' . streamingmedia.com . July 6 , 2001 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` CBS and RealNetworks Bring ' Big Brother 5 ' Live to the Internet -- Premiering Tonight ! '' . RealNetworks / CBS . July 6 , 2004 . Archived from the original on April 6 , 2008 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` CBS.com : The Ultimate Destination for ' Big Brother 6 ' '' ( CBS press release ) . The Futon Critic . July 6 , 2005 . Retrieved 2008 - 04 - 04 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother ' : A House Divided , A New Head of Household , And The First Live Eviction ( VIDEO ) '' . Huffingtonpost.com. 2012 - 07 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` TV Recap : Big Brother 8 -- Premiere '' . Cinemablend.com. 2007 - 07 - 05 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ATTWX 's Big Brother 5 '' . Attwx.com. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 14 ' Premiere Recap : Welcome Back to the House '' . Buddytv.com. 2012 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 12 ' -- HoH No. 1 Season Premiere Recap '' . Aoltv.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother All - Stars : `` Nakomis Goes Homis '' Review `` . IGN. 2006 - 07 - 21 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ATTWX 's Big Brother 6 '' . Attwx.com. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 8 : First Eviction Episode , Live Results '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother All Stars Results -- Alison Evicted , Julie Chen Makes Mistake Announcing HOH Reality TV Magazine '' . Realitytvmagazine.sheknows.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 8 : Episode 16 , Live Eviction Results '' . BuddyTV . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 12 ' Live Recap : Week 3 Eviction and Another Huge Power Shift '' . Buddytv.com. 2010 - 07 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 13 ' : Brendon leaves , Rachel cries , a new Head of Household -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com . Archived from the original on 2013 - 12 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother All - Stars : `` Buh - Bye Di , Evicted 7 - 1 '' Review `` . IGN. 2006 - 08 - 04 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ John Powell ( 2002 - 08 - 16 ) . `` CANOE -- JAM ! Television -- TV Shows -- Big Brother 3 : Marathon ' Big Brother ' contest ends on Net '' . Jam.canoe.ca . Archived from the original on 2013 - 04 - 10 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 12 ' Live Recap : Week 2 Eviction and a New HoH '' . Buddytv.com. 2010 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 11 ' Live Thoughts : Up , Up and Away ( to the Jury House ) '' . Buddytv.com. 2009 - 08 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother : First Eviction ! - on '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 12 Episode 30 -- CBS.com '' . CBS . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 14 ' By - the - Numbers : Male Domination and More All - Time Records '' . Buddytv.com. 2012 - 09 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Gerry wins veto power . + reality blurred '' . Realityblurred.com. 2002 - 07 - 15 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2002 - 07 - 13 ) . `` Big Brother -- Season 3 , Episode 3 : BB3 Ep # 3 : Gerry Wins Veto '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Rice , Lynette ( 2002 - 09 - 16 ) . `` The Long Goodbye ' Big Brother ' Central '' . EW.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Dana wins Power of Veto competition -- Big Brother USA News -- Reality TV '' . Digital Spy. 2003 - 07 - 12 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ATTWX 's Big Brother 4 '' . Attwx.com. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 12 Episode 14 HOH Matt Nominations Brendon & Rachel Diamond Power of Veto '' . homorazzi.com. 2010 - 08 - 09 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 12 ' Recap : Deal , No Deal , Diamond PoV and the Saboteur , Part Deux '' . Buddytv.com. 2010 - 08 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ATTWX 's Big Brother 12 '' . Attwx.com. 2009 - 09 - 24 . Archived from the original on 2013 - 07 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 11 ' Week 1 Power of Veto Recap ( Page 1 / 3 ) '' . Buddytv.com. 2009 - 07 - 14 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother : The Athletes Continue to Dominate the House -- on '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 9 : Week 8 Power of Veto , Live Thoughts '' . Buddytv.com. 2008 - 04 - 01 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother : A Huge Fight Breaks Out ; A Nail - Biter PoV Competition Changes One houseguest 's Destiny -- on '' . Cbs.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2006 - 08 - 01 ) . `` Big Brother -- Season 7 , Episode 8 : BB7 -- All - Stars : 708 : George Wins PoV ; Jase Nominated '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Tex 's Take : BB8 Week 5 Power of Veto Spoilers '' . Buddytv.com. 2007 - 08 - 06 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 14 ' Spoilers : Who Won the Final 5 Power of Veto ? '' . Buddytv.com. 2012 - 09 - 08 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ TV.com ( 2005 - 06 - 19 ) . `` Big Brother -- Season 3 , Episode 1 : BB3 Ep # 1 : ( Season Premier ) Lisa HOH No. 1 '' . TV.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . ^ Jump up to : `` Big Brother All - Stars : `` King Keeps Enemies Close '' Review `` . IGN. 2006 - 07 - 17 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother Season 11 Episode 2 Recap Have and Have Not Competition Nominations Chima Lydia '' . homorazzi.com. 2009 - 07 - 13 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 11 : Nominations No. 1 '' . Aoltv.com . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 15 ' Spoilers : First Night of Live Feeds , Nominations and Alliances Revealed '' . Buddytv.com. 2013 - 06 - 26 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` 2 ca n't stomach ' Big Bro ' slop diet '' . New York : NY Daily News . 2008 - 02 - 23 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 9 : Week 3 Veto Spoilers , Plus Seizures and Swelling '' . Buddytv.com. 2008 - 02 - 25 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Two houseguests hospitalized due to `` slop '' diet ; Amanda had a seizure + reality blurred `` . Realityblurred.com. 2008 - 02 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 's ' competing realities -- today > entertainment -- Reality TV '' . TODAY.com. 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Jen evicted after receiving Big Brother 's first - ever penalty vote + reality blurred '' . Realityblurred.com. 2007 - 08 - 24 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Survivor -- reality TV -- Big Brother -- Apprentice -- Amazing Race -- American Idol -- Television Entertainment '' . Reality News Online . Archived from the original on 2012 - 06 - 28 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Big Brother 9 : Week 11 Nominations , Live Thoughts '' . Buddytv.com. 2008 - 04 - 20 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 11 ' Chima keeps her word -- Zap2it '' . Blog.zap2it.com. 2009 - 08 - 09 . Archived from the original on 2012 - 10 - 03 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` ' Big Brother 13 ' Spoilers : Which Celebrity Visited the House ? '' . Buddytv.com. 2011 - 07 - 22 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ `` Former child star will appear on Big Brother to whore his CBS sitcom + reality blurred '' . Realityblurred.com. 2006 - 08 - 29 . Retrieved 2013 - 07 - 08 . Jump up ^ Andy Dehnart . `` Big Brother 8 bits : Dick 's tea assault ; banners return ; house visit ; Chill Town and Jen '' . reality blurred . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` CBS Censors `` Big Brother '' Slurs `` . The Huffington Post . 18 July 2009 . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Andrea Reiher ( 30 June 2013 ) . `` ' Big Brother 15 ' house : The racism , misogyny and homophobia comes out ! - -- News & Features '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ Jason St. Amand . `` TV 's ' Big Brother ' Ratings Dive Amid Anti-Gay , Racial Comments '' . South Florida Gay News . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Should CBS Expel ' Big Brother 15 ' HG Aaryn Over Racist Comments ? '' . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` Archived copy '' . Archived from the original on July 24 , 2009 . Retrieved July 21 , 2009 . CS1 maint : Archived copy as title ( link ) Jump up ^ Michael Langston Moore . `` Is Big Brother 13 Rigged ? '' . The Morton Report . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ `` '' Big Brother '' mutiny brewing ! `` . Retrieved 28 October 2014 . Jump up ^ https://www.nbcnews.com/pop-culture/tv/i-m-julie-chen-moonves-big-brother-host-says-upon-n909601 External links ( edit ) Official website Big Brother on IMDb Big Brother at TV.com <Th_colspan="2"> Big Brother ( U.S. TV series ) Seasons 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity 1 20 Houseguests 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 Over the Top 19 Celebrity 1 20 Winners Eddie McGee Will Kirby Lisa Donahue Jun Song Drew Daniel Maggie Ausburn Mike Malin Dick Donato Adam Jasinski Dan Gheesling Jordan Lloyd Hayden Moss Rachel Reilly Ian Terry Andy Herren Derrick Levasseur Steve Moses Nicole Franzel Morgan Willett Josh Martinez Marissa Jaret Winokur Kaycee Clark Other contestants Jamie Kern Lima George Boswell Brittany Petros Danielle Reyes Jason Guy Marcellas Reynolds Alison Irwin Erika Landin Diane Henry Adria Montgomery - Klein and Natalie Montgomery - Carroll Will Wikle Janelle Pierzina Howie Gordon James Rhine Daniele Donato Sheila Kennedy Jessie Godderz Steven Daigle Jeff Schroeder Chima Simone Brendon Villegas Jenn Arroyo Frank Eudy Kara Monaco Aaryn Gries Candice Stewart Cody Calafiore Caleb Reynolds Frankie Grande Liz and Julia Nolan Vanessa Rousso Austin Matelson James Huling Paul Abrahamian Cody Nickson Jessica Graf Related shows House Calls After Dark Celebrity After Dark Off the Block with Ross and Marissa <Td_colspan="2"> <Th_colspan="3"> Big Brother Africa Africa Angola Nigeria South Africa Location of different versions of Big Brother . 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1. Big Brother (U.S. TV series) 2. Reality television show 3. HouseGuests 4. Competition-based challenges 5. $500,000 grand prize