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https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3510

Kasym Khan

Kasym Khan (1445-1521) is one of the great Kazakh khans, one of the founders of the Kazakh khanate, the middle son of Janibek Khan and the nephew of Muhammad Shaibani Khan, the khan of the Shaybanid state. Mother Jagan-begum Khanym Shaibani is the younger sister of Mahmud Sultan, the younger brother of the famous khan of the Shaibani family. ## Biography Kasym Khan (1445 - 1521) - Khan of the Kazakh Khanate (1511 - 1521), son of Janibek Khan. In history, the name of Kasym Khan is directly connected with the strengthening and consolidation of the Kazakh Khanate. According to written records, Kasym Khan took an active part in the struggles of the Kazakh Khanate for the cities and regions along the Syr in the 70s and 90s of the 15th century and led them. At that time, Kasym Khan, the son of Kazakh Khan Kerey, Mebuldyk, was the commander of the Kazakh army. The sources describing the events of this period call Kasym Khan "a well-known sultan and a famous hero". In the quarter-century-long struggle for Syr Bay, Kasym Khan and other sons of Janibek Khan defeated Shaibani Khan's army several times in the foothills of Syganak, Sauran, Otyrar, Sairam. According to the peace agreement concluded in the 90s of the 15th century, Syganak and Sauran were transferred to the Kazakh Khanate. The sons of Janibek Khan rule in these cities. Muhammad Shaibani Khan, who conquered Mauerennakhr at the beginning of the 15th century and gained great power, organized four consecutive campaigns against the Kazakhs in 1506-10. Former Khan Shaibani Khan could not organize a counterattack to the first three campaigns. His reputation goes down. And in the written data it is said that "even though Kasym Khan was not in power at that time, his authority was stronger than the Khan's" and "in order to keep himself independent, he moved far away from Mebulukyuk Khan." In 1510, Shaibani Khan's last, fourth campaign was directed to Kasym Khan's son in the Ulytau region. Kasym Khan's army destroys Shaibani Khan's army and chases the enemy from Syr. After this victory, no one thinks about Mebulukyuk Khan and recognizes the power of Kasym Khan. In the former case, he will have to go to Samarkand. In 1511-13, Kasym Khan deals with the affairs of Shaibani. In the early spring of 1512-13, a man came to Kassym Khan in Karatal from the akim of Sairam city, Kattabek, and asked him to take over the power of Kassym Khan. Kassym Khan accepted Kattabek's proposal, sent an emir there, and headed towards Taraz. At the suggestion of Kattabek, Kassym Khan marches to Tashkent. But the campaign was unsuccessful, and Kasym Khan returned to the vicinity of Sairam. In the summer of 1513, the Mughal khan Sultan Sayyid Khan came from Andijan to the Horde of Kasym Khan along the Shu River with an embassy. Its goal was to organize a joint struggle against Suyinish Khan in Tashkent and the Puckani family in Mauerennakhr in general. Kasym Khan responds to this proposal in a diplomatic way. Although Sultan Said Khan did not achieve his goal, he returned very satisfied with the respect shown by Kasim Khan. In the years 1517-21, Kasym Khan conducts an active policy in the west of the Kazakh Khanate. Part of the Nogays join the Kazakhs and the border reaches the Volga. According to Russian data, Kasym Khan died in the winter of 1521. His body will be buried in Sarayshik. During the reign of Kasym Khan, the Kazakh cavalry numbered 300 thousand, and the population reached 1 million. The border covered the lands to the Volga in the west and Tashkent in the south. Kasym Khan was one of the strong and loyal Khans during his reign. ## Descendants The names of three sons of Kasym Khan remain in history. They are: Mamash, Khaqnazar khans and Abulkhair sultan. Mamash Khan ruled during a turbulent period in the history of the Kazakh Khanate and was killed in a conflict. It is known that Khaqnazar Khan remained a great ruler in the history of the Kazakh people. Sultan Abulkhair was killed in 1511 in a battle with Shah Ismail of Azerbaijan. As for the grandchildren of Kasim, it is not known about the descendants of Mamash Khan. Abelkhair has no descendants. Khaknazar has three sons: Myngatai, Dinmuhammed (Tynym) and Bozgil. Myngatai and Bozgyl sultans were killed by the Tashkent ruler Baba Sultan in 1579. Tynym Sultan was the ruler of the Tashkent province and the Khan of the Great Hundred. Some sources say that Tursyn Muhammad Khan is a descendant of that Dinmuhammed. ## Management of the Khanate After the previous khan was forced to go to Samarkand and died in a foreign country, Kasym Khan took over the power. After Kasym Khan came to power in 1511, the Kazakh Khanate was called Kasym Khanate. During the reign of Kasym Khan, the Kazakh khanate strengthened its political influence and became a large and powerful khanate. The territory of the Kasym Khanate extended to the southern shores of Syrdarya in the west, to the cities of Turkestan in the southwest, and to the mountains and mountain slopes of the northern part of Zhetisu in the southeast. According to some sources, during the reign of Kasym Khan, the border of the Kazakh Khanate reached the Ulytau Mountains and the coast of the Balkash River in the northeast, and the Zhayik River in the northwest. During the reign of Kasym, the population of the Kazakh Khanate exceeded one million. ## About Kasym Khan Alikhan Nurmuhameduly wrote during the time of Bukeikhan: Kasym Khan gained great military power by uniting the entire Kazakh people. Fortunately for the people under his care, he won the love of the people with his peace-loving policy. Because of this love of peace, Kasym Khan was especially famous among the people. After the death of Kasym Khan, due to the escalation of mutual conflicts, the Kazakh khanate weakened a bit, and the relationship between the Mongols and the Kazakhs changed." ## Kasym Khan's journey \< > The law called "Kaska zhol" was created during the reign of Kassym Khan based on the rules of customs that had long been established. society has risen to a higher level; the ethnic territory of the Kazakh people has been completely dispersed, the role of the Kazakh khanate has increased > The establishment and strengthening of the Kazakh khanate ended internal feudal strife, and banned tribal disputes where men died and fields were destroyed. Peaceful prosperity was established in the country ensured that they migrated to the fields and settlements, pastures and winters, led a peaceful life and were engaged in production. Thus, social productive forces grew. ## Appendix As we know, "Kasym Khan's brow path", "Esim Khan's old path" and Tauke Khan's "seven charters|seven charters" were published by the decision of this khan's council. came out and spread across the country. Jangir Khan's son Kassym adapted "Kasym Khan's Kaska Zhan" and "Esim Khan's old way" to suit his era and made serious changes to seven types of rules, so it is said that those changes were called "Tauke Khan's Seven Charters" ("Seven Decrees"). * The first decree: "If the khan, sultan, or chieftain of the people is killed, the price of seven people should be paid for each of them." * The second decree: "If one of the judges and lords is killed, the price of two people should be paid to each of them (as a descendant of a nobleman, a pir)." * The third edict: "When a stranger enters a house, if he kicks someone because he tied his horse to the threshold, it is ``full value'', if he is kicked by a horse tied to the door of the house, it is ``half value'', and if he is kicked by a horse tied to the back of the house, only ``horse-ton''" charges." * The fourth decree: "If a child offends his parents and commits suicide against him, then even if the parents want to kill the child, it will be done voluntarily and without asking." * The fifth edict: "For adult child insulting his birth parents (if he does not touch them) - he should be made to ride a black cow or a black donkey, hang a scarf around his neck and go around the whole village." * The sixth edict: "After falling in love and eating tail-liver - if a blessed widow goes to another person, all the wealth given to her will be returned to the widow owner, and on top of that, the wealth of a brideless girl or a girl's wealth should be paid." * The seventh decree: "A thief will pay a nar for a camel, an arowana for a horse, an atan for a horse, a horse for a foal, and a tana for a sheep. In addition, he will pay three to nine fines." N. Oseruly "Seven statutes" Almaty "Seven statutes" 1995 year ## Kasym Khan in written records One of the manuscripts found in the library of Haji Hussein Malek in Tehran "Tarikh-i It is called Safaviye" (History of the Safavid Dynasty). The author of this manuscript is Ismail Huseini Marashi Tabrizi. He was known to his circle as Mir Mulayim Bek. He is also known by his nickname "Da'wa". This manuscript tells about the history of the Safavid dynasty (XVI-XVIII centuries) and the relations between this dynasty and the neighboring countries. This manuscript is a huge work consisting of 372 pages. The number of pages is not complete, pages at the beginning and at the end are missing. The inscription is marked in the "nasta'liq" style. In the first parts of the manuscript, there is a story about the history of the coming to power and establishment of power of the Safavid dynasty. And in the last part of the manuscript, the relations of this dynasty with the khans of Central Asia, their mutual diplomatic relations with each other will be discussed. The author of the "Tarikh-i Safavieh" manuscript relied on several historical works ("Rauzat al-Safa", "Tarikh-i Alam Arayi Abbasi", "Habib al-Siyar") to write this work, as well as oral data during the writing of the work. and the fact that he used stories makes him tongue-in-cheek. The name of Kasym Khan is mentioned in several places of the "Tarikh-i Safavie" manuscript. The author of the work, Kassym Khan, has been mentioned in several places as the "Khan" of Desh Kypchak and sometimes as the "King". According to the data in the mentioned manuscript, the events full of tension between the shahs of Iran and the khans of Central Asia will be discussed. The data related to the Kazakh Khanate is closely related to the name of Kasym Khan. The author narrates the conflict between Deshti Kypchak Khan Kassym Khan and Shahi Beg. Shahi beg Bukhara Khan is the nephew of Abdolla. The story begins with Shah Ismail I of Iran writing a letter to Deshti Kypchak Khan Kassym Khan. In his letter to Kasym Khan, he informed that Shahi Beg had minted a special tenge in his name and warned that it would be difficult to solve the problem if he did not take action against him. In his reply letter to the Shah of Iran, Kassym Khan informs that he erased Shahi Beg's name, replaced it with his own name, and ordered the minting of tenge. Looking at the information in the letters, we can see that the shahs of Iran are very serious with Qasim Khan and are resorting to a deal. It is good to take into account that all these events happened before Kasym Khan became the official Khan. The data in this manuscript prove that Kasym Khan's name was popular even before he ascended the throne and that he had a high reputation in the political scene. So far, this manuscript has been mentioned by Ch. Storey in the "Persian Literature" catalog, but he only mentioned this manuscript. In general, there are many manuscripts preserved under the name "Tarikh-i Safaviye", but among them the mentioned version is a valuable source in the study of the history of Central Asian countries. One of the manuscripts related to Kazakh history was found in the national library named after Haji Hussein Malek in Tehran. The copies of diplomatic letters of Abbas Shah to the kings and khans of neighboring countries, collected by Muhammad Tahir Vahid Qazvini - in the "Munshaat" collection, the letters written between Iranian shahs and the Uzbek Khanate have a great contribution to the study of Kazakh history. Because in the diplomatic correspondence between Uzbek khans and Iranian kings at that time, historical events that took place in the region of Khorasan, Samarkand, Bukhara, Deshti Kypchak and Tashkent were discussed. In other words, the Uzbek khans wrote about the Kazakh Khanate, which was gaining strength and spreading its wings, in their letters to the Shahs of Iran. For example, in a letter written by Abdulmumin Khan to Abbas Shah, he writes that "the number of Kazakhs living in Deshti Kypchak is increasing day by day, it is necessary to take this into account." ## Burial According to the records of Muhammad Haidar Dulati, Kasym Khan died in 1518. And Tahir Muhammad in his work "Rauzat-at Tarikhirin" indicates that the time of Kasym Khan's death is 1521. According to Kadirgali Jalayir, Kasym Khan died in the city of Saraishik. Historian A. P. Chuloshnikov writes that the tomb of Kasym Khan in Sarayshik survived without falling down at the beginning of the 17th century. ## Sources ## External links * Newly discovered information about Kasym Khan (link not available) * Kasym Khan's "Double Road"

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6447

Residential disk

hard disk (or Winchester; English Hard Disk Drive, HDD) is a device for recording and storing data. Storage on a hard magnetic disk or КМДЖ (English Hard Disk Drive, HDD) hard disk, "winchester" in computer slang - a memory device based on the position of magnetic recording. The main feature of a "floppy disk" is that it is the main memory device in many computers - information is written on the surface of a hard plate with a ferromagnetic layer. The hard disk has several lamellar layers of chromic acid. In the working system of the hard disk, the counter heads do not touch the outer surface of the plate. The main reason for this is that when the ferromagnetic disk rotates rapidly, an air layer is formed on the outer layer of the counter heads, which does not touch the disk. Only a few nanometers of space remain between the counter head and the disc. In modern hard drives, this volume is 10 nm. The fact that the counter head and disk do not collide with each other guarantees a long service life of the hard disk. One of the main features of a hard disk from a floppy disk is that the data carrier is connected to the storage device inside the system unit. ## General Permanent disk (residential disk drive) or Hard disk Drive (HDD) is the main data storage in the computer. Most computers are equipped with composite hard drives. They have software installed in them, files are developed and various information is stored. When buying a computer, you can see that the capacity of the hard disk is listed in the first lines of the description (along with the amount of RAM and the speed of the processor). The capacity of a hard drive varies from computer to computer and is measured in megabytes and gigabytes. Modern hard drives can have a capacity of 80 - 1TB and more. ### The name "Winchester" According to assumptions, the name "Winchester" was created for an employee named Kenneth Houghton who worked at IBM. In 1973, Kenneth Houghton led the development of the Model 3340 hard drive. The peculiarity of this model was that the counter heads and disk plates were combined. When designing the 3340 model, the engineers named the hard disk "30 - 30" because of the use of two 30 MB modules. This name coincided with the "30-30 Winchester" bullets of the hunting weapon "Winchester model 1984" of that time. According to other assumptions, the name "winchester" was originally given to the hard drive because of the bullets produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company. Bullets produced by the Winchester Repeating Arms Company were the first civilian, small-caliber, and smokeless cartridges in the United States. These bullet models were immediately in demand and became widely distributed. In 1990, the name "winchester" was discontinued, and the word "screw" took its place. ## Indicators Interface (eng. interface) is a type of rule consisting of signals sent from line connections, technical components connecting said lines. Today's collections of hard drives include ATA (IDE and PATA), SATA, eSATA, SCSI, SAS, FireWire, SDIO and Fiber Channel interfaces. Capacity (eng. capacity) is the amount of information stored in the storage. One of the features of hard drives that have changed from the time of their first appearance to the present day, and are always subject to additions and corrections, is the amount of information stored. The capacity of modern hard drives is 4000 GB as a result of the research conducted on September 11, 2011. Over time, this figure is approaching 5000 GB. 1024 is a vertical numbering system adopted in the field of computer science, which changes to the abbreviated index 1000 in the processing of hard disks. The actual volume of a hard disk with a volume of 200 GB is equal to 186.2 GB. Physical size (form - factor) (eng. dimension). Hard drives used in new century personal computers between 2001 and 2008 are 3.5 or 2.5 inches long. Also available are 1.8-inch, 1.3-inch, 1-inch, and 0.85-inch hard drives. And the production of 8 and 5.25-inch hard drives has been completely discontinued. Work execution time is a system that shows that the average time of the service is calculated when the method of reading and writing information is used in the Winchester. Usually this time is equal to 2.5 - 16 ns. As a rule, server drives save more time (for example, Hitachi Ultrastar 15K147 - 3.7 ms). And in terms of time, portable hard disk types work (for example, Seagate Momentus 5400.3 — 12.5 ms). And in SSD carriers, this indicator is less than 1 ms. Spindle speed (eng. spindle speed) is the number of revolutions of the spindle per minute. The speed of information transfer depends on this indicator. Nowadays, hard drives are manufactured at the following speeds: 4200, 5400 and 7200 (laptops), 5400, 5900, 7200 and 10,000 (personal computers), 10,000 and 15,000 rpm (servers and large-scale workstations). In laptops, there is a gyroscopic effect that prevents the increase in rotation. And on personal computers, this effect is less noticeable. Reliability (eng. reliability) is the average indicator of the time it takes to generate an error. Most hard drives use SMART technology. Input - the amount of operations required for output (eng. IOPS) - in modern hard drives, this indicator is equal to 50 ops/sec. Power requirements are an important factor in mobile devices. Resistance to damage (eng. G-shock rating) - resistance to sudden changes in power, damage caused. Information transmission speed (English Transfer Rate) - in the following model: * Disk internal zone: from 44.2 to 74.5 Mb/s; * External zone of the disk: from 60.0 to 111.4 Mb/s. ## Noise level Noise level is the sound level emitted by the mechanics of the accumulator during operation. Displayed in decibels. As low-noise accumulators, the noise volume reaches 26 dB. This noise is caused by the rotation of the spindle. The following measures are used to reduce the noise of the hard drive: * In software, AAM system adjustment forms found in many drives. Reducing the volume of noise of the hard drive in this way leads to a 5-25% increase in the frequency of operation. * Use of noise-absorbing means. Replacement of disk location washers with rubber or other soft-durable tools. ## Manufacturers In the early days, there were many hard disk manufacturers, so there were many different types of hard disk. Due to the increased competition, the increase in the size of the hard disk, and the decrease in the amount of income, many companies have moved to the ranks of their competitors or moved to another industry. Fujitsu continues to produce hard drives and SCSI drives for laptops. But in 2001, it stopped producing hard drives for personal computers. The main manufacturer of hard drives for 2.5- and 1.8-inch laptops is Toshiba. Maxtor has been a leader in the hard disk industry for several years, and in 2001 Maxtor acquired Quantum. In 2006, Maxtoer merged with Seagate and began to work together due to the many defects of the products of this company in the past. Seagate also buys shares of Nidec and Micropolis. Because of the high costs associated with IBM's hard drives, it is purchased by Hitachi. Later, in 2011, Hitachi was acquired by Western Digital, and as of 2011, there are only 3 hard drive manufacturers: Seagate Technology, Western Digital, and Toshiba. ## History of the development of hard drives 1980 - the first 5.25-inch Winchester, Shugart ST-506, 5 Mb. 1981 — 5.25-inch Shugart ST-412, 10 Mb 1986 —SCSI, ATA(IDE) 1990 — maximum capacity 320 Mb. 1995 — maximum capacity 2 GB. 1997 — maximum capacity 10 GB. 1998 —UDMA/33 and ATAPI. 1999 - IBM released the Microdrive in 170 and 340 MB capacities. 2000 - IBM released the 500MB and 1GB Microdrive. 2002 - ATA/ATAPI-6 and more than 137 Gb. 2003 —SATA. 2003 - Hitachi released the 2 GB Microdrive. 2004 — Seagate released the 2.5 and 5 GB Microdrive. 2005 — the maximum capacity is 500 Gb. 2005 —Serial ATA 3G (or SATA II). 2005 —SAS (Serial Attached SCSI). 2005 - Seagate released the 8 GB Microdrive. 2006 - The appearance of the first "hybrid" hard drives 2006 - Seagate released the ST1 Microdrive analog with a capacity of 12GB. 2007 — Hitachi released the first commercial 1TB hard drive 2009 — Samsung released a USB 2.0 hard drive 2009 — SATA 3.0 (SATA 6G). 2010 - Seagate released a 3TB hard drive. 2011 - Western Digital released the first 750 GB floppy disk drive. 2011 - Hitachi released a 1 TB floppy disk drive. ## Sources Educational and methodological tool for training people in computer literacy under the program of reducing information inequality in the Republic of Kazakhstan, 2007.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7575

Mouth poisoning

Mouth poisoning (stomatitis) is an inflammation of the mucous membrane of the mouth. It has several types. They are: simple redness of the oral cavity; the second is a smile of the oral mucosa, which occurs in young children; the third is mouth carving. When the mucous membrane of the mouth is severely inflamed, the gums of a person become very swollen and bleed, when the mucous membrane of the mouth is inflamed, a sunken mark of a tooth is visible, saliva flows, and sometimes there is a foul smell. The second type of poisoning is provoked by streptococcal or staphylococcal microbes entering the mucous membrane of the mouth. Here, the cream membrane and all parts of the gums are smilingly white. A person stops chewing food, feels lethargic and irritable, saliva flows from the mouth, body temperature rises to 37.2-37.5 ℃. And the mouth of a poisoned person is swollen and gray at the base of his teeth, his gums are sore, the glands under his jaw are irritated, and it becomes difficult for him to eat. ## Treatment See a doctor and rinse with rivanol or manganese acid solution 5-6 times a day. In the absence of these, you can rinse with soda (sodium carbonate), borax (sodium boric acid) and furacillin solutions. After rinsing the mouth, it is necessary to apply a 3% solution of methylene blue to the cream. The patient's food should be liquid or solid, warm and rich in vitamins. Sometimes long-term use of antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin can cause mouth poisoning. In this case, if you stop taking these drugs, it is not surprising that the disease will return by itself. ### Folk remedy The flower of thistle (a thorny plant) is burnt and its ashes pressed on the poisoned place.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5211

Шоқан

Shokan Chingisuly Ualikhanov (real name Muhammed Kanafia; 1835, Kostanay region, Sarykol district, Kusmuryn region - April 10, 1865, Kushentogan, Zhetysu) is a great Kazakh scientist, one of the first representatives of the democratic, enlightened culture born in Kazakhstan in the second half of the 19th century, orientalist, historian , folklorist, ethnographer, geographer, educator. He was called "Shokan" because his grandmother affectionately called him "Shokanym" in his childhood. ## Biography Shokan was born in November 1835 at the Kusmuryn station in the Kusmuryn area of the Auliekol district of the present Kostanay region in the family of the famous senior Sultan Chingis Ualikhanov. His father, Chingiz Valikhanuly, was the senior sultan of Amankaragai duan (the center is Karaoba) at that time. After the district center was transferred to the Kusmuryn castle in 1844, the duan name was changed to Kusmuryn. Shokan's own grandfather, Wali, was the khan of Orta Yuz. His great-grandfather was Abylai, Great Khan of the Kazakh Horde, and Shokan was his great-grandson. Shokan's childhood was spent in the Kuntimes Horde near Obagan in the winter, and in the ancestral pasture in the Akanburlyk basin, the right tributary of the Esil, in the summer. Having spent his youth in the Khan Horde in Syrymbet, where his grandmother Ayganym lived, being of the khan family "who should know the languages of seven people", Shokan learned letters at the village school opened by his father in the Kuntimes Horde, learned the medieval Kypchak-Chagatai language, Persian and Arabic in that school. apparently, he was inclined and passionate about education since childhood. Shokan was interested in historical legends from an early age. From a young age, he grew up listening to the stories of wise men and poems of poets. His grandmother Ayganim, who came from the sultan's family, had a strong influence on his upbringing. He often told young Shokan ancient Kazakh legends, tales, proverbs and words of wisdom. Shokan studied at school in Kusmur until he was 12 years old and got acquainted with the teachings of the Muslim religion. Shokan learned the basics of Arabic, Persian, and Chagatai languages even while studying in a rural elementary school. According to the memories of Shokan's close relatives, he was inclined and passionate about education since childhood. Shokan was interested in historical legends from an early age. He grew up listening to the stories of wise men and poems of poets with great interest. His grandmother Ayganim, who came from the sultan's family, had a strong influence on his upbringing. He often told young Shokan ancient Kazakh legends, tales, proverbs and words of wisdom. Shokan studied at school in Kusmur until he was 12 years old and got acquainted with the teachings of the Muslim religion. Shokan learned the basics of Arabic, Persian and Chagatai languages while studying in a rural elementary school. Shokan's ancestors belong to the family of famous sultans. His great-grandfather Abylay Khan was one of the great Kazakh rulers of the 17th century. His grandfather Wali Khan was the last Kazakh khan officially approved by the royal government. Shokan's father - Chingiz Ualikhanov was an educated man. In 1834, he graduated from the Cossack military school of Siberia in Omsk, received the rank of colonel in the Russian army and held several responsible positions in the administrative apparatus of Kazakhstan: he was the senior sultan of the Kusmuryn district, the adviser of the regional administration of the Siberian Kyrgyz, the senior sultan of the Kokshetau district. For his meritorious service to Russia, he was awarded the title of nobleman as a lifetime legacy. Shokan's maternal uncles were the famous Shormanov family from Bayanaul region. Shormanov Musa was a colonel of the Russian army, a well-known Kazakh dancer, senior sultan of the Bayanaul outer district. ### Cadet Corps In 1847, 12-year-old Shokan was placed by his father to study at the Siberian Cadet Corps, which was considered the most selective educational institution at that time. This educational institution was of special importance in opening Shokan's future and his talent in the field of science and art. Although it is a closed military educational institution, in addition to military lessons, Russian and Western literature, geography and history, philosophy, physics, the basics of mathematics, foreign languages are taught here, taught by representatives of advanced Russian intellectuals. The teachers included many educated and progressive people. When Shokan first entered the cadet corps, although he did not know Russian, he quickly learned the language with his intelligence. G.N., who studied with Shokan in the corps. Potanin: "Overtaking his Russian comrades, Shokan matured quickly... Many people paid attention to him. "He was so capable and knew how to draw before entering the school." Kostyletsky, a teacher of Russian language and literature, orientalist, and Gonsevsky, a history teacher, had a strong influence on him. Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Herzen, Belinsky, etc. He was one of the most intelligent citizens of his time, who read Russian classics and works of Dickens, Thackeray, Rousseau from Western literature, and "Sovremennik" magazine without stopping. Already in the last years of studying in the Siberian cadet corps, Shokan showed that he is intelligent, deep-thinking, comprehensively educated, has his own point of view, can judge and understand the needs of his native people, and is ready to serve them in the most useful way. Thanks to his high ability and talent, under the good influence of teachers such as Kosopletsky, Toneevsky (Russian literature and language, history), he was able to read and familiarize himself with the best examples of Russian and world literature, and make scientific judgments and conclusions. His research ability was gradually formed and developed while studying in this corps. It is interesting to write down folk songs and epics of the country and collect legends, especially during summer holidays. For example, "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu song" was one of the first works written by Shokan. I.I. Berezin, an outstanding Oriental researcher, professor of St. Petersburg University, paid attention to these studies and wrote down the versions of the samples of Kazakh oral literature, "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu song" collected by Shokan. The scientist, who noticed Shokan's research ability, engaged him in the study of old writing monuments. From his first scientific works, it was clear that he would be a great scientist and researcher. His teachers and peers were particularly interested in his acquaintance with the advanced ideas of that time. "Even though he was younger than us, compared to us, he was very shy, and we were like children compared to him, even if he didn't try to express that he knew more than us or that he was superior to us in terms of knowledge, even in a simple conversation, his knowledge was superior to ours. In general, to his comrades, including me, he inevitably "opened a window to Europe" - writes G. I. Potanin. This alone shows that Shokan's reputation among his comrades is very high. Vigilant and attentive to Shokan, the art of drawing even at that time; is an excellent means of depicting people's life. He is engaged in drawing pictures of summer meadows and settlements of his native Syrymbet. Shokan calls the pictures he made in 1847-1852 "pictures he drew when he went on vacation from the corps to the country". G. N. Potanin: "When we were studying in the last courses of the cadet corps, Shokan filled my notebook with his stories. We wrote down the Kazakh tradition of building falcons and building huts. Shokan knew very well how to take care of a falcon. He would add his pictures to my post," he wrote. This alone proves that Shokan's art is versatile, that his fellow students were interested in him and treated him with special respect. Even when Shokan was studying in the cadet corps, he looked at and got acquainted with works written about the life and work of travelers with great interest. Influenced by these works, he dreamed of becoming a traveler and getting to know Central Asia. Therefore, the works written about the life of travelers became a starting point and showed the way for the future traveler. ## Service path Shokan, who graduated from the cadet corps in 1853 at the age of seventeen, was left to work in the office of the Governor General of Western Siberia. A year later, he was appointed adjutant to General Governor Gasforth, who was in charge of Western Siberia and the north-eastern regions of Kazakhstan. While performing this activity, he is actively involved in the study of the history, ethnography and geography of the peoples of Central Asia. In 1854, at the request of Kostyletsky, his teacher in the cadet corps, he fulfilled the tasks of N.I. Berezin, an outstanding orientalist, professor of Kazan University. Berezin was familiar with the version of Kazakh oral literature collected by Shokan, the song "Kozy Korpesh Bayan sulu". The young scientist carefully analyzes the works on the decree of Tokhtamys Khan and other khan decrees, published by the famous professor Berezin. This was one of his first scientific studies. Despite his youth, his knowledge, especially the knowledge of Eastern literature and history, was high even among Russian scientists of that time. begins to appreciate and recognize. Just as the world of plants requires favorable conditions for its unhindered development, the scientist distinguishes between nature and society. If the development of nature is based on physical characteristics, in society they are different, that is, social characteristics In 1855, Orynbor, together with the governor-general of Western Siberia, came back to Almaty through Semey, Ayagoz, and back. collects samples of Kyrgyz oral literature, materials of history and ethnography. On the basis of these materials, he later writes the works "Tangiri (god)", "Remains of shamanism in Kazakhs". After that trip, his military position was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In 1856, Colonel M.M. He participated in the Issykkol military-scientific expedition led by Khomentovsky and thoroughly explored the Kyrgyz country. He collects information about the history and ethnography of the Kyrgyz and Great Hundred Kazakhs, writes down versions of oral literature. For the first time among the scientists of the world, the poem "The Tale of Koketai Khan", the most important part of the "Manas" epic, is recorded. "Manas is a product of folk wisdom, an encyclopedic collection of all folk tales, stories and legends, geography, religion, customs and traditions - Iliad of the field." K. Ritter, A. Humboldt, orientalist Scientists criticize the works of Schott and Klaprot. After that, he visited the city of Kulja and wrote researches about the past and present of East Turkestan. about the types of poetry", "The Diary of the Issykkol", "The Western Region and the City of Kulja". Shokan describes the country's life with skill. This is why his Russian friends called him "a Russian writer on the subject of history". , whose fame in the field of geography has reached St. Petersburg scientists, elects Shokan, who is just over twenty years old, as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. A young scientist with excellent education actively participated in various scientific expeditions. He dreamed about this when he was studying in Omsk. Russian researchers were also very interested in Shokan, who knew well the Kazakh steppe and the territory of neighboring countries, the history and conditions of the peoples there, and needed his help. In 1855, Shokan was appointed by the Governor-General of Western Siberia G.H. Participates in Gasfort's trip to Central Kazakhstan, Tarbagatai and Zhetysu region. During this trip, he got acquainted with the life of ordinary people and wrote down historical legends and poems of the Kyrgyz people. Sh. Ualikhanov in 1856, a prominent scientist, well-known geographer P.S. He got acquainted with Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. He sincerely admired the talent of the young Kazakh scientist. In 1857, P.S. With the recommendation of Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Sh. Ualikhanov was accepted as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. His visit to East Kazakhstan and Zhetysu, Kyrgyzstan increased Shokan's fame as a scientist. In 1857, Shokan traveled to Alatau Kyrgyz and studied its history, ethnography and folk poetry. He recorded the encyclopedic epic of the Kyrgyz people "Manas". In 1858-1859, Shokan went on the famous trip to Kashgaria. Before Shokan, not a single researcher had the chance to return to that region. German scientist R. Schlagingweit's journey to a region completely closed to Europeans ended tragically, and he was brutally executed. Shokan risked his life in a very difficult secret situation and collected very valuable data about the history, ethnography, culture and geology, geographical situation of the Kashgaria region, which was completely unknown before. Based on this, he wrote the famous work "On the condition of six eastern cities of Altyshar or Nan-JIy province (Little Bukhara) of China". The work was highly appreciated by orientalists both in Russia and abroad. The royal government highly appreciated the scientific feat of the young scientist. In 1860, in St. Petersburg, he was awarded an order and was promoted to a military rank. It was accepted by the Russian Tsar Alexander II. During this meeting, Shokan boldly conveyed his request to the king that the Russian officials should treat the Kazakh people well. During his stay in St. Petersburg (1859-1861), Shokan Ualikhanov worked in various military and scientific institutions. It has become a real god of worship for Russian orientalists and diplomats, writers and poets. Shokan worked tirelessly to create maps of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and East Turkestan. He also continued to carefully study the manuscripts of Eastern countries. He was invited by the Russian Geographical Society to give lectures on the history of the East. However, the wet weather of Petersburg did not suit his health. Due to the deterioration of his health, he had to return to his homeland. He went to Ombi and took part in measures to reorganize local management in the field. His main thoughts are presented in "On Muslimism in Kyrgyzstan", "On Migration of Kyrgyz", "Notes on Judicial Reform". In 1864, Shokan took part in the military expedition of General Chernyaev to South Kazakhstan. But his military service did not last long, due to the general's excessive cruelty to the local population, he voluntarily left the army. ### The saga of Manas ### Visit to Kashgaria Shokan's visit to Kashgaria in 1858-1859 was a way for his work in the field of science and education to rise to a new level. opened. At that time, Kashgaria was an unexplored territory of Russia. Shokan, who secretly visited Kashgaria as a merchant, studied the economic and political structure of the region and collected a lot of materials from its history and ethnography. From his trip to Kashkaria, the work entitled "Altyshahar, i.e., six cities in the east of the Nanlu region of China" was born. This was the first research work in the world, dedicated to the history and social structure of the peoples of East Turkestan, written at the high level of the science of that time. After his visit to Kashgaria, he arrived in St. Petersburg at the special invitation of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and stayed there for about a year, engaged in scientific work. However, due to tuberculosis, he returned from Petersburg to the country, to Syrymbet. Seeing that his native people were oppressed in two-sided exploitation, he tried to become the senior sultan of Atbasar district in the elections of 1862. "I wanted to become an elder sultan to benefit my countrymen. I wanted to protect them from officials and rich Kazakhs. The first thing I wanted to do was to show my compatriots, through my own example, that the older Sultan I read was useful," he wrote about this to his friend Dostoevsky. But he cannot fulfill this goal. Although Shokan won with more votes than his opponent, the governor-general, fearing that his influence and reputation among the people would be great, did not confirm him to the senior sultanate under the false pretext that he "relinquished his position due to his campaign". In March 1864, Shokan joins the Aulieta campaign at the invitation of Colonel Chernyaev. He took part in this campaign aimed at subjugating South Kazakhstan and Central Asia of the Russian Empire to Russia, a translator, he participated in making peace agreements with the local people, he was upset and later returned when he saw the cruelty of Colonel Chernyaev to the people of the city during the capture of Aulieta (now Taraz). Then he came to the city of Verny (now Almaty) and then settled in the village of Tezek (former Taldykorgan region, Kurenbel meadow in summer, Altynemel pass in winter). Then he marries Tezek's cousin Aysary. Meanwhile, the old lung disease flared up again, and Shokan died in April 1865. His remains are buried in Kushentogan, on the slopes of Altynemel Mountain. ### Field of local studies He traveled to the Ulytau-Zhezkazgan region and described architectural monuments such as Alasha Khan's mausoleum, Zhuban Ana mausoleum, Aqaqamyr dome. Er Edige, Koylybai baksy, Baigozy, Zhaulybai and Orazymbet (Orazai) left valuable historical data about heroes. ### Shokan and Dostoevsky ### Shokan and Abai In the worldview and creative direction of Shokan and Abai, great Kazakh intellectuals, history and understanding and analysis of contemporary issues, especially in the attempt to learn and develop cultural heritage, to create it for the spiritual needs of the country, there is a lot of harmony. This is the wealth of stories, sagas, legends, epics, and ghazals in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages, which spread from the Far East countries, from the rich examples of Abay and Shokan's oral literature from a young age, from receiving an indelible education, from listening to the witty words of some orators and poets. It can be seen from the fact that he studied independently and enriched his knowledge, as well as from his deep familiarity with Russian and European books, including their folklore versions. While Shokan considered folk literature to be the most valuable monuments of historical knowledge, Abai considered literary wealth to be a means of teaching and educating the people to perfect humane ways, showing virtues as morals, and exposing evil and ignorance. Aiming at this goal, Abai used in his works a number of proverbs, proverbs, regular expressions that were formed in oral literature. Abai's use of traditional yukas and syllabic measures in folk songs, folklore genres such as dedication, mourning, lamentation, and consolation shows this. Based on fables from Eastern folklore, he created great works such as "Iskender", "Masgut", "Azim's story" also proves that the poet has mastered the spiritual treasures of the peoples of the world. Shokan and Abai's thoughts about Kazakh history were born from the need to digest the experience of the past and find a way for a reliable future of the people. Like Shokan, Abay was well acquainted with the historical chronicles of the East and the West, although one of them evaluated historical phenomena as a scientist and the other as an artist, he was interested in the ideals of spreading the lessons of the past, ridding the people of the fog of darkness that had been suffocating for centuries, and putting them on the path of civilization. thoughts are very consistent. If Shokan in his historical-ethnographic and folklore works showed that the way to beautify the Kazakh people is to improve the educational system, this animal became the actual fruit of Abai's works. When talking about the genetic, cultural unity and historical destiny of the Turkish people, great thinkers speak the same voice. All this can be considered as phenomena caused by the succession of historical and social needs and rewards of the era in which Shokan and Abai lived. The heritage left by the figures who shined on the horizon of the society during the time when the Kazakh people lost their independence and became subordinate to Russia, is among the world's most advanced monuments of the 19th century in terms of the breadth of the topic, the depth of analysis, and the height of their thoughts \< > ## Shokan Valikhanov's works Russian scientists have done a great job in collecting and publishing Shokan's works. Academician Nikolay Ivanovich Veselovsky wrote in the preface to Shokan's works published by the Russian Geographical Society: "When Shokan Valikhanov appeared like a comet in the world of Oriental studies, Russian Orientalists recognized him as a special phenomenon and had great significance for the fate of the Turkic people. He was expecting to discover great news. But Shokan's untimely death broke our hopes!" wrote. But in his short life, he managed to prove the amazing possibilities of human ability, the height of humanism, the unwavering example of patriotism, the amazing character of scientific ability and bravery with all his being and concrete actions. One of the legacies left by Shokan are works of fine art. They prove that Shokan was the first professional Kazakh artist in this field of art. The scientist was mainly engaged in depicting portraits, landscapes and people's lifestyle. About 150 pictures remain. ### The imprint he left in psychology Shokan's works contain data of various nature related to psychological issues. Among these issues, the one that was discussed more than other issues was the issue of the national consciousness of our people, including its own psychological characteristics. It is known that in the works of chauvinist Russian scientists who studied the history and ethnography of Kazakhstan before the October revolution, the culture of our people with a history of tens of centuries was abused, and even our national psychology was smeared with soot, and it was called a second-class people. It is completely wrong to zealously defend the national honor of the native people and to consider the Kazakh people as "another people" in such a negative situation. This is a word uttered out of ignorance. , is a people with a rich spiritual world, striving for progress, and prone to innovation. It is not like an Eastern epic, but an Indo-Germanic epic," he concluded, and he compares the spiritual wealth of Kazakhs with the rich civilization of large countries. Shokan assessed the ability of Kazakh poets to sing well as one of their main features. According to Shokan Ualikhanov, One of the signs of the people's psychology is the richness of the language, the art of speech, and he considered the art of speech to be a sign of the great talent and poetic power of the people, he wrote will also be more visible. Reverence for the past and abundance of legends is a special characteristic of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia. The Kazakh language does not have artificial coloring words like the Arabic language, it is a truly pure language. Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish intellectuals who visited our vast country also add to these opinions of the learned scientist. Another channel of Shokan's psychological opinions is interwoven with his concerns about religion. The learned scientist says that the imagination and religious beliefs of the first man appeared as an image of his direct relationship with nature. When Shokan explained the origin of shamanic concepts in the Kazakh people and revealed their psychological aspects, Shokan firmly held a materialist position. Shokan chose various aspects of the customs of his native people, criticized some negative customs among the Kazakhs, looked into their psychological underpinnings, and considered these to be syphilitics that keep the Kazakh community from progressing. For example, he emphasized that one of the culprits is hostage-taking, which many people mistakenly believe is the easiest way to get rich and collect livestock. A person who is engaged in such a "profession" has no motivation to work, his soul and body are sterile and ugly. He rightly concluded that doing a certain profession requires time and great enthusiasm. In this way, he called on young people to stay away from dirty professions, saying that this disgusting quality pushes people to dishonesty and laziness, and emphasized that this bad habit will ultimately hinder the development of various professions in the Kazakh steppe. ## named after Shokan Ualikhanov * Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Institute of History and Ethnography named after Sh.Sh. Ualikhanov ## Bibliography \< > * Shokan Ualikhanov - orientalist, R.B. Suleymenov, V.A. Moiseev, "Gylym" publishing house, Almaty, 1985 * F.M. Dostoevsky and Chokan Valikhanov - Auezov M.O., Moscow, 1960 * Shokan (Muhammad-Khanafia) Life and work of Chingisuly Valikhanov ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4577

Berik Mazhituly Imashev

Berik Mazhituly Imashev (June 7, 1960, Almaty) is the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Short biography * 1982 Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Mykhailo Lomonosov Moscow State University. * After graduating from the university, an investigator of the district prosecutor's office * An investigator for important cases at the Prosecutor's Office of the Kazakh SSR * District prosecutor * Head of the department of the General Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan * He served as the first deputy prosecutor of the city of Almaty . * 1994-1997 Deputy Chairman of the Board of Joint-Stock Bank "Kazkommertsbank" * Deputy Chairman of the State Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan on State Property Management * Head of the Tax Police Department - Deputy Chairman of the State Tax Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1997 May — 1998 head of a private law firm between April. * 1998-1999 Assistant to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Chairman of the Small Business Support Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1999-2000 Chairman of the Agency for Regulation of Natural Monopolies, Protection of Competition and Small Business Support of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2001-2003 President of JSC "Nefteconsulting". * 2003-2005 Deputy Secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2005 From May to October, he served as the Chairman of the Board of "Small Business Development Fund" JSC. * 2005 from October 2007 worked as the Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan until January. * January 12, 2007 - Secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * From February to August 2008 - Assistant to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan * From March 20, 2012 - Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Military rank Military rank is colonel. ## Family * Married. Wife - Adaybekova Laila Mukhanbetovna. * Daughters - Aida (born in 1984), Adiya (born in 1999); * son - Alzhan (born in 1987). ## Awards * Order of "Honor" (2005) * Yu. "Detective and Politics" prize of the Semenov International Fund (1990) * awarded with two medals. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5977

Azoy

Hades (Azoi, Katarhei, Priscoi) is an informal name for an aeon in Earth's history. Hadean extends from the time of the creation of the Earth to the beginning of the Archaean. ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5367

Tatarstan

The Republic of Tatarstan (Tat. Tatarstan Җumhuriyate / Tatarstan Cömhüriäte; Russian. Republic of Tatarstan) is a subject of the Russian Federation. The area is 67836.2 square kilometers (km²). The population is 3768.5 thousand people (according to the data of 2005), 74.5% (2005) live in the city. Population density: 55.4 people/km (2005). Most of the people are Tatars (52.92%) and Russians (39.49%). The republic consists of 43 districts, 20 cities (14 of which belong to the republic), 21 city-like settlements, 897 village councils. The center is the city of Kazan. ## Etymology ## History The land of Tatarstan has been settled by humanity since the Paleolithic era. It was part of the Turkish Khaganate in the early Middle Ages. In the 9th-10th centuries, a part of the Bulgars moved to the middle reaches of the Volga River, where they established a state called Volga Bulgaria. It later became part of the Golden Horde as a result of Batu's campaign to Russia and Eastern Europe. In the first half of the 15th century, the Khanate of Kazan arose on the territory of Tatarstan. After the invasion of the Russian Empire in 1545–52, the Khanate of Kazan was subordinated to Russia. Kazan province was established in 1708. The colonial policy of tsarist Russia had serious consequences for the people of Tatarstan. The policy of Russification and baptism gained momentum here. In order to awaken the consciousness of the people, Tatar intellectuals tried to implement educational activities. The work of prominent educators such as Kayum Nasiri and Marjani gained its own importance. The "Muhammadiya" madrasa in Kazan has become the most popular educational institution among the Turkic-Muslim community in Russia. In the 19th century, the publishing industry developed in Kazan, publishing books in the Tatar, Bashkir and Kazakh languages spread its wings. During the liberation movement in Russia at the beginning of the 20th century, figures such as Y. Akchur, S. Maksud, A. Ibrahim were active in protecting the interests of not only the Tatars, but all Turko-Muslim peoples under colonial oppression. In the political climate after the February Revolution of 1917, a step was taken to establish national-cultural autonomy in Tatarstan, and the Parliament of this structure, Millet Majlis (National Assembly), and the highest executive body, Milli Idare (National Board), were established. However, the establishment of the Soviet government prevented the establishment of national-cultural autonomy. After the establishment of Soviet power in the region, representatives of the Tatar and Bashkir intelligentsia raised the idea of creating the Ural-Edel state within the RKFSR on March 1, 1918. It was intended to declare Kazan and Ufa gubernias as a national autonomy of the Tatar-Bashkurt people, which included the entire provinces of Vyatka, Orynbor, Perm, Samara, and Simbirsk. But the local Bolshevik authorities openly opposed this proposal. On August 26, 1918, the Tatar AKSR was established within the RKFSR according to the decree of the Central Committee of the People's Republic of Kazakhstan and the RKFSR. Later, he became the founder of the Soviet Union together with the republics of Ukraine, Belarus and Russia. But it is autonomous in Central Asia. Tatarstan remained autonomous when the republics acquired the status of union republics. During the Soviet Union, the economy of Tatarstan made great strides, but the development of the spiritual sphere, national language and culture was neglected. The Tatar people, like other Turko-Muslim peoples, experienced two changes of the alphabet. The national intelligentsia experienced Stalinist repression. M. National intellectuals like Sultangaliyev became victims of the totalitarian regime. In 1988, the Tatar public center started a movement towards independence. This event took a mass character and the public of the republic massively supported the idea of national independence. On August 30, 1990, the session of the Supreme Council of Tatarstan announced the declaration of state sovereignty of Tatarstan. In the spring and summer of 1991, during the development of the union contract in Novo-Ogoreva, Tatarstan systematically defended the interests of the autonomies and achieved their recognition as an independent subject of the Union Federation. On June 12, 1991, the president of Tatarstan was elected. The first president of Tatarstan was M. Shaimiev. On the basis of the referendum held on March 21, 1992, the state status of Tatarstan was determined. The Constitution of Tatarstan was adopted on November 6 this year. Tatarstan is an industrial-agrarian country. 50% of the economic structure is industry, 15% a. of sh, 10% for construction, 25% for communication and transport, etc. will contribute. The leading branches of industry are engineering, oil and gas production, processing and petrochemicals. Crimean enterprises - "KamAZ" Truck and Automobile Co., Ltd., Nizhnekamsk Petrochemical Complex, "Nizhnekamskshina", Kazan Aviation. industrial union, "Tatmunay" union. Agriculture is mainly specialized in animal husbandry producing meat and milk. At the same time, animal breeding, sowing of garden crops, poultry and bees etc. well developed. Culture of Tatarstan was formed in the channel of traditional national culture. The writing culture dates back to ancient times. The oldest examples are the saga "Zyusip - Zilikha" (13th century) and the song "Kesikbas" ("Kisekbash"), the author of which is unknown, and the didactic "Testament to the Sufis". composition, etc. In the late Middle Ages, Maulya Kuli (2nd half of the 17th century), Utyz Imayyn (1754–1834), Shamsetdin Zaki (1825–65), etc., were written in Tatar literature. Sufi didactic. representatives of the movement left many works. Abunasyr Kursavi (1776–1902), Marjani (1813–1889), Kayum Nasyri (1825–1902), who followed an enlightened direction in the literature of the 19th century, formed the basis of the modern literary language of Tatar with their literary and scientific works. Gabdolla Tokai (1886–1913), Galymzhan Ibragimov (1887–1938), Majit Ghafuri (1880–1934), etc. the breath of the era in his works, the historical world at the beginning of the country. the situation was depicted realistically. The collection of poems by Musa Jalel (1906-1944) called "The Moabite Notebook" was appreciated as a spiritual banner of the human race against fascism and became famous all over the world. Currently, Tatarstan has 12 professional theaters, philharmonic, meml. symphony. orchestra, more than 300 museums, book fund 28 mln. the libraries that make up the volume work. Among the historical and architectural monuments, the Kazan Kremlin, built in the 16th-19th centuries, stands out. In Tatarstan, there is a union of writers, journalists, composers, cinematographers, and architects. there are organizations. The Foundation for Support and Development of Culture was established under the President of Tatarstan. Also, "Bulgar" fund, etc. public organizations are engaged in preservation of cultural heritage. More than 1,000 monuments of ancient culture. taken care of. A special catalog of monuments in the Republic within the framework of the "Heritage" program - "Republic of Tatarstan: monuments of history and culture", "Monuments of the Tatar people of the 18th-early 20th centuries" collection, etc. definitions were published. 6 nature reserves: Kremlin, Bulgar, Yelabuj, Bilyar, etc. Museums are under the special patronage of the state. The number of folklore ensembles has increased in the republic, and traditional national holidays such as Sabantui, Nardgun, Nauryz, and "Kaz Nazni" have been redeveloped. ## Geography ## Administrative division According to Part III of the Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan, its territory includes administrative-territorial units: 43 districts, 14 republic important city. Within the framework of the municipal structure of the republic, 956 municipal structures were created within the borders of the administrative-territorial unit of Tatarstan: * 2 urban districts * 43 municipal districts, 39 urban settlements, 872 rural settlements * 39 urban settlements \ <> * 872 rural settlements ## Population ## State structure ### Constitution Basic Law of the Republic - Constitution of the Republic of Tatarstan adopted on November 30, 1992. According to the constitution, Tatarstan is a democratic legal state. In case of conflict between the federal law issued for the subjects of the jurisdiction of the Republic of Tatarstan and the normative legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan, the normative legal act of the Republic of Tatarstan shall apply. ### President The highest official in the Republic of Tatarstan is the President of Tatarstan. On June 12, 1991, Mintimer Sharipul Shaimiev became the first President of the Republic of Tatarstan. On March 25, 2005, on the proposal of the President of the Russian Federation, the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan gave him the authority of the President of the Republic of Tatarstan for a new term. On January 22, 2010, Shaimiev asked the President of the Russian Federation, Dmitry Medvedev, not to consider his candidacy for a new presidential term after March 25, 2010. On March 25, 2010, Rustem Minnikhanov took office as the President of the Republic of Tatarstan, and Shaimiev was appointed State Counselor of the Republic of Tatarstan. ### Legislative body unicameral state council (parliament) consisting of 100 deputies is the supreme representative, legislative and control body of state power. On March 26, 2004, Farid Mukhametshin was elected the chairman of the State Council of the Republic of Tatarstan. ### Executive body ## President * Mintimer Sharipuly Shaimiev - June 12, 1991 - March 25, 2010 * Rustem Nurgaliuly Minnikhanov - March 25, 2010 ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4604

Храпунов

Khrapunov, Viktor Vyacheslavovich — ## Short biography Born on October 24, 1948 in the village of Predgornoe, Glubokoe district, East Kazakhstan region. 1970 — Ustkemen industrial technical school (technician — heating technician). 1977 — Almaty Energy Institute (electrical engineer). Graduated from the Almaty Higher Party School, majoring in political science. Doctor of economic sciences. He started his career as an on-duty fitter, repair fitter, master at the Almaty Thermal Power Center. Senior engineer-technologist of the production and technical department of the Almaty Thermal Power Center, deputy head of the boiler shop for equipment repair, head of the pipe shop, Minister of Energy and Coal Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Minister of Energy and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 1997 2004 worked as akim of Almaty until December. 2004 Akim of East Kazakhstan region since December. 2007 Minister of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan since January. 2007 On November 1, Viktor Vyacheslavovich Khrapunov was dismissed from the position of the Minister of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the decree of the head of state on the recommendation of the Prime Minister Karim Masimov due to the shortcomings in the land organization. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6540

Сүндеттеу

Circumcision, Circumcision (Arabic: ختان‎ - circumcision) is called "circumcision" (lat. Circumcisio - round cut) in medical science. Circumcision is a rite performed in Islam by cutting a part of the skin on the genitals of a male child. At first, circumcision was a custom of the Arab people. Although the issue of circumcision is not mentioned in the Qur'an, it is mentioned in ancient Arabic poetry and hadiths. Circumcision has gained special importance in Muslim nations because it was the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him). In Mecca, boys were circumcised at the age of 3-7. This ritual is called "tahar". A party is held in honor of the child to be circumcised, the child is dressed in the most beautiful clothes and taken for a ride on a horse. In Egypt, boys are circumcised at the age of 5-6. The circumciser is especially respected. If in the Kazakh people circumcision was performed by the householders, now it is mostly performed by medical workers. After the boy is circumcised, he is given hospitality to the neighbors and the Koran is taught. ## History If we look at its history, B.C. 2500 BC we see that it was widely used in ancient Egypt. The image of a circumcised pharaoh and papyrus images showing the circumcision ceremony of two grown-up children are evidence of this, preserved in the Cairo Museum. Even in many African countries, it has become a symbol of the child's coming of age. ## Methods of circumcision Just as the tools have changed over thousands of years, the methods of circumcision have also changed with time. The most basic methods of circumcision are: * Free hand method: surgeons anesthetize with novocaine, circumcise with a special instrument, suture the roots. This can also be called the "classical method". * Traditional method: a method by religious experts to cut with a sharp razor and pour clean ash into the wound upside down. This is an ancient form of circumcision. * Using a special tool; Since the intervention of medical professionals in circumcision, special instruments such as "Gomco Clamp" and "PlastiBell" (bell) have been invented. However, these clips, which are worn on the child for a week, tied at the ends, and ensure that the skin falls off on its own, are not considered very effective. In addition, there are other methods of circumcision that are performed without cosmetic effect using an electric tool. ## Frame and test Today, one sixth of men worldwide are circumcised. According to recent statistics, especially in North America, ninety percent of young children are circumcised for preventive and hygienic purposes. Aside from Muslims, who make up 1.5 billion of the world's population, circumcision has become a normal practice in a number of countries such as Canada, Australia, New Zealand, and England. In these English-speaking countries, which began to pay attention to circumcision in the Victorian period, in the 20th century. the first half features circumcision supporters as well as opponents like David Gollaher. According to the opinions of the opponents: circumcision is a religious duty unique to Muslims and Jews, it has nothing to do with representatives of other religions. It was used in hot areas where hygiene is difficult to maintain. There is no need for it when the possibilities of maintaining hygiene are as high as today. It curbs cravings. It hurts the child In 1989, the American Academy of Pediatrics officially announced the discovery of a painless and safe drug for newborns. Today, children's hospital medical center of Washington (Children's Hospital Medical Center) uses pain-relieving anesthesia during all surgeries performed on newborns under the supervision of parents. Also, in 1999, this pediatric academy, in addition to announcing that circumcision is medically useful, found it appropriate for parents to decide whether or not to circumcise a child. In addition, he warned that it is necessary to take into account the religious, cultural and aesthetic views of circumcision. In a 2000 report, the American Medical Association (AMA) stated that circumcision protects the urinary bladder from rare, infectious, and malignant diseases. American Academy of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (American Academy of Obstetricians and Gynecologists ACOG) also approved the statements of the Pediatric Academy and the Medical Association and announced that there is no medical reason to treat circumcision as an old-fashioned waste. Many medical studies have proven that circumcision has the following benefits: * Circumcised men are less likely to develop genital cancer (cancer) than uncircumcised men; * Uncircumcised women are six times more likely to develop cervical cancer; * The risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases is eight times higher in those who are not circumcised; Research scientists have provided interesting evidence for this. For example, in countries like Kenya and Zambia, where only ten or thirty percent of children are circumcised, sexually transmitted diseases make up a quarter of the local population. And in African countries, such as Benin and Cameroon, where almost every child is circumcised, the incidence of infectious diseases did not exceed six percent. Austrian research scientists made a big discovery. They proved that "the vast majority of men with AIDS are uncircumcised." After all, the AIDS virus first seems to damage the tip of the penis. If that point receives microdamage, the risk of inflammation is very fast. * Sexologists also recognize the need for circumcision; * From the point of view of hygiene, it is very important to perform circumcision from the point of view of being free from bacteriological, staphylococcal (purulent microbe), gonorrhea (genital venereal disease) germs. In addition, it plays a major role in preventing smegma (protective white granules) from becoming inflamed and ulcerated. * Circumcision prevents phimosis (shriveling of the penis), paraphimosis, balanitis, balanoposthitis. ## In world cultures ### In Jews In ancient times, after performing the morning prayer, Jews used to go to the synagogue for circumcision. This day is a particularly joyful synagogue holiday for them. It can also be seen in his literature. Later, this tradition was performed in private homes with the participation of ten representatives of the Israelite community, and only the presence of the rabbi was considered sufficient. ### For Muslims Circumcision is very important in Islam. After all, it belongs to the Ummah to repeat the work of our Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), that is, to practice the Sunnah. The proof is the hadith of the Prophet narrated by Abu Huraira. In the hadith, the following five things are mentioned as the natural needs of human beings: circumcision, trimming the mustache, keeping the armpits and pubic area free from hair, and trimming the nails. Kazakhs The Kazakh people introduced Islam to their religion before their language. For example, the head of the family considered it his duty to circumcise his son when he was seven years old. After the birth of a child, the big party after the "childekhana" and the "cradle party" is the "circumcision party". Wealthy people used to fight horses, wrestlers and make big plans. ## Kazakh traditions performed at the Sundet wedding ### Designating the date of the Sundet wedding According to established traditions, our ancestors married their male children at five , is circumcised at the age of seven or nine. An auspicious day for the circumcision ceremony is set in advance. ### Invitation of guests to the wedding A special feature unique to the Sundet wedding is that the child himself invites the guests to the wedding. A young boy dressed in a colorful tarlanboz and a circumcised boy with his tail knotted and riding on a horse invite the crowd to the wedding. From the basket filled with bagels and sweets, the owner of the house, on horseback, eats it, tears the colorful cloth and ties it to the mane of the chariot on which the child is riding. ### Circumcision of a child on Wednesday On the lucky day of Wednesday, a child is circumcised. People who came to the wedding "May your circumcision be accepted!" and fruits and sweets are filled around the child.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6150

Перу

Peru (Is. Perú, Cech. Piruw, district Piruw), the official name is the Republic of Peru (Is. República del Perú [reˈpuβlika ðel peˈɾu], Cech. Piruw Mama Llaqta [piˈruw ˈmama ˈʎaχta], district Piruw Suyu [piˈruw ˈsuju ]) is a country located in the western part of the South American continent. The land area is 1.28 million. km², the capital is the city of Lima. The population is about 33.3 million (2021), 50% are Peruvians (Spanish-speaking mestizos, creoles), 49% are Indians, and 1% are Japanese and Americans. Spanish and Quechua and Aymara languages of the indigenous Indians are used in the official language report. 90% of the population are Catholics. The head of state is the president, the head of government is the chairman of the Council of Ministers. The supreme legislative body is a unicameral democratic congress. National holiday - Independence Day - July 28 (1821). Administrator. 24 departments and 1 constitution. divided into provinces. The currency is the new sol. Peru is a member of the UN (1945), the Organization of American States (1948). ## Geography The nature of Peru is diverse. Along the coast of the Pacific Ocean stretches a narrow, desert plain - the coast. In the east, there is a selva in the plain belonging to the Amazon River basin. In the center of Peru is the sierra, a high and rocky part of the Andes, which consists of the main mountain ranges - Western, Central and Eastern Cordillera. The highest point is Mount Huascaran (6768 m). There are also volcanoes in the south of the country, the highest of which is Misti (5822 m). The largest river is the Amazon (with tributaries such as Marañon, Putumayo, Ucayali). Climatic conditions are of three types. The average annual temperature in the plains is 24 — 27C, the amount of precipitation. It reaches up to 3000 mm. Most of the rain falls between December and May. Tropical on the eastern slopes of the Andes. forests grow. Tree-like sedges, giant bamboos, lichen bushes, mosses and orchids can be found here, reaching a height of 10-14 m. Selva is covered by a moist, endless equatorial forest with more than 20,000 species of plants. Animals include llamas, jaguars, monkeys, and many types of birds. The anaconda, the largest snake on Earth, is also found in the Selva. There are a lot of mineral resources such as copper, gold, oil, silver, and iron deposits in the subsoil. ## History The earliest evidence of human presence on Peruvian soil dates back to BC. It was written in the 9th century. Andean societies were based on agriculture, using techniques such as irrigation and terracing; camel farming and fishing were important. Organization was based on reciprocity and redistribution because these societies had no concept of markets or money. The oldest known complex in Peru, the North Chico Civilization, c. It developed along the coast of the Pacific Ocean between 3000 and 800 years ago. In these early periods, there were archaeological cultures that appeared all around the coasts and Andean regions of Peru. Along the Pacific coast of Peru, the Quiniscan culture, which flourished between 1000 and 200 AD, was modeled after the earlier Incan culture. The territory of Peru is known as the center of the Inca civilization. In 1532-36, the Spanish conquistadors conquered the Inca Empire. In 1543, the Viceroyalty of Peru was established, uniting all the Spanish colonies in South America. In 1821, the independence of the country was declared as a result of the national liberation movement. In 1825, Bolivia (Upper Peru) separated from the country. In the War of the Pacific (1879-83), Peru fought against Bolivia and Chile and lost part of the territory rich in saltpeter deposits. In the 20th century, Peru became one of the regions dependent on US capital. The life of the people worsened and several military coups took place. In 1985, free elections were held for the first time in the country's history. A. Fujimori, the son of a Japanese immigrant, who was elected president in 1990, introduced strict austerity measures in the country, and in 1992 he dissolved the parliament and temporarily suspended the operation of the constitution. ### Liberation and colonization period Atahualpa (also Atahuallpa), the last Sapa Inca emperor, died in a civil war with his father Inca Huáscar Capac and his older brother Huáscar win and do it. In December 1532, a party of conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro defeated and captured the Inca emperor Atahualpa at the Battle of Cajamarca. The Spanish conquest of the Inca Empire was one of the most important campaigns in the Spanish colonization of the Americas. After years of preliminary exploration and military conflict, it was a struggle for decades, but the Spanish won, and the capital in Lima, Peru, King of the City. The conquest of the Inca Empire led to expeditions to the Amazon basin, in all universality, as was the case with the Spanish forces to stop American resistance. When the Spanish destroyed the Neo-Inca state in Vilcabamba in 1572, the last Inca resistance was suppressed. ## Economy Peru is an agricultural country with a developed mining and fishing industry. Main agricultural crops: cotton, sugar cane, coffee, cocoa, rice, potatoes, corn. 35% of the working population works in agriculture. Important industries are oil, lead, zinc, silver (Peru is the 3rd largest producer of silver in the world), copper mining, automobile and shipbuilding. Exports copper, zinc, gold, fish products. Machinery and equipment, mineral resources are the basis of import. National income per capita. It is equal to 4390 USD. Main trade partners: USA, Argentina, Colombia, Brazil, Japan. ## Peruvians (proper name - peruano) are the main population of the state of Peru. Lives in USA, Spain, Germany, as well as Latin American countries. The total number is 12.5 million. Man (2003). Speaks Spanish and Quechua. Most follow the Catholic religion, and a few follow traditional religious beliefs. Ethnicity of the Peruvians. It was founded by the association of Quechua tribes ruled by the Incas. After the conquest by the Spanish colonists in 1532-36, Peruvians were divided into inter-ethnic groups such as Spanish, Creole (descendants of the Spanish), Spanish-Indian mestizos and Indians. In the 16th and 17th centuries, the number of Indians decreased sharply due to the colonial policy. In the 19th century, Peruvians gradually began to form a nation. Some scholars refer only to the Spanish-speaking population of Peru as Peruvians. In the traditional culture of Eur. influence prevails. They build their shelters from clay bricks and cover the roof with corn stalks. People living on the sea coast build their houses from burnt bricks. Indians still wear national clothes such as ponchos and jackets. Food is mainly made from corn and potatoes. Add llama, lamb and beef to it. Favorite drinks are corn pisco and chicha (a type of beer). Indian and Spanish traditions are preserved in handicrafts. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7357

Құқық

Law (eng. 1. law (science); 2. right) is a set of rules of order (norms) established by the state and protected by its power, regulating public relations in general. There are several definitions of law, but the content is the same. The main elements of the content of the right: - protecting and fulfilling the interests and goals of society and people; - regulating and managing relations; - economic, political, social, cultural, etc., without bringing the society into crisis. b. developing and strengthening the direction; - regulating and managing the powers and relationships of state bodies, organizations. There are two different concepts of law: * the first is the objective concept of law, the formation of new relations according to the objective development of society; * the second is the timely adoption and approval of regulatory acts that regulate and manage relations formed objectively by the subjective understanding of law. The regulatory function of the law is to determine the connection, ways of implementation, directions of public relations by means of normative acts. The function of protection of law is to strengthen the influence and impact of regulatory acts on relations in society, to prohibit bad relations. As mentioned above, law is a set of norms that are binding on everyone, provided by the state, and regulate public relations. It can be said that a legal norm is a cell of law, an example of good development of social relations. It determines the scope of human affairs, work, order, regulates and controls their freedom and communication. ## The right of veto The right of veto (English right of veto) is the subjective right of the head of state (monarch or president) to refuse to sign or implement a law adopted by the parliament. ## State ownership right State ownership right (eng. right of state ownership) - State ownership appears in the form of republican and communal ownership. Republican property consists of the state treasury and property assigned to state republican legal entities in accordance with legislative acts. Communal property consists of local treasury and property assigned to communal legal entities in accordance with legal documents. ## Land use right Land use right (eng. land right) - a person's state-owned land plot for an unlimited period of time (permanent land use) on a compensatory and (or) non-compensatory basis or right of possession and use within a certain period (temporary land use). ## Exclusive right Exclusive right (eng. exclusive right; prerogative) - the right of the author or the owner of related rights to use a work, performance, performance, phonogram, broadcast or cable broadcasting organizations the property right to use in any way at one's discretion within the period established by law. If the property is taken illegally, the offender will be prosecuted within the law. ## The right to a suitable environment The right to a suitable environment is one of the basic human constitutional rights belonging to the group of environmental rights. This right is considered to belong to the enjas "generation". It is confirmed and supplemented by other environmental rights: the right to receive truthful information about the state of the environment and the right to compensation for damage to human health and property caused by environmental violations. ## Right to life Right to life (eng. right for life) is one of the basic human rights protected by international law and the constitution of many democratic countries. The content of the right to life is multifaceted and differs from country to country (due to different regimes of punishment). In a number of modern constitutions, the right to life is clarified by defining the range of crimes for which the death penalty can be imposed by law, as well as specifying the groups of people to whom capital punishment is not applicable. ## Right to privacy Right for privacy , diaries, memories, notes, the right to keep secrets of inner life, adoption, birth secrets, medical secrets, lawyer secrets, bank deposits secrets. Personal information can be disclosed only in the cases established by legal documents. It is allowed to publish diaries, notes, memories and other documents - with the consent of their author, and to publish letters only with the consent of their author and communicator. In the event of the death of one of them, these documents may be published with the consent of the spouse and children of the deceased ## Rights of married citizens Rights of married citizens (eng. rights of getting married couple) - Marriage and family, mother, father, child are under the protection of the state. Prohibition of any forms of restriction of the rights of citizens during marriage and on the basis of family national language and religious characteristics. The rights of citizens in marriage and family relations may be limited only to the extent necessary to protect the health, morals, rights and legal interests of family members and other citizens on the basis of the law. ## Rights and duties of individuals for civil defense Rights and duties of individuals for civil defense (eng. rights and duties of individuals for civil defense) - citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on the territory of the republic living foreign citizens and stateless persons: have the right to protect their life and health from the consequences of natural and man-made emergency situations of the use of modern means of destruction; in case of death during the performance of civil defense duties, the families of the deceased shall be paid material and other payments in accordance with the applicable laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan ; as well as citizens: to participate in the implementation of civil defense measures, as well as to undergo civil defense training; "Attention everyone!" must know and follow the order of action on the alarm, the rules for the use of collective and personal protective equipment, the basic methods of protection and the methods of providing first aid to the injured. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5596

Priskoi

Hades (Azoi, Katarhei, Priscoi) is an informal name for an aeon in Earth's history. Hadean extends from the time of the creation of the Earth to the beginning of the Archaean. ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7177

Be careful

Abylai Khan (real name Abilmansur) is the 18th Khan of the Kazakh Khanate who ruled from 1771 to 1781. One of the greatest khans in the history of the Kazakh Horde. The ancestry of the Horde, which founded the White Horde, can be traced back to Eugene Khan. Abylai is also a direct descendant of rulers such as Urs Khan, Barak Khan, and Az-Zhanibek Khan. Abylay Khan is the grandfather of Kenesary Khan, a unique figure in Kazakh history. ## Origin and youth He was born in 1711 in the family of Kurkem Vali in the city of Turkestan. Abilmansur's name is Abilmansur. Abilmansur is a descendant of Joshi Khan, a nobleman. His genealogy is as follows: Chinggis Khan - Joshi Khan - Urs Khan - Barak Khan - Az-Janibek Khan - Jadik Sultan - Shigai Khan - Esim Khan - Salkam Jangir Khan - Wali (Walibaki) Sultan - Kanisher Abylai - Vali Sultan Kerkem - Abilmansur. ### Sabalak At the age of 12, his father Kurkem Wali was killed in an attack by Tsevan-Rabdan, a Dzhungar soldier. Tole Bi, who knew Abilmansur's origin well, took care of his camel and called him "Sabalak" in order to keep it alive. In some sources, it is said that Sabalak's relative, Abul Mambet, took care of the sultan's horse. Tole Bi gave Abilmansur a righteous upbringing and contributed to his personality development. from the age of 15, he began to participate in the fight against the Dzungars. The Sultan was medium in height and exceptionally strong. Contemporaries note that the young sultan was brave, brave and agile. ### Name of Abylai Abilmansur's grandfather Abylai Valibakiuly was never defeated in a fight, his enemy could not stand him. That is why he was called Kanisher Abylay among the people. Abilmansur, grandson of Kanisher Abylai, became widely known in the country at the age of 20. Sabalak, a grown man, was participating in Abilmambet Khan's squad. In 1733, when he fought with the prominent commander of Dzungar, Shirysh Batyr (the son of Dzungar governor Kaldan Seren), he shouted the name of his spirited ancestor "Abylai! Abylai!" he chants and defeats his opponent. The young soldier, who won the fight, began to be called by the nickname Abylai. People respect Abylai very much for this bravery. So Abylayga was chosen to lead the Atygay clan of Argyn. Around 1749, not only Atygai, but all seven tribes of Argyn, as well as Kereis, Wakhs and a part of Kypchaks began to submit to Abylai. ## Struggle against the Dzungars In 1734, Sameke Khan, who ruled Orta Yuz, passed away, Abilmambet was elected as khan in his place, and Abylai was appointed as Abilmambet's commander. In 1739, the Dzungars reached an agreement on peace with the Qin Empire and began to use all their strength against the Kazakhs living in the west. Fearful of this, Abylai came to Orinbor in 1740 with 120 sultans led by Abilmambet Khan and accepted the Russian boda. Abylai's hope that Russia would help him in the war against the Dzungars was not fulfilled. In 1741, the Dzungars launched a new campaign against the Kazakhs and arrested Abylai. Knowing that Abylai was captured, the Kazakh began to think of a way to free him from captivity. In 1742, 90 prominent Kazakh citizens, who started Tole Bi, and Major Miller's embassy negotiated, and finally reached a peace in 1743. In this case, Major Miller limited himself to scaring the Dzungars and did not take any real action. On September 5, 1743, Abylai was released from captivity. After the death of Kaldan Seren, a struggle for power begins among the Dzungars. The Kazakh sultans, starting with Abylai, took advantage of this dispute and by weakening the Dzungars, liberated the southern and eastern lands of Kazakhstan. ## Foreign policy under the Khan A new period of the strengthening of Abylai's power came in 1744 when Abil Mambet moved to Turkestan. Being a far-sighted political figure, Abylai also effectively used diplomatic channels to wake up his country, which had suffered from serious wars with the Kalmyks. In August 1740, he came to Orinbor with Orta Yuz Khan Abilmambet and 120 other officers and agreed to enter the "guardianship" of the Russian government. At the same time, in order to preserve the integrity of the Kazakh people, he did not cool down relations with the Ching Empire. Embassies were sent to St. Petersburg and Beijing. He used the differences between the Russian and Chinese empires in the interests of the Kazakh Khanate. After the death of Kaldan Seren in 1745, Abylai made every effort to use the fact that the ruling groups of Dzungaria were weakened by the throne dispute and began to lose their former military power, and the Dzungar-Chinese war to return the Kazakh lands that were under the temporary rule of the Oirats in the region adjacent to East Turkestan, and to fully restore the country's independence. Abylai fought tirelessly against the conditions undermining the independence of the Kazakh country and followed an independent foreign policy. In 1745, Abilmambet, Abylai and Barak sultans were mentioned together in Orta-zuz, but after 3-4 years the situation here changed completely. During his meeting with Neplyuev in August 1749, Zhanibek Tarkhan said: "There used to be Abilmambet Khan in Orta-zuz, but he has been living in Tashkent for some time now, and has lost control of the country. But the sultan is on the run because of a crime. Only Abylay Sultan is ruling there," he pointed out. Written data clearly shows that Abylai waged a persistent war against foreign invaders. 1752 The Kazakh army led by him, about 15-20 thousand people, repelled the attack of the Oirats. 1753 In December, Abylai fought with Dzungar troops with 5,000 soldiers and liberated several Kazakh lands. 1754 In April, 1700 Kazakh troops led by Abylai were forced to fight with 10 thousand Kalmyks, (according to Karatal), in July-August of the same year, 4 thousand troops marched to Dzhungaria and captured 3000 Kalmyks. 1756 Under the leadership of Abylai, the Kazakhs fought twice with the combined forces of the Chinese and the Kalmyks, losing one of them and winning the other. 1757 After Abylai's 6,000 troops fought with 40,000 Chinese troops, the Chinese asked Abylai for peace. In the battles of 1753-1754 years, Kabanbay, Bogenbay, Zhanatai, Kerey Zhanibek, Otegen batyrs participated continuously in winter and summer. Abylai sometimes made peace with Kaldan Seren, sometimes killed Dabashi, and sometimes sheltered him and Amirsana. So Oirat wanted to give his son piece by piece. Tegeurin's diplomatic actions, carried out in parallel with the military action, raised Abylai to the level of great figures of his time. As a result, Abylai's army was defeated in 1771. A new victory was won in a heavy battle with the Kalmyks along the Moynty River. At the time when the political situation was stabilized, Abylai waged an uncompromising struggle with others who encroached on the integrity of the Kazakh land. 1754-55 and 1764. Kyrgyz killed some villages in Zhetisu, and defeated the troops led by heroes Zhaugash, Kokzhal Barak and Shinkozha along Aksu, Koksu and Shu. For this reason, in 1755 and 1765, Abylai made a campaign against the Kyrgyz prince, cleared the left bank of the Ile, along the Shu River, and defined the Kazakh-Kyrgyz border from Narynkol to Kordai, which is preserved to this day. In the last 15 years of his life, he waged a relentless struggle against Central Asian khanates. In 1765-1967, as a result of the war of Abylai Khan with the Kokan ruler Erdenbek, the cities of Turkestan, Sayram, and Shymkent came under the control of the Kazakhs. Tashkent was paying tribute. The last echo of the two-hundred-year-long liberation struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungar invasion is known in the minds of the people of Alash as "The Dust Campaign". In 1771, Volodymyr Kalmyks (170-180 thousand people, with about 40 thousand troops) suddenly moved to Dzungar through the Kazakh territory. Nuraly, the Khan of Kishi Yuz, hastily gathered an army and delivered the first blow to the Kalmyks along the Zhem River. When they approached Balkhash, the Kazakh army led by Abylai Khan surrounded the Kalmyks. At this time, Kalmyk leaders Ubashi and Seren sent an ambassador asking them to come to peace and accept the people of the country as bodans. At the military council, where the Kirips were called to discuss the proposal, Abylai again showed foresight and tried to prove that there was no need to exterminate the defeated enemy. At the bottom of Abylai's decision to negotiate with the Afghan Kalmyks from the Volga and allow them to freely cross to Dzungar, if it is too difficult, is thinking about the future relationship with the great neighbor to the east. The final resettlement of Kazakh villages to the lands liberated from Dzhongar in the east clearly shows the depth and ingenuity of Abylai's policy. Each of his actions was aimed at preserving the integrity of the Kazakh people, the integrity of the country and the land. Even when Barak Sultan, who contested for power, killed Abilkhair Khan, Abylai was saddened by the power of the country, and he acted knee-deep in Tole dance and was on the side of punishing the corrupt sultan. Abylai established strict discipline in the country under his control, especially in the army, according to the war situation. That's why the soldiers led by the Khan had a high spirit of protecting their country and homeland, endured long campaigns, and were strong on the battlefield. Abylai did not hesitate to fight against the numerically superior enemy and was often victorious. Abylai consolidated the power of the Kazakh Khanate and turned it into a powerful military state. In 1771, aged Abilmambet Khan died. According to established tradition, either one of Abilmambet's younger brothers or his eldest son Abilpeyiz should have been chosen as the khan of Orta Yuz. However, at the will of the main sultans, elders, Abilpeyiz, the leading representatives of the three hundred raised Abylai Khan in Turkestan. Abylai was practically the great khan not only of Orta Yuz, but of the entire Kazakh Horde. Abylai pursued a policy adapted to the geopolitical situation of the Kazakh country, located between the Russian and Chinese empires. When the Chinese troops destroyed the Dzungars and began to enter Central Asia and Kazakhstan, they sought to unite the Muslim countries and negotiated with the Afghan Shah Ahmad Durrani. There was also an intention to send an embassy to Turkey. When the relations with China began to improve, he refused to go to the Petropavl Fortress in October 1779 to receive the khan's insignia at the invitation of the tsar's administration. During the Pugachev war, with 3,000 troops, he attacked the Russian fortresses along the "Belt of Suffering". In addition to being a fierce khan, Abylai is also known as a talented musician who freely drank from the spiritual qualities of the Kazakh people. He is "White Wave", "Ala Bairak", "Moose Man", "The World Remains", "Orphan's Net", "Kairan Elim", "Black Jhorga", "Korzhynkakakpai", "Maida Jel", "Sary Bura", "Dusty hike" etc. the author of states. Abylay spent his life on horseback, on expeditions, and died on the banks of the Arys River. His body was buried in the Khoja Ahmet Yasawi mausoleum in the city of Turkestan in the corridor between the Cemetery and Aksaray. Abylai left behind 30 sons and 40 daughters from his 12 wives. Abylai was remembered by the Kazakh people as a hard-working statesman, a brave commander, and a talented diplomat. His name became a fighting slogan in the symbol of independence. ## Abylai Khan's contribution to the Kazakh people Abylai was a talented khan, a great figure and commander. During the lifetime of Abil Mambet Khan, the Kazakh people considered him their protector and leader. He did not agree with the governors of the royal government. He was able to protect the freedom of his country. Not long after the alliance with Russia, Abylai stopped working on the country's internal and external affairs for about two years. Let's turn to the letter about him found in the Moscow archive (stock 122, list 1, file 2). In this letter, it is written that Abylai Sultan is a prisoner of Kaldan Seren. But it is not recorded how it was captured. According to the people, there are two explanations for the reason of the Dzonghars falling into the hands. The first one says that Kaldan Seren ambushed Abylai's village and captured him in a skirmish with his heroes, and the second one says that Abylai was captured while hunting with the sultan's servants. And there are two different assumptions about his release from captivity. The first one says that he was released after the letter of General-Governor Neplyuev, which the Russian ambassador, Major Muller, took to Kaldan Seren, and the second says that he was released at the request of the Kazakh heroes. Based on the letters I have seen, I say that there were three different reasons for Abylai Khan's release from captivity. The most important thing is Abylai's intelligence, wit, and diplomacy. The fact that his people respect him made Kaldan Seren think. The second reason is the famous dancers who actually interceded for him. The third one was influenced by the letter that Mueller also brought. In Gladyshev's report dated May 18, 1742, it was said: "The Kyrgyz-Kaysaks used to tell in their stories that Akshora came to the Dzungars. The owner of the Kyrgyz-kaisak, Abylai Sultan, was held captive by Kaldan Seren, the master of the Dzungars, and handcuffed him. After Akshora arrived, they took the handcuffs and handcuffed Akshora's people. After Akshora left, he removed the handcuffs from Abylai's hands and feet and returned Abylai's younger brother to the Kyrgyz-Kaysak country. Akshora was sent with three men from Kalmak. "If they bring 10 families and Karasakal, only then will we return the prisoners." Akshora and three Kalmyks have not yet returned from the Kyrgyz-Kaysayks." In Kirillov's letter dated January 23, 1744: "...Sultan Abylai was imprisoned in Kaldan Seren for about two years. The Tiger Sultan sat with him. He is in good terms with Seren from Kal. They were sent to their countries in the fall of this year (on September 30). There were 35 people in captivity. Everything was returned. He reached his greatness safely. While they were in captivity that summer, many people fell ill with smallpox and died. Kaldan Seren is at peace with the rebels." Abylai's honor even rose to a higher level after he was captured by the Dzungars. Now the khans and princes of the three hordes also reckoned with him. He did not give up on Russia. But he did not bow to the governors. He kept them at a distance from him. After Abylai Khan visited Orinbor in 1740, he refused several invitations from governors asking him to visit them. Some historians think that Abylai's return from captivity bound him to Russia, he was obliged to it. Nope. Not so. It was not dependent on Russia. Here is one such letter sent from Orinbor Governor, Privy Councilor Ivan Neplyuev to Abylai Sultan on April 16, 1745: it would be good if we heard the news about the times. Let it be a sign for you and your subordinates. If you have the chance, I would love it if you could find the time and visit me. I may not be at my place until this coming autumn, owing to my going elsewhere. It would be better for us to meet and discuss many situations face to face. ...According to your request, some of your people and livestock captured on the Siberian side have been returned. He expressed his confidence that the general will help others with all his might." On May 7, 1745, through the centurion Yakov Erofeev, Abylai Khan sent the following letter to Colonel Pavlutsky: You say there are prisoners." That was not the case. No one is in captivity. If so, what kind of alliance will there be? Last year, your people arrested 42 people. 24 people, 1300 horses, 382 horses from the property of 13 rich people were returned to us. Now you have 918 left." It is necessary to pay attention to the words in this letter: "What kind of union will there be?" It is the fact that Abylai understands Russia's attitude as alliance. On April 16, 1760, through a secret expedition from the office of the Orinbor gubernia, the lieutenant of the infantry regiment of the Orinbor garrison, prince Ivan Orakov, interpreter Yakov Gulyaev arrived in the village of the elder Baizhigit after a five-day journey in search of Abylai. Abylay settled 3-4 kilometers from here. He is going to visit Kokshetau, Auliye Peter Castle in the summer. Orakov and Gulyaev show tact and politeness and ask Sultan Abylai to come again to Orinbor, or even to Troitsky. Abylai said to him: "Kashkarian Kyrgyz are preparing an attack on the towns of Aikhoja and Kunkhoja in Zharkent. The peoples of this place are moving to Tashkent, Turkestan, Bukhara with merchants and customs officials. We need help there. That's why I don't have time to go to Orinbor", he answered. In this way, Abylai was able to preserve the freedom of the Kazakh country with diplomatic skill in the midst of three giant states (Russia, Dzhungar, China). Magzhan Zhumabayev, the most outstanding poet of the Kazakh people, described Abylay's politics in "Batyr Bayan" as follows: "From afar, Russians and Chinese are heavy weights. It's going to be thick, and it won't calm you down. Dig behind, see in front, the enemy is all around Abylay, who was a fortress for the country at that time, Killed one of the many enemies and seduced another. In 1759 (stock 122, "Kyrgyz-Kaysak case", list 1, case 3) in a letter sent by Count Vorontsov, chancellor of the empress, to the governor of Orinbor, secret adviser Davydov and major-general Tevkelev, military commander in the governorate of Siberia, Brigadier Frauendorf Another aspect of Abylai Khan's life has been revealed. It is reported that Abylai Khan does not bow to the governors of Russia, even to the lady and the chancellor. We can make sure that he asked them to come and meet him several times since 1743, but he did not go, moreover, he persistently put his demands before them and obliged them to fulfill them. On page 74 of the letter, he said: "...You wrote another proposal in your message dated March 15 of this year. In it, you insist on pampering Abylai Sultan with the aim of attracting him to us better and to be rewarded more in Orinbor. For such a salary, he is obliged to continue to serve. In order not to lose it, to support our side, even if it does not openly oppose it, it is necessary to bring it to our side, not giving in to what the Chinese are trying to do today. We also need to pamper him. Correspond with him personally. It is very useful. It is right to pay Abylay Sultan a salary from the beginning of this year 1759 on behalf of the emperor - the white queen. The salary of Nuraly Khan of the Little Horde of the Kyrgyz-Kaysas should be reduced at the expense of Orinbor's expenses abroad, and a salary of 600 rubles should be given to each of them. 300 rubles per year should be assigned so that they do not have resentment. Moreover, 100 rubles will not be given to other Kyrgyz, but will be given to Abylai Sultan himself. Because, as we know, he shares his 200 rubles with the local elders according to the Kyrgyz-Kaysak tradition. Second, if we take the other proposals of Sultan Abylai, he is angry with the border commanders of Russia, as well as with the Bashkirs and the famous Noyan Sherende. He had many enemies of the Kyrgyz-Kaysas and took away their horses. He also spoke about those who went to holy baptism, most of them did not go to baptism of their own free will. ...I believe in the ability to solve the problems raised by Sultan Abylai and to return the people and horses held by Noyan Sheren. Abylai makes a quarrel. According to his application, the commanders of Siberia should be appeased. Third, let's strictly implement the decree adopted to solve the problems raised by Sultan Abylai. Abylai Sultan may not believe in some situations. His demands have not been fully met." As you can see, Chancellor Vorontsov from St. Petersburg paid great attention to the need to fulfill Abylai's demands. This proves that Abylai Sultan has a high reputation and does not recognize himself as a subject of Russia. In the continuation of this letter, he said: "...Abylai is considered the most important master in the entire Middle Horde, besides, he is more intelligent (understanding) and flexible (dexterous) than others, he should be made a real khan. The local people should not elect a khan without a decree, like the example of Abulmambet Khan of the Middle Horde. It is very difficult to resist. After all, Abylai is called khan everywhere today because of his work. As you can see, even if the people did not elect Abylai on purpose, the fact that they consider him a "khan" has reached even the competent people. The fact that Abylai Khan was an amazing diplomat became known especially after the death of Kaldan Seren, Khan of Kalmak. After the death of Kaldan Seren, Khan of Dzungars, his children fought for the throne and killed each other. In the end, Lama Dorchji, the son of a concubine, usurped the throne by cunning. His younger brothers, Davatsi and Amursana, fled to Abylai Khan's army. At this time, Abil Mambet Khan, a famous Malaysari judge, put pressure on Abylai and demanded that he return to Lama Dorchji. This was a very difficult period when Abylai Khan was ruling the country. V. V. Velyaminov-Zernov, who obtained data from the central library of St. Petersburg, showing Abylay's perseverance, ingenuity, and energy at the time of overcoming severe trials: "Historical message. It is well presented in the book "About the Kyrgyz-Kaysaks and Russia's relations with Central Asia after the death of Abulkhair Khan". It says: "Lama Dorchji seized power in May 1750. He blinded one of his brothers and exiled him. Bademir's five sons were strangled and killed. In addition, he destroyed many of his relatives in the same way. Quarrels and disagreements were a sign of its inevitable destruction soon. The state was divided into three. A portion was left to Lama Dorchji. The second moved to China, the third moved to Siberia, towards the Irtysh River. Now the owner of the country moved to use a new form of cruelty. Since Davaci was the closest contender for the throne, he tried to strangle him as a rival. Disturbed by him, Davatsi thought of leaving with his nephews, Amursana and the border of Siberia and fled to the Kyrgyz of the Middle Horde. Davatsi sent two of his men to Abylay Sultan. He demanded his permission. Do I want to stay here or go somewhere else?" - he said. In the meantime, cunning Abylay had already taken a precaution." If Abylai is not like this, can Abylai be? In 1757, Abylay with 10,000 soldiers slaughtered the rest of the Torgauts in Kashkaria (after 1.0 million Kalmaks were killed by the Chinese) (heroes led by: Argyn - Atygay - Kuleke batyr - with 2,000 soldiers; Kerey Mergen batyr - with 2,000 soldiers, Kokzhal Barak batyr (Naiman) - with 2000 soldiers; Abylai Sultan - with 2000 soldiers; Karakerey Kabanbai - with 2000 soldiers), he captured none of the remaining Kalmyks and sent them into slavery. Between 1760 and 1764, Kabanbai was appointed the commander-in-chief of the Zengor region by Sultan Abylai. Kabanbai batyr Karakerey moved the Naymans, Tolengit Rayymbek batyr (not to be confused with Alban Rayymbek) moved the Wak, Kereys to Zengor land. This was realized only at the request of Sultan Abylai (store 1, register 1, case 88, 1760, Ombi archive). On May 20, 1760, Prince Lieutenant Ivan Orakov wrote in a letter to Ivan Iovemarn, Major-General and Commander-in-Chief of the Frontier Military of Siberia: "On February 19, the Kyrgyz vassal of Abylai Sultan Rayimbek said: "The past In the fall, Sultan Abylai sent me to the Karakerei Naiman clan of the Horde on his behalf. They go with the shepherds in the Karata pasture near the Zvenigorsk castle." Later, when he returned, Kabanbai Abylai, the chief of that clan, gave an order to Rayymbek on behalf of the sultan. He ordered Rayymbek to move with all his nobles to the Zengor khanate in the coming summer, to live there in the place where Zengor khan Kaldan Seren Urga lived. After the brave and amazing action of Abylai Khan, the following report was received from the commander of the Orsk route, Colonel Rodes, to Major General Fonweinmarn on September 22, 1760 (No. 315): "...reading the letter of July 20 to Abylai given by It says that the lands from Zengor to Tarbagatai are the land of the Baraby Tatars and the settlement of the Urankhaevs. Abylai: "I have never heard of Baraby Tatars, I don't know. The land is ours," he answers. In order to resolve the land dispute, Abylay himself says that he will go back in July, and then he will write his answer to the Major General. Lieutenant Gulyaev continued the above letter about his meeting with Abylai as follows: ... "Abylai was going to send me on the 22nd. Due to the remoteness of the place, I was ill and could not go. I also heard that the Chinese ambassador is coming. Abylay: "I won't be able to meet them soon. I don't have time," he said. A short time later, on the 23rd, the Chinese ambassador came to Abylai's camp with 30 people. They sent people to Abylai and demanded a meeting today. The other Kyrgyz (Kazakh - B.N.) did not want to meet because of fear. The Chinese were not satisfied with the translator of the Kyrgyz and did not give the letter, but expressed their demand only verbally. Abylai and Zholbarys Sultan do not understand the letter written in Kalmyk mixed with Persian language. "The Kyrgyz occupied the lands of Urankhai and Torgauts. "Promise to return their captives and livestock," the Chinese said in the letter. If you don't return, they threatened to send the army. They said that they did not send Abylai only because they respected him. There are hundreds of such letters in the archives. This is the diplomacy of that time. Between 1738 and 1781, he protected Kyzylzhar, Kokshetau, Kereku, Zaisan, Semey, Ust-Kamenogorsk, and other northern and eastern borders, ensured that the country reached its present day, and was able to communicate with the soldiers of Tolebi and Shapyrashty Nauryzbai in the south and be their protector. there are letters of proof. There are also enough documents about the expeditions that Abylay went on. When Abulkhair was alive, he had a relationship with Abylai. Abylay Sultan, who saved his children when he killed Abulkyir. Mrs. Bopai, the wife of Abulkhair, wrote about him in the letters to the chancellor and the governor-general: "Thank you very much to Sultan Abylai. He saved my children from death," he said. After Abylai Khan did not agree to what he said, Abylai defamed the sultan and wrote to the chancellor in the letters written by Major-General Fonfrauendorf to the State Collegium of Foreign Affairs of Siberian Governor Simonov on February 5, 1763, as well as in 1764. It said: "Abylai Sultan did not rule a single clan, he has no honor among the people," and the second said, "He cheated the Chinese." Some of our "historians-writers" who have read these letters are talking about Abylai Khan... let's take as an example the letter he later wrote to lieutenant general and governor Ivan Rennedorf (September 19, 1772): "...Mr. General, I can tell you that our Horde is very scattered, not like your Russia. It is not possible to find and catch thieves and miscreants quickly. Our land is very big. That is why it is impossible to know who is moving where. To the Bogdo Khan of China, I stated my demand and said: "If any powerful country opposes us or shows rudeness, then we can oppose them." Even if we ask China for help, it has expressed that it is never ready to help. In this regard, are you ready to give us military aid if someone catches us and threatens to start a war? Tell the emperor about this and let me know his answer. Mr. General, I am asking you to temporarily give me 1000 or 500 or 300 military men. It is necessary to curb and stop the thieves in us. If we catch and punish thieves, then they should not be able to harm you or us. The two generals must come to an agreement. I will not lead your army far. Five days will be with thieves. I will go there myself or send one of my children. Then we will take them to their countries with their weapons and clothes. We can solve this problem ourselves without taking it to the emperor. Let me know whether you are sending troops or not. In the end, Abylai Khan wishes you many years of health. I confirm with my seal to be sure." ## Family In order to strengthen diplomatic relations with neighboring countries, Abylay married the daughter of country rulers and wealthy people. From then on, she dated Kazakh sultans, lords, and chieftains. According to his descendant Shokan Ualikhanov, Abylay Khan had 12 wives, 40 daughters and 30 sons. * Godmother Karashash is the daughter of Abulkhair Khan. Two daughters will be born from him. One was married to Dayir Khan, who ruled Orta-yuz, and the other to Kudaimende Sultan (Konyrkulja Kudaimendin's father). * The second wife, Mrs. Saiman, is the daughter of the Karakalpak beg Saginyk-Shubakbay. Wali Khan was born from him. * The third wife, Mrs. Babak, is the daughter of Kashkar Beg Sart the Younger. * The fourth wife is the sister of the Kyrgyz saint Sargaldak, from the Khoja. * The fifth wife, Tobyshai or Tubish, is the daughter of the Kalmyk criminal Khoshu Mergen (a relative of Seren from Kal). * The sixth wife, Mrs. Tokhta, is the daughter of a Kalmyk nobleman. * The seventh wife, Mrs. Tatysh, was a trophy brought back from the expedition to the Kyrgyz. 2 daughters will be born from him. One of them was handed over to Tauke Khan's son Tursyn. * The eighth wife, Mrs. Ores, was Abylay's treasure, brought from Kalmyk. People called her beautiful. * Ninth wife - Mrs. Tulak. * Tenth wife - Sayin-Koben. * The eleventh wife is Mrs. Shagan. * The twelfth wife is Muntum. The last four wives were Kalmyk daughters, there were no children from them. The ninth wife was the assistant of Mrs. Saiman, and the tenth wife was the wife of Mrs. Karashash. ## Historical poem Abylai Khan is a historical poem. The song is widespread among Kazakhs living in the Xinjiang region of China. The author is unknown. The song begins with Abylai's childhood, tells the story of how to become a man, start a business, rule the country, and ends with Abylai's death. The events and people mentioned in the song happened in real life. The poem was recorded by Sheriyazdan Sultanbayul, a resident of Xinjiang, and was first published in the 4th volume of the Chinese publishing house "Ulttar" (1985), then in the book "Abylai Khan" (A., 1993), in the 1st volume of the multivolume "Kazakh folk literature" (1995). ) was published. ## External links * Abylai Khan: "I have never heard of Barabi Tatars, I don't know. The land is ours!' * Abylai Khan Archived August 17, 2011. "Residence of Abylai Khan" museum complex, Petropavlovsk city. * 300th anniversary of Abylai Khan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5111

Жошы

Joshi Khan (1187-1227) is the eldest son of Genghis Khan, a Mongol commander. After the Mongol invasion, the new state established in the Kypchak steppe is the eldest of four sons born to the godmother Borte, the Konurat daughter of the famous Genghis Khan, the founder of the Joshi dynasty. He was a man of great strength, a brave heart, and a stubborn person who did not back down. First of all, he is recognized as a great military leader who participated in all Mongol invasion campaigns. ## Born Her mother is Borte, a daughter of the Kunurat tribe. After Genghis Khan married Burte, the Merkites attacked and Burte was captured. Later, Genghis Khan freed his wife from captivity with the help of Tugyril Khan, the ruler of Kerey Khanate. After this incident, the word that Joshiny was not the son of Chinggis Khan spread in the country. Joshi led a series of invasion campaigns of Chinggis Khan to the west, conquered many tribes living in Southern Siberia, Altai, Dzungar steppe and Eastern Turkestan, and reached Zhetisu region. ## Commander Joshi stood out as an outstanding commander from a young age. He actively participated in the campaigns of his father's army. In 1206, after Chinggis Khan united the Kerey, Naiman, Merkit and other tribes into one center, Joshi, on the instructions of his father, subjugated South Siberia, Altai, and East Turkestan lands in 1207-1212. * In 1211-1215, he participated in the conquest of China. Three years later, Joshi invaded the Kypchak field and when he reached the Yrgyz field, he fought with 60,000 troops of Khorezm shah. Despite the lack of balance of power, Jochy stands out for his commanding talent. The army of Khorezm Shah lost in open battle and went to hide in the city ramparts. * In 1218, Joshi's army fought with sixty thousand troops of Khorezm shah Muhammed along the Yrgyz Ozen, chasing the mercenaries who did not want to submit to Genghis Khan. Due to his skillful leadership, Joshi ended the battle in a draw. After this battle, Muhammed Shah's troops gave up military actions against Josh. After this battle, Joshi conquered all the cities of Zhetysu. * In the period 1220-1222, he conquered Otyrar, Syganak, Uzkent, Barshinkent, Zhankent and other cities along the Syrdarya. Thus he completely conquered the state of Khorezm. * In 1223, he participated in the conference organized by his father in the Kulanbasi Plain. At this convention, Chinggis Khan will divide the vast territory he conquered during his lifetime to his four sons born from his eldest wife Borte. The entire Deshti Kipchak region, including the area west of Irtys, including the lower part of Zhetysu, and the land up to the lower Volga, "where the Mongolian horse's hoof reached", is included in the territory of the josh. The Horde was located along the Irtys River. ## Kuriltai After that, Joshi took the cities of Otyrar, Syganak, Uzkent, Barshinkent, Aspas, Zhanakent along the Syrdarya River, and after a year, he conquered Khorezm and occupied Turkestan. In the spring of the next year, Joshi, at the invitation of his father, will participate in the conference held on the Kulanbasy plain between Sairam and Talas. When the other children of Chinggis Khan returned to Karakorim, the capital of the state, after the foundation, Zhoshi remained at home without accompanying them. The foundation of the Zhosi dynasty was formed by the Turkic-speaking tribes that had previously entered Deshti Kypchak. He killed his grandfather in the land of Omarovsky. He took the poor boy and threw him into the river. He died in 1243. ## Relations with the Kipchaks As her mother Borte was a Kunurat girl, she had very close relations with her subjects. Joshi was the first to openly seek to create an independent state. And this policy was the cause of enmity between father and son. According to eastern historians who lived at that time, Joshi was a strong, brave and sharp person. Genghis Khan himself was amazed by his son's intelligence and exceptional courage. Zhujani says in his history book "Tabanat-i-Nasiri" written in 1260: "Zhoshi loved the Kipchaks so much that he did not slap any of the Kypchaks on the forehead of the Mongols in Khorezm." ## Death He said to his like-minded people: "Genghis Khan must have been mad, because he destroyed so much land and massacred so many people. That's why I will kill my father when I go hunting!" - said. His younger brother Shagatai felt this game and conveyed it to Chingyskan. Furious, the Khagan sent his trusted men to Khorezm and ordered Joshi to reach his father as soon as possible. "If he avoids coming here and stays in Khorezm, stab him silently and kill him without a word!" - he commands. Joshi, who said that he could not go because of his illness, remained in the Kypchak field. And trusted people told Chinggis that Joshi was healthy and that he often went hunting. Genghis Khan, who was burning with anger, thought: "Apparently, he is against me, he did not pay attention to the words of his father" and sent an army led by Shagatai and Ugedei after him. At that time, the sad news of Joshi's death had arrived. He died six months before his father. Various legends spread among the people about his death. In one of them, it is said that "he was killed by a stallion while hunting", while in some sources it is stated that "he was secretly killed by his own father Genghis Khan, fearing that he would defect to the enemy's side." * Joshi died unable to carry out his plan to march to Eastern Europe. Josh had several wives and concubines. He had about forty sons, and countless grandchildren grew up from them. Among his sons, the following are mentioned in historical data: Orda-Ezhen, Batu, Berke, Shiban and others. After Joshi's death, the army in the west recognized his second son, Batu, as the heir apparent, a choice that Genghis Khan approved. * Zhoshin's grave is located on the left bank of the Kengir River, 45 km from the city of Zhezkazgan. About the death of Joshi, the Kazakh people have a historical poem called "Aksak kulan, Joshi Khan". The cartoon "Aksak Kulan" was filmed. He was the khan of the White Horde. ## Descendants P. Saveliev, A. Yu. Yakubovsky, P. P. Ivanov based on Natanzia's work "Mu in-ad-din", Orys Khan is the son of Shymtai Khan , considered to be the grandson of Joshi Khan. According to other information ("Bahr al-Askar", "Taurih-i Guzildayi Nusreatnama"), he is considered to be the 13th son of Joshi Khan, a descendant of Toka Temir (Joshi - Toka Temir - Oz Temir - Khoja Badik - Orys Khan). After his father, in 1361-1362, he sat on the throne of the White Horde. In 1368-1369, copper money began to be issued in Syganak, the capital of the White Horde. Orys Khan led the White Horde independently. According to the information of Nizam ad-din Shami and other sources, Orys Khan died in 1376-1377, and according to some sources, he lived until 1380. According to the latest data, copper coins issued by his order were found in the city of Sarai. It is known that Tokhtamys ruled the White Horde and the cities along the Volga River by 1379. Orys Khan always sought to rule the White Horde, politically independent of the Golden Horde. According to Abdirazak Samarkani, Orys Khan contributed to the development of cities and agriculture along the Syrdarya River, and after ascending to the throne, he stopped the mutual conflicts in the White Horde. He conquered Haji-Tarkhan (Astrakhan) in the mid-70s of the 14th century, and the city of Sarai in 1374-1375. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3741

Одағай

Odagai is a family of words. Common words are often sounds that express different states of human feeling or words spoken to animals. But they are not just sounds, they are sounds that are perfectly understandable to the public and are used as words with a certain skill. Since they have become quite understandable to the public, they have become well-known words. For example: Wow, guys, how is it? (G. Slanov); Well, you're good at being cattle! (this too); Tuu, what a silent night (this too); Well, comrade, did you sleep well and wake up? (S. Mukanov) The words wow, pa, tuu, and e have become familiar words and are understandable to everyone. In terms of meaning, simple words do not give an idea about the thing itself, its quality, quantity, movement, or the state of the movement. ## Peculiarities Odagai are words with their own characteristics. Its features are as follows: * The meanings of common words mean sound signals associated with different feelings of a person. For example: Who is the one who started this? (A. Abishev); What's so funny about being a pillow? (G. Slanov) The words "ah" and "japyrma" are common words. * Since the mood of a person is changeable, the meanings of most simple words are also changeable, changeable, therefore, they have many meanings. * Single words are not grammatically related to other parts of the sentence, so they are not part of the sentence. For example: Alas, I wish I had a friend with me now. ## Types of units Units are divided into main and derived. ### Basic conjugations Basic conjugations: au, pa, ey, ai, e, ua, wah, wai, ya, pai, ah, oh, oho, oi , yes, aha, au, beu. These conjugations are not repeated ### Derived conjugations Derived conjugations: massagan, barekeli, atteganai, zarakimalla, maskarai, o toba, astapyralla, yapyrmai, oipyrmai, o dariga .. . ### Isharat odagaylar Imperative words of order, request (kane, kaneki, al, aida). For example: Come on, those of you who want to be a team, raise your hand (B. Mailin). ### Screaming chants Chanting chants specially for a person. * Indicative or instructive words (kani, here, song) * Suggestive words (mah, ayda) * Prohibition words (zay, tai, tek, tait) ### Odagays dedicated to animals In this group there are four types of domestic animals, such as cattle, dogs, cats, etc. b. includes words and phrases used with the purpose. For example: * to the camel: look, look! pump, pump!'bye-bye!" for sheep and goats: pfsha (pisheh), kurau-kurau! tea! limit! nail, nail! * to the horse: moh, moh! right, right! build, build! build, build! * to the dog and cat: kah, kah! power, power! mouse-mouse! shit! ### Calling odegai There are also odegai that are difficult to transcribe by tapping the palate, pursing the lips, and whistling. We usually call these words of invitation, but they mean not only invitations, but also contempt, scolding, and so on. ### Mood phrases Mood phrases are words that express different human feelings and moods. They are: * a) those expressing a pleasant mood (Alakai! Pah-pah! Barekeldi! Hurrah! etc.); * b) those expressing negative emotions (Atten! Attegen-ay! Kap! Tuge! Pishtu! Bai-bai-bai! etc.); * b) are divided into those expressing both positive and negative moods (Pai-pai, ugly, Alatau! Pai-pai, they were going to fight!). ### Imperative odegays odegays dedicated to humans or beasts, uttered with the purpose of calling, admonishing, commanding. These are partially divided into two groups according to the objects dedicated to them: * a) odegays that are dedicated to a person. To command, to despise, to forbid, etc. b. words used for the purpose of ### Customs. This group is often used in life, greeting people, saying goodbye, etc. b. used as a sign of respect Goodbye! Thank you! Peace be upon you! Bye! welcome! Labbai! Evening light! etc. b. there are common ones. Odagayas are divided into single-meaning (Alakai! Kap! Alas! etc.) and multi-meaning (А! Pali! Pai-pai! etc.) depending on the variability of meaning. Odagaylar is a category rich in emotional-intonational melody, rhythm variability. Odagai are basically inflexible words that do not take many additions. Among o's, there are those that are spoken only in the individual state, and those that are used in the dual state. In terms of composition, there are root (A! O! Kap! Oy! etc.) and derivatives (Massagan! Apyrym-ay! Barekeldi! Attegen! etc.) types. Odagays cannot be part of a sentence by themselves. When they stand alone, they act as a sentence. Adjectives are combined with verbs in a sentence, especially in dialogue sentences, and are part of certain parts of the sentence. Adjectives sometimes combine with verbs to form phraseological phrases (Ai-shai, not shu, au said, etc.). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7415

Zhanibek Salimuly Karibzhanov

Karibzhanov, Zhanibek Salimuly — deputy chairman of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, deputy of the Majilis (IV convocation). 1948 Born on November 23 in Aibas village, Sherbakol district, Ombi region, Russian Federation. Originated from the Bagys section of the Atigai clan of the Argyn tribe. 1971 Graduated from Ombi Agricultural Institute named after S. M. Kirov. Candidate of Economic Sciences. 1989 Head of the Main Department of Economic Development and Social Planning of the State Agricultural Production Committee of the Kazakh SSR, First Deputy Chairman of the State Agricultural Production Committee of the Kazakh SSR - Minister of the Kazakh SSR. 1996 Served as Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Akim of Akmola region. 1999-2001 Advisor to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2001-07 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the PRC, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Vietnam, Mongolia, and the Democratic People's Republic of Korea. 2007 January — 2008 May Akim of East Kazakhstan region. 2008 May 14 Deputy Chairman of Majilis (IV convocation) of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Awards * Order of "Parasat"; * Order of "Friendship" II degree; and awarded with medals.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5780

Латвия

Latvia (Latvian Latvija), official name — Republic of Latvia (Latvian Latvijas Republika) — is a country in northeastern Europe, on the coast of the Baltic Sea. It shares borders with Estonia, Lithuania, Russia, Belarus and Sweden by sea. The land area is 64,589 thousand km². The population is 1,865,452 people. The state is located in the temperate zone. The capital is the city of Riga. The state language is Latvian. People adhere to Protestant, Catholic, Orthodox branches of Christianity. Latvia is a parliamentary republic. Deputies of the Parliament (1-chambered Sejm) are elected every 4 years by popular vote. According to the Constitution, the head of state is the President. He is elected by parliament members every 3 years. The executive power is in the hands of the government headed by the prime minister. National holiday - November 18 - Independence Day (1918). The national currency is the euro (May 2004). Latvia is located in the Eastern European Plain, in the basin of the Daugava (Western Dvina) river, which flows into the Baltic Sea. Kurzem is in the west of the country, Vidzem is in the center, the Latgal plateau is in the east, and the Latish plain is in the northeast. The climate is maritime and continental. The average temperature in July is 16-18°C, in January it is 2-3°C on the Baltic coast, and 7°C in the eastern regions. The annual amount of precipitation is 500-800 mm. The rivers flow into the Baltic Sea. Major: Daugava, Lielupe, Venta, etc. There are 3185 lakes, the largest of which are: Lubanas, Reznas, Usmas, etc. 38% of its land is forest (pine, birch, spruce, poplar). Latvia was inhabited for the first time in the Mesolithic era (9th - 4th millennium BC). The first state union appeared in Eastern Latvia (8 principalities of Latgals) in the 10th - 13th centuries. In the second half of the 12th century, the Order of Swordsmen, 1237 The Livonian Order was founded. Thus, until 1561, Latvia was part of Livonia. 1558 - 1583 Latvia looked at the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth. The beginning of the transition of the land of Latvia under the control of the Russian Empire ended at the end of the 18th century. After the October revolution of 1917, the Soviet government was established in the country, but in 1918 In February, Latvia was occupied by the Germans. On November 18, the independent Republic of Latvia was established. But in 1940 Latvia was forced to join the USSR. Country 1941 - 1944 experienced German occupation for the second time. In the years after the war, it developed in a socialist way, and in 1989 announced that it would leave the USSR in autumn, and in 1990 announced the Declaration of Independence in May. Latvia has been a member of the UN since 1991. 2004 It was accepted as a member of the European Union. The country's agriculture is mainly adapted to the breeding of beef and dairy cattle and pigs. The leading branches of production are engineering (buses, equipment, etc.), light, pulp and paper and wood processing, pharmaceuticals and construction materials. Main exports in foreign trade: electric trains, cars, electrical goods, wood products, textiles, food products. 1998 In May, an agreement was signed between Kazakhstan and Latvia on the use of Latvian ports for cargo transportation and the transit procedure, on establishing cooperation in the field of international air transport, air and rail transport. ## Population As of May 1, 2014, the population is 1,997,500 people. The population density is 34.3. As of 2013, the average life expectancy is 73.19 years (68.13 years for men, 78.53 years for women). Average level of urbanization - 67.7% Established agglomerations - Riga. ## Industrialized Latvia Latvia is the most industrially developed country in the Baltics. It uses the outlet to the sea for trade and fishing. Latvia is a lowland country. 98% of its territory does not rise above 200 m above sea level. It borders Belarus and Russia in the east, Estonia in the north, and Lithuania in the south. Part of the coastline in the north-west forms the Gulf of Riga. It is separated from the Baltic Sea by the large Estonian island Saaremaa and other islands of the Moonsund archipelago. Riga, the largest port and the capital of Latvia, is located in the warm zone of the Gulf of Riga. On the west coast, other important ports are Ventspils and Liepaja. Thousands of springs and small rivers flow through Latvia, only 17 of which are over 90 km long. Daugava (Western Dvina), the longest of the rivers, originates in Russia, flows through Belarus, crosses Latvia and flows into the Gulf of Riga. From December to April, the Daugava is covered with ice and crowded with bends and shoals, making it unsuitable for ships of large tonnage. However, the water is used to generate electricity in power plants and to transport timber from the interior of the country to ports and coasts. Forests cover 40% of the territory of Latvia. More than half of them are pine and oak forests. The demand for wood creates conditions for the prosperity of the forestry and wood processing industry. Almost 10% of the territory of Latvia is occupied by bogs with large deposits of peat. Building stone is produced from limestone and dolomite ores. The country has very few other natural resources. Although oil fields were recently discovered in the east of Latvia, natural fuel is imported from Russia. The main branch of agriculture is animal husbandry in the direction of meat and milk. The leading branches of industry are machine-building and metalworking, chemical production, oil, woodworking and pulp and paper industry. Latvians make up 57% of the country's population, and Russians make up more than 30%. Ukrainians, Belarusians and Poles also live in Latvia. ## History Around the 3rd millennium BC. e. Finno-Ugric tribes of pit pottery came to the territory of modern Latvia (their linguistic descendants were the historical Livs). Not later than the 1st millennium BC, tribes of the Baltic pottery culture settled here. During the period of feudal fragmentation and annexations in Russia, the Livonian lands along the Western Dvina were dependent on the Principality of Polotsk, which was subdued under Prince Vseslav Bryachislavich (1044-1101). According to chroniclers, the Livs paid tribute to the princes of Polotsk, and the Curonians paid tribute to the kings of Sweden. In 1184, the Catholic missionary Maynard von Segeberg, with the permission of Prince Vladimir of Polotsk, began to preach Christianity in his vassal countries - among the Livs. Two years later, the Archbishop of Bremen, Hartwig II, raised Maynard to the rank of bishop and under his command established the first diocese in Livonia. On October 1, 1188, Pope Clement III confirmed Maynard as bishop and gave the created bishopric to Bremen. However, the Livers were not very ready to convert to Christianity and rebelled against the bishop's authority and killed Maynard's successor, Bishop Berthold. ### XIII-XV centuries In 1201, Bishop Albert Buxgevden founded the city of Riga. To consolidate his power, he also created the Order of the Sword, which later became an independent political and economic force (the Livonian Order, part of the Teutonic Order, after Saul's defeat at the Battle of Saul); the order and the bishop fought each other for political hegemony in Livonia. In 1209, the bishop and the order agreed to divide the controlled lands among themselves. A state formation of the Knights of the German Cross appeared on the map of Europe - Livonia (after the name of the local ethnic group - Livs). It included the territories of today's Estonia and Latvia. The control of the Principality of Polotsk over its former annexes (Kukeinos and Gersike) in Latvian territory was abolished. In 1254, a new division of the Livonian land took place - according to an agreement between the Archbishop of Riga, his cathedral chapter and the Livonian Order. Many Livonian cities became members of the Hansa, a North European trade union that later flourished. ### 16th century The first printed text in Latvian is found in the Catholic church handbook - the book "Agenda" (1507, Leipzig). Rigans also took an active part in the Reformation, in 1517 Andreas Knopken, preacher of Luther's ideas, came to Riga. In 1524, the first Lutheran parish in the city was established in St. James Cathedral in Riga. In 1530, Nikolaus Ramm translated passages from the Bible into Latvian for the first time. After some conflicts (including armed ones), in 1554 the Master of the Livonian Order, Walter von Plettenberg, declared freedom of religion in Livonia. At the same time, the Russian king Ivan IV the Terrible announced his claims to Livonia. As an excuse, the Russian-Livonian war of 1480-1481 and the Russo-Livonian treaty of 1503, non-payment of tribute from Yuryev, and the oppression of Russian merchants were protested. The Baltic Germans initially asked for a waiver of the levy, and in negotiations in December 1557, they agreed to repay the debt in the amount of 30,000 Hungarian gold (which is equal to 45,000 thalers or 18,000 rubles) in the future. promised to pay a thousand Hungarian gold a year, but the promises were not fulfilled. This was the reason for the start of the war. In 1558, he invaded the territory of Livonia, and in August 1560, Ivan the Terrible defeated the united forces of order in the Battle of Ergem. The 25-year-long Livonian War ended in 1583 with the Treaty of Plyus. As a result, the Livonian Order ceased to exist, and its territory was divided between the Polish-Lithuanian state, Sweden (modern-day northern Estonia) and Denmark (it received the island of Ezel). The lands of the Livonian Order in the north of the Western Dvina became the Duchy of Zadvinsk under the direct control of Poland, and the lands in the south became the Duchy of Courland, a vassal state of the Commonwealth. ### 17th century As a result of the Polish-Swedish wars, the Duchy of Zadvinsk ceased to exist. Most of it came under the control of Sweden (Swedish Livonia), and the southeastern part became the Voivodeship of Plane of the Commonwealth. In the 17th century, the Latvian nation was formed as a result of the unification of Latgals, villages, Semigals, Kurons and Livs. In 1638 Georg Manselius compiled the first Lettus dictionary in Latvia, and in 1649 Paul Einhorn's book "Historia Lettica" (History of Latvia) was published. In 1683, the first alphabet of the Latvian language appeared. In 1685, a textbook of the Latvian language was published under the authorship of Heinrich Adolphius. To this day, differences between the dialects of the Latvian language persist, and some linguists consider the deep dialects of the Upper Latvian dialect to be a separate Latvian language. In 1684, local blacksmith Zwiedris Johansons was sentenced to be burned at the stake in Priekule. From 1670 to 1684, he made several flights with an airplane of his own design (like a detailed glider). Towers of castles and churches were used for distribution. He flew 2 km to neighboring houses, broke his leg, and later learned to spin in the air. ### XVIII century On August 30 (September 10) 1721, the Treaty of Nystadt was signed after the Russian kingdom defeated the Swedish empire. Sweden recognized the annexation of Livonia, Estonia, Ingermanland, part of Karelia and other territories to Russia, for which Russia paid Sweden 2 million efimki (1.3 million rubles). On the territory of Livonia, the province of Riga was established by the decree of Peter I (in 1783, the province became the viceroyalty of Riga, and in 1796 it was changed to the province of Livonia). In 1757, the Kraslava Catholic Theological Seminary was opened. During the first division of the Commonwealth in 1772, Latgale (Polish flyers) also went to Russia. Administratively, Latgale was first part of the Pskov province. In 1775, Duke Peter Biron opened the Petrina Academy in Courland. In 1785, Courland mechanic Ernst Johann Bienemann launched the first hot air balloon. During the Third Partition of the Commonwealth in 1795, the Duchy of Courland was transferred to the Russian Empire as the Governorate of Courland. ### XIX century During the Patriotic War of 1812, Napoleon's army captured Courland. In 1817 in Courland and in 1819 in the provinces of Livonia, the Russian government abolished serfdom. The abolition of serfdom contributed to the growth of the national consciousness of Latvian peasants. In 1822, the first newspaper in the Latvian language "Latviešu Avīzes" (Latvian newspaper) was published in Mitau. In the middle of the 19th century, a nationalist movement of young Latvians was formed, which advocated the development of the Latvian language and culture. The construction of railways contributed to the development of industry. In 1861, the first Riga-Dinaburg railway on the territory of present-day Latvia was commissioned. In 1862, Riga Polytechnic Institute was opened. Teaching was conducted in German. The end of the 19th century is the rapid development of industry. Russian-Baltic Car Plant, Fenix Car Plant, Provodnik Rubber Products Plant started working, the first cars and bicycles were produced in Russia. The leading branches of industry are engineering and metalworking. In May 1899 there were workers' demonstrations (known as the Riga Uprising). At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, there was a wave of emigration of Latvians abroad. ### XX century 1905 - revolutionary events in the Livonian province. In 1915, during the First World War, German troops occupied a part of Courland, industry was moved from Latvian cities. In the city of Dvinsk (now Daugavpils) there was great destruction. Latvian infantry units were formed in the Russian Imperial Army. Despite the successful Mitava operation for Russia in December 1916 (January 1917), in September the German army entered Riga. On December 24, 1917 (January 6, 1918) in Valka, the Executive Committee of the Council of Workers, Soldiers and Landless Deputies of Latvia (Iskolat) adopted a declaration on Latvian self-government and the establishment of Soviet Latvia. (Republic of Iskolata), whose authority extended to the areas of Latvia that were not occupied by German troops. In February, Germany occupied the entire territory of Latvia. On November 18, 1918, in the face of German occupation, the People's Council of Latvia declared the Republic of Latvia as an independent and independent state, thereby ending the period of preparation for Latvian statehood. December 22, 1918 — V. Lenin signed the decree of the Council of People's Commissars on recognition of the independence of the Soviet Republic of Latvia. On January 3, 1919, units of the Red Army entered Riga. 1918-1920 - struggle for Latvian independence. Pro-German and pro-Soviet armed groups were forced to retreat, which created the conditions for international recognition of Latvia. August 11, 1920 - a peace treaty was signed in Riga between the RSFSR and Latvia, in which Latvia and Soviet Russia recognized each other. Based on the legal norms of that time, this de jure led to the emergence of the Republic of Latvia as a subject of international law. 1921 January 26 - Entente de jure recognition of Latvia as an independent state. September 22, 1921 - Latvia joins the League of Nations. February 15, 1922 - The Constituent Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Republic of Latvia - Satversme. May 15, 1934 - a coup d'état, absolute power in the country was concentrated in the hands of K. Ulmanis. June 7, 1939 - Latvia signed a non-aggression pact with Germany. August 23, 1939 - Germany and the Soviet Union sign the Non-Aggression Pact (also known as the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact). A secret additional protocol was added to the agreement on the division of Eastern European countries into the spheres of German and Soviet interests (Latvia fell into the sphere of influence of the USSR). October 29 - in accordance with the mutual assistance pact between the USSR and Latvia, units of the 2nd separate infantry corps and the 18th aviation brigade of the Red Army arrived in Latvia, numbering 21,559 people. June 15, 1940 - attack on Latvian border guards in Maslenki. The next day, the People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs of the Soviet Union, V. Molotov, read to the Ambassador of Latvia, F. Kocins, the ultimatum of the USSR government, which demanded the resignation of the Latvian government and the introduction of an unlimited contingent of Soviet armed forces. If no response is received from the Latvian government by 11:00 p.m., the armed forces of the USSR will enter Latvian territory and destroy any resistance. On the evening of June 16, the government of K. Ulmanis accepted an ultimatum and decided to resign. Similar decisions were taken by the governments of Lithuania and Estonia. The Cabinet rejected military resistance, as it would lead to bloodshed but would not save the Latvian state. On June 17, additional units of the Red Army entered the territory of Latvia. 1940 July 14-15 - elections to the People's Assembly were held in Latvia. Only one list of candidates proposed by the "Workers' Bloc" was sent to the election. All other alternate listings were rejected. It was reported that 97.5% of votes were cast on the officially named list. July 21, 1940 - the People's Seimas declared Latvia a Soviet Republic (Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic) and August 5, 1940 - the Supreme Soviet of the USSR accepted Latvia into the USSR. 1941 - the wave of repression - according to the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU and the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR dated May 16, 1941 "On measures to cleanse the peoples of Lithuania and Latvia". and "anti-Soviet, criminal and socially dangerous elements of the Estonian SSR" from members of anti-Soviet nationalist organizations, former law enforcement officers and military personnel of bourgeois Latvia and the White Army (in case of compromises), manufacturers, landowners, merchants and high-ranking civil servants of the large Republic of Latvia, Criminals who continue illegal activities are people who were considered dangerous for the Soviet authorities on the eve of the war. According to the documents of the Latvian State Archives, on June 14, 1941, 15,424 people were deported from Latvia, and 5,263 of them were arrested. 700 of those arrested were shot, 3441 died in custody; that is, one fifth of those arrested survived. Among those deported to special settlements, 1,900 people died. According to the data of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of the USSR analyzed by the historian A. Dyukov, the total number of victims of exile was 4884 (34% of the total number), and by 1953, 2000 people had returned to their country. According to A. Dyukov, 81.27 percent of the deportees are Latvians, 11.70 percent are Jews, and 5.29 percent are Russians. June 22, 1941 - Nazi Germany attacked the USSR. By the middle of July, the entire territory of Latvia was occupied by German troops. The creation of police battalions on a volunteer basis was started, and later they were merged into the volunteer legion of the Latvian SS. When there was a legion, about 115 thousand people passed through it. According to Soviet data, 313,798 Soviet citizens (including 39,835 children) and 330,000 Soviet prisoners of war were killed during the Nazi occupation of Latvia by fascists and their accomplices. October 13, 1944 - Red Army units entered Riga. The cities of Libava, Pavilosta, Aizpute, Skrunda, Saldus, Sabila, Kandava, Tucums were captured by Soviet troops on May 9, 1945. On May 10, the Courland group led by General Gilpert surrendered, Soviet troops entered the cities of Valdemarpils, Ventspils, Grobina, Piltene. 1949 - during the second wave of persecution, about 40 thousand people were deported from Latvia. 1940-1956 - the movement of "national partisans" (the so-called "forest brothers"). In 1940-1991 - Latvian SSR within the USSR. Industry is developing in the republic. During this period, some party leaders of Soviet Latvia rose to leadership positions in Moscow, among them A.Ya. Pelshe, a member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU, B.K. Pugo, Minister of Internal Affairs of the USSR, and others. . The period when Latvia was part of the Soviet Union in Latvia is called the Soviet occupation. In 2016, the loss from it was estimated at 185 billion euros. On May 4, 1990, the Supreme Council of the Latvian SSR adopted the Declaration on the restoration of the independence of the Republic of Latvia. According to this document, the constitution of independent Latvia of 1922 was renewed and a transitional period was established until the Sejm was convened. On August 21, 1991, the Supreme Council of Latvia confirmed the independence of the republic by adopting the constitutional law "On the state status of the Republic of Latvia". On September 6, 1991, the State Council of the USSR recognized the independence of Latvia. On September 17, 1991, the Republic of Latvia became a member of the UN. On February 10, 1995, the Republic of Latvia became a member of the Council of Europe. On February 10, 1999, the Republic of Latvia became a member of the World Trade Organization. ### XXI century In February 2004, 19 NATO member countries ratified the protocols on Latvia's accession to the North Atlantic Alliance, and in May of the same year, the country was admitted to the European Union. On December 21, 2007, Latvia joined and since March 30, 2008, fully applies the rules of the Schengen area. On January 1, 2014, Latvia became the 18th member of the Eurozone. In the first half of 2015, Latvia presided over the Council of the European Union. On June 2, 2016, Latvia became the 35th member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). ## Armed Forces The National Armed Forces of Latvia is a collection of Latvian troops dedicated to the defense of the freedom, independence and territorial integrity of the state. In 2004, Latvia joined NATO, and on January 1, 2007, it became a professional army. On April 5, 2023, the Parliament of Latvia adopted a law on compulsory military service for men from the age of 18, the term of service is 12 months. Latvia participates in international peacekeeping and security operations. Latvian specialists also contributed to civilian missions. The number of troops is 5,500 soldiers, 10,000 in reserve. The army was reduced to 2 infantry battalions and 18 battalions of the volunteer paramilitary internal guard, part of the Ministry of Defense. Since 1996, more than 3,600 military personnel have participated in international operations, and 7 of them have died. The NSC reserve consists of Latvian citizens who have completed their military service. The leadership of the National Armed Forces of Latvia is carried out by the Minister of Defense on the recommendation of the Commander of the Armed Forces. ## Physical and geographical characteristics The territory of Latvia is 64,589 km² (the 122nd largest country in the world). The total length of the borders is 1150 kilometers. It is washed by the Baltic Sea (shore length 531 km) and the Gulf of Riga in the west, borders Estonia (343 km) in the north, Lithuania (588 km) in the south, and Russia (246 km). km) and Belarus (161 km) in the east. The terrain is flat, high mountains interspersed with valleys. Vidzeme mountain (the highest point is Gaizinkalns hill, 312 m); Latgal mountains (the highest point is Liele Liepukalns hill, 289 m); Aluxne Mountain (the highest point is Delinkalns Hill, 272 m); Curonian Mountains (the highest point is Krievukalns Mountain (Russian Mountain), 189 m); Augšzeme mountain (the highest point is Eglukalns hill, 220 m Latvia has a total of 2585 rivers and 2288 lakes. Main natural resources: sand, gravel, peat, dolomite, limestone, clay, gypsum, water resources, forest. Exploration of oil deposits on the shelf of the Baltic Sea and oil testing in the Kurzeme region are underway. Small amounts of amber are sometimes found on the coast of Latvia ### Climate The climate is transitional from maritime to continental, softened by its proximity to the Baltic Sea. Southwest winds bring significant amounts of precipitation from the Atlantic Ocean - 500-800 mm per year. The sky is often covered with clouds, the number of sunny days is only 30-40 days a year. The sunniest and driest month is May. Summers are often cool and rainy, with temperatures above freezing 125-155 days a year. The average temperature in July is +15...+17 °C, sometimes there are fluctuations (up to +32 °C), as in the mid-1990s. Winter lasts from mid-December to mid-March. The average temperature in January is from -3 to -7°С, sometimes it drops to -20°С ### Flora and fauna Flora of Latvia last ice developed approximately 10-15 thousand years after the era. Fields appeared due to deforestation, constant mowing or cattle grazing. Natural deposits make up only one percent of the territory of Latvia. 360 species of higher plants have been described in fields, but only 60 species are common. Wetlands occupy 10% of the territory. Most of them are located in the Coastal Plain and Eastern Latvia. Swamps began to form at the end of the Ice Age, but most of them appeared after the Ice Age. They became reservoirs or dry areas and continue to develop to this day. 1304 local species of plants and 633 imported species were described in Latvia. The fauna of Latvia is typical of Northern Europe. There are 62 species of mammals, 19 of which may accidentally wander into the territory of Latvia, for example: the common or spotted seal, the common porcupine and the common mouse. About 300 species of birds can be found in Latvia, some of which are rare in other countries, for example, white-tailed eagle, short eagle, black stork. There are 29 types of fish in total. About 17,500 species of invertebrates are known, but another 12,000 species are found in Latvia. Due to unfavorable climatic conditions, the number of species of reptiles and amphibians is small - only 20 species (13 species of amphibians and 7 reptiles) ### Ecology Nature of Latvia is very diverse the amount of natural resources per capita exceeds the average European level. It has 10 times more land per capita than the Netherlands, and 10 times more renewable water resources than the world average. There are hundreds of times more forests per person than most European countries. Mild climate and balanced geological conditions protect the territory from cataclysms. The general environmental situation is favorable, environmental monitoring is carried out regularly. In 2012, Latvia ranked 2nd in the world in terms of environmental protection (after Switzerland). ## Economy Membership in the European Union allowed Latvia to significantly expand trade relations with European countries, especially with Germany, Sweden and Great Britain. From January 1, 2023, the minimum wage will be 620 euros (gross) and 534.69 (net) per month. From 2022, the minimum salary for doctors is €1,555 (gross) and €1,132.23 (net), and for nurses and paramedics €1,032 (gross) and €797.99 (net). Overall, from 2022 the average salary for doctors is €1,963 (gross) and €1,396.63 (net) and for healthcare workers and caregivers €1,183 (gross) and €894.49 (net). As of December 2022, the average salary in Latvia was €1,540 (gross) and €1,126 (net), and 24.35% of employees earned less than €700 (gross) and €586 (net). The Keitz index (the ratio of the minimum wage to the average wage) is about 43% as of Q3 2018. As of December 2022, the average salary in Latvia is €1,540 (gross) and €1,126 (net). The country has relatively successfully transitioned from shock therapy to a stable market economy. Inflation fell and remained low (less than 1% in 2018) due to the Maastricht criteria before the changeover to the euro. The national currency lats was abolished with the adoption of the euro (2014). The country is a member of the EU single market, has a relatively high economic growth rate (above the EU average) and low public debt (below the EU average). Compared to EU countries, it has a relatively cheap and well-educated workforce. Wage growth in 2019 will not be limited by slowing economic growth amid declining unemployment and growing labor shortages. Weaknesses: energy supply depends on imported oil products, gas and electricity. Poor resource base. The biggest problem (as in other countries - new members of the EU) is the ever-growing shortage of able-bodied labor and the increase in the number of retirees in the population structure due to the low birth rate and high emigration of the population to the rich. EU countries, which in turn forces employers to pay employees more, thereby artificially raising wages and increasing the imbalance between productivity and wages. The main export goods of Latvia (2011): electrical machines and equipment - 6.9%, machines and mechanisms - 5.4%, cast iron and non-alloy steel - 5.2%, sawn timber - 4.8%, pharmaceutical products - 4.1%, iron and steel. products - 3.2%, primary products made of iron and steel (granulated and powdered products) - 2.8%, round wood - 2.6%, knitwear and textile products - 2.5%, non-ferrous metals and products made from them - 2.5%. In the years following the restoration of independence, Latvia carried out serious economic reforms, in 1992 re-introduced the lats as its currency, carried out privatization and returned apartment buildings to their former owners (nationalisation). Before the economic crisis, the economy grew steadily by 5-7% per year (12.6% in 2006, 10.3% in 2007). According to the results of 2007, Latvia ranked third in the post-Soviet space in terms of GDP growth rate. Among the countries of the post-Soviet space, only Azerbaijan and Armenia advanced from Latvia. Latvia has been a member of the World Trade Organization since 1999, and a member of the European Union since 2004. Since January 1, 2014, the national currency of Latvia has switched from lats to the euro. On June 2, 2016, Latvia became the 35th member of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development. According to statistics at the end of 2013, 45 percent of the population supported the introduction of the euro, while 52 percent were against it. Following the introduction of the euro, a Eurobarometer survey in January 2014 showed support for the euro at around 53%, close to the European average. Since 2000, Latvia has had the highest GDP growth rate in Europe. However, growth driven mainly by Latvian consumption led to a decline in Latvian GDP in late 2008 and early 2009, which was exacerbated by the global economic crisis, credit crunch and large cash flow. Latvia's GDP fell by 18% in the first 3 months of 2009, the largest decline in the European Union. Real GDP growth in Latvia from 1996 to 2006 The economic crisis of 2009 confirmed earlier predictions that the booming economy was headed for the collapse of an economic bubble, as it was mainly driven by increased domestic consumption, significant private debt was financed by the increase, and was also associated with a negative balance of the foreign trade balance. Real estate prices, which have been rising for some time at around 5% per month, have long been considered too high for an economy that mainly produces goods and raw materials at low cost. Privatization is nearing completion in Latvia. Virtually all former state-owned small and medium-sized companies have been privatized, leaving only a small number of politically sensitive large state-owned companies. The private sector accounted for about 68% of the country's gross domestic product in 2000. Foreign investment in Latvia is still modest compared to levels in north-central Europe. A law was passed in 1997 that expanded the possibilities of selling land, including to foreigners. US companies invested $127 million in 1999, accounting for 10.2% of Latvia's total foreign direct investment. That year, the United States exported $58.2 million worth of goods and services to Latvia and imported $87.9 million. Latvia signed the European Agreement to join Western economic institutions such as the World Trade Organization, the OECD, and the European Union. EU in 1995 with a 4-year transition period. Latvia and the United States have signed agreements on investment, trade and protection of intellectual property and avoidance of double taxation. ### Economic recession and recovery (2008–2012) The rapid rise in real estate market prices associated with easy access to mortgage loans in Latvian banks and very active speculation in the market was one of the factors in the rise in inflation that caused the collapse of the real estate in Latvia. market. Housing prices in Latvia decreased by 24.1% in the second quarter of 2008 compared to the corresponding period of 2007. Latvia's economy entered a period of fiscal contraction in the second half of 2008 following long-term credit-driven speculation and an unrealistic increase in property values. For example, the national account deficit in 2007 was more than 22% of GDP in one year, and inflation was 10%. The unemployment rate in Latvia increased sharply during this period from 5.4% in November 2007 to more than 22% in April 2010. Latvia has the highest unemployment rate in the EU at 22.5%, ahead of Spain at 19.7%. P. Krugman, winner of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Economics, wrote in his New York Times column of December 15, 2008: "The most acute problems are on the periphery of Europe, where many small economies in Latin America and Experiencing crises very similar to previous crises in Asia: Latvia is the new Argentina" However, by 2010, economists noted signs of stabilization in the Latvian economy. Standard & Poor's rating agency raised the outlook on Latvia's debt from negative to stable. Latvia's current account, which had a 27% deficit at the end of 2006, had a surplus in February 2010. Kenneth Orchard, senior analyst at Moody's Investors Service: "The strengthening of the regional economy is supporting Latvian production and exports, and the sharp fluctuations in the current account indicate that the country's "internal devaluation" is working." As a result of anti-crisis measures, in the first quarter of 2012, according to the data of the Central Statistical Office, the growth of the gross domestic product (GDP) was 6.8% compared to the corresponding period of 2011. In 2012, the International Monetary Fund (IMF) published the first monitoring report since the end of Latvia's financial assistance program, which noted that Latvia's economy has been recovering rapidly since 2010, following a deep recession in 2008-2009. Real GDP growth in 2011 was 5.5% due to export growth and recovery of domestic demand. Despite deteriorating external conditions, growth continued in 2012 and 2013, and the economy is expected to grow by 4.1% in 2014. The unemployment rate has fallen from a peak of over 20% in 2010 to around 9.3% in 2014. ### Infrastructure The car code of Latvia is LV. The transport sector accounts for about 14 percent of the gross domestic product. Transit between Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan and other Western and Eastern countries. Latvia has 8 seaports, including the three largest ports - Ventspils, Riga and Liepaja. Crude oil and oil products make up the majority of transit transport. The Port of Ventspils is the busiest port in the Baltic States. In addition to roads and railways, Ventspils was an important link in the export of Russian oil through the Baltic Sea. According to experts, even if the transfer of Russian goods through Russian ports increases, Latvian ports will not remain idle. Riga International Airport is the largest airport in the Baltic States in terms of cargo and passenger traffic. Riga International Airport serves almost half (49%) of all passengers in the Baltic capitals. For comparison, in 2016 Tallinn Airport (Estonia) served 21% of all passengers and Vilnius Airport (Lithuania) 30%. The airport operates direct flights to more than 80 destinations in 30 countries. AirBaltic is the national airline of Latvia. In recent years, Riga International Airport State Joint Stock Company has become one of the fastest growing airports in Europe. Thus, in 2016, 5.4 million passengers were served at the airport, and in 2019, 7.8 million passengers were served. AirBaltic, the national airline of Latvia, has been recognized as the cleanest air carrier in the world for 4 years in a row. The Society for Air Transport Research has recognized Riga International Airport as the most competitive airport in Europe based on cost per passenger and fare structure. The main railway network of Latvia is 1,860 km, of which 1,826 km is 1,520 mm Russian railway, of which 251 km is electrified, making it the longest railway network in the Baltic States. The Latvian railway network is currently not compatible with the European standard gauge. However, the Rail Baltica railway connecting Helsinki-Tallinn-Riga-Kaunas-Warsaw is under construction and should be completed by 2026. The national road network in Latvia consists of 1675 km of main roads, 5448 km of regional and 12880 km of local roads. Latvian municipal roads have 29,975 km of roads and 8,271 km of streets. The most popular are the A1 roads (European route E67) connecting Warsaw and Tallinn, as well as the European route E22 connecting Ventspils and Terekhova. In 2019, 727,164 vehicles were registered in Latvia. There are three large hydropower plants in Latvia: Pevina HPP (825 MW), Riga HPP (402 MW) and Egums HPP (192 MW). In recent years, several dozen wind power plants have been built, as well as power plants of various sizes powered by biogas or biomass. The Inčukalns gas storage facility is located in Latvia, one of the largest underground gas storage facilities in Europe and the only one in the Baltic States. The unique geological conditions in Inkukalns are particularly suitable for underground gas storage ## Independence and government For almost its entire history, Latvia has been under the rule of other states. From the second quarter of the 13th century to 1561, it was part of Livonia, a confederation of principalities established by German Christian knights on the territory of Latvia and Estonia. After 1562, a part of Latvia's territory was shared by Sweden and Poland. In the 18th century, Peter I annexed the country to the mighty Russian Empire. Latvia gained its independence in 1920 and maintained it until 1940, when it joined the Soviet Union. The country regained its independence in 1991 and restored the 1922 Constitution. The government is headed by the Prime Minister, who is appointed by the 100-member parliament-Seim elected by the people for a four-year term. In 2004, Latvia joined the European Union. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7294

chalk (rock)

Cretaceous is a loose (up to 40-49%), fine-grained (<0.01mm) rock, mostly composed of the calcified (90-99% calcite) skeletons of microorganisms such as coccolithophores and foraminifera. Upper Cretaceous Cretaceous sediments in Europe form the White Cliffs of Dover and the cliffs south of Calais. Chalk is a soft sedimentary rock composed of white, uniform fine-grained calcium carbonate. Remains of single-celled calcareous algae — coccolitho-phorids in chalk content reach 10 — 75%, foraminifera — 5 — 6%, sometimes up to 40%. Remains of small molluscs, belemnite, ammonite, mshanka, sea urchins, corals, etc. are found. Boron is formed from chemical precipitation and decomposition of organic waste. Hardness of chalk is about 1, specific weight is 2.2 — 2.8 g/cm3. Boron contains quartz, montmorillonite, kaolinite, hydromica, opal, glauconite, chalcedony, zeolites, pyrite, barite, iron oxides. Chalk salt in the warm climate. settles in moderate seas at depths from tens to hundreds of m. In geosynclinal areas, Boric sediments harden and turn into limestone. Cretaceous is widespread in Meso-Cenozoic sediments. It is used in the production of paper, glass, cement, perfumes, cosmetics, and medicine. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6203

Samoa

The Independent State of Samoa (Model: Lang-smo, English. Independent State of Samoa [səˈmoʊə]) is located in the western islands of the Samoan archipelago (Shok Island) in the South Pacific Ocean. Belongs to the countries of Oceania. Former names were German Samoa (1900-1914) and Western Samoa (1914-1997). It joined the United Nations on December 15, 1976. Since 1970, it has been a member of the Commonwealth of Nations led by Great Britain. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5135

Aryngazy Abilgazizuly

Aryngazy Abylgazyuly (1783 — 1833) - Khan of Kishi Yuz, grandson of Khayip Khan. 1815 after the death of his father Abylgazi, he received a lot of money, gold, gold, etc. The khan was elected at the meeting by the chiefs of the clans. He stood out for his intelligence and common sense. He quarreled with Shergazy and sought to oust him from the khanate. Khiva Khan had a conflict with Muhammad Rahim and fought several times. The goal of the political current known as the Aryngazy movement is to strengthen the khanate, to create a common state in the Middle and Small Hundred States, to support it with the Islamic religion, Muslim law, and Sharia law. So, he removed the judges and elders from ruling the country and appointed a male clan. Aryngazy sought to use the Russian protectorate for the purpose of creating a unified Kazakh khanate. 1819 Shergazy Khan complained to the king about Aryngazy. Governor PK Essen supported him. He even proposed to the king to remove Shergazy from the khanate and confirm Aryngazy as khan. Although he controlled only one part of the small village, he strongly resisted the colonization of this region by the tsar's government. followed Shergazy to St. Petersburg. Nicholas I, who recognized only Shergazy as a khan, ordered his arrest. 1823 Aryngazy was arrested and deported to Kaluga. 1826 on December 21, several sultans and prominent elders asked Essen to return Aryngazy from Kaluga to his village. Despite Essen's support, the Asiatic Committee rejected the proposal. In response to this, Aryngazy's "party" campaigned among the people and tried to oppose Russia. 1833 Aryngazy died in Kaluga. Aryngaz was also a coachman. His seven-syllable poem "Aryngazy" is distinguished by its lively character and cheerful melody. This work develops in the form of three parts: Kurmangazy, Dauletkerey, etc. had an impact on the state creativity ("Saryarka", "Escape from Prison", "Kosalka"). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4034

Италия

Italy (ital. Italia [iˈtaːlja], official name — Republic of Italy (ital. Repubblica Italiana)) is a country located in the Southern part of Europe, on the Apennine Peninsula on the Mediterranean coast, Sicily, Sardinia and several small islands. The land area is 301.3 thousand km2. The population is 62 million people. 94% of the population are Italians. The official language is Italian. People adhere to the Catholic branch of Christianity. The capital is Rome (2.8 million). In addition, Milan (1.6 million), Naples (1.2 million), Turin (1.1 million), etc. there are big cities. There are 2 independent states (Vatican, San Marino) on the territory of Italy. Administratively, it consists of 20 regions. 5 of them (Sicily, Sardinia, Trentino-Alto Adige, Valle D'Aosta, Friuli-Venezia Giulia) have a special autonomous status. Regions are divided into 94 provinces. Italy is a parliamentary republic. According to the constitution adopted in 1948, the country is headed by the President (OL Scalfaro since 1992). He is re-elected every 7 years at a joint meeting of deputies of the bicameral parliament and representatives from the regions. The legislative body consists of two chambers: the Senate of the Republic (372 senators) and the Chamber of Deputies (630 deputies). Executive power is in the hands of the Council of Ministers. The national currency is the lira. The national holiday is the first Sunday of June - the day of the establishment of the Republic (June 2, 1946). ## Nature Italy is located in the forest zone of the temperate zone (North) and subtropical zone (South). 4/5 of its land is mountains and plains. The highest point is the peak of Mont Blanc (4807 m). There are dozens of large glaciers in the Alps. To the south of the Alps, the Padan plain extends to the Apennines. The extreme southern end is Mount Calabria. Most of the islands are mountainous and volcanic. Earthquakes occur in central and southern Italy. Minerals: coal, lignite, oil, natural gas, lead, iron ore, sulfur, etc. In terms of natural resources of mercury ore, the country ranks second in the world after Spain. The climate is mainly subtropical: hot, dry summers, warm winters. The average temperature in July is from 20-22°C (in the north) to 28°C (in the south), in January from 0°C (in the north) to 12°C (in the south). At the top of the Alps, there is a frost of -15-20°C in winter. Annual precipitation ranges from 500 mm (Sicily, Sardinia) to 3000 mm (Eastern Alps, Northern Apennines). The main river of the country is Po (652 km long) (the city of Rome is located on the bank of this river), Adige, Brenta, Reno, Arno, Tiber, etc. are among the big rivers. belongs to. Most of the large lakes (Garda, Como, etc.) are located in the Alps. The land is fertile brown soil and meadow. Broad-leaved (oak, maple) forests grow in the altitudes of the Alps up to 800 m, and above it, coniferous and coniferous forests, and subalpine meadows grow in the highest part. Agriculture is well developed in the Padan (Po) plain. On the Apennines and the islands of Sicily and Sardinia, evergreen groves, oaks, and shamshat trees grow. Mountain goat, wild cat, marten, mink, and Abruzzo bear can be found in the Alps and Apennines. About 400 birds live in Italy. The neighboring seas are rich in fish. ## History ### Ancient Rome In ancient times, the Roman state was established on the territory of Italy. In the 4th - 5th centuries, the neighboring Germanic, Hun, and Avar tribes dealt a crushing blow to the Roman Empire. In 476, the Western Roman Empire fell and was replaced by the Kingdom of Odoacer (476-493). ### The Middle Ages * In 488, the Ostrogoths invaded Northern Italy and established their kingdom (493 - 544). * In 554, most of Italy was occupied by the Byzantine Empire. * In 754 - 756, the Franks marched to the Apennine Peninsula, separated the central part of the country and presented it to the Pope. This was the beginning of the creation of the Holy Papal State (Papal Region). * In 774, the country was completely conquered by Charlemagne. As a result of the collapse of the Frankish Empire, the Kingdom of Italy was established in 781. In 962, the kingdom was annexed to the Holy Roman Empire as a result of the invasion campaigns of the Germanic king Ottonian Kingdom (951 and 961 – 962). The quarrels between the aristocracy, the invasions of the Arabs and the Hungarians made the life of the people worse. The main difference between Italy and other European countries was that there were a lot of cities, and crafts and trade were always active. * Since the 10th century, communes (self-governing urban communities) began to be formed as a result of the struggle of cities with seignors (duke, count, bishop). The power in the commune was in the hands of city shonjars and rich merchants. Gradually, the country's largest port cities (Genoa, Venice, etc.) became the main trade centers between the West and the East. * In 1154 - 1176, the German emperor Friedrich Barbarossa made 5 campaigns to conquer Italian cities. However, according to the Treaty of Constance (1183), the Italian cities retained their independence. The struggle against the Germans contributed to the awakening of national consciousness in the country, and gradually the Italian nation and the Italian literary language began to form. * In the 11th century, Normans conquered Southern Italy and Sicily and established the Kingdom of Sicily. In 1282, a popular uprising led to the fall of the Kingdom of Sicily. * The Kingdom of Aragon, which conquered Sicily in the late 13th and early 14th centuries, and Southern Italy in the middle of the 15th century, gradually established Spanish rule over the entire Southern Italy. * In the 13th century, market relations began to develop rapidly in advanced cities and states in Central and Northern Italy. Banking business (Siena, Florence), trade with eastern countries (Genoa, Venice), silk weaving (Bologna, Siena, Florence, Milan) became widespread in them. For the first time in the world, manufactories based on shoe workshops appeared in Italy in the 14th century. At this time, the Renaissance period of Italian culture began (14th - 16th centuries). ### Spanish domination and the growth of French influence * Political disunity in the country, the transfer of trade routes from the Mediterranean Sea to the Atlantic Ocean in the 16th century led to the decline of industry and trade. Taking advantage of the disintegration of the country, France and Spain waged mutual wars for the land of Italy (1494 - 1559). As a result, Spain captured Sicily, Sardinia, the Duchy of Milan, the states in Southern Italy (except for Venice, the Papal States, and the Duchy of Savoy). * In the 16th and 17th centuries, Italy declined economically, and industrial centers remained only in Northern Italy. The Jesuit Order was founded (1534), the Inquisition was restored (1542). Advanced thinkers were persecuted (Giordano Bruno, Giordano Vanini were burned, P. Campanella, G. Galileo, etc. were tried by the Inquisition court). The wars for the succession to the Spanish throne (1701-14) took place in Italy, and the people were completely destitute. * In 1714, the Spanish ownership in Italy was completely transferred to Austria, * In 1734, Austria gave Sicily and the Kingdom of Naples back to the Spanish. * In 1720, the Duchy of Savoy took Sardinia from Austria and the Kingdom of Sardinia was established (1720 - 1861). ### Age of prosperity * From the 2nd half of the 18th century, economic growth began again in the country, and at the end of the century, the struggle to unify Italy into one center began. This movement led to the revolution of 1848-49. The decisive struggle for unification was decided in the Austria-Italy-France war in 1859-60. * In 1859, Lombardy was liberated from Austria, and popular uprisings in the Duchies of Central Italy (Modena, Parm, Tuscany) and Romagna were victorious. The campaigns of the national hero Giuseppe Garibaldi to Sicily and Naples played a major role in the unification of the country. The unification of Italy was completed in 1870 with the annexation of the Roman province and the abolition of papal authority there. After the unification of the country, the economy began to develop rapidly. ### New time * From the end of the 19th century, the Italian government began to pursue a policy of colonization. * In 1889, Somalia was conquered, although Ethiopia was invaded, * In 1896 it was forced to surrender. ### 20th century * In 1911-12, he fought with Turkey and seized Libya and the Dodecanese islands from it. Although it joined the Triple Alliance (Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy) in 1882, it sided with the Entente (Great Britain, France, Russia, etc.) in the First World War (1914-18). In this war, 700 thousand people died, more than 1 million were disabled, and the whole of Northern Italy was desolated. However, as a result of the war, he annexed Trentino, South Tyrol, Istria, and some places in the Adriatic. In 1920, due to the hardships of life, the workers' occupation of enterprises began in the country. Almost all metalworking, machine-building plants and factories passed into the hands of 600,000 workers in the country. In response to it, the big bourgeoisie increased financial support to the fascist party founded by B. Mussolini in 1919. * As a result, in 1922, fascists came to the head of the government. Anti-fascist parties (mainly socialists and communists) left the country's parliament and joined the opposition faction committee. But soon the Nazis attacked and banned freedom of speech. * In 1926, all political organizations except the fascist party were banned. A Special Tribunal was established to punish anti-fascists. * In May 1936, Italy occupied Ethiopia, * Actively participated in the fascist revolution in Spain in 1936-39, * Joined the "Anti-Comintern Pact" in 1937, * In 1939, occupied Albania. * Attacked France on June 10, 1940, joined with Germany and Japan on September 27 of this year and signed the Tripartite Pact. * attacked Greece in October 1940, * attacked Yugoslavia in April 1941. * In June 1941, united with Germany, attacked the USSR. The Soviet army completely defeated the Italian army along the Middle Don in the winter of 1942-43. * In 1941-43, Italian troops were completely defeated in North Africa. * On July 25, 1943, a coup d'état took place in the country, and Mussolini was arrested by order of the king. But on September 8, Germany invaded Italy and released Mussolini from prison. On September 3 and 9, Anglo-American troops landed (on the Apennine Peninsula). The Resistance movement against the fascists has intensified in the country. * In April 1945, as a result of a popular uprising, the country was completely liberated. * On June 2, 1946, a referendum was held in the country and Italy was declared a republic. In the post-war peace agreement, he renounced his colonies and recognized the independence of Albania and Ethiopia. * In 1948, according to the Marshall Plan, he received aid from the United States. * In 1949, it became a member of NATO, and US military bases were placed in the country. After the war, new branches of industry (oil, gas, chemistry, engineering, etc.) developed rapidly, and Italy became an industrial-agrarian country. He joined many international organizations: UN (1955), Council of Europe (1949), European Union (1957), etc. member. ## State structure ### Basics of the state system Italy is a unitary state of parliamentary type. The basic law of the state is the constitution adopted in 1947. The head of state is the President of Italy. The executive power and the Government are headed by the Chairman of the Italian Council of Ministers. The structure of the Government in February 2013 included the following ministries: * Ministry of Foreign Affairs * Ministry of Internal Affairs * Ministry of Justice * Ministry of Defense * Ministry of Economy and Finance * Ministry of Economic Development * Ministry of Infrastructure and Transport * Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Forest Policy * Ministry of Education * Ministry of Labor and Social Policy * Ministry of Cultural Heritage and Cultural Activities * Ministry of Environment and Land and Sea Protection * Ministry of Health. Legislature is the bicameral Parliament of Italy elected for 5 years. * Italian Chamber of Deputies — 630 members. * Italian Senate - 315 members. Leading political parties — Five Star Movement, Left Democrats, Democratic Union, Italian People's Party, United Christian Democrats, People of Freedom, Northern League. The parties are united in a coalition - right-wing (People of Freedom, Christian Democratic Party (CDP), Northern League) and left-wing (Democratic Party of the Left (SDP), Socialist Party (SP), People's Party, environmentalists). ## Administrative division Italy is a decentralized unitary state. The capital of the state is Rome. The country is divided into 20 regions — Valle d'Aosta, Lombardy, Trentino-Alto Adige, Friuli-Venezia Giulia, Piedmont, Liguria, Venice, Tuscany, Umbria, Emilia-Romagna, Marche, Abruzzo, Lazio, Molise, Basilicata, Campania. , Calabria, Apulia, Sardinia and Sicily (5 of which Sicily, Sardinia, Trentino — Alto Adige, Valle d'Aosta and Friuli-Venezia Giulia — have a special status), it includes 110 provinces as an administrative-territorial unit. Provinces, in turn, are divided into communes, communes in general - 8101. Autonomous regions have their own representative bodies - regional councils and executive bodies - juntas, regions and autonomous provinces can adopt regional and provincial laws on issues stipulated in the Constitution. ## Economy [[PhotoFerrari 458 Spider.jpg|thumbnail|right|New Ferrari 458 Italia. Italy ranks 7th among the largest exporting countries Italy is one of the most highly developed leading countries in the world. In terms of national income (1146.2 billion US dollars, 1997) it ranks 6th in the world after USA, China, Japan, Germany, France, and 3rd per capita. The share of industry in the economy is 35.6%, agriculture - 3.9%, services - 60.5%. 70% of the population works in services, 22% in industry, 8% in agriculture. Foreign capital has a large share in the economy. The main branches of economy: engineering, automobile manufacturing, food, chemistry, tailoring, metallurgy, etc. In recent years, the production of robots and electronic equipment has been developing rapidly. Agriculture is at a high level. Wheat, corn, rice (in 1st place in Europe), as well as fruits, nuts, grapes (90% of which are used for winemaking), and tomatoes are grown from grain products. According to the requirements of the European Union, animal husbandry is not very developed, mostly dairy and beef cattle are raised. Sea trade is well developed: 60-65% of exports, 80-90% of imports are accounted for by the merchant fleet (10th place in the world by cargo volume). Italy is a very large tourism center (more than 50 million tourists come annually). The country ranks 6th in the world in terms of foreign trade volume. The main partners in foreign trade are the countries of the European Union (primarily Germany, France, Great Britain) - more than 40%, USA (7%), Japan, Central and Eastern European countries, etc. Relations with Kazakhstan are well established. The President of our country N. Nazarbayev visited Italy twice (1994; 1998). In 1997, the President of Italy O.L. Scalfaro was in Kazakhstan. Italy ranks 7th among foreign investors in the economy of our country. 12 representative offices of Italian companies and 46 joint companies work in the republic. The largest among them are "Ajip" (Karachaganakta), "Saipen", "Di Angeli Industries", etc. can be said. Many agreements have been signed between the two countries in the fields of finance, culture, education and tourism. In 1999, an exhibition of the "Golden Man" exhibit found in Kazakhstan was held in Rome, Legche, and Naples. ## Literature The ancient folklore of Italian literature has not been preserved. After the fall of the Roman Empire, Italian literature in the Middle Ages appeared in Latin between the 6th and 12th centuries. At this time, the representatives of the Roman Church J. da Plano Carpini (1182 - 1252) and Marco Polo (1254 - 1324) travel notes about their travels to Central Asia were born. Literary monuments written in national dialects were born in the late 12th and early 13th centuries. Dante Alighieri (1265 - 1321) was the creator of the unified literary language of Italian literature. His main works are the story "New Life" (1292), the comedy "Kudretti" (1321), etc. His works were added to the gold fund of world literature. In the Italian literature during the Renaissance, the poet F. Petrarca (1304 - 1374), J. The works of Boccaccio (1313 - 1375) took a prominent place. In the 15th century, the scientist-writer J. F.P. Bracciolini (1380 - 1459) and L. Valla (1407 - 1457), etc. works written in Latin were written. In the 16th and 17th centuries, F.A. Ariosto's (1474 - 1533) poem "Roland the Angry", N. Machiavelli (1469 - 1527), P. Aretino (1492 - 1556), J. Satirical comedies by Bruno (1548 - 1600), "Aminta" by T. Tasso (1544 - 1595), dramas "The Faithful Shepherd" by B. Guarini (1538 - 1612) were written. In the 17th century, due to the conquest of a large part of Italy by the Spanish invaders, there was a certain stagnation in literature. From the middle of the 18th century, the spiritual life of Italy flourished again, and the national culture began to flourish. The novel "Spartacus" by R. Giovagnoli (1838 - 1915), who was born after the revolution of 1848-49, and J. Carducci's (1835-1907) political poems reflect the reality of the transition from romanticism to realism in Italian literature. At the end of the 19th century, a new romantic and symbolist trend emerged in Italian literature. During World War 1, Italian literature did not deviate from its traditional humanist direction. During the twenty years of Fascist rule, many representatives of Italian literature broke away from social themes and the realist tradition. J. Germanetto, C. Pavese, E. Vittorini, etc. In their works, poets and writers described the severe consequences of the fascist period. In the 60s of the 20th century, complex works born from new research were published in Italian literature. At the same time, social-psychological novels of Moravia ("Chochar", 1957; "Automat", 1963, etc.), stories of Italian Calvino (b. 1923), G. Parize's (1929) satirical novels ("Landlord", 1965), etc. the works of writers can be named. Italian literature occupies a prominent place in world culture. From Italian literature, K. Goldoni's comedy "Two Masters and One Servant" (1948), E. Amici's collection of stories "From the Apennines to the Andes Mountains" (1959), A. Dante's "Mighty Comedy" (section "Tamuk", 1971); "Sparta" by R. Giovagnoli (1951, 1972); S. March's "Every Day What's Not Lost" (1971), etc. translated into Kazakh. ## Art ### Architecture Medieval Italian architecture after the fall of the ancient Roman Empire (domed in Rome, Milan, etc. churches were built) began to take shape. Construction of a monumental church, residential building, tower, gate, and fortress was developed. In the 13th and 14th centuries, the Gothic tradition flourished (cathedrals in Orvieto and Milan, Florence, Palazzo Vecchio, Doge's Palace in Venice). During this period, the character of medieval Italian cities was formed. The architecture of Italy during the Renaissance (15th-16th centuries) shifted to a new direction, and the ways of organizing and proportioning the city construction were developed in a mathematical way. Baroque architecture (end of 16th century - 18th century) is known for its large-scale ensembles, parks, grand staircases, columns, and pools in Italian cities and villas. At the beginning of the 18th century, Italian architecture was in a traditional form (F. Yuvara, 1678 - 1736), and in the second half of the 18th century and the first half of the 19th century, it was in the direction of classicism, which is clearly seen from the architectural ensemble and theater construction in Milan. In the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, many eclectic buildings were built in the city centers. In the constructions during the fascist dictatorship (1922-43), monumentalization, especially the new classicism, prevailed. In the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, Italian architecture developed using new building materials (reinforced concrete, glass blocks). Italian architects tried to connect modern architectural form with national tradition. ### Art of painting The medieval art of painting of Italy was formed in the 8th - 11th centuries (frescoes, mosaics) by focusing the advanced models on simplicity and vision. At the end of the 12th century, installation painting on a religious theme, sculptures for the purpose of beautifying buildings, and the method of multi-colored inlays were developed. In the second half of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century, aristocratic art (Proto-Renaissance) appeared in the advanced cities of Florence, Pisa, and Siena, which mainly followed the direction of the art of antiquity. In the 15th century, the art of the Renaissance era broke away from the medieval conventions and bravely set out to study man and nature and fully master the heritage of ancient art. Sculptors Donatello (1386 - 1466), L. Ghiberti (1381 - 1455), A. Verocchio (1435 - 1488) created images of freedom-seeking souls full of strength and energy. Artist Masaccio, S. Botticelli, J. In the works of Bellini (1430 - 1516), the beauty of man and his surroundings was skillfully depicted. The art of the Renaissance, which spread its wings throughout Europe at the end of the 15th century and the 16th century, is distinguished by its classical clarity, which showed humanity. Famous representatives of this era: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Raphael, Giorgione, Titian, P. Veronese (1528 - 1588), J. Tintoretto. In the 15th and 16th centuries, fine art, engraving, fashion and applied art (household equipment, majolica, glass), coinage, theater decoration rose to a high level of art. At the end of the 16th century and the 18th century, the baroque art [sculptor L. Bernini, painter Pietro da Cortona (1596 - 1669)], which was richly colored and raised to a high level of decoration, was the dominant trend in Italian art. At the end of the 16th century, in the school of Bologna (M. Caravaggio; G. Reni, 1575 - 1642), painting in the direction of academicism was formed. In the 18th century, classicism appeared in the art of engraving and theater decoration. In the 19th century, with the beginning of the sculptor A. Canova (1757 - 1822), classicism, which became the main trend, broke away from civic pathos. The struggle against ad hoc academicism gave birth to Italian Romanticism, and later to the domestic genre of realist art and landscape paintings. In the 20th century, it was followed by futurism, and then by new classicism. In modern Italian art, forms of formalism such as surrealism and abstract art are widespread. After World War 2, a new trend of realism appeared. In the Kazakh State Museum of Art, Moretto da Brescia (probably Alessandro Bonvincino, 1498 - 1554) "Madonna of the Child", Luca Cambiaso (1527 - 1585) "Golden Age", Francesco Mola (1612 - 66) "The Disturbed Agari", Giacinto ( Gigonte, 1809 - 1876) "Castle of the Holy Angel in Rome", "Apollo and the Muses" by Anton Domenico (Gabbiani, AD unknown) by Francesco (Bottaglioli, 1742 - late 18th century), "Architectural Landscape", by Francesco ( Pannini, who lived in the 2nd half of the 18th century) "The Ruins of the Temple of Soglassia in Rome", "The Bank of the Nile" by Prosper Georges Antoine Mariglia (1811 - 1847), etc. the works of artists performed at different times and by different methods are preserved. ### Art of music The first notation samples of Italian musical folklore were written in the 13th - 14th centuries. The peculiarity of Italian folk music is the melody and variety of dance rhythms. Italy - opera, oratorio, cantata, independent orchestral music, pieces written for organ, overtures and symphonies, concerto grosso, sonata, etc. the homeland of genres. From the first neuma, the present-day model of notation (Guido d'Arezzo, 992 – 1050) also appeared in Italy. O. Petrucci (1466 - 1539) first printed sheet music, B. Cristofori (1655 - 1731) invented the piano, and G. Tsarlino (1517 - 1590) formed the basis of the science of harmony. In the 16th - 18th centuries, the best violins in the world (Amati, Guarneri dynasties, A. Stradivari) were made in this country. The first conservatories and music academies appeared in Italy. In Rome in the 7th century, church music was standardized and legalized into the Gregorian chant, which later became the basis of all Western European religious music. On the basis of folklore, folk songs (barcarola, gondoliera, etc.), vocal ensembles (villanella, frottola), and dances (galliarda, siciliana) gained a special field during the Renaissance. Due to the growth of urban culture, a progressive musical trend was formed in the 14th century under the name of Ars Nova (new art); vocal genres such as madrigal, ballad, kaccha and instrumental music developed. K. Monteverdi (1567 - 1643) is the first classic of opera and the founder of the Venetian school of opera in the 17th century. In the 17th century, Italians took organ music to a new level, developed the genre of chamber music, violin music and ensemble orchestra music. In the 18th century, the Apolitan Opera School was founded, and the art of bel canto flourished. Italy in the 18th century A. Vivaldi, D. Scarlatti (1685 - 1757), L. Boccherini (1743 - 1805), G. Sammartini (1701 - 1775), etc. the creativity of composers, the great violinist N. Paganini and the author of piano sonatas and etudes M. Clementi (1752 - 1832) was recognized worldwide. In the 19th century, such composers as G. Rossini, V. Bellini (1801 - 1835), G. Donizetti (1797 - 1848), Giuseppe Verdi became famous masters of opera. At the end of the 19th century, the trend of verism appeared in Italian opera. Music performers Italy has long been known to the world for its high musical performance art and skill of opera singers. Milan (La Scala), Rome, Naples, Bologna, etc. cities have opera houses. In the 20th century, pianist F. Busoni (1866 - 1924) and conductor A. Toscanini (1867 - 1957) played a special role in world music culture. Famous Italian singers of the 20th century: E. Caruso (1873 - 1921), T. Skipa (1889 - 1965), B. Giglio (1890 - 1957), T. Gobbi (1913 - 1984), M. Del Monaco (1915 - 1982). ), R. Tebaldi (1922), R. Scotto (1934), etc. ; well-known conductors: T. Serafin (1878 - 1968), K. Tsekki (1903 - 84), etc. ### Theatrical art The first elements of the Italian theatrical art are found in the peasant customs and entertainments of the people. In the liturgical drama and mystery that appeared in the Middle Ages, comedy-satire direction prevailed. During the Renaissance, a new theatrical culture developed, and the theory of drama began to develop. In the middle of the 16th century, comedy del arte (mask comedy) appeared. At the end of the 17th century, the Italian theater lost its national identity, and mask comedy became the entertainment of the aristocracy. In the 18th century, Venice and Rome became major centers of theater culture. In addition to the literary theater, the art of puppet theater, acrobats, puppeteers, and fair magicians flourished. The political movement at the end of the 18th century was the dramatist V. Alfieri (1749 - 1803), actors A. Dorrokesi, C. Marchionni, etc. developed heroism caused tragedy. Actor G. Medena founded the new school of acting art in 1830-40. His students A. Ristori (1822 - 1906), E. Rossi (1827 - 96), T. Salvini (1820 - 1915) further developed his artistic and social thought. After 1870, melodrama, light comedies on the theme of life took a wide place in the theater repertoire. The best stage master E. Duze (1858 - 1924), advanced the stage tradition of Salvini. During the fascist dictatorship (1922 - 43), Italian theater and drama were severely depressed. Light plays for entertainment have entered the repertoire, and modernist trends have become widespread. Only the Art Theater in Rome (led by L. Pirandello, 1867 - 1936), Theater of the Independents and Theater Del Arte (led by actor and dramatist A.J. Bragali) drew attention. The Dialect Theater of Naples organized by the director and actor E. De Filippo (1900-84) had a special place. In 1947, the Piccolo Theater in Milan opened the curtain with the play "At the Bottom of the Abyss" by M. Gorky. From the mid-60s of the 20th century, permanent theaters began to strengthen. ### Cinematography The first film was shot in Italy in 1896. In 1905-06, small film companies producing feature films were organized in Turin, Rome, and Milan. Before World War 1, Italian cinematography took a leading place in the world. The films "The Last Day of Pompeii" (director L. Maggi) and "Cabiria" (director J. Pastrone) made in 1913 were widely known among the audience. In the 30s of the 20th century, musical films with the participation of well-known singers were staged, and the cinematography became somewhat more lively. In 1937, a film studio complex was built in Rome, and a film institute called the Experimental Film Center was established. After liberation from fascism, a progressive direction was evident in Italian cinematography. Prominent representatives of this trend: director R. Rossellini (1906 - 1977), L. Visconti (1906 - 1976), V. De Sica (1901 - 1974), J. De Santis (1917), P. Jeremy (1914 - 1974). Rossellini's film "Rome is an open city" (1945), depicting the unity of the Italian people in the fight against fascism, became a manifesto of new realism. After the war (1946 - 52) "Shusha", "Bicycle Thieves", "Umberto D" (directed by De Sica), "The Sad Hunt", "Bitter Rice", "Rome at 11 o'clock" (directed by De Santis), " Such films as "Road of Hope" (director Jeremy), "Naples - the city of millionaires" (director De Filippo) were released. In the 60s of the 20th century, "Four days of Naples" (director N. Loya), "Rocco and his brothers" (director Visconti), "Sweet life", "Eight and a half" (director F. Fellini, 1920 - 1993), vol. b. was placed. The films of world-famous director Fellini and M. Antonioni (filmed in 1912) sharply criticized the spiritual charity of the society. In the 70s and 80s of the 20th century, "XX Century" (director B. Bertolucci, shot in 1941), "Father is the master", "Night of St. Lorenzo" (director Tavini brothers), "Secrets, secrets" (director Gily Bertolucci), " Heart attack" (director J. Amelio), "Eche Bombo", "Sweet colors", "Bianca" (director N. Moretti), etc. films were made. Famous actors: A. Magnani (1908 - 1973), J. Mazina (1921 - 1994), S. Loren (filmed in 1934), J. Lollobrigida (filmed in 1927), M. Mastroianni (1923), A. Sordi (1919), M. Placido (1947), etc. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5825

Литва

Lithuania (lit. Lietuva), official name Republic of Lithuania (lit. Lietuvos Respublika) is a country located in the northern part of Europe. ## Geographical location The area is 65,300 km². It is 280 km long from north to south, and 370 km from west to east. ## Population Population is 2,795,175 people (January, 2021). It ranks 137th in the world by population and 121st by territory. ## Sea It has access to the Baltic Sea and is located on its eastern coast. The coastline is only 99 km (the shortest among the Baltic countries). It is the largest Baltic state by area and population. ## Neighboring states It borders Latvia to the north, Belarus to the southeast, Poland to the southwest, and the Kaliningrad region of Russia. ## Additional information The capital is Vilnius. The official language is Lithuanian. The currency is the euro. On March 11, 1990, the restoration of the country's independence was announced. On September 6, 1991, the State Council of the USSR recognized the independence of Lithuania. Lithuania is a member of the UN (1991), OSCE (1991), Council of Europe (1993), WTO (2001), European Union (2004), NATO (2004) and OECD (2018). It is part of the Schengen area and the Eurozone. ## Administrative division The territory of Lithuania is divided into 10 counties. Districts (abskritis) are local self-government territories of 9 cities and 43 districts, as well as 8 newly created local self-government bodies. Local government bodies are divided into starostvos (syanuniya). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4869

Dariga Nursultanovna Nazarbayeva

Dariga Nursultanovna Nazarbayeva (May 7, 1963, Temirtau) is a Kazakh politician, deputy of the Mazhilis in 2004–2007, 2012–2015 and 2021–2022, former chairman of the Senate (2019–2020), doctor of political science and economics, candidate of history, president of Kazakhstan. The eldest daughter of Nursultan Nazarbayev. ## Wealth In 2024, the wealth was estimated at $590 million. It is owned by "Europe Plus Kazakhstan" and "Independent Telearna" LLP (NTK TV channel). Also, through the holding company "DLS Group" LLP, it has a share in "Region-Media" LLP. ## Career and political career * 1980-1983 — M. V. Studied at the Faculty of History of Lomonosov Moscow State University. * 1983-1985 — S. M. Student of the Faculty of History of KazMU named after Kirov. * 1985-1987 — M. V. Intern-researcher of the Faculty of History of Lomonosov MSU. * 1987-1990 — M. V. Graduate student of Lomonosov Moscow State University. * 1992-1994 — vice-president of "Böbek" children's charity fund. * 1994-1995 — Vice President of the Republican Corporation "Kazakhstan Television and Radio", Director of the National Television Information Agency "Khabar". * 1995-1998 — General Director of the Republican State Enterprise "Khabar" Agency". * 1998-2001 — President of Khabar Agency. * 2001-2004 — Chairman of the Board of Directors of Khabar Agency. * September 19, 2004 - June 20, 2007 — deputy of the III convocation of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (according to the list of the "Asar" Republican Party), from February 2005 to June 20, 2007 — the leader of the deputy group "Area". * Since 2007 - director of the Foundation of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * January 20, 2012 - September 2015 — deputy of the 5th convocation of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (on the list of the People's Democratic Party "Nur Otan"), chairwoman of the social-cultural development and science committee. * April 3, 2014 - September 2015 — Deputy Chairman of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, leader of the "Nur Otan" faction. * September 11, 2015 - September 13, 2016 — Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * September 13, 2016 - March 20, 2019 — Deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Chairman of the Standing Committee on International Relations, Defense and Security. * March 20, 2019 - May 2, 2020 — Chairman of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * From January 2021 to February 2022 - was a deputy of the VII convocation of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Other positions * Former member of the National Commission for UNESCO Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * former honorary president of the Kazakhstan Gymnastics Federation; * Former member of the Board of Directors of the International Academy of Television Arts and Sciences (New York); * Ex-president of the Center for Eurasian Strategic Studies (Moscow); * Ex-vice-president of the Eurasian Television Academy (Moscow); Ex-co-chairman of the organizing committee of the Eurasian Teleforum (Moscow); * Ex-member of the International Economic Academy "Eurasia"; * Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the "Degdar" Humanitarian Fund; * Chairman of the board of trustees of "Asar-Bereke" PF; * Chairperson of the Board of Trustees of ZTB "Kazakhstan Youth Congress"; * Vice-President of the World Association of the Russian Press; * Chairwoman of the board of trustees of RKO "Youth Desires"; * Chairperson of the Council of Senators ## Education * In 1980, K. in Almaty. He graduated from Satpaev Gymnasium No. 56. * In 1980-1983 M. V. Studied at the Faculty of History of Moscow State University named after Lomonosov. In 1985 S. M. He graduated from Kirov Kazakh State University. * In 1991 M. V. Ph.D., Professor I. Lomonosov MSU. V. Under Grigorieva's scientific supervision, he defended his dissertation on the topic "Political struggle in Italy around the adoption of the republican Constitution of 1947" (specialty 07.00.03-general history) to receive the degree of candidate of historical sciences. Official opponents - etc. N.P. Komolova and others. VN Dakhin. The leading organization is the Institute of International Labor Movement of the USSR. * In 1998, he defended his thesis for the degree of Doctor of Political Sciences on the topic "Democratization of political systems in the newly independent states" at the Russian Academy of Sciences under the President of the Russian Federation (specialty 23.00.02 - political institutions and processes). Scientific advisor - Doctor of Philosophy, Professor V.S. Komarovsky. The official opponents are Professor D. V. Valovoi, Doctor of Economics, Professor A. A. Chichanovsky, Doctor of Political Sciences, and Professor M. M. Tajin, Doctor of Sociological Sciences. The leading organization is the Institute of Social and Political Research of the Russian Academy of Sciences. He is fluent in Kazakh, Russian, English, Italian, Portuguese, and Chinese languages. ## "Khabar" Agency Dariga Nazarbayeva's career path began in 1992 when she was appointed vice-president of the "Böbek" children's charity foundation founded by her mother Sara Nazarbayeva. The fund was the first organization in independent Kazakhstan focused on helping children. In 1994, Dariga Nazarbayeva was appointed vice-president of the Republican Corporation "Kazakhstan Television and Radio". In 1995, the "Khabar" TV channel was established on the basis of the information service of Kazakh TV. Under the leadership of Dariga Nazarbayeva, "Khabar" developed its own network of reporters, was provided with new equipment, and took a leading position among the country's TV channels. Apart from "Khabar", entities related to Dariga Nazarbayeva bought radio station "Europa Plus", TV companies KTK, NTK, popular newspaper "Karavan". "TV-media" and "Alma-media" companies were established to manage the new media holding. In 1998, "Khabar" was reorganized into a closed joint-stock company, and Dariga Nazarbayeva became the president of CJSC, and since 2001, the chairwoman of the Board of Directors. In 1999, on the territory of the "Alatau" resort, with the support of Dariga Nazarbayeva, "Almaty is my first love!" The first retro-festival was held, the event was organized by "Khabar" agency. The main idea of the festival was to preserve the spiritual connection between generations of Almaty residents, to support the status of Almaty as the cultural center of the country, and to revive the unique culture and spiritual atmosphere of the city in the 1960s and early 1980s. In June 2001, at the World Congress on Information Cooperation "Information: The Challenge of the 21st Century" held in Moscow, Dariga Nazarbayeva proposed the creation of a permanent Eurasian media forum. He noted that the participants of the media forum can discuss the issues of creating the Eurasian information space, the relationship between the state and the mass media, as well as the ethical norms of journalism. The first Eurasian media forum was held in April 2002 in Almaty, which was opened by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev with a congratulatory speech. In 2002, the I Congress of Journalists of Kazakhstan was opened, on April 27, at the meeting of the initiative group of the Congress of Journalists of Kazakhstan, Dariga Nazarbayeva was elected as the chairwoman of the executive committee. The issue of creating a code of ethics for journalists was raised for the first time at this congress. ## "Asar" party In October 2002, Dariga Nazarbayeva was appointed the chairwoman of the board of trustees of the "Youth Desire" bloc, at the first conference of the bloc, a proposal was made to create the Kazakhstan Youth Congress. In 2003, Nazarbayeva organized the "Asar" Republican Party and became its leader. Within a few months, more than 167,000 applications were received from those wishing to join the ranks of "Asar", 139,000 of which were processed and checked for authenticity, and 77,000 signatures were sent to the Ministry of Justice for registration. "Asar" called itself a centrist wave party and knew that one of its main tasks was to identify sensitive points in society and solve them. The party was registered in December 2003. According to the results of the 2004 Mazhilis elections, the party took the third place by collecting 541,239 votes (11.38%) from the party list, Dariga Nazarbayeva was a deputy from the party list in the Majlis, as well as one from "Asar" Three mandated deputies were elected by districts. In February 2005, a new deputy group "Region" was established in the Parliament of Kazakhstan, which included 36 deputies (from the 28th Assembly and the 8th Senate). Majilis deputy Dariga Nazarbayeva was elected as its head. The main goal of the deputy group "Region" is to support and control the implementation of existing state and industry programs aimed at the development of regions, to actively participate in the development and legislative provision of administrative reform and local self-government, and to develop entrepreneurship. On July 4, 2006, an extraordinary congress of the party was held, where a decision was made to join the Republican political party "Otan" (since December 2006 - "Nur Otan"), and Dariga Nazarbayeva became the deputy leader of the "Nur Otan" party. appointed. ## First President Fund Since 2007, Dariga Nazarbayeva has been the director of the Fund of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, engaged in public and charitable activities, participated in international conferences and symposiums. The Foundation carries out its activities in three main directions: 1) youth programs (to discover and realize the intellectual and creative potential of Kazakh youth, supporting their research and projects, as well as conducting scientific and creative activities helps); 2) social projects and charity; 3) analysis center - Institute of World Economy and Politics. In 2007, Dariga Nazarbayeva was elected a member of the Board of Directors of "Nurbank" and returned from politics to business. In May 2010, Dariga Nazarbayeva and her son Nurali Aliyev left the shareholders of Nurbank JSC, and in June they also left the board of directors. ## Parliament of Kazakhstan In January 2012 parliamentary elections, Dariga Nazarbayeva was elected as a deputy on the list of the "Nur Otan" party and headed the committee on socio-cultural development of the Majlis. On April 3, 2014, he was unanimously elected the vice-speaker of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the leader of the parliamentary faction of the "Nur Otan" party. On September 11, 2015, he was appointed as the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. On September 15, 2016, he was appointed a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of Kazakhstan by Presidential Decree. On March 20, 2019, he was elected as the Chairman of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. On September 2, 2019, he was re-elected as the Chairman of the Senate. On May 2, 2020, the authority of Dariga Nazarbayeva, a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, was terminated by the decree of the head of state. From 2021 - deputy of the VII convocation of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Public service and charity affairs, interests Since the late 1990s, Dariga Nazarbayeva began to appear regularly on the screens of Kazakhstan TV channels as a singer, gave many charity concerts, including on the stage of the Bolshoi Theater in Moscow it is possible to mention the art shown. His repertoire includes Kazakh folk songs, Russian romances, opera arias, as well as songs by Joe Dassen. Nazarbayeva says that during her studies, she discovered that she could sing with a mezzo-soprano voice, and was even invited to the preparatory department of the conservatory, but her father forbade her to leave the university. According to Nazarbayeva, Nadiya Sharipova, a professional teacher of the Almaty Opera, taught the famous tenor Alibek Dinishev, who tuned and trained her voice. Dariga Nazarbayeva's first solo concert "No vse taki lyublu" was held in Almaty in May 2001, all proceeds from the concert were transferred to the fund of veterans of the Great Patriotic War. A year later, the second solo concert "Snova Poyu" was held in Almaty. In the summer of 2003, at the invitation of the Ministry of Culture of the Russian Federation, he organized and performed a solo concert in the Beethoven Hall of the Bolshoi Theater. In 2007, Nazarbayeva's solo concert was held in Paris. In 2001, under the initiative and leadership of Nazarbayeva, we provided financial assistance to veterans of the Great Patriotic War, provided assistance to socially vulnerable groups of the population, provided financial assistance to orphanages and homes for the disabled, supported the Paralympic movement, supported young talents, financed new scientific research, talented by allocating special grants and scholarships to students, cooperating with organizations, leading educational institutions, cultural centers and public associations of near and far abroad, organizing concerts of classical, folk music, pop, Kazakh performers in Kazakhstan and abroad, "Evenings of Astana", "Japanese Spring" — " The "Degdar" humanitarian fund was established, which organizes art festivals, organizes conferences, master classes, exhibitions, contests, publishes educational literature, "Japanese autumn", "Vremen svyazujushchaya nit", "Forward, Kazakhstan!", "Spring breeze", "Clay of the heart". . With the support of the "Degdar" foundation headed by Dariga Nazarbayeva, Kazakh opera singers were trained by maestro Mario Melani at the international vocal academy in Pesaro (Italy). Dariga Nazarbayeva also took lessons from the famous art teacher, and at her invitation, the maestro came to Kazakhstan several times. In 2009, under the instructions and support of Dariga Nazarbayeva, the public fund "Asar-Bereke" implemented a project to provide qualified medical services to the residents of Kazakhstan regions. One thousand specialists were trained for mobile medical complexes capable of working in emergency situations. In 2019, PF "Asar-Bereke" created conditions for examination and treatment of children suffering from oncological diseases at the nuclear therapy center of St. Petersburg. On December 1, 2011, Dariga Nazarbayeva gave a solo concert "Hello, Russia" on the new stage of the State Academic Bolshoi Theater in Moscow, and on December 14, she performed and gave a concert in the Organ Hall of Astana. During 2011, the Russian company Universal Music filmed Dariga Nazarbayeva's concert performances at various venues for the musical TV movie "My Star". The film was shown in Almaty in February 2012 and in Moscow on April 20, 2012 within the framework of the "Let's fight together against cancer" charity project. In June 2012, the 1st International Art Festival "Astana Evenings" was held in Astana under the initiative of the "Degdar" Foundation headed by Dariga Nazarbayeva. This is a charitable project organized to make high art as accessible as possible and to give all social groups the opportunity to access masterpieces of world music culture. Famous vocalists Dariga Nazarbayeva and Alibek Dinishev, Russian organist Rubin Abdullin, domestic pianist Timur Ormanshiev, conductor Renat Salavatov, young opera singers Medet Shotabaev and Andrey Tregubenko performed within the framework of the project. Tickets for all concerts were distributed free of charge. ## Awards * Order of Parasat (December 2004) * Order of Barys II degree (December 2013) * Order of Barys I degree (December 2021) \ <> * Chevalier of the Order of Culture and Literature (France, April 2009) * "Astana" medal (August 17, 1998) * "10 years to the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (November 7, 2005) * "Kazakhstan Medal "10 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2001) * Medal "20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2011) * Medal of the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the Commonwealth of Independent States "CIS PAA. 20 years" silver medal (March 27, 2012) * "Nur Otan" PDP medal "For active service" (May 3, 2013) * Medal of the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan "For contribution to strengthening constitutionality" (August 30, 2013 ) * Medal of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan "20 Years of Tenge" * Medal "20 Years of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" (May 14, 2015) * Medal "20 Years of the Constitution of Kazakhstan" (August 5, 2015) \< > * Order of "Commonwealth" (2017) ## Family First husband (married 1983-2007, divorced) Rakhat Aliyev (1962-2015) - ambassador to Austria (2002-2005, February 9, 2007-May 26, 2007), Macedonia, Croatia, Serbia, Montenegro and Slovenia (2002-2005), First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (2005-2007). * Second husband (since 2013) Kairat Kamatayuly Sharipbaev (1963) - general director of "KazTransGas" (2014-2015, 2020-2022), "QazaqGaz" (2020-2022), Kazakhstan Railways (2005-2006) . * Children: * Eldest son Nurali Rakhatuly Aliyev (1985) - Directors of "Europe plus Kazakhstan" (since 2007), "Transtelecom" (since 2023) and "Nurbank" JSC (November-December 2008) chairman of the council, president of the mountaineering federation (since 2017), "Hit TV" channel (2006-2007) and "Sugar Center" (2004-2006). His wealth is estimated at $220 million. Wife (since 2003) Aida Berikovna Aliyeva (daughter of Berik Imashev) (1984) - owns Arte Di Casa furniture company and together with several people founded public association "Janum". Children: Daughter Laura (2003). Uly Alan (2005). Daughter Amira. Great Anwar. * Children: * Daughter Laura (2003). * Great Square (2005). * Daughter Amira. * Great Anwar. * Middle son Aisultan Nazarbayev (1990-2020) - played in Rahat (2006), Kairat (2007), Astana (2011), Sunkar football clubs (2012). Wife (2013-2020, divorced) Alima Kairatkyny Boranbayeva (Kairat Boranbayev's daughter) (1993) - a graduate of the Courtauld Institute of Art in London. Children: Uly Sultan (2010). Daughter Amelie (2016). * Children: * Great Sultan (2010). * Daughter Amelie (2016). * Daughter Venera Rakhatovna Alieva (2000) owns 99.99% of SCI CDG Garden House. At the age of 11, she played an episodic role as a shepherd's daughter in the Kazakh-Russian-German film "Baikonur". Husband (since 2018) Dalen Shayzhunisov (1995) (grandson of Zhakiya Shayzhunisov). * Father Nursultan Nazarbayev (1940) - former president (1991-2019). * Mother Sara Nazarbayeva (1941) is the president of the International Infant Fund (since 1992) and SOS Children's Villages Fund of Kazakhstan (since 1994), former first lady (1991-2019). Sisters: * Dinara Kulybaeva (1967) - director of the Nursultan Nazarbayev Education Fund (now NNEF) (since 1998), chairman of the board of directors of Kazakhstan-British Technical University (since 2004). Husband (since 1990) Timur Kulybaev (1966) - "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy", "Samruk-Energo" (2009-2011), "Kazatomprom" (2008-2012), "KazMunayGas" (2006-2007, 2009-2012) , Chairman of the Board of Directors of KEGOC (2006-2007, 2008-2011). The wealth of both of them was estimated at $5 billion, and the wealth of the Kulybayevs was estimated at $10 billion. Children: Uly Altai Askar (1990) - entered the administration of 5 companies: Kipros, Joint Technologies, Trading Integration Holding, Qorday Damu, Mercury Property. Wife Diana Katranova (daughter of Zelina Katranova). Daughter Denisa Askar (2004). Son Nabi Nazarbayev (2008). Daughter Alishia Askar (2010). * Children: * Uly Altai Askar (1990) - entered the administration of 5 companies: Kipros, Joint Technologies, Trading Integration Holding, Qorday Damu, Mercury Property. Wife Diana Katranova (daughter of Zelina Katranova). * Daughter Denisa Askar (2004). * Uly Nabi Nazarbayev (2008). * Daughter Alishia Askar (2010). * Aliya Nazarbayeva (1980) is the chairman of the "Green Country" youth labor council (since 2021), the chairman of the presidium of the Association of Environmental Protection Organizations (2017-2022). The first husband (married 1998-2001) Aidar Askaruly Akaev (1976-2020) is the son of the President of Kyrgyzstan Askar Akaev. Second husband (2002-?) Daniyar Pernebekuly Khasenov (1979) is a member of the Board of Directors of "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy". He played in "LOKOMOTIV"-Astana football club. Third husband (married 2015-2023) Dimash Gabituly Dosanov (nephew of Sabit Dosanov) (1981) - CEO of "Kazakhstan-China Pipeline" (2014-2016), "KazTransOil" (2016-2022). Children - Tiara Nazarbayeva (2007) , Alsara Hasenova (2011), Aldiyar (2016) and Ailana (2018). * Children - Tiara Nazarbayeva (2007), Alsara Khasenova (2011), Aldiyar (2016) and Ailana (2018). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3398

Тараз

Taraz is a city in Kazakhstan, the administrative center of Zhambyl region. In the 18th century, this city was called Auli-Ata. In 1936-1937, it was called Mirzoyan. Zhambyl in 1937-1997, on January 8, 1997, the historical name Taraz was returned. ## History In the Middle Ages it was famous under the name of Taraz. The first people who came to the city were Sogdians from the Ferghana Valley. Since 1997, the historical name has been returned to the city. In 2002, Taraz celebrated its 2000th anniversary. In the Middle Ages, Taraz was one of the cities located along the Great Silk Road. It flourished especially during the Karakhan dynasty. In the 19th century, Auliye Ata Kokan was a castle. It was part of the Russian Empire in the 60s of the 19th century. During the Soviet Union, it was the center of Zhambyl region, and after the independence of Kazakhstan, it continued to be the administrative center of the region. Aisha Bibi, Babazhi-katyn, Karakhan, Tekturmas mausoleums, Nametbay mosque and a medieval bathhouse are located in Taraz city. Our own and foreign tourists, who come to the city in large numbers, rush to see these mausoleums. ## Geography ### Climate ## Population Population of the city: 357,663 person (2019). 70% of the population of Taraz are Kazakhs. Russians, Uzbeks, Koreans, Tatars, Turks, Germans, Kurds, Dungyns, Kyrgyz, Greeks, Azerbaijanis, Uighurs, and Chechens live in the city. There is a "House of Friendship" in the city. Number of population of Taraz city in different years: ## Administrative division Taraz city consists of 26 small districts: Akbulak, Karatau, Zhailau, Saltanat, Talas, Samal , Alatau, Mynbulak, Asa, Zhansaya, Astana, Baiterek, Karasu, Arai, Kektem, Green Carpet, Tonkurush, Baryskan, Buryl and others. ## List of leaders of Taraz First secretaries of Zhambyl (Taraz) city party committee * Fedotov A. P. (January 1939 — March 1940) * Abdildin A. (April 1940 — March 1941) * Tsarev A. A. (April 1941 — March 1943) * Sannikov A. M. (April 1943 — June 1946) * Fedotov A. P. (January 1947 — May 1951) * Prokhorov N. I. (June 1951 — March 1955) * Kondratiev S. I. (September 1955 — April 1963) * Bobir N. M. (May 1963 — May 1972) * Korotkov V. G. (June 1972 — April 1975) * Bannikov V. G. (April 1975 — October 1983) * Dodonov Yu. E. (October 1983 — February 1987) * Makarov S. N. (March 1987 — March 1990) * Akhmetova L. A. (April 1991 — August 1991) Chairmen of Zhambyl (Taraz) city executive committee * Buchenko P. V. (August 1939 — January 1940) Glukhov V. F. (January 1940 — September 1940) * Sinitsyn V. V. (September 1940 — September 1941) * Buchenko P. V. (May 1942 — March 1943) * Barmashev K. A. (March 1943 — August 1946) * Babintsev F. A. (August 1946 — March 1950) * Galyamin A. I. (March 1950 — January 1952) * Eskeldiev S. (April 1952 — October 1952) * Kusayinov T. (October 1952 — March 1957) * Komratov A. (March 1957 — January 1965) * Absemetov A. A. (January 1965 — December 1969) * Torebekov T. (March 1970 — June 1983) * Sharafutdinov Sh. K. (June 1983 — May 1987) * Suleymenov K. K. (May 1987 — October 1990) * Temirbekov T. (October 1990 — February 1992) Governors of Taraz city * Aldiyar Aliaskaruly Tusipov (February 1992 — October 1995) * Bolat Abzhapparuly Zhilkyshiev (October 1995 — January 1998) * Seyit Kairollauly Sartbaev (January 1998 — February 1999) * Bolat Ospanuly Sauranbaev (February 1999 — April 2005) * Ilyas Alimuly Tortaev (2005 — 2009) * Ertargyn Kakimbekuly Astaev (December 8, 2009 — October 2010) \ <> * Bekbolat Serikbekuly Orynbekov (October 2010 — December 31, 2013) * Nurzhan Sabituly Kalenderov (December 31, 2013 — March 2, 2017) * Rustem Rysbayuly Daulet (March 2, 2017 — April 23, 2018) * Galymzhan Railuly Abdiraimov (April 23, 2018 — April 12, 2019) * Kairat Askerbekuly Dosaev (April 24, 2019 — November 22, 2019) * Aitkazy Dauletkululy Karabalaev (December 3, 2019 — March 19, 2021) * Yerzhan Zhumatuly Zhylkibaev (March 19, 2021 — August 5, 2022) * Bakytzhan Amirbekuly Orynbekov (from September 5, 2022) ## Nature Betpak-Dala and Moyinkum occupy a significant area of the region, only the southwestern, southern and southeastern edges are bounded by mountains (Karatau, Kyrgyz and Shu-Ile Alatau mountains). This feature of the relief adds variety to the climate of the region. The flora and fauna of natural landscapes are wide and diverse. There are more than 3 thousand types of plants in the region. The total area of the hunting region is 13.9 thousand ha, where more than 40 species of animals live. The fishery fund, which covers an area of 27.8 thousand hectares, consists of 74 water bodies, of which 73 water bodies are suitable for fishing. Among the large dams there are Tasotkel and Teris-Ashchybulak. In the fishing industry, catching of bream, white carp, carp, carp, blue pike, carp, kraal, torta fish is widespread. There are 3 state natural (complex) reserves on the territory of the region: the state (complex) park "Berikkara gorge" occupies an area of 17.5 thousand hectares, where you can find more than 50 species of valuable tree shrubs and grasses included in the Red Book, and among the animals - aardvark, Indian jay, paradise flycatcher; * the state natural (complex) community "Karakonz gorge" (botanical) with a total area of 3.07 thousand ha is located in the western spur of Zayly Alatau. The fruitful saplings of apple, cherry, cherry, and grape trees are replaced by the fields of maple forest, blackberry, mulberry tree, camel nut; * Andasai state (complex) community (zoological) with a total area of 1 million ha is located on the banks of the Shu River west of the village of Moyinkum. The plant layer is dominated by sedge grass, fescue, black sedge, willow bush. The animal world is dominated by arkars, wildebeests, gazelles, roe deer, wild boars, rabbits, pheasants, and deer. ## Production The Karatau phosphorus plant is operating in Taraz, on the slopes of the Karatau mountains. This plant is one of the most prestigious places in the world for producing phosphorus. 3 plants were opened in the region, one of them "Zhambyl phosphorus plant", "Khimprom", "New Zhambal phosphorus plant". The city has an iron assembly plant, auto repair plant, "Autoparts" plant, etc. factories are working. ## Mass media ### Newspapers * Zhambyl-Taraz is a political and public newspaper published weekly since 1996. * Magnolia is a weekly regional newspaper published since 1995. * Novy Region is an informative and advertising regional newspaper published weekly since 1999. * Znamya Truda is a Russian-language newspaper published since 1919. ### Television * "Kazakhstan-Taraz" is a regional TV channel of Zhambyl region. * TV channel "77 TV". ### Information agencies * "Ex-Sport" (economy-sport) ## Pictures * * \< > * * * * ## Sister Cities * Fresno, California, USA * Seattle, Washington, USA * Xi'an , China * Treviso, Italy * Kobdo, Mongolia * Kechkemet, Hungary * Chelyabinsk, Russia * Samarkand, Uzbekistan * Talas, Kyrgyzstan * Osh, Kyrgyzstan ## Sources ## Taraz City Sites * Taraz City Site Archived 11 January 2016. * Information site of Taraz city * Information portal of Taraz city ## See more * Dear citizens of Taraz city * Taraz (football club)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6221

Венесуэла

Venezuela, full official name - Bolivarian Republic of Venezuela (Is. República Bolivariana de Venezuela, MFA (Spanish): [reˈpuβlika βoliβaˈɾjana ðe βeneˈswela]) is a country located in South America. Land area - 912.0 thousand km². Population - 29 million people (2021). The capital is Caracas. National composition of the population: 69% are mestizos (born from a mixed marriage of Indians and whites), 20% are whites, 9% are blacks, and 2% are Indians. The official language is Spanish. The vast majority of the population is Catholic ## State structure The country is headed by the president. The legislative body is the National Congress consisting of two chambers (Senate and Assembly of Deputies). ## Nature Venezuela is located on the Caribbean coast. The Orinoco River flows through the middle part of the country. In the southeast is the Guiana Highlands. The climate is subequatorial, hot. The average temperature in winter and summer is 25 - 29 °C. The amount of precipitation is 280 millimeters in the north, and 2000-3000 millimeters in the south. There are large oil reserves around Maracaibo, the largest lake. Mostly, tropical plants grow. 53% of its land is forest. ## History Venezuela was inhabited by Indian tribes in ancient times. This country was first discovered by Europeans in 1498 by Christopher Columbus. The name "Venezuela" means "Little Venice". Since the 16th century, Spanish colonists invaded the country and massacred the local Indian tribes. The labor of blacks brought from Africa was used for agricultural work. In the 19th century, the national liberation movement against the Spanish colonialists grew stronger. When Amerigo Vespucci came here in 1499, he saw houses on the water, which reminded him of the city of Venice. That's why he named this place "Little Venice" (Venezuela). The Spaniards organized their first colony here in 1522. Since the 16th century, Venezuela has been part of the Spanish colony of Jana Granada. In 1811, during the Napoleonic wars in Europe, Venezuela declared itself independent. A war of independence broke out, but Spanish troops crushed the rebels. In 1821, the Venezuelan commander Simón Bolívar wins the Battle of Carabobo. Simón Bolívar started the fight against the Spaniards and liberated today's countries of Bolivia, Colombia, and Ecuador. Here he declares the state of Greater Colombia, but in 1831, Greater Colombia disintegrated and Venezuela became an independent state. In 1819, it was merged with the Republic of Colombia and was called Great Colombia. In 1830, it was separated again. Throughout the 19th century, Venezuela was ruled by military dictatorships. In 1992, Hugo Chávez won the election. Chávez begins to build a socialist republic in Venezuela. He made economic reforms and announced the "Bolivarian Revolution", the basis of the revolution was the unification of all South American states into one country. Venezuela today has close relations with countries such as Russia, Iran, China, Belarus, Cuba and Bolivia. ## Economy After the discovery of large oil sources in 1913, the country's economy was dominated by the US oil companies. In 1975, the government nationalized the oil and mining industry. Currently, Venezuela ranks fourth among Latin American countries in terms of economic development. The average national income per capita is 2.8 thousand US dollars. The leading sectors in the industry: production facilities producing and processing oil, most of the transport and communication industries are state-owned. In addition to oil, the country produces and exports natural gas, iron, bauxite, coal, gold, diamonds, and other minerals. Agriculture is poorly developed. 50% of food products are imported. Main trade partners: USA, Germany, Japan, Italy, Brazil, Canada and other countries. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1815

Bayan-Olgey region

Bayan-Olgey region (Mongolian Bayan-Olgii Aimag, Kazakh alternative name — Bai-Olke, Baibesik) is the westernmost mountainous region of Mongolia's 21 regions. 1940 created. The center of the region is the city of Ulke. The region consists of 13 sums and 90 gardens. Governor - Darmen Kuzykeyuly. The population of Bayan-Olgey region is 91 thousand 470, 93% of the population are Kazakhs, and the rest are representatives of the Urankai small tribe of Mongolia and the Tiva nation. ## Geography Bayan Ulgiy region is located from the north to the south of the Mongolian Altai Mountains. In the west, it is bordered by the Mongolian Altai Mountains for 450 km with the Republic of China, in the north with the Siylham ridge, with the Altai Republic of the Russian Federation for 225 km, in the east with the Uvs region for 165 km, and in the southeast with the Khovda region for 450 km. The closest border line to Kazakhstan is located 27 km from the north of the region. The region is located at an average height of 1301-4374 m above sea level, 95.3% of the land area is higher than 1600 m. There are 80 freshwater lakes, about 100 rivers, and 200 springs in the territory of the region, such as Achit, Dayan, Khoton, Khorgon, Tolbo. There are big rivers such as Kobda, Aksu, Sogoog, Yolt, Sagsay, Bulgan, Lone Tree, Buyant, Bukhmoron. The length of the Kobda river is 506 km. There is fish farming in Lake Tolbo and Lake Achit. ## Kazakhs of Mongolia and the history of the region ## Population of the region The population of the city of Ulgey is 34,000. The population of Bayan-Olgey region is approx. There are 91 thousand 470 people. About 93 percent of the population are Kazakhs. Mongolia is the region with the largest concentration of Kazakhs. Other nationalities include the Tuva, the four ethnic groups of Mongolia, and the Urankai and Khalkha Mongols. Musical drama theater, libraries are working. The circulation of the newspapers "New Era", "Mongol Zaman", "Bilim" is around 3-4 thousand. Along with Mongolian TV channels, with the support of the government of Kazakhstan, the people of the region currently watch Kazakhstan, "Khabar", "Astana", KTK, Seventh channel, Balapan "Madeniet", "Zhetisu", Qazsport, Asyl channel and channel 31. A one-hour Kazakh language program of the regional branch of the Mongolian National Radio is also broadcast. 4 FM radio stations, "Derbes", "Naz", "MNV Bayan-Olgii" television channels, KAZNEWS, BAIOLKE web portals are operating in the center of the region. ## Economy of the region The main economy of Bayan Ulgey region is cattle breeding. There are about 11,000 farms in the region. Despite this, livestock breeding in Mongolia cannot be included among the advanced regions. The number of livestock in the Bayan-Olgey region is 1,670,300. Among them, goats - 712,400, sheep - 603,000, cattle - 88,800, horses - 61,300, camels - 4,300. Annually, 200 thousand tons of meat are supplied to the domestic and foreign markets. , animal husbandry with up to 900 tons of wool, up to 300 thousand skins of various animals can satisfy the demand of the population of the region. In the region, there are Red House checkpoints leading to Russia and Dayan checkpoints leading to China. In 1993, West Mongolia was connected to the Siberian BEZ of Russia through the "Khandgayty-Ulaangom" part of the electric grid. At present, work is underway to deliver this power line to Sumy. Dorgan HPP is operating in the neighboring Kobda region. A food processing plant, raw material processing shops, building materials processing shops are operating in the region. There is an international airport in Ulgiy. The city of Ust-Kamenogorsk and the capital city of Ulaanbaatar are regularly served by airplanes. In the region, there are operators of mobile communication according to the GSM standard, Mobicom, Unitel, Skytel according to the G-mobil CDMA standard. Khotgor provides coal to the people of the vast coal region. In the Bayan-Olgii region, there are ores of tungsten, polymetal, copper, gold, silver, ferrous metal. ## Education There are 43 educational schools in the region. 38 of them teach in the Kazakh language, two teach in the Mongolian and Tyva languages. There are five 12-year high schools in Ulgey, Daryn, Bilge Free High School, Bastama School, Zayd School, Mongolian-Turkish Lyceum, a branch of Kobda University and a branch of East Kazakhstan State University named after Sarsen Amanzholov. ## Territorial Administrative Division * Altai Sum * Altansogts Sum * Bayannuur Sum * Bugat Sum * Bulgan Sum * Buyant Sum * Delghun Sum * Höznnuur Sum * Sagsai Sum * Tsagaannuur Sum * Tolbo Sum * Ulaankhus Sum * Tsengel Sum \< > ## Leaders ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5171

Сәйденов

Anuar Galimollauly Saydenov (September 19, 1960, Moscow) is the chairman of the board of directors of BTA Bank. ## Biography * Education - higher, candidate of economic sciences. Fluent in English. * 1982 M. Graduated from Moscow State University named after Lomonosov, received the specialty "economist, teacher of political economy", * 1987. — M. The full-time department of the graduate school of Lomonosov MSU, * 1994. — Graduated from the University of London, received a master's degree in economics and finance. * M. After graduating from MSU named after Lomonosov, he engaged in teaching and research activities. * 1993 September — 1996 In August, he worked as a consultant and special employee at the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development in London (Great Britain). * 1996 August — 1998 served as Deputy Chairman of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan from April. * 1998 April — 2000 from August: worked as the executive director of the State Committee on Investments of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the chairman of the Agency for Investments of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Deputy Minister of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2000 In August, he was appointed to the post of Acting Chairman of the Board of "Kazakhstan Halyktyk Bank" OJSC. * 2000 October — 2002 From January - Chairman of the Board of "Halyktyk Bank of Kazakhstan" OJSC. * 2002 From January to June, the Chairman of the Board of Directors of "Kazakhstan Halyktyk Bank" JSC. * 2001 In June, he was appointed to the post of Deputy Chairman of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The main area of his activity in the National Bank of Ukraine was financial supervision. A.G. Saidenov was in charge of the supervision of banking and insurance, regulation of the securities market and activities of accumulative pension funds. * 2004 Since January, he has been serving as the Chairman of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * March 11, 2009 — Chairman of the Board of BTA Bank. * August 15, 2011 — Chairman of the Board of Directors of BTA Bank. ## Awards * Order "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev" (2006) * "10 years of Astana" festive medal (2008). ## Personal information * Military rank - reserve senior lieutenant. ## Family * Father - Galimolla Batyrkhanuly Saydenov (1934-1998), candidate of technical sciences, served as rector of Zhambyl Pedagogical Institute. * Mother - Saydenova Firuza Abdollakyna (b. 1938), pensioner. * Spouse - Kaldybaeva Saule Orazbekkyna, economist. * Uly - Baitas (born in 2005). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4300

Ислам

Islam (Arabic: السلام‎) is a world monotheistic Abrahamic religion. It is the most widespread religion in the world after Christianity. The word "Islam" means "peace", "obedience, obedience" (to the laws of God). And in the Sharia terminology, "Islam" means full obedience, fulfilling one's duties before God, and not worshiping other gods. A person who follows Islam is called a Muslim. The common figure of Islam is Prophet Muhammad. The main religious book of Muslims, the Holy Qur'an (Arabic: القرآن الكريم‎) is believed to have been revealed by God in classical literary Arabic (Arabic: الفصحى‎). According to the Islamic point of view, God, the creator, has always sent various prophets to guide mankind on the right path. Among them are Ibrahim (Abraham), Musa (Moses), Isa (Jesus), etc. there is.. According to the belief of Muslims, the last prophet is the messenger of God Muhammad ﷺ. ## Foundations of Islam In the hadith narrated by Omar ibn al-Khattab in Imam Muslim's collection of hadiths, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ mentions the three statuses of Islam and names their foundations ### Iman Iman (Arabic: اليمان‎) is the highest degree of Muslimness. Faith consists of six foundations and often regulates the inner qualities of a person: * Belief in God * Belief in angels * Belief in holy books (Quran, Injil, Torah, Psalms) * Prophets believing * believing in the Last Day * believing in destiny and death The word faith is derived from the Arabic verb "a-ma-na" ‎) used in the article is considered to be infinitive (Arabic: مصدر‎ - the root word). And the general concept of faith means to confirm the speech of a person, to accept what he said, to accept it wholeheartedly, to believe clearly, wholeheartedly, without allowing doubts. A believer says "mumin (Arab. : مومین‎)" and the things believed in are also called "muminun bi... (Arab. : ممین بـ‎)". Belief in Allah Allah (Arabic: الله‎‎) is the Arabic word "lafz al-jalala" (the word of majesty), which means that there is only one God. According to some scientists, the word "Allah" was formed by adding the article "ال" to the Arabic word "Ilah (God)". This name is considered the first and the greatest of God. The name "Allah" can only be used for Allah. Usually, the words "Tagala" or "Subhanahu wa Ta'ala" are used along with the word "Allah" to express his majesty. According to the belief of Muslims, Allah is the creator and ruler of the whole world. No one has such power except Allah. The existence of God is very necessary for the universe, its absence is impossible. There is no one equal to God, and this is recognized by the majority of mankind, regardless of religion. The word of God is very important. Possessor of all excellent names and attributes, he is the only one. God is eternal, he was not born and will not be born. It is impossible to reach his mind with the human mind. However, it can be described with the characteristics written in the Qur'an and derived from the Sunnah. The following verses in the Holy Qur'an tell us that God is the Creator and the Controller of everything: O Son of Man, fear God, who created you from one man, created for him a spouse from himself, and spread many men and women from them! Fear Allah, in whose name you ask one another, and be afraid of breaking ties of kinship. Verily, Allah is the Watcher of you —Surah Nisa, verse 1 —Surah Nisa, verse 1 The monotheism of Allah consists of the following parts: \< > * Believing that God is the Creator, Sustainer and Ruler of the whole world, that only God kills and revives, that only God helps in difficulties and fulfills prayers, and that none other than Him has the strength and power to do these things; * Devoting all worship only to God; devoting self-abasement, submission, love, bowing and prostration, sacrifice and oath to Allah without any partner; * Acknowledging the names and attributes of God Almighty in the Book and the Sunnah of His Prophet, purifying Him from all defects and from being like creatures; Explanation of the word "Allah" in the Islamic Shariah The word "Allah" is a name that gathers all the beautiful names of Allah Almighty. The Arabs use this word to call what is worshipped, that is, what is worthy of that worship. It is said in the Qur'an: He is God in heaven and on earth. He is the Lord of Wisdom, the Knower. — Surah Zuhruf, verse 84 — Surah Zuhruf, verse 84 That is, he is worshiped both on earth and in heaven. The meaning of the word "Allah" is: God whom the creatures worship with love, reverence and submission. God, Perfect, Great, and Beautiful, in which all the divine attributes are gathered. The All-Knowing, who encompasses all creatures with His knowledge, is the Mighty One who cannot be deprived of His power. Associating partners with Allah (shirk) In Arabic, the word "shirk" (Arabic: شِرْكٌ‎) means "making two things equal". And in Shari'ah, this term has a general and a specific meaning: * The general meaning of Shirk is: misappropriation of God's character or difference. There are three types of shirk: equating someone with God's creative and divine nature, or describing someone other than God with these attributes; assuming that someone else also possesses the names and attributes that belong only to God; associating partners with God in worship, that is, devoting any form of worship to other than God. ; * Equating someone to God's creative and divine character, or describing something other than God with these characters; * Believing that someone else also possesses the names and attributes that belong only to God; * Associating partners in worship with Allah, that is, devoting any form of worship to other than Allah; The meaning of Shirk is to make supplication to God as if you are supplicating to Him, to seek intercession from Him as you seek intercession from Him, to hope in Him as you hope in Him, to love others as you love Him. When Shirk is mentioned in the Qur'an and Sunnah, this is basically what is meant. On the other hand, shirk is divided into two types: major and minor shirk. * Big shirk (Arabic: الشرك الاكبر‎) is worshiping other than Allah, equating others with Allah. Big shirk leads a person out of Islam and causes him to be trapped in hell; * Minor shirk (Arab.: الشرك الأصغر‎) refers to things that lead to major shirk or things that are called "shirk" in the Qur'an and Sunnah, but do not reach the degree of major shirk. According to the Islamic belief (Aqeedah), the consequences of associating partners with God are very serious, and it is believed that a person who dies in that shirk will remain in hell forever. It is said in the Qur'an: "Indeed, Allah does not forgive the one who associates with Him, but He forgives everyone else (or: lower than him), if He wills" - Surah Nisa, verse 48 \ <> - Surah Nisa, verse 48 Beautiful Names of God Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, said: In fact, God has 99 names - one hundred. Whoever enumerates them will enter paradise. "Sahih Muslim": "Article of Dhikr, Dua and Repentance"; "Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal": "Name-character hadiths from Abu Huraira"; "Sunan at-Tirmidhi": "Article of prayers from the Prophet"; "Sunan Ibn Majah": "Article of Prayer" —"Sahih al-Bukhari": "Book of Tawheed"; "Sahih Muslim": "Article of Dhikr, Dua and Repentance"; "Musnad Ahmad ibn Hanbal": "Name-character hadiths from Abu Huraira"; "Sunan at-Tirmidhi": "Article of prayers from the Prophet"; "Sunan Ibn Majah": "Article of prayer" Believing in the beautiful names of God has a great impact on the soul of a Muslim and his worship of the Creator. One of the results of this influence is finding meaning in worshiping God with all one's soul. At the same time, believing in Allah, believing in His Names and Attributes is one of the biggest factors that instills the fear of Allah in a human being, because the more a person knows his Creator, the more he fears Him. Belief in holy books The Arabic word "kitab" (Arab.: كتاب‎) comes from the word "kitaba" (Arab.: كتاب‎), which means "writing". "Inscription" means "page with inscription". And "holy books" are books and pages containing the words of Allah revealed to the messengers of Allah. These books are revealed either in their written form (like the Torah) or in the form of a revelation recorded after their revelation. In Islam, belief in books from God is considered a condition of faith. A person who does not believe in books is considered to have no faith. Allah says in the book: "Whoever does not believe in God, His angels, His books, His messengers and the Last Day, he is in great error!" —(Sura Nisa, verse 136) —(Sura Nisa, verse 136) In Islam, the following are called holy books: \< > * Pages revealed by God to Abraham and Moses (Arab.: صُحُف‎) * Book of Torah (Arab.: تورة‎) is the greatest book of the generation of Israel * Book of Psalms (Arab.: زبور ‎) — the book revealed to the prophet Daud * The book of the Bible (Arabic: Инжил‎) — the book revealed to the prophet Jesus, the son of Mary. Some scholars believe that the Bible differs from the Torah only in some places where the Children of Israel disputed. * Holy Qur'an is the last book of Allah revealed to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ According to Islamic belief, books such as Torah and Injil were sent by Allah, but people made various changes to them and changed their meaning. And the Qur'an is considered preserved from changes. Allah says: "Verily We have sent down the remembrance, and verily We preserve it." verse Believing in angels The Arabic word for "angel" (singular: malak Arab. : ملك‎, plural: ملايكة Arabic. : ملائكة‎) is "send" (uluk Arabic. : ألوك‎ ) comes from the word Angels in the religion of Islam are completely subordinate to Allah, they fulfill any of His commands, they are creatures who convey revelations to messengers. The Holy Qur'an says about the angels: "They fear their Lord above them and do what is commanded" - Surah Nahl, verse 50) - Surah Nahl, 50- verse 1) Prophet Muhammad ﷺ about angels: "Angels were created from light, jinn were created from fire, and Adam was created from what was narrated to you" —"Sahih Muslim" ( 2996) —"Sahih Muslim" (2996) Imam al-Bayhaqi means believing in angels: * believing in their existence, * recognizing their status, Believing that they are the servants of Allah like humans and jinn. believe in the existence of angels. All this is in the Qur'an. Praying to angels and asking them for help is absolutely forbidden. Allah says: "He does not command you to make angels and prophets gods. Will He command you to disbelieve after you become Muslims?' — Surah Ali Imran, verse 80 — Surah Ali Imran, verse 80 In Islam, the following names of angels are mentioned: * Gabriel (Arabic: جبريل‎): One of the greatest angels who brought revelations and holy books to the prophets. * Mikael (Arabic: מיקאיל‎) * Israfil (Arabic: Исрафил‎) - Israfil's (a.s.) function is to blow the Trumpet. Malik is the guardian of paradise. * Kiroman katibin is the name given to two angels who record every person's deeds in this world without error. * Munkar and Nakir (Arabic: منكر و ناكر‎) - these two angels serve to ask questions from a person who has run out of salt in the world and went to the grave. * Hamala ul-arsh is the name given to the 8 angels who carry the Throne, the greatest of God's creations. * Ridwan (Arab.: رضوان‎) is the guardian of paradise Belief in prophets and messengers The Arabic word "nabi" (prophet Arabic: نبيّ‎) is "naba" (news Arabic: نبأ ‎) comes from the word The fourth foundation of faith in Islam is belief in the prophets sent to earth by God. Allah called them "rasul" (messenger) and "nabi" (prophet) in the Qur'an. Muhammad ﷺ is considered to be the last prophet of Islam. According to Islamic belief, prophets will not be sent after that. The number of prophets and messengers The number of messengers sent by God is mentioned in a hadith from Abu Umama: Once a person asked the Prophet ﷺ: "Was Adam a prophet?" . The Prophet replied: "Yes." "How much time passed between him and Noah," he asked again. The Prophet replied: "Ten centuries." "O Messenger of Allah, how many messengers (rasul) were there?" he asked again. The Prophet replied: "Three hundred and fifteen." —Ibn Hibban (2085); al-Tabarani ("al-Awsat" 1/24) and ("al-Kabir" 8/139); al-Hakim (2/262); Shaykh al-Albani saheeh hadith: "Silsilah al-Sahiha" (2668) —Ibn Hibban (2085); al-Tabarani ("al-Awsat" 1/24) and ("al-Kabir" 8/139); al-Hakim (2/262); Sheikh al-Albani said a sahih hadith: "Silsilah al-Sahih" (2668) And some hadiths about the number of prophets say that their number was 124 thousand. But some hadith scholars considered them weak Difference between "Rasul" and "Prophet" There is a difference between the concepts of "Prophet" and "Rasul" in Islam. Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah says: "Every messenger is a prophet, but every prophet is not a messenger" —"Majmugh al-Fatawa", 10/290 — "Majmugh al-Fatawa", 10/290 According to Muslim scholars, the difference between a prophet and a messenger is that messengers brought a new sharia to the community and books were given to them, while prophets called to the Book before them and approved the sharia of the previous messenger. Prophets named in the Qur'an Many prophets are named in the Qur'an. For example: "Verily We have revealed to you as We revealed to Noah and the prophets after him. And We revealed to Ibrahim, Ishmael, Ishaq, Yaqub, the children of (Israel), Isa, Ayyub, Yunus, Aaron and Solomon. And We gave David the Psalms. And We have sent messengers (messengers) to you who were told and not told before. And God spoke to Moses" - Surah Nisa, verses 163-164 - Surah Nisa, verses 163-164 "Say: "We believe in God, in what has been revealed to us and We believe in what was revealed to Abraham, Ishmael, Isaac, Jacob, the descendants of (Israel), what was given to Moses and Jesus, and what God gave to the prophets. We make no distinction between them and obey Him alone"" —Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 136 —Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 136 Prophets with a strong spirit \< > It is said in the Qur'an: "Be patient as the messengers with a strong spirit are patient!" —Surah Ahqaf, verse 35 —Surah Ahqaf, verse 35 These prophets are Noah, Ibrahim, Moses. Includes Jesus and the last and best prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Belief in the Day of Judgment Belief in the Day of Judgment is one of the foundations of faith. This includes people being tested in the grave, their resurrection, people being accountable to Allah, etc. including belief in doomsday events. In Islam, it is considered obligatory to believe in him. In the verses related to believing in God in the Qur'an, believing in the Last Day (Arabic: يوم الإخر‎) is also mentioned. The word "Akhiret" is a religious term that means the last time, the end of life. Signs of the Hereafter The signs of the Hereafter include the events mentioned in the Qur'an and Sunnah: * Prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ is considered a sign of the Hereafter; * The waxing of the moon described in Surah "Qamar"; * The flame from Hijaz (this flame really came out in 654 Hijri, and its flame was seen in Sham region); * A slave woman gives birth to her master; * House-building competition of people without shoes, naked, poor shepherds; * Appearance of about 30 false prophets; * The water level in the Euphrates falls and a golden mountain appears in its place; The greatest signs: * The emission of smoke; * Arrival of Dajjal; * The emergence of an animal from the earth; * Sunrise from the west; * Descent of Prophet Jesus; * Origin of Yajuj ben Maguj; * Land collapse in the East, West and Arabian Peninsula; * Destruction of the Kaaba; * Ascension of the Qur'an to the sky; * Coming of the Mahdi; * Fire coming from Yemen; Nature of the Day of Judgment According to the hadith from the Prophet ﷺ, after the angel Israfil blew on Sur, all the creatures in the heavens and the earth will surrender except those whom Allah wills. After 40 days, months or years, Surga will blow again and rain will fall from the sky. Humans, like vegetables, grow from bone in the tail, which remains after death. And the first person to come out of the earth will be Prophet Muhammad. Belief in good and bad fate The sixth condition of faith is faith in fate. Destiny is derived from the Arabic word "qadar" and means "to measure, to create something according to a certain measure, to determine". And its meaning in religious terminology is related to the fact that since the creation of the world, the timing, time, place, location, characteristics and characteristics of all phenomena and creatures in existence have been determined and measured by the teachings of Allah from the beginning. The scholars of Ahl al-Sunnah wal-Jama'at say that a person does anything of his own free will, no one forces him, but his will is dependent on the will of Allah and is implemented only with the permission of Allah Destiny consists of 4 levels: knowledge of all things; * Allah records the fate of all creatures in "Lauh al-mahfuz"; * Allah's permission for these things to happen; * God's creation of this work, because God is the Creator of everything; ### Islam The second status of Islam is Islam. It consists of five foundations and often regulates the external qualities and actions of a person: * Reciting two testimonies (shahadat) "La ilaha ill-Allah Muhammad rasulu-Allah" * Performing five obligatory prayers * Ramadan Fasting during the month * Giving zakat to a person whose wealth exceeds a certain amount * Going to Hajj once in a lifetime Conditions of the certificate "La ilaha ill-Allah" "La ilaha ill-Allah" (There is nothing worthy of worship except Allah)" certificate has several conditions: * Knowledge that eliminates ignorance; * Strong faith that eliminates doubt; * Acceptance, which is the skin of negation; * The skin of disobedience is submission; * The skin of shirk is willing; * The skin of hypocrisy is honesty; * The skin of hate is love; * Denying the objects of worship other than Allah and avoiding them; That is, if a Muslim knows the meaning of this testimony, does not doubt it, does not deny it, submits to it, is sincere and sincere, loves it with his heart, and also rejects idols and deities other than Allah, then the condition of Islam will be correct and it will be possible to reach the mercy of Allah. gets Conditions for the testimony of "Muhammad Rasulu-Allah" There are several conditions for recognizing the prophethood of Muhammad ﷺ: * Undoubted belief in the things that the Prophet said; * Obedience to what the Prophet commanded; * Beware of things forbidden by the Prophet; * Do not put any person's word above his own; * Not to introduce into religion what it does not command, be it in terms of word, deed or belief; * To do only what he has allowed in relation to the Prophet (for example: saying salutations when his name is mentioned) * Not to consider the Prophet as having things that belong only to Allah, not to wish him, not to ask for help, etc. * Respecting the Prophet's words and respecting his hadiths; Namaz Salat (Arabic: صلاة‎) means "prayer" in Arabic. In Shari'ah: a set of certain actions and words that begin with Takbir (the words "Allahu Akbar") and end with Taslim (the words "as-salamu galeykum"). Prayer is the most important pillar of Islam after the two testimonies. Allah Ta'ala made prayer obligatory on the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ on the night of Migraj above the seven heavens. Fasting Saum (Arabic: سوم‎) - linguistic meaning: "abstain from something". In Shariah: abstaining from eating and drinking from the time of morning prayer until sunset, and from other things that break the fast, with the intention of fasting. Fasting has two bases: * Avoiding things that break the fast from the time of morning prayer until sunset; * Intention to worship Allah with this fast; Zakat Zakat (Arabic: زكاة‎) - linguistic meaning: "surplus", "growth (of crops)". In Shari'ah: a fee collected from the property of a certain group of people, which has reached a certain amount. This was considered purification for the soul of God's servant. And giving zakat is a reason for bringing together the Muslim community, love and unity. Pilgrimage Hajj (Arabic: حجّ‎) — linguistic meaning: "intention, goal, desire, departure". In Shari'ah: Performing religious rituals at a specified time in accordance with the Sunnah. Hajj is considered a pillar of Islam, and Muslim scholars unanimously agree that performing Hajj once in a lifetime is obligatory. ### Ihsan The third status of Islam is Ihsan (Arabic: الإحسان‎). There is one basis for Ihsan: * To worship Allah as you see Him, and if you cannot do that, to worship as Allah sees you. These duties are imposed on a Muslim from the time of girlhood. ## Islamic Shari'ah and Fiqh Islamic Shari'ah is the Qur'an, the Sunnah, and the laws that regulate human relations with God, other people, the community, and the environment, as well as what is permitted and prohibited. a collection of laws that were binding on the words of the Salafs (in the case of Shiites - Ahl al-Bayt) and the ijtihad of scholars. The most important of these laws are the five duties of Islam. ### Types of deeds in Sharia ### Fundamentals of Islamic Sharia Qur'an Qur'an - Beginning with "Fatihah" surah and ending with "Nas" surah, it is believed to be the word of God revealed to Muhammad, the last prophet of God. There are 114 surahs and 6236 verses in the Koran. The Qur'an was written in literary Arabic and is the basis of Islamic Sharia. Allah has promised to preserve the Qur'an from changes and additions. It includes beliefs, worship, human relations, etc. the judgments of the issues are stated in general and individual form. Surah Alaq of the Qur'an is considered to be the first revealed revelation, and the first verses of Surah Muddassir are considered to be the first verses of the message. Therefore, some scholars believe that Muhammad ﷺ became a prophet with the revelation of Surah Alaq, and a messenger with the revelation of Surah Muddassir. See also: Reasons for revelation of verses According to the reason for revelation, verses of the Qur'an are divided into two: * Verses revealed by Allah without any reason; * Verses revealed due to a certain event or for other reasons; See also: History of the Qur'an, Surah of Makkah and Surah of Medina The Qur'an was revealed in fragments over a period of 23 years. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ spent most of this time in Mecca. That's why scholars divide the verses into "Mecca" and "Medina": * Meccan verses are a harsh style and shorter version because they are intended for polytheists against Meccan Islam. At the same time, the Meccan verses often touch upon the issues of monotheism, faith, and belief in the Last Day; * Medinan verses - at this time, the number of Muslims is increasing, often in a mild manner, they describe the rulings of the Shari'a concerning Muslims. At the same time, since Jihad is legalized and the hypocrisy of hypocrites is revealed, verses about Jihad and hypocrites are gradually coming down. Sunnah refers to any word, deed or internal support of the Prophet. At first, Prophet Muhammad did not approve of writing hadiths from him. For example, his words: "Do not write anything except the Qur'an in my name. And if someone writes something other than the Qur'an on my behalf, let him erase it." However, when a companion named Abdullah ibn Amr asked about this, he pointed to his mouth and said: "Write! I swear that my soul is in His Hands, nothing but the truth will come out of this," says Ahmad 2/62, Abu Dawud 3646, Ad-Darimi 1/125. Sahih hadith: "as-Silsilya as-sahiha" 1532 —Ahmad 2/62, Abu Dawud 3646, Ad-Darimi 1/125. Sahih hadith: "as-Silsilya as-sahiha" 1532 And as Hafiz al-Sahawi said in the book "Fath al-mughis", Islamic scholars unanimously allowed the writing of the Sunnah. See also: Qur'anists In recent times, a movement of "Qur'anists" has appeared, claiming that the Sunnah has undergone changes, and that one should follow only the Qur'an and derive Sharia from it. In response to them, Muslims who accept the Sunnah bring verses from the Koran itself that encourage them to follow the prophet who came. For example: "Indeed he does not speak of his own will · It is only a revealed revelation" - Surah Najm, verses 3-4 - Surah Najm, 3-4 verses "Take whatever the Messenger gives you, and refrain from whatever he takes away!" —Surah Al-Hashr, verse 7 —Surah Al-Hashr, verse 7 In addition, the following hadith was narrated from the Prophet: When a hadith reached him, he said: "Between us and you is the Book of God!" "We consider what is allowed in it as halal, and what is prohibited as haram," he may say. However, in reality, what the Messenger of God has forbidden, it seems that God himself has forbidden it! —Imam at-Tirmidhi (2664), Ibn Majah (12). Sahih Hadith: "Mishkat al-Masabih", 163 —Imam at-Tirmidhi (2664), Ibn Majah (12). Hadith sahih: "Mishkat al-masabih", 163 Sunnah books Popular collections of hadith: * "Sahih" collection of Imam Muhammad al-Bukhari; * "Sahih" collection of Imam Muslim ibn Hajjaj; * Collection of "Sunan" by Imam Abu Daud; "Sunan" collection of Imam al-Tirmizi; * Collection of "Sunan" by Imam an-Nasa'i; * Collection of "Sunan" by Imam Ibn Majah; * The book "Adab al-mufrad" by Imam Muhammad ibn Ismail al-Bukhari; * The book "Mustadrak" by Imam al-Hakim; * "Mishkat al-masabih" collection of Imam Muhammad ibn Abdullah al-Khatib al-Tibrizi; * Collection of "Sahih al-Jamig al-Saghir" by Sheikh Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani; * "Musnad" of Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal; * "Riyad al-Salihin" collection of Imam an-Nawawi; * Collection of "Al-Jamig al-Sahih Mimma Laysa Fi Sahihain" by Sheikh Muqbil ibn Hadi; Ijmagh Ijmagh (Arabic: إجماع‎) is the unanimous agreement of Muslim scholars in the era after the Prophet ﷺ. Ijmagh does not include the actions of the Companions during the time of Prophethood, because the actions of the Companions at that time are considered as Shariah proof by themselves. If the scholars agree on a ruling, no one is allowed to violate it or deny it, because the Prophet ﷺ said: "My Ummah will not gather in error" —Imam at-Tirmidhi (2167), Abu Dawud (4235), Ibn Majah (3590) —Imam al-Tirmidhi (2167), Abu Dawud (4235), Ibn Majah (3590) There are two types of Ijmagh: \ <> * "Ijmaag Khatghi" is an Ijmaag with the clear consent of the Ummah. For example: consensus that prayer is obligatory, consensus that adultery is haram, etc. * "Ijmagh Zanniy" is an Ijmagh by following something or saying nothing. That is, other scientists follow what one scientist says without saying anything, or do not oppose it. There was a disagreement among Muslim scholars in confirming this type of ijma'ah, that is, accepting it as evidence. Shaykh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah says: "Ijmaag is the unity of the Salaf on something, even if disagreements increased after them and the Ummah split" —"Sharh al-Aqeedah al-wasitiya", Muhammad al-Uthaymeen, 2/328. "Ibn al-Jawzi" publishing house —"Sharh al-aqida al-wasitiya", Muhammad al-Usaymin, 2/328. "Ibn al-Jawzi" publishing house Qiyas Qiyas is a method of judging by analogy (analogy), widely used in Islamic jurisprudence. Among Muslim scholars, Qiyas ranks after the Qur'an, Sunnah and Ijmaa. However, there are permissible and prohibited types of Qiyas. Prohibited types include making judgments based on evidence from the Qur'an and the Sunnah. Ibn Masgud said: "If you rely on Qiyas in matters of religion, you will make many haram things halal and make halal things haram." was it? - saying. He replied: I am better than that! You created me from fire and you created him from clay" —7:12 —7:12 Al-Hasan al-Basri and Muhammad ibn Sirin are the first to rely on this verse. considered that the devil used the forbidden analogy. Ijtihad Ijtihad: the search and work of a scholar in making Shariah rulings. The conditions of a mujtahid in making ijtihad: * Qur'an, Sunnah, etc. necessary for ijtihad. knowledge of evidence from the foundations of Sharia; * Isnad, knowledge of judgments related to the authenticity or weakness of hadiths such as people in the chain of hadiths; * In order not to make judgments based on things whose rulings have been abrogated or contrary to ijmaq, it is necessary to know nasih and mansukh (i.e. verses and hadiths that cancel the ruling and those whose rulings have been canceled), to know ijmaag; * The ability to distinguish between evidence and personal evidence; * Knowing the meaning of verbal signs such as "general and private" from language and fiqh foundations; * Must have the ability to make judgments from evidence; ## Fiqh Fiqh (Arabic: فقه‎) means "understanding". In this sense, the word "fiqh" is used in several places in the Qur'an. For example: Kazakh: "...but you do not understand their praises..." In Arabic: "...و لكن لا تفقهون تسبيحهم..." —Surah Isra, verse 44 \< > —Surah Isra, verse 44 In Sharia terminology, "fiqh": knowledge of Sharia's rulings on actions through evidence. Sometimes those judgments themselves are called "fiqh". Basics of fiqh: * Holy Qur'an * Sunnah * Ijmagh * Qiyas In fiqh, the actions of mukallaf (who have reached the age of puberty) Muslims are generally and completely considered, and a person's actions are related to the Creator, himself and others. regulates relations with people. Fiqh mukallaf covers a person's words, actions, agreements, and the use of property. Fiqh is divided into two: * Rulings of worship: rulings of worship such as prayer, fasting, and pilgrimage. * Rulings of relations: the rulings of contracts, spending of property, crime and punishment, bailment, and more. The effect of knowing fiqh is seen in the righteousness of the servant of Allah, in correcting his deeds, in correcting his manners. And if a Muslim is corrected, the community will also be corrected, and the result will be a happy life in this world and God's pleasure in the Hereafter. Prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of God be upon him) said: "For whomever Allah wills good, He makes one who understands the religion (faqih)" —"Sahih al-Bukhari" (71); "Sahih Muslim" (1037) —"Sahih al-Bukhari" (71); "Sahih Muslim" (1037) ### Madhhabs of fiqh Among the madhhabs of fiqh, a scholar has thoughts and views on Shariah issues, but is not fully developed so that there are no students who will spread and clarify them. There are individual madhhabs that do not have many rulings. At the same time, the views of the mujtahid-scientists who founded them are developed by their students and there are many popular madhhabs. These madhhabs are named after the imams who founded them. These madhhabs include, in order of appearance: the Hanafi madhhab, the Maliki madhhab, the Shafi'i madhhab and the Hanbali madhhab. In addition, sometimes the Zahiri Madhhab also joins it. These madhhabs are called "Ahli-Sunnah" madhhabs. In addition to the Ahl-e-Sunnah madhhabs, there are the "Jafari" and "Zaydi" madhhabs of the Shias, and the "Ibadi" madhhab of the Kharijites. Hanafi Madhhab Hanafi Madhhab is a school of Ahl-e-Sunnah jurisprudence that is devoted to Imam Azam Abu Hanifa. It is called "Hanafi Madhhab" according to the name of its founder. Abu Hanifa, whose real name was Nugman ibn Thabit, was born in the city of Kufa in the 80th year of the Hijra (699 AD) and died in 150 AD. (767) dies there. Scholars belonging to the Hanafi sect call Abu Hanifa "Imam Aghazam" (great imam). Some historians believe that Abu Hanifah is one of the naturalists who saw the Companions because he narrated hadiths from the Companion Malik ibn Anas. But other historians consider him to be a follower of naturalists. Although Imam Abu Hanifa was a scholar who knew many issues of Islam, his main work was in the field of jurisprudence. Abdullah ibn al-Mubarak said about him: "I do not know anyone who is equal to him in fiqh!" Ash-Shafi'i about him: "In jurisprudence, everyone lives because of Abu Hanifa" Maliki Madhhab Maliki Madhhab - Imam Malik ibn Anas is prayed to Ahl al-Sunnah school of jurisprudence. Its founder, Malik ibn Anas, was born in Medina in the 96th year of Hijri (711) and died in the 179th year (795). Imam Malik came from the royal family of Humair who immigrated from Yemen. His family was famous for Shariah education, and he himself received the title of "Imam dar al-Hijra ("dar al-Hijra" - the city of Medina)". Imam Malik paid a lot of attention to hadiths and left behind him the collection of hadiths "Muatta". Shafi'i Madhhab The founder of the Shafi'i Madhhab is Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafigi. He was born in Gaza in Palestine in 150 AD. Muhammad ibn Idris, who memorized the Qur'an at the age of seven, received permission to issue fatwas at the age of 15. Imam al-Shafi'i studied with famous scholars: Imam Malik, Sufyan ibn Uyaina, Imam Muhammad al-Shaybani. During his short life, al-Shafi'i studied in Mecca, Yemen, Iraq, and Egypt, and was engaged in teaching there. Imam al-Shafighi was the first to introduce the science of "usul al-fiqh" and wrote the book "Risala" about it. Imam Ahmad ibn Hanbal considered him as his teacher and considered him a "mujaddi" sent by Allah to renew the religion. He died in 204 AH. Hanbali Madhhab The founder of the Madhhab is Imam Ahmad ibn Muhammad ibn Hanbal al-Shaybani. He was born in Merv in 164 AH (778 AD) and died in 241 AH (855 AH). Imam Ahmad, who was orphaned by his father at a young age, paid a lot of attention to the subjects of Sharia, including the teaching of hadith, and became a great muhaddi. He learned from the famous student of Abu Hanifa, Imam Abu Yusuf, Imam ash-Shafighi, Waqig ibn al-Jarrah. Even Abu Dawud, Imam Muslim, Imam al-Bukhari, who were his teachers, used to narrate hadith from him. Imam Ahmad faces a lot of pressure from the Mu'tazilite caliphs who came to power. Despite being imprisoned and tortured for a long time, he did not renounce the Islamic faith and is still considered one of the most famous religious authorities. Imam Ahmad called for evidence in Sharia to be taken from the Qur'an and Sunnah, and forbade blindly following the words of imams. He said: "Do not blindly follow my fatwas, the fatwas of Malik, al-Shafi'i, al-Awzagi and al-Thawri. Get your fatwas from where they got their fatwas!' Ibn al-Jawzi narrated the following words of Imam Ahmad: "Whoever does not accept the authentic hadith of the Messenger of Allah, may the blessings and peace of Allah be upon him, is on the verge of creation!" Other madhhabs Apart from the four mentioned madhhabs, there are madhhabs that have a small number of followers and are spread in few countries. Jafari Madhhab (Shi'a Madhhab) The Shi'a consider Jafar al-Sadiq to be the founder of this madhhab. He lived in Medina in 80-148 (702-765) AH. Among the scholars of Ahl al-Sunnah, he was considered knowledgeable, and Imam Abu Hanifa and Muhammad ibn Idris al-Shafi'i attended his meetings. He is considered the sixth imam among the Shiites who recognize twelve imams. The followers of the Ja'fari school do not accept any ijma' of the Companions unless Ali Ibn Abu Talib is among those Companions. At the same time, they consider Imams from the generation of Ali to be the source of Sharia, which is protected from sins and errors. They believe that only "Imams" have the right to ijtihad, and when performing ijtihad on others, their opinions cannot be contradicted. Madhhab of Zahiri Madhhab preferred by Imam Daud ibn Ali al-Asfahani al-Zahiri (815-883). The fundamentals of Sharia in this madhhab are similar to those of the Ahl al-Sunnah madhhab. The reason why the madhhab is called "zahiri" is that they use only the external meaning of the verses and hadiths in making judgments. Imam Ibn Hazm al-Andalusi is one of the famous scholars of the Zahiri sect. Although the Zahiri madhhab was widespread in Spain, it was completely destroyed with the fall of the caliphate there, and only written works survived. Zaydi Madhhab (Shiga school) The rulings of the Zaydi Madhhab are similar to the rulings of the Ahl al-Sunnah madhhab, including the Hanafi Madhhab, because the founder of this madhhab is Zayd ibn Ali "Zain al-Abidin". Ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib (80-122 A.H.) received his education from the learned scholars of Iraq, Abu Hanifa. In this Madhhab, along with the Qur'an, the Sunnah is considered the source of the Shari'ah, and the hadiths are not limited to Ahl al-Bayt, but are also taken from other Companions. Ibadi Madhhab (Khariji Madhhab) The founder of the Ibadi Madhhab is Jabir ibn Zayd al-Azdi. Although this madhhab is similar to the Ahl al-Sunnah madhhabs in many matters, it contradicts them in some rulings. School of Awzagi School of Ahl al-Sunnah founded by Abu Amr Abdurrahman ibn Amr al-Awzagi (707-774). Al-Awzagi was a great scientist of his time. His madhhab spread in the region of Sham and then in Andalusia. But with the spread of the Shafi'i madhhab in Sham and the Maliki madhhab in Andalus, this madhhab weakened and disappeared over time. School of Lais ibn Sa'd The Egyptian scholar Lais ibn Sa'd also had a school that was considered Ahl al-Sunnah school, but it disappeared over time. ## Jihad The word "Jihad" means "struggle, effort, war". The definition of the word "Jihad" in the "Dictionary of the Arabic Language of Modern Times" is: "War with non-aligned infidels or war in the way of Allah. Fighting in defense of religion or country.' But this word is used not only in the sense of fighting with enemies, but also in the sense of fighting with lust and the devil. Imam Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya says: "Jihad is of two kinds: against the enemy and against one's own desires, and jihad against one's own desires is much better than jihad against the enemy. In fact, if one cannot wage Jihad against his own self in order to do what he is commanded to do and avoid what is forbidden, then he cannot wage Jihad against the enemy. However, there is a third type of enemy, and a person who does not fight him cannot wage Jihad against the enemy or against his own self. He is the devil. Doing Jihad against him is the basis of doing Jihad against the enemy as well as against one's own self. Allah Ta'ala says: "Indeed, Satan is your enemy, so treat him as an enemy. He invites his people to be the inhabitants of Hell" (Surah Fatir, verse 6). The command to treat Satan as an enemy shows the importance of making Jihad against him and expending all your efforts in fighting him. Because the devil is an enemy who does not stop fighting with the servants of Allah, and who does not weaken!" —"Za'ad al-magad" 3/6; Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah —"Za'd al-magad" 3/6; Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyyah Also, Ibn al-Qayyim preferred jihad with arguments and explanations to jihad with the sword, and said that this jihad was done by the prophets and the imams who followed them. This is evidenced by the following verse: "If We had willed, We could have sent a warner to every place. Therefore, do not submit to the disbelievers and wage a great jihad against them through the Qur'an! —Surah Furqan, verse 51-52) —Surah Furqan, verse 51-52) ## Islamic calendar \< > The Islamic calendar begins with Hijra, i.e. the date of the migration of the Messenger of Allah ﷺ from Mecca to Medina. The calculation of Hijra was made by caliph Omar ibn al-Khattab (634-644) in 637, 5 years after the death of our prophet Muhammad (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Since the actual year is 11 days shorter, the beginning of the year in the Islamic calendar keeps moving. Hijrah has nothing to do with the movement of the Sun. It is solely based on the Moon. ## Islamic etiquette Islamic etiquette refers to a set of actions and words that are considered good deeds originating from Sharia. For example: greeting "as-salamu galeykum", returning to it with "wa galeykum as-salam", starting a meal with "bismi-llah", eating with the right hand, saying "al-hamdu li-llah" after eating, circumcision of children, cleaning after defecation, rites at the death of a person, reading his funeral; this also includes various prayers: prayer when leaving the house, prayer when entering the mosque, prayer when entering the toilet; Also, it is good manners not to look at other people's problems. ### Dress Etiquette It is forbidden for a Muslim to wear clothes that cause arrogance. Similarly, it is forbidden to wear clothes different from the surrounding community. One should not wear clothes to distinguish oneself from other people, whether the clothes are expensive or cheap, whether they are similar to other people's clothes or not, because this leads to arrogance. In addition, the clothes of a Muslim should not resemble the clothes of infidels, should not stick to the body and should not be transparent. Women's clothing style Hijab is a national dress of Arab countries that hides a woman's entire body and jewelry from the eyes of foreign men. The hijab is related to the climate in Arab countries and is required from believers as a religious dress. There is no mention of hijab in the Qur'an, only the Prophet's family and their modest women are required to cover themselves. * It is better for a woman to cover herself with a headscarf from the beginning, this way is covered in the Qur'an, as commanded by Allah Almighty to "cover her jilbab!" i.e. "Let women cover the veil from the beginning!" — corresponds to the command; * The fabric of the veil should not be eye-catching from the outside, i.e., the color should not attract or attract people; Proofs from the Qur'an and Sunnah to wear Hijab "O Prophet! Tell your spouses, daughters and believing women! (If he goes out of his house) let him cover his jilbab (i.e. veil)! This is close to recognizing them lightly (not a slave, not a prostitute, but a free and virgin woman), and not being touched by foreign men!" —Surah Ahzab, verse 59 —Surah Ahzab, verse 59 "O Muhammad! Tell the believers! Let them lower their eyes from looking at foreign women and protect their private parts from haram! This is the purest way for them. Indeed, Allah is Aware of what they do. Tell the believing women too! Let them lower their eyes from foreign men! And keep his private parts from haram! Let them not display their adornment except that which is visible by itself! And let them put their scarves on their heads and cover their breasts with them! And let them not show their ornaments! Only to husbands, or fathers, or husbands' fathers (i.e. fathers-in-law), or sons, or husbands' sons (by other women), or brothers, or brothers' sons, or sisters' sons, or Muslim women, or slaves , or if a woman shows it to men who do not need it, or to young children who do not know the private parts of women, then it is allowed. Let them not trample the earth with their feet to reveal their hidden jewels! believers! All of you repent to Allah so that you will be successful!" — Surah Nur, verses 30-31 — Surah Nur, verses 30-31 Aisha (may God be pleased with her) said: " May Allah have mercy on the first migrant women! They said, "And let them put their handkerchiefs on their heads and cover their breasts with it!" - when the 31st verse of Surah Nur was revealed, they tore their outer clothes and put it on their heads as a scarf" —"Sahih al-Bukhari" —"Sahih al-Bukhari" \ <> Men's clothing Men's private parts are covered from the navel to the knees, that is, these areas should not be covered with clothes and shown to outsiders. This is the limit of the evil of slave women. ### Eating etiquette There are several etiquettes for eating food from the Sunnah: * Start eating by saying "Bismi-Lallah"; * Eating food with the right hand; * Eating while sitting down if possible; * Drink hot food cold; * Eating only the food in front of you; * Sharing with the poor or the neighbor; * Clean the dishes and fingers from which food was brought and do not leave any residue; * Do not overeat in eating; * Thanking Allah for this provision; ### Oral hygiene After eating, Muslims use the root of the Arak tree (Salvadora Persica) to clean the oral cavity of waste and remove bad breath. This action is considered to be from the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. He said: "Siwaak is the cleanliness of the oral cavity and the pleasure of Allah Almighty (for you)" —Sahih al-Bukhari 2/40; Ahmad 6/47; An-Nasa'i 1/10 —Sahih al-Bukhari 2/40; Ahmad 6/47; An-Nasa'i 1/10 "If it had not caused trouble to my Ummah, I would have commanded them to use Siwak before every prayer" —"Sahih al-Bukhari" 887; "Sahih Muslim" 252 —"Sahih al-Bukhari" 887; "Sahih Muslim" 252 Miswak is used when performing ablution, waking up from sleep, bad breath, reciting the Qur'an, before prayer. According to mother Aisha, the Prophet ﷺ used misuak as soon as he entered the house. ### Muslim holidays In Islam, two Eids are established as holidays - Eid of fasting and Eid of sacrifice, the day of Arafat and three days of Tashriq. When the Prophet saw the people of Madinah celebrating a festival, he said: "Verily, Allah replaced them with two better days: the day of sacrifice and the day of breaking the fast." He again said: "O Muslims! The Day of Arafat, the Day of Sacrifice and the three days of Tashriq are our Eid. -fitr) is called. On this day, Muslims gather in the mosque and perform the Eid prayer. A day on which fasting is prohibited. Eid al-Adha Eid al-Adha (Arabic: عيد الأضحى‎ — 'id al-adha) is the tenth day of Dhul-Hijjah. It is the day when Muslims perform the Eid prayer and make sacrifices due to the completion of Hajj. It is not allowed to fast on this day. Mawlid Mawlid (Arabic: مولد‎) means "birthday, birthplace" in Arabic. Although Prophet Muhammad ﷺ and his companions did not celebrate, Mawlid is celebrated in some Muslim countries by reading the Prophet's biography and writing poems about him. Mawlid was celebrated for the first time in history by the order of Muzaffar al-Din, the emir of Irbil, Syria, in the 7th century Hijri. Some Muslims consider this act to be a heresy unrelated to Islam and an imitation of Christians who celebrate the birthday of Prophet Jesus, because this act is not commanded in the Qur'an and Sunnah, and it is known that the first Muslims did not do it. ### Halal and haram in food The concepts of halal and haram in food in Islam are considered to be a guarantee of not only external cleanliness, but also the health of a person's inner world. An example of this is the hadith: Verily, Allah Ta'ala is Pure, and He does not accept anything other than what is pure. Indeed, what Allah has entrusted to the prophets, He has also entrusted to the believers. Allah Ta'ala said: "Yes, prophets! Eat of pure things and do pure deeds" (23: 51). Allah Almighty also said: "O you who believe! Eat of the best of what We have provided for you" (2: 172). Abu Hurairah, may God be pleased with him, said: "After that, the Prophet, may God's blessings and peace be upon him, warned about a man with matted hair and dust on his face: "That man traveled for a long time and then raised his hand to the sky and said: "Yes, my Lord! yes my lord!' - says. But what he eats is haram, what he drinks is haram and what he wears is haram, so how will his prayer be accepted? !" —"Sahih Muslim", 1015 —"Sahih Muslim", 1015 Hafiz Ibn Kathir said: "Eating what is permitted is supplication and acts of worship will be accepted, and eating forbidden things will lead to the rejection of prayers and acts of worship" —Tafsir Ibn Kathir 1/280 —Tafsir Ibn Kathir 1/280 \ <> Things that are forbidden to eat in Islam: * Carcass (this includes things that have been cut from a living animal). Sea carcasses are considered halal; * Pork-pork; * Blood; * any intoxicating drinks; * Predatory animals with fangs (tiger, wolf, bear, lion), only cowards (hyenas) are halal; * Hoofed birds (e.g.: eagle, hawk, hawk) * Domestic donkey, wild one is halal; * Mule (Russian: mul) * All insects and insects except grasshoppers; * Scientists unanimously considered monkey meat haram; * Some scholars also considered the elephant haram; Things that are forbidden to be killed: scorpions, snakes, small lizards (large lizards are waran halal), deer, mice, stray dogs, etc. * Things forbidden to kill are haram: bee, ant, hornet, toad; * An animal that feeds on excrement is haram until it is cleansed; * Animals prohibited for sale are haram: dog, cat; * Things harmful to health are forbidden; * Impure things are considered haram; Although these things are clearly haram, if a person is in a situation where he is dying of hunger, it is allowed by scholars to eat to save his life, because a Muslim should try to save his life. The meat of animals and birds that do not have a haram verse or hadith is considered halal. The meat of an animal whose meat is halal can be eaten only under several conditions: * The person who slaughtered it must be a Muslim, Christian or Jew, it is forbidden to eat meat slaughtered by other religions, even if the animal was halal in the first place; * The person who commits adultery must be of sound mind; * An animal must be tamed only for the sake of Allah. If a Muslim slaughters an animal for an idol or "saint" - it is considered haram; * Saying "Bismi-Lallah" in front of slaves; Islam's approach to alcoholic beverages Alcoholic drinks are considered haram in any amount. Prophet Muhammad said: "All that intoxicates is wine, and all wine is haram!" —"Sahih Muslim" (2002) —"Sahih Muslim" (2002) But if something contains alcohol (for example: medicines, chocolate products) if its quantity is insignificant and this product does not cause intoxication when used in large quantities - it is allowed to use this food or medicinal preparations. Islam's approach to tobacco products There are no verses and hadiths in the Qur'an and Sunnah that clearly prohibit tobacco during the time of Prophet Muhammad. But Muslim scholars consider it haram for several reasons: * Harmful to health; * Waste of money; * Substances in cigarettes act like narcotics, so addiction occurs; ## Islam and the environment Islamic Shariah not only regulates matters of worship and belief, but also the relations of Muslims with their families, neighbors, relatives, parents, people in authority, servants, other religions regulates relations with representatives. Even the principles of dealing with animals and trade are not left out of Sharia's attention. ### Islam and family In Islam, the purpose of marriage is not limited to meeting natural needs, but also to create a good family and a healthy community. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ encouraged Muslims to get married and start a family, saying that this act would save them from adultery and lead to piety. And young people who are not old enough to get married are encouraged to fast, because it prevents them from consuming forbidden things. According to Sharia, a Muslim man is allowed to marry a Muslim woman or a woman from the People of the Book (Jew and Christian). It is strictly forbidden for Muslim women to marry any unbeliever, whether he is a Christian, an atheist, or a Hindu, because according to Islam, the husband is considered the guardian of his wife, and the wife must obey him, and believing women cannot be the guardian of a person of another religion. Such a marriage is considered haram Although it is not obligatory to marry, if a person is in danger of becoming haram due to his desire for sex, he must marry. According to Shariah, a man is allowed to marry four wives, but if he cannot do justice to them, he should limit himself to one wife. Before getting married, the future spouses should not be alone with each other (it is forbidden for an unmarried man and woman to stay alone to avoid the temptation of Satan), see the woman under your guardian, and know her piety and level of adherence to Islam. Moreover, you can ask trusted people about the future spouse, and this is not considered gossip. Contrary to popular belief, Islam does not force a woman or a man into marriage. The contract of marriage is the consent of both parties. In order for the marriage to be legal, the woman's guardian (wali - father, grandfather, uncle, uncle or relatives) must give consent. A marriage without the consent of the guardian is considered illegal. Measures related to the birth of a child (Aqiqah) Aqiqah (Arabic: عقيقة‎) is derived from the Arabic word "iq" (Arabic: عقّ‎), which means "to cut, to cut". and basically applied to the hair of a newborn baby. In Shariah: Slaughter and sacrifice animals when the hair of the baby is cut after birth. And this is considered the child's parents' fees. According to several hadiths, Aqeeqah is considered an established Sunnah. For example: "Each child is held as a hostage by his aqeeqah, at the age of seven animals are slaughtered for him, he is given a name and his hair is cut" — Ahmad 5/7,8,12; Abu Dawud 2837; Imam at-Tirmidhi 1522; An-Nasa'i 7/166; Al-Hakim, Hafiz al-Dhahabi and Sheikh al-Albani are authentic — Ahmad 5/7,8,12; Abu Dawud 2837; Imam at-Tirmidhi 1522; An-Nasa'i 7/166; Al-Hakim, Hafiz al-Dhahabi and Sheikh Al-Albani say that Aqiqah can be performed from seven days after the birth of a child until reaching the age of puberty. According to Sunnah, two sheep should be slaughtered for a boy and one sheep for a girl. And on this day the child should be named. When choosing a name, you should not choose a name that has a good meaning and one that has a bad meaning. According to a hadith from Ibn Omar, the best names are Abdullah (Arabic: عبد الله‎) and Abdurrahman (Arabic: عبد الرحمان‎). According to Sunnah, the child's parents should weigh the hair cut on the day of Aqeeqah and donate the same amount of silver. The Prophet ﷺ said when he made aqiqah to his grandson Hasan: "Yes, Fatimah, cut his hair and give charity with the same amount of silver" — Ahmad 6/390,392; Imam Malik in "Muatta" (page 309); Imam at-Tirmidhi 1519; and others — Ahmad 6/390,392; Imam Malik in "Muatta" (page 309); Imam at-Tirmidhi 1519; and others In the hasan hadith quoted by Imam at-Tirmidhi, when the Prophet ﷺ was born, Hasan ibn Ali called the call to prayer in his right ear and said the qamat in his left ear. ### Islam and non-Muslims According to Islamic belief, religions other than Islam cannot lead to the right path and cause a person to enter paradise. Although the sharia of the Jews and Christians were originally the right path from Allah, it is believed that the Jews after Prophet Moses and the Christians after Jesus introduced a lot of innovations and delusions into their religion, leaving nothing of their pure sharia. Therefore, every Jew and Christian who hears about Islam must become a Muslim, and those who oppose Islam will suffer eternal punishment for falsifying the revelation from Allah. Allah says in the Qur'an: "Whoever chooses a religion other than Islam, it will not be accepted from him, and he will be among the tormented in the Hereafter" - Ali Imran, verse 85 Surah Imran verse 85 Muslims are based on two verses in their relationship with other religions: "Allah does not forbid you to be kind to those whom you did not fight for the sake of religion and did not expel from your homes, and do justice to them. Verily, Allah loves the righteous" — Surah Mumtakhana, verse 8 — Surah Mumtakhana, verse 8 "To you your religion, to me my religion" —Surah Kafirun —Surah Kafirun Islam and Christians Christians are considered closer to Muslims than other religions because the Qur'an says: \< > "In truth, you will find that the worst enemies of the believers are the Jews and the polytheists (who associate partners with Allah). And you will find that the closest to them in love are those who say, 'We are Christians,' because among them are clerics and monks, and they are not arrogant" —Surah al-Maida, verse 82 —Maida Surah, verse 82 But in the Qur'an it is mentioned about those who are enemies of Islam: "Jews and Christians will not be pleased with you until you follow their religion. Say: "Indeed, the straight path of Allah is the straight path" —Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 120 —Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 120 Relations with Muslims It is permissible to keep them, but to love them as brothers and to help them in war is forbidden. Fighting together with Christians or other infidels against the religion of Islam and helping them is considered as blasphemy. Jesus, whom Christians consider the son of God, is considered by Muslims to be the messenger of Allah sent to the Jews. Some of the miracles of Prophet Jesus, his ascension to heaven are described in the Qur'an. The Shariah commands to show respect to Prophet Jesus just as it commands respect to other prophets. In Islam, Jesus and his mother Maryam are considered to be the miraculous signs of Allah, but those who elevate them to the status of god or creator are considered infidels. Islam and the Jews Although Islam did not forbid good relations with the Jews, it fought against the Jews of the Arabian Peninsula because of their various tricks and treachery. One of the reasons for the death of Prophet Muhammad was poison mixed in his food by a Jewish woman. Allah says in the Qur'an: "In truth, you will find that the worst enemies of those who believe are the Jews and the polytheists (associates with Allah). And you will find that the closest to them in love are those who say, 'We are Christians,' because among them are clerics and monks, and they are not arrogant" —Surah al-Maida, verse 82 —Maida sura, verse 82 Islam and other religions Although Hinduism, Buddhism, Confucianism and other religions are similar to Islam in matters of "not doing evil, believing in fate, honoring parents", their representatives are considered polytheists-mushriks according to the Sharia, because according to the Hindu belief their idols are considered "different manifestations of the same god", but according to the Sharia this is shirk - the worship of other than Allah. At the same time, they deny the Day of Judgment, accountability to Allah, and some believe in reincarnation, the eternal transfer of the soul from one body to another. Although Buddhism was originally an atheist religion, Buddha himself became a god over time. Confucianism and Shinto believe that it is right to idolize mountains and worship ancestral spirits. According to Shariah, meat slaughtered by people of this religion is haram, and it is forbidden to imitate them, celebrate their holidays, follow their path, and love them. ## Places of worship Mosque (Arabic: مسجد‎ means "place of prostration", "place of worship" from the Arabic language. It is the first mosque building built Near the city of Medina is the Quba (Arabic: قباء‎) mosque. "Mosque" is not only a specially built building, but also any place where one prays and worships Allah. ## Muslim countries and demographics There are 1.62 billion people in the world who consider themselves to be Muslims.They make up 20% of the world's population.Muslim countries are mainly located in the Middle East, North Africa, and Southeast Asia Located in Central Asia. In addition, there are several countries in Europe and Asia where the majority of the population is Muslim. For example, the number of Muslims in China is greater than the number of Muslims in Lebanon. The Pew Research Center in 2010 proved this held in 2011 announced in January. * South Sudan is also included. ## Currents of Islam Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said: "Indeed, those of you who live after me will see many contradictions (ihtilaf), so those who follow my path follow the Sunnah of the righteous caliphs. Hold on to it with your teeth and beware of innovation, because every innovation is a misguidance" —Abu Dawud (4607), al-Tirmidhi (2676), Ibn Majah (42) —Abu Dawud (4607 ), at-Tirmidhi (2676), Ibn Majah (42) Again: "Jews are divided into 71 sects, and Christians are divided into 72 sects. My ummah is divided into 73 sects — all but one are in Hell." The Companions asked, "Who are they?" that. To this he replied, "Those who followed what I and my Companions were." In another version, he answered: "Jamagat". —Ahmad (4/102), Abu Dawud (2/503), al-Tirmidhi (3/367), al-Darimi (2/241), al-Hakim (1/128). Both versions of the hadith are authentic. —Ahmad (4/102), Abu Dawud (2/503), al-Tirmidhi (3/367), al-Darimi (2/241), al-Hakim (1/128). Both versions of the hadith are authentic. After the death of the Prophet, as mentioned in these hadiths, the Muslim community was divided into many branches and currents. Their emergence is a struggle for power (Shiites and Kharijites). Some sects are so far from Islam that they have become a separate religion (Bahá'ís). ### Ahl al-Sunnah (Sunnis) The vast majority (about 90%) of people who consider themselves Muslims around the world identify themselves with Ahl al-Sunnah (Ahl al-Sunnah - Sunnah adherents). Adherents of the Sunnah are Egypt, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Qatar, Turkey, Algeria, Libya, Morocco, Mauritania, Sudan, Somalia, Palestine, Jordan, Pakistan, Afghanistan, Malaysia, Indonesia, Bangladesh, Central Asian countries, Tatarstan, Bashkortostan, Northern The majority of Muslims in the Caucasus countries. A significant number of Muslims in Iraq, Azerbaijan, Lebanon, and Bahrain are Sunnis. Salafis Salafiyya (Arabic: سَلَفِيَّة‎) is the foundation of the Islamic religion "as-salaf al-salih" (Arabic: السلف الصالحون‎), i.e. It is meant to be understood as understood by the companions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, their followers and Imams of the Islamic Ummah. The most famous representatives of the Salafi movement are Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah, Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya, Hafiz Ibn Kathir, Hafiz al-Zahabi, Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab and others. scientists made a great contribution to the development of the Salafi movement. The word "Salaf" (Arabic: سَلَفٌ‎) literally means "the people of the past", as Ibn Manzur said. Sufis Tasawwuf-Sufism (Arabic: تسوّف‎) is a doctrine founded by Abdul-Wahid ibn Zayd of Basra. At first, it was an association created for the purpose of purifying the soul and estrangement from the world, and its beliefs were in accordance with the Qur'an and the Sunnah, but later the Sufis went too far in many issues and, according to some Muslim scholars, became a sect separate from the Ahl al-Sunnah. Among the views of the Sufis, the belief of the Indian philosophers in "wahdat al-ujud" (that is, the belief that there is no boundary between Allah and the creatures, everything is mixed in Allah), worshiping pious people and saints, asking for their intercession, dividing the Shari'ah into two parts, and its "mystical" part is only a certain believe that the group will follow; Basing worship of Allah not on fear of hell and hope for heaven, but only on love for Him, etc. opinions and views. Ashgaria Ashgariya (Arabic: أشعرة‎) is a school of philosophy founded by Abul-Hasan al-Ashgari. Initially, he followed the path of Mu'tazila, but later he renounced these opinions. Ashgari philosophy is the "coming, descent, satisfaction, ascension" and so on of Allah who came in the Qur'an and Sunnah. attributes are denied in order not to make Allah "similar to creatures". They recognize the seven attributes of Allah ("Life, Power, Knowledge, Desire, Hearing, Sight, and Speech"), change the meaning of the remaining names and attributes, and make "taweel". The Ashgari and Maturidi sects follow the Murjiyas approach in matters of faith. Maturidiya Maturidiya (Arabic: مطريدية‎) is a religious school founded by Abu Mansur Muhammad al-Maturidi. A school followed in creed by the majority of Muslims of Kazakhstan. The Maturidis consider their faith to be that of Imam Abu Hanifa and consider themselves to be the followers of Abu Hanifa. Most of the Hanafi Muslims are followers of al-Maturidi. Because the Maturidi faith is similar to the Ashgari faith, these schools of philosophy are often referred to together. ### Mutazila Mutazila (Arabic: معتزلة‎) is a movement founded by Wasil ibn Ata and Amr ibn Ubaid of Basra. This man left al-Hasan al-Basri's meeting after a dispute over faith. The Mu'tazilites put human reason more than proverbs (i.e. the Qur'an and Sunnah) and their views were based on that reason. Mu'tazilites are similar to the Khawarij in the matter of a Muslim who has committed a sin, and they believe that such a person is not considered a Muslim and will be tortured forever in hell. Although the Mu'tazila sect was originally based on one belief, it later split into many sects. Once they seized power in the caliphate, they soon lost this position and gradually disappeared. But to this day some people in the Islamic world follow the views of the Mu'tazilites. ### Jahmi's Jahmiyyah (Arabic: جهمية‎) is a movement founded by Jahm ibn Safwan. Jahmis deny almost all the names and attributes of Allah. They do not recognize that Allah speaks, that He hears and sees. Jahmis also lie that people will see Allah in the Hereafter. They consider the Qur'an to be created (i.e. created) and contradict the belief of Ahl al-Sunnah. a current that denies knowledge about it before it happens. Islamic scholars consider such a belief to be a blasphemy that takes away from Islam, because Allah said in the Qur'an: In fact, We created everything with dignity - Surah Qamar, verse 49 - Surah Qamar, verse 49 In addition, in the hadith narrated by Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-Astan Imam Muslim, it is stated that Allah wrote the fate of creatures 50 thousand years before creation. ### Jabris Jabriya (Arabic: جبرية‎) is a movement that believes that people do not have their own will, that all servants of Allah are forced and have no choice. ### Murjiyas Irja (Arabic: إرجا‎) means "to leave" in Arabic. In Shari'ah, it means "to leave actions, not to introduce actions into faith". The Murjiyas hold the opposite opinion to the Ahl al-Sunnah and the Kharijis, and say that faith is only "inner belief and confirmation with the tongue." According to their belief, the level of faith does not rise, it is said that everyone's faith is at the same level. Initially, the Khawarij were a political group with no clear belief system, only a different view of power and emirs. The biggest difference between the Kharijites and the Ahl al-Sunnah is that they were allowed to rebel against a ruling ruler who opposed their way. And the name of this group is related to this (Arabic: خوروج‎ "khuruj" - "go against"). They excommunicate Muslims who have committed major sins and do not recognize the two caliphs (Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abu Talib). They do not accept the punishment of stoning the adulterer, but they believe that it is necessary to make up for the prayers of a woman during her period. Ibadis Ibadis (Arabic: آباضية‎) are a moderate faction of the Kharijites, a sect unlike Sunnis and Shiites. It was named after Abdullah ibn Ibad, who founded it in the 7th century Hijri. They opposed the authority of the Caliphate and established their own imamate (for example, in Tahert in North Africa). Most of the state of Oman is Ibadi. There are communities in Algeria, Tunisia, Libya, Zanzibar island. ### Qur'anists Qur'anists (Quranites) — a group that does not accept the Sunnah, but only follows the Qur'an. They say that there are errors in the Sunnah and that it "contradicts" the Qur'an in some places. Muslim scholars consider these opinions to be delusional and say that it is impossible to regulate prayers, fasting, alms and other acts of worship without the Sunnah. Allah said in the Qur'an: We have sent down the Dhikr to you in order to explain to people what has been revealed, so that perhaps they will reflect - Surah Nahl, verse 44 - Surah Nahl, 44 verse ### Shias (Shiites) Shiism (Arabic: شیعة‎ - group, movement, sect) is a movement that appeared after the death of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. The Shi'a consider Ali ibn Abu Talib to be the most worthy person to rule after the Prophet, and accuse the first caliphs, Abu Bakr and Omar, of doing evil. From their point of view, Ali and his descendants are saved from errors, their words are considered sharia. They consider many of the Companions to be infidels who left Islam after Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, and therefore do not accept hadiths from the Sunnah. In addition, they believe that the Holy Quran has been changed, and they think that Ali had the correct version of it. According to the Shia, the "true" Koran will be brought by the Mahdi. Some of the Shiites insult Aisha for defying Ali and accuse her of adultery, consider her to be hellish and celebrate her death. Shiites believe that only the descendants of Ali are worthy of power, and do not consider the power of other emirs and caliphs to be legitimate. According to them, there were 12 imams from Ali's generation, the second of which is now "unseen". Because of this, they are called "al-Isna Ashariah" (the twelve). It is said that this last imam will return as the Mahdi before the Hereafter. According to their belief, these imams know the unseen and have knowledge of "mystical" worlds. The Shiites who argued in the choice of the imam after Jafar al-Sadiq, who is considered the sixth imam, split into two, and those who supported Ismail became an Ismaili movement with its own beliefs. Their imams are not just religious leaders, but representatives of Allah who receive revelations from Allah, mediate between creatures and Allah, answer prayers and wishes. To love them is faith, not to acknowledge them is great disbelief. Another practice of Shiites that contradicts the belief of Ahl al-Sunnah is taqiyyah. "Taqiyya" is the practice of Shiites to hide their true views and beliefs and lie to those they consider enemies. Scholars of Ahl al-Sunnah consider taqiyyah to be a lie and hypocrisy. The Twelve Imams The Twelve Imams of Al-Isna Ashariah Shiites: * Ali ibn Abu Talib, the Shiites call him "Murtaza"; * Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib; the Shiites call it "Mujtaba"; * Hussein ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib; the Shiites call him "the Martyr"; * Ali ibn al-Husain ibn Ali; the Shiites call him "Zayn al-Abidin"; * Muhammad ibn Ali ibn al-Husayn; the Shiites call it "Baqir"; * Jafar ibn Muhammad; the Shiites call him "as-Sadiq"; * Musa ibn Jafar al-Sadiq; the Shiites call him "Kazim"; * Ali ibn Musa ibn Jafar al-Sadiq; the Shiites call it "Riza"; * Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Musa; the Shiites call it "Taqiy" or "Jawwad"; * Ali ibn Muhammad ibn Ali ibn Musa; the Shiites call it "Naqiy" or "Hadi"; * Hasan ibn Ali ibn Muhammad; the Shiites call him "Zakiy" or "Askari"; * Muhammad ibn Hasan al-Askari; the Shiites call him "Mahdi" or "Hujjat al-Qaim al-Muntazir". According to their belief, he was born in 256 AH and ascended to heaven in 260 AH. Then, in 329, he entered the basement of his father's house and "disappeared". The words of Muslim scholars about Shiites * Sheikh Ibn Baz: "There are many streams of Shiites, each of them has its own heresy, but the most dangerous among them is the Rafidi sect of Khomeini or the sect of our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) imams who pray for the family of the deceased. They believe that their imams know the unseen, and they insult the Companions." "There are many sects of Shiites, each of them has its own heresy, but the most dangerous among them are the Rafidi sect of Khomeini or imams who ask for prayers from the deceased family of our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). They believe that their imams know the unseen, and they insult the Companions." Muhammad Nasiruddin al-Albani: "I have read Khomeini's five books and I can say that every word in those books is completely contrary to the verses of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Every person who reads what is in those books and is influenced by it becomes an infidel, even if he prays and fasts and considers himself a Muslim. "I have read Khomeini's five books and I can fully say that every word in those books - kufr, shirk and completely contradicts the verses of the Qur'an and the Sunnah of our Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him). Every person who reads what is in those books and is influenced by it becomes an infidel, even if he prays and fasts and considers himself a Muslim. Zaydis Zaidi (Arabic: زيدية‎) is a sect of Shiga who consider Zayd ibn Ali "Zain al-Abidin" ibn al-Husayn ibn Ali ibn Abu Talib as their founder. At one time, they spread widely in the lands of Iran, Iraq and Hijaz and created several states of their own: the state of the Idrisis in North Africa (789-926 A.H.), in Tabaristan (863-928 A.H.), in Yemen (901 A.H.). Their rule in parts of Yemen continued until the revolution of September 26, 1962. Although they follow the Mu'tazilite path in their beliefs and are a sect of Shiites, their path is closer to Sunnis than other Shiites. They do not believe in the "hidden imam", they do not curse Abu Bakr and Omar ibn al-Khattab, they call only Ali, Fatima and their two children as saved from sin. In them, temporary marriages permitted by other Shias are considered haram. At the end of the 20th century, the number was about 7 million. It is a part of the population of Yemen. Ismailis The Ismailiyya (Arabic: إسماعيلية‎) (Batynia, Qarmats, etc.) sect associate themselves with Ismail, the eldest son of Jafar al-Sadiq. They believe him to be the seventh imam and hold a contrary opinion to other Shiites. Some Muslim scholars consider them enemies of Islam worse than Christians and Jews and do not include them in the category of Muslims. According to their name ("batyn" - hidden), their beliefs are hidden and not published. Some of them do not recognize the Qur'an, they believe that there will be prophets after Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, they do not recognize the Last Day, heaven and hell. They are so extreme that they consider Ali ibn Abu Talib as a god and worship him. Some of the Ismailis considered themselves prophets (for example, the famous Arab poet Abu Tayib al-Mutanabbi, who was also an Ismaili). When the Ismailis pray, they look at their religious leader and imam, Agha Khan, and give their alms to him. ### Tablighi Jamaat Tabligi Jamaat is a movement founded by Indian Muhammad Ilyas Qandehlawi (1303-1364). It was created for the purpose of calling to Islam and spreading Islam. The representatives of this movement go out for 3 days, 17 days, 40 days to spread religion, and preach around the settlements. The founders of this movement were representatives of Sufi sects and followed the Maturidi faith. ### Hizb ut-Tahrir Hizb ut-Tahrir (Arabic: حزب التحرير‎) is a splinter movement from Ikhwan al-Muslimeen founded by Taqi al-Din al-Nabhani. They believe that we get only what comes to our minds from Shariat, such as the torment of the grave, the appearance of Masih Dajjal, etc. does not recognize things. ### Ihwan al-Muslimin Ihwan al-Muslimin (Muslim Brotherhood) is a political party founded in Egypt in 1928 by Hassan al-Banna. Ikhwan al-Muslimeen Jamaat is mainly seeking politics and power, not seeking to correct the faith of Muslims and guide them to the right path. Although this party claims to follow the Sunnah, there are heretics against the Sunnah among them. ## History of Islam The history of Islam is usually called based on the origin of the caliphs who ruled at that time. For example: the Abbasid caliphs descended from Abbas, the grandfather of the Prophet ﷺ. The era of Muhammad, the Messenger of God, is called the age of prophecy. During this time, Islam spread among the Arab tribes, and they began to accept Islam. After the death of the Prophet, 4 great Companions - Abu Bakr, Omar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan and Ali ibn Abu Talib - became caliphs. This time is called the time of "Righteous Caliphs" (Arabic: خلافاء الراشدون‎). At this time, the Islamic caliphate began to spread beyond the Arabian Peninsula. After the righteous Caliphs, the Caliphs of the Umayyad dynasty came to power, and their period was called the "Umayyad period" (Arabic: العحد الموي‎). During the time of the Umayyads, the caliphate reached the Iberian Peninsula (now Spain), and the caliphate was established there. The family of Abbas ibn Abdul-Muttalib, the grandfather of the Prophet ﷺ, disputed the power in the caliphate and took the power from the Umayyad caliphs. The Abbasid period (Arabic: العحد العبّاسي‎) is also called the "Golden Age of Islam" because during the time of these caliphs, science and literature surpassed the achievements of the previous Arabs and received great development. The power of the Abbasids weakened for many reasons, and in the lands of the former caliphate, independent Tulunis, Fatimids, Seljuks, etc. states emerged. At this time, the campaign of the crusaders aimed at conquering the city of Jerusalem began, and the crusades, which lasted for 194 years, began. Some Muslim states went to war against the Crusaders and returned the captured cities from them. This situation continued until the Mamluks came to power in Egypt and expelled the Crusaders from the cities of Sham. Meanwhile, in the east, Khulagu, the grandson of Genghis Khan, captured Baghdad, the capital of the caliphate. The Abbasids moved the capital of the caliphate to Al-Qahira (Cairo) and from this time on, the power of the Abbasids remained only formal, and the real power was concentrated in the hands of the Mamluk sultans. After that, the Great Ottoman State, a state uniting Muslims as in the time of the Abbasids, was not allowed to be established. The Ottoman sultans annexed many previously unconquered lands under Muslim rule. Among them was the conquest of the Balkan Peninsula in Europe and the spread of Islam there. During the reign of the 7th Ottoman Sultan Mehmet II, the city of Constantiniye came under the hands of the Muslims. In 1516, Sultan Salim I conquered the lands of Sham and Egypt and received the title of caliph from the last Abbasid caliph. After that, for 408 years, the Ottoman dynasty ruled as caliphs. And this period became known as "the time of the Ottomans". At that time, apart from the Great Ottoman State, several states such as the Safavid State in Iran and the Amir Temir State were created. After the fall of the Great Ottoman State, Muslims split into independent states united by a common religion, language and culture. ### The time of Prophet Muhammad (610-632) The founder of Islam was Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdul-Muttalib ﷺ from the family of Hashim. The Hashim family, in turn, is a part of the Arab Quraysh tribe. Even before he started preaching Islam, he did not worship idols and followed the path of monotheism. He used to go to the cave of Hira on Mount Nur near Mecca with his supplies in order to worship Allah and pray in the month of Ramadan. One day, when he was sitting in the cave of Hira, the angel Gabriel, sent by God, appeared to him for the first time. These were the first verses of Surah Alaq. Prophet Muhammad ﷺ begins to secretly preach the revelation of Allah among people. The first to believe in him were his wife Khadijah bint Khuwaylid, his uncle's son Ali ibn Abu Talib, and his best friend Abu Bakr. He called among the Quraysh not to worship idols, but to worship only one Allah. Knowing this, they began to torture the followers of Muhammad and force them to apostatize. Seeing this, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ allowed his followers to migrate. The first migration for religion will be to Ethiopia, and among the group of 80 people will be Uthman ibn Affan and Ja'far ibn Abu Talib. After the death of his uncle Abu Talib and his wife Khadija, who were their helpers and support, the pressure of the polytheists on Muslims increases. A group of people from the city of Yathrib (Medina) converted to Islam and promised to help Muhammad. In order to keep religion alive, Muslims secretly move to the city of Madinah. Prophet Muhammad and Abu Bakr made the hijra among the last ones and came to Madinah. From that time, the city of Yathrib began to be called Medina (that is, "Madinah an-Nabawiyyah" - the city of the prophet). In the second year of the Hijra, a battle was fought with Meccan polytheists near the wells of Badr, and Muslims won for the first time in the history of Islam. In response, the following year, the Meccans defeated the Muslims near Mount Uhud, forcing them to retreat. Next year, Muslims and Meccans signed a ten-year non-war agreement called the Hudaybiyah Agreement. After the threat from the Meccans subsided, the Muslims attacked and defeated the Jews, who had been enemies before. Eight years after the treaty with the Meccans, Prophet Muhammad captured Mecca without a fight. All but 10 people who wrote anti-Islam poems are pardoned and given peace. After the conquest of Mecca by the Muslims, all the idols inside the Holy Kaaba will be broken and polytheism will be cleansed. After taking Mecca, Prophet Muhammad ﷺ lived for two years, and in the last year of his life he performed Hajj together with hundreds of thousands of Muslims. While he was sitting in Arafat, he received the last verse from Allah: Today I have completed your religion for you, I have completed my blessings and I have accepted Islam as your religion —Surah Maida, verse 5 —Surah Maida, verse 5 Muhammad Prophet ﷺ died on June 8, 632 and was buried in Medina in the room of his beloved wife Aisha. ### The time of the righteous caliphs (632-661) After the death of the Prophet, his best friend Abu Bakr became the caliph of the Muslims. During the reign of Abu Bakr, some of the tribes that had previously accepted Islam renounced Islam. These wars are called "Riddah (apostasy) wars. In addition, several people claiming to be prophets appeared in the Arabian Peninsula and started to rebel. During the time of Abu Bakr, Muslims began to conquer the regions outside the Arabian Peninsula for the first time. The Muslim army led by Khalid ibn Walid conquered Persia. and makes successful campaigns to Byzantium. After Abu Bakr's death, Umar ibn al-Khattab was in charge. When Umar came to power, Muslims conquered the region of Sham. Basra, Kufa and others, the Muslim armies reached the lands of Khorasan, and the army led by Amr ibn al-As promised safety to the local Copts on November 1, 644 At the time of his death, Abu Lu-lu was seriously injured. Soon Omar surrendered. After Omar, the son-in-law of Muhammad ﷺ led the caliphate. During his time, Muslims will win in North Africa. During the time of Uthman, the version of the Qur'an collected under Abu Bakr was approved and distributed to all cities. Osman ibn Affan was killed by the rebels because of the conflict between the Hashim family and the Umayyad family from which he came. After Uthman, the Companions in the city of Medina chose Ali ibn Abu Talib as the caliph. The army of Ali ibn Abu Talib fought against the emir of Sham province, Magawiya ibn Abu Sufyan, who did not agree with this decision, in a battle known as the "Battle of Siffin". And the battle with Aisha became known as the "Camel Battle". Abu Musa al-Ashgari from Ali's side and Amr ibn al-As from Magawiya's side are appointed to negotiate for Ali and Magawiya to come to an agreement. After a long negotiation, they agree that Ali and Magawiyah will abdicate and re-elect the caliph. On January 24, 661, Ali ibn Abu Talib was wounded in the head with a poisoned sword while he was going to morning prayer in the city of Kufa. Ali died three days later. It is not known where exactly he was buried. ### The Umayyad period (661-750) The Umayyad dynasty is the dynasty that ruled the Arab caliphate (661-750). The foundation was built by Mugawiya I (d.c.-680) from the Umayyad clan of the Quraysh tribe in Mecca. The caliphs from the Umayyad dynasty included North Africa, most of the Iberian Peninsula, Central Asia, Iran, Afghanistan, Iraq, and some parts of the Caucasus. By the middle of the 8th century, the unity of the state began to weaken. After the Shiite movement led by Abu Muslim (747-750) overthrew the Umayyad dynasty, the Abbasid dynasty came to power. ### The Abbasid period (750-1258) The Abbasid dynasty is the dynasty that ruled the Arab caliphate (749-1258). Muhammad descended from Abbas ibn Abdulmuttalib ibn Hashim, the cousin of the Prophet ﷺ. After the Shiite movement led by Abu Muslim, the representative sent by Muhammad ibn Ali's son Ibrahim, deposed the Umayyad dynasty, the Abbasid dynasty came to the head of the government. The first caliph of the Abbasid dynasty was Abul Abbas al-Saffah (750-754). In 762, the capital of the Abbasid dynasty was moved from Sham to Baghdad. The state of the Abbasid dynasty is sometimes called the "Baghdadiy Caliphate" in the literature. During the era of "Muslim renaissance", culture, science, literature, philosophy, mathematics, geography, trade, etc. was a country at the forefront of world development. Many representatives of the people around this caliphate contributed to it. Arab culture, based on the achievements of ancient Eastern, Greek and Roman civilizations, helped the development of European countries. The services of Harun al-Rashid (786-809), Mamun (813-833), and al-Mutasim (833-842) from the Abbas family were especially mentioned. Later, in the middle of the 8th century, the unity of the state weakened. In each region, Abbasid clans or local ruling groups began to rule. In the 10th century, the Buyids, and then the Seljuks, displaced the Abbasid dynasty, and they interfered only in religious matters. In 1258, the Mongols led by Hulagu Khan captured Baghdad and destroyed the Abbasid dynasty. Al-Mustansir, who survived, was given the title of caliph by Egyptian Sultan Beybars in 1261 in Al-Cahira. In 1517, Ottoman Sultan Salim I Caliph Mutauekkel III moved to Istanbul, and later the title of Caliph passed to Ottoman Sultans. ### The era of the Great Ottoman State (1517-1923) The Great Ottoman State was a multinational state that existed in 1299-1922. Since 1517, the leaders of this state are called Caliphs. The Ottoman caliphs conquered many lands that had never been under Muslim control. It included the lands of Greece, Albania, Bulgaria, Serbia, North Macedonia. At its peak, the Great Ottoman State stretched from Vienna to the Persian Gulf and from the Crimea to Morocco. In 1453, Mehmet II, the 7th Ottoman Sultan, invaded Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire. This city is now called Istanbul. At this time, several Muslim states appeared in the East. Among them was the state of Turan, founded by Amir Temir, and the state of the Safavid dynasty located in the east of Iran, Azerbaijan and Iraq. Shah Ismail I was the founder of the Safavid state. He made it obligatory for his subordinates to adhere to Shiism, and he opposed the Shiites of the Anatolian peninsula to the Ottoman sultans. Salim I, who suppressed the Shiite rebellion, now turned his attention to the Mamluk Sultanate, which had made an agreement with the Safavids. In 1517, Salim I embarked on a campaign against the Mamluks and conquered Egypt and Sham, which were owned by the Mamluks. His son Suleiman I, who ascended the throne after Salim I, did not stop expanding the state and conquered many places, including the city of Belgrade. Despite encircling the city of Vienna twice, he could not take it. After Suleiman I, the Great Ottoman State weakened and began to revive only during the reign of Mehmet IV. After that, the Ottoman sultans gradually lost their former glory. In the Arabian Peninsula, a movement to cleanse Islam of the things added to it over the past centuries, led by Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab, began. Although the Ottoman sultans fought to suppress such movements, they could not suppress them completely. In addition, the national liberation movement grew in the Balkans. The Great Ottoman State ceased to exist after the First World War by the decision of the President of the Republic of Turkey, Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. ### After the Great Ottoman State After the fall of the Great Ottoman State, the countries that won the World War, such as Great Britain and France, took over the possessions of the former state. Later, these countries became independent states with nothing to do with each other except religion, culture and language. Egyptian President Gamal Abdel Nasser attempted to unify Syria and Egypt, but failed. After the burning of Al-Aqsa Mosque by Israeli extremists, the Organization of Islamic Cooperation was established in 1969, and almost all Muslim countries joined it. At the end of the 20th century, there was an Islamic revolution in Iran, and Shiites came to power there. In addition, several groups such as "Hezbollah" in Lebanon and "Qaida" in Afghanistan were formed. On September 11, 2001, a plane crashed into the World Trade Center in New York City, killing many people. It was alleged that this incident was organized by the terrorist group "Qaida". This greatly damaged the reputation of Islam in the world. ## Islamic art Examples of Muslim calligraphy, architecture * * * * * \< > * * * * * * * * * * ## Sources ## Literature * "Basic faith in the world of Koran and Sunny"; Kuliev Elmir. ISBN 5-94824-071-1 * "General study of the foundations on which the religion of the Shiites-Imamites is based" - Muhibb al-Din al-Khatib Archived 10 June 2015. (Russian) * Beliefs of Shiites of Imams — Mamduh Ibn Ali Al-Harbi (Russian) * Malik ibn Anas — Islamhouse.com (Russian) * Imam Ahmad — Islamhouse.com (Russian) ) * "Majmu' al-fatawa", Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah (ar.) * "Oblegenny fiqh" - Muhammad ibn Ghanim al-Sadlan; "Muslim" publishing house, Almaty 2008 ISBN 978-601-7051-06-8 * "Conditions of prayer, its pillars and obligations", Muhammad ibn Abdul-Wahhab (ar.) * "Halal and haram in food " — Al-Hanifiya.kz Archived February 8, 2013. * "Al-fiqh al-muyassar fi daw al-Kitab was-Sunnah" (link not available) (Ar.)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5857

Ливан

Lebanon (Arabic: لبنان‎, Libnan), officially the Republic of Lebanon (Arabic: الجمهوريه اللبنانية‎; al-Jumhuriyya al-Libnaniya) is a country in Western Asia, on the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The land area is 10.4 thousand km². Population — 3.6 million. (2003). The capital is Beirut. The main population is Arabs (93%), Armenians (6%), Turks, and Kurds. The main part of the population follows Islam (60%) and Christianity (35%). The official language is Arabic. 1926 According to the Constitution adopted on May 23, the head of state is the president. The highest legislative body is the Chamber of Deputies. National holiday - Independence Day - November 22 (1943). Lebanon has been a member of the UN since 1945. Administratively, it is divided into 5 provinces. The currency is the livre. ## Nature Lebanon has a subtropical climate. Summer is hot (27С in August), warm winter (13С in January). The amount of annual precipitation reaches from 400 to 1000 mm. The majority of the country is located in the Lebanon region. The highest point is Mount Kurnet-as-Sauda (3088 m). Between the Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon plateaus, there is the Beka plain, which is 8-14 kilometers wide. Citrus fruits, grapes, vegetables are grown, there are evergreen trees. The main river is al-Litani. ## History B.C. In the 4th millennium, there were Phoenician city-states in the territory of modern Lebanon. BC before becoming part of the Roman Empire. It was part of different states in the 8th and 1st centuries. 637 Arabs conquered Lebanon. As a result of the Crusades, Lebanon was conquered in 1098-1289. was part of the Christian orders. Until the 16th century, the country was ruled by the Egyptian Mamluks. 1516 Turkish Sultan Selim I defeated the Egyptian Mamluks and annexed Lebanon to the Ottoman Empire. But the power in the country was in the hands of the Lebanese emirs. The country was ruled by the Maan dynasty in the 16th and 17th centuries, and by the representatives of the Shihab dynasty from the end of the 17th century to 1840. 1840 Bashir II Shihab was removed from the throne, and Lebanon returned to the rule of the Turks. 1864 An international commission (France, Great Britain, Austria, Prussia, Russia, Ottoman Empire) declared the autonomy of Lebanon. 1920 Mandate system of France was established. 1926 Lebanon was declared a republic, and according to the constitution, it was decided that the president of the country should be a Christian-Maronite, the head of the government should be a Muslim-Shiite, and the speaker of the parliament should be a Muslim-Sunni. 1943 After gaining independence on November 22, political and cultural conflicts took place in the internal situation of the country. Lebanon 1948-67. participated in the Arab-Israeli wars between 1975 an armed conflict between Muslims and Christians began, which turned into a civil war. Since 1982, Israel has occupied a part of Lebanon. In June 1983, Israeli helicopters bombed Beirut and areas where PLO bases were located. 1999 at the request of international organizations. Israel was forced to withdraw its troops from South Lebanon. 2003 Consulate of Kazakhstan opened in Lebanon. Cultural and scientific ties are established between Lebanon and Kazakhstan. ## Economy Although Lebanon is a country with a low level of development of industry and agriculture, financial, banking and household services are quite well established. Beirut is one of the largest banking centers in the Middle East. The instability of the internal political situation and armed attacks by Israel in the south of the country affected the decline of the economic situation. Agricultural products make up 30% of national income. Exports vegetables and fruits, tobacco, cloth, jewelry. The basis of imports is electrical equipment, machinery, oil, metal, consumer goods. Gross national product per capita. Equivalent to US$5,470 (1994). The main trading partners are Syria, Kuwait, Italy and the United Arab Emirates. ## Population The population of Lebanon is generally young and literate. The total population is 4,257,405 people. In this country there are Muslims, Christians, Jews and others. lives. ## Religion The people of Lebanon are made up of different ethnic groups. Currently, Sunni and Shia Muslims, Maronite Christians, Catholics, Douzes and many other sects live in this country. Lebanon is the homeland of the ancient Phoenicians. Currently, Muslims make up 59.7%, Christians 39%, and followers of other religions 1.3%. ## Language is the official language of the Lebanese, but most of the population speaks English and French. Since French is considered a semi-official language, 20% of the population uses it in daily communication. French was given such authority by the League of Nations after the First World War. ## Lebanese cuisine Lebanese cuisine is one of the most advanced cuisines in the Middle East. The Lebanese use a lot of starch in their cooking. They also eat a lot of fruits, vegetables and fish. Kale, olive oil, greens and lemon juice are added to various menus. Lebanese people often eat chicken and lamb. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7022

Freddie Mercury

Freddie Mercury (September 5, 1946 - November 24, 1991) is the singer of the British rock band Queen. Author of "Bohemian Rhapsody", "Killer Queen", "Somebody to Love", "We Are the Champions" and "Crazy Little Thing Called Love". In addition to performing in the group, he was engaged in his own creativity. His real name is Farrokh Bulsara. Freddie Mercury died of AIDS-related bronchopneumonia on November 24, 1991, a day after announcing his illness. Although the group did not gain much fame among critics, the total number of tapes sold exceeds 300 million copies. In 2006, Time Asia magazine listed Mercury as one of Asia's most famous people of the past 60 years. On the one hand, he was criticized for hiding his nationality, and on the other hand, he was criticized for keeping his HIV disease a secret. ## Biography Freddie Mercury was born in 1946 in Zanzibar, then a British colony, now part of Tanzania. Freddie's parents, Bomi and Jher Bulsara, were Persians from British India. Bomi moved his family to Zanzibar for work. Freddie has a younger sister named Kashmira. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7639

Абхазия

Abkhazia (Abkhaz: АДхсны [Апсны́], Georgian: Абхажети [Афазети]) is a region in the northwestern part of the southern slope of the Great Caucasus Range, on the northeastern coast of the Black Sea. Includes 7 historical regions: Lesser Abkhazia, Bzypyn, Guma, Abjua, Samurzakan, Dal-Sabal, Pshu-Aibga. Actually under the partially recognized Republic of Abkhazia. In UN documents, Abkhazia is considered a territory of Georgia, according to its administrative division, the region is occupied by the Autonomous Republic of Abkhazia. ## Etymology The term "Aphazeti" (Georg. Abkhazia) first appeared in Georgian annals, and the name Abkhazia came from it. It was used to designate Abazgiya and all of Western Georgia. In early medieval Islamic sources it was usually used in the sense of Georgia. Until the middle of the 19th century, most foreign sources called Abkhazia the country of Abaza, in Russia - Abeza (later Obeza), but gradually these exonyms were replaced by the Russian toponym "Abkhazia", which is a derivative of the Georgian language "aphazeti". Through the Russian language, this name entered most other languages of the world (English: Abkhazia, French: Abkhazie, German: Abchasien). "АДхсны" [апсны́] is a word with a transparent etymology: "аДхс" [апс] is the root of the Abkhazian name "аԥсуаа" [апсуаа], and "ны" is a locative suffix - the country of Aps (Abkhazians). ## Physical and geographical characteristics Abkhazia Kungei is located in the northwestern part of the Caucasus between the Psou and Ingur rivers, and the Black Sea washes in the southwest. The coastline is more than 210 km long, and slightly indented, wide pebbly beaches are common. The expanse of the sea, subtropical vegetation, tidal rivers and the peaks of the Greater Caucasus give Abkhazia a special beauty. In the north and northeast with Russia (Krasnodar Territory and the Republic of Karachay-Cherkessia); in the south-east and south - it borders Samegrelo and Zemo Svaneti regions of Georgia. ### Topography Most of the territory (about 75%) is occupied by the ridges of the Main (Vodorazdelny) ridge bordering Abkhazia from the north: Gagra, Bzyb, Abkhaz and Kodor ridges. The highest point of the ridge is Mount Dombai (4048 m). Klukhor (2781 m), Marukh (2739 m) and other passes lead to Abkhazia through the main ridge. At present, the roads passing through the passes from Abkhazia to the regions of Georgia are mined and under the control of armed guards, and there is no communication through them. From the southeast, the Colchis basin gradually narrows and enters Abkhazia. A narrow strip of lowland stretches along the northwestern coast of the Kodor River. Between the mountains and the lowlands there is a belt of steep foothills. Karst phenomena are developed (Voronia, Abrskila, Anakopian caves, etc.). In Abkhazia, not far from Gagra, the deepest karst cave in the world is located in the Krubera-Voronia cavity (2080 meters deep). Six kilometers from Gagra is the beautiful Mamzyshkha mountain. ### Climate ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3430

AANK

ААНК (Administrative-Territorial Objects Classifier) — State Classifier of the Republic of Kazakhstan (KR MK 11-2003) ## External links * Administrative-Territorial Objects Classifier Archived March 26, 2007 . (Russian) * Administrative-territorial object classifier codes

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5029

Great squad

Yasa is a collection of military legal laws. It was built in 1206 at the meeting of the Turko-Mongol aristocracy under the leadership of Genghis Khan; Yasa is a collection of Mongolian customs adopted during the reign of Genghis Khan. The creation of the Mongolian state at the beginning of the 13th century created the need to develop common, written legal norms and rules of law to govern the state. Customary law, codified and modified to meet new conditions, was adapted to this purpose. This set of laws and regulations was called "The Great Yasa" of Genghis Khan. Yasa (more complete form yasak, Mongolian dzasak) means "decree", "law". According to Juveini, Genghis Khan's zans and edicts were written on scrolls ("talismans") and kept by the more influential princes who knew Yasa deeply. The Yasa has not been preserved in the original, and fragments and contents are known only in the form of short narratives. The Great Army is a code of laws appointed by Genghis Khan. Some articles of the great squad: * A lustful person, regardless of whether he has a wife or not, is sentenced to death without any exception. * Whoever intentionally tells a lie, stalks someone, or goes to side with one of the two who are not in agreement, he will be punished by death. * Whoever defames water or ashes, he will also be punished by death. * Whoever takes goods and fails to return the price, and again takes goods and fails to return the payment, he will be sentenced to death three times. * Whoever gives food and clothing to a prisoner without permission will be punished by death. * Whoever finds a runaway slave or prisoner and does not return him to his owner, is ordered to die. * If anyone passes by people who are eating, he should get off his horse and eat with them, and mothers should not object to this. * The descendants and descendants of Abu Ali, as well as fakirs and lawyers who study the Koran, healers, learned scholars, pilgrims and adhans, will be exempted from taxes. * When soldiers go to war, women must do men's work. * Even if one of the emirs is guilty and the khan sends him the lowest ranking official to punish him, he must accept the punishment ordered by the khan without resistance. * Everyone should be able to respect any religion. * Noyans and sultans are obliged to set up a communication system in order to be informed about the situation in the state. * For the crime of murder, a Muslim is allowed to escape by paying forty gold tenge (balash), and a Chinese donkey. * If a stolen horse is found, he must return the horse to its owner along with nine horses. * Children born from a concubine are considered legitimate and have the right to receive inheritance from the property if there is an order of the father. The division of the world and property is carried out in this way: the share of the elder is bigger, and the younger inherits the father's farm. Children's ways, big and small, are determined by the ways of their mothers. The order of women's journey is determined by the time of marriage. * In the case of the death of the father, no one has a right to his inheritance except his son. * No one has the right to be declared Khagan without prior election of Noyans and Sultans and other shonjars in the General Council. In this case, the death penalty is ordered. * People who are not from the Khan family have no right to hold an honorable position. ## References * Military * Law * Genghis Khan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7552

Improvisation

Improvisation (lat. improvisus - suddenly, by surprise), pulling out - during the performance of an artistic work, the artist adds something new from his side to the work and continues to perform it. Improvisation in poetry, music, theater, dance, etc. occurs. The birth of improvisation in professional art is closely related to folk art. Since ancient times, many peoples have had improvisational performers. Poets, orators, musicians, singers of the Kazakh people showed an advanced example of improvisation. In ancient Greece, improvisation became a tradition in aedes, jugglers and spilmans of Western Europe, Russian skomoroks and legends, Ukrainian kobzars and Caucasians, poets and singers of Kyrgyz and Karakalpaks. In contrast to other Turkic-speaking peoples, improvisation has acquired a national character among Kazakhs. Poetic improvisation is a sudden creation of a poem on a given topic by a poet or singer without prior preparation. The representatives of Kazakh oral literature were, in general, skilled in the art of drawing. According to the ancient tradition, people did not recognize a poet who could not recite a poem quickly and smoothly. The best example of improvisation is the poetry of poets. Argument is a special type of speech competition, which is considered a real improvisational art. His poetic talent was tested in debates and art competitions (plays, parties, gatherings). The poet is well-versed in the history, customs, and traditions of the people, has a lot of life experiences, is an advanced thinker, when he writes a poem on a specific topic, he stands out with his wit, knowledge, and wit in poetry. And in order to be seen from such a height, it is necessary to master the intricacies of the art of improvisation. Musical improvisation first spread in medieval Europe (vocal religious music). Due to the rarity of notation (neuma, hooks) at that time, performers-singers supplemented the shortcomings of the musical work by improvisation. The professional level of a musician has long been valued by the ability to draw. F. Landin, a French composer-organist who gained fame in the art of improvisation in the 15th century. In the first half of the 19th century, improvisation took the main place in the works of prominent composers (L. Beethoven, N. Paganini, F. Liszt, etc.). Improvisation has been known in Kazakh music since ancient times. Folk musicians often used the tradition of improvisation in the oral tradition of folk art, based on memorizing and memorizing songs and instrumental works. They relied on established ideas, melodies and rhythms, freely varied music, always enriching and developing it. In Kazakh folk music, Birzhan Sal's "Zhanbotasy", "Laylim's Candle", Akan Ser's "Kulageri", Isa Baizakov's beautiful clay drummings are improvisational works. Nowadays, improvisation is developing in jazz music. In compositional creativity, improvisation is used to develop and create musical images. Professional musical genres such as "fantasia", "improvisation", "prelude", "improvisation", "variation" are somewhat related to improvisation. For example, M. Sagatov's "Improvisation" for cello and piano, E. Rahmadiev, S. Mukhamedzhanov, N. Mendigaliyev, M. Koishibaev, etc. variations written by composers on the theme of folk songs. Improvisation in dance is considered one of the main conditions of national entertainment since ancient times. In the East, dance improvisation is preserved not only in folk games, but also in professional art. In the 2nd half of the 20th century, improvisation became one of the main elements of mass dances, and gained a wide field in ballroom, sports dances (Charleston, lipmt, twist, shake, break, aerobics, rhythmic gymnastics, etc.). Improvisation in the theater is a stage performance without a text, in which the actor, without prior preparation, comes up with the words of the role he plays. Improvisation, born in folk theater creativity, appeared in the Ancient East (also found in modern theaters), ancient, medieval, and renaissance theaters. Improvisation reached its peak in Italian comedy dell'arte (16th - 18th centuries) and French farces (15th - 16th centuries). In the 20th century, improvisation was reborn in art. He first K.S. A talented actor M.A., who studied at Stanislavsky's studio, and then at Studio 1 of the Moscow Art Academic Theater. Chekhov's work acquired a new, deep content. 1919 - 38 years An improvisational theater called "Semperante" worked in Moscow. The art of improvisation is one of the main areas of theater pedagogy. Kazakh stage masters K. Kuanyshbaev, S. Kozhamkulov, E. Omirzakov, K. Zhandarbekov's first stage plays in the theater, Sh. Zhienkulova's dances remained in the history of world and domestic stage art due to their richness in improvisation. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1956

BTA Bank

BTA Bank is the second largest commercial bank in Kazakhstan. BTA Bank, JSC (former name "TuranAlem Bank" JSC (TAB) got a new name as a result of rebranding in the first quarter of 2008) is a system-creating bank of Kazakhstan, the creator of the banking network in the CIS countries. BTA Bank - today has become a leading financial group, a participant in all areas of the market: corporate and private business, trade financing, stock market, lending, small and medium business development, leasing, mortgage, pension fund, etc. includes many types of services. BTA Bank currently has 22 branches, 274 branches in Kazakhstan and international representative offices in Ukraine (Kiev), Russia, UAE (Dubai) and China (Shanghai), and the bank's network extends to Russia, Ukraine, Belarus, It spreads to Kyrgyzstan, Armenia, Georgia, Kazakhstan and Turkey. BTA Bank has won several awards since its foundation. In 2005, according to the statement of the most prestigious "Euromoney" magazine, it received the high status of "the best bank in the CIS" and "the best bank in Central Asia". The British magazine "The Banker" received the status of "the best among small banks in Eastern Europe". You can see the awards of BTA Bank on the bank's official website. [1](inaccessible link) In 2009, the authorities of Kazakhstan took the BTA bank under state supervision and announced an international search for Mukhtar Ablyazov, the former owner of the bank (2005-2009). A criminal case was initiated against some managers of the bank in Kazakhstan, Russia, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, and accusations of "large-scale theft of bank funds" were made. BTA then launched a campaign to "return illegally exported assets". ## History The history of the bank begins on October 15, 1925, when it was established as a branch of the Industrial Bank on the territory of Kazakhstan. Later, the department was reorganized under different names: from 1932, the Kazakh regional office of the USSR Construction and Power Industry Financing Bank, from 1949, the Kazakh regional office of the USSR Industrial Bank, then the USSR Construction Bank, from 1987, the USSR Industrial-Construction Bank Kazakh resp. bank, on March 4, 1991, the Kazakh Republic "Turanbank" State Commercial Industrial-Construction Bank was renamed, on July 24 of this year "Turanbank" Kazakh joint-stock bank. In 1992, the Kazakh republican bank of Syrteconombank of the USSR, established in 1990, was renamed "ALEM BANK KAZAKHSTAN" as the Bank of Foreign Economic Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For a number of years, this joint-stock bank has been the agency of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan for raising loans from abroad with state guarantees. On January 15, 1997, "Turanbank" and "Kazakhstan Alembank" merged and was reorganized into "Turanalembank" CJSC. JSC since October 1, 1998, JSC since 2003. The highest body of the bank is the meeting of shareholders, the executive body is the board. Turanalembank is in the leading position among second-level banks in Kazakhstan in terms of assets and equity capital. It is becoming a system-building bank of Kazakhstan and a leader in creating a banking network in the CIS countries. Its assets are 9.2 billion. US dollars, equity capital of 1.6 billion. more than a dollar. Turanalembank participates in all segments of the market: corporate and retail business, trade financing, stock market, lending and development of small and medium-sized businesses, leasing, mortgage, pension fund, and many other activities. It has about 750 thousand clients. There are 22 departments, 193 settlement and cashier departments in Kazakhstan. There are a number of international representative offices in the CIS countries and far abroad. The strategic direction of Turanalembank's activity is to diversify the geography of the bank's services, to expand the scope of participation in various sectors of the economy of the CIS countries and far abroad, as well as to develop a variety of bank products, lending and trade financing, and to strive for stable and dynamic growth. Bank shareholders include the world's largest international financial institutions, such as EBRD (European Bank for Reconstruction and Development), RZB (Raiffeisen Central Bank), KFC (International Finance Corporation), FMO (Dutch Development Bank). Turanalembank has the status of a market maker on the US dollar at the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE). ## Sources ## External links * Official site address bta.kaz

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4548

Yermukhamet Kabidenuly Ertisbaev

Yermukhamet Kabidenuly Yertisbaev (October 19, 1956, Karaganda) is a Kazakh politician, diplomat, and since 2022 the Chairman of the Communist Party of Ukraine. Before that, he was the ambassador of Kazakhstan to Belarus (2017–2019) and Georgia (2013–2017). ## Short biography 1956 born on November 19. He came from the Tarakt clan of the Argyn tribe. Graduated from Karaganda State University. Doctor of political science, professor. Has mastered the English language. He started his work experience in 1978 as an assistant at Zhezkazgan Pedagogical Institute. He served in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Worked as a trainer-teacher at the Lomonosov MSU, completed postgraduate studies there and defended his thesis. He was the head of the political history department. He is the author of several monographs and hundreds of scientific and journalistic articles. In 1990-1994, he was a deputy of the Supreme Council of the Republic. In 1994-1998, he was elected secretary of the political executive committee of the Socialist Party of Kazakhstan. Advisor to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1994-1998 Director of the Institute of Strategic Studies of Kazakhstan in 1998-2002. In 2000, he worked as a department head of the Administration of the Head of State. Advisor to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2002. Minister of Culture, Information and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan since January 2006. Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2006-2008. Advisor to the President of Kazakhstan from May 2008 to 2013. From April 3, 2013 to November 24, 2017, Yertysbayev was the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Georgia. Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Kazakhstan to Belarus from November 24, 2017 to August 12, 2019. completed his diplomatic work in 2019. On March 18, 2022, it became known that Ertisbayev joined the People's Party of Kazakhstan. On March 28, the party elected Yermukhamet Yertisbayev as the chairman of the party. ## Sources ## Links * Yermukhamet Yertisbayev, adviser to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on political issues, gave an explanation about the situation to the KazTAG agency (link not available).

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5878

Permian period

Perm - the last period of the Paleozoic era (299-251 million years), named after the Perm region in central Russia. This period is often marked by widespread arid conditions in the Northern Hemisphere and extensive glaciation in the Southern Hemisphere. Many groups of animals and plants, including rugose corals (Rugosa), trilobites (Trilobita) and blastoid echinoderms (Blastozoa), disappeared during the mass extinction at the end of the Permian period, which is considered one of the great crises in the history of life. The limited distribution of fusulin and goniatite facies and the widespread development of non-marine sediments led to many different regional subdivisions of the Permian system. For example, Kazakhstan geologists divide the Permian period into seven layers based on the Russian platform and the Urals: Asel, Sakmar, Artinsk, Kungyr, which are part of the lower Permian, and Ufa, Oktober, Tatar, which are part of the upper Permian. The International Commission on Stratigraphy divides the Permian period into nine ages: the Asel, Sakmar, Artinsk, and Kungyr ages, which make up the Uralian age, the Road, Ward, Captain ages, which make up the Guadalupe age, and the Ukiaping and Dustys ages, which make up the Loping age. Permian system, Permian era — the last period of the Paleozoic era. The duration is 48 million. covers the year, 299 mln. 251 mln. started a year ago. ended a year ago. The English geologist R. Murchison (1792 — 1871) first separated the Perm system from the Western Urals (on the territory of the former Perm province) and called it a province. Geological map 1841 G.P. Filmed by Helmersen. The Perm system is divided into two parts (see table). The Permian system is a time when the mountains were raised, the seas receded, and the climate underwent significant changes. In Central Europe, Ural — Tan-Shang, Saryarka — Altai, etc. layered mountains were formed. Katpars covered the vicinity of Aral, Western Siberia, etc. swept away. The depressions between the foothills and the ridge were filled with thick molasses sediments created by the erosion of the mountain ranges (for example, the depressions of the Ural Mountains, Tengiz, Zhezkazgan, Shu, Karaganda, Zaisan, etc.). In folds in layered structures (for example, Dzungar-Balkash, Ile syncline, Shatkal-Talas, etc.), volcanoes erupted along the cracks, and thick layers of volcanic rocks accumulated. Many intrusion bodies crystallize and solidify along the cracks. In the Permian system, the climatic zones on the Earth's surface were clearly defined (for example, the vast territory from Central Asia and Saryarka to China was dominated by deserts). Equatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate climatic zones were classified during the early Permian system. Moderate wetlands prevailed in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, China and the Far East. ## The world of life Carboniferous invertebrates continued their lives in the Permian seas. Progress has been made in the development of vertebrates. Fish increased and fresh water fish were also found. The development of amphibians flourished, and plant-eating cotylosaurs lived alongside predatory reptiles. At the end of the Permian system, a mass extinction of Paleozoic organisms took place. Due to the humid climate, seed ferns, cordaites, and mosses spread quickly. ## Mineral resources The Permian system is characterized by the beginning of the formation of coal deposits along with large salt deposits, despite being one of the driest periods in the history of the Earth (26.8%). Coal beds were mainly formed during the early Permian period. Shebelin (Ukraine), Vuktyl (Komi), Groningen (Netherlands), Houston (USA), etc., rich in world coal fields (Pechora, Taimyr, Minusinsk, Kuznetsk, Tungus, etc.) and gas reserves. deposits were formed in the Perm system. Most of the global reserves of potassium salts were also formed in the Permian system. They include Verkhnekamsk (along the Urals), Caspian, etc. on the coast, in Germany, in Delaware (USA), etc. include deposits. Astuz deposits were also formed in the Perm system, the largest of which is the Artemovsk deposit in the north of Donbass. Mansfeld copper deposit (Germany), Konyrat copper-molybdenum deposit in Balkash, Cornwall tin deposit (England), Muryntau gold deposit (Uzbekistan), Haidarken (Kyrgyzstan) mercury deposits are among the pelagic mineral deposits formed in the Perm system. .p. belongs to.. Permian system Sixth from the bottom or uppermost system of the Paleozoic group; In the previous unique stratigraphic scale, it was divided into two parts (Lower and Upper Permian), seven strata (Lower Permian includes Asel, Sakmar, Art and Kungyr strata, and Upper Permian includes Ufa, Oktober and Tatar strata). At the next International Geological Congress held in Rio de Janeiro in 2000, a new version of the scale was approved, classifying this system into three parts and nine layers. ## Permian period The Paleozoic era is the last (sixth from the bottom) geological period with a total duration of about 45 million years; it is considered to include the time interval 295-250 million years ago. ## Permian Short name for "Permian system" and "Permian period". ## Sources \ <> ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5326

Kairat Abdirazakuly Mami

Kairat Abdirazakuly Mami (May 9, 1954, Almaty region, Zhambyl district, Zhambyl village) is the Chairman of the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Biography He came from the Zhanys clan of the Dulat tribe. * S.M. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Kirov KazMU (1981). Jurist, doctor of legal sciences, professor. * Worked as chairman of Guryev (Atyrau) regional court, Almaty city court. * 1990 - Member of the Supreme Court of the Kazakh SSR. * 1995 Headed the Criminal Cases Panel of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 1999-2000, Deputy Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2000, the Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Since 2009, the General Prosecutor of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In April 2011, he was elected as the Chairman of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since October 16, 2013 - Chairman of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Public services * Co-chairman of the Council of Chairmen of the Supreme Arbitration Court and General Courts of the CIS * Member of the Plenum of the Economic Court of the CIS * International Union of Lawyers (Moscow ) is the deputy chairman. * Currently a member of the World Association of Lawyers * Chairman of the EurAsEC PAA * Member of the Council of the PAA of the CIS, the NSSU. ## Under his leadership Under his leadership * Constitutional law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the status of the judicial system and judges of the Republic of Kazakhstan" * "On the Supreme Judicial Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan » * "On executive proceedings and the status of bailiffs" "On intermediate courts" * "On prosecutor's office" * Laws "On law enforcement" * of courts normative resolutions of the Supreme Court on actual issues in the practice of law enforcement were developed. * Directly involved in the development and implementation of legal acts related to court-sanctioned arrest, as well as the creation of special economic and juvenile courts and collegial judges' courts. * Under his leadership, the Strategic Plan of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2009-2011, the Strategy of Court Formation was developed. * An initiative was made to create the Union of Judges of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which joined the International Association of Judges. * During his tenure as the Prosecutor General of the Republic of Kazakhstan, he ensured the improvement of the quality of the law enforcement system, and the improvement of the coordination of the interaction of law enforcement agencies. * He took the initiative to create the Association of Prosecutors of Kazakhstan, and that structure has now become a full-fledged member of the International Association of Prosecutors. * As a result of extensive and fruitful work based on many years of experience in the court, six monographs and more than 50 scientific works related to the creation and formation of the judicial system and judicial power in Kazakhstan were written. In all these works, the issues of justice and prosecution bodies, ways to increase their efficiency were comprehensively studied, as well as a serious and honest analysis was made of the formation of independent justice in the country, consolidation of its role in the legal state, protection of human rights and freedom. ## Awards * "Parasat" (2003) * II class "Barys" (2011) orders * "10 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2001) \ <> * "10 years to the Constitution of Kazakhstan" (2005) "10 years of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2006) * "10 years of Astana (2008) * "20 years of the Prosecutor's Office of the Republic of Kazakhstan" * "20 years of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2011) * "MPA CIS. 20 years" (2012) was awarded with jubilee medals. * He received the honorary title "Honored Judge" * "Three dances" chest badge * "Honored employee of the judiciary" chest badge. * According to the results of the annual republican "Politician of the Year" competition (2008) conducted jointly by the national "KazRATING" rating agency and the "Liter Media" company, K. Mami was recognized as an outstanding politician. ## Family He is married, has two daughters and one son. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2202

Open List Project

Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors. List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed. ## External links * Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016. * Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project * Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project * Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project * Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7594

Karaganda Zoo

## Comments Karaganda Zoo is a state zoo in the city of Karaganda, Kazakhstan. One of the first zoological parks of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Animals in the zoo ## See more * Batyr (elephant) * Almaty zoo * Shymkent Zoo ## Comments Karaganda Zoo is a state zoo in the city of Karaganda, Kazakhstan. One of the first zoological parks of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Animals in the zoo ## See more * Batyr (elephant) * Almaty zoo * Shymkent zoo

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1668

Mangistau region

Mangistau region is an administrative unit located in the far south-west of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Mangistau region borders with Atyrau region and the states of Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan and the countries of Azerbaijan and Iran through the Caspian Sea. The region was established on March 20, 1973. On June 2, 1988, it was dissolved and on August 17, 1990, it was re-established as a region under the historical name "Mangistau". The regional center is the city of Aktau. Aktau International Sea Trade Port is the only water station connecting Kazakhstan with the sea. The writer Abish Kekilbayuly, a native of Mangistau, compared Mangistau to "Sleeping Beauty". At the same time, the outline of the Mangistau Peninsula resembles the profile of a young woman in the photos taken from space. Mangistau region has been engaged in cattle breeding since ancient times. The soil is salty, the vegetation is bushy, bitter, the winter is not long, but it is windy, dark and cold, low humidity, spring is long, it belongs to the continental desert. ## Etymology There are many different opinions about the origin of the word Mangistau. One of them is the happy place of nomads, a thousand villages or a thousand winters. In the book "Dictionary of the Names of Places and Waters of Kazakhstan" by E. Koyshibayev published in 1985, there are four assumptions about the origin of the name Mangistau. First, the name of the region comes from the combination of "thousand" and "winter". The second is the name of the "Menk" tribe of Nogai. The third one is formed by the addition of "kyshlak" to the word "men" in the ancient Turkic language, "kyshlak", and the fourth one, according to E. Koyshibaev's own assumption, "Mangishtagh" means "Mountain of monsters". Mangystau regional scientist Serikbol Kondybai thinks that the prediction about "monsters" is correct. In Eastern Turkic () and Mongolian mythology, "mangish" (mangys, mangus) means dragons, magnificent monsters. In Mongols, it has only an evil and harmful character, while Turks are described as having both good and bad qualities. According to Kondybai, among the Oghuz Turkmen tribes that lived in Mangistau was the "Salyr" tribe, and today's Turkmen nation includes the large "Salor" tribe. In addition, there is a conclusion that there is a historical genetic connection between the Turkic-speaking salir of the Qinghai region in China and this salir. The Oghists who came to Mangystau called Karatau "Mangishtag". There are legends about Aidahar in both the Turkmen and Kazakh peoples (about the hero Ainazar batyr). The name "Mangishtagh" was created by the Oghiz salians based on the legends before them, it is a translated (tracing) toponym. Therefore, it can be concluded that "Mangistau" means the mountain where the fearsome giant dragon lives or "dragon mountain". ## Geography See more Geography of Mangistau Mangistau region is located in the southwestern part of Kazakhstan. The region has full access to Eastern Europe through the Caspian Sea, which surrounds the west and north, and is bordered by Turkmenistan in the south, Karakalpakstan in the southeast, and Atyrau and Aktobe regions in the north and northeast. End points of the region: * West - Kulaly Island in the Caspian Sea. * At the border of Aktobe region of East Kazakhstan and Mangystau, Uzbekistan * The cliff face of Kapylankyr peaks on the southern - Turkmenistan border The North is Zheltau on the border with Atyrau region. The highest point of the Mangistau region is the Besshok mountain (556 meters) on the East Karatau ridge. The lowest point is the bottom of the Karakiya or Batyr depression (132 meters). This depression is the fifth deepest in the world. ## Vegetation The study of the world of Mangistau region started from early times, 150 years ago, botanist and amateur nature researchers: A. Shrenk, I. Borshov, P. Semenov-Tian-Shanskyi, I. It became known to science through the works of Severtsov and Eichwald. Among them, the work of Eichwald, published in 1825-1826, on the flora of the coast of the Caspian Sea from Mangystau to Chagadam, is particularly important. G.S. In 1832, while looking for a suitable place to build a castle in the negative east of the Caspian Sea, Karelin left valuable comments about the flora of Mangystau. I.G. In Borshov's work entitled "Materials for the Botanical Geography of the Aral-Caspian Region" published in 1965, many notes were made about the flora of the Mangistau Peninsula. A lot of information about the flora of this region can be obtained from the works of famous geologists Barbot de Marin, Bayarunas, Andrusov, Alekseychik who studied Mangistau. Camels in the sandy areas of Mangystau and the Uustirt ridge, as well as in the Sam, Matai kumadars: sexeuil, zuzgen, jingyl, koyansuyuk, akhotau, chagyr, kuskanbas, bayalish in the eastern part of the Central Uustirt ridge, negative east; Along the mountains and in the Tupkaragan region and in the lowlands of the Southern Mangistau plain, elm, sedum, karagan, and tuesysir grow. At the same time, depending on the topography and structure of the land, the bitterness and salinity of the soil, it is broken, broken, and crooked; On the sandy shores - suktigen, on the sea coast of the Bozashi Peninsula, soran and sadak grow, and in two-thirds of the Southern Mangistau plain, tytir grass grows. Itsygek, adyraspan, kurkhasash and milky-tailed deer are mostly found in settlements or in ungulate areas where livestock graze a lot. Wormwood is the main fodder that forms the basis of pastures in Mangistau. Wormwood grows throughout the region. After wormwood, the fourth food that livestock eats without taste is kharuyuk. In bad years, if there is a good harvest, the pastoral community is satisfied without looking for wormwood. And it is best used in spring, or early spring, and then in autumn and on the eve of winter. Also, Izen, zapak, titir, jantak are not uniformly found everywhere, but all four of them are contagious to livestock, and their nutritional quality is very high. There is no permanent settlement in Mangistau. In the years when the winter is snowy, the spring is windless, and the summer is rainy, any kind of grass: tulip, sardak, rang, sorghum, syrgekara, clover, cat's tail, akkayin, zaulsha, kaztaban, styry, konurbas, sabbirik, rabbit; in mountainous areas: kiikoty, erkun, henna, camellia, beetroot; in hot places: kokopek, domalatpa, ostrich, perch, thrush, sparrowhawk, balikkoz, etc. it will be covered and the field will fall. But this is a rare, changing phenomenon that occurs once in 7-10 years. Among the spring grasses, the most useful for the farm is sorghum. During the years of settlement, Mortyk appeared in many places of Mangystau. Livestock eats well in the spring until the head breaks. In some years, mortyk is also prepared for animal feed. In terms of quality of nutrition and yield, one of the grasses is on a par with mullein. It is also found in many places of Mangistau, like mortyk. What makes it different from Mortyk is that in rainy years, it comes out indiscriminately from spring to autumn. All types of livestock, including horses, eat the mullein well. It is ineffective for lambs during the period of ripening and hardening. As a rule, from the last ten days of October, moths start to fly. It grows whole in the valleys of the mountains, in the semi-barren plains where the streams meet and collect water. In science, it is considered as fattening food. In the years of heavy harvest, the farms also prepare the yams for molasses. In the Mangistau steppe, shi is widely found, like other plants. This is a water-purifying plant, which receives nourishment from the fresh water in the upper layer. It can be found on the slopes of the mountains, in the vicinity of the babbling springs, in the watery, shallow valleys where the sand is mixed with brown. Shea beards are well eaten by livestock. And the shea itself is pulled and prepared, woven, and used for domestic life and livestock. In irrigated areas, alfalfa, corn, and water grass grow well for livestock feed. But due to the lack of water sources, these types of plants are not widespread. Due to the lack of rivers, lakes, floodwaters, there is no permanent grassland in Mangistau. Animal feed is prepared from different places every year according to the settlement patterns. Medicinal plants. Medicinal herbs have a special place in the world of various plants found in the vast steppes of Mangystau. There is a lot of stock of medicinal plants in Mangistau, which require careful research in the future. In this regard, it is not for nothing that the meat of cattle raised in the natural pastures of the Mangistau steppe is especially tasty. Adyraspan. Found in all regions of Mangystau. Its height is 30–60 cm. Blooms in May and July. The fruit is brown, spherical with large seeds. It mainly grows near old people. Aldaraspan grass, i.e. branches, leaves and flowers are used for medicinal purposes. Aldaraspan is a medicinal plant known since ancient times. Abu Ali Ibn Sina used it as a medicine for pain relief during inflammation of the occipital nerve. In folk medicine, adiraspan is used to treat rheumatism, scabies, and skin diseases. A decoction made from the herb is used for colds, malaria, and weakening of the nervous system. He burns the grass and disinfects the house and warehouse. Asthma is cured by mixing its seeds with flax seeds. It is added to black or red pepper and tenge is applied to scabies. White mulberry. It grows in the mountains of the Tukkaragan Peninsula. A shrub of the mulberry family, with light-green fruit. The height is about 5-15 meters. Blooms in May-June. In modern times, mulberry trees are becoming wild due to lack of care, and their seeds are decreasing. White mulberry fruits, bark and roots have healing properties. The fruit increases the blood. Regulates metabolism, perspires, urinates, expels phlegm. The bark of the stem is applied to the wound, and the leaves reduce body temperature. White mulberry roots and bark mixed with water treat hypertension, bronchitis and asthma. Bayshezek. Height 15–30 cm. Fragrant yellow flowers resemble a canopy. The fruit is egg-shaped and blooms in May-June. The root is used as an expectorant for bronchitis. Leaves are eaten as a salad for vitamins. Expectorates, urinates, and has bowel movements. Flowers can be used for head ring, dizziness, tuberculosis by boiling the root in milk, decoction can be made from the stem and leaves and drink during the day, when the limbs are trembling, when the joints slip, when sleep is lost. in Bozji. It is like a tree with large thorns and branches, about 10 meters high. The leaves are oval, with light spiky hairs. The flowers are bright yellow with a honey smell, growing in clusters. It blooms in July and bears fruit in September and October. Flowers, leaves and fruits are used for medicinal purposes. Bozjide fruit is also used for constipation. Boiled from its flowers, it makes a useful infusion for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases and hypertension. Bozhide fruit is also used for expectoration when the respiratory organs are inflamed. In scientific medicine, lohpectan and pshatin drugs are used to treat stomach diseases from bozhide. Side. A thorny, perennial plant of the leguminous family. Blooms in June and August. The sandy foothills of Mangystau can be found in steep slopes, mountain gorges, and wetlands. For medicinal purposes, the leaves and roots are used. Zhantak grass is boiled and filtered, and the liquid is drunk 2 glasses 3 times a day. When a stone is attached to the bladder, it is used for liquid defecation, bile purification, and diarrhea. It is also used for kidney and bladder inflammations. Anti-hemorrhoidal bath is made from the decoction of the mandrake. Izen. Alabuta family, grows upright, leaves are small, flowers are also small, green, pink. It grows in sandy, rocky, brown areas in Mangistau. For medicinal purposes, seeds of ysen are used. The grain is harvested in September and October. In Chinese folk medicine, izen is used as a diuretic and cardiac medicine. In addition, it is used to treat some diseases of the skin and nails. Perennial plant. Many lessons. Kiikot is collected when it blooms, dried in the shade and stored in a paper bag. Stomach, intestinal and larynx diseases, uterine disease are treated with the decoction of kiikoti. But the kiikot cannot be used for a double-layered woman. It is used when peristalsis of the digestive systems is disturbed. Kiikoty tincture is also used for cough and to regulate menstruation. The tincture is appetizing. He spits up. You can also make an aromatic bath and compress. Kiikoti also has properties that improve the functioning of the digestive and aortic glands. A decoction prepared from kiikot improves rheumatism, convulsions, general blood vessel war. The medicine made from kiikot is applied to the paralyzed part of the body and applied to the outside of the abdomen in case of flatulence. (taken from the Mangystau encyclopedia) ### Animal world It is known that the history of the Mangistau region is measured in millions of years, and accordingly, there was a variety of natural creatures and animals. At the present time, depending on the seasonal features of life, regardless of the origin of Mangystau, you can meet representatives of the desert: animals, reptiles, mammals, rodents, predators and birds. Among them: hedgehogs, field turtles, lizards, vipers and poisonous snakes, snakes, water snakes, sand snakes, yellowtails, goats, field mice: centipedes, shrews, minks, foxes, wolves, etc. often occurs. And, by the way, badgers and blackbucks are very rare, they can be found only in remote forests and state reserves. Also, small blue and yellow sparrows of spring and the harbinger of autumn coldness, starting with the sparrow, familiar species of field birds: crow, gray sparrow, black grouse, black grouse, shrew, jackdaw, swallow, cuckoo and sparrow, birds of prey: hawks and various blackbirds. , steppe eagles can be found, on the coast and islands there are waterfowl such as terns, seagulls, ducks, coots, flamingos, and swans. In the Karakol Reserve near Aktau, you can meet a number of the above-mentioned waterfowl. In addition, in the mountainous and peak areas of Bozashi, Embi reserve and Ustirt-Karamaya, Kendirli reserve - arkar; Gazelles live in the meadows of the Plain and Zhayilma. Deer are often encountered on the slopes of the Bozashi Peninsula and the east of the slope, on the pine Kent, Tasorpa surface, on the slopes of the Plateau, in the vicinity of Sam and Matai sands. Among the domestic animals, domesticated livestock of the local people: common Kazakh Tusayr camel, Adai horse, Karakol sheep, cattle and goats on private farms. Among them, the Adai horse and the Kazakh camel are considered to be breeding stock with high viability and economic efficiency, which have been formed for centuries according to the natural characteristics of the peninsula. (taken from the Mangistau encyclopedia) ### Climate See also Mangistau climate The climate of the Mangistau region is in the center of the Eurasian continent, in the world It is formed due to its location far from the sea and ocean. Characteristic characteristic of the region: summer is very hot, winter is cold at this latitude; sharp fluctuations in annual and daily temperature; rainfall is low and unevenly distributed throughout the year, air is dry; more clear days than cloudy skies. All this leads to the formation of steppes in the far north and northwest of the region, deserts in the center and real deserts in the south. polar (or temperate zone) * torpic. Since the region is located in the southern part of the temperate zone, the influence of temperate latitude air is more dominant. The weather of the region is also influenced by the Atlantic and Arctic Oceans. Due to the absence of mountain barriers, air flows freely from north to south and from west to east. Air coming from the seas of the Atlantic Ocean loses a lot of moisture as it moves over long distances. However, it brings the main part of the atmospheric precipitation from the west, increases the winter temperature and lowers the summer temperature. The continental arctic air formed in the Arctic Ocean region is characterized by low temperature and low humidity in both winter and summer. Due to the arrival of such air, anticyclonic clear days are established. In Mundai, it is cold in winter and hot in summer. Due to the fact that the continental air mass of the Arctic passes into the region more often during the interseasonal period of the year, there are examples of too late (inhospitable) spring and early autumn cold. The influence of the Caspian Sea on the climate is limited. Its effect is noticeable only in places near the coast, in particular, the humidity of the air increases slightly, the temperature increases in winter, and decreases in summer, the annual and daily amplitude of temperature decreases. Due to the influence of these factors, too dry continental climate is formed. . The average annual atmospheric pressure in Atyrau is 1022 mb, 1027 mb in winter, 1012 mb in summer, i.e. it is higher than other regions of Kazakhstan. Winds blowing from the east and south-east are often repeated. In winter, the water of the Caspian Sea cools a little, compared to the adjacent sandy deserts. Due to this, there is a tendency of cold air currents to shift from the desert to the Caspian Sea. There is a lot of wind power in the region, which can be used in agriculture. Strong winds are characteristic of this region. The coast of the Caspian Sea is characterized by strong winds, the average annual speed of which is 6-7 m/s, which is the highest in Kazakhstan. In addition, in summer, local wind - breeze (blows from the sea to the land during the day, and from the land to the sea at night) is observed. The coldest month of the year is January. In the Far North and Northeast, the average monthly temperature in January is minus 10–15.6°C (Aktobe). Minus 5.5°С in the south of Mangistau region (Akkudyk). In general, winters are brownish cold, and the north of the region is somewhat colder compared to Ukraine and the North Caucasus at the same latitude. In the north, winter lasts 4.0–4.5 months, and in the south it is shorter and milder. The thickness of the snow cover is 15-20 cm in the north and less than 10 cm in the south, while in the north it snows for 3 months without melting, and in the south it lasts only 1.5-2 months. Sometimes, in years when the winter is rather cold, the temperature of frost is: -43°C in the city of Ural, -34°C in Aktobe, -26°C in the south of Mangistau region. The summer in some parts of the valley is hot, dry, sunny. The average temperature of July (the hottest month) is +22.0°С in the north (Ural), +28.6°С in the south (Akkudyk). In some years, the air temperature rises to +47°С (Akkudyk). The region is characterized by a long frost-free period, which varies between 160-215 days. Abundant heat reserves create the possibility of growing heat-loving agricultural crops in the region. But the amount of precipitation is too small, especially in the south of Mangistau region, its average annual amount is 360 mm in the north (Ural), 150 mm in the south (Akkudyk). The amount of moisture necessary for plant growth is not enough, therefore, mainly irrigated fields are located here. Evaporation also increases due to high temperature in summer. This can be observed from the index of deficiency of the set of moisture (1105–2860) in the spring of vegetative development of most crops. The coldest recorded day was February 10, 1969 -28 degrees, hot 43 degrees (14.08.2006) average temperature 12b2 average annual precipitation 167 mm. ### Topography See more Topography of Mangystau Topography of the region is different. The northern half is occupied by Zheltau (kyrat) (221 m), Myng-sualmas (148 m) and sand valleys (Karakum, Sam, etc.), large-scale sediments (Olikoltyk, Kaidak, Karatulei, Karakeshu, etc.) and the Caspian coast, where the Bozashi Peninsula is located. . The central part is occupied by the Mangistau (Aktau, Karatau 556 m) mountains, the Mangistau plateau and the Mangistau peninsula, where the deepest depression in the CIS (-132 meters) is the Karakiya depression. The Kendirli-Kayasan plateau is located in the southwest, and the Karynzharyk valley is in the south. The east of the region is occupied by Ustirt hill ## Administrative structure ### Historical period Mangistau region had different composition in past centuries, traditional nomadic economy divided into administrative parts. The establishment of a specific geographical boundary begins in the middle of the nineteenth century. The territory joined to the Russian Empire in 1848 (Mangistau, Ustirt, Zhembai, Donztau) is divided into Upper and Lower Adai districts. They consisted of bolys (volost). Bolys existed as the lowest administrative-political structure until 1928. The number of territorially and numerically unstable bolys was around 20-30. In 1869, according to the "New Rule", the Mangistau Prefect was established within the Ural region, and it united 20 thousand Kazakh households. In the same year, due to the popular uprising led by Isa-Dosan, this district was transferred to the Caucasus Military District. In 1881, the district became Mangistau district, and in 1899 it was included in the Transcaspian region under the Turkestan General Governorate (the center is Ashgabat). At that time, the land area of the district was 190 thousand square kilometers. After the full establishment of the Soviet power in July 1920, the large Aday uyezd was created and it received the gubernatorial status. Under the leadership of Tobaniyaz Alniyazuly, this region became part of the Kazakh SSR and finally joined its national state. In 1928, Aday district was dissolved, and after a short time, Mangistau district was reorganized into Mangistau district. Between 1930 and 1981, the Mangistau-Ustirt region was periodically reshaped, and at each stage it was divided into Shevchenko and Munayly parts. On March 20, 1973, it became a separate administrative region and formed its territorial structure in 1990. ### Today's situation The land area of Mangistau region is 16,564.2 thousand ha. The administrative-territorial structure of the region consists of 5 districts, 5 cities of regional significance, 6 villages, 55 rural settlements and 43 rural districts. The number of urban population is 274.6 thousand people (76%), and the number of rural residents is 87.1 thousand people (24%). The regional center is the city of Aktau, formerly known as the city of Shevchenko. The first foundation of the city was built in 1963 by the Leningrad project on the shore of the Caspian Sea. Population At the beginning of 2005, the population of Aktau was 159.2 thousand people. This is 44% of the entire population of the region. The distance from Aktau to Astana is 2413 km. Aktau city administration includes the following settlements: Mangistau (population 19.4 thousand people) and Umirzak (1.4 thousand people). Munayly district was established in Mangistau region as the first district since the independence of Kazakhstan. The second district is Alatau district of Almaty city. Munaily district was created for the purpose of development of summer cottages near the city of Aktau, which have started to return to their homeland from foreign countries and started to settle. ## History Mangistau region is located on the Mangistau peninsula. The name of the region is given due to its geographical location. Ancient data about Manystau in the works of the Arab author Muqaddasi around 950-960 years had the name of the city Benkishlah, a settlement of the Khazars on the Djurjan side. The name of Mangishlak was written in Diwani Lugat at-Turk (Dictionary of the Turkish language) by Mahmud Kashkari around 1070. The first written data about Mangistau is that in 922, the Arab ambassador Ahmed ibn Fadlan, who went from Baghdad to the Volga Bulgarmia, stayed in the present-day Khorezm region, continued on the plateau, and reached the Oghiz country on March 4. Judging by the short time spent on the road, it is clear that this place was between Beineu and Zhylyoi district. Ibn Fadlan in his work "Ar Risale" gave some information about the Oghiz. One branch of the famous Silk Road passed through Mangystau, the main caravan routes were the roads from Khazaria to Khorezm. ### Archeology ## Demography Mangistau region is one of the sparsely populated regions. Archeological researches in the region revealed that people lived here in the later Neolithic and Bronze Ages 180-200 thousand years ago (Paleolithic) and found traces of ancient settlements in Ustirt and Mangystau. The first information about the population of Mangistau was recorded in 1745. In the journal of Captain V. Kopytovsky, who was in Mangystau that year, it is written that a person named Murat Niyaz said that 1400 houses of six Turkmen tribes live on the peninsula. At that time, 15-20 thousand people lived in this region, including the Kazakh people who inhabited the peninsula. ### Population In 1897, the first population census revealed that 63,468 people lived in the territory of the region, which was a uyezd at that time. Serikbol Kondybai divides the demographic history of Mangystau into 2-3 periods: * The first period (before 1916) - the region subjugated to the Russian Empire was subject to frequent Kazakh-Khiwa conflicts and punitive expeditions of the Russian government. despite this, the natural growth of the population, albeit slowly, is observed. * The second period (between 1916 and 1959) - the rebellion that started in 1916 was followed by a great civil war. During these years, due to the war and famine, the population decreased to 42 percent. And during the subsequent confiscation of the rich, the population was greatly reduced. * The third period (1959-1990 period) - Due to the development of oil and strategically important raw material reserves, the settlement of Mangystau went at a rapid pace, it increased 10 times in just 15-18 years. In addition to the high rate of immigration, the birth rate of the local population was also very high. * Fourth period (nineties) — the collapse of the Soviet Union led to demographic changes. The return of representatives of other nationalities to their historical homelands was distinguished by the return of Kazakhs from Iran, Uzbekistan and Turkmenistan. Demographic dynamics of Mangistau region over the last ten years * - official results of the 2009 population census Birth and death rates in the region ### Urban and rural population \< > In 2016, 633.1 thousand people lived in the region, including the urban population - 303.7 thousand or 49%, the rural population - 329.4 thousand people (51%). Compared to the beginning of 2011, the population increased by 98.1 thousand people or 34.2%. ### Migration The number of people in the region, including the share of Kazakhs, has increased significantly in recent years due to the return of our blood relatives from neighboring republics to their homeland within 15 years of independence. According to the Census Department (2007), the population of the region reached 390,000. About 1/3 of the population of the peninsula works in agriculture. They are mostly indigenous people of this place. ### National composition This is about 2.5% of the population of the republic. The majority of the population is Kazakhs (90.26%): the rest are Russians (6.10%), Azerbaijanis (0.91%), Ukrainians (0.31%), Uzbeks (0.35%), Tatars (0.27 %), Koreans (0.14%), Chechens (0.11%), other nationalities (1.38%). 49.9% of the population of the region (303.7 thousand people) live in the city, 50.1% (329.4 thousand people) live in the countryside. Average population density. There are 3.6 people per 1 km². The population mainly settled along the railway line and at the foot of the Aktau and Karatau mountains in the west of the region. In the following years, due to the development of oil deposits, the population began to concentrate on these deposits. Cities - Aktau, Zhanaozen, Fort Shevchenko. ### Living indicators The main socio-economic indicator of the standard of living of the population ## Economy Mangistau region of Kazakhstan is the main donor region. The economic activity of the region mainly depends on the abundance of minerals in the region, including the development of oil and gas fields. Over the past 20 years, many large oil and gas fields located in the Caspian Sea have been developed. Since Mangistau region is located along the Caspian Sea and borders with other countries, the rate of cargo transportation is increasing every year. The "Earth-Sea-Sky" integration project is also rapidly developing in the region. Indicators of economic development of the region according to the results of 2010: * Total regional product - 1,422.9 billion tenge (5th place) Total volume of production products - 1647, 4 billion tenge (2nd place) * Product of agriculture - 4.4 billion tenge (14th place) * Investment in fixed capital - 372 billion tenge (3rd place) * Retail trade volume - 78 billion tenge (14 places) ### Dynamics of socio-economic indicators of the region ### Ratings Subsoil oil, gas, phosphorite , rich in coal, manganese, various salts, shellfish reserves. In 2004, the total added value of the region was 282.1 billion tenge, and the main funds (according to the residual value at the end of 2004) - 324.9 billion tenge. In 2004, investments in fixed capital amounted to 101 billion tenge, or 126.9% of the 2003 level. In 2004, the amount of work done with the agreement of construction contractors was estimated at 27.7 billion tenge, which is 1.3 times more than in 2003. Mining industry is a defining industry for the region. In 2004, 63% of the total volume of investments in fixed capital was not spent on this. ## Tourism development ## Culture ### Mangistau state school ### Rituals of Mangystau ### Beket Ata ### Underground mosques of Mangystau \ <> ### Works about Mangystau ## Education system 117 day general education schools in the region (the number of participants in them is 88.1 thousand), 13 colleges (10.3 thousand participants) and 4 higher educational institutions (17.8 thousand students) work. The largest educational institution is Caspian University of Technologies and Engineering named after Sh. Yesenov. In 2010, a new educational building of the university, built within the framework of the Earth-Sky-Sea mega project, was opened in Aktau. The opening of the new campus was attended by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev. ## Health care system Mangistau region is still lagging behind in health care. However, many indicators in this field have been improving in recent years. There are 36 hospital institutions with 1.2 thousand doctors and 3.1 thousand secondary medical workers in the region. ## Industry ### Large companies * Caspian Social-Entrepreneurial Corporation * Mangistaumunaigaz \ <> * Uzenmunaigaz * PMK * Aktau Port * Kazmortransflot * Karazhanbasmunaigaz * Karakudykmunai * Bozachi * Caspian Pearl Operating * H Operating \< > * Kurmangazy Petroleum * Khazar * Ersai * MAEK * KazAzot * Keppel Kazakhstan * Marine Service ### Oil production Historical periods ## Agriculture Agriculture of the region (850 peasant farms, agricultural other enterprises and organizations of production, private households of the population) will provide 0.2% of the total agricultural output of the republic produced in 2004. There are 6.9 million hectares of agricultural land in the region, of which 0.4 thousand ha. agricultural lands. In 2004, 0.7 thousand tons of vegetables, 9.4 thousand tons of meat (by slaughter weight), 5.3 thousand tons of milk, 0.7 thousand tons of wool (by real weight), 27.2 thousand caracal skins were produced. At the end of 2004, the number of cattle was 7.2 thousand (of which 4.1 thousand were cows), 430 thousand sheep and goats, 0.2 thousand pigs, 30 thousand horses and 34 thousand camels. In 2004, 15.5 million tons of crude oil, 2.8 billion Tk. meters of natural gas, 2.9 billion kWh of electricity, 74 tons of toothpaste and powder, 311 tons of processed liquid milk and cream are produced. ## Authorities According to the legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the head of the administrative unit at the regional level is called the mayor. The mayor is appointed by the President. ## See more > * Beket Myrzagululy * Zhanaozen incident (1989) * Zhanaozen incident (2011) ## External link * Mangistau region Archived March 9, 2017. Open List Project (ODP) * Official website of Mangistau Oblast Administration Archived July 22, 2011. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3506

Асқабақ

Pumpkin is an annual and perennial herbaceous plant belonging to the pumpkin family. Pumpkin is native to North and South America. Pumpkin in those places BC. It was cultivated 3 thousand years ago. 20 types of pumpkins are known. Common Pumpkin (S. rero), Muscat (S. moschata) and Large Pumpkin (S. maxima) varieties of Pumpkin and varieties "Volgalyk sur-92", "Mozoleevskaya-10", "Kashgarlyk-1644" are grown in Kazakhstan. Common pumpkins include squash and squash. The length of the pumpkin stem is 2-10 m, it is dense, hairy, branched, and grows. The leaf is large, elongated, kidney-shaped. The flower is bisexual, large, yellow. Combed whiskers return to nearby plants. The fruit is a false berry, large, round, oval in shape, different in color. The juice is soft and delicious. The weight of a large-fruited pumpkin is 40-50 kg. Pumpkin fruit contains 15-18% dry matter, 8-10% sucrose, ascorbic acid, carotene, thiamine, riboflavin, etc. will be. The grain contains 20-40% fat. Culinary varieties of pumpkin are used for food in a ripe, fried state. Silage is prepared from fodder. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6445

Иерусалим

Jerusalem or Al-Quds (Heb. יְרוּשָׁלַיִם‎ - Yerushalaim; Arabic: القُدس‎ - al-Quds, "The Holy". In the Torah and the Bible, Arabic: אורשלים‎ Urshalim; in Israel, official: Arabic: אורשלים‎ קדוס‎ Urshalim-al- Quds (a mixture of ancient and modern Arabic names) is an ancient city located on the border of the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea, at an altitude of 650-840 m. The city is more than 3500 years old. Al-Quds is the center of three religions - Judaism, Christianity, and Islam. There are many historical and cultural monuments of different countries. It used to be the center of the ancient Jewish kingdom. However, the majority of the world community does not recognize the sovereignty of East Al-Quds ## The history of the city of Jerusalem can be found in the records of the middle of the 2nd millennium BC. (1400 BC), around 1000 BC, Jerusalem was conquered by David, and the city became part of the Kingdom of Israel-Judea, and in 935 became the capital of the Kingdom of Judea. David's successor, Solomon, greatly expanded the city: with the help of the Phoenicians, he built the temple of Yahweh (the temple of the Solomon family). BC In 586, the city was destroyed by Babylonian king Nebuchadnezzar II. BC Jews resettled in the last quarter of the 6th century. BC In the 3rd century, the city was the object of a struggle between the Ptolemaic dynasty and the Seleucid dynasty. BC In 140, Jerusalem became the capital of the Hasmonean (Maccabees) state. BC In 63 AD, the city was captured by the Romans. During the Judean War (66–67), Jerusalem was the center of resistance against the Romans. In 70 AD, the Romans captured and destroyed the city. In the 2nd century, the Roman settlement Elia Capitolina was built on the site of Jerusalem. In the 4th century, under the Roman emperor Constantine, Jerusalem became the holy center of Christians. In 638, under Caliph Omar, Jerusalem was conquered by the Islamic Caliphate, and it became the holy center of Muslims after Mecca and Medina. In 1099, Jerusalem was captured by the Crusaders, in 1187 by the Egyptian Sultan Salahuddin. The city was part of the Great Ottoman State in 1517-1917. In December 1917, Jerusalem was occupied by British troops. In 1920–1948, the city was the administrative center of the British Mandate of Palestine. According to the decision of the UN General Assembly on the partition of Palestine on November 29, 1947, the city of Jerusalem became an international zone. But after the Arab-Israeli war (1948–1949), Jerusalem was divided in two, the western part (the city) went to the state of Israel, and a little eastern part to Jordan. In 1950, despite the UN decision to divide Jerusalem into an independent administrative unit, Israel declared its western part as its capital. In 1967, Israel also occupied the eastern part of Jerusalem. In July 1980, Israel declared all of Jerusalem the "eternal and indivisible capital" of its country. ## Geography The city is located on a desert plateau in the Dead Sea Valley at the foot of the Judean Mountains between the Mediterranean Sea and the Dead Sea. The height above sea level is 650-840 m. Railway station, highway junction. Industry, trade, cultural and religious center. Radio engineering, food, textiles, tanning, shoe making, metal processing enterprises are working. Craft industry is developed. In the old eastern part of the city, there are remains of architectural monuments built in the Ancient Greek, Roman Empire and early Christian eras, the Qubbat al-Sahra Mosque (687–691), churches of the 11th – 12th centuries, and an ancient castle (14th – 16th centuries). ## Residents City administration was established for the first time in 1863. In 1948-1967, the city was divided into two areas: the Israeli area (on the western side of the city) and the Arab part (on the eastern side). Each department had its own mayor's office and city administration. According to the 2013 census, Jerusalem had a population of 828,500. Population growth is 2.0% per year. National composition (as of January 1, 2013): Jews — 530.3 thousand (64.0%), including repatriates — 539.9 thousand (65.1%), Arabs — 279.7 thousand (33.8%), including: Muslim-Arabs — 267.9 thousand (32.3%), Christian-Arabs — 11.8 thousand (1.4%), Armenians — 5.6 thousand (0.7 %), others — 3.3 thousand (0.4 %), including: Russians — 0.8 thousand, Americans — 0.45 thousand, French — 0.3 thousand, Germans — 0.25 thousand, Ukrainians — 0 2 thousand, Englishmen — 0.2 thousand, Moldovans — 0.15 thousand. Last data: on 19.05.2014, the population of Jerusalem was 853,355 people. ## Panorama ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7574

Fish oil

Fish oil is obtained from fish. Fish oil is a liquid oil obtained from the liver of fish (cod, etc.). Clear red-brown liquid with a characteristic odor. As it contains a lot of vitamins A and D, it is used to treat mechle, avitaminosis, osteomalacia, osteoporosis, respiratory, stomach, skin and eye diseases. Pure fish oil is given to babies, injected, and sometimes included in other medicines. Fish oil contains a lot of vitamins necessary for humans. For example, fish oil is rich in vitamins A and D. Fish oil is given to young children to prevent rickets and is used to treat the disease. If the child is suffering from rickets, if the blood is reduced, or if the gland of the throat is irritated, then it is possible to give the child fish oil. At the same time, fish oil is used for quick healing of broken bones. Fish oil is also used to treat burns and swellings of the body. Fish oil can be given to five- to six-month-old babies, from half a teaspoon to one teaspoon twice a day, two to five-year-old children should be given two teaspoons twice a day. Children over the age of ten are given a tablespoon two or three times a day. Fish oil should be poured into a well-sealed container and stored in a dark and cool place. ## Sources

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Фараби

Abu Nasir Al-Farabi (Arabic: ابو نصر محمد الفارابي ‎; Abu Nasir Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tarkhan ibn Uzlag al-Farabi al-Turki; 870 - 950) is a world-famous thinker, philosopher, sociologist, mathematician, physicist , astronomer, botanist, linguist, logician, music researcher. Born in Otyrar. ## Educational path He was educated in Otyrar Madrasah, Shash, Samarkand, Bukhara, then Harran, Egypt, Aleppo (Aleppo), Baghdad. ## The way of creativity Abu Nasir Al-Farabi is the most famous and famous of the Turkish thinkers, the scholar who was called "the 2nd teacher of the world". His time coincides with the development of the economy and culture of the cities along the Silk Road, including Otyrar. Abu Nasir Al-Farabi made global trips to the cities of Central Asia, Persia, Iraq, Arab countries and grew up quickly. In those places, he met and interviewed many scholars, thinkers, poets, and figures. According to historical data, he knew about 70 languages. A thinker who read a lot and searched a lot, he wrote about 150 treatises in the fields of philosophy, logic, ethics, metaphysics, linguistics, natural science, geography, mathematics, medicine, and music. In his works, he analyzed the works of ancient Greek scholars, especially Aristotle (he wrote commentaries on Aristotle's main works such as "Metaphysics", "Category", "First and Second Analytics"). The famous Arab scientist-geographer Ibn-Hawkal in his work "Kitab Masalik wa Mamalik" and Ibn-Khallikan who lived in the 13th century in his work "Ufiat al-aian fi al-Zaman" mentioned the names of the great-grandfathers of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi (Tarkhan, Uzlak ) is presented in pure Turkish. Although the future scientist learned his first language in his native place, at the age of 12-16 he followed the caravan and went to Baghdad in search of education. Before the birth of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi, 126 years ago, the city of Farab, a great cultural center of the Turks, had peacefully converted to Islam. At that time, it was obligatory for every open-minded Muslim to engage in the science of Islam. Since then, Abu Nasir Al-Farabi has been considered a scholar of the Arabic language. Since the Holy Quran is not only a collection of religious principles, but also a universal book that contains the secret keys of many teachings, Abu Nasir Al-Farabi made it obligatory for all Islamic scholars - ijtihad (work hard to reach the peak of thinking ability). and mujtahid (a person engaged in ijtihad bases his findings on the Holy Qur'an and Hadith Sharif - obligatory and sunnah actions). Under the influence of atheistic ideology during the Soviet regime, al-Farabi was presented as a non-religious scientist. However, the following information about his great contribution to the preservation of Islamic unity has been preserved. The brave commander Muhammad Ikhshid ibn Tugit Amir, who is of Turkish descent, meets with Abu Nasir Al-Farabi after defeating the "Karmat" country, which violated the path of Islam. Abu Nasir Al-Farabi, who was happy about the defeat of the Karmats who did not allow him to make a "pilgrimage" by cutting off the road to Mecca, secretly intends to make a "pilgrimage" and talks with the Arab caliph's said-zadas. In this story, the scientist expresses the idea that in order to preserve the unity of Islam, it is necessary to reconcile the sects, and declares that he is trying to eliminate the divisions between the Arab, Persian and Turkish races. "In the testament left by the ancestors, it was said that the Turkish people are just. Now we are convinced of the truth and justice of that word," Said-zadalar respectfully shakes Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's hand. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's visit to Baghdad from a young age has the following two secrets. First, the trusted viziers of the Abbasid dynasty, which ruled the Caliphate of Baghdad at that time, were mainly from the Turkestan city of Farab. Secondly, the city of Baghdad opened its gates wide and created the best possible conditions for those who are on the path of science and art. In Baghdad, there was a house of scholars called "Bait al-Hakma" and the richest library in the world. At first, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi introduced himself as a poet, singer, and musician, and then he began to engage in complex scientific research by reading the manuscripts of ancient Greek scientists. Farabi's first teachers were Nestorian Christians who recognized Jesus as a "prophet" and not as a "son of God". They were the ones who bridged the gap between ancient Greek science and Arabic science. The worldview of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi is the result of the interrelationships of two worlds: nomadic and sedentary civilizations and Eastern and Greco-Roman cultures. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's socio-political views, language culture, philosophical and humanitarian (philosophy, logic, ethics, aesthetics, politics, sociology, linguistics, poetry, rhetoric, music) and natural sciences (astronomy, astrology, physics, chemistry, geography) , cosmology, mathematics, medicine) and made valuable scientific discoveries in these areas. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has three main directions in his philosophy: he recognized the eternity of the world, confirmed the dependence of knowledge on existence, differentiated the doctrine of intelligence. He sought the origins of eternity and dependence from Almighty God, from the essence of phenomena in the heavenly world, from intelligence, from the soul of man, from the relationship between form and matter. From the principles of Aristotle, he accepted those close to his worldview and explained it from this point of view. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's philosophical approach can only be deeply understood in historical context, in relation to his era. In the Middle Ages, the development of philosophical thought was based on the foundations of religious teachings. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the philosophical teaching of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi from the perspective of the religious concepts of his time. But he developed these concepts philosophically. It is especially evident from the doctrine of the "underworld". This was a further development of Aristotle's view of the creative mind. The creative mind is not only the cause of motion of the "underworld", but also the logos in itself. The law of this world is the mind inherent in the earthly world. An individual's mind develops only if it is combined with the world consciousness. The last, that is, world consciousness, is eternal. A person creates a world that is fleeting. From this, the idea that the soul is eternal and flies away to another place is born, which was a thesis that was the subject of a struggle between religious principles and philosophy. The great thinker attached great importance to philosophy and placed great hopes on it. He understood philosophy as an intellect that wakes up the society, a beacon of reason, a main direction that brings the people to a just society, a tool that continues the spiritual and cultural continuity between generations, a method that finds solutions to complex social and ethical problems, answers to the demands of the times. At this level, it is necessary to read and learn the 9 principles of philosophy in order to think correctly and act positively. The goal here is to search for integrity, truth, goodness, new sources of good, and to achieve it. The philosopher attached great importance to the education of a person to know his own nature. This problem is widely differentiated from the logical, ethical, pedagogical, and linguistic points of view, and it is considered in the continuity with each other. He looks for symbols of the highest spiritual goal in the sources that connect people to each other - the harmony of the soul, beauty, charity, happiness. "Views of residents of the benevolent city", "Words of state figures" and others. In his political and social treatises, he focused more on the issue of charity and happiness. Charity followed the tradition of ancient thinkers who espoused the ideas of reason, justice, happiness and equality. He warned that only people who have real knowledge about happiness, clearly know the ways to achieve it, and act accordingly are flexible to charity. Al-Farabi was again turning to the problem of improving the system of feeling and thinking, education and action. Without education, morality cannot be improved, an uneducated person cannot recognize the virtues of others. There is no great success without educating the soul. The way to spiritual health will be opened only if science and education are combined. He warns that a person who has not been able to correct his behavior will not have access to true science. The teachings of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi rely on Eastern thinkers, Aristotelian and New Platonist views, giving them a new character. In his work entitled "Treatise on the Necessary Conditions for Learning Philosophy", he presents his views on the nine conditions necessary for learning Aristotle's philosophy. Based on Aristotle's scheme presented in Nicomachean Ethics (Book 1, §1), al-Farabi divides philosophy into theoretical and practical. Theoretical philosophy studies immutable, impermanent things, practical philosophy studies things that can be changed or created. Philosophy, according to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, is learned through reason, the "most special" good that exists only in man. The function of the mind and reason should not be carried out as it is, then purposefulness takes on a character. It is based on the correct methods of thinking, which are considered by the art of logic. According to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, a person should start his path to happiness from logic. In a word, Farabi says that it is up to people to achieve their goals. He concludes that a person should constantly improve himself from the spiritual point of view, that a person can improve only by knowing the truth and the world around him. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's thoughts on civil, political, human and society are considered in the treatise "Fusul al-madani" ("Proverbs of statesmen"). Although the topics of this treatise are different, they are mainly dedicated to one goal - the relationship between man and society, and its development. A unique characteristic of labor is that physical and spiritual phenomena are compared. If Farabi begins his analysis of society in "Civil Policy" from the city, in "Proverbs..." he begins it from the smallest nest, fireplace or home. Like Aristotle, he divides the house into several parts - husband and wife, master and servant, parent and child, property and owner. The house has its own purpose, but as a part of the city, it is dedicated to serving the common purpose that the city defines, and in the meantime there is an opinion about subordinating the interests of a person to the interests of society. Here, understanding Farabi's city as the state, we find high manifestations of great civil humanism in his thoughts. Here, we consider not only the interests of the individual, but the high regard for the interests of the society as a sacred expression of great citizenship and morality. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi believes that a person must be honest. because if one does good deeds and expects to be paid for it, a person turns these deeds into bad deeds. A mature philosopher should know theoretical sciences and be able to apply these sciences to other sciences. Plato and Aristotle believed that a true philosopher should be entrusted with the duties of a governor, but according to Plato, a philosopher refers to immutable truths and considers state management to be a burden that hinders the achievement of a higher goal, while Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, on the contrary, does not keep away from life's affairs, but again people's pursuit of the truth. tries to help him get on his way. Meanwhile, he compares religion and philosophy. According to him, religion is similar to philosophy: both provide an understanding of higher principles, the beginnings of things. But philosophy requires proof, religion requires belief. The lawgiver, by virtue of his very good judgment, is able to properly implement the laws which are supposed to be in the interest of man. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi left many legacies from all fields of science of his time, especially mathematics, astronomy, physics, and natural sciences. In his work "The chain of sciences" he divides the science of that time into five major areas: * linguistics and its chapters; * logic and its chapters; * mathematics and its chapters; * physics and its chapters, metaphysics and its chapters; * civil science and its branches, jurisprudence and religious science. The scientist determines the subject of all these sciences and dwells on their summary. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi worked as a mathematician in three closely related fields. They are: 1) the methodology of mathematics. problems (origin of the subject of mathematical science, basic concepts and methods), 2) mathematical natural science, 3) participation in creating some specific chapters of mathematics. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi divides mathematics into seven chapters (arithmetic, geometry, optics, astronomy, music, statics, mechanics — the science of method and trick). He is one of the first scientists who considered algebra as an independent branch of mathematics and defined the subject of algebra. In this regard, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi proposed a very important idea of expanding the concept of number to the concept of positive real number. tries to reveal the origin and causes of mathematics in his treatise called "The Origin of Sciences". In the work called "Commentary on the difficult places in the introductions of the first and fifth books of Euclid", the methodol. gave valuable comments on the issues. He showed in practice that Euclid's "Fundamentals", which were considered perfect and perfect for a long time, could be tested, edited, and corrected, and pointed the right way to mathematicians. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, in addition to laying the foundation stone of philosophy of mathematics, also demonstrated the need to boldly apply it to the study of natural phenomena. According to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, mathematics provides clear, true knowledge and strongly influences the development of other sciences. In his work entitled "What is right or wrong in astrological predictions", he separates scientific astrology from astronomy, and based on the principles mentioned in Aristotle's logical works and the achievements of natural sciences, he tries to distinguish whether unknown, random phenomena can be predicted in advance or not. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's later, his opinions were of great importance in the formation of the philosophy and logical bases of the probability theory. He wrote major works in the field of mathematics and natural sciences. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi wrote a lengthy commentary on the "Almage" of the great ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. This work is known as "Commentary on Almages". This treatise of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, which was of great importance in the history of astronomy and mathematics, had a good influence on the development of trigonometry. Based on the works of mathematicians before him, he developed his own theory of trigonometry lines. The main innovation here is that Abu Nasr Al-Farabi considered sine, cosine, sine-fersus, tangent, cotangent lines within a single circle of constant radius. He revealed some relations between them, defined some simple features. He achieved significant success in determining the sine and cosine of one degree of arc, which is very necessary in making tables of trigonometry. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, based on these mentioned trigonometry data and other additional mathematical materials, offers the easiest methods of mathematically solving the problems of astronomy and geography discussed in "Almages". "The Book of Natural Secrets and Spiritual Methods and Tricks on the Details of Geometric Figures" has sorted out geometry construction problems and brought them into a single system. More than a hundred calculation methods are shown. These include: constructing a parabola, trisecting an angle, doubling a cube, constructing right polygons, constructing polygons, transforming plane figures, etc. there is Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has extensively considered problems that can be solved with the help of a permanent compass and a one-sided ruler. In this work, there is an idea of how to mentally solve the problem of 3, 4, 5, etc., that is, how to mentally solve the problem of building a cube. In view of this, there is reason to assume that Abu Nasr Al-Farabi is one of the first exponents of the idea of multidimensional abstract geometry. It has been found that the treatise of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has been attributed by the historians of mathematics to the famous Khorasan mathematician Abu-l-Wafa. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi wrote a work called "A Brief Introduction to Theoretical Arithmetic" in the field of arithmetic. Many of his logical works contain elements of mathematical logic. The mathematical ideas and heritage of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi were widely used by Eastern scholars such as Abu-l-Wafa, Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna), Abu Rayhan Biruni, Omar Khayyam, and European scientists such as Roger Bacon and Leonardo da Vinci. The outstanding work of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi in the field of physics is called "On Vacuum". Here he tried to prove that there is no vacuum by means of logical conclusions based on a rare experience of the ancient Greeks. In this work, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi considered various problems of physics, in addition to the problem of vacuum, and found the correct solutions according to the level of science at that time (the expansion or contraction of a body due to heat, the laws of increasing or decreasing the volume of air due to applied tension, pressure, the transfer of applied tension to air, etc.). In his treatise "On the Necessity of the Art of Alchemy", he analyzed the alchemical knowledge of his time, separated the scientific grain of alchemy from the false shell, and considered it as a branch of natural science with a specific research subject. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi in the field of medicine "Treatise written against Galen on the difference with Aristotle on human organs", "Animal Organs", "On Temperament" etc. wrote works, in which he mainly dealt with the theoretical problems of medicine, and tried to define the subject, tasks and goals of the art of medicine. In the philosophy and natural philosophy works of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, he focuses on many problems of natural science. Astronomida observed through his own experience that the position of the sun's apogee is not constant. Ray propagation is proven by geometry with the laws of optics. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's understanding of light, who discovered the laws of gathering, refraction, dispersion, and concentration of rays by geometrically precise methods, became known to European science only in the 17th century. German astronomer I. Kepler called it "focus" in Arabic. Eight centuries ago, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi called it "muharaq" from the meaning of "burning", "burning place". He made a concave mirror, that is, a parabola, a lens with his own hands, and used them in science. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi interprets and perfects the works of the great ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, makes theoretical (mathematical) and practical conclusions, and gives ideas and opinions. For example, for the first time in history, he observes the passage of the planet Cholpan over the surface of the Sun, in his treatise "What is right or wrong in astrological predictions", the scholar describes scientific astronomy, the location, color, movement of stars, etc. distinguishes it from the ambiguous and doubtful science of astrology, which claims that it is possible to predict the future of human life and events on earth based on its visual properties. In the process of seriously reviewing the scholar's scientific and philosophical works, we see that he was one of the great figures in the history of pedagogy. He is an educationalist who created the first constructive pedagogical system in Eastern countries. In order to form the consciousness of the young generation, it is necessary to systematize and sequence the characteristics of three things: * The child's inner enthusiasm, passion; * Teacher's skill, honesty; * Location of the lesson process. The scientist paid special attention to the similarity of physical education and moral education, their influence on each other. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi. In his treatises "Rhetoric", "On the Art of Poetry", "Guide to Happiness", he paid attention to ethical and aesthetic issues, revealed the categories of art, beauty, happiness, kindness knowledge and proved their basis. He considered ethics to be, first of all, a science that allows us to distinguish between good and bad. That is why the categories of goodness and kindness occupy the main place in his concepts on ethics. The scholar's ethical thoughts are filled with deep humanism, he understands that the [human] child is the highest peak of creation, the owner of the whole soul, and that is why he should be respected and cherished. The main point of the Kortyn made by Farabi is the unity of the three knowledge, kindness and beauty. Farabi's humanist ideas spread widely around the world. He glorified the high value of intelligence and knowledge. Farabi says about art and beauty: it is a characteristic of the reality of life, an imaginary image of existence, real phenomena, social life. He believes that art is a sign that shows the beauty of the body and soul. ## Universal musician Abu Nasr Al-Farabi was also a universal musician. He played clay instruments, sang, composed songs and tunes. "The Great Book of Music" is a great historical work written by the scholar both about music and about physics and mathematics. Here the problems of musical acoustics are covered as widely as possible, the nature, origin, distribution of sound, etc. There are many correct and correct opinions about it. Creates the practical (experimental) and theoretical (mathematical) foundations of music, shows the ways in which physical-mathematical laws are realized in known musical instruments. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi defined three general (universal) theoretical conditions of scientific knowledge, and based on them he created a new theory of music. Those conditions are: firstly, to know all the fundamental bases and principles of science; secondly, to be able to draw necessary conclusions and results related to that science from these principles; thirdly, to be able to analyze the opinions that have never been expressed about this science, to be able to distinguish the right from the skin and correct the mistakes. In developing a mathematical theory of music, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi covered many fundamental problems of mathematics. They are: the theory of relations, problems of combinatorial analysis, functional dependencies and their mapping, the idea of axiomatics, etc. ## Al-Farabi and Abay There is no specific information about Abay's familiarity with Farabi's works. However, Sagdiyk: "... Abay al-Farabi, who attached great importance to philosophy and wisdom, was familiar with Ibn Sinas and had knowledge of these secret books" (Republican Literary and Memorial Museum of Abai. Inv. No. 172, 17-6. ), - is the opinion that Abay was familiar with Farabi's works. Abai does not hide the spiritual sources that nourished him in his works, he says again: "I searched for science, aimed at the world, looked in both directions..." - there is a deep secret in his warning. When considering the continuity of ideas in the works of Farabi and Abay, and the origins of the spiritual sources from which the poet's work was nourished, it is necessary to pay special attention to the view of the "soul power" common to the two great thinkers, or, in Abai's own words, "self-knowledge". In the course of the continuous development of scientific thought in the history of mankind, knowing the ways of formation of thoughts about "self-knowledge" or "soul power" has become a complex problem, which has prompted the development of opposite views from the very beginning. Although the first step of the doctrine of human self-knowledge began with the philosophers of the ancient world, the work of Farabi, who brought it down to a scientific system in his time, is especially noticeable. In the Kazakh soil, Farabi in ancient times and Abay in recent times explored the complex thoughts about "soul power" or "self-awareness" in general. In Abai's poems and poems, the thoughts about soul power are "spirit passion", "spirit power", "soul power", "soul food" etc. b. There are reasons for his special remark when he shares his thoughts in such a philosophical column: "The power of the soul is a lot of things, and there is not enough time to write them all here." From this conclusion, the poet's complete familiarity with the history of the doctrine of "self-knowledge" is clearly visible, and his regret for not being able to convey his thoughts to his listeners in a broad way can be felt. The philosophy used by Farabi on soul power. terms are given in Abay's poems and poems of Seventh, Seventeenth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Forty-third with equivalent words according to the kapyga or Kazakh concept in the original. Fourteenth and Seventeenth verses of the poet "At first, a cold ice is intelligent...", "There is no thought except for the eyes...", "A friend to an animal except an animal without sorrow...", "The word God is easy... ", "The heart is the sea, everything that is interesting is a precious stone..." is a special word and philosophy about the mind, courage, and heart. The origin of his thoughts on meaning lies in the works of Farabi. Farabi, in his work "Treatise on the Attitudes of the Residents of the Good City", systematizes the ideas of man about self-knowledge as "plant soul", "animal soul", "human soul". Analyzing the human soul (intellect), its internal and external sense organs (hawas), the heart is always given a decisive importance and shown in a special way. This approach to the knowledge of general soul power is characteristic of those who belong to the school of perepatetics. Farabi's and Abai's thoughts on this are consistent and interrelated. Farabi said, "Heart is the main organ, no other part of the body controls it. Next comes the brain. This is also the main member, but its dominance is not the first" (al-Farabi. Philosophical treatises. -A. , 1973, 289-6. ), - and giving decisive importance to the heart, Abay also said: "You will join the heads of the three of you in my said business. But it's okay if you have a ruling heart." From this, it can be seen that the basis of the knowledge of the heart of both great thinkers is the same, only the form of narration is different. According to the poet Farabi, in addition to giving the heart a decisive meaning, he also knows it as the source and abode of goodness, grace, and intercession. Moral philosophy, which the thinker-poet paid a lot of attention to, is also based on this knowledge. All the ideas of morality and morality that spread throughout Abay's works are combined with this point of view. The poet's line of thoughts about "hawas", "three pouring" (imani flower), "ja wan marelik", "justice", "intercession" are also concepts within this framework of knowledge. These are the basis of Farabi's knowledge about the most perfect (kamili insani) model of human personality in the above-mentioned work. The continuation of this Farabi tradition is clearly felt in Abay's thinking about the "complete man". Abay often mentions "full man", "half man", "being a man", "perfection of humanity", "perfection of personality", "full humanity", "humanity", "man's humanity", "being human", etc. b. concepts, groups of words with nominal meaning, and the source of opinions about it originate from the line of thought in Farabi's works. Farabi, in his work on "Fundamentals of Natural Sciences" (cosmogony), paid special attention to the khakas in general, and especially to its external sense organs, called khawasi hamsa zahiri. Al-Farabi's philosophies about the sense organs, which play a central role in recognizing the secret of the nature of the environment. concepts are presented in the same original form in Abai's Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth poems and the poem "Alla is easy to feel". The conclusion of the poet that "the owner of the soul, who benefits from the inanimate creatures, created the animals, and created the intelligent insan (man) who uses the living animals" originates from Farabi's step-by-step knowledge about the creation of the world, which says that God first created the inanimate world, plants, animals, and then intelligent people. If this knowledge is a weak point of Farabi's view, it is also a weak point of Abay's knowledge. In his works, the thoughtful poet pays special attention to the hawasi hamsa zahiri in the tradition of Farabi. Mind, consciousness is recognized as a spiritual phenomenon that arises from the reality of life around us through the external five senses, i.e., the radiant energy of cognition and radiation in the human mind. The basis of Abai's worldview about the origin of mind and consciousness corresponds to Farabi's line of thought: "Mind is nothing but experience" (al-Farabi. Philosophical treatises, 295-6.). Al-Farabi divides soul power into moving power and knowing power, and considers the knowing power in a person as internal and external soul power. This knowledge of Farabi is psychological in the work of Abai. is spoken as an equivalent of concepts. In the poems of the poet, five external human organs and internal sensory organs are taken together and interpreted as passion. Abai's sentence of hawas is often combined with the principle of representation (ahsi jihan), and in the Forty-third word, it is internally connected with Farabi's knowledge about the power of the soul in a person. The poet's concept of "ignorance of man" corresponds to Farabi's thoughts about the soul. Farabi paid special attention to the ability of a person to know the world (al-kwat almutehayila), and the main lines of thought are reflected in the concepts of hawas, hawasi hamsa zahiri, hawas salam, which are special words in Abai. When Farabi spread his own line of thoughts about soul power, he classified them into three: plant soul, animal soul, and human soul, and considered the process of cognition as an innate characteristic of the human soul. Similar conclusions can be found in the Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, and Forty-third words of Abai. In his seventh speech, Abai dwelled on the "food of the soul" and said: "... we must have expanded our field and increased our treasure, which we passionately accumulated, this was the food of the soul", and he explains it in terms of feelings that develop through the passion of the soul. In his twenty-seventh speech, he classified the differences between animals and humans according to their way of knowing the world. Has the light of the soul been given to all of us equally? A person examines the front, the back, and this day - all three. "An animal knows its back, even this day, and doesn't even have to check its front," he notes that the ability to recognize a person has a great qualitative feature. As explained by the poet Farabi, he recognized that the qualities of passion and energy are unique to humans. In the time of Farabi, a new direction was formed in the thinking of the Muslim community, which explained the whole of existence, all the various phenomena in it, on the basis of mutakalliminim. The critical thinking of Farabi, who mercilessly criticized the fundamental error in the knowledge of Mutakallimins, was further developed by Abai, when the idea of pan-Islamism spread its wings. There is a secret of deep knowledge in the poet's radical rebuttal of the mutakallimin criticized by Farabi: "Mind and desire are all, The heart is full without knowledge, the heart is full of feeling, The mutakallimin, manticin, It is wasted in vain.." The concept of hawas, which Abai specifically raised, was confirmed by the three different meanings of "hawasi hamsa zahiri", "hawas salam", "hawas" in the poet's works. In the poem "The word Allah is easy", the poet openly refutes the reasoning of the scholars and logicians in the interpretation of hawas. The deep-seated critical attitude in the middle showed. What is worth noting in Abai's worldview is the poet's familiarity with the principle of classification of science created by Farabi. There is no concrete evidence that the poet was familiar with the principles of systematization of science created by Farabi. However, in his works, Abay expresses his opinion on the systematization of science to a certain extent with concrete data. For example, in the forty-first word. "... there are innumerable paths of science in the world, and on each path there is a madrasa...", he mentions the abundance of scientific fields and specific names individually. In the thirty-eighth speech of the poet, the principle of a certain systematization of the fields of science is revealed. When a scientist comments on rulers, he groups social sciences independently, saying: "...the fact that they sharpened the minds of human beings and taught them the difference between truth and courage...". In the 38th speech of Abay, the fields of science such as "human knowledge", "science of God", "self science", "science of the world", "external science", "knowledge of the world" are the philosophers of Farabi. it is considered with the names used in the conclusions or with an alternative name according to the Kazakh concept. ## Stages of reaching the legacy of the scientist The legacy of the scientist reaching us can be divided into four stages: * Through scholars who wrote in Arabic, Persian and other languages in the Middle Ages (An -Nadim, al-Baihaqi, Ibn Said al-Kifti, Haji Khalifa, Venike, Camerarius, etc.); * Through scientists of Western Europe and America during the New Age (Leonardo da Vinci, Spinoza, I.G.L. Kozegarten, G. Zuter, F. Dieterezzi, K. Brockel, J. Sarton, M. Steinschneider, D. S. Margolius, etc.); * 20th century, especially through Soviet Orientalists (V. V. Barthold, E. E. Bertels, B. Gafurov, S. N. Grigoryan, V. P. Zubov, A. Sagadeev, Yu. Zavadovsky, Turks A. Sayyly, H. Bolshoi, etc.); * Through scholars of Kazakhstan and Central Asia (A. Margulan, A. al-Mashani, O. Zhautikov, A. Kasymzhanov, A. Kobesov, M. Burabaev, A. Derbisaliyev, I. Zharikbaev, Sh. Khairullaev, etc. p. ). Fundamental research of the heritage of Abu Nasir al-Farabi in Kazakhstan was undertaken only in the 60s of the 20th century. Kazakh scientists Akzhan al-Mashani (Mashanov) and Kanysh Satbaev were the first to initiate it. An international conference was held in Almaty in 1975 according to the decision of UNESCO issued on the occasion of the 1100th anniversary of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi. These days, the Department of Oriental Philosophy and Farabi studies works at the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Ministry of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. So far, more than 20 treatises of the scholar have been translated into Kazakh and Russian languages, scientific explanations and prefaces have been written here. This department conducts a series of studies on dialectics, epistemology and social philosophy of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi. The Farabi Studies Center was established at KazMU. Here, too, translation, research, and promotion of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi's heritage are being carried out in new, fresh directions freed from Marxist views. ## Pupils of Abu-Nasir al-Farabi Farabi was widely known among the people both during his time and after him. Farabi was considered a teacher by many scientists of the East and West, who received great morals, lessons, and education from his works. * Abu Ali Qusayin Ibn-Abdolla ibn-Sina (Avicenna) is the father of medical science, a great person from Central Asia who greatly influenced the development of science and culture. * Omar Ibn-Ibrahim Al-Khayyam (1048-1130) is a master and developer of the heritage of Farabi and Ibn-Sina. Thoughtful poet, deep philosopher, great mathematician. * Ulykbek Ibn Shahrukh (1394-1447) is a great statesman, astronomer, mathematician, a scientist who knows well the main works of early Greek scientists and outstanding scholars of Central Asia. ## Sources ## Links * A. Kasymzhanov. The book of Abu-Nasr al-Farabi * R.S.Karenov. Abu Nasir al-Farabi: his life, works, contribution to global science and culture * Works on Adebiportal.kz website

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4574

Izmukhambetov, Baktykoja Salahidenuly

Izmukhambetov, Bakykoja Salahitdinuly (September 1, 1948, Atyrau region, Tengiz district, Koshalak village) is a state and public figure of Kazakhstan, Chairman of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (March 2016). ## Education Bayuly tribe from the Adai clan. * Graduated from the Ufa Oil Institute with the specialty of mining engineer (1971). * Doctor of technical sciences (1998). * Academician of the Russian Academy of Natural Sciences (2003). * Author of 5 monographs, 4 scientific reports, more than 60 scientific articles. The invention has 4 copyright certificates. He is fluent in English and Turkish. ## Biography * Since 1971 - driller's assistant, driller at Prorva drilling office of "Embimunay" association (Sarykamys village, Guryev region). * Since 1972 - Senior Engineer of the Drilling Technology Laboratory of the Kazakh Geological Research Oil Institute (KazGSGBI, Guryev City). * Since 1973 - senior engineer, head of the technical measurement and engineering department in the "Kazmunaigazbarlau" department (Guryev city). * Since 1978 - head of the laboratory, head of the department, deputy director of scientific work of KazGSGBI. * Since 1983 - senior engineer of the Soviet oil exploration expedition (Aden, Yemen). * Since 1987 - head of the laboratory at KazGSGBI. * Since 1988 - chief technologist, head of Guriev test-methodological expedition. * Since 1991 - head of the Oil and Gas Department of the Ministry of Geology and Subsoil Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 1993 - General Director of JV "Kazakhturkmunai" LLP; Executive director of joint ventures for marine projects of NC JSC "KazMunayGas", executive director of marine projects of NMC "KazakhstanMunayGas", general director of JSC "KazMunayTengiz" TMK. * Managing Director of JSC "KazMunayGas" JSC JSC for the management of shares. * Since 2003 - the first vice-minister of the Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2006 - Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * From 08.2007 to 01.2012 - akim of West Kazakhstan region. * Since January 2012 - deputy of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan of the 5th convocation, deputy chairman of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. A member of the People's Democratic Party "Nur Otan", he was elected on the party list. * On August 15, 2012, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev appointed B. Izmukhambetov as the akim of Atyrau region. * Chairman of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan since March 25, 2016. ## Public service Deputy of the Council of People's Deputies of the Balykshi district of Guryev region (1989-1991). ## Awards * "Kurmet" (1999), * II degree "Barys", * I degree Peter the Great (RF, 2006), * Awarded with the order "For meritorious service" (Republic of Ukraine, 2008). * Included in the Golden Book of the Embassy of the USSR in Yemen DPR (1986). * The Ufa Oil Institute is the winner of the Golden Label. ## Family Father - Izmukhambetov Salakhatdin, was a teacher. Mother - Asima Kalieva, pensioner. He is married, has two children and three grandchildren. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5955

Olzhashi batyr Baiburiuly

Baiburiuly Olzhashi Batyr (end of 16th century - beginning of 17th century) Olzhashi was a citizen of the Karakesek clan within the Orta-hundred Argyn tribe. Karakesek had a son named Aksha. His son is Boshan. His son Baibur. Baibor's second child was Olzhashi Batyr. In 1627, during the reign of Esim Khan, people gathered to march against Katagan Tursyn Khan saying: "Let Khan Tursyn take an oath." At the end, one of the commanders was Argyn Olzhachy. Tursyn Khan's army was defeated in the Battle of Sairam. His home was the city of Tashkent. Tursyn Khan formed an alliance with the Ashtarkhanid emirs and competed with Yesim Khan. Tursyn Khan dies after taking Tashkent. Several girls are left behind. Aibike, Nurbike and Kyzdanbike, beautiful angelic girls, are taken as trophies by a commander named Shanshar. Ali, the great-grandfather of son Abay, takes the girl named Konyrbike. Orazbike, the youngest, takes the beautiful Olzhashi batyr. Oljashi had a brother named Zhuginei. The hero gave Orazbike to this brother. Children named Koike, Esbalak, Bayan, Hangeldi, Kenjek were born from him. Another wife gave birth to children named Kydyrali and Kedey. (There is a proverb among the people: "You are poor, you are poor, what do you say when a sheep comes to you?") And Oljashi had children named Asan and Usen. During the Aktaban storm, Asan's descendants went to the other side of Syr. Descendants of Usen and Zhuginei stayed and grew up in Arka. The Minister of Internal Affairs of the Kazakh SSR Shirakbek Kabylbayev is a descendant of Olzhashi Batyr. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5366

Sakha Republic

The Republic of Sakha (Sah. -{Sakha Orespubulukete}-; Russian. Respublika Sakha) is a constituent part of the Russian Federation. The capital is the city of Yakutsk. Yakutia exceeds the eighth country in the world in terms of area - Argentina. However, the republic's population is less than a million, making its population density one of the lowest in Russia (only the Chukotka and Nenets Autonomous Okrugs and the Magadan Oblast are less dense). It is also one of the coldest places in the world in terms of climate: the cold pole of the Northern Hemisphere is located here. ## Geography Located in the north-eastern part of Siberia. With a land area of 3.1032 million km², Nunavut is the largest subject of the Russian Federation, and since Nunavut was separated from the Northwest Territories of Canada, it is the largest administrative-territorial unit in the world. Sakha country is located in 3 time zones. (Model: MSK+6 — western part, including Yakutsk, Model: MSK+7 — central part, including Novosibirsk islands, Model: MSK+8 — eastern part. Yakutia is a region with high natural resource economic potential A place known for its extreme climate: winter is the coldest of all regions in the world. More than 40% of the territory of Yakutia is located outside the Arctic Circle. The territory of Yakutia includes Zhanasibir, the Big and Small Begichev Islands. Yakutia is the largest river in Russia (700 thousand rivers). and lakes (more than 800 thousand). The total length of all its rivers is about 2 million km, and their potential hydropower resources are about 700 billion kWh per year. The largest navigable rivers are: Olene (length — 4400 km), Bulu (2650 km), Olenek (2292 km), Aldan (2273 km), Kolyma (2129 km), Indigirka (1726 km), Olekma (1436 km), Anabar (939 km) and Yana (872 km). Large lakes on the territory of the republic — Bustakh, Labynkyr, etc. b. there is Most of the territory of Sakha (Yakutia) is located in the middle Taiga zone, alternating with forest-tundra and tundra zones in the north. The soil is mainly ice-taiga, clay-forest, alluvial-meadow, mountain-forest and tundra-gley. Forests occupy 4/5 of the territory. Meadows are widespread in river valleys and lowlands. On the coasts and peaks of the mountains there are shrubby herbaceous plants and lichens. The area of the forest reserve is 255.631 million ha, 2.55 million km², the forest area is 193.365 million ha. The total area of forest resources of Yakutia and Krasnoyarsk region is 423.73 million ha or 4.237 million km². ## History The history of Yakutia dates back to ancient times. Early archaeological finds indicate that the area was inhabited during the Stone Age. For many centuries, these lands were inhabited by various ethnic groups, including Yakuts, Evenks, Russians and other peoples. However, the most important event in the history of Yakutia was the formation of the Yakut culture and the Yakut people. The Yakuts, a Turkic tribe, moved to these places in the 13th century. They developed a unique way of life based on animal husbandry, hunting and fishing. Yakuts created social structures that are still preserved in their governance system and culture. In the 17th century, Yakutia became part of the Russian state. This led to the emergence of Russian settlers and the expansion of Russian influence in the region. At the same time, despite being integrated into Russian society, the Yakuts have preserved their culture, language and customs. In the 19th century, gold was discovered in Yakutia, which created a gold rush and attracted many adventurers and entrepreneurs from different countries. This period led to rapid economic growth and development of the region. Significant changes took place in Yakutia during the Soviet period. Industrialization and collectivization took place, which led to modernization of the economy and infrastructure. Along with these changes, preservation and promotion of Yakut culture was revived. During the period of Soviet rule, which lasted from 1922 to 1991, Yakutia underwent significant changes and development. At the beginning of the Soviet era, collectivization of agriculture was carried out in Yakutia. This led to the creation of collective farms and state farms, as well as changes in the land use system. Activities on the industrialization of the region were carried out, as a result of which the mining, forest and oil and gas industries developed. One of the most important historical events in Yakutia was the exploitation and development of the region's rich natural resources. In 1932, one of the largest diamond deposits in the world was discovered, which led to the establishment of diamond production and the establishment of the city of Mirny. Also, there are large deposits of gold, coal, oil, gas and other minerals in Yakutia. The Soviet government made significant changes in the social and cultural life of Yakutia. Systematic work was carried out on education, health care and cultural development. New schools, universities, hospitals and cultural institutions were established in the region. Spreading education and supporting cultural diversity became one of the main tasks of the Soviet government. An important aspect of the development of Yakutia during the years of Soviet rule was the strengthening of ties with other regions of the USSR and participation in the country's economic and social programs. This made it possible to attract investments, develop transport infrastructure and improve communication with other regions. 1851 The Yakut Region of the Irkutsk General Governorate was established. 1922 On April 27, the Yakut AKSR was established. 1991 December 28 — Yakut-Sakha SSR, 1992. April 27 — Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). A new period in the history of Yakutia began on September 27, 1990, when the Declaration on State Sovereignty was published. On this day, the Supreme Council of the Yakut ASSR announced that the Yakut-Sakha Soviet Socialist Republic, a part of the RSFSR and the USSR, had become autonomous. In October 1991, the position of the President of the republic was created. In December 1991, the first president was Mikhail Yefimovich Nikolaev. In the same year, the name of the republic was changed to Sakha Republic (Yakutia). In 2009, at the request of the Constitutional Court of the Russian Federation, most of the provisions on the Independence of Yakutia were canceled in the Constitution of the Republic of Sakha. ## See also * Administrative-territorial structure of the Republic of Sakha

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5110

Joshi Khan

Joshi Khan (1187-1227) is the eldest son of Genghis Khan, a Mongol commander. After the Mongol invasion, the new state established in the Kypchak steppe is the eldest of four sons born to the godmother Borte, the Konurat daughter of the famous Genghis Khan, the founder of the Joshi dynasty. He was a man of great strength, a brave heart, and a stubborn person who did not back down. First of all, he is recognized as a great military leader who participated in all Mongol invasion campaigns. ## Born Her mother is Borte, a daughter of the Kunurat tribe. After Genghis Khan married Burte, the Merkites attacked and Burte was captured. Later, Genghis Khan freed his wife from captivity with the help of Tugyril Khan, the ruler of Kerey Khanate. After this incident, the word that Joshiny was not the son of Chinggis Khan spread in the country. Joshi led a series of invasion campaigns of Chinggis Khan to the west, conquered many tribes living in Southern Siberia, Altai, Dzungar steppe and Eastern Turkestan, and reached Zhetisu region. ## Commander Joshi stood out as an outstanding commander from a young age. He actively participated in the campaigns of his father's army. In 1206, after Chinggis Khan united the Kerey, Naiman, Merkit and other tribes into one center, Joshi, on the instructions of his father, subjugated South Siberia, Altai, and East Turkestan lands in 1207-1212. * In 1211-1215, he participated in the conquest of China. Three years later, Joshi invaded the Kypchak field and when he reached the Yrgyz field, he fought with 60,000 troops of Khorezm shah. Despite the lack of balance of power, Jochy stands out for his commanding talent. The army of Khorezm Shah lost in open battle and went to hide in the city ramparts. * In 1218, Joshi's army fought with sixty thousand troops of Khorezm shah Muhammed along the Yrgyz Ozen, chasing the mercenaries who did not want to submit to Genghis Khan. Due to his skillful leadership, Joshi ended the battle in a draw. After this battle, Muhammed Shah's troops gave up military actions against Josh. After this battle, Joshi conquered all the cities of Zhetysu. * In the period 1220-1222, he conquered Otyrar, Syganak, Uzkent, Barshinkent, Zhankent and other cities along the Syrdarya. Thus he completely conquered the state of Khorezm. * In 1223, he participated in the conference organized by his father in the Kulanbasi Plain. At this convention, Chinggis Khan will divide the vast territory he conquered during his lifetime to his four sons born from his eldest wife Borte. The entire Deshti Kipchak region, including the area west of Irtys, including the lower part of Zhetysu, and the land up to the lower Volga, "where the Mongolian horse's hoof reached", is included in the territory of the josh. The Horde was located along the Irtys River. ## Kuriltai After that, Joshi took the cities of Otyrar, Syganak, Uzkent, Barshinkent, Aspas, Zhanakent along the Syrdarya River, and after a year, he conquered Khorezm and occupied Turkestan. In the spring of the next year, Joshi, at the invitation of his father, will participate in the conference held on the Kulanbasy plain between Sairam and Talas. When the other children of Chinggis Khan returned to Karakorim, the capital of the state, after the foundation, Zhoshi remained at home without accompanying them. The foundation of the Zhosi dynasty was formed by the Turkic-speaking tribes that had previously entered Deshti Kypchak. He killed his grandfather in the land of Omarovsky. He took the poor boy and threw him into the river. He died in 1243. ## Relations with the Kipchaks As her mother Borte was a Kunurat girl, she had very close relations with her subjects. Joshi was the first to openly seek to create an independent state. And this policy was the cause of enmity between father and son. According to eastern historians who lived at that time, Joshi was a strong, brave and sharp person. Genghis Khan himself was amazed by his son's intelligence and exceptional courage. Zhujani says in his history book "Tabanat-i-Nasiri" written in 1260: "Zhoshi loved the Kipchaks so much that he did not slap any of the Kypchaks on the forehead of the Mongols in Khorezm." ## Death He said to his like-minded people: "Genghis Khan must have been mad, because he destroyed so much land and massacred so many people. That's why I will kill my father when I go hunting!" - said. His younger brother Shagatai felt this game and conveyed it to Chingyskan. Furious, the Khagan sent his trusted men to Khorezm and ordered Joshi to reach his father as soon as possible. "If he avoids coming here and stays in Khorezm, stab him silently and kill him without a word!" - he commands. Joshi, who said that he could not go because of his illness, remained in the Kypchak field. And trusted people told Chinggis that Joshi was healthy and that he often went hunting. Genghis Khan, who was burning with anger, thought: "Apparently, he is against me, he did not pay attention to the words of his father" and sent an army led by Shagatai and Ugedei after him. At that time, the sad news of Joshi's death had arrived. He died six months before his father. Various legends spread among the people about his death. In one of them, it is said that "he was killed by a stallion while hunting", while in some sources it is stated that "he was secretly killed by his own father Genghis Khan, fearing that he would defect to the enemy's side." * Joshi died unable to carry out his plan to march to Eastern Europe. Josh had several wives and concubines. He had about forty sons, and countless grandchildren grew up from them. Among his sons, the following are mentioned in historical data: Orda-Ezhen, Batu, Berke, Shiban and others. After Joshi's death, the army in the west recognized his second son, Batu, as the heir apparent, a choice that Genghis Khan approved. * Zhoshin's grave is located on the left bank of the Kengir River, 45 km from the city of Zhezkazgan. About the death of Joshi, the Kazakh people have a historical poem called "Aksak kulan, Joshi Khan". The cartoon "Aksak Kulan" was filmed. He was the khan of the White Horde. ## Descendants P. Saveliev, A. Yu. Yakubovsky, P. P. Ivanov based on Natanzia's work "Mu in-ad-din", Orys Khan is the son of Shymtai Khan , considered to be the grandson of Joshi Khan. According to other information ("Bahr al-Askar", "Taurih-i Guzildayi Nusreatnama"), he is considered to be the 13th son of Joshi Khan, a descendant of Toka Temir (Joshi - Toka Temir - Oz Temir - Khoja Badik - Orys Khan). After his father, in 1361-1362, he sat on the throne of the White Horde. In 1368-1369, copper money began to be issued in Syganak, the capital of the White Horde. Orys Khan led the White Horde independently. According to the information of Nizam ad-din Shami and other sources, Orys Khan died in 1376-1377, and according to some sources, he lived until 1380. According to the latest data, copper coins issued by his order were found in the city of Sarai. It is known that Tokhtamys ruled the White Horde and the cities along the Volga River by 1379. Orys Khan always sought to rule the White Horde, politically independent of the Golden Horde. According to Abdirazak Samarkani, Orys Khan contributed to the development of cities and agriculture along the Syrdarya River, and after ascending to the throne, he stopped the mutual conflicts in the White Horde. He conquered Haji-Tarkhan (Astrakhan) in the mid-70s of the 14th century, and the city of Sarai in 1374-1375. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4603

Түймебаев

Zhanseyit Kanseyituly Tuimebaev — (July 8, 1958, Kaynar village, Algabas district, South Kazakhstan region, Kazakh SSR) - Kazakh statesman, diplomat, scientist, doctor of philology, professor, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. Rector of KazNU named after Al-Farabi. He comes from the Isty clan. Zhanseyit Kanseyituly Tuymebaev was born on July 8, 1958 in the village of Kainar of the then Algabas district of the Shymkent region (today's Turkestan region, Baydibek district), in a large family. Zh. Tuymebaev's father, Kanseyit Tuymebaev, served as secretary of the party organization in Algabas and Sozak districts. He brought up 4 sons and 8 daughters in his family with Ulmeken Zhamankyuzy, his god-given spouse. The eldest son of Kanseyit Tuimebaev, during his time as Bayseyit, held responsible positions in the Mangistau region, and later worked in the Shymkent regional and South Kazakhstan regional akimats. Headed the department of regulation of natural monopolies, protection of competition and support of small business in South Kazakhstan and Almaty regions. He was the akim of Baydibek district. Zh. Tuymebayev's younger brother, Imangeldi, is currently holding a responsible position in one of the regional administrations. Before that, he was the deputy akim of Baydibek district. Zhanseyit Tuymebaev raised sons and daughters named Eldana and Elnar together with his wife Zhanat Ensebayeva. According to some sources, Zh. Ensebayeva works as the director of the art gallery, during which she held an exhibition of the best Kazakh artists called "Modern Kazakh Art" together with the embassy in Turkey. Zh. Tuymebayev studied at boarding school No. 12 in Shymkent as a child. He graduated with a gold medal. He had a high aptitude for mathematics. He later graduated from Kazakh State University and Moscow State Social University. Today, he is a doctor of philological sciences, a professor, a holder of the diplomatic rank of 2nd class ambassador. He is the author of more than 30 scientific books. Worked at the Kazakh State University during the time of Zh. Tuymebayev. Since 1993, he held responsible positions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, headed the Consulate of Kazakhstan in Istanbul, the Protocol of the President of Kazakhstan, was an adviser to the President. He was the Minister of Education and Science. He served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Russia, Turkey, and Albania. ## Education * Kazakh State University. S. M. Kirov, Faculty of Philology, Almaty. (1980); * Moscow State Social University, Faculty of Law, Moscow. (2000). ## Scientific degree, rank, position * Candidate of Philological Sciences, Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1987); * Doctor of Philological Sciences (2008); * Professor in Linguistics; * Honorary Doctor of "Nigde" University of the Republic of Turkey (2014). ## Labor service * S. M. Assistant, senior lecturer, docent of Kirov Kazakh State University (1980-1993); * First Secretary, Department Head of the Department of the Middle, Middle East and African Countries of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1993-1994); * Second and first secretary of the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Republic of Turkey (1994-1997); * Consultant of protocol service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1997-1999); Consul General of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Republic of Turkey (Istanbul) (1999); * Head of Protocol of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1999-2004); * Adviser to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Head of Protocol of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (31.03.2004-01.02.2006); * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation (02.01.2006-01.10.2007); * Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (10.01.2007-09.2010); * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of Turkey (10.2010-10.2016); * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of Albania (03.2011-10.2016); * Akim of South Kazakhstan region (07.10.2016-20.06.2018); * Governor of Turkestan region (20.06.2018-26.02.2019); * Deputy Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, Head of the Secretariat of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (from 28.02.2019 to 05.02.2021) * Rector of the Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi (from 05.02.2021) ### Other works * Chairman of the Board of the Interstate Humanitarian Cooperation Fund of the CIS countries (2007-2010); * Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC "Parasat National Technical University" (2008-2010); * Deputy Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Kazakh-Turkish National University (2007-2010). ## Awards * 2003 — Order of "Honor"; * 2011 — "Parasat" Order; * 2022 (March 17) — 2nd degree "Barys" order; * State medals, including: "10 years of Astana" medal (2008); "20 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2011); "20 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2015); "20 years of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" " medal (2015); "25 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2016); "Unity" gold medal of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (2019); "25 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2020); "25 years of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" medal (2020); "30 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2021); * "10 years to Astana" medal (2008); * "20 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2011); * Medal "20 years to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2015); * Medal "20 years to the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" (2015); * "25 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2016); * "Birlik" gold medal of the People's Assembly of Kazakhstan (2019); * "25 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2020); * Medal "25 years to the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" (2020); * "30 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2021); Other awards: * Medal of the Association of Turkish Entrepreneurs and Industrialists "For special contribution to the development of cooperation between Kazakhstan and Turkey" (2011); * International Tourism Development Platform of Turkey (TÜTAP) Award "for outstanding achievements in international relations" (2011); ## Scientific works Series of books in the field of Turkology. Tuimebaev: The problem of anlaut labial consonants in Altai languages (Revision of Ramstedt - Pelio's phonetic law). Moscow, 2004. Tuymebaev: history of Turkic-Kazakh-Mongolian ethno-linguistic relations. Almaty, 2008. Tuymebaev: Formation and development of Altai theory and Altaistics. Turkestan, 2006. Tuymebaev: theoretical principles and criteria of historical-genetic distinction of Turkic-Mongolian lexical parallels. Astana, 2008. Tuymebaev: Current issues of Central Asian languages research. Turan language union. Kokshetau, 2009. Tuimebaev: Turanian language union and interlinguistic, intercultural interference phenomenon in the Altai area. Almanacs of the Turkic world. Astana, 2012. Tuymebaev: introduction to Altaistics. Astana, 2013. Tuymebaev: Introduction to Turkic philology. Astana, 2013. Tuymebaev: the language of Turkish written monuments. Astana, 2013. Tuymebaev: modern Turkic languages. Astana, 2013. Tuymebaev: Comparative grammar of Kazakh and Turkic languages. Astana, 2014. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: Historical-linguistic foundations of Altaistics (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2015. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva: historical and linguistic foundations of Turkology. Almaty, 2015. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: comparative-descriptive grammar of Kazakh-Turkish languages (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2016. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva: morphological system of ancient Turkic language monuments. Almaty, 2016. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: comparative-descriptive grammar of the Kazakh and Tatar languages. Almaty, 2017. Tüymebayev J., Eskeyeva M: Türkolojinin Tarihî Dilbilimsel Esasları. (in Turkish). Almaty, 2017. Tuymebaev, g. Sagidolda, M. Eskeeva: comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages. (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2017. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva, Sagidolda city: Development of the linguistic basis of the "Eternal country" idea. Almaty, 2017. Tuymebaev, M. Eskeeva, M. Usmanova: comparative grammar of the Kazakh and Bashkir languages. Almaty, 2018. Tuymebaev, M. Eskeeva, Sh. Abdinazimov: comparative grammar of the Kazakh and Karakaopak languages. Almaty, 2018. * J. Tuimebaev: The problem of anlaut labial consonants in Altai languages (Revision of Ramstedt - Pelio's phonetic law). Moscow, 2004 * Zh. Tuymebaev: history of Turkic-Kazakh-Mongolian ethno-linguistic relations. Almaty, 2008. * J. Tuymebaev: Formation and development of Altai theory and Altaistics. Turkestan, 2006. * J. Tuymebaev: theoretical principles and criteria of historical-genetic distinction of Turkic-Mongolian lexical parallels. Astana, 2008 * J. Tuymebaev: Current issues of Central Asian languages research. Turan language union. Kokshetau, 2009. * J. Tuimebaev: Turanian language union and interlinguistic, intercultural interference phenomenon in the Altai area. Almanacs of the Turkic world. Astana, 2012. * J. Tuymebaev: introduction to Altaistics. Astana, 2013. * J. Tuymebaev: Introduction to Turkic philology. Astana, 2013. * J. Tuymebaev: the language of Turkish written monuments. Astana, 2013. * J. Tuymebaev: modern Turkic languages. Astana, 2013. * J. Tuymebaev: Comparative grammar of Kazakh and Turkic languages. Astana, 2014. * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: Historical-linguistic foundations of Altaistics (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2015. * J. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva: historical and linguistic foundations of Turkology. Almaty, 2015. * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: comparative-descriptive grammar of Kazakh-Turkish languages (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2016. * J. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva: morphological system of ancient Turkic language monuments. Almaty, 2016. * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: comparative-descriptive grammar of the Kazakh and Tatar languages. Almaty, 2017 * Tüymebayev J., Eskeyeva M: Türkolojinin Tarihî Dilbilimsel Esasları. (in Turkish). Almaty, 2017 * J. Tuymebaev, g. Sagidolda, M. Eskeeva: comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages. (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2017 * J. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva, Sagidolda city: Development of the linguistic basis of the "Eternal country" idea. Almaty, 2017 * J. Tuymebaev, M. Eskeeva, M. Usmanova: comparative grammar of the Kazakh and Bashkir languages. Almaty, 2018. * J. Tuymebaev, M. Eskeeva, Sh. Abdinazimov: comparative grammar of the Kazakh and Karakaopak languages. Almaty, 2018. * Series of books in the field of the Kazakh language. Tuymebaev: Historical grammar of the Kazakh language. Almaty, 1985. Tuymebaev: lexicology of the modern Kazakh language. Almaty, 1986. Tuimebaev: Kazakh language. Almaty, 1991. Tuimebaev: Indicative forms of the verb in the Kazakh language. Almaty, 1992. Tuimebaev: Kazakh language: Grammatical handbook. Almaty, 1996. Tuymebaev: Historical grammar of the Kazakh language. Almaty, 2005. Tuymebaev: Kazakh-Mongolian lexical parallels: materials for the etymological dictionary of the Kazakh language. Moscow, 2005 * Zh. Tuymebaev: Historical grammar of the Kazakh language. Almaty, 1985 * J. Tuymebaev: lexicology of the modern Kazakh language. Almaty, 1986 * J. Tuimebaev: Kazakh language. Almaty, 1991 * J. Tuimebaev: Indicative forms of the verb in the Kazakh language. Almaty, 1992 * J. Tuimebaev: Kazakh language: Grammatical handbook. Almaty, 1996 * J. Tuymebaev: Historical grammar of the Kazakh language. Almaty, 2005 * J. Tuymebaev: Kazakh-Mongolian lexical parallels: materials for the etymological dictionary of the Kazakh language. Moscow, 2005 * Series of dictionaries. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: English-Kazakh dictionary. Almaty, 2018. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: Kazakh-English dictionary. Almaty, 2017 * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: English-Kazakh dictionary. Almaty, 2018. * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: Kazakh-English dictionary. Almaty, 2017 * "Spiritual" encyclopedia series TURKESTAN-SPIRITUAL CRADLE. Encyclopedia of linguo-regional studies. Book 1. Nur-sultan, 2019. TURKEY - CRADLE OF SPIRITUALITY. Bölgesel dilbilim ensiklopedisi. Second book. Nur-Sultan, 2019 TURKEY - THE CRADLE OF SPIRITUALITY. Encyclopedia of Linguistic Regional Studies. The third book. Nur-Sultan, 2019. TURKESTAN — THE CRADLE OF SPIRITUALITY. Local linguistic encyclopedia. Fourth book. -Nur-sultan, 2019. Kazakhstan-Turkey: 5 years of friendship and cooperation. Ankara, 1996, one year of the presidency. Astana, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 State Protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2004 practical guidance on the State Protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2004. Kazakhstan. Moscow, 2006 Kazakhstan, people, nature, economy, culture. 2007 Kazakhstan-Russia relations: a collection of documents and materials. Moscow, 2008 Actual aspects of education reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2010. Kazakhstan. Key stages. Ankara, 2011, Kazakhstan. Economy. Business world. Investment opportunities. Ankara, 2012 "Tarihin Akışında" (in the course of history). Turkey, 2012 "Yüzyyıllar Kavşağında". (in the steam of the 21st century). Turkey, 2012 "Kritik en Yil" (critical decade). Turkey, 2012 "Kazakhstan Yolu" (Kazakhstan Road). Turkey, 2012 "Avrasya yürekinde" (In the heart of Eurasia). Turkey, 2012 Kazakhstan-Turkey: high-level strategic cooperation. Ankara, 2013 Kazakhstan-Turkey: 20 years of friendship and cooperation. Ankara, 2013. Seven persons known by John. Turkestan, 2017. Person. Independence. History. Turkestan, 2017. Turkestan is the capital of the Turkic world. Turkestan, 2017. Historical and sacred places of South Kazakhstan region". Turkestan, 2017. South Kazakhstan: stylized stories. Turkestan, 2017. Collection "Sacred places of the South: legends". Turkestan, 2018. Geography of sacred places of Turkestan region 2 Vol. Turkestan, 2018. Turkestan, 2019. Nur-Sultan, 2020. People's expedition. Nur-sultan, 2019. TURKEY-Spiritual encyclopedia, 2019 -Sultan, 2019 - THE CRADLE OF SPIRITUALITY , 2019 * Kazakhstan-Turkey: 5 years of friendship and cooperation. Ankara, 1996 * One year of the President. Astana, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005. * State Protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2004 * Practical guidance on the State Protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2004 * Kazakhstan. Moscow, 2006 * Kazakhstan, people, nature, economy, culture. 2007 * Kazakhstan-Russia relations: a collection of documents and materials. Moscow, 2008 * Current aspects of education reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2010 * Kazakhstan. Key stages. Ankara, 2011 * Kazakhstan. Economy. Business world. Investment opportunities. Ankara, 2012 * "Tarihin Akışında" (in the course of history). Turkey, 2012 * "Yüzyyıllar Kavşağında". (in the steam of the 21st century). Turkey, 2012 * "Kritik en Yil" (critical decade). Turkey, 2012 * "Kazakhstan Yolu" (Kazakhstan Road). Turkey, 2012 * "Avrasya yürekinde" (In the heart of Eurasia). Turkey, 2012 * Kazakhstan-Turkey: high-level strategic cooperation. Ankara, 2013 * Kazakhstan-Turkey: 20 years of friendship and cooperation. Ankara, 2013 * Seven persons known by John. Turkestan, 2017. * Person. Independence. History. Turkestan, 2017. * Turkestan is the capital of the Turkic world. Turkestan, 2017. * Historical and sacred places of the South Kazakhstan region". Turkestan, 2017. * South Kazakhstan: stylized stories. Turkestan, 2017. * "Sacred places of the South: legends" collection. Turkestan, 2018 Geography of Turkestan region, 2018. Turkestan, 2019. * Kazakhstan: the territory of peace and harmony, Nur-Sultan, 2020.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6536

Психология

Psychology is a science that studies the individual psyche of a person, his various emotional, affective, intellectual, and other innate functions, and his interaction with the external environment, sometimes it is also defined as the study of human behavior. Several chapters deal with theoretical and practical directions, and the applied directions are also diverse: therapeutic, social, entrepreneurial, in some cases, political and theological. The main goal of psychology is to study the psyche as the basis of subjective structure, different activities combined with perception and imagination of the external environment. ## Etymology At the etymological level, psychology is recognized as the study of spirit and spirituality (ancient Greek: ψυχή — spirit) (ancient Greek: -λογία — word, science, knowledge). In its Greek sense, this study is limited to vegetative (soul and spiritual being), emotional (intention, wealth, action), intellectual (mind) functions. This means the concept of "doctrine of the soul". However, psychology is a method of spiritual cause and effect, the study of spiritual individuality, the truth within a person, along with the study of mental functions. Mind is not only a place of combination and relation, but through abstraction and material relation it defines the human being as something flexible to the act of thinking. Here is the difference between man and animal. ## Research object of psychology The research object of psychology is the topic of controversy and discussion that has been going on for centuries. There are several traditional opinions that can find a solution to this complex dispute, namely, the research object of psychology is behavior and its formation; thought processes; emotions and attitudes; personality; interpersonal relationships, etc. Method (clinical or experimental) used by different branches of psychology, or human activity (work, reminder, memory, recall, feeling, learning, etc.), or research direction (child development and spirituality , appearance spirituality, animal soul) are distinguished by. Some branches of psychology are combined with other sciences either as adjacent research fields or as branches of the same research field. These chapters, for example, a chapter in psychology, for the study of mental disorders, it is very difficult to define pathology, and to distinguish personality pathology from mental pathology is even more difficult. After all, for a long time the relationship between psychology and philosophy was very close, one might even say inseparable, because previously psychology was a part of philosophy, and philosophy in the old sense of physics (morality, consciousness, action, etc.) It should not be forgotten that established philosophical topics are found in psychology. Thus, some branches of psychology are focused on the study of philosophical topics (personalism, humanism, biologism, etc.). In the research field of psychology, it is possible to collide with other social sciences such as anthropology and sociology. Finally, defining psychology theoretically or practically is not a solved problem today. ## History of psychology ### Ancient development The history of psychological scientific knowledge is divided into two periods. The first of them is the early history of thoughts about the soul, which lasted about 2500 years and began with Aristotle. During this period, psychology is developing together with other sciences, especially philosophy. The first use of the term "psychology" is attributed to the German scholastic philosopher Rudolf Gökel in 1590. However, six centuries earlier, the Croatian humanist Marko Maurulitz used the term as the name of his now-lost work. This may not be the first use of the term, of course, but it is believed to be the earliest documented use of the term today. This term did not come into widespread use before the publication of Psychologia empirica and Psychologia rationalis (1732-1734) by the German idealist philosopher Christian Wolff (1732-1734). This distinction between empirical and rational psychologies was taken from Diderot's Encyclopédie and popularized in France with the help of Meng de Bigang. Despite its ancient Greek roots, translated as "soul" and "cognition", the science of psychology was recognized as the study of the human soul in its religious sense only much later, in the Christian era. The recognition of psychology as a branch of medicine is reflected in the works of Thomas Willis "Doctrine of the Soul" on the functions of the brain and the anatomical treatise "Animal Souls Are Two Thoughts" ("De Anima Brutorum"). Until the 19th century, psychology was considered a branch of philosophy. ### Early Modern Age In 1879 Wilhelm Wundt (1832-1920), recognized as the "father of psychology", opened a psychological research laboratory at Leipzig University in Germany. William James, an American philosopher, published his seminal book "Principles of Psychology" (1890) and laid the foundation for many problems that have attracted the attention of psychologists in the following years. Russian physiologist Ivan Pavlov, who contributed to this field, studied the functions of reminding, memory, and recall in Berlin University, together with Hermann Ebinghaus, who studied the learning process, which is now recognized as classical conditioning, should be mentioned. At this point, in the 1890s, Sigmund Freud, an Austrian doctor, neuroscientist, with an informal education in experimental psychology, developed a new method of psychotherapy - psychoanalysis. Freud's understanding of the mind is based largely on interpretative and introspective methods, and is focused on mental illness and psychopathology. Freud's theories are widespread, and a big reason for this is that the theories address the issue of seeing sexuality and repression as key aspects of psychological development. This was considered a controversial issue at that time, and Freud opened the way for them to be widely considered in the academic community. Freud's theories have a great influence on the theories of psychology in general. ### New Age However, although behaviorism made significant discoveries, it was clearly insufficient to be a guide in the study of human behavior. Noam Chomsky's review of Skinner's book Verbal Action (on the appropriation of speech in the behaviorist theory model) is recognized as one of the main reasons for the end of the reign of behaviorism. In his theory of Generative Grammar, Chomsky argued that language learning does not occur only through association. It is not possible for a person to produce sentences that are unique in terms of meaning and construction only through natural language experience. This implies the existence of an internal state of mind that behaviorism does not recognize as deceptive. Albert Bandura showed that it is impossible for children to learn only through social control, that is, without visible behavior changes. Humanistic psychology saw its strong development in the 1950s and continued as a reference to positivist and scientific methods of mind research. It differentiates the phenomenological approach to human experience and seeks to understand a person and his actions through qualitative research. The roots of humanistic methodology are found in existentialist and phenomenological philosophy, and humanistic psychologists reject scientific methodology at all and conclude that the transfer of human experience to measurements deprives it of all meaning and significance. Some of the theorists who founded this school are Abraham Maslow, who created the hierarchy of human needs, Carl Rogers, the creator of client-centered therapy, and Fritz Perls, who contributed to the creation and development of Gestalt therapy. The development of computer technologies led to consider mental activity as information processing. This, combined with the scientific study of the mind and the belief in the existence of an internal mental state, led to the development of cognitivism and its dominance of mental models. The relationship between the brain and the functioning of the nervous system has become widespread, due to the research of people like Charles Sherrington and Donald Hebb on the one hand, and research on brain damage on the other. With the development of technologies for measuring brain activity with precision, neuropsychology and cognitive neuroscience are recognized as the most entrepreneurial fields of today. With the growing interaction with other sciences (philosophy, information technology, neuroscience), cognitive science has been created, a science that consolidates various fields under one roof to understand the mind and use costs productively. ## Problems of Psychology Psychology is crossed with several problems depending on the side taken by the people who study it. Although many results have been collected and some hypotheses can be confirmed or rejected, a synthetic and rational combination of findings has not reached a common fatwa. ### Is psychology a science? This question is still being asked. The two concepts are opposite to each other, the first says that psychology has been developed as a science, and the second argues that it is only a pre-science. We can consider this issue based on Kurt Lewin's text, which compares the Aristotelian (prelegym) and Galilean (prelegym) types of thinking. Psychology is a science The creation of psychological laboratories proves to people who rely on this methodology that psychological science really exists. This approach is based on the following research methodology: * Propose hypotheses * Experiment or control * Correct, confirm or reject hypotheses * Summarize and return to the first stage Thus, statistical psychology can rely on reproducible results. Psychology is not a science For Western countries (English, German, French, Italian, Spanish, Greek), where some Greek and Latin words have become their mother tongue, the word "psychology" is "spirituality". is understood in the sense of For example, for a Kazakh, the Arabic word "rukh" sounds like the Kazakh's own word, doesn't it?! Similarly, the word "psyche" is understood as "spirit" in the West. Western countries have devoted themselves to the study of their national spirituality, such as "English spirituality", "French spirituality", "Greek spirituality". That is, the "spiritual science" in the West can be a reasonable and useful science. And it is unclear what the word "psychology" means for the post-Soviet countries, including Kazakhstan. In our country, the word "psyche" is not considered "spirit" but "soul"; and "psychology" is mistaken for "spirituality" instead of "spirituality". If the Western countries consider such issues as "spiritual development", "spiritual food", "spiritual disease", ours take only their names and call them "mental development", "psychic food", "mental disease" and refer to vague words without properly understanding their inner meaning. turns it around, and then goes crazy without being able to convey its ultimate meaning. We are full of such flaws, or rather "mistakes". That is why the science of "psychology" in Kazakhstan is not a science. Of course, his discovery has no name. For example, our "psychologists" were not able to conduct any of the necessary tests for identification, as is done in foreign countries. Our people are only engaged in translating and copying the old tests that are considered spiritually useless trash in the Western countries. For example, scientists in Western countries have rejected the fact that there are four types of temperament, let alone a test to determine four types of temperament. And ours have just translated "Eysenck's Temperament Type Test" and started teaching it to students. ## Classification of the fields of psychology and its methods ## Psychologist A psychologist is a specialist who has professional psychological education and conducts research or works in the field of psychology . There are the following forms of psychological professional education: * specialist - full-time (5 years), part-time or evening (6 years, 3.5 years for people with a first higher education) \< > * bachelor's degree - full-time (4 years), evening or part-time (5 years); * master's degree - (bachelor's degree or specialist, and 2 additional years at the master's department); * sciences with a scientific degree in psychology: candidate or doctor of psychological sciences; ## Sources ## External links * Psychology (missing link)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6149

Нигерия

Nigeria (Eng. Nigeria [naɪˈdʒɪrɪə]), Federal Republic of Nigeria (Eng. Federal Republic of Nigeria; Igbo Republic ndi Naigeria; Yoruba Orílẹ̀-èdè Olómìnira Àpatanà lêdè Nàìjíríà; Hausa Jam-huriyar Taraiyar Nijeriya; Fula Republik Federaal bu Niiseriya) — Western A country located in the lower reaches of the Niger River in Africa. The land area is 923768 km². The population is 174.5 million. (2013) (Hausa - 21%, Yoruba - 20%, Igbo - 17%, Fulani - 9%, the rest - Fulbe, Kanuri, Edo, Igbo, etc. peoples). The official language is English. 50% of the population are Muslims, 40% are Christians, and the rest adhere to local religious beliefs. The head of state is the president. The supreme legislative body is the parliament. The capital is the city of Abuja (since 1991). Administratively, it is divided into 36 states and the Federal Capital Territory. National holiday - Independence Day - October 1 (1960). The currency is the naira. ## Nature Most of Nigeria is covered by plains and mountain plateaus (the highest point is Fogel Peak - 2042 m). Equatorial-monsoon climate prevails. The average temperature in January reaches 26 °C, in July it reaches 33 °C. The amount of annual precipitation is 500 mm in the north-east and 4000 mm in the south. The main river is the Niger. The south is occupied by tropical forests, and the north by savannas. In Nigeria, there are elephants and rhinoceroses, leopards, wolves, about 30 species of deer and antelopes, chimpanzees and gorillas, various lizards and crocodiles, hippopotamus and snakes, and tsetse flies in tropical forests. In order to protect animals whose numbers have decreased, state sanctuaries have been organized. Mineral resources include oil and gas, hard coal and lignite, iron, ores of non-ferrous metals (lead, zinc, tin, tungsten, molybdenum, niobium, etc.) and gold. ## History The territory of Nigeria has been inhabited by people since the Middle and Late Stone Age. In the 8th - 10th centuries, the city-states of the Hausa people (Kano, Katsina, Gobir, Zaria, etc.) were established. In the 13th century, the Fulbe tribes came from the north, which quickly mixed with the Hausas. In 1472, he was the first European to enter Nigeria. the Portuguese arrived. 1553 The British also reached the shores of Nigeria. Europeans were engaged in slave trade here. 1862 The British colony of Lagos was established, and colonists gradually conquered a large area along the banks of the Niger River. 1914 the territory of present-day Nigeria began to be called the "Nigerian Protectorate and Colony". After the 2nd World War, the national liberation movements in the country became stronger. As a result, in 1960 On October 1, Nigeria became an independent state and was admitted to the UN (October 7). 1967 - 70 The federal government waged war with the declared independent Republic of Biafra on the territory of Western Nigeria, in which more than 1 million people died. The extremely low standard of living of the people and the fact that the population consists of different ethnic groups have a negative impact on political stability in the country. 1980 - 90 due to ethnic and inter-tribal conflicts within the state, the military came to power. Nigeria is an agrarian country, and oil production is also highly developed. Nigeria has been among the top 10 oil exporters since 1970. It ranks first among African countries in terms of oil production volume (70-80 million tons per year). ## The economy of Nigeria ### General description There are non-ferrous metals, power generation, food, and garment industries. The main agricultural crops that are exported: cocoa, oil palm, peanuts, cotton, rubber plants, sugar cane. Animal husbandry is also quite well developed. Gross National Product per capita is US$880 (1997). Main trade partners: European Union countries and USA. Currency-Nigerian naira was put into circulation on the territory of the country from January 1, 1973, replacing the Nigerian pound. ### Agriculture Cocoa, peanuts, corn, rice, sorghum, millet, cassava (tapioca), yams, rubber, peaches, nectarines, plums, cherries, cherries, citrus fruits, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers and other vegetables and fruits are grown. Apple and pear planting is active. Livestock is raised: sheep, goats, pigs; Fishing is developed. ### Tourism Tourism is one of the important components of the country's budget. The country has tropical forests, savannas, waterfalls, and many objects of cultural and historical importance. However, some parts of the country suffer from lack of electricity, poor road quality and dirty drinking water. ## Culture ### Cinema Nigeria has the second highest number of feature films in the world (872 films in 2006), second only to India in place (1091 films) and across the US (485 films). The Nigerian film industry is called Nollywood, similar to Hollywood. The average production cost of a feature film in Nigeria is about $15,000. ### Sports As in many countries, the national sport is football. The Nigerian national football team has achieved considerable success: it participated in 6 World Cups (in 1994, 1998, 2002, 2010, 2014 and 2018), won the African Cup in 1980, 1994 and 2013[63]. In 1996, Nigeria won gold at the Olympic Games, defeating Argentina in the final. In addition, Nigeria's youth team (under-20) is a silver medalist at the 1989 and 2005 World Cups, while Nigeria's youth team (under-17) has won four World Cups (1985, 1993, 2007, 2013) and reached the final three more times. (1987, 2001, 2009). Many Nigerian footballers play in European championships. ## Sources * Nigerian Media Website Archived 15 December 2019.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7350

Zhailaubai Asylkhanov

Zhailaubai Asylkhanov (July 2, 1964, Oymauit village, Baiganin district) is a drummer, concert performer, ## Short biography * 1987 A. Graduated from Aktobe Clay College named after Zhubanov. * 1997 Graduated from Kurmangazy State Conservatory. * 1987-92 Drum player of the Aktobe regional philharmonic * 1992-95. Artistic director of the "Dombira Dastan" ensemble * 1994. from K. He teaches dombra class at Aktobe Clay College named after Zhubanov. The repertoire includes more than 100 tunes by Kurmangazy, Dauletkerey, Kazangap, Dina, Abyl, Yestai, Sugir, Kulshar, Esir, as well as contemporary Kazakh musicians. ## Achievements * The winner of the republican art competition for the creativity of Kashagan Zhyaru. * Winner of the republican art competition for creativity of Kazangap. ## Awards * Awarded the medal "For meritorious service" (2000). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5595

Hadei

Hades (Azoi, Katarhei, Priscoi) is an informal name for an aeon in Earth's history. Hadean extends from the time of the creation of the Earth to the beginning of the Archaean. ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7683

Black beard

Karasakal is one of the six clans that descend from the Alshin tribe and belong to the Alimuli clan union. Most of them live in Kyzylorda region. The clan's motto is "Aldazhar". Karasakal is divided into two branches. The first is Tegenbolat, the second is Aynik. It branches from Tegenbolat to Pusyrman and Chungir. And Ainyk will continue as Sarbas. The famous Karasakal Erimbet Köldeybekuly Zhyrau came from the Sarbas clan. If we continue the genealogy, it is as follows: Sarbastan - Bakhtiberli, Bula. From Bakhtiberli - Medet, Alibek. From Medet - Mangytai, Mayr. From Mangytai - Kundyz, Kudaibergen, Asan, Usen. From Kudaibergen - Eremen, Sultankeldi, Myrzakeldi. From Eremen - Itemgen, Karymsak. From Itemgen - Aksha, Bekshe, Kabylak, Zholbarys From Aksha - Kuldeybek. From Kuldeybek - Erimbet from Myrzakeldi - Akzhigit. The second child of Sarybas was born from Bula, Nazim, Bauken, Aksha. From Aksha - Alkozha, Zhanbolat, Kenzhebay. From Alkhoja - Badan, Bazarbai, Beimbet. From Zhanbolat - Bekbergen, Shykbergen, Kenzheali, Shaka. From the youngest - Beket, Bekish, Maltai. From Beket - Kosaman. From Kosaman - Shalbay. From Shalbai to Baitu. Kuttyk is the third child of Aksha from Kenzhebai. Karasakal's second son from Tegenbolat - Pusyrman, Chungir from Pusyrman - Shagai, Alau, Zhadiger, Nogai, Zhansugir. From Zhansugir - Jaras, Baikoshkar. Zharastan - Zhanibek, Toktai, Bozambet. From Zhanibek - Zilkara, Shogenbay, Ilyas, Kayipnazar. From Tokhtai - Duysen, Sokir. From Bozambet - Menkebay, Kosnan, Makash, Nurman, Karibay. Zhansugir's second child from Baikoshkar - Alimbet, Yrsymbet Tanbai, Akilsha. From Alimbet - Oteuli, Kurysh, Koshkarbai. From Birsymbet - Zhantore, Zhanpeyis, Shektibay, Sokir, Omar. From Akilshi - Duanbay, Zhanbolat. From Tanbay - Baimyrza - Shektibay - Karynbay - Zhurynbay - Kalender - Zailkhan - Adilet. The second child of Tegenbolat was born from Chungir - Andbay, Dasym, Yrsal, from Zharboldy - Aldiyar, Negizkul, Kebeysin, Sugir. From Aldiyar - Ernazar, Sagynyk, Kushen, Duysen. From Sugir - Itkara, Yrsaly, Dongybai. Chugir's fifth son is from Botan - Kozhamkul, Kushik from Kozhamkul - Elgezer, Khokistanbay. From Elgezer - Torymtai. From the guest house - Atan, Dotan. From Dothan to Kaikozha. ## Persons * Ghani Muratbaev * Erimbet Kuldeybekuly * Shagyray Myrzageldiuly

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7175

Әбілмәмбет

Abilmambet Khan (full name Abil-Muhammad-Bahadur-khan, in written records Abdulmamet, Abulmamet, Abulmagmet, Aimambet, Obolmamet, Abul Mamet, the end of the 17th century - 1770 or 1771, Turkestan) - sultan, from 1739 the ruler of Orta Yuz, and from 1748 later the chief khan of Kazakhstan. The eldest son of Khan Bolat of Orta Yuz, the grandson of Tauke Khan. ## Biography During the reign of Sameke Khan, Sultan Abilmambet ruled the Atigai clan, part of the Kypshaks, the Waks, and the Kereys of the Argyn tribe. In 1723, after the campaign of Lauzan-Shono, the eldest son of the Dzhongar settler Tsevan Rabdan, he went to the Syrdarya region, and in 1725 to the possessions of the Bukhar Khanate. In 1726-1727, he participated in the campaign of Abilkhair and Sameke Khans against the Edil Kalmyks and the Cossacks of the steppes, with a group of 500 soldiers, and in 1733, he led a group of 1000 people in the campaign against the Bashkir tribes. In the spring of 1739, in the city of Turkestan, with the support of the Argyn, Wak, Kerei elders and the famous hero Niyaz Barkyuly, the Khan ascended the throne. Abylai migrated to the north-western regions of the Kazakhs together with the sultan. On August 28, 1740, he swore an oath to the Russian queen Anna Ioannovna. In 1740-1741, the Kazakhs of Orta Yuz were faced with new devastating blows by Lama-Dorzhi, the eldest son of Dzungar noyans Shara-Mandzhi, Septen and Kaldan Seren. Abul Mambet Khan moved to the territory of Kishi Yuz and took refuge in the valleys of the Ilek and Zhayik rivers. In response to the peace treaty offered by the rulers of the Middle Hundred, the governor Kaldan Seren Abilmambet and Barak returned to Turkestan in April 1742, sent a deposit to Dzhungaria and demanded payment of almanac. Due to the current political situation, Abilmambet Khan, fulfilling part of the requirements, migrated to the Turkestan region at the end of 1742 and sent his son Abilpeyiz to Dzongaria as a deposit. He lived in the city of Turkestan from the fall of 1743 until the end of his life, except for a break in the 1750s. He fought for the city with Seyit, the son of Sameke Khan, for 2 years. At the end of 1745, Abilmambet, who relied on the help of Dzungar governor Kaldan Seren, conquered Sauran, Syganak, Sozak, Otyrar, etc., neighboring the city of Turkestan. became the ruler of small villages. Esim Khan (1756-1798) became a new opponent of Abil Mambet in the Turkestan region in the 1850s. In 1758, Abil Mambet Khan was forced to leave the city of Turkestan. However, in the spring of 1762, a peace agreement was reached thanks to the help of Sultan Abylai and Kazybek Bi, who had the voice of Kaz. According to the peace treaty, the city of Turkestan and neighboring settlements are divided into 2 parts. After the death of Abulkhair Khan, he conditionally became the chief khan of Kazakhstan. In the 60s of the 18th century, a large group of clans of the Argyn tribe, some clans of Naimans, Waks, Kereys, Kypchaks and 5,000 families were under his control. Since then, he lived without leaving the city of Turkestan and died at the end of 1770 or the beginning of 1771. According to some sources, Khoja Ahmet Yassaui was buried in the mausoleum. There are no specific historical data about the wives and descendants of Abul Mambet Khan. His eldest son Bolat led a part of the Argyns and the Kunurat tribe, his second son Abilpeyiz Sultan led a large group of Naimans, and his third son Tauke led separate groups of Sirgeli and Sary-Uysyns. ## Literature Andreev I.G. Description of the Middle Horde of the Kirghiz-Kaisaks / Compilation, transcription of the cursive writing of the 18th century and comments by I.V. Erofeeva. Almaty., 1998. * Bakunin V.M. Description of the Kalmyk peoples, and especially the Torgout people, and the actions of their khans and rulers. Elista. 1995. * Valikhanov Ch.Ch. Collected Works in Five Volumes. T. 1. Alma-Ata, 1985. * Erofeeva I.V. Epistolary Heritage of the Kazakh Ruling Elite 1675-1821. Collection of historical documents in 2 volumes / Author of the project, introduction, biographies of the khans, scientific comments; compiler and editor-in-chief I.V. Erofeeva. Almaty: JSC "ABDI Company", 2014. - 696 p. + on 44 pp. — ISBN 978-9965-832-26-0. * Levshin A.I. Description of the Kyrgyz-Cossack, or Kyrgyz-Kaisak hordes and steppes. Ed. 3rd / Comp. I.V. Erofeeva. Almaty, 2009. * Moiseev V.A. Dzungar Khanate and Kazakhs. XVII-XVIII centuries. Alma-Ata, 1991. * Rychkov P.I. Topography of the Orenburg province. Ed. 3rd. Ufa, 1999.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3739

Етістік

verb is a word class that expresses the action and movement of an object. It is the most complex and broadest grammatical category among word classes in the Kazakh language. ## Morphological characteristics In terms of morphological structure, verbs are divided into two branches called simple verbs and complex verbs. ### Singular verbs Singular verbs are classified into two groups based on their structure: root verbs and derived verbs formed by suffixes. Examples of singular verbs: ek, hate, read, write, come, finish, start, handle, mix, slap, drag, slap, pile, enter, wash, say, etc. b. Root verbs Root verbs are verb forms that do not have special morphological parts, and therefore cannot be divided morphologically into roots and suffixes. For example: less, take, say, come, cart, ride, as, open, white, go, start, bat, give, bez, be, bur, bind, start, bakray, de, ez, er, es, et, slander, cry, eat, wind, arrow, jort, ji, mate, write, face, run, snake, stone, spread, fence, fill, knit, color, bark, uk, paralysis, tea, hair, etc. b. But, like other root words, verb roots have been developing historically, their number has been gradually filled and increased, that's why among the root verbs for a long time in the past, they were used in the calculation of derivative words. - sometimes there are words whose root and suffix cannot be distinguished. For example, from the above verbs: tell (ay+t), alda (al+da), baila (bau+la), bakray (bak+yray), cry (yyg+la), start (bas+ta), jort ( jory+t), as well as stop (tok+ta), stop (tok+yra), bolys (bolys+ys), speak (soh+le), tula (tu+la), shekin (shek+in) , minus (limit+er) etc. etc. If we take the verbs that are considered to be roots in the present tense, as shown in parentheses, some of the original root words and suffixes have not been deformed, and some have been deformed and turned into indivisible roots. Derived verbs Derived verbs usually include verbs formed from roots using special suffixes. Derived verbs can be broken down into the appropriate root and suffix, but it is still used in the derived person account. For example: think, celebrate, sweat, rub, heal, eye, toil, do, criticize, ride, moon, wake up. noun based verbs Noun-based verbs include verbs formed from other word classes than verbs, they are often formed from nouns, adjectives, adverbs, adverbs, and adverbs using special suffixes. Suffixes that form verbs from nouns are: * suffix -la (-le, -da, -de, -ta, -te); * -lan (-len, -dan, -den, -tan, -ten) suffix; * -las (-les, -das, -des, -tas, -tes) suffix; * -lat (-let, -dat, -det) suffix; * -a (-e) suffix; * -ay (-ey, -y) suffix; * -kar (-gar, -ker, -ger) suffix; * -ar (-er, -r) suffix; * -al (-al, -yl, -il, -l) suffix; * -ik (ik) suffix; * -sy (-si) and -imsy (-imsy) suffixes; * -syn (-syn) suffix; * -syra (-syre) suffix; * -ra (-re, -yra, -ire) suffix; * -irai (-irai) suffix; * There are both ancient and indefinite suffixes that form verbs from only certain nouns, some from only a few nouns and verbs. They include: -y, -y (bay-y, young, soul, windy, wide, big, narrow, etc.)-sh, -shi-an, -en, -yn, -in, -n-yrka, -irke-yrkan, -irken-yna, -ine-ka, -ke, -ga, -ge-di, -tiy, -ti * - y, -y (rich, young, jan, zelp, wide, big, narrow, etc.) * -sh, -sh * -an, -en, -yn, -in, -n * -yrka, -irke * -yrkan, -irken * -yna, -ine * -ka, -ke , -ga, -ge * -di, -tiy, -ti Verb based verbs Derived verbs formed from verb bases using special suffixes are included in this field. These suffixes can be divided into two branches according to their semantic features. * The meanings of the verb bases to which it is attached to the first group include suffixes that do not add color to the meaning of the action's frequency, multiplication, repetition, superposition, fading, and they are conventionally called suffixes that denote the transitive nature of the action.-la (-le, -da, -de, -ta, -te)-kyla (-kile, -gila, -gile)-mala (-mele, -bala, -bele, -pala, -pele)-kishta (-kishta, -kishte , gishte)-inkyra (-ynkyre, -nkira, -nkire)-imsyra (-imsyre, -msyra, -misre)-ystyr (-istir, -styr, -styr) * -la (-le, - da, -de, -ta, -te) * -kyla (-kile, -gyla, -gile) * -mala (-mele, -bala, -bele, -pala, -pele) \ <> -yxta (-kyshta, -kyshte, -kyshte) * -ynkira (-ynkire, -nkrya, -nkire) * -ymsyra (-imsyre, -msyra, -mysre) * -ystyr (-istir, -styr, -styr) * The second group includes suffixes that do not affect the meaning of the base of the verb to which it is connected, so that the action is related to the subject, they are called verb suffixes. Depending on their features, these suffixes are considered special forms of the verb category and are recognized as indicators of verbs. giz)-yl (-il, -l)-yn (-in, -n) * -ys (-is, e) * -t * -tyr (-tir, -dyr , -dir) * -girl (-girl, -girl, -girl) * -yl (-il, -l) * -yn (-in, -n) \ <> ### Complex verbs Types of complex verbs: * Compound verb * Compound verb * Variable verb * Descriptive verb * Regular verb Compound verb If the first component (noun) of the verb is the base, the second component (auxiliary verb) serves as a conjunction that turns the noun into a verb. For example: help, sing, set an example, accept, etc. b. Compound verb Each part of these verbs has its own independent lexical meaning, and each of these meanings is not less than one another, but equal to each other. For example: take, bring, go and come, go and come, take away, take away, take away, take away, come and go, etc. b. Differentiated verb These verbs are composed of two or more verbs. The first verb is the base (leader) for its lexical meaning, and the suffix of the preposition (-а, -е, -й, -ып, -ип) and the last auxiliary verb add additional grammatical meaning that differentiates the meaning of the leading verb. Depending on the diversity of the auxiliary verbs in the complex verb and the number and number of the components themselves, their grammatical functions and grammatical semantics are diverse, and abstract phenomena such as various stages and stages of the realization or transition of an action. means For example: tell me, tell me; almost said; tell me, tell me, tell me, tell me, tell me, tell me, tell me, tell me, etc. b. Illustrative verb These verbs consist of a leading word and an auxiliary verb. The leading word is in the simple or complex preposition, pronoun form of the verb, simple nouns and mixed forms of noun and verb. An auxiliary verb is added to them as a helper. Most auxiliary verbs are inflected forms of the auxiliary verb e. For example: I went, you went, you were coming, we were trying to understand, I fell asleep, you were late, it would be nice if you came, you were a teacher, he was young; he was going to go, he was going to come, he was going to write, he seems to come, etc. b. Regular verb These verbs include lexicalized and idiomatic phrases. For example: he ate a stick, he ate a stick, he was dry, he bowed, he had a mouthful, there was a dirty sweat, he had a cold eyelid, he put a church on his face, he took his soul, he put his mouth on it, he put his eyes on it, he hated it, he killed himself etc. b. ## Verb forms The system of verb forms is divided into the following grammatical categories: * Verb base. * Gesture name category. * Category of tradition and continuity. * Verb category. * Positivity and non-negation category. * The category of the behavior of the transition. * Category of pronouns. * Category of prefixes. * Rai category. * Tense category. * Relationship of partitive and plural endings to tense. ## Meanings of verbs Verbs can be internally divided into groups according to their closeness to each other in terms of meaning and mutual function: * action verbs (free , raise, fight, wear, measure, etc.); * verbs of movement (turn, turn, roll, smell, run, jump, etc.); * verbs of form and quality (to stand, to stand, to stop, to wait, to increase, etc.); * thinking-speech verbs (say, speak, say, note, remember, etc.); * growth-germination verbs (balala, in a leaf, in a flower, grow, germinate, etc.); * directional verbs (go, come, leave, return, take, leave, etc.); * mood verbs (cry, grieve, regret, laugh, rejoice, etc.); * representational-imitation verbs (sparkle, thunder, thunder, rattle, rattle, rattle, etc.); * sound-voice verbs; * sight-hearing verbs; * behavior verbs can be divided into several groups, like . Also, based on similarities in appearance and meaning or differences in meaning and content, they are called * homonymous verbs, * synonymous verbs, * antonymous verbs can also be classified into groups. Singular verbs - verbs based only on the stem of the word or an inseparable stem (eg. have, come, get, etc.) Statistic verbs - left (eg. I'm sick), relative (Kaz. sakestenu), verbs that mark the display of qualities and properties (Kaz. the grass didn't bloom). Phase verbs are verbs that mark one phase (beginning, continuation, end) of a movement. Finitive verbs are verbs in the classification form. Hamza verbs are verbs in the Arabic language that have a laryngeal sound (hamza) in their root. ## See also: * Predicative forms of the verb * Analytic form of the verb * Unclassifiable forms of the verb * Attributive form of the verb * Verb phrases * Auxiliary verb \ <> * Noun based verb * Verb based noun * Types of verb * Noun * Adjective * Numeral * Morphology * Grammar \< > * Syntax * Preposition * Tense * Rai * Pronoun * Infinitive * Sentence * Word ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7413

Serik Abikenovich Umbetov

Serik Abikenovich Umbetov (June 19, 1950, Prudki village, Zhambyl district, Almaty region) is a public figure. ## Biography Born from the Shapyrasht clan. * Graduated from Almaty Zooveterinary Institute (1983), zooveterinarian. * Since 1974 - T. Kurti district of Almaty region. Foreman of Bokin farm, farm manager, chief zootechnician, secretary of the party committee. * Since 1985 - the director of "Zheltorangy" office, Kurti district, Almaty region. * Since 1988 - chairman of the AAEB of Kegen district of Almaty region. * Since 1989 - T. Kurti district of Almaty region. Director of the agency named after Bokin. * Since 1992 - akim of Kurti district of Almaty region. * Since 1994 - deputy akim of Almaty region. * Since 1996 - Akim of Almaty region. * Since 1997 - first deputy akim of Almaty region. * Since 1999 - akim of Zhambyl region. * Since 14.05.2004 - Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 08.2005 - Akim of Almaty region. * Since 13.04.2011, the manager of affairs of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2012 - deputy of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Awards * Order "Parasat" (15.12.2002). * III degree "Barys" order. * Medal for 10 years of Astana * Medal for 20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Gold Order of the National Olympic Committee ## Shenderi Military title - retired colonel. ## Family * Father - Abike Umbetov, deceased, worked as a zootechnician. Mother - Umbetova Koken, retired. * Married. His wife is Umbetova Ermekkul (born in 1955). * Daughters - Kuralai (born in 1973), Nadira (born in 1980), Aliya (born in 1981); * Uly - Dauren (born in 1975). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5779

Мажарстан

Hungary (Magyar Magyarország [ˈmɒɟɒrorsaːɡ]: in translation - "Land of Magyars (magyarok, modyarok)"), the official name of 1989-2011 is the Hungarian Republic (Magyar Köztársaság (modyar köztarshošag)) is a country located in the center of Europe. ## Geography Hungary is located between the Alps, the Carpathians and the Dinaric Mountains. Half of its territory is occupied by the Great Middle Danube basin. The Danube, the main river of Hungary, runs through the heart of the country. There are many sanatoriums, hotels, and tourist places on the shores of the large and beautiful Lake Balaton. Hungary is a European country bordering Austria, Slovakia, Ukraine, Romania, and Croatia. ## Economy Hungary is a country located in the center of Europe. The land area is 93 thousand km². The population is 9.6 million people. The capital is Budapest. More than 90% of the population are Magyars. The rest are Germans, Serbs, Croats, Romanians, Jews, and other peoples. The state language is Magyar (Hungarian). The vast majority of inhabitants adhere to the Catholic (70%) and Protestant (25%) branch of Christianity. ## Administrative structure Hungary is a parliamentary republic. The country is headed by the president. The legislative body is a unicameral State Assembly. The executive power is exercised by the government consisting of representatives of various parties in the State Assembly. ## Administrative division Hungary is divided into 19 média (regions) and a média-equivalent (NUTS-3 unit) capital, Budapest. Media is divided into yarash, yarashs - into cities and communities, capital districts. Representative bodies of cities and communities - local representatives elected by the people (képviselő testület); executive body - mayor (polgarmester, polgarmashter); representative bodies of districts - representative offices (képviselő, keypvishelo); district executive bodies - mayors; representative bodies of the media - veja (közgyűlés, kozdiulesh); Executive bodies will be chairpersons. ## Climate Since it is located in the Middle Danube Plain, more than 60% of its land is plain, and the rest is mountainous. The plains are suitable for agriculture, and the mountainous regions are densely forested. The world-famous resort area - Lake Balaton is located here. The climate is temperate. The average temperature in January is -2*C - -4*C, in July it is 20-22*C. The annual amount of precipitation is 450–900 millimeters. ## History In the 1st millennium BC, Sakas and Celtic, Illyrian, Thracian tribes inhabited the land of modern Hungary. Later, Germanic, Hun and Avar tribes came and attacked the Western Roman Empire from here. In this region, in 430, the West Hun state led by Attila (Ata El) khagan was founded, and after its collapse, the Avar rule led by Bayan Khan triumphed. In 895, under the leadership of King Arpad, seven tribes of Magyars (Magyars) migrated and settled. Arpad's great-grandson Geza converted to Christianity and established a European-style state. During Genghis Khan's invasion (1237-46), many Kypchak tribes came to Hungary and settled. In 1301, the Arpad dynasty was overthrown, and the Anjou dynasty took over. In 1335, they united with the Czech and Polish kings and formed a political and trade union. In 1372, a university was opened in Pest. At the beginning of the 16th century, the consequences of disunity in the country led to the weakening of Hungary. The Ottoman Sultanate established its power here in 1526-1686. The country was divided into three parts: Transylvania in the east, the central part occupied by the Turks, and the Kingdom of Hungary ruled by the Habsburg dynasty. In 1683, after the defeat of the Turks at the foot of the city of Vienna, Hungary joined the "Holy Alliance" with the states of Poland and Venice, and in 1686 they liberated the country. But the Habsburg dynasty came to power. Since 1867, Hungary has become a country with an independent parliament and constitution, and has begun to develop rapidly economically. At the beginning of the First World War, in the autumn of 1918, supporters of the Entente came to the head of the government in the country. However, in the spring of 1919, Hungarian prisoners of war released from Russian prisons established a temporary Soviet government in Hungary. A monarchist group led by Horthy suppressed it by force and restored the royal government. The new government was influenced by Germany and Italy from the 1930s and became an ally of Germany during World War II. After the war, Hungary remained in the sphere of influence of the Soviet Union, and communists came to the head of the government. On the twenty-third of October 1956, the totalitarian regime was abolished, the multi-party system was restored, and the government announced its withdrawal from the Warsaw Pact. On November 4, Soviet troops invaded Hungary, dissolved the government, and about two hundred thousand people went abroad. Due to political changes in Eastern Europe, in late 1989, the communists fell from power and were replaced by national democratic forces. It is an associate member of the European Union (EU), and in 1999 it became a member of NATO. Hungary is a moderately developed industrial-agrarian country. The average per capita national income is about 4,300 US dollars. Leading branches of the economy: machine building, machine tool production, chemistry, medicine, metallurgy, furniture making, etc. Agriculture is well developed. Wheat, corn, sugar beet, sunflower are cultivated. Poultry farming and wine production are well developed. Main trade partners: Germany, Austria, Italy, France, USA, Great Britain, CIS countries. The Hungarian government recognized the independence of Kazakhstan in 1991. Member of the UN since 1955. Participates in the work of many international organizations, including the Council of Europe. As a result of socio-economic changes implemented in Hungary under the people's government, socialist production relations began to develop in the country's economy. * Between 1950 and 1970, the country's national income grew by 6% annually. * In 1969, capital spending on public expenses increased 10 times compared to 1938. * In 1938-1970, agricultural production increased by 33%. * In 1969, 54% of the national income was provided by industry and 21% by agriculture, that is, Hungary became an industrial-agrarian country. The Soviet Union and all the socialist countries helped the economic development of Hungary. Hungary is a member of the Council of Economic Mutual Assistance among socialist countries. The resident people of Hungary call themselves "Magyars". There are many historical, archival data and legends about the fact that these Hungarian Magyars came to the territory of Europe where they currently live from the great steppe and that they were part of the population that migrated there at some time. The events related to the Huns in Magyar legends tell that the contact of the Magyars with the East began in ancient times, when the Magyars migrated from Asia to Europe in 896. ## Kazakhstan and Hungary consider Kazakhstan their homeland. In the 9th century, the people known as Kypchaks migrated to Hungary after the Mongol invasion in 1239. Koten Khan sent ambassadors to IV Bela and asked permission to move to Hungary with his people. After receiving permission, in 1239-40 he moved with his 40 thousand (in some sources 60 thousand) people. They settle in areas suitable for free migration, living according to old customs, plains. It takes a hundred years for them to become completely settled, and their language, according to István Mandoki Konyr, is preserved until the end of the 17th century. To this day, the area between the Danube and the Tisza in Hungary is called Kishkunshak (Land of the Little Kypshak), and the eastern part is called Nadkunshak (Great Kypshak). The city of Karsak is the heart of Uly Kypchak land. The first opinions about the kinship of Magyars and Kazakhs began to be published in the 19th century in local newspapers. In 1835, Shamuel Brashshai's work entitled "Kyrgyz-Kazakhs" was published. Later, the works of Magyar scientists related to the Kazakh country and region began to be published. Among them, the name of Dierd Almachy stands out. In 1900, as a result of his trip to the Kazakh land, the work entitled "My Journey to the Heart of Asia" was published. In his book, he provides a lot of information about the life, lifestyle, economy, trade, customs, beliefs, handicrafts, and oral literature of the peoples of Central Asia, including the Kazakhs. In the 20th century, a well-known Hungarian scientist and anthropologist, Tibor Toth, in his scientific works began to comprehensively study the clans of the two countries, the kinship ties between Kazakhs and Magyars, but he could not continue this scientific legacy due to political reasons. Andros Biro raises it to a scientific level. In 2006, under the leadership of Androsh, a joint Kazakh-Magyar anthropological expedition in the Kostanay region made genealogical data and anthropological measurements among Kazakhs and representatives of the Magyar clan living in the Torgai region. DNA samples are taken and analyzed for Y chromosomes, which do not change for centuries and store genetic information. As a result, the kinship between Hungarian Magyars and Kazakhs is fully proven. And Istvan Mandoki Konyr in his work entitled "Monument of the Sun Language in Hungary" (1993) cites the similarity of some words in the Hungarian language and words in the Kazakh language. For example: rope - arkany, powder - ontak, shotgun - csollak, dowry - kangyik, chicken - tyúk, knife - bicska and others. ## Nature 68% of Hungary's land is plain, 30% is a hilly region, 2% is a medium-altitude mountain. Most of the land is occupied by the northern part of the Middle Danube Plain. The Danube River divides the country. On its eastern side is the Middle Big Danube, on the north are medium-sized mountains and the highest mountain in Hungary, Kekeş (1015 m.). The Dunatul Plain, the southern part of the Lesser Middle Danube Basin, and the foothills of the Middle Hungarian Mountains and Alpi occupy the right side of the Danube. In the north-eastern part of Hungary there is a famous Aktelek cave. The lowest stratified layer of the Middle Danube Plain is made of Paleozoic and Mesozoic rocks, its upper layer is made of mixed sand and clay of the Paleogene, Miocene, Piocene, and the upper layer is made of sediments of the sandy layer of lakes and rivers. The northern medium-altitude mountains are composed of Permian and Triassic clay igneous slate and limestone, the Middle Magyar Mountains are composed of Permian sandstone and conglomerate, and Triassic and Jurassic marl, dolomite and limestone. Minerals: * Natural gas; * Oil; * Iron ore; * Coal; * Lignite; * Bauxite; The climate is temperate, continental. The average temperature in January is 2.4 C, in July it is 20-22.4 C, the annual amount of precipitation is 450-900 mm. In the eastern part of the Great Middle Danube Plain, there are some years of drought. The main river is the Danube. Its major tributaries are Tisza, Raba, Shio, Drava. There are many land irrigation canals along the Tisza River. Most of the Hungarian lakes are small. Many places have black soil. Mountainous, hilly areas have brown and turf-carbonate soil characteristic of forest land, river valleys have alluvial soil. Hungary used to be one of the densely forested countries, now only 13.5% of its land is forested. Animals and birds inhabiting the fields and forests, pike, pike, and other fish can be found in the rivers. The territory of Hungary is divided into six natural regions: * Big Middle Danube basin; * Northern mountainous region; * Small Middle Danube basin; * Mountainous region beyond the Danube; * Mezefel; * Southwestern Hungary. ## Industry In socialist Hungary, a local energy and raw material base has been built. Industries that did not exist before appeared, large enterprises were opened in agrarian regions. Hungary's subsoil is not very rich in minerals. Main industries of Hungary: * Metal processing. * Make a car. * Chemistry. * Food industry 80% of iron ore and 65% of coke used in ferrous metallurgy are imported from abroad. The Hungarian machinery industry is mainly based on the production of complex machines with low metal consumption. There are also motorcycle, truck, bus and ship factories. In 1970, the production of automobiles increased 16 times compared to 1938. In 1969, 14,000 metal-working machines, 4,789 buses, and 345 television sets were produced. Hungarian chemical enterprises are located in the cities of Kazincbarcsica, Leninvaros, Varpalota, Solnok. In 1969, 454 thousand tons of sulfuric acid, 2381 thousand tons of fertilizers, 39.5 thousand tons of plastic and synthetic resin were produced. Agriculture 90% of agriculture in Hungary is in the hands of cooperatives and state farms, specializing in planting fruit, grapes, vegetables, and raising beef cattle. More than half of the territory of Hungary is agricultural land, 60% of which is arable land. Between the rivers Danube and Tisza, on the slopes of the mountains, grapes are grown for making the most valuable wine. Animal husbandry accounts for more than 60% of agriculture and about 40% of agricultural exports. Breeding of meaty large pigs is highly developed. After the 2nd World War, sheep breeding began to flourish. Horses are bred in the southern part of the country. Foreign economic relations In 1949-1969, Hungary's foreign product turnover increased 7.1 times. In 1969, 68% of exports and 67.7% of imports went to socialist countries. Machines, radio equipment, and televisions dominate the export, and 90% of them were exported to socialist countries. Exported medicines, outerwear and shoes, bauxite and alumina are increasing year by year. Every year, iron ore, coal, oil, electricity, and various semi-finished products are imported from abroad. In 1970, the Soviet Union accounted for 34% of foreign trade turnover. The importance of tourism in the country's economy is growing. 6 million in Hungary in 1969. there were foreign tourists. ## See also * List of Hungarian cities * Hungarian press * Hungarian television * Hungarian telegraph agency ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7287

Минерал

Mineral (old lat. minera - lump of stone) is a natural body with the same chemical composition and physical properties. It is formed due to physical and chemical processes on the surface of the earth or in the interior of the earth (space bodies) and forms rocks, rocks, meteorites, etc. constitutes Minerals are mostly solids. They are classified as crystalline (pyrite, galena), amorphous (opal, limonite) and metamic (crystal-like on the outside, amorphous on the inside, similar to glass). Each mineral is a natural compound with its own composition and crystal structure. Individual crystals, grains and other bodies are called Mineral Individuals, and the aggregates of Mineral Individuals are called Mineral Aggregates. There are about 2.5 thousand types of minerals studied in nature, and about 30 new types of minerals are discovered every year. Most minerals have an ionic structure (crystal chemistry). Covalent and intermetallic structures are rare. All last elements from inert (noble) gases and uranium in Mendeleev's table participate in mineral composition. Some of them take the main place in the composition of minerals, and those with structure and properties similar to the main elements (Pd, Ge, In, Cd, Ga, Tl, Se, I, Br, Re, Rb) are found in the form of isomorphic mixtures in minerals. Isomorphic mixtures change the chemical properties of minerals. In nature, there are silicates (25% of the total number of minerals), sulfides (13%), phosphates and vanadates (18%), oxides and hydrogen oxides (12%), various natural chemical compounds (32%). 92% of the earth's crust consists of silicates, oxides, hydrooxides. In terms of chemical composition, minerals are divided into pure elements and complex compounds. Mineral crystals consist of simple anions (S2–, O2–, OH–, Cl–, etc.), anionic radicals [CO3]2–, [SiO4]4–, [PO4]3–, etc. is formed. Crystal chemical classification of minerals, based on structural features. Changes in the composition of minerals of the same type due to isomorphism processes depend on the atomic (ionic) radii, crystal-chemical numbers, types of chemical bonds of their constituent atoms, ions. The mineral morphology is defined according to its internal, structure, conditions of formation. For example, fibrous rhodosite of the Karaganda region is liquid, and dense, loose rhodosite like beans is formed by crystallization of thick colloidal solutions. Individual Minerals vary in size. Quartz crystals found in Tarbagatai pegmatites are 6 meters long, weigh 72 tons, and have edges up to 1 meter wide. Some colloidal minerals have a volume of several m3. Minerals in nature are usually found in the form of dendrites, oolites, spherulites, secretions, concretions, grains, soil-like masses, stalactites, stalagmites. The physical properties of minerals depend on their crystal structure and chemical composition. Depending on the density, Minerals are classified as light (up to 2500 kg/m3), medium (2500 - 4000 kg/m3), heavy (4000 - 8000 kg/m3) and very heavy (above 8000 kg/m3). Depending on the transparency, it is divided into transparent (rock crystal), semi-transparent (sphalerite), and opaque (magnetite). Minerals go through stages of formation, growth, and change (Mineral ontogeny). The mineral is formed in magmatic melts, solutions, gases. Grouping of several minerals after certain processes is called mineral paragenesis. The resulting mineral associations are determined on the basis of various physico-chemical diagrams created on the basis of paragenetic analysis. Mineral formed in natural reactions is closely related to its environment, its phase state and physical-chemical parameters. These conditions affect the composition and various properties of minerals and give them typomorphic features (crystallographic features of minerals, nature of aggregates, size of individual compounds, some physical and chemical properties). Minerals appear in exogenous, endogenous, metamorphogenic processes. In order to determine the genesis of minerals, it is necessary to know the chemistry of the processes of their formation, the phase state of the formed environment, the physical and chemical parameters of the system, the ways of formation, growth, development, and the fundamental basis of the substances that make it up. The main ways to determine these are: a) study of geological conditions; b) identification of typomorphic features; b) analysis of paragenetics; c) ontogeny analysis; d) study of gas and liquid mixture; d) calculation of thermodynamic parameters of natural reactions; e) determination of thermodynamic parameters using various geothermometers and gasobarometers; f) study of the physical-chemical system of equations; g) repeating the ways of formation in nature with practice; h) determination of isotopic composition. The use of minerals in production is based on their various valuable properties. Very hard minerals (diamond, corundum, garnet, etc.) are used as abrasives, and those with piezoelectric properties are used in radio electronics; Jewelry is made from very beautiful colors. The physical properties of minerals make it possible to search for their ores and enrich the deposits. More than 60 elements of the Mendeleev table are produced from minerals found in Kazakhstan. Selected collections of minerals collected from different parts of Kazakhstan are exhibited in geological museums of Kazakhstan. The corundum mineral from the Semizbugi mine is stored in the museum of the geological institution in Bandung (Indonesia); ## Term The term "mineral" is used to refer to an individual, species and variety. A mineral is a natural chemical compound with a specific chemical composition and crystal structure as a mineral species. If the differences in the chemical composition of the structural identity are not very large, then the mineral varieties are divided according to their color, morphological or other features: for example, rock crystal, amethyst, citrine, chalcedony are varieties of quartz. Minerals are mineral bodies that have interfaces between them, such as crystals and grains. The study of minerals deals with the science of mineralogy. Genetic mineralogy determines the formation of minerals, and mineral phylogeny deals with the study of mineral species. Since the 1950s, the discovery of a new mineral and its name have been approved by the Commission on New Minerals and Mineral Names of the International Mineralogical Association (IMA). Currently, more than 5,336 mineral species have been established, and the commission approves several dozen new species every year, but only 100-150 minerals are widespread. Some natural substances that are liquid under atmospheric conditions are also considered minerals (for example, natural mercury that crystallizes at low temperatures). Water, on the other hand, does not belong to minerals, it is considered as a liquid state (melt) of mineral ice. Some minerals are amorphous and have no crystal structure. These are called metamict minerals, which mainly have the external form of crystals, but are in an amorphous, glassy state due to the destruction of their original crystal lattice under the influence of strong radioactive radiation of the radioactive elements included in their composition (uranium, thorium, etc.). Minerals are clearly crystalline, amorphous - metacolloids (for example, opal, lechatellerite, etc.) and there are metamict minerals that have the external form of crystals, but are in an amorphous, glassy state. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6199

East Timor

Timor-Leste, in UN terminology Timor-Leste, sometimes transliterated Timor-Leste (Tetumese Timór Lorosa'e), the full official name is the Democratic Republic of East Timor (Portuguese: República Democrática de Timor-Leste, Tetumese Repúblika Demokrátika Timór-Leste) — A country in Southeast Asia located in the eastern part of the island of Timor, with a small exclave (Okusi-Ambeno province) on the west side of that island and the small islands of Atauru (in the north) and Jaku (in the east) in the north. The country was colonized by the Portuguese Empire in the 16th century and was known as Portuguese Timor until it was freed from the colony. In late 1975, East Timor declared its independence, but later that year it was annexed by Indonesia, and the following year it was annexed as the 27th Indonesian province. After the 1999 United Nations-backed Self-Government Act, the Indonesian government lost control of the territory, and on May 20, 2002, East Timor became the first new sovereign state of the 21st century. After independence, the country joined the United Nations and the Community of Portuguese-speaking States. In 2011, East Timor announced its intention to join the Association of Southeast Asian Nations, which expressed its intention to become eleven members. It is one of two Christian countries in Southeast Asia (the other being the Philippines). ## Geography A country located in the northeast of the island of Timor in Southeast Asia. The land area is 15 thousand km2. ## Population Population - 1.04 million. Man (2005). ### Ethnic groups * tetum * bunak * mambai * tokode * makasai * kairui * lovaea * dagoda ### Religion * 90% are Catholics * 4% are Muslims * the rest are Protestants, Hindus, Buddhists, animists ## Terrain The land of East Timor is mostly mountainous and volcanic. The highest point is 2963 m. ## Climate The climate is sub-equatorial monsoon. The annual average temperature on the coast is 25-27°С, the annual rainfall is 1500 mm (dry period between May and November). typical. They lived in the first communal building until the 16th century. The Portuguese were the first Europeans to settle in East Timor in the 16th century and built settlements. Until 1974, the country was a colony of Portugal. 1975 On November 28, the Revolutionary Front for the Independence of East Timor announced the country's independence. However, 9 days later, Indonesian troops invaded the territory of the country, and East Timor became the 27th province of Indonesia. However, the local patriots did not stop the freedom struggle against the Indonesian authorities. Rebels were punished mercilessly. About 250,000 people were killed during the 27-year war. 1999 As a result of the last referendum, the Indonesian army was withdrawn from the country, and East Timor came under the control of the UN. 2002 On May 20, East Timor declared its independence. ## Economy East Timor is one of the poorest countries in the world. During the struggle for independence, the country's transport infrastructure and industrial enterprises were completely destroyed. That is why East Timor's economy needs international assistance. The main branch of the country's economy is agriculture. Corn, rice, sugarcane, sorghum, taro, yams, cassava, millet, sweet potato, as well as buffalo, horse, goat and poultry are grown in order to satisfy the domestic demand of the country. Fish is caught from the sea. There is an enterprise processing agricultural raw materials in the country. Oil and natural gas deposits have been explored from its shores. Coffee, coconut, marble, and sandalwood materials are exported. The national income per capita is about 537 US dollars. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5133

Eset Kokiuly

Eset Kokiuly, Tama Eset (1667-1749) is one of the famous heroes of the Kazakh people, whose name is known throughout the country in the fight against the Dzungar invaders. The family name comes from the Atashal branch of the Tama clan in Dzhetiru of Kishi Yuz. He was the son-in-law of the famous Kishi-zuz Bokenbay Batyr, who was by Abulkhair Khan's side when he raised the issue of joining Russia and actively participated in the transfer of Kishi-zuz and Orta-zuz to the Russian tsar. Eset's father Bazarkululy Koki was also a famous hero in his time. He got the name "Taimas batyr" because he always attacked the enemy without giving up. Historians write that this Koki Batyr was among the army of Jalantos Bahadur, who came to help with 20 thousand soldiers when he was fighting with 600 soldiers against the 50,000-strong army of Batyr Khontayshi of Dzhungar Khan, Salkam Dzhangir, and he broke the line and showed great bravery. Like his fellow citizens, who were born in the wartime, grew up with the struggle, and became adults, Eset joins the campaign to defend the country early. He stands out for his personal bravery and becomes a hero. In the victorious battles under Tauke Khan, Eset Batyr begins the Little Hundred Hand. There is also a story that Tauke Khan, who was pleased with Eset's spearmanship and showed bravery in one of these battles, later called him and blessed him saying: "May your shame fall, may your spear not be pierced, and may your country's honor be salted." Eset Batyr united as a nation after the famous "Aktaban Shubyrindy", took part in the Battle of Bulanty, which dealt the first devastating blow to the Dzhungars, and contributed to the Great Victory, which raised the spirits of the oppressed country. And in the war of Andyrakay, which was a turning point in history, he became a soldier who raised the banner of the Little Hundred. The later life of Eset Batyr is closely connected with the politics of Abulkhair Khan. He will be next to the khan and give him advice, he will be the one who will close the gap between the khan and the people. In particular, he cooperated with the great historical figures of that time, Bogenbai Batyr and Zhanibek Batyr, to help the khan in dispelling the cloud of danger when he fell under the rule of the Russian king. In 1743, the tsarist government awarded him the title of "Tarkhan" for his meritorious work in improving relations with Russia. Eset Batyr died of his own death at the age of eighty-two in his homeland. At the beginning of the 18th century, Tauke Khan joined the heads of seven clans and elected Eset Batir as the head of the Zhetiru tribe in the council, which included the heads of three hundred with the aim of enlarging it. Eset was a hero, a wise man, and a gentleman. Eset Batyr, one of the seven sons of Koki Batyr, went to the enemy before he was twenty years old and gained the title of a hero by his valor in the wars with Dzhungars and Kalmyks. He was a friend who grew up together with Abilkhair Khan, and Eset Batyr was one of the people who steadfastly supported Abilkhair Khan in his struggle to join the Kazakh people to Russia. He showed exceptional bravery in the place called Kalmakkrylan, and asked "Is God's stone hard, is Eset's head hard?" left a catchphrase. According to folk tales, Eset's daughter Botagoz was also a hero who defended her country. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4026

Швейцария

Switzerland (German die Schweiz, French Suisse, Italian Svizzera, Romansh Svizra), official name - Swiss Confederation (German Schweizerische Eidgenossenschaft, French Confédération suisse, Italian Confederaziun svizra, Romansh Confederaziun svizra) is located in Central Europe A federal state consisting of 26 cantons. There is no de jure capital. The de facto capital and administrative center of the country is the city of Bern. Switzerland is located at the junction of western, central and southern Europe, is landlocked and borders Italy to the south, France to the west, Germany to the north, and Austria and Liechtenstein to the east. The country is geographically divided between the Alps, the Swiss Plateau, and the Jura, with a total area of 41,285 km². While the Alps cover most of the territory, Switzerland's population of about 8.5 million is concentrated in the plateaus, where the largest cities are located, including two global ones, Zurich and Geneva. Switzerland is located at the crossroads of German and Romance Europe; has four main linguistic and cultural areas: German, French, Italian and Romansh. Although the majority of the population speaks German, Switzerland's national identity is based on a shared historical experience, shared values: federalism, direct democracy and Alpine symbolism. Due to its multilingualism, Switzerland is known by several names: Schweiz (German); Suisse (French); Svizzera (Italian); and Svizra (Romansh), however Swiss coins and stamps use the Latin name Confoederatio Helvetica instead of the four national languages. Switzerland is one of the most developed countries in the world, with the highest nominal wealth of adults and the eighth highest GDP per capita. It ranks first in a number of international indicators, including economic competitiveness and the Human Development Index. Zurich, Geneva and Basel were among the world's top ten cities for quality of life, with Zurich taking second place. ## Nature Switzerland is considered a mountainous country, the majority of which is located in the territory of the Alps (60% of the country). In the south are the Pennine Alps, the Lepontine, the Rhaetian Alps and the Bernine massif. These mountains are separated from each other by the deep transverse valleys of the Upper Rhône and the Upper Rhine. High, uneven, snow-capped mountains formed mainly of crystalline rocks are dissected by deep gorges. There are many firn fields and glaciers at the top of the mountains (10% of the country). The main passes (Big St. Bernard, Simplon, St. Gothard, Bernina) are located above 2000 m. To the north and northwest, the Alps become lower, and the glaciers begin to thin. To the northwest of the Alps is the Swiss plateau, which occupies about 1/3 of the country. It decreases from 1000 — 1200 m to 400 m (Rhine and Aare river valleys). Most of the country's population is concentrated here, large cities and industrial centers are located here. Also here is the most fertile a. sh. there are lands and pastures. In the south-west of the country there are layered Jura mountains (the highest point within Switzerland is Mont-Tendre - 1679 m). The animal world of Switzerland strongly feels the influence of human economic activity. Although snow hares and white hares are widespread, there are no mountains. Roe deer, red deer and alpine marmots are rare. A lot of work is being done to protect wild animals. The Swiss National Park, located on the border with Austria, is home to roe deer and red deer, partridges and foxes, as well as several species of birds of prey. Switzerland is a landlocked country, its territory is divided into three natural regions: * Jura mountains in the north, * Swiss plateau in the center, * Alps mountains in the south, which occupy 61% of Switzerland. The northern border begins in the middle of the Swiss Alps and runs partly along the Rhine, which begins in the center along Lake Constance and the Rhine, and forms part of the eastern border. The western border passes through the Jura mountains, the southern - along the Italian Alps and Lake Geneva. The plateau lies in a lowland, but most of it is 500 meters above sea level. The new layered Jura mountains consisting of forested ridges (up to 1600 m) stretch to the territory of France and Germany. The highest point of Switzerland is located in the Pennine Alps — Dufour peak (4634 m), the lowest point — Lago Maggiore river — 193 m. Switzerland has 6% of fresh water in Europe. The largest rivers are Rhone, Rhine, Limmat, Aare. The ten largest lakes of Switzerland: * Lake Geneva (582.4 km²) * Lake Constance (539 km²) * Lake Neuchatel (217.9 km²) \ <> * Lago Maggiore (212.3 km²) * Lake Firwaldstädt (113.8 km²) * Lake Zurich (88.4 km²) * Lugano (48.8 km²) * Thun (48.4 km²) * Lake Bielsk (40 km²) * Lake Zugsk (38 km²) ## Administrative division Switzerland from 26 cantons (20 cantons and 6 semi-cantons). 1 was established in 1979. ### Climate The climate of Switzerland is a moderate transitional climate influenced by the oceanic climate of Western Europe, the humid continental climate of Central Europe, the Mediterranean climate and the mountainous climate. Precipitation is distributed throughout the year, sometimes as snow in winter. There is a 20 °C difference between the average temperature of the hottest month (July) and the coldest month (January) in the four seasons. The Alps act as a climatic barrier and cause significant differences in temperature and precipitation depending on the geographical location (microclimates). The influence of the Mediterranean climate is more pronounced than in the southern Alps, where the summers are quite warm, and the winters are remote and drying. The effect of the hot continental climate is characterized by significant temperature differences in the eastern part of the country and high precipitation in summer. The average temperature varies with the height of the land and the period of the year, because it can be several layers with different climatic and natural environments on the mountain facades due to the relief. In summer areas such as the Swiss Platform (500 m), the hottest days of the summer - from June to September - the temperature exceeds 30 °C and can fall below 0 °C in the winter - from December to March. The average temperature drops to 1 degree every 300 m. The winter season lasts from November to April at an altitude of 1,500 m, and during the winter season, conditions are favorable for winter sports. At over 3,000 meters, snow remains year-round and temperatures rarely rise above 10 °C. During the summer, the sunlight is high throughout the country and low in the plains and plains during the winter due to the phenomenon of mountain slopes. When affecting the Alps, the southerly winds blow from the north, causing rainy and mild weather on the southern face of the Alps and dry, warm weather on the northern face. On the contrary, cold northerly wind blows in the south, rainy and cold weather in the north, and sunny, bad weather in the south. The Valais region, located in the Inner Alps, receives dry air throughout the year. The wind is a cold wind from the northeast, which is frequent in winter. This leads to lower temperatures, clear skies and a cold effect with wind speeds of up to 100 km/h. ### Environment Switzerland's ecosystems can be very fragile, as many fragile valleys separated by mountains often form unique ecologies. Mountainous areas themselves are vulnerable to a rich spectrum of plants not found at other altitudes, and are experiencing some pressure from visitors and pastures. The climatic, geological and topographical conditions of the Alpine region have turned into a very delicate ecosystem, particularly sensitive to climate change. Nevertheless, according to the 2014 environmental indicators, Switzerland ranks first among 132 countries for its high environmental performance, its heavy dependence on renewable energy sources (hydropower and geothermal energy), and environmental protection. greenhouse gas emissions. ## History Many settlements of people who inhabited Switzerland in ancient times have been preserved (Drachenloh, Birzek, etc. Paleolithic caves, Mesolithic settlements, sliding buildings, etc.). The first written data on the population of Switzerland dates back to BC. It belongs to the 2nd century. At that time, the majority part of Sh was inhabited by Celtic Helvetian and Eastern tribes. BC In 58, at the bottom of Bibrakt, the Helvetii were defeated by G.Yu. Caesar's army was defeated and turned into federates dependent on Rome. Later B.C. 15 years tribes were also completely subjugated to the Roman Empire. In the 5th century, the territory of the country was occupied by Alemanni, Burgundian, Ostrogothic tribes. In the 7th century, the land of Switzerland became part of the kingdom of the Franks, and the local population converted to Christianity. In the 10th and 11th centuries, Switzerland was part of the "Holy Roman Empire". In the 13th century, the Habsburg Center tried to completely subjugate the "mountain cantons" (Schwyz, Uri, Lower Unterwalden) that controlled the mountain passes connecting Europe with Italy. In August 1291, during the height of the struggle with the Habsburgs, these cantons formed an "eternal union" that formed the foundation of the Swiss union (confederation). In 1315, as a result of the defeat of the Austrians at the Battle of Morgarten, the Swiss Confederation retained its independence. In 1499 Sh. Complete independence from the "Holy Roman Empire" was officially confirmed in 1648 in the Treaty of Westphalia. In the 16th century, the economy of the country. Reformation centers led by J. Calvin and U. Zwingli appeared in developed cities. In 1798, the Puppet Republic of Helvetia was established in Switzerland as a result of the invasion of the country by the French. Due to the defeat of N. Bonoparte in 1814, Switzerland became an independent confederation of sovereign cantons. In 1815, the Congress of Vienna announced the "Perpetual Neutrality" of Switzerland (the country made a statement about refusing to participate in wars, enter into military alliances, and expand its territory). At the Congress of Vienna, the current border of Sh was also determined. According to the constitution adopted in 1848, Switzerland was a united confederation with Bern as its capital. became a state. During World Wars 1 and 2, Switzerland maintained its neutrality. In the second half of the 20th century, the political and economic development of European countries. Switzerland's role increased somewhat during the integration process. However, as a result of the 1986 referendum, the people did not give their consent to Switzerland's bid to join the UN. 2nd world. In the post-war period, the country has many nations. actively participates in the work of organizations, maintains a policy of neutrality. In December 1991, the Swiss Confederation recognized the state sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1992, diplomatic relations were established between Kazakhstan and Switzerland (notes were exchanged). In 1996, the Consular Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Switzerland was opened in Bern, and in 1993, the Consular Agency of the Swiss Confederation was opened in Almaty (reorganized as the General Consulate in 1999). ## Economy Switzerland is a country with highly developed industry and productive agriculture. Switzerland occupies one of the first places in the world in attracting capital from abroad, it is considered one of the largest financial centers in the world. Half of all securities of the most developed countries in the world are kept in the vaults of Swiss banks. The industry specializes in the production of high-quality, expensive and scientific products. The country's economy is dominated by large transnational monopolies. Switzerland benefits greatly from tourism and goods transiting through its territory. The industry depends on imported raw materials and is adapted to export finished products. The leading industries are engineering and metalworking, chemical, food industries. In mechanical engineering, forging and pressing equipment, high-precision metalworking machines (Switzerland occupies one of the leading positions in the world in terms of their production and export, about 80% of the products are exported), precision measuring instruments (sophisticated medical devices, precision scales, optical instruments , etc.), the production of watches (more than half of the world production, 95% of the product is exported) is more developed. Switzerland textile (weaving, spinning, sewing machines, 1/5 of world exports), polygraph. (printing machines, binding machines, etc.; 90% of production is exported), occupies one of the leading positions in the world in the production and export of equipment for the food, watch industry. Sh's fields of production of computers and their software, security (video surveillance, banknote and securities protection systems) and packaging equipment, harvesting equipment, and construction equipment are also well developed. Medicines in the chemical industry (2nd place in the world, 90% of its production is exported - vitamins, medicinal products, cleaning products; "Roche" and "Sandos" companies are among the top five pharmaceutical multinational corporations), agrochemicals (1st place in the world), the production of flavoring and flavoring additives for food, perfumes, dyes for the textile industry, chemical fibers and plastics is also more developed. Swiss cheeses, chocolate, coffee, children's food, condensed milk, food concentrates ("Nestle" concern takes the 2nd place in the world after the Dutch "Unilever") are considered to be popular products all over the world. Textile (about 50% of its products are exported), sewing, footwear industry is developed. 57.2 billion per year. kWh of electricity is produced (mainly in CHPs, 4 NPPs are working). All railways are electrified, the highest t. etc. station is located above 4000 m above sea level. Agriculture is highly productive and satisfies part of the country's demand. 11% of the country's total area is used for agricultural purposes. The leading industry is animal husbandry (produces a part of the country's products), including dairy cattle (Simmental and Swiss breeds). Main grain crops: wheat (planted on more than half of the entire arable land), rye, corn, oats. Sugar beets, potatoes, edible herbs and root vegetables are also grown. Cultivation of grapes and fruits is also developed. About 12.5 million tourists vacation in Switzerland every year. The hotel business, as well as the production of special restaurant equipment, is highly developed. The annual per capita national income in Switzerland is USD 53,400 (2005). Exports machine-building and metalworking products, watches, pharmaceutical and chemical industry products, food, high-precision instruments, textile goods, clothes. Imports include heavy engineering products, automobiles, agricultural and forestry products, construction materials, mineral fuel, chemical industry products, textiles and clothing. Main trade partners: Germany, France, Italy, Great Britain and other countries of the European Union, USA, Japan. Switzerland is the largest foreign trade partner of Kazakhstan in Western Europe. Kazakhstan's share of eur. about 11% of the trade turnover with the countries. Kazakhstan and Sh. trade turnover between 2005 5710.6 mln. amounted to USD. To date, 108 companies with the participation of Swiss capital have been registered in Kazakhstan. ## Population The population of Switzerland is 8.7 million people. Among them are 3.8 million men and 3.9 million women. Structure of the population by age: 0-14 years: 15, 8% 15-64 years: 68, 2% Older than 65 years: 16% Average age of the population average: 40, 7 men: 39, 6 women: 41, 7 \ <> ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5824

Albania

Albania (Alb. Shqipëria), full official name - Republic of Albania (Alb. Republika e Shqipërisë [ɾɛpuˈblika ɛ ʃcipəˈɾiːs]) is a small country located in southern Europe. It borders Montenegro and Serbia in the north, Greece and North Macedonia in the southeast, and Kosovo in the east. Population — 2.8 million. man. Albania is not the only country where Albanians live, they live in Kosovo and North Macedonia. ## State structure Leader - President. The Parliament of the country is called unicameral Kuvendi. It is headed by the Prime Minister. This council has 140 deputies, 100 of them are elected in Burmese constituencies under the majority system. The remaining 40 deputies are elected according to the party list. All deputies are elected for 4 years. * Albania has been a member of NATO since April 2009. * On April 29, 2009, Albania officially submitted its application for membership to the European Union. ## Administrative division Albania has 12 regions (Alb. qarqe, qarqet), 61 municipalities (Alb. bashki, bashkitë) and 373 communes (Alb. komuna, komunat). ## Geography Albania is located in the south of the Balkan Peninsula. It borders Greece to the south, Montenegro and unrecognized Kosovo to the north, North Macedonia to the east, and the Ionian and Adriatic seas to the west. Unlike other states bordering the Mediterranean Sea: Albania has few islands, only 7-10. Most of the islands are very small and uninhabited; for example the islands of Sazani and Stillo. Despite this, there are also historical sites on the island: the 13th century monastery on the island of Zvernets and the castle of Ali Pasha on the island of Butrint. 70 percent of Albania's land is mountainous and only 25 percent is used for agriculture and farming. 47.8% of the population of Albania is engaged in agriculture. In addition to fruits, tobacco is also grown in Albania. Most of the land is located in mountain ranges and plateaus. Flooded rivers flowing down from mountain valleys rush towards the sea. These rivers flow through a fertile plain that stretches for 150 km along the Adriatic Sea. The width of the valley is from 15 km to 35 km. The weather here is mild. Slightly tougher in mountainous areas. In winter, there are frequent storms, and the frost reaches 20 degrees. ## Population ### Statistics The population is 2,831,741 (according to the 2011 census), and according to the 2001 census population is 3,069,275 people: the population has decreased by 7.7% in ten years. The main reason for the population decline is large-scale migration and a decrease in the birth rate. Albania's birth rate is one of the lowest in Europe. Resident population: 1,421,810, including men - 50.2%, and women - 49.8%. Annual growth is 0.3% (the level of emigration in the country is high). Urban population - 53.7% (2011 census), rural population - 46.3%. For the first time in the history of the census (2011), more Albanians lived in cities than in rural areas. ### Ethnic composition Ethnic composition: Albanians - 95%, Greeks - 3%, others (Romanians, Gypsies, Serbs, Macedonians) - 2%. In April 1990, the Jewish diaspora in the country ceased to exist: the last 11 Jews left for Israel. ### Language Albanian language is one of the most unique languages of Europe. Although it is an Indo-European language, it has no other cognates. In addition to the Albanian language, ethnic minorities also have their own languages: the Greek language of the Greeks, the Romanian language of the Romanians, etc. ### Religion Albania about 60% of the population are secular Muslims and about 20% are Christians (Catholic or Orthodox). During the communist rule of 1945-1992, Albania was the first country to make its official religion atheism, but today the religion is preserved. ## History Albania is the name of the Middle Ages. The Greeks called this state "Albaētia" or "Arbanētia". The word "Alba" means "hill" in Illyrian. ### Early history The first traces of man in Albania date back to the Middle and Late Paleolithic eras and were found in the village of Dzarre (not far from Saranda) and Mount Daiti (near Tirana). Stone tools similar to the Aurignacian culture have been found on Mount Daiti. Albania was first a province of Greece and then of the Roman Empire. 395 The Roman Empire was divided into two states (Western Rome and Byzantium). 1912 Albanians declare their independence from the Ottoman Empire. But in 1939 Italian fascists enter and annex Albania. 1944 partisans freed their country from brutality, 1946-1976. Albania is called the Albanian People's Republic. Albania is led by Enver Hoxha. 1976 Socialists declared the People's Socialist Republic of Albania. 1991 from the Democratic Republic of Albania. ## Economy The industrial and cultural center of the country, the capital of Albania is Tirana. Many factories are located here. The main branch of the Albanian economy is agriculture. Since the fertile land occupies only a part of the entire territory, Albanians drain the swamps and use the mountain beds for planting gardens. They plant wheat, rice, barley, oats, legumes, lemons, grapes, and olive trees. According to 2005 data, Albania's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) was 6.9 billion euros. 1,900 euros per person. Albania is one of the poorest countries in Europe. percentage of GDP in the structure of the economy: * agricultural sector - 22%; * industry - 15%; * construction industry - 10%; * trade, tourism, service sphere - 19%; * transport and communication - 13%. According to the data of 2008, 58% of workers worked in the agricultural sector, 15% in the manufacturing sector, 27% in the service sector. The unemployment rate has stabilized at 12.5%. In 2008, exports amounted to 1.3 billion US dollars. ### Foreign trade The main buyer countries are Italy 57%, Greece 11.8%, China 5.8%. In 2008, imports amounted to 4.9 billion US dollars. The main importing countries are Italy 30.7%, Greece 12.5%, Turkey 6.9%, Germany 6.3%, Switzerland 4.6%, Russia 4.2%. ## Culture ### Symbols The symbols of the Albanian state and people are closely related to its history and culture. Examples of this include black and red colors, eagles, holiday clothes such as fustanela, kecheh, opinga, and plants such as olives and poppies. The flag of Albania is a red flag with a black eagle in the center. Red represents the courage, strength and majesty of the Albanian people, and black represents heroism and freedom. The eagle began to be a symbol of the Albanians in the Middle Ages, when it was the symbol of the state of Arberia and its several dynasties. The two-headed eagle was depicted on the flag and seal of Iskender Bey, who fought against the Ottomans. ### Literature ### Public holidays Official holidays The table below shows the official holidays of Albania and their dates in 2022 the date of the celebration is indicated (the date of some holidays may change). Unofficial holidays The table below shows the unofficial holidays of Albania ### Clothing Each cultural and geographical region of Albania has its own clothing style , color and material are different. Nowadays, Albanian national clothes are worn only during national ceremonies, holidays and weddings. Some old people continue to wear national clothes in their daily life. Clothes are made from local materials: linen, wool, silk, hemp fiber and leather. Among the most popular Albanian clothing, we can mention the fustanela, the jubleta skirt, the keche men's headdress, the kapitza women's headdress, and the opinga shoes. ### Cuisine Albanian cuisine differs in the southern and northern regions. The reason for this is the different topography and climate. Albanians use lemons, oranges, figs and most importantly olives in their traditional food. Fruits have a special role in Albanian cuisine. Also often used are herbs such as chervil, basil, mint, marigold, lavender, and yarrow, and vegetables such as garlic, onions, peppers, potatoes, tomatoes, and legumes. In the regions bordering the sea (Adriatic and Ionian), it is possible to observe the addition of fish and crustaceans to food. For both Christians and Muslims of Albania, lamb is one of the main ingredients in the meal. Tava kosi is considered the main dish of Albanians. It is a dish made with lamb (sometimes chicken is also used) and a mixture of yogurt and eggs. It is also popular in Greece, North Macedonia and Turkey, where it is called Elbasan Tava after the city of Elbasan. ### Architecture and fine arts Albanian architecture and fine arts have been influenced by many different countries and peoples. Painting, pottery, sculpture, pottery, and architecture all include different styles and tell the rich history of the Albanian people. The rise of Byzantine and Ottoman Empire states influenced the popularization of Christian and Islamic art in Albanian architecture. A few centuries later, during the Albanian Renaissance, the popularity of Impressionism and Romanticism styles can be observed in Albanian art. Among the most fundamental and popular artists of Albania are the icon writers Onufrij, Kola Idromeno, David Selenica, Konstantin Shpataraku and the Zographi brothers. Albanian architecture dates back to Antiquity. In modern Albanian cities, you can find buildings of different periods and styles. Most of the large cities started with fortresses and castles, which can be seen in residential, religious and commercial buildings. Over the centuries, the appearance of cities changed according to the times. However, during the communist period of the 20th century, ancient religious monuments were massively destroyed. Ancient architecture can be found in the cities of Bilis, Amantia, Foinike, Apollonia, Butrinti, Antigonia, Shkoder. Under the influence of the long rule of the Eastern Roman Empire, the concepts of castles, rabats, churches, monasteries, rock paintings and frescoes appeared in Albania. Examples include the cities of Korce, Berat and Jirokaster in southern Albania. After the conquest of the Ottoman Empire, the construction of mosques begins, which is especially noticeable in the cities of Berat and Jirokaster. ### Music Albanian folk music plays a large role in Albanian identity and has a great influence on modern Albanian music. Folk music is often divided into three groups: the music of the Geg dialect in the north, and the music of the Laberian and Tosk dialects. The songs of the South are known for their rough tone and the songs of the North for their serious tone. ## See also * Ottoman Empire * Tirana * Albanians * Albanian Language * Balkan Peninsula ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4859

Кайнозой

The Cenozoic era is the last 60-70 million years of land development. the most recent (the third from the Precambrian) era, which includes the year; divided into three periods - Paleogene, Neogene periods and Quaternary period. ## Cenozoic Cenozoic, Cenozoic era, Cenozoic era (Greek: kaіnos - new, zoe - life) - the last 65 million years of the Earth's geological development. a period of time covering the year and the corresponding rock layer. The Cenozoic era is divided into Paleogene, Neogene and Quaternary periods from bottom to top (see table). In the Cenozoic era, the continents and their topography came to their present shape. Tectonics in the Paleogene period. increased activity. Its main reason is the collision of microcontinents displaced from the south (modern Iran, Afghanistan, India) with the Eurasian continent. The outline of the oceans is close to the present, and the level dropped sharply at the end of the Paleogene (it was about 400 m lower than today). It reached its current level only in the middle of the Miocene. During the Paleocene and Eocene epochs, Greenland separated from Eurasia and drifted apart along submarine ridges. All continents have seen deep regressions. Sea East is preserved in the south of Europe (Black Sea basin), in the pre-Caucasian territory and in the east of them, in the regions outside the Caspian (Turan). The system of ancient sea basins - Tethys ceased to exist as a single ocean basin and became the Mediterranean, which was connected with the Atlantic and Indian oceans. (Ion, Levantia) and split into the Paratethys basins on the eastern and northern sides. Paratethys starts from the foothills of the Alps, Carpathians and Dinaric mountains in the west, and extends to the Caspian Sea and the Aral Sea in the east. At the end of the Eocene and the Oligocene era, the structural outline of the Earth, the outline of the continents and the environment in the oceans. the location of the ridges was close to the present type. In the Miocene, the formation of the Alpine-Himalayan mountain belt continued, and many of their peaks reached up to 7 thousand m, and the highest levels were reached in the Quaternary period. At the end of the Miocene, the Greater and Lesser Caucasus mountain systems, the West Siberian plate and the Torgai depression appeared. Intense upheavals took place in Tien-Shan, Tarbagatai, eastern Kazakhstan, Altai-Sayan Valley, near Baikal and in the South and North of Baikal, Stanovoy ridge and Okhotsk massifs. Complex changes on the Earth's surface have led to climate change. In the Paleogene period, the equator, two tropical and two subtropical zones were formed, and in the Oligocene cooling period, two temperate zones were added to them. In the Northern Hemisphere, the arid climate prevailed in the south of Western Siberia, North Africa, the Near and Middle East, North Asia, South Kazakhstan, the west of Mongolia, the South of the USA and Mexico. Miocene cooling primarily involved the poles and temperate latitudes. Ice caps have increased in Antarctica, and mountain glaciers have formed in the Northern Hemisphere. In the Pliocene era, equatorial, tropical, subtropical, temperate and cold climate zones were formed. In the Quaternary period, continental glaciations (covering the Northern Hemisphere) took place. The centers of glaciation are located in the Baltic and Canadian shields, the thickness of the ice in them. reached up to 3 km. Ice layers covered the foothills of the Alps, Carpathians, Caucasus, Tien-Shan, Altai, Ural, and Himalaya mountains. There were four glaciations in the Alps: Günz, Mindel, Riess and Würm. The ice ages had a huge impact on the sea level. During the greatest glaciation, the ocean level dropped by 150 m, and when the ice melted, it rose by the same amount. ## The world of life. Between the Mesozoic and Cenozoic eras, the animal kingdom experienced the first major crisis since the Cambrian. From giant dinosaurs to small foraminifera, they became extinct, and those that survived lost their meaning. They were replaced by rapidly evolving mammals. Vertebrates in the seas: bony fish, cartilaginous sharks and stingrays; the first mammals appeared - whales, sirens, dolphins. From the reptiles that roam the earth - crocodiles, lizards, turtles and snakes; From amphibians - giant salamanders and frogs developed. At the beginning of the Paleogene, the simplest of primates - lemurs, that is, semi-monkeys - anthropods appeared. At the end of the Pliocene and the beginning of the Quaternary period, heat-loving mastodons, elephants, hipparion, saber-toothed tiger, Etruscan rhinoceros, etc. appeared in the South of Eastern Europe and Kazakhstan. lived. At the end of the Pleistocene - at the beginning of the Holocene, mammoths, woolly rhinoceroses and big-horned deer, adapted to a harsh climate, disappeared. Angiosperms continued to develop among the surface flora. Among them, palm, magnolia, myrtle, ficus, giant sequoia, araucaria and cypress trees grew in tropical and subtropical forests. In regions with a temperate climate, large-leaved and small-leaved trees - oak, beech, chestnut, poplar, birch, etc. grew up. ## Mineral resources. In the Paleogene, very large laterite and laterite-sedimentary bauxite (in Australia, Africa, Latin America, a number of areas in the Mediterranean, South Ural, North Kazakhstan platforms, Lower Angar and West Baikal), the largest manganese (Nikopol , Chiatura, West Africa), a number of oolitic iron deposits (North America, South of Western Siberia and North Kazakhstan), the largest oil deposits (Iran, Iraq, Central Asia, Venezuela) were formed. 15% of all coal reserves are concentrated in Cenozoic formations. Among them are coal deposits in Sakhalin, Japan, and eastern China; lignite deposits - in Germany (Rhine basin), USA (North Dakota) and Ukraine; mercury deposits in Spain, Italy, Yugoslavia and Russia; copper and molybdenum deposits are concentrated in the USA, Chile, Bolivia and Peru. Neogene formations contain one third of estimated oil and gas reserves. Huge oil and gas fields are located in Iran-Mesopotamia and Cordillera-Andes region: Iran, Iraq, Saudi Arabia, Kuwait, Qatar, Venezuela, Gulf of Mexico. And in Eurasia, oil and gas deposits are located in the Caucasus, Caspian basin, Western Turkmenistan, Carpathians and Sakhalin. Large deposits of tin (Andes), gold, silver, and copper are associated with Neogene magmatism. In the Neogene period, potassium and table salt, phosphorite, trepel, building rocks were formed. Various ores, sedimentary deposits, non-metallic ore deposits, underground waters and glaciers are associated with Quaternary formations. The world. iron-manganese and copper-vanadium deposits (concretions) are concentrated in the deep water areas of the ocean. ## References "Kazakhstan": National encyclopedia / Chief editor A. Nysanbayev - Almaty "Kazakh Encyclopedia" General Editor, 1998 ISBN 5-89800-123-9, Volume IV

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3396

Талдықорған

Taldykorgan is a city located in the south-east of Kazakhstan, the center of Zhetysu region. ## History In the second half of the 19th century, i.e. in 1869, the village of "Gavrilovka" was built in the territory of modern Taldykorgan. Cossacks were the first to settle this region. Later, by the decision of the Zhetysu regional executive committee, in 1920 (according to some sources, in 1921), the name of the village "Gavrilovka" was officially changed to the village "Taldy-Korgan" and it became the center of Kapal district. Between 1930 and 1944, Taldy-Korgan was established as the center of Taldy-Korgan District, Almaty District of the Kazakh SSR. In 1944, the village of Taldy-Korgan was granted the status of a city and after it was separated from the Almaty district, from 1944 to 1959 and from 1967 to 1997, it received the status of the center of the Taldykorgan region of the Kazakh SSR. In 1993, the name of the city was officially changed to Taldykorgan. Currently, the city of Taldykorgan has been the center of Almaty region since September 22, 2001, until June 2022. From June 2022, the center of the newly established Zhetysu region. ## Geography The city of Taldykorgan is located in the south-east of Kazakhstan, in the central part of the region, in the west of Zhetysu Alatau (570-600 m above sea level), on the banks of the Karatal River. The land area of the city is 74 km². ## Climate The climate of the city is continental. The winter is temperate and cold, the annual average temperature in January is -11 - 13°С, the summer is hot and dry, in July - 22-24°С. Average annual precipitation is 350-400 mm. Most of it falls in March-May and November-December. The wind blows mainly from the north-east (34%), north (16%). There are up to 50 days of drought per year. Permanent snow cover falls in the last decade of November and begins to melt in the second decade of March. It is interesting that Taldykorgan received the status of a city only in 1944. The winter is temperate and cold, the average annual temperature in January is -11-13°C, summer is hot and dry, and in July - 22-24°C. ## Plants Taldykorgan bush is located in the desert belt with a mix of watercress, fescue, gray, ephemeral sedum. On the territory of the city there are cypresses, pines, sycamores, soap nuts, tulips, hawthorns, dogwoods, hollyhocks, licorice, ivy, hemp, albota, wormwood, etc. herbs grow. ## Administrative organization 7 settlements belonging to the urban administrative territory are integrated into the rural districts of Erkin and Otenay and include the training farm of Taldykorgan Agricultural and Technological College. ## Population Population density - 1155 people per 1 km². ## National composition * National composition of the city (according to the census of January 1, 2019): * Kazakhs — 128,652 people. (74.97 %) * Russians — 33,824 people (19.53 %) * Koreans — 4236 people (2.45 %) * Tatars — 2452 people (1.42 %) * Germans — 1060 people (0.61 %) * Ukrainians — 307 people (0.18 %) Uyghurs — 803 people (0.46%) * Chechens — 423 people (0.24%) * Uzbeks — 307 people (0.18%) * Belarusians — 65 people (0, 04 %) * Azerbaijanis — 149 people (0.09 %) * Poles — 68 people (0.09 %) * Kyrgyz — 81 people (0.05 %) * others — 786 people (0.45 %) * Total — 173,213 people (100.00 %) ## Religious beliefs Taldykorgan has the following religious places of worship: * "Iman" Central Muslim Mosque * "Nur" Muslim Mosque * "Zhetisu" Muslim Mosque ("Akmeshit") * "Erkyn" Muslim Mosque * "Kerimbek Bi" Muslim mosque * Association of Jehovah's Witnesses in Taldykorgan * 2 Orthodox churches: * Cathedral of John the Theologian * Church of the Holy Archangel Gabriel of God * Catholic Church of the Holy Mary * Bethel Presbyterian Church \ <> * Synagogue * Evangelical Christian Church "Agape" * Religious association "Local Baha'i Spiritual Assembly of Taldykorgan" * Religious association of Evangelical Christian Church - Baptists of "Vefezda" * Religious association of Evangelical Christian Church association - "Dumamis" Baptists * "Christian Church - Seventh-day Adventists of Taldykorgan" religious association * "New Life" Full Gospel Church * Church of Evangelical Christian Baptists # # Industry 1570 working agricultural, industrial enterprises and collectives are registered in the city, among them there are 1055 partner farms, 72 JSCs, 82 agricultural cooperatives. Industrial enterprises include "Kaynar", "Temip", "Temirbeton", "Azhar", "Nan", "Ornek", "Akku", "Saiman", "Kalasutzauty", "Miras", etc. b. include joint-stock companies. There are 95 joint-stock companies in agriculture and 96 in construction. JSC "Gamma" JSC, "Mechanized Works" JSC, "Construction Works" JSC, "Shymyr" JSC, "Ak sunkar-ai" JSC, "Taldikorgan Power Lines Construction" JSC, "Akzhol" JSC, "Urban Road" JSC specializing in various industries in the city construction" JSC, Vol. b. works. Also, there are 64 transport facilities, 406 trade and catering establishments. 92.1% of the land area (82,333 ha) belonging to the city of Taldykorgan is suitable for agriculture, including 7,527 ha of arable land, 65,429 ha of pasture, and 873 ha of grassland. ## Social infrastructure The social infrastructure of the city is well developed. S. City library named after Seifullin, city children's library, library named after V. Mayakovsky, M. Tynyshpaev Museum of Local History, I. Literary Museum of Zhansukirov, I. There is a Palace of Culture named after Zhansukirov, 7 collectives of folk artists. Also, in the field of education * I. Zhetisu State University named after Zhansukirov, * College of Medicine, * College of Music named after K.Baiseitov, Taldykorgan agrarian-technological college, * Taldykorgan higher polytechnic college, * 3 vocational-technical lyceums and schools, * 22 schools of general education work. in the category of cultural and architectural monuments on the territory of the city under the protection of the republican and regional level * "Dangk" monument (built in 1968), * "Atameken" cinema (1950), \< > * Art Gallery (former House of Pioneers, 1957), * Building of Vocational Technical School No. 3 (1958), * Fashion Atelier (1959), * City Administration Building (1950 ) , * Shoe Factory (1952), * I. Building of Zhetisu State University named after Zhansugirov (1975), * White Mosque (1996), * S. Library named after Seifullin (1982), * M. Historical and regional museum named after Tynyshpaev (1980), vol. b. there is Kalada B. Regional drama theater named after Rimova, "Altyn dan", "Tugan tel", "Achimnoul", "Contrast", veterans' choir, puppet theater, "Ulybka", "Solnyshko" group of artists work. The length of the road in the city is 352 km, of which 247 km are paved and 96 km are highways. Almaty-Uskemen through Taldykorgan, Semey-Almaty, etc. b. the car passes to the directions. The railway station was built in the city in 1949. Freight trains go from there to Koksu, Tekeli, Karabulak railway stations. There is no direct train. 19 treatment and rehabilitation places: * city clinic; * heart disease treatment center; * city, sanitary-epidemiological station; * regional oncology dispensary; * center for medical care for women; * regional perinatal center; * regional hospital; * city regional children's hospital; * infectious disease hospital; * tuberculosis dispensary; * regional narcology dispensary; * city emergency and urgent care station; * city blood center; * urban children's home, etc. works. The distance from Taldykorgan to Astana is 758 km, Almaty is 279 km. The population is 168,674 people (in 2023). There is an airport and a railway station that allow access to the countries of Central Asia and Russia. The city is connected with other cities of Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Russia and China thanks to the system of highways of national and regional significance. It is a very attractive city as a center of education, culture, tourism and an international, interregional production and service center. 1 higher educational institution, 12 secondary professional educational institutions, 25 general educational institutions work in the city. Also, the city has a drama theater, philharmonic hall, museums, culture and leisure parks, libraries and cinemas, stadiums, sports complex, water park and hippodrome. The city has the potential to develop construction industry, baby foods, electric pumps, dairy products, ceramic-granite slabs, eggs and poultry. ## Twin Cities , Antalya, Turkey ## Sights ## Sources # # External link * http://visitkazakhstan.kz/kk/guide/places/view/141/ Archived January 11, 2012.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6220

Vanuatu

Vanuatu, the official name is the Republic of Vanuatu (bi. -{Ripablik blong Vanuatu}-, French. République du Vanuatu, English. Republic of Vanuatu) is a country located on the islands in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. ## Brief information The land area is 12.2 thousand km². The capital is Port Vila. The population is 177.5 thousand (1997). Mainly Melanesians. Official languages: Bislama (Pinjin), English and French. Most of the population are Christians. According to the 1980 constitution, the country is headed by the president. The legislative body is the National Assembly. National holiday — Independence Day (July 30, 1980). V. — a country located on islands formed as a result of volcanic eruptions. The climate is humid-tropical. The average temperature in winter and summer is 20 — 27°С. Average amount of precipitation. 1000 mm. Tropical forests grew on the islands. These islands were first discovered by the Portuguese at the beginning of the 17th century. Later, the English sailor D. Cook explores and names them the New Hebrides. Since 1906, the islands were administered jointly by Great Britain and France. 1980 On July 30, it was declared an independent state within the British Commonwealth. 80% of the population is a. works in The industry is poorly developed. 1988 Diamonds, gold and silver began to be mined on the islands of Molecula and Espiritu Santo. Tourism has been developing rapidly in recent years. More than 26 thousand tourists come and go every year. Average national income per capita. 826 USD. There is a free education system. More than 40% of the national budget is spent on education (1998). V. member of the non-aligned movement, the UN. Main trade partners: Great Britain, France, Japan, Netherlands. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1810

Annals of the Kazakh Horde

Annals of historical events of the Kazakh Khanate: ## 15th century * 1456 — Kazakh Horde was founded. Kerei Khan and Janibek Khan, who led the country, set foot in Shu and Talas valleys. * About 1456-1470 - Kerey Khan ruled. Horde is stable. * 1460 - Kerey Khan and Janibek Khan, in alliance with Esen Buga Khan of Mongolia, repelled the Kalmyk (Oirat) attack. * 1465 — the number of people under the banner of Kerei Khan reached two hundred thousand. * 1470 — Kerei Khan and Az-Zhanibek Khan returned to Syr. Some regions of the Turkestan region were included in the Kazakh Horde. * About 1471-1480 - Az-Zhanibek Khan ruled. The Horde was founded. The struggle for settlements along the Syr began. * 1480-1510 — Former Khan ruled. Horde is getting stronger. A bloody front has opened for the Syrdarya valley, Turkestan region. * 1486 - Kazakhs inflicted a heavy defeat on Shaibani Khan and pushed him to Khorezm. * 1491 — Kazakhs defeated the Mongols in two big battles. ## 16th c. * 1510 — Sultan Kasym defeated Shaibani Khan in the winter war and chased him beyond the limits of the Ulus. Most of the cities belonging to the Turkestan region became part of the Kazakh Horde. * 1511-1520 - Kasym Khan ruled. Most of the land of the ancient Blue Horde and Zhetysu became the property of the Kazakh Horde, the population exceeded one million, and the number of troops reached three hundred thousand. * Around 1511 - Kasym Khan adopted the first legal system of the Kazakh Horde called "Kaska Zhol". * 1512 — Kassym Khan took Sairam fortress, marched to Tashkent. * 1521-1522 - Momysh Khan ruled. * 1523-1533 - Taiyr Khan ruled. * Around 1525 — The two-hundred-year Oirat-Kazakh war began. * 1533-1537 - Togym Khan ruled. * 1537 July 27 — the entire Kazakh-Kyrgyz army was killed in the war of four nations in San-Tash, Togym Khan was martyred along with his nine sons and thirty-seven sultans. * 1537-1559 - Buydash Khan ruled. Horde recovered. The war between the Oirat took a long and severe character. * 1556 — Buydash Khan annexed the eastern part of the Nogai Horde to the Kazakh Horde. * 1558 - the Kazakh Horde began to attack the Bukhar Khanate. * 1559 - Buydash Khan was martyred. * 1560-1580 - Khaqnazar Khan ruled. The Kazakh Horde regained its ancient power. * 1569 - Khaqnazar Khan destroyed and defeated the Nogai Horde. * 1570 — the Kazakh Horde forced a part of the Oirats into exile. * 1579 - Khaqnazar Khan regained Turkestan and Sauran, some other settlements in the southern region. * 1580 April 23 — Khaqnazar Khan was martyred. * 1580-1582 - Shigai Khan ruled. * June 1582 — Risky Sultan defeated Baba Sultan, the governor of Tashkent province in the bottom of Turkestan. * 1583-1598 - Tavaekel Khan ruled. The Kazakh Horde reached the peak of its military and political power. * 1586 — Taukekel Khan's first attack against Maurennahr. * 1594-1595 — Tawaekel Khan sent an ambassador to Russia; the answer is the embassy. * February 1598. Risky Khan defeated the main forces of Abdullah Khan in the foothills of Tashkent. * Summer 1598 — the victorious campaign of Tavaekel Khan to Central Asia. * Fall of 1598 — Tavaekel Khan was martyred. * 1598-1643 - Yer Yesim Khan of Ensegei height ruled. The heroic period of Kazakh history. * Autumn 1598 — as a result of the Bukar-Kazakh peace, the whole of South Kazakhstan and the Tashkent region were again included in the Kazakh Horde. * About 1599 - Esim Khan established a new legal system called "Old Way". He moved the capital of the Kazakh Horde to Turkestan. ## 17th c. * 1603 — The second Kazakh-Bukhar war began. Kazakhs won the battle of Aigyr-zhar. * 1604 - Esim Khan defeated the Oirats. * 1613 - Esim Khan defeated the Bukhar-Afghan army at the bottom of Samarkand. * 1619-1624 - Esim Khan fought for East Turkestan. * 1620 — Esim Khan defeated the Oirats again. * 1624 - Esim Khan won the battle in Ferghana and ended the Second Kazakh-Bukhar War. * 1627 - Esim Khan destroyed the Oirat Union and made it a refugee in a great campaign in which the entire Alash people rose. * 1627 - Tursyn Khan, the disloyal ruler of the Tashkent province, opened the way for civil war in the Kazakh Horde, invaded Turkestan. * 1627 — a bloody battle took place between two strong Kazakhs led by Tursyn Khan and three weak Kazakhs led by Esim Khan at the bottom of Sayram, Esim Khan prevailed, Tursyn Khan lost his army and went to hide in Tashkent. * 1627 - Esim Khan captured Tashkent, Tursyn Khan was beheaded, the Katagan clan was punished, and what remained of the massacre was distributed among other clans. Esim Khan suffered from an incurable disease. * 1635, summer — Sultan Zhangir defeated the son of Kho-orlik Thai, passed through Jem and pushed him to the west. * 1643 - Esim Khan died. * 1643-1652 - Salkam Jangir Khan ruled. * December 1643 - Kontazhi Batur invaded the Kyrgyz territory of the Kazakh Horde with a large army composed of Oirats, Khalkhas, Torgauts - all Mongolian people. * January-May 1644 — Large-scale Kazakh-Mongol war. * June, July 1644 - Salkam Dzhangir Khan destroyed and defeated the united Oirat-Khalkha army in two big battles, in the last battle six hundred snipers armed with new rifles of the Kazakh army stood out. * Autumn 1644 - Salkam Jangir Khan intervened in the war between the Great Mughal Empire and the Bukhar Khanate, sent a hundred thousand troops to the front in Afghanistan; After a fifty-day bloody battle at the foot of the town of Bailyk, the Kazakh Alamans decided the war in favor of the Uzbek-Bukhar Khanate. * January-February 1652 - Khoshauts made an ambush attack on Kyrgyz land. Salkam Jangir Khan was a shayt. * 1676-1680 — Kazakhs intervened in the throne dispute in the Bukhar Khanate. 1680-1715 - az-Tauke Khan ruled. * 1681-1684 — Battle of Sairam; Durbin-Oirat inflicted a heavy defeat on the Kazakh Horde. * Around 1690 - az-Tauke Khan updated the legal models of Kasym Khan's "Kaska Zhol" and Esim Khan's "Eski Zhol" and introduced a new legal system called "Seven Charters". He left the judges and entrusted the country management to the judges. * 1698 - Durbin-Oirat Shu invaded along Talas and shook the Kazakh Horde. ## 18th c. * 1710-1711 — A new campaign of the Oirats. * 1712 — Kazakh attempt to stop the Oirat invasion. * 1713 — Abylai Khan was born. * 1714 — another heavy defeat of the Kazakh Horde from Durbin-Oirat. * 1715 - az-Tauke Khan died. * 1715-1718 — Khayip Khan ruled. * Summer of 1717 — the Kazakh army led by Khayip Khan and Abulkhair Sultan was defeated by the Oirats in the Battle of Ayagoz. * 1718 — The Oirats defeated the Kazakh forces along the Arys, Bogen, Shayan rivers and invaded the entire South. * 1718-1729 - Bolat Khan ruled. * 1723-1725 — The complete defeat of the Oirats, the loss of Turkestan, Sauran, Tashkent, the entire south, the Aktaban uprising. * 1728 — Battle of Bulanty, Oirats retreated from Saryarka. * 1730 — Anyarakay battle, Oirat attack was repulsed, Kazakhs began to regain their senses. * 1730 — the Kazakh Horde was divided into independent uluses; The decision of the judges within the clan and hundred became stronger. * 1731 — Abulkhair Khan, who ruled over a part of Kishi Yuz and some clans of Middle Yuz, opened the way for negotiations with the Russian government about military and political patronage on the basis of Bodan. * 1733 — the Kazakh army led by Abil Mambet Khan inflicted a heavy defeat on the Oirats; twenty-year-old Abylai Sultan rose to fame. * September-December 1740 - Oirat campaign to Sary-Arka. * January-March 1741 - another campaign of the Oirats was followed by a short war, which continued into the summer. * 1741 spring, summer — Abylai Khan repelled the Oirat attack, extended his field, and organized campaigns in the inner regions of Dzungar. * October 1752 — a turning point in the two-hundred-year Oirat-Kazakh war: Abylai Khan defeated the main force of the Oirats in the battle of Ayagoz-Naryn. * 1753 — the victorious campaigns of the Kazakh troops led by Kabanbai, Zhanatai, Muyizdi Otegen, Yer-Zhanibek, Bogenbai batyrs against Dzungar. * 1754 fall — Abylai Khan defeated Durbin-Oirat for good and won the final victory in the Two Hundred Years' War. * 1755 spring - Abylai Khan's campaign to pacify Dzonghar. * 1756-1757 — Shurshit-Kazakh war — * 1756 — Abylay Khan inflicted heavy blows on the Shurshit-Tsin troops in the battles of Kalmak-Tolagai, Ayagoz, and achieved a great tactical and strategic victory on the summer front. * 1757 — a new campaign of the Qing kingdom against the Kazakh Horde; Having suffered heavy losses, Abylai Khan retreated, keeping the main forces of the army. 1757 May 15 - Aydin-Su agreement on a temporary truce between Abilpeyiz Sultan, the representative of Abylai Khan, and Fu De, the commander of Manju-qing. * 1757 June 7 — Treaty of Ayagoz between representatives of the Qin Empire and Abylai Khan. * September-October 1757 - Abylai Khan sent an embassy to Beijing. Agreement on independent respect. * After 1760 - Kazakhs began to settle peacefully in East Turkestan. * 1765 October-November. Abylai Khan's victorious campaign against Kyrgyz. * 1766-1768 — Abylai Khan started a war against the Kokan Khanate and conquered Tashkent. * 1770 - Abylai Khan defeated the Kyrgyz prince and defined the Kazakh-Kyrgyz border. * 1771 - Abylai Khan completely destroyed the Torgut Kalmyks in the "Dusty Campaign" war. * 1771 - Abylai Khan ascended to the throne as the Khan of the entire Kazakh Horde in Turkestan. * Beginning of May 1781 - Abylai Khan passed away. * After 1781 - Russian influence grew stronger in Western and Central Kazakhstan, the unified Kazakh Horde was divided into individual greats. The Russian kingdom began to colonize Central and Western Kazakhstan permanently. ## 19th c. * 1801 - Bokei Khan returned the ancestral lands between Volga and Zhayik by conducting peace negotiations with the Russian kingdom, the Bokei Horde was formed in this region. * 1801-1822 — South Kazakhstan fell into the territory of the Kokan Khanate. * 1822 - by the decree of the Russian king, it was declared that the khanate was abolished in the Middle Hundred. * 1835 - Great-grandson of Abylai Khan, future great scientist Shokan was born. (died in 1865) * 1838-1847 — Abylai Khan's grandson Kenesary Khan's struggle to preserve the Kazakh Horde. * 1841 — Kenesary Khan ascended to the throne as the Khan of the Three Alashes. * 1845 - Abai, the great poet of the Kazakh people, was born. (died in 1904) * 1847 — Kenesary Khan was martyred. The Kazakh Horde fell. One hundred and forty-four years of colonial era in Kazakh history began. ## Sources * "Chronicle of historical events of the Kazakh Horde", Mukhtar Magavin ## External links * History Archived on March 9, 2017 . (In the Open List Project) ## Sources Template:Initial

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5164

Niyazbekov

The word Niyazbekov can have the following meanings: * Sabyr Bilaluly Niyazbekov (1912—1989) — Chairman of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the CPSU (1965—1978); * Shaken Onlasynuly Niyazbekov - designer, author of the flag of Kazakhstan.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4283

Bayuly

Bayuly is an association of clans descended from the Alshin tribe. According to the genealogy, it descends from the Alshin tribe and is part of the Small Hundred. There is no connection between the association of Bayuly clans and the ancient Bairku tribe. When the Nogai Horde collapsed, data about Bayuly, one of the main tribes of Alshin, Altyaul, and Zhemboyk Nogaily, became part of the Kazakh Khanate together with the Tamas, from the first half of the 18th century, began to appear frequently in the documents of the Russian administration. He is identified as 12 ata Bayuly (13 ata in some lists). Bayuly includes Sherkesh, Issyk, Altyn, Yesentemir, Baybakti, Berish, Aday, Zhappas, Tana, Alasha, Maskar, Taz, Kyzylkurt clans. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5856

Вьетнам

Vietnam, the full name of the Socialist Republic of Vietnam (Vietnamese: Cộng Hòa Xã Hội Chọ Nghọa Việt Nam) is a socialist country located in Southeast Asia. The land of Vietnam in the far south-east is a 1,750-kilometer-long region of dense and dense forests along the coast of the South China Sea. The Vietnamese call their country Bacbo (north), Chungbo (middle) and Nambo (south). The northern part of Vietnam is watered by the Honga (Red) and the southern part by the Mekong rivers. Socialist Vietnam is a multi-ethnic country: about sixty people live here. The capital is Hanoi. Other major cities are Ho Chi Minh City and Haiphong. Ancient buildings have been preserved in Hue, the ancient capital of the country. ## Geography Vietnam, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam is a country located in Southeast Asia. The land area is 330 thousand km². The population is 85 million people (2007). The capital is the city of Hanoi. 88% of the population are Viets (local residents). The rest are Myong, Khmer, Thai, Thai and other small peoples. The official language is Vietnamese. Residents mainly practice Buddhism, as well as Christianity and Islam. The head of state is the president. The legislative body is the National Assembly. Four-fifths of its land is mountainous. The climate is tropical, monsoon. The average temperature in January is 15°С, the average temperature in July is 26°С. The average amount of precipitation is 1500-3000 mm. Elephants, tigers, antelopes, deer, and other animals can be found in tropical forests. Humans have been living in Vietnam since the Stone Age. The oldest state structure is called Wanlang. Later, the states of Aulak and Namviet, which appeared in its place, were conquered by China in the 2nd century before our era, and were kept in captivity until the 10th century. In the middle of the 11th century, a centralized state was established, which was called Daikovyet (Ancient Great Viet), and from 1069 it was known as Daiviet (Great Viet). In the 12th and 13th centuries, the rulers of the country waged continuous wars with neighboring states, including Cambodia. In 1257-1288, the people of Vietnam resisted the armies of Genghis Khan's empire three times. Between 1407 and 1427, it fought against the Chinese army and maintained its independence. Since the beginning of the 17th century, the country has been divided into two states that clashed with each other. Since 1884, Vietnam has become a complete colony of France. France added Laos and Cambodia to Vietnam and called them French Indochina. At the beginning of the 20th century, the national liberation movement developed in the country. In the early 1930s, the Communist Party of Indochina (CPI) was founded in China. This party led the national liberation movement that took place after World War II. It ended in 1954 with the defeat of the French army. According to the Geneva Agreement, Vietnam was divided into two states along the 17th parallel, the Democratic Republic of Vietnam was established in the north on December 31, 1959, and the Republic of Vietnam was declared in the south on October 26, 1955. The division of the country into two countries, one under the influence of the USSR and China, and the other under the influence of the USA and its partners, later led to war. In early 1975, the Saigon regime in the Republic of Vietnam fell, and in 1976 the unification of the two Vietnams was completed. From the 90s of the 20th century, political and economic reforms began to be implemented in Vietnam. Main branches of economy: oil, coal, electricity production and agriculture (growing of rice, tropical fruits). National income per capita is USD 200. However, in recent years, many foreign investors have been attracted, and the country's economy is developing rapidly. The largest investors and main trade partners are: Singapore, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea. Vietnam is a member of the UN and has diplomatic relations with one hundred and sixty countries. ## Nature Most of the land is mountainous. * The highest point of North Vietnam is Fanshi peak on the Hoan-Helenchon range. (3143 m.) * Goklin mountain in South Vietnam. (3280 m.) Low-lying plain close to the sea coast Hongkha, delta of Mekong rivers. The north-eastern part of North Vietnam is a continuation of the South China Platform, and the south-west consists of the Mesozoic fold system. The Precambrian lower layer of the platform consists of quartzite, marble and granitoid, covered by Paleozoic sandstone and slate and Mesozoic rock layers. The Mesozoic fold is a combination of later Precambrian, Paleozoic and Triassic rock layers. The northern part of South Vietnam belongs to the Indo-Sinai massif. Its top is made of Cenozoic basalts. Minerals: * hard coal; * iron ore; * lead; * zinc; * bauxite; * tin; * tungsten. The climate is monsoonal, subequatorial, the average temperature of the coldest month is 15 °C. In the south, 25.8 °C. The average temperature of the warm months is 18, 29 °C. Amount of precipitation, 1500-3000 mm. ## History of Vietnam In 1884, the land of Vietnam, where there were many ancient states of Valang, Aulak, Daiviet, was conquered by the French colonialists. The Vietnamese started a freedom struggle against an overwhelming enemy. Their continuous struggle for tens of years brought the first victory to the country in 1954. The Vietnamese people expelled the colonialists from their land. But at this time, the US occupied South Vietnam and established the Republic of South Vietnam. The Vietnam War began. The Vietnamese people had to continue their struggle. In the spring of 1975, the nation's ninety-year long struggle brought complete victory to the country, and South Vietnam was liberated. In 1976, Vietnam was declared a unified socialist state. Thus, the Vietnamese showed a noble example of fighting for the national freedom and dedication of their country. ## Administrative building * Hanoi is the capital city * Bien Hoa * Vinh * Vung Tau * Dalat * Da Nang \ <> * Kampha * Kantho * Quang Chi * Kuinyon * Longxuen * Long An * Methuot * Mitho * Nam Dinh * Nyachang * Ratjia * Thaing Nguyen * Phan Thiet * Haiphong * Honggai * Ho Chi Minh * Hue ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3429

Құлсары

Kulsary is a city in Kazakhstan, Atyrau region, center of Zhylyoi district and Kulsary city administration. ## Geographical location Distance to the regional center - Atyrau city — 220 km. Since 1952, the center of Zhylyoi district. Railway station, junction of pipeline system. It is located in the southeast of Kamyskol Lake. ## Population ## History The foundation was laid in 1939 due to oil and gas production in this region. The name comes from the Kulsary Adai clan, which lived and was buried here at the beginning of the 19th century, had a reputation in the country and had divination. Munal - Bayimbet - Segizbay - Kushik (Erzhigit) - Aigyr - Tinekei - Kulsary according to genealogy. In the period of 1934-1938, the search for oil ore began in this region, the well-known writer S. led by Sharipov. In 1938, oil erupted from the 10th well in the Kulsary field. In 1939, the Kulsary Oil Refinery Department was established, houses were built on the site of the first building, and later Kazakh villages No. 1 were named Old Kulsary. Millions of tons of oil from Kulsary during the Great Patriotic War, in addition, a small gasoline plant was started near the Kulsary oil production plant, and gasoline was sent directly to the front (this gasoline plant was closed in 1952). As a result of the floods in the country in 2024, the village of Kulsary and its people suffered a lot. The people of Kulsary, who asked for 400,000 tenge for each affected shelter, later organized protests in May of the same year. ## City status In 1954, Kulsary became the district center. On September 22, 2001, it received the status of "Kulsary city of regional importance" by the resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 685. Today, Kulsary is turning into a city with more than 60,000 inhabitants. It is divided into compact districts near the station, Autozholshiri, Lauluycher, Munayshiri, Ken Zhylyoi, Southern Airport, Zhadyrasyn, Karagay, Bolashak, No. 1, 2, 2a, 3, 4, 4a, 5, 5a. ## Economy Today, Kulsary is the center of development of the Tengiz deposit. The Oil and Gas Production Department, the South Embi oil exploration expedition, and an oil pumping station work here. Makat-Beineu railway, Beineu-Dossor-Atyrau, Kulsary-Munaily, Kulsary-Prorva highways pass through the city. ## Social and cultural facilities ### Schools * Secondary school No. 1 — secondary school named after V. I. Lenin in 1985 was built and put into use. * Secondary school No. 5 named after Abay — 1939. elementary school, 1940 seven years old, 1942 It was established as a secondary school and named after Abai. * Secondary school No. 6 — 1952. was opened as a secondary school named after A.S. Pushkin teaching in Russian. * Secondary school No. 7 named after E. Khalykov was opened as an 8-year school in 1959, and as a 10-year school in 1977. In 2003-2004, a new school building was provided. * Secondary school No. 8 — opened in January 2014. * Secondary school No. 9 — Former school named after A.S. Makarenko. 1954 years old, 1965 up to eight years, in 1965 it became a secondary school. * Secondary school No. 13 — 1964 It was founded as school No. 468 and opened in 2 classrooms. From 1971, it was transferred to an 8-year school. 1976 From 1996, he transferred to secondary school under the name of Yu.A.Gagarin. * Secondary school #15 named after S. Karabalin — elementary school in 1946, 1952. It became a 7-year school. 1953 Named GM Malenkov. 1957 it became a secondary school and was named after A.P. Chekhov. 2007 S. Karabalin was named. * Secondary school No. 16 named after D. Zhazykbayev — was opened in 1988 as a school named after the XIX Party Conference. In 1991, the name was given to D. Zhazykbaev. * Secondary school #18 named after M. Satybaldiev - was awarded in 1991. * Secondary school No. 19 was first opened as an elementary school (12.02.1992), then a middle school (1992-1993), and then a high school. * Secondary school No. 20 - opened in September 1993. * secondary school No. 21 * Zhylyoi boarding school for gifted children - 02.10.2015. created. Biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, computer science subjects are taught in English. * Children's clay school named after T. Kultumiev - opened as Kulsary clay school in 1966. Entered the school in 1990. The name was given to T. Kultumiev. * Kulsary Children's Art School — 1989. It was opened as "Children's Art School". In 2002, it was named Kulsary Children's Art School. * Sports school for children and teenagers - opened in 1968, 2003. moved to a new building. ### Pre-school institutions * "Aygolek" nursery school was opened in December 1987 as an institution belonging to "Tengizmunaigaz" joint-stock company. * "Ainalayin" nursery garden * "Akkayin" nursery garden was called "Berezka" and was commissioned in 1987. * "Anashim" nursery garden * "Aigerim" nursery garden * "Asem" nursery garden - opened in 2008. * "Balapan" nursery garden was called "Buratino" and was opened in October 1965. * "Guldauren" nursery garden - on December 1, 1989, it was added to the South Embi oil exploration expedition under the name "Zolushka". * "Yerkem-ay" nursery garden * "Zhaukazyn" nursery garden * "Kulinchak" nursery garden * "Kyzgaldak" nursery garden * "Saltanat" nursery garden - since 1977 works. * Orken nursery garden ### Colleges * Zhylyoi oil and gas technological college named after Safi Otebaev * Medprofi college * Kulsary humanitarian and technical college — In 1997, it was opened as a department of Atyrau Humanitarian and Technical College. It was established as a private educational institution in 2001. ### Health affairs * Kamyskol sanatorium ## Service of religious organizations * Zhylyoi Muslim mosque - built in 1995. The project was made by architect B. Satiev. For 300 people. The size of the building is 432 square meters. The men's hall is 108 square meters, the women's hall is 72 square meters. The height of the main tower is 15 meters. ## Famous people Erik Salimuly Kurmangaliyev - a very rare countertenor opera singer ## Pictures of the city # # Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6885

Moscow

Moscow (Russian: Москва́, (pronounced )) is the capital of the Russian Federation. It is located in the middle of the European part of Russia, on the banks of the Moscow River. The land area is 1000 km2. The climate is temperate continental. The average temperature in January is –10.2 °C, in July 18.1 °C; annual precipitation is about 600 mm. Moscow is one of the largest cities in the world. The population is 11.5 million (2011). Moscow - in the 13th - 14th centuries, was the capital of Vladimir Suzdal's great vassals, of the Russian state subordinated to one center from the last quarter of the 15th century to 1712, of the RKFSR from March 1918 to December 1922, and of the USSR from December 1922 to 1992. The first settlements in the territory of Moscow BC. It appeared in the 2nd millennium. In the 10th - 11th centuries, the town of the Vyatichs, an Eastern Slavic tribe, settled here. According to the genealogical data, it dates back to 1147. ## Population ## History Moscow (Russian Empire) in 1908 (Video) The first Moscow The document is found in the Ipatiev Annals. In April 1147, it is written that Prince Yury Dolgoruky invited Svyatoslav Olgovich, Prince of Chernigov-Seversk, to his residence, "Moscow", to hold a council. This year (1147) is considered to be the period when the foundation of Moscow (Moscow) was laid. The reason for Moscow's growth and leading role was its location (a center that contributed to the formation of the Russian people, a junction of trade routes). In the 15th and 16th centuries, Moscow became a large city engaged in trade and handicrafts, gradually becoming the cultural center of the entire Russian land. Kremlin, Pokrov Cathedral (Vasily the Blessed), vol. b. was built. Russian book printing began to develop in Moscow. In 1607-12 Polish-Lithuanian invaders occupied Moscow. The liberation struggle led by K. Minin and D. Pozharsky against them ended with the victory of the Russian people. Gradually, Moscow became the center of the Russian market and attracted the attention of European and Asian merchants. In 1678, the Slavic-Greek-Latin Academy was opened. Moscow residents took an active part in the peasant war led by I. Bolotnikov, in the 17th century uprisings ("Salt Rebellion" in 1648, "Copper Rebellion" in 1662, "Khovanshchyna" in 1682). * Moscow was one of the main centers of revolutionary struggle in Russia during the 19th and early 20th centuries. * On July 10, 1935, the Soviet government issued a special decree on the adoption of the master plan for beautification of Moscow, and the subway was put into operation that year. * In 1941, the first devastating blow was given to the German-fascist troops near Moscow. (Battle of the city of Moscow). * On June 24, 1945, a victory parade was held on Red Square in Moscow. * Moscow's 800th anniversary was celebrated in 1947 and 850th anniversary in 1997. ## Economy Even after Peter I moved the capital to St. Petersburg in 1712, Moscow remained a major economic and cultural center, played the role of the second capital of Russia. The first Russian theater was opened in Moscow in 1702, newspaper ("Vedomosti" in 1703), university in 1755. On March 12, 1918, the capital of the Soviet government was moved from Petrograd to Moscow. Moscow became the center of the Soviet economy, and the population of the city grew rapidly. The foundation of the Kremlin in Moscow has become a unique monument of world architecture since the 11th century. There are 20 towers in the Kremlin, most of them were built in 1485-1495. In 1625, Kremlin chimes were installed on the Spassk tower, and five stars made of precious minerals were installed on the Spassk, Troitsk, Nikolsk, Borovitsk towers in 1937. The main square in Moscow is Red Square. According to the annals, the Red Square appeared as a trade square at the end of the 15th century (the Troitsk Square in the 16th century, and the Red Square from the 17th century). On the red square V.I. Lenin's grave, the Cemetery of the Unknown Soldier, and the Eternal Flame. Famous poets and writers, scientists, artists, musicians, artists, etc., who made a significant contribution to not only Russian culture, but also world culture in different historical periods in Moscow. artists lived and engaged in creative activities. In the summer of 1980, the 22nd Olympic Games were held in Moscow. Moscow is a transport hub and one of the largest air hubs in Europe. There are 11 railway lines from Moscow, a large river port is located here. Vnukovo, Domodedova, Bykovo, Sheremetyevo airports are operating. There are more than 80 higher educational institutions and about 70 different museums. ## Relations between Kazakhstan and Moscow In the 19th and 20th centuries, extensive cultural, scientific and economic relations were established between Moscow and the Kazakh country. Gani Muratbaev, Turar Ryskulov, Mukhtar Auezov, etc. prominent citizens of the Kazakh people lived and worked in Moscow. Prominent representatives of Kazakh art and science studied and received education in Moscow. In 1936, the first decade of Kazakh literature and art was held in Moscow. During World War II, many enterprises moved from Moscow worked in Kazakhstan. Moscow scientists and artists ("Mosfilm" film studio employees) lived and worked in Almaty during the war years. In 1942, the film studios "Mosfilm" and "Lenfilm" that came with the evacuation joined the Almaty feature film studio and worked under the name of the united Central Film Studio (TsOKS) until 1944. S. Eisenstein, Yu.Ya. Raisman, G.L. Roshal, V.I. Soviet cinematographers such as Pudovkin, D. Vertov collaborated creatively with Kazakh masters. Scientific institutions and academics transferred from Moscow I. P. Vernadsky, A. Obruchev, A.I. Ponkratova, A. Skochinsky, etc. scientists worked in Kazakhstan during the war years. Currently, more than 8.5 thousand (1989) Kazakhs live in the city. Embassy of Kazakhstan, National Center of Moscow Kazakhs works in Moscow. Moscow has established close economic and cultural ties with the cities of Astana and Almaty. Many Kazakh youths are studying in higher educational institutions of the city. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1921

Текелі

Tekeli is a city under Zhetysu region, Republic of Kazakhstan (since 1952). ## Geographical location is located 40 km southeast of Taldykorgan city. The area is 0.1 thousand square km (61.33 hectares). The city is located on the left bank of the Tekeli River, in one of the gorges of the western spurs of Zhetysu Alatau, at an altitude of 950-1600 m above sea level. ## Population ## Leaders of Tekeli city * ? * Azhigulov Kanatbek Bazilzhanuly * ? * Beskempirov Serikzhan Islamuly (27.09.2005 — 25.01.2012 dismissed);. * Aitzhanov Kanybek Kuljabayuly (25.01.2012 — 27.06.2013 was dismissed from his position). * Kaynarbekov Talgat Kanatouly (27.06.2013 — 09.11.2016 was dismissed from his position). * Onerbayev Bakhtiyar Altayuly (09.11.2016 — 21.09.2020 applied for resignation). * Moldakhmetov Batyr Kairkenuly (21.09.2020 — 05.09.2022 dismissed). * Adil Almas Gabdolovich (05.09.2022) ## History * The foundation was laid in 1911, and in 1927 it was elevated to the status of a village. * In 1933, engineer-geologists M. Yudichev and M. As a result of Kadilbekov's exploration work, lead, zinc, silver, cadmium, germanium ores were found on the right bank of the Tekeli river. * In 1937, the construction of the Tekeli lead-zinc department began, and in 1942, a lead-zinc plant was established. * In 1939, a clinic was built, in 1941, the first secondary school was opened. * In 1942, the Tekeli lead-zinc plant and a work settlement were established near it at the foot of the Dzungar Mountains. The company produced Tekeli, Koksu and Tuyik deposits. During the Second World War, every eighth bullet fired during the war was produced at this factory. ## Climate The climate of Tekel is continental, cold in winter and warm in summer. The annual average temperature in January is -11-13С, in July - 20-22С. Average annual precipitation is 650-1900 mm. Near the city, in the gorge of the Kora River, there is a 90-meter-high waterfall named Burkanbulak. ## Nature In the beautiful mountain gorges near the city, Zhetysubaka tooth (newt), deer, marten, roe deer, brown bear, badger, mink, marten, fox, wolf, squirrel, lynx, hare, wild boar, etc. animals are found. Also, there are spruce, birch, poplar, willow, aspen, pine, apple tree, etc. A broad-leaved forest is formed. * * * ## Sights of the city There are several sights in the city of Tekeli, namely: * Dinmuhamed 38 km long street named after Konaev. It is officially considered the longest street in Kazakhstan. * "Kelinchektas", "Buddha Stone" is an ancient Buddhist monument on the territory of Kazakhstan. * "Burkhanbulak" is the largest waterfall in Kazakhstan, located at the foot of the Kora River gorge above the city of Tekeli. * In the center of the city where three rivers meet Monument to the Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) ## External link Site about the city of Tekeli ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5028

Sultan Beybarys

Sultan Baibarys (Beybarys, Arabic. : الزهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري‎ - al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn-ad-din Beybarys I al-Bunduktari al-Salih) was a sultan who ruled in Egypt in 1223-77. He was born in 1223, descends from the Burjoghly branch of the Kypchak clan. The fate of Rukn al-Din Baibarys-Al-Mansuri Al-Mysri, the fourth sultan of the Mamluk state, is very interesting and full of contradictions. Baibarys' father is Jamak, mother is Glass. He is from Khorezm and Berber. Historians proved that he came from an aristocratic family. At that time, the Berish clan lived in the Crimea region (in modern times, the Berish mostly settled in the Atyrau region). Amir Aytekin was bought by al-Bunduktar in Dimashq slave market, therefore he was called Beybarys al-Bunduktari. ## Falling into slavery He was captured in the Kypchak field during the war, as a child, and rose from slavery to heroism in a foreign land with extraordinary bravery and great talent. He is a remarkable person in Kazakh history. There are two accounts of how he came to be enslaved. * According to the first, as a result of military campaigns, and according to the second, his father's enemies sold him into slavery. Beybarys was a man who rose from a common slave to the rank of sultan of the Mamluk state. The Mamluk state was founded by his daughter Fatima and his son-in-law, Ghali-Arystan, after many years of conflicts and heated disputes between the heirs of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). In protecting their country from the enemy, they did not rely on the local people, but on their strong and brave Kipchak men. * Since 1271, due to the transition of Islam in the direction of Sufism, the sons of Turks began to be selected for the army, this was to prevent military coups. The Sultan of Egypt bought men for security from Italian merchants. Thus Beibaryst was sold in Dimashki for 800 dirhams. Here he met his compatriots. Baibarys was able to prove himself as a master of military art. ## Ascension to the throne Sultan Ayubi of Egypt appointed him as his secretary. During that period, the Muslim army of the Mamluk state led by Beybarys resisted two major powers of the Middle Ages - the Christian Europeans who organized the "crusades" and the divinely believing army of the Mongols (mostly Turkic tribes; not Khalkha-Tungus Mongols) (Rashid al-Din's "Jamig al-Tawarikh" " in the work it is written that they are Mongols and it is written about the battle in Ain-Zhalut). After the death of Sultan Kutiz in 1260, Baibarys ascended the throne. ## Strengthening of the connection with the Golden Horde Historical literature in Egypt developed at a rapid pace due to the strengthening of the connection with the Golden Horde with the arrival of the Mamluk (Kipchak) dynasty at the head of the state. Encyclopaedias containing historical and geographical information of Turkic dynasties and peoples appeared. In Egypt, the historical work of Abd-az-Zahir, the secretary of Sultan Baibarys, was born. This work contains information about relations with the Golden Horde, as well as a brief "road link" from the Crimea to the Volga, religious and ethnographic information about the resident population of Crimea. ## Changes in power He loved horse games, hunting, contests. He was famous for his simplicity and piety. He always paid attention to and helped the poor, fed orphans and took them under his arms. Baibarys, who firmly took the reins of power, strengthened every city and kept a permanent army in every city. He strengthened the order in the state, finally stopped the clashes that took place near the Palace. Introduced channel system. The Mamluk state became more beautiful. Merchants from all over the world began to flock to the Mamluks. Bridges were built over all the rivers and a mosque was built in every city. Baibarys achieved the title of the ruler of all Arab possessions in the east. He completely subjugated Seljuks, Minor Armenia, and Berbers in Central Asia. They destroyed the huge castles of the Franks one after another. All the neighboring countries were considered by the Mamluks. Baibarys was recognized not only as a talented commander, but also as a visionary politician. He established relations with many distant and nearby states of that time. Sultan az-Zahir Beybarys built many high-rise buildings, famous mosques, high mounds and castles according to the advanced model of that era. Some of them have been preserved. When he gained the power of the sultanate, the lands of Kipchak were owned by the Golden Horde, which was ruled by the Mongol (Mangiel) khan Berke. Baibarys first of all sent a friendly letter. In 1262, the Sultan sent his ambassador to establish friendly relations between the two countries. After that, they established military, trade, religious and cultural ties. ## In the last years In 1277 Beybarys was poisoned by the vizier Kypchak Kalu. Sultan Beybarys died on July 1, 1277 in the city of Dimashk and was buried under the dome of Az-Zaharia Library. His remains were buried in the Bab al-Barid cemetery in Damascus. In this way, Beybarys Sultan turned the Mamluk state into a great power, protected Egypt and Syria from the "crusade" and Mongol invasion, and became a fortress for all Muslim countries. He ruled Egypt for 17 years. ## Nursultan Nazarbayev about sultan Beybarys He rose from slavery to khanate with his exceptional courage and great intelligence. Many historians wrote that our great ancestor Beybarys, who ruled a huge country like Egypt for 17 years and saved the entire Arab world from the Mongol invaders, was taken captive from this Atyrau region as a child, and that his remains were from the Berish tribe. When I went to Egypt, I taught the Koran in the mosque built by Baibarys. I saw with my own eyes how the Arabs respect our glorious ancestor. * 1265 Christian-Frankish castles were taken. He conquered the Berbers (1267-75). * In the period 1260-77, the face of the crusades returned, the invasion of Mongol troops was repelled, the political and military prestige of the country increased, and the life of the local population improved. ## Sources ## External link * http://www.kazneb.kz Archived May 19, 2021.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7638

Great Hundred Clans

Uly Yuz is a political, economic and cultural association of clans and tribes that are part of the ethnic composition of the Kazakh people. ## Khans ### Great Hundred rulers before independence * Zhanali Khan (1588-1600) * Tynym Khan (1600-1603). 1627) * Abylai Khan I (1627-1628) * Imakuli (1628-1642) * Rustem Khan (1642-1698) * Isfendiyar (1698-1712) * Tursyn Khan II (1712-1717) * Kart-Abulkhair Khan (1717-1718) ### Great Hundred Rulers * Kart-Abulkhair Khan (1718-1730) \< > * Zholbarys Khan (1730-1740) * Abilfayz Khan (1740-1750) * Tole Bi (1750-1756) * Abylai Khan (1756-1771) * Abilpeyiz Khan (1771 -1774) * Adil Khan (1774-1781) * Kasym Khan II (1806-1809) * Tokai Khan (1809-1826) ## Within the Kazakh Khanate \< > ### Zhanali Khan In the 1570s, during the reign of Khaqnazar Khan, the clans located in the south and east united with each other to form Uly Yuz. And there was a state called Tashkent Khanate in those places. The clans of Uluyuz started to destroy the Tashkent khanate. He did not know that the Great Hundred had been formed until the end of Khaqnazar Khan's reign. Shygay Khan Uluyuz, knowing that he was formed within the state, did not pay attention to this, Shygay Khan focused on fighting with Baba Sultan. The Khan of Tashkent offers to risk the destruction of the Great Face. But in 1588, the Uzbek sultan of the Shaibani dynasty started a rebellion and made the Tashkent Khanate independent. Sultan Ali declared himself Khan of the Great Hundred in Turkestan and gathered 30,000 troops in the Great Hundred. Dinmuhammed and Mungatai, the sons of Haqnazar, buried Sultan Ali. Uzbek sends an ambassador to his relative Abdullah II to ask for help. And Ali besieged the fortress in Tashkent for 1 month. Abdullah's army arrives, but Ali captures the castle and kills Uzbek. After this incident, the people called Ali Khan Janali, and Sultan Dinmuhammed as Tynym. Risk recognizes Janali, and establishes Tashkent as the capital of the Great Hundred. In the autumn of 1598, Karakalpak Bey Abdugaffar wanted to receive the title of "Ruler of Tashkent". But Yesim Khan refuses. As a result, Abdugaffar starts the Karakalpak rebellion. In 1600, Janali was killed in a battle with Abdu Ghaffar. ### Tynym Khan In 1588 Dinmuhammed helps Janali Khan to start a rebellion. Zhanali kills Uzbek and becomes the Khan of the Great Hundred. In 1600, after killing Abdu Ghaffar Janali, Dinmuhammed Uly Hundred reigned. People call Dinmuhammed Tynym. In 1601 Abdugaffar led a campaign to Tynym and won. Tynym submits to Abdu Ghaffar and is captured. In 1602, Esim Khan organized a campaign against Abdu Ghaffar and defeated him. Tynym gathers 5,000 signatures and fights with Abdugaffar. As a result, Abdugaffar kills Tynym. ### Muhammad Khan came Muhammad came, a sultan from the Shaibani dynasty. In 1598, Keldi Muhammed became the governor of Syrdarya province by the order of II Pirmuhammed Khan. In 1599, the Ashtarkhan family came to power instead of the Bukhara Khanate. Baqi Muhammad of the Ashtarkhan dynasty ascends the throne. Baqi Muhammad tried to remove Keldi Muhammad from the Shaibani dynasty, but Keldi Muhammad resisted and waged war. On the one hand, Baqi was fighting with the Kazakh Khan Esim. In 1602, in order to find an ally, Keldi Muhammad agreed to enter the country of Esim Khan. In 1603, Keldi Muhammed joined the Kazakh khanate and became the khan of the Great Hundred. In 1604, Baqi Keldi stopped campaigning against Muhammad and waged wars against Esim Khan. In 1607, Keldi Muhammad died. ### Shah Said Khan ## The land is close together and customs The Great Hundred Association, which includes the Zhetysu and Syrbai tribes, which are similar in life and related formation took many years. Their ancient place is Zhetysu ancient cultural center. was. In the second half of the 15th century, the establishment of the Kazakh khanate in Zhetysu accelerated the formation of the Uly Yuz union. Since then, this union has been joined by people who have passed through various historical periods in the Kazakh land * jalayir * kanly * albanian * suan * dulat * shapyrashty * tribes of shirkeli * fork * heat * hearth * sariyuyin * began to enter. These tribes from B.C. It lived in the Early Iron Age as part of the Kanly and Uysin states established in the II century along the Syrdarya, in the Shirshik oasis, Zhetysu, East Turkestan. During the 4th century, he lived between the rivers Shyrshik, Syrdaria and Talas. According to scientists, the Kanylar are direct descendants of the ancient Sak-Tigrahauda tribes. A number of tribes related to the Uysin (Yuezhi, etc.) lived in the Uysin state. N.Ya. In the works of scientists such as Bichurin, GE Grumm-Grzhimailo, it is said that the Dulu tribe lived in the Uysin. This country is a close diplomat with China. established relations and became widely recognized in far and near countries. Well-known researcher N. Mynzhanuly "B.C. "In the 1200-year history of Uysin, from the 3rd century to the 10th century of our era, only ten generations of the Uysin Kunbi dynasty have been preserved." Scientists who support the autochthonous concept of our people write that ancient houses played an important role in the Kazakh ethnos. The majority of Chinese scientists approve of this. According to the Turkic expert-archaeologist A. Dosymbayeva, the house in Zhetysu and the complex of archaeological monuments of the Turkic era developed in close connection with each other. It is also confirmed by written sources. "The Ancient History of the Tang Dynasty. In the historical source "Turk Chronicle" there are lines that "After the conquest of Tele... adjacent countries, their people got mixed up with the Dulat, Nushbe, Karlyk, Shiuo, Shmyr, and Obyrs." This, in turn, is related to the political situation at the time when the Turkic Khaganate was formed. indicates relations. There were also a number of tribes that were part of the Great Hundred within the Western Turkic Khaganate. The core of this state was formed by ten large tribes called "on ok bodon" (ten ok people). They, in turn, consisted of a union of five tribes of Dulat (Dughlu) and five tribes of Nushbes (Nushubi). The boundary between the two properties is Shu. was. According to Chinese sources, there are five tribes of dulats - Turgesh (the ancestors of Saryuysin, according to experts), Koyla, Chimoyin (Shimugin), Issy, Zhanis, and the Nushbeler union consists of uluses or tribes such as Azgyr (Askyl), Kaso, Barysan (Barsagan). In the states that were on the territory of Kazakhstan in the early Middle Ages, N. etc. It is known that there were many tribes included in it. For example, among the above-mentioned tribes, the Turgesh became stronger and later formed the Turgesh kingdom. Later, this state was conquered by the Karluks. In the written sources during the Karakhan state, N. etc. the names of the tribes included in its composition are found. When Karakytais (Khidans) dominated Zhetysu, a number of tribes recognized their rule. Later, the Khitans themselves assimilated into the Turkic peoples. At the beginning of the 13th century, during the invasion of Turko-Mongol tribes led by Genghis Khan, U. etc. The composition of the tribes was replenished at the expense of zalyyars. Jalaiyrs, who were one of the main military forces of Chinggis Khan, got mixed up with the tribes that have been living here since the beginning of time. Some of the tribes who were dissatisfied with the religious tyranny of the local rulers (Kushlik Khan) welcomed Genghis Khan's troops as liberators. Some of them joined his army and took part in the wars of conquest of Khorezm. As a result of Genghis Khan's conquest of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (1219 — 1221) and the distribution of those lands to the Ulys, the ethnic group of the tribes that formed the Great Hundred. territories were partially given to Zhoshi and Chagatai. N. The majority of the tribes that entered the territory lived in the territory of the Shagatai ulus. After its disintegration, it lived as part of the Mongolian state. In this state, the emirs of the Dulat tribe held the position of Ulisebegi, military and administrator. held the power in their hands. The Ulysbegis chose the person they wanted as khan and deposed those they did not like. In the state of Mongolia, the process of consolidation of the Great Hundred proceeded at a great pace, and a common language and cultural tradition was formed. In the 15th and 16th centuries, the Kazakh yuzh began to form, mainly the Little Yuzh from the tribes separated from the Nogai Horde, the Middle Yuzh from the tribes separated from the Abilkhair Khanate, and the Great Yuzh in Mongolia. But this process was completed only in the 2nd half of the 17th century, after the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate, and the Kazakh people were formed. Thus, as a result of long-term integration, ethnic Kazakh people. its territory fully covered the territory of the present Republic of Kazakhstan. Uly Yuz Kazakhs, one of the three main groups that made up the Kazakh people, were engaged in farming and livestock breeding, and established trade relations with neighboring countries. 1643 Batyr U. took over some parts of the eastern region of the country. 1681 — 88 Dzungar rulers N. made several attacks on the lands of South Kazakhstan. In the 1st half of the 18th century, among the Three Hundred Associations, political and economic. the connection has deteriorated. The rulers of Dzungar, who skillfully used the mutual competition between different groups of Kazakh shonjars, invaded the Kazakh land, especially U. etc. intensified his invasion along the Ile, Syr, Talas, and Shu tribes. Finally in 1723 The Dzungars embarked on a devastating campaign and captured Uly Yuz (see Aktaban Shubyrindy, Alkakol Sulama). The Great Hundred Kazakhs suffered great losses, and the ruler of the Great Hundred, Zholbarys Khan, recognized his dependence on the Dzonghar Khanate on behalf of the Kazakh communities he ruled and the people of Tashkent. 1733 Ambassadors of the Great Hundred, Aralbai and Orazgeldy, went to Russia and tried to get help from the Russian king in the fight against the foreign enemy. 1734 On April 20, Queen Anna Ivanovna of Russia sent a special letter to Tiger, but due to the distance between Great Hundred and Russia, political contacts stopped. In the first half of the 19th century, the right facing Uly Yuz. areas were occupied by the Kokan Khanate. Uly Yuz clans living in Auli-Ata (Taraz), Sayram, Shymkent, Turkestan in 1821. rebelled against the Kokan domination. Although they conquered Shymkent and Sayram, they could not withstand the superior forces of the Kokan army. Uly Yuz Kazakhs, oppressed by the Kokan Khanate, gradually began to fall under the rule of Russia. 1837 — 47 years A part of the Great Hundred Kazakhs supported the national liberation uprising led by Kenesery Kasymuli, while the next group opposed the tyranny of his troops and left the battle with the Kyrgyz. After that, Tsarist Russia intensified its expansion in the territory of the Great Hundred Kazakhs. 1849 59,000 Great Hundred Kazakhs who settled between Ile and Karatal, along the coast of Balkash came under the control of Russia. In the 60s of the 19th century, the annexation of Kazakhstan to Russia was completed. 1848 On January 10, the tsarist government established the post of bailiff of the Great Horde to manage the Great Hundred Kazakhs and control the Zhetisu region. The bailiff was subordinated to the Governor-General of Western Siberia. N. etc. After the Kazakhs completely surrendered to Russia, they submitted to the General Governorship of Turkestan and inhabited Syrdarya region and Zhetysu region. The border of these regions passed along the Kuragaty and Shu rivers. N. of Zhetysu region in 1882. Together with Akmola and Semey regions, it became part of the newly organized Dala General Governorate. 1897 again entered the Turkestan General-Governorship. N. etc. data on the tribes of the Russian P.I. before the October Revolution. Rychkov, A. Levshin, N.A. Aristov, V.V. Barthold is found in the works of critical researchers. Also M. Tynyshbaev, etc. the number of Great Hundred tribes in the works of Kazakh scientists, etc. issues are raised. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Uly Yuz Kazakhs mainly inhabited the Kapal, Zharkent and Vernyy districts of the Zhetysu region, and the Auli-Ata, Shymkent and Tashkent districts of the Syrdarya region. In the first half of the 20th century, the Uly Yuz Kazakhs faced with the conditions of the national liberation uprisings, the Civil War, and the famine years, suffered significant losses, and some of them were forced to move to neighboring countries. Today, representatives of Uly Yuz tribes are known as the Kazakh people. ## Great hundred clans ## See also * Kazakh faces ## Links : \ <> * "Kazakh Encyclopedia", Volume 9 * The entire Kazakh genealogy * https://www.elim.kz/article/192/ Archived November 25, 2020.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7551

imitation (art)

Imitation (art) (lat. imitatio - imitation) is a concept-term in art studies and cultural studies that means imitating the style, school, direction, and skill of a certain art.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5109

Tileukabyluly, Uteboydak

Uteboydak Tileukabylovich (1388-1478) is a famous Kazakh healer-scientist, a historian of the country's socio-political life, and a healer. ## Biography Uteboydak's life data, years of birth and death are known mainly from the information in the book "Shipagarh Bayan". The author left information that he started writing the book "Shipager Bayan" at the age of 70 at the request of Janibek Khan, and that he finished writing the book at the age of 85 in 1473, the year Janibek Khan died. There is also information that Oteboydak died at the age of 90. Therefore, it is possible to project that Uteboydak Uteyboydak was born in 1388 and died in 1478. Oteyboydak says about himself in the book "Shipager Bayan": "I am the son of Oteyboydak Tileukabyl. My ancestry is Great Hundred Zarman, Albanian within Zarman. My address is Zhetysu. In my village My friend, I have a lot of acquaintances. I'm the eloquent Zhonibek Khan. I'm eighty-five years old. I'm tall, with a big nose, broad shoulders, and a long eyebrow." , the healing property was inherited from Oteboydak. Uteboydak, who was able to use the rich experience accumulated by his ancestors, devoted his whole life to this field and brought folk medicine into a scientific system. Thus, he was able to rise to the highest level of healing in his time. Along the way, he, like Al-Farabi, gave up all the qualities of a human being, such as fame, wealth, wealth, and having a family, and spent his whole life mastering the secrets of healing. ## "Shipager Bayan" "Shipager Bayan", a great medical scientific work written 5 centuries ago based on his own experiences, has not lost its value to this day. The scientist wrote this book in 1470 under the order of Janibek Khan. (at the age of over 70) started. In his book, he mentioned only his name and did not write his biography. "Healing story" - heart, brain, bile (excreted from the human body), etc. The role of organs in the human body, the treatment of burns, colds, root preservation are discussed. It should be noted that vaccination against smallpox was written in the book 320 years before the English scientist E. Jenner (1796). "Healing Narrative" contains a list of 854 types of medicinal drugs obtained from plants and 455 types of medicinal properties obtained from animals, about 430 names of human organs, more than a thousand medicines and 4577 recipes. This manuscript was bequeathed to each other by Rayymbet, Shybyl, Konyrberik, Tama, and Burchak bi, for the fifth time, in 1952, when it came to the year 1170 of the Hijra (1827-1828 according to the Gregorian calendar). Tumenbay Ystanbayuly (Shiliozek a., Ile region, Tekes district) for the sixth time, 1991. Nurtai Tumenbayuly 1968 version of the 1952 version. after burning, he copied the remaining part for the seventh time. After that in 1994 in Arabic letters in Urumqi (China), 1996. It was published in Kazakh language in Almaty ("Zhalyn" publishing house). "Shipager Bayan" reached today through Oteboydak's brothers and descendants. The book has passed through various ravages of time, and only a quarter of the vast heritage has reached the hands of today's generation. The remaining part was burned by the "Hung-weibins" during the famous "cultural revolution" in China. Oteboydak's book "Shipager Bayan" provides as much information as possible about traditional Kazakh medical practice. At the same time, the author's presentation of more than 4,000 medicinal measures (prescriptions) by combining more than one thousand types of medicines, suggests that he was a qualified healer and a learned scientist. Also, in the book "Shipager Bayan" there are 728 types of drugs obtained from plants, 318 types obtained from animals, 318 types of drugs made from metal-metalloids with healing properties, about 500 anatomical names are mentioned, this is a special historical and ethnographic significance of the work. means that The incomparable "Shipager Bayan" is a clear proof of how deep and rich the Kazakh language was even at that time. Through the book "Healer's Story" it is clearly understood that Tileukabyluli of Uteboydak was not only a learned healer, but also deeply immersed in the people's way of life, worldview, and spiritual culture. ## Awards The Chinese government appreciated the value of "Healing Story" and awarded it with the "State First Book" award (1997'). 2 state medical centers have been established in China to study the heritage of Uteboydak.. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4545

Baurzhan Alimuly Mukhametzhanov

Baurzhan Alimuly Mukhametzhanov (November 26, 1960, Merki village, Merki district, Zhambyl region) is a state and political figure of the Republic of Kazakhstan, akim of Mangistau region (2011), Minister of Internal Affairs, Doctor of Law. ## Biography Born from the Khoja clan. * S.M. Graduated from the Faculty of Law of Kirov Kazakh State University (1983), lawyer. * Doctor of Law (2008). The topic of the doctoral dissertation: "Forms of government in the Republic of Kazakhstan: constitutional model and practice of public administration". * Since 1983 — S.M. Probationary researcher at the Department of Theory and History of State and Law of the Kazakh State University named after Kirov, assistant of the department. * Since July 1990 - senior adviser of the Department of Legislation and Legal Order of the Supreme Council of the KazSCR, head of the law enforcement sector. * Since September 1991 - Deputy Head of the Department of Legislation, Legal Expertise and Analysis of the Supreme Council of the KazSCR. * Since January 1992 - Head of the Secretariat of the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since January 1993 - Head of the Legislation, Legal Expertise and Analysis Department of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since February 1994 — Head of the Legislative Department of the Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Cabinet of Ministers * Since June 1994 — Head of the Legislative Initiatives and Legal Expertise Department of the Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since November 1995 - Head of the Department of Legislation and Legal Expertise of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since December 1996 - Head of the Department of Legislation and Judicial System Issues of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since October 1997 - Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Since September 2000 - Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2002 - Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2003 - Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2005 — Minister of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Since April 2009 — Deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, member of the International Relations, Defense and Security Committee. * December 22, 2011-January 20, 2013 - Akim of Mangistau region. * March 26, 2013 - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of Lithuania. * Since May 21, 2013 - acting as the Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of Latvia. ## Awards * "Parasat" (1999) * "Barys" (2004) orders; * with medals; * Awarded with the Diploma of Honor of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1993). Military title — reserve captain. ## Marital status * Married. Spouse - Mukhamedzhanova Zarema Haydarovna. * Daughters - Madina (born in 1980), Adina (born in 1997). * Grandchildren - Alizhan (born in 2000), Amirzhan (born in 2004). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5874

Neogene period

Neogene period - Cenozoic era is 24.6 million years old. the second (middle) geological period measured in years. 23 — 1.6 mln. covering the time period of years ago. The term Neogene was introduced by the Austrian scientist M. Gernes (1853). Neogene is divided into Miocene and Pliocene sections. At the end of the Miocene. and the middle parts are made of marine sediments, and the upper part is made of gypsum rocks. The bottom of the Pliocene horizons. part of clay, no. part is made of sandy rocks. The Pliocene rocks along the Mediterranean Sea (Italy, Greece) contain a lot of volcanic rocks. Lowlands in the closed basins of the Black Sea and Caspian Sea regions, sometimes connected to the ocean and sometimes separated from it. and parts of the middle Miocene are composed of the upper part of the clay layers of the Maikop series. At the beginning of the Pliocene, the place of the Black Sea and the Sea of Azov was isolated from the Caspian, with salty water, the Pontus, and later the Cimmerian lakes. At this time, continental and volcanic rocks were collected in the Caucasus, continental sediments were collected in Southwest Asia, and marine, continental, and volcanic rocks were concentrated in Indonesia. In the history of the earth. the period when giant young mountains (alpine folds) rose and expanded, and sea basins were exhausted and filled with sediments. At the end of the Neogene, the continents and oceans returned to their present state. Marine sediments of the Neogene can be found in Kazakhstan only near the Aral and Caspian seas. Continental sediments of the Neogene cover the Turan Plate and the Tien-Shan region, etc. regions are occupied. During the Neogene period, steppe, forest steppe, taiga and tundra plants appeared and developed widely. The composition of organisms on land has changed a lot. The fauna of mammals has undergone significant changes. New types of modern predators, ungulates and beaked animals appeared. For example, the bear, hyena, beaver, dog, badger, mostodont, rhinoceros, and sheep appeared in the Miocene, and the mink, elephant, hippopotamus, deer, hipparion, the three-hooved horse (at the end of the Pliocene, they became today's horse) appeared in the Pliocene. In the upper Miocene formations of Kazakhstan and Europe, the remains of monkeys similar to modern chimpanzees - dryopics have been found; Marl, gravel with layers of limestone, sand, gravel, and clay rocks are common. Mineral resources include oil and gas (Persia - Mesopotamia and Cordillera - Andes, Iran, Sakhalin, etc.), coal deposits (spread over all continents), iron deposits (Kerch), etc. different rocks are found. ## References * Paleolithic * Neolithic * Mesolithic ## Sources Template:Stub:Geology

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5323

Supreme Court of Kazakhstan

The Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the highest judicial body of Kazakhstan. The Supreme Court conducts judicial supervision of the services of lower courts in civil, criminal, economic and other court cases in the procedural form specified by law, and gives an opinion on the issues of judicial practice. In accordance with Resolution No. 3 of the Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated March 6, 1997, "The legal norms approved by the norm of paragraph 1 of Article 4 of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan are the normative decisions of the Supreme Court in the judicial practice of the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan. it should be understood that it is authorized to issue normative resolutions only on the issues of applying the norms of the Constitution. ## History 1937 It was established as the Supreme Court of the Kazakh SSR on January 9. 1993 The Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, adopted on January 28, established that the judicial power in the Republic of Kazakhstan is vested in the Constitutional Court, the Supreme Court, the High Court of Arbitration and the lower courts established by law. No other body and other person has the right to assume the functions of judicial power. 2001 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan According to the Decree of January 22, 2001 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. By the decree of April 14, the Committee on the Execution of Court Decisions of the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan was dissolved, the functions and powers of execution of executive documents, as well as the number of staff and property were transferred to the Committee on Court Administration under the Supreme Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its administrators in the regions, Astana, and Almaty. ## The procedure for granting powers to a judge The Chairman of the Supreme Court is elected by the Senate for a period of 5 years based on the recommendation of the Supreme Court Council, based on the recommendation of the President of Kazakhstan. Judges of the Supreme Court are elected by the Senate on the recommendation of the President of Kazakhstan based on the guarantee of the Supreme Judicial Council. Chairmen of the judicial panels of the Supreme Court are appointed by the President of Kazakhstan for a period of 5 years based on the recommendation of the Supreme Court Chairman and the decision of the general session of the Supreme Court. ## Chairmen of the Supreme Court * Tamas Kalmukhametov Aitmukhametov (1991—1993) * Mikhail Fedorovich Malakhov (December 1993—1996) * Maksut Sultanuly Narikbaev ( 1996—2000) * Kairat Abdirazakuly Mami (September 2000 — April 2009) * Musabek Dzhonbekuly Alimbekov (2009—2011) * Bektas Abdikhanuly Beknazarov (2011—2013) * Kairat Abdirazakuly Mami ( 2013—2017) * Jakyp Kazhmanuly Asanov (2017—2022) * Aslambek Amangeldiuly Mergaliev (from 2022) ## Structure * Chairman of the Supreme Court: Aslambek Mergaliev Amangeldiuly (from December 8, 2022) * Chairman of the court panel for administrative cases: Tukiev Aslan Sultanuly (from January 31, 2022) * Chairman of the court panel for criminal cases: Rakhmetullina Nurgul Mauilkhanovna (from April 19, 2024) * Chairman of the court board for civil cases: Sharipov Nurserik Karimuly (from January 31, 2022) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2175

Shamshi Kaldayakov

Shamshi Kaldayakov (August 15, 1930, Otyrar district - February 29, 1992, Almaty) - composer, People's Artist of Kazakhstan (1991), Man of Labor of Kazakhstan (2022, after his death). Honorary citizen of Shymkent, Taraz, Zhetysai. From the Jagalbail clan of Kishi Yuz. An outstanding musician, a famous master of the song genre, a meritorious figure in the culture of Kazakhstan, one of the founders of contemporary Kazakh pop music, a folk artist of Kazakhstan. He was born in Kyzylkum district of South Kazakhstan region. Since childhood, he has been able to show all his talent in collegial gatherings and exciting competitions. Since 1950, he has been radically engaged in creativity. 1956-1962 He studied in the class of V. V. Velikanov at the State Conservatory named after Kurmangazy. Shamshi's songs are distinguished by their wonderful melody, pure sound like a gurgling spring water, and lyrical tenderness. His creative merit lies in enriching the melody of Kazakh pop songs with a national pattern, i.e. infusing it with a folk source. And this is proof that he grew up with the milk of the musical tradition of the Kazakh people. In this way, the wonderful combination of ancient and modern status guaranteed the fame of Sh.Kaldayakov's works and spread them widely. It is known that Mukhtar Auezov, in his famous speech before the university students, evaluated Shamshi clays as the best phenomenon after Akan and Birzhan's artistry, which makes you feel like a new year. That's the secret of being called "Shamshi, who sang to the whole Kazakh country" in the mouth of the people. The composer's songs were especially popular among young people in the 60s and 70s. Just as the young people of the "Khrushchev warm-up" era were fond of foreign composers and performers, for example, "The Beatles", Kazakhstani people listened to our own musicians with the same love. Between this last one, of course, Kaldayakov stood first. My beautiful and intelligent soul captivated not only young people, but also adults and the elderly, as well as people of various professions and nationalities. The work "My Kazakhstan", which struck a note of patriotism and patriotism, was especially popular among the people. In 1986, boys and girls participating in the December Uprising sang Shamshi's song in the squares and streets of Almaty. Since 2005, the song "My Kazakhstan" has been approved as the National Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Biography He was born on August 15, 1930 in Otyrar district of Shymkent region. His songs, regardless of the region of our republic, are often sung and widely spread among the music lovers. Sh. Kaldayakov, who shined like a bright star in our music and left a special mark, is the national pride of the entire Kazakh people. It is true that Shamshi's songs, which have been floating in the sky over the vast steppes of our country for as long as we have known, and which are completely unique to the feelings of love and longing, will now be heading to the world of the 21st century. Shamshi Kaldayakov, an individual gifted by nature, will not be forgotten by Kazakh children. There is also the fact that our brother Shamshi does not reveal his inner secret while singing the song "Korlan" and twists it into eloquence. Shamshi Kaldayakov, the blacksmith and talented uncle who gave nature with his wide heart, enriched his people with his heart-pounding, imaginative, and deeply thought-provoking wonderful songs, and increased their desire to live. However, we have never seen the tambourine being played with emphasis. He started to play a beautiful melody and was sent away with a clatter. In short, it was a lifelong art. There are about 300 songs that Shamshi has a special place in Kazakh music. Sh. Kaldayakov is not a person who beat his chest and boasted that he is a famous composer. Kashanda, with his modesty, as a person full of goodness, has forever taken a place in the hearts of the entire Kazakh people. One of his poems is "Miss Tamdy". Shamshi Agha is known to the masses as a composer who sang love songs. Although Miss Tamdy is about love, it is a song written about the freedom of love. That is, it was the cause of the tragic incident that happened to the young man. This song yearning for the freedom of love was created by our brother Shamshi with his skill. And, in the song "I miss you" there is a special longing and deep excitement. Let's say that each song has its own historical secret. The most nomadic history is the history of songs. The spiritual journey of Lek, who was satisfied with the Zhambyl waltz of yesterday's Karibayev, was a bright journey that was able to bring before our eyes the beautiful appearance of the future, which was individualized by the talents of some regions. Shamshi Kaldayakov was one of the unique composers who carved his way from the middle of Kosh Zhuan. In the last 18 years of the amazing creative life of Shamshi's fate, famous songs such as "Moynkumda village", "Dungen kovy", "Fosforly Zhambyl" opened the door of the world here and spread around the world. At first, his famous songs opened the door to the world in the Shymkent region and spread all over the world. Shamshi Kaldayakov International Song Festival, which started in Shymkent region, continued in Zhambyl and presented many talents. This means that the miraculous gift of true talent has been blessed. There is no doubt that the singing life of a dear soul like Shamshi, whose talent is common to Kazakhs, will continue to be renewed with the knowledge and wisdom of many generations. We should consider this work as an offering to the Taraz festival of the sweat that was shed. Kazakh art suffered an irreparable loss. On February 29, 1992, at the age of 62, Sh. Kaldayakov, an outstanding folk artist, died of a long illness. Engaged in creative work since the 1950s, studied at the Almaty Conservatory in 1956-1962. Even Shamshi's first songs, distinguished by the hidden truth, sincerity and depth of feelings, spread the name of the composer throughout the country and made him a beloved child of the people. During his more than 40 years of creative activity, Sh. Kaldayakov wrote about 300 musical pieces. Sh.Kaldayakov's unique signature in the genre of their own song has raised the modern song and art of the Kazakh people to a high level with his talent rich in the color of the people. Sh. who rocked the Kazakh steppe with his song. These four lines of the poem are devoted to the fate and life of Kaldayakov. Without his songs, there is no holiday or celebration. His songs are sung by everyone from a working child to a stooped old man. And when will the word "Shamshi Agha" become synonymous with the word "An Agha"... In 1965, the composer received the Kazakhstan Komsomol Award for his success in writing popular songs. And in 1991, he was awarded People's Artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Contribution to the art of Kazakh music. His songs are pleasing to the ears, heartwarming and loved by the public. The thematic and content range of the composer's works is very wide. Love for the country, land, motherland, parents, husband, fellow citizen is the main theme of Shamshi's works. His poetry is steeped in civic lyrics and includes the vast land of our republic in his poems: * "Ak erke - Ak Zhayik", * "On the shore of the lion", * "The beauty of the cheese", * "Zharkyrayi Jezkazgan", * "Karkaraly", * "Phosphorus Zhambyl", * "Baikonur ", * "Taldikorgan - my song", * "Irysty olke - Shardara", * "Homeland", * "Teriskei", * "Moynkumda", \< > * "A wedding in Otyrar", * "Blue Kokshe", * "River of Life", etc. His works were received with great enthusiasm by the public. The composer's march is sung energetically, cheerfully: * "My Kazakhstan", * "In the sea - in the wave", * "In the arms of happiness", * "More than everything songs like you are beautiful" spread widely among the people. * "Akmandaylym", * "Aksungarym", * "Where are you", * "Yerkezhan", * "A song about mother", * "What a hug man", * "On the boat", * "Missing a girl", * "White bow", * "I thought I would be late", * "Waltz of joy", \ <> * "My song was you", * "I miss you" songs by R. Baglanova, R. Abdullin, B. Tolegenova, R. Musabaev, Z. Koyshibaeva, etc. took a firm place in the repertoire of singers. Kaldayakov left behind a rich musical heritage. ## Awards He was the winner of the Republic Youth Award (1965). ## The name of Shamshi is remembered by the nation Since 1992, the Kaldayakov international competition-festival for musicians and singers has traditionally been held. The regional philharmonic hall in Shymkent, one street, one street in Almaty, the place where the composer was born - the music school in the village of Shauldir - are named after Kaldayakov. A monument to Kaldayakov has been installed in front of the Shymkent Philharmonic Hall. In 1991, a documentary television film about Kaldayakov "My Years, My Songs" (directed by T. Akhmetov) was shot. A collection of memoirs and articles "Shamshigumyr" was published (2002). ## Works * Ander, A., 1967; * In the arms of happiness. Collection of songs, A., 1971; * I miss you. Ander, A., 1978; * My Kazakhstan. Ander, A., 1981; * Shamshi world. Ander, A., 2000. ## Sources ## External links * PEAK AND VALLEY OF CHAMSHI NATURE Archived 23 January 2022. * Shamshi Kaldayakov: "I'll be around you who came looking for me" * Dzhamila Kaldayakova: Shamshi was never a person who broke the family tree Archived on January 23, 2022. * Wreaths were placed at the Shamshi monument in Shymkent

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7593

Ayman Kozhabekvyna Musakozhaeva

Aiman Kozhabekvyna Musakozhaeva (March 15, 1958, Almaty) is a violinist. People's Artist of Kazakhstan, Labor Man of Kazakhstan (2014), "Artist of the World" (UNESCO, 1998), academician of the International Academy of Creativity. ## Biography The clan from which he came is a master. * Graduated from Almaty State Conservatory named after Kurmangazy. * P. I. Graduated from Tchaikovsky Moscow State Conservatory. * Ayman is an organizer, a talented teacher. Since 1993, he organized the State Chamber Orchestra "Academy of Soloists". * Since 1998, he has been appointed as the rector of the Kazakh National Academy of Music in Astana. * Currently, he is the artistic director of the Presidential Orchestra. A. Musakhodjaeva's name is M. in musical Olympe. Pletnev, G. Kremer, E. Grach, V. Tretyakov, I. He stands alongside world stars like Havrsh. He harmonized the delicacy and sensibility of Eastern music with the spirituality and versatility of European musical culture and introduced national art to the people of the world. ## Childhood World-famous Ayman Musakozhaeva's love for music began in her childhood. Mother Rachel made a lot of efforts to make her children well-educated and active. His father, Kozhabek Musakozhayev, held various responsible positions, was the secretary of the regional party committee. The four children of the family lived and studied at a boarding school in Almaty. When her mother came to the city from Kaskeleng district, she led four girls to the opera and ballet theater. Ayman Kulyash studied at the republican music school named after Bayseyitova in the class of professor N. Patrusheva. After successfully completing it, P. in Moscow. At the Tchaikovsky State Conservatory, artist of the Soviet Union, professor V. He continued his studies in Klimov's class. Ayman Musakojhaeva won the prize at the international competition held in Belgrade, Yugoslavia in 1976. The audience was especially surprised by the fact that the 18-year-old girl performed fearlessly on behalf of Kazakhstan at the international competition and appeared on the winning podium. This was his first release. After that, Ayman began to grow and ascend. In 1981, he became the laureate of the Paganini in Genoa, in 1983 in Tokyo, in 1985 in Helsinki, in the name of J. Sibelius, in 1986 in Moscow, in the name of P. Tchaikovsky. Excellent technique, deep understanding of various melodies allowed him to master the most difficult violin works and perform them in the best concert halls of the world. During the years of concert activity, Ayman Musakojhaeva collected a rich repertoire of violin music. It includes the works of such bright personalities as Johann Sebastian Bach, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Paganini, Brahms, Tchaikovsky, Sibelius, contemporary musicians, and musicians of Kazakhstan. In 1992, he founded the State Chamber Orchestra "Academy of Soloists" and is still considered its artistic director. Since its foundation, the orchestra has mastered works from classics to contemporary composers. It is provided with musical instruments of the ancient style of the XVII-XVIII centuries, as well as modern advanced models. The high performance skill of the orchestra team was duly appreciated in Russia, America, Japan, Germany, Austria and other countries. Since 1993, Ayman Kozhabekovna has been a member of the jury of the Pyotr Tchaikovsky, Abram Yampolsky (Dubna) International Violin Competition in Russia, and the Michelangelo Abbado International Violin Competition in Milan, Italy. As a professor of Moscow, Almaty, Bishkek conservatories, he has been actively engaged in teaching activities. ## Kazakh National Academy of Music There are many laureates of international and republican competitions among its students. However, the peak of Ayman's performance and teaching activity was the opening of the Kazakh National Academy of Music in 1998. This was when the capital was moving from Almaty to Tselinograd. The Kazakh National Academy of Music was opened on the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan on March 31 of the same year at the suggestion of Ayman Musakozhaeva. It is considered one of the young educational institutions in the republic. During its short history, the academy headed by Ayman Musakojhaeva has become a promising educational and cultural center that can attract creative forces from all regions of Kazakhstan and widely promote Kazakh music and world art. Academy of Music presented a unique educational project for Kazakhstan, based on the idea of continuous professional education within the walls of one educational institution. Primary (grades 1-9), secondary (grades 10-12), higher education (years I-IV), assistantships and postgraduate courses meet here. Ayman himself is the author of the idea of systematic training of musicians from their first steps to full mastery of high professional skills. The task of the Academy is to pay attention to talented children from all regions of the republic, to create all the necessary conditions for bringing up a new generation of well-educated art masters. The advanced tradition of domestic pedagogy is skillfully combined here with modern achievements of world education. The teaching-professor staff of the Academy creates new training programs and methods of training professional musicians, works to expand the educational base, introduces new subjects that respond to today's current trends into the curriculum. The Kazakh National Academy of Music performs well on behalf of Kazakhstan at international festivals and competitions. It has become a tradition for students to win music competitions held in Italy, Austria, and Russia. In the past period, the owners of real talent were able to show themselves in Vienna, Salzburg, San Bartolomeo, Senigallia, Brescia, Genoa, and the Vatican. Their performance was truly a novelty for the European public. In Italy, concerts of violinists "Aisaule", "Capricci" ensembles, student symphony orchestra caused admiration. "Eli-gai" children's choir achieved great success at the festival held in Turkey. Academy musicians heard in London, Berlin, Brussels. "Aiman-Gala" concert tour dedicated to the tenth anniversary of Kazakhstan's independence was held. Academy of Music is a member of the Association of European Conservatories, Academies and Higher Music Schools, P. Signed a cooperation agreement with the Moscow State Conservatory named after Tchaikovsky, made mutually beneficial agreements with music academies of Paris, Helsinki, Croatia. From the first days of the Academy's work, the creative breath has been active: the newspaper "Rukhaniyat" is published regularly, scientific-methodical conferences are held that create favorable conditions for the development of the team's scientific activity, and the first collection of articles has been published. Creative Center, where the "Formanta-kuy" ensemble works, was opened for the development of creativity and the mastering of modern compositional techniques. Subscription lecture-concerts for schoolchildren and children in Astana have become a tradition, concerts of students, teachers and musical groups have become popular among the masses. Republican competitions of young performers are regularly held at the Academy. International competition "Shabyt-Inspiration" has become more and more popular. Famous performers from all over the world take part in his work. They not only assess students' skill level, but also hold master classes and concerts. Among them are Marcello Abbado, professor of the Milan Conservatory, founder of the Michelangelo Abbado International Competition (piano), Michael Kugel, professor of the Academy of Music in Ghent (viola, Israel), Stefan Metz (cello, France), professor Arkady Sevidov (piano , Russia) and many other artists. — Four girls were born and raised in one house. All four of us have chosen the path of music. All of us are working in the same place, like chicks from the same nest. My older sister, Raisa, plays the violin, is vice-rector of the academy for educational work. My second sister, Raushan, plays the kylkobyz, head of the department of Kazakh folk instruments. Sister Sinlim Bakytzhan is an associate professor of cello and double bass department. We are eternally indebted to my mother and father, who brought me up to art. I know that all my achievements are thanks to them. A real talent does not get tired of teaching his art to others. Conducts master classes in Europe, America, South Korea. ## Titles For his high achievements in the field of music * 1988 People's Artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Academician of the International Academy of Creativity * He was awarded the honorary title of "Artist of the World" by the decision of UNESCO. * In 2000, received the State Prize. * Kazakhstan philanthropists club awarded with "Platindi Tarlan" award. * His name was included in the international list of "2000 outstanding musicians of the 20th century" published by the International Biography Center at the University of Cambridge, and he wore the medal of this center on his chest. ## Sources ## External links A little secret about world artist Ayman Musakozhaeva (link unavailable)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5209

Қашқари

Mahmud Kashkari (Arab. Mahmut ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari; 1029-1101) is a Turkish scientist, the author of the famous work "Diwani Lugat al-Turk" ("Collection of Turkish Words"). ## Place of birth Place of birth, the city of Barskhan on the banks of Issykkol (in some sources along the Shu River) of the variously named state, where ancient houses were built. He was born in a military family in the town of Baryskhan near Issykkol. From the Karakhan dynasty. He was educated in Kashkar, Baghdad. He visited Byzantium, Turkey, China and other countries. In addition to Turkish, he also wrote works in Arabic and Persian languages. "Diwani Lugat At-Turk" - K. his greatest work. There is also a wonderful heritage of the nomadic world of thought. This wonderful encyclopedic work was written in Baghdad in 1072-1078. The original is lost. The only copy made by M.A. Abulfath in 1206 is kept in Istanbul. Full version in Kazakh by A. Egeubaev translated. * There will be no moon in the horse's brow. * About livestock: If you don't want water, give milk. * "About education, commandment, education": Do not insult a man. It may be different from the older one. There is copper, there is no gold. * "About wealth and poverty": If you get silver, gold will come. If the growth is long - the hand will not burn. * "About caution": Don't let the dog go without a bag, and don't let the horse go without kicking. A hunter knows as many tricks as a bear knows as many trails. * "About the beast and the bird": The boy on the back is a soldier. * "About absence": Hungry - neither eat, nor full - neither. * "About language": The beginning of manners is language. * "About honor and shame": Don't deal with the shameless. * "About science, knowledge and art": The sign of happiness is knowledge. * "About Bek, Khan": The chieftain of the land is a mountain, the chieftain of the country is a bek. * "About the noble word": A wise word is delivered on a golden plate. * "About human life": The father's son is born to his grandfather. * You can't grow until you plant, you can't achieve until you try. (About work) * For the aged - painting is not a fault. (About the society, the state, the times) * The husband of the bride who has a lot to do will come to the house. (About woman, mother) * Ashes of everyday people are everyday. (About envy, jealousy) * A lonely goose does not make a sound. (About loneliness) * A hard day will pass - be patient with it. (About patience) * If the lion roars - the horse's feet will stop. (About fear) * If a wolf howls in the field - the side of the dog in the house will shake. (About fear) * Although the bones of a good person wither, the name remains. (About good and bad) * The soul of a poor person cannot be satisfied. (About wealth and poverty) A hard day will pass - be patient with it. (About patience) * Do not add to the stingy number. (About stinginess) * He who licks his collar will lose his palm. (About greed) * The buyer is a lion, the seller is a mouse. (About the merchant) * Arrogant will be doomed. (About behavior) * If you get angry - your mind will disappear. (About behavior) * A fire will not be without smoke, a man will not be perfect. (About behavior) * When he smiles - he wears red, when he flirts - he wears green. (About behavior) * A man-loving woman is a partner to a man. (About woman, mother) * No matter how sharp a knife is, it cannot sharpen its own blade. (About helplessness) * When they say "brother" - we look at them, when they say "brother-in-law" - we glare. (Brothers, about people) * If the slogan is raised - the tribe gathers, if the enemy comes - the community gathers. (About brothers, people) * A friend makes a person's neighborhood a paradise. (About friendship) ## Biography Mahmud's father was a well-known commander, emir of Barskhan. He later moved to Kashkar, one of the cultural and political centers of the state ruled by the Karakhan dynasty. Mahmud studied here and lived here for many years. That is the meaning of the registration of "Kashkari" with the tradition of where his name comes from. The year of the scientist's birth and return is unknown. Neither he nor other researches and writings on that point say anything about it. With the aim of further supplementing the knowledge he received in Kashkar, he will visit the cities of Bukhara, Nishapur, and Baghdad, and besides the Turkish language, he is fluent in Arabic, Persian, and other languages. He is recognized as a highly educated philologist, historian, ethnographer, and geographer of his time. ## Turkic scholar Mahmud Kashkari was the first linguist of Turkic language, a scholar who created a textbook of the Turkish language, corrected grammar, expanded the field of language art of the Turkic world and raised its growth. In the history of Turkology, he used the first historical comparative method and laid the foundations of the historical dialectology of Turkic languages. His method of comparative study of these languages has formed a school of its own as a method of research common to all Eastern correspondents. The rich history, geographical situation, literature and art, ethnological features of the Turkic people are recognized in "Diwani Lugat at Turk" as a real historical document. He distinguishes the language features of many tribes and tribes, explains the structure of the Turkic language, describes the way of life and customs, gives the names and biographical data of a number of writers, scholars, historical figures of that time, traditional songs and proverbs of the Turkic peoples. At the same time, he created a world map of the Turkic world in ancient times, showing almost all the ancient cities and settlements of the Turkic world, starting with Barskhan, Balasagun, Taraz, Ekiogiz, Kashkar. At the same time, it can be called the first encyclopedic directory of Turkic people. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3505

Қауын

Melon (Cucumis melo) is an annual herbaceous plant belonging to the pumpkin family. Melon grows wild in Southwest Asia and Africa. 2,000 years ago, melons were cultivated as a cultural crop in Asia Minor and Central Asia. The leaves are large, alternately arranged, and the thin stems grow on the surface of the earth. The flower is yellow, there are unisexual and bisexual types. The fruit is multi-seeded, the color and shape of the fruit varies depending on the variety, its weight is from 200 g to 16 kg. Melon fruit contains 4.5-18% sugar, 0.6% protein, C, PP vitamins, carotene. Melon is pollinated by insects, and the flower bed turns into a tuber and produces fruit. Melon grows well at a temperature of 25-300C, if the temperature drops to 150C, its growth slows down, and it gets frostbite at 3-50C. Drought-resistant, grows well in loamy, sandy, sandy places. If it is watered during ripening or if there is too much moisture in the soil due to rain, the flavor will decrease and sometimes it will rot. Depending on the varieties and types of melons, Angelek, Amire, etc. divided into groups. Melons are sliced and dried to make melons, boiled melons, jam, marmalade, etc. prepares. 300 - 400 cents per hectare is obtained in irrigated lands in the south of Kazakhstan. Before sowing, it is spread out in the sun for 6-7 days, or manually heated for 4-6 hours at a temperature of 50-60 0C. It is sown when the soil temperature reaches 12-140C. Regionalized varieties of melons in Kazakhstan: "Ile", "Light yellow", "Bukhara" - 944, "Ishi kyzyl" - 189, "Kalaysan", "Angelek" produced by farmers of Kyzylorda region in 1940, early ripening - "Ak dambilshe", mid-ripening - "Kolkhozchy" 749/753, late-ripening - "Kara Kulaby", "Torlama", etc. There are types. The Kazakh Research Institute of Potato and Vegetable Farming is engaged in the cultivation of melons and the improvement of its seeds. ## Sources ## See also * Melon juice * Melon

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6444

Ұлықбек

Ulygbek (Uzb. (Mirzo Ulug'bek) (Mīrzā Mohammad Tāregh bin Shāhrokh (Ulugh Beg)) is a descendant of Amir Temir, an astronomer, mathematician and a strong ruler. He did not follow the path of his grandfather...Central Asia during the Middle Ages. He considered himself the lion of Asia, the god of the earth. Amir Temir (Aksak Temir) founded a new empire, which occupied a vast area between the Amu Darya and the Syr Darya. It was called Mauerannahr (Arabic for "beyond the river"), and the capital of this empire was Samarkand, which was built more than 2000 years ago. Even in the geographical map of Ptolemy, Samarkand was flourishing. He invited masters from India, Azerbaijan, Georgia, etc Bibi Mosque, Shahin-Zinda and other buildings built during the Iron Age are excellent examples of architectural monuments. it was written that the most beautiful would come out. Samarkand is considered to be the home of outstanding scientists, doctors, builders, copywriters. At the same time, Samarkand was a place of concentration of prominent, influential and important Muslim religious leaders. At this point, in the Temir dynasty, on March 22, 1394, a boy named Muhammed Taragai was born. Later he was given the nickname Ulykbek. His father was Shahrukh Temir's third child. Shahrukh was a ruler and made a great contribution to the development of science. Ulykbek has been fond of poetry, historical knowledge, astronomy and mathematics since he was young. The formation of Ulykbek's science was greatly influenced by his visits to countries rich in cultural and scientific traditions with his grandfather Temir. In his youth, Ulykbek visited Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Iran, Turkey and Afghanistan. In addition, the rich library in Samarkand, owned by his father Shahrukh, contributed to Ulykbek becoming a scientist. Ulykbek will become familiar with the classic works of ancient Greek scientists such as Plato, Aristotle, Hipparchus, Ptolemy. In addition, he knew the main works of prominent Central Asian scholars Khorezmi, Farabi, Ferghani, Biruni, Ibn Sina, and Nisreddin al-Tusi who lived before him. But the ruling group surrounding young Ulykbek does not approve of his attention to science. After Temirulgen's death, the empire split into two - Khorasan, and the second - Maverannahr. The mayor elects 15-year-old Ulykbek to the second. It is worth noting that many cities of southern Kazakhstan (Otyrar, Tarazy, etc.) touch this Ulykbek. The people around the palace tried their best to increase Ulykbek's passion for military service and diplomatic art, and they want him to be not a great scientist, but an emir following the path of his ancestors. Unable to get out of this influence, Ulykbek led several campaigns in the first years (1425 and 1427) and successfully completed some of them. He shows that the country has leadership and military talent. However, Ulykbek pays a lot of attention to cultural structures. In Samarkand, Gijdwan, Bukhara and other cities under his control, he built outstanding buildings and completed the constructions that were not completed during the reign of Temir. Ulykbek's passion for art and education is getting stronger day by day. He is eager to reveal the secrets of the world and learn its secrets, rather than bloody wars. Professor T.N. In his work "Astronomical school of Ulykbek", Kary-Niyazov evaluates Ulykbek as a ruler-emir: "Ulykbek's activities were different from those of his predecessors in many ways, he undoubtedly played a progressive role in his time, especially in the field of science" ## Ulykbek Observatory Ulykbek's greatest work as a statesman was the construction of a huge astronomical observatory in Samarkand. This is considered a great feat of Ulykbek for the sake of science and for the future. This observatory is not something born out of the ambitious easy-going nature of the arbitrator. He was an attractive gift to science of a scientist who was able to correctly assess his scientific future and become a true fan. Ulykbek observatory will be built on the basis of the rich traditions of observatories of western and eastern countries. In this regard, the experience of the Maraga observatory, built in the 12th century in Azerbaijan under the leadership of the outstanding mathematician and astronomer Nasyreddin al-Tusi, had a beneficial effect. The work "Astronomical Tables of Elkhan" was written in this observatory. Jamshid Ghiyaseddin al-Kashi, a very talented scientist of the 15th century, helped a lot in the construction of the Ulykbek observatory. Later research revealed that al-Kashi repeatedly raised questions about building an observatory even before Ulykbek. But the recalcitrant governors do not listen to the good suggestion of the scientist. This intention of Al-Kashi was realized during the reign of Ulykbek. The main goal of the Ulykbek observatory was to correct the errors of the astronomical tables made at the Maraga observatory, making highly accurate observations. Al-Qashi is in charge of the construction of the observatory and its equipping with astronomical instruments. The observatory will be completed in three years, but will work only for 27-28 years. The observatory is managed by Qazi-Zadeh Rumi after al-Qashi's death, and Ala al-Din Ali al-Qusshi after his death. Even before the Ulykbek observatory, several observatories were built in different countries of the East. However, none of them can match this observatory in terms of size, equipment, and purpose. Here, the main astronomical instruments before the invention of the telescope - a horizontal circle, a giant quadrant about 50 meters high. There were sun and astronomical clocks, various protractors, delicate instruments. With the help of these, many constructive astronomical observations and researches are carried out in the observatory. ## Scholars near Ulykbek Ulykbek was a leading man of his time, a brilliant thinker. He tried to spread his knowledge everywhere. Taking into account the interests of the development of science and culture, Ulykbek opened new types of educational institutions in several places (Bukhara, Gijduan, Samarkand). To teach in them, teachers were selected based on their educational level, not their religious status. In this context, it is worth telling the story that happened on the day of the opening of a new type of high school-madrasa in Samarkand. Maulan Muhammad Havofi, who was an eight-faceted scholar in his time, was elected as the head teacher of the madrasa. The mullahs, who had no knowledge other than the Qur'an, kept resenting Ulykbek. Ulykbek was not only actively involved in science, but also gathered around him prominent scholars of Central Asia. Qazi Zadeh al-Rumi, known as the "Plato (Plato) of his time", Jamshid al-Kashi, the above-mentioned famous mathematician and astronomer, Ala al-Din Ali al-Qusshi, his son Mansur Kashi, who was called the Ptolemy of that era, and many other scholars contributed to the work of the madrasa and observatory. competes. Ulykbek respected them and always listened to their opinions and advice. For example, before the construction of the observatory, Qazi-Zade ar-Rumi explained about the old observatory works, and al-Jamshid al-Kashi wrote an instruction-book about astronomical instruments. These scientists, gathered in the vicinity of Ulykbek, are scholars who worked a lot in the fields of mathematics and astronomy and left a mark in the history of science. One of them is Qazi Zadeh al-Rumi, who was born and raised in Asia Minor. He received higher education in Khorasan and Maverannahr. In Samarkand, he gained great fame as a talented scientist and teacher. Kazy-Zade was Ulykbek's teacher. He wrote treatises "On Arithmetic", "Commentary on Astronomy", "Commentary on Figures", "On Sine". All scientists who worked at the observatory wrote their scientific works in Arabic, which was considered the world language of science at that time. Occasionally there are also works written in Persian. ## Scientific achievements of the Ulykbek Observatory The most important work of the Ulykbek Observatory is the creation of "Zij Gurgani" ("Ulykbek ziji"). This is the collective work of many scholars under the leadership of Ulykbek. "Zij" is a Persian word that means a set of tables for astronomers and geographers. In Ulykbek's observatory, indigenous astronomical knowledge of different countries was collected and published as a separate book under the name "Famous astronomers of China, Syria, Greece, Arabia, Persia, Khorezm in Ulykbek's narrative". "Zij Gurgani" consists of four parts: * About calendars. * About time measurement. * About determining the movement of planets. * About other astronomical information. A catalog showing the positions of 1019 stars along with the theoretical foundations of astronomy has been created here. This catalog was superior in accuracy to all catalogs up to Tycho Brahe's observations. It was published three times in a row in London already in 1650-65. In the middle of the 19th century, Ulykbek's tables were reprinted by the London Astronomical Society. A complete translation of the "Introduction" will be published. The importance of those tables for comparative research will not diminish in the future. In the Ulykbek observatory, very accurate measurements were made of the inclination of the equator to the ecliptic, the average annual motion of the five planets, and the length of the sidereal year. According to Ulykbek's measurements, there are 365 days, 6 hours, 9 minutes, and 15 seconds in a year. Then the error sent is less than a minute. In addition, there is a reason to believe that the Ulykbek observatory found the meaning of the annual procession more accurately than the previous ones. The scholar Laplace, who was very pleased with the excellent accuracy of the measurements made in this observatory, rated Ulykbek as a very outstanding observer. In addition to astronomy, many chapters of mathematics are studied and developed at Ulykbek Observatory. In order to meet the needs of astronomy, more advanced trigonometric tables were created. Here they use new mathematical methods and calculations. For example, it is very important to find the sine of one degree of arc to make a table. For this, the mathematicians of the Ulykbek school for the first time in history show an excellent method of solving the equation X3 - 3x + 0.104671913 121 217 587 = 0. To describe the accuracy of Ulykbek's tables, let us give the value of the sines of any triangle. To describe the accuracy of Ulykbek's tables, let us give the value of the sines of any triangle. Ulygbekshe: Correct value: 20˚ 0.342020142 23˚ 0.390731129 26˚ 0.438371147 0.342020143 0.390731128 0.438371177 It can be seen that the accuracy is excellent. The accuracy of the tables of Regiomontane, who founded trigonometry in Europe, is more than that. One of the works of Jamshid al-Kashi, the first head of the Ulykbek Observatory, was especially significant in the development of mathematics. He was the first in the history of mathematics to discover the decimal fraction. In Europe, the decimal point will be known only after 150 years. For a constant that represents the ratio of the length of a circle to its diameter, he got it right up to 18 digits. In short, al-Kashi and other mathematicians of the Ulykbek school were far ahead of their contemporaries in terms of the improvement of approximate calculations and calculation techniques. Data proving that there was a scientific connection between the scientists of the Ulykbek Observatory and the Chinese scientists of that area have been found. ## Ulykbek and Muslim religious leaders Ulykbek lived in the Middle Ages when religious fanaticism was on the rise. But his head was isolated from the Muslim path. Ulykbek did not observe many religious customs, and that is why he was hated by the Muslim religious leaders. One such fact can be cited that describes Ulykbek's free thinking. Under Ulykbek's father, Shahrukh, lives a deviant mystic named Sheikh Kassym Anwar. He is accused of assassinating Shahrukh and is deported. However, Ulykbek welcomed him in Samarkand and became a close friend of Anuar. This shows that their ideas are very close. In fact, if Ulykbek had been a Muslim, he would not have been the Ulykbek we know, and he would not have worked usefully for science and education. Ulykbek's obsession with science, his progressive free thoughts, and his preference for scientists above sheikhs caused a lot of protest among Muslim religious leaders. They want to dissuade Ulykbek from science and make him follow the example of his grandfather and father. Ulykbek, who has a lot of faith in the power of the human mind, cannot give up science, he openly expresses his doubts: "Religion will fade away, the kingdom will disappear, and scientific work will remain forever." Ulykbek will be forced to leave Samarkand for Mecca. On October 27, 1449, Ulykbek, who was called "apostate" and was going to Mecca, was killed with a sword by the men of Ulykbek's own son, Abdel-Latif. The life of Ulykbek, a great representative of Central Asian culture, a great scientist of his time, an outstanding astronomer, ends. To determine this fact, in 1940, Soviet archaeologists opened and studied Ulykbek's grave. It is determined that the lock on the face of the grave contains an inscription that curses Abdel-Latif, who killed his father, and that Ulykbek's head is separated from his body. Famous Soviet anthropologist M. Gerasimov makes a picture of Ulykbek based on the skull. Professor Kary-Niyazov rightly compares Ulykbek's beheading under the direct instructions of Muslim religious leaders to the fact that Giordano Bruno was burned at the stake by order of the Christian Inquisition. This describes the fact that in Europe, in Asia, in the West and in the East, religion was the enemy of science. ## Ulykbek's end No matter how hard the religious people try, Ulykbek's achievements in the field of science cannot be erased. The people always hold the name of Ulukbek in high regard and tell the legend of his outstanding work for culture. The sage poet Alisher Navai, who lived a little after Ulykbek, wrote about him as follows: "Sultan Ulykbek, the family of Amir Temir, was an unparalleled king in the world. All his relatives traveled to that world. Who knows them now? And Ulykbek mastered many things by reaching out to science. If he said that, the sky would descend and the stars would come closer. The laws and rules he discovered will be useful to people at all times until the end of the world..." After Ulykbek's death, Muslim fanatics destroyed the observatory, scattered books and tools, and ransacked it. If al-Qusshi, an active representative of the Ulykbek school, did not take the most important scientific works to a foreign country under the pretext of making a tawab to Mecca, history would not have known anything about the great achievements of the Ulykbek school of astronomy. First Al-Qusshi, then Mariam Shelebi, the granddaughter of Qazi-Zade, selected the works, wrote commentaries and published them in Istanbul. In view of these, the achievements of the Ulykbek Laboratory have a certain influence on the development of the course in Europe. It is worth noting that there is a rumor among historians that al-Kushchi hid many books of the Ulykbek library in a cave on a hill near Samarkand. Now that hill has been found, and a number of archaeologists, sympathizers of science are preparing an expedition to excavate and research this hill. The day when the work of this expedition is successfully completed, valuable information for the history of science will undoubtedly be obtained. In the dark ages, the people of the country cherish and take great pride in the name of Ulykbek, a great countryman who put science above career and wealth and left immortal tools for the future. His name stands alongside the names of Ptolemy, Nasyreddin al-Tusi, Nicolaus Copernicus, Galileo Galilei, and Giordano Bruno in the history of astronomy. Many of his heritages, which made him famous to the scientific community of the world, have not lost their scientific value to this day.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7573

Қасқыр

Wolf (lat. Canis lupus) is a predatory animal. * Other names are also known: beri, beri. * The weight of a male wolf is about 50 kg, and the weight of a female is 45 kg. The place of residence lives in the northern hemisphere of the earth. ## Characteristics The wolf has many characteristics that are different from other animals. There are enough legends based on such features in him. One of them is the connection of the Turks with their roots. Among the wolves, blue and white wolves are considered to be the most sacred animals. They are rarely seen in humans. A person who meets such blue-eyed people is "not a free person, but a person with holy qualities." ## Legend * There is a legend in the ancient Chinese writings: In a series of battles, a part of the Huns suffered a heavy defeat. Enemies killed and killed all the Huns there. In the end, only one boy remains. In order to "let the dog die in disgrace", his enemies cut off his limbs. A wolf finds a lost child and feeds it with its own milk. A boy grows up in a cave inside a mountain that is too high for human foot to step on. The wolf became pregnant with this boy and gave birth to ten sons. Turkic peoples descended from these ten sons. * Another legend: "When a beauty like the moon was sleeping in her room, a blue heron came and joined her. A girl becomes pregnant from a bluebird that comes in the form of sunlight. Turks are descended from this girl"... ## Characteristics * The wolf is a brave, very cautious animal. Courage is reflected in the fact that he will fight until he wins or loses and loses his breath in any battle. And he is very careful, very cunning, because of his various actions. Once a gray wolf sneaks into the village. The wolf that is just in front of the group that is being chased, is left with a gasp. He is looking for a bee, he is looking for a long time, but no. Later, when he found out from behind, the wolf hugged the pole of the electricity line standing in the middle of the village and stood upright. The gray column and the gray wolf did not attract anyone's attention. The group, surprised by the wolf's intelligence, shook their heads and dispersed. * Now the wolf is depicted as a very fang, a predator. It still is. The movie "Kokserek" is the most prominent example of glorifying the extreme predatory nature of the untamed salt thorn. Here, the most convincing evidence of the wolf's indifference to human dominance can be clearly seen in Kokserek's tearing of the child. This is proof that the wolf does not accept to be treated with kindness. * The wolf is the throne of the field. Another fact about the blueberry breed, which is considered sacred, is its loyalty to the family. The wolf has only one family, and it is an animal that has completely taken up the separate upbringing. Mouthing, turning the snot into blue hair, everything is the responsibility of this great wolf. These qualities, which are not found in other animals, always distinguish the owner of the holy creation. ## Pack Wolves are predators that live in packs. pack consists of an adult male and female, that is, the main pair and their offspring and several unrelated wolves. Wolf cubs live with their parents for 10-54 months. The herd is led by a "leader". The main pair joins to reproduce. Only the main male wolf and female wolves are allowed to breed in the pack. The members of the herd take care of the young and go hunting together. ## Communication Wolves bark, snarl, whine, whimper, snarl and growl just like domestic dogs. Especially, they are very loud. In addition to vocalizations, wolves make various body movements to communicate with each other. They bare their teeth to show they are angry and wag their tails to show they are in charge. ## Wolves in Kazakhstan In Kazakhstan, wolves live in deserts, steppes and mountainous regions. There are four types of wolves in our country: Northern wolf is the largest among wolves. Its adult weight is 80 kg. The steppe wolf is found in steppe areas, and the desert wolf weighing 40 kg is found in the south and west of the country. The mountain or Tibetan wolf inhabits mountainous areas. ## Food Wolves eat fruits as well as meat. They also feed on small insects, grubs and carrion. Their diet often depends on the geographical areas and seasons in which they live. When food is plentiful, they eat a lot. However, they can go more than a week without food. Gray wolves attack ungulates such as deer, moose, elk, and reindeer. And in places where there are few such large animals, they hunt rabbits, squirrels, mice, and even birds. Beavers make up most of their food during the summer. In many areas, wolves even feed on fish. Red wolves' diet includes mammals such as rabbits and rodents, as well as insects, berries and occasionally deer. ## Sources ## External links * Why isn't a coyote or a wolf trained in the circus? Archived from the original on March 5, 2016.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4601

Оразбақов

Galym Izbasarovich Orazbakov (September 1, 1964, Almaty) is a politician, diplomat, public figure, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation. ## Biography Galym Izbasarovich Orazbakov was born on September 1, 1964 in the family of Izbasar Orazbakhovich and Raikhan Tolenkovy in Almaty. ## Career and education In 1986, he graduated from the Kazakh Polytechnic Institute with the specialty of mechanical engineering and received the qualification of a mechanical engineer. He started his career as a dispatcher at the "Porshen" plant, worked as a bureau chief, and a Komsomol secretary of the plant. In 1988, he was elected as the second secretary to the Auezov district committee of the LKSMK of Almaty city. In 1990, he worked for a short time as a designer and then as a master at the Etalon factory. In 1990, he was elected as the first secretary of the Auezov District Committee of the LKSMK of Almaty. He will serve in this position until 1991. From 1992 to 1993, he worked as a department head in the administration of Auezov district. 1994 - 1995 works as a head of department and head of the State Committee for Price and Antimonopoly Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Deputy Minister of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1995-1996. Head of the Secretariat of the High Economic Council under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1996-1997. 1997-98 He served as the director of the Department of Economic Policy, Investment and External Relations of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, the chairman of the Committee on Civil Aviation Service and Airspace Use of the Ministry of Transport and Communications and the vice-minister. 1998-99 Vice-president, director, executive director of NMC "Kazakhoil" for administrative and social issues. 2000-01 Deputy Head of the Industrial Sector and Infrastructure Department of the Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2001-02 Vice Minister of Economy and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2002-03 Vice Minister of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2003 President of the National Company "Kazakhstan Engineering" JSC since July. 2007 Minister of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan since January. 2008 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the State of Israel since April. In May 2012, he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation. ## Family * Father - Orazbakov Izbasar Orazbakuly (born in 1941) * Mother - Orazbakova Raikhan Tolegenkovy (born in 1942) * Wife - Orazbakova Indira Maratovna * Daughters - Zere (1990), Tomiris (2005) * Son - Temirlan (2005) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4572

Zagypa Yahiyakovyna Balieva

Zagypa Yahiyakovyna Balieva is the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Short biography 1958 was born on October 3 in the village of Jalanash, Kegen district, Almaty region. 1981 Graduated from Kazakh State University named after S. M. Kirov. His profession is a lawyer-jurist. He started his career as a laboratory technician at APTU 1981-82. — He started as a legal advisor of Zhambyl district, Zhambyl regional "Stroybank" office. 1982-86 — Legal adviser of Zhambyl (Taraz) city executive committee. 1986-92 — Head of the Department Inspector of the Department of Registration and Allocation of Residential Areas of the Almaty City Administrative Committee. 1992-94 — He worked as the head of the legal department of the Almaty city akim's office. Elected deputy of the 13th convocation of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 1995 since March - Secretary of the Central Election Commission. 1996 since January - chaired the Central Election Commission. 2005 Since April, the Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since April, 2009 - a deputy of the 4th convocation of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a member of the Legislation and Judiciary Reform Committee. 2005-2009 - Minister of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2009-2011 - IV elected deputy of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, member of the Committee on Legislation and Judiciary Reform. Since January 20, 2012 - V elected deputy of the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, member of the International Affairs, Defense and Security Committee. Member of the People's Democratic Party "Nur Otan", elected on the party list. Awarded with the orders "Kurmet", "Parasat", "Silver Necklace", "10 years of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "10 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "20 years of the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" holiday medals. ## Marital status Married, raising six children and grandchildren. Spouse - Baliyev Mukhtar Abzalovich (born in 1957). Sons - Baliyev Daniyar Mukhtarovich (born in 1980), Bali Yernar Mukhtarovich (born in 1984), Bali Aliyar Mukhtarovich (born in 1990), Bali Nursultan Mukhtarovich (born in 2006); daughters - Bali Aldara-Begim Mukhtarovna (born in 2004), Bali Daria-Begim Mukhtarovna (born in 2007). ## References Composition and structure of Majilis, BALIEVA Zagypa Yahyankyny ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5952

УЕФА

UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) is the administrative and management organization of European and some Asian football. It unites football associations of European countries. UEFA is the organizer of all European club and team competitions. UEFA is one of the 6 continental regions included in the FIFA collective and the richest. Almost all football players in the world play in this Europe, because it is these European teams that pay the highest wages. Especially in England, Spain, Italy, Germany, you can achieve a lot of success. And most of the strongest national teams of the world are in this UEFA. For example, 13 UEFA teams participated in the 2010 World Cup. UEFA was founded on June 15, 1954 in Basel, Switzerland. At first, 25 countries joined UEFA. Now its number has reached 55. Until 1959, the headquarters of UEFA was located in Paris, and moved to Bern. Nyon has been the headquarters of UEFA since 1995. Ebbe Schwartz was elected as the first president of UEFA. ## UEFA and Kazakhstan On April 25, 2002, Kazakhstan was accepted as the 52nd member of UEFA. The decision to admit the Football Federation of Kazakhstan into the Union of European Football Associations was approved at the UEFA Congress held in Stockholm. Since then, this day is celebrated as the day of football of Kazakhstan. ## UEFA Presidents ## Competitions ### Teams \< > * European Football Championship * European Youth Football Championship * UEFA Nations League * Finalissima * UEFA U-21 * European Football Championship (under-19) * European Football Championship (under 17) ### Girls * European Women's Football Championship * European Women's Football Championship (under 19 girls) * European Women's Futsal Championship * FIFA Women's World Cup * Women's Finalissima * UEFA Women's Nations League ### Club * UEFA Champions League * UEFA Europa League * UEFA Conference League * UEFA Super Cup * UEFA Champions League (Women) * Under20 Intercontinental * UEFA Youth League ### Futsal * UEFA Futsal Champions League * European Futsal Championship * European Futsal Youth Championship U-19 * UEFA Women's Futsal EURO * Futsal Finalissima * FIFA Futsal World Cup previous tournaments: * UEFA Cup Holders Cup * Intertoto Cup * UEFA Cup \< > ## UEFA members * UEFA RANKING AND COEFFICIENTS ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5365

From Gagouzstan

Gagauzstan (pronounced Gagauziya or Gagauz Yeri; Moldavian Găgăuzia), officially Gagauz Autonomous District Unit, is the name of the autonomous territory of Moldova derived from the name of the Gagauz people. The Ghagouz are a Turkic-speaking people who are close to the Crimean Tatars and descended from the Blue Oghuz. ## History ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6512

File

File (English. File) is the basic unit of data storage. A file allows a computer to distinguish one set of data from another. Like any paper document containing text or images, a file is a collection of data that can be extracted, modified, deleted, saved, or sent to an output device such as a printer or email program. Files can contain a program, data used in a program, or a document created by the user. ## File name extension File name extension (English. File name extension) comes after the dot in the file name and indicates the type of data stored in the file. For example, file names in Windows have a three-letter extension. Example.txt file name extension will be .txt letters. This extension indicates that this file is a text file. Specifying the extension is optional when saving the file. The program will automatically add the extension. ## File type File type (English. File type) is a file description symbol. The file type defines the program used to open this file, such as Microsoft Word. File types correspond to file name extensions. For example, files with the extension .txt or .log are of type "text document" and can be opened using any text editor.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6148

Малайзия

Malaysia (Malaysia Malaysia) is a country in Southeast Asia occupying the northern part of the island of Kalimantan (Borneo) and the southern part of the Malacca Peninsula. The northern coast of Malaysia is washed by the waters of the South China Sea, the Sulu Sea in the northeast, and the Sulawesi Sea in the east. It borders Thailand on the Malacca Peninsula, Indonesia and Brunei on the island of Kalimantan. Malaysia is separated from Singapore by Johor Strait. The total length of the border is 2,669 km, the length of the flag is 4,675 km. The climate is equatorial, hot and humid. ## Nature Malaysia is located in the equatorial belt. The western territory is crossed by a mountainous belt from north to south, and the eastern part is occupied by a coastal plain. The climate is equatorial in the south, subequatorial in the north, monsoonal. The average annual temperature is 25 — 28°С. Annual rainfall is 2000 — 2500 mm in the coastal regions, 4000 — 5000 mm in the mountainous region. Major rivers are Raujang, Borom, Kinabatonlon. About half of Malaysia's land area is covered by evergreen moist tropical forest. ### Climate Since the country is located near the equator, the climate of Malaysia is described as equatorial - hot and humid throughout the year. The average annual temperature is about 27 °C, and the annual precipitation is about 2500 mm. There are differences between the climates of the peninsula and the eastern part of the country, which are often influenced by continental air masses on the bottom of Malaysia, while the eastern sea affects the sea. The country is located in two monsoon zones: southwest (from May to September) and northeast (from November to March). The Northeast Monsoon brings more rainfall than the Southwest, originating in China and the northern Pacific Ocean. The Southwest Monsoon originates in the deserts of Australia. The climate in a particular region of the country depends mainly on the topography, thus the climate of hilly, lowland and coastal regions. Coastal areas are characterized by temperatures ranging from 23 °C to 32 °C and monthly rainfall of 100 to 300 mm. The valleys of the country have similar temperatures but higher levels of rainfall. At high altitudes, the climate is milder in temperature and extremes. The highest temperature recorded in Malaysia was 40.1 °C on April 9, 1998 in Chuping, Perlis. The summer temperature in northwest Cameron State was recorded northwest of Pahang on February 1, 1978, at 7.8 °C. The highest daily rainfall was recorded on January 6, 1967 in Kota Bharu at 608 mm. The highest annual rainfall, 5,687 mm, was recorded in 2006 in Sandakan, Sabah. The rainiest place in the country is Kuching, Sarawak, with an average annual rainfall of 4,128 mm and 247 days. The worst is Shping, Perlis with an annual rainfall of 1,746 mm per year. % or the area of 1920000 ha was destroyed. Malaysia gained its independence from Great Britain in 1957 and improved its situation in 1963. The growth of Malaysia's economy at that time is about trees and forests, because even at that time, Malaysia made profits through trees and forests. Due to the amount of forest, Malaysia has developed faster than neighboring countries such as New Guinea. Already, Malaysia, along with neighboring Indonesia, produces 85 percent of the palm oil that produces biogas, and is a major cause of deforestation in Malaysia. Through this, Malaysia made a financial profit of $215 billion USD. ## State structure The form of power is a constitutional monarchy. The main law of the country is the Federal Constitution of 1957. The head of the country is the Supreme Leader - the Yang di-Pertuan Agong. The Supreme Leader is elected by the Council of Leaders from among the 9 sultans who rule the states for 5 years. Governors of 4 states do not participate in elections. The head of state exercises the traditional privileges of a constitutional monarch. He has the right to convene and dissolve the Parliament (on the proposal of the Cabinet of Ministers). In addition, the king has the right to prohibit the adoption of laws and also addresses the Parliament with a message every year. Since November 2011, the Supreme Leader of Malaysia, Yang di-Pertuan Agong XIII, is Abdul Halim Muadzam Shah, born 28 November 1927, Sultan of Kedah, Sultan of Kelantan. He is the first elected Supreme Leader of Malaysia for the second time in history. The Parliament of Malaysia consists of two houses - the Senate and the House of Representatives. The Senate consists of 70 people. Among them, 44 senators are appointed by the Supreme Leader on the recommendation of the Prime Minister, and the remaining 26 senators are sent by the state legislative assemblies (2 people from each state). Appointed senators serve for seven years. On July 7, 2009, Dato Won Fung Meng was elected as the President of the Senate. The House of Representatives consists of 222 deputies with wider powers. Deputies are elected for 5 years in single-mandate regions on the basis of universal suffrage. On 28 April 2008, Tan Sri Pandikar Amin Mulia was elected as the Speaker of the House of Representatives. As a result of the general election, the leader of the party with the majority in the House of Representatives is appointed to the post of Prime Minister and heads the Cabinet of Ministers. The Prime Minister of Malaysia since March 2008 (re-elected in 2013) is Najib Tun Razak, the chairman of the United Malays National Organization (UMNO) political party. There are 22 federal ministries in the government of Malaysia. In addition, 8 ministers without portfolios are working in the Prime Minister's Department. The government consists of the Prime Minister, one of his deputies, ministers and their deputies, and parliamentary secretaries (more than 70 people). All are appointed by the Supreme Leader. According to the Constitution, a member of the Cabinet must be a member of the Parliament. ## Population Malaysia is a multinational country with 26 million inhabitants, which aims to join the ranks of the most developed countries in the world in 2020. Among them, 65.1% are Malays and Orang-asli, 26% are Chinese, and 7.7% are Indians. 65 percent of the population lives in urban areas. Average life expectancy: men - 71.8 years, women - 76.3 years. Religion of Malaysians: Muslims make up 60%. At the same time, Buddhists, Taoists, and Christians live in the country. ## Malaysian economy Malaysia is a rapidly developing industrial-agrarian country. In 2011, Malaysia's Gross Domestic Product (GDP) grew by 5.2% to 247.7 billion. US dollars. This figure is 9,575 dollars per person. (2011) and is one of the highest indicators in the region. The GDP structure is divided into the following types: agriculture - 9.7%, industry - 44.6%, service sector - 45.7% (2008). Over the past seven years, the country's gold and currency reserves have been constantly increasing and in 2011 they reached 133 billion. The number of working population is 12.7 million people (according to 2011 data), 13% of them work in agriculture, 36% in industry, and 51% in service. The largest share of GDP belongs to the service sector, the majority of which is wholesale and retail trade, as well as financial services; insurance and real estate acquisition. Trade with foreign countries. The unemployment rate is 3% (according to 2011 data), the number of homeless people is 5.1%. In 2008, budget income equaled 44.32 billion, and budget expenditure - 55.1 billion. USD formed. The flow of foreign direct investments in 2008 was 20.7% of GDP, and the crisis level is 5.8%. External debt - GDP was 42.7% (2008). The most intensive sector of the economy is the processing industry. The country is among the world's main producers of integrated projects, air conditioners, radio and television equipment. Malaysia is the only ASEAN country with its own automobile industry. (There are brands such as Proton, Perodua, Naza, Haykom, Bufori). Industrial production is mainly concentrated around the Klang River. (so-called "Silicon Field"), as well as in the state of Penang. ## Malaysian Armed Forces The history of the Malaysian Armed Forces began in 1933, when the first Malayan infantry unit of the British colonial army was formed in Port Dickson. In 1963, close to the time of declaration of independence of Malaysia, the number of armed forces of the country was 22 thousand people. The army is raised by voluntary rent. Officers are trained in military schools in the United States and Great Britain. Currently, the total number of armed forces is 114 thousand people. In addition, there are local police structures (about 50 thousand people). The infantry is about 43,000 people, consisting of infantry brigades, separate regiments and special forces. The air force (about 4 thousand people), consisted of 30 military and 60 auxiliary planes and vertical planes. The navy (about 3 thousand people) has about 45 guard and other ships. Due to the changes in the international military-political and world economic conditions, the influence of the South-East Asian countries on the processes in the Asia-Pacific region in the last ten years is increasing. OSHAEA is considered one of the most successful organizations in the world, creating a new center of security not only in the region, but also on a global scale. ## Foreign policy and security Malaysia maintains diplomatic relations with more than 120 countries of the world. Diplomatic missions of more than 100 countries and international organizations operate in Kuala Lumpur. Malaysia has a total of 105 diplomatic missions abroad. Malaysia is a member of the main international organizations: the UN and its special bodies (in 1998-2000 it was a non-permanent representative of the Security Council), the WTO, the IMF and the World Bank, British Friendship, a participant in the Association of Developing Countries (the Non-Aligned Movement, Group-77, OIC ) and regional organizations (ASEAN, RFA, APEC, VAS). Malaysia was the chairman of the Non-Aligned Movement (2003-2006), OIC (2003-2008), ASEAN (2005-2006). In May 2008, he was elected as the Chair of the British Commonwealth of Malaysia's Ministerial Group on Implementation of the Harare Declaration (CMAG). This decision was taken unanimously on the eve of the meeting of the 29th Group in London on May 12. The ASEAN direction remains the most important aspect of Malaysia's foreign policy. It is planned to create the ASEAN Community in 2020, and the development of cooperation in the "ASEAN + 3" format (China, Japan, Korea) is under consideration. In 2008, the Malaysian Parliament ratified the ASEAN Charter, which was signed on November 20, 2007. Malaysia will be among the top ten ASEAN leaders in Singapore on the eve of the 13th ASEAN Summit. Its adoption is the beginning of a new stage in the evolution of ASEAN with international legal personality, becoming a full-fledged regional organization. The ASEAN Charter officially entered into force on December 15, 2008. In 2009, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia protested against the arrest of local human rights defender, Nobel laureate Aung San Suu Kyi in Myanmar, calling these actions a disruption of the national peace process, a "roadmap" for the country's democratization. On the initiative of Malaysia]], this issue was included in the agenda of the meeting of senior officials of the ASEAN member states held in Phuket (Thailand) on May 19-20, 2009. An important priority is the development of cooperative relations with the leading western states - the USA and the European Union. A high level of trade-economic and military-political cooperation contributes to the conduct of such a policy. Thus, the United States is Malaysia's largest trading partner, and Malaysia ranks 10th in the United States' foreign economic ties. In 2008, the turnover between the two countries was 43.703 billion. amounted to US dollars. One indicator of the effectiveness of trade and economic cooperation is the interest of the United States and Malaysia in signing the Free Trade Agreement, which has been under negotiation since June 2006. In order to strengthen the activity in this direction, on May 14-15, 2009, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia Datuk Anifah Aman visited the USA. During the business trip, meetings were held with US Secretary of State H. Clinton and Deputy Chairman of the US Senate Committee on International Affairs, Richard Lugar. An important sector in Malaysia's foreign policy is relations with China. An important event in this direction was the official visit of Malaysian Prime Minister Najib Tun Razak to the PRC on June 2-5, 2009. During this business trip, meetings were held with the President of the PRC Hu Jintao and the Chairman of the State Council of the PRC Wen Jiabao. The parties signed the "Joint Action Plan on China-Malaysia Emergency Cooperation", agreements on visa-free travel with official and diplomatic passports. As a result of the agreements, the head of the Malaysian government N. Razak announced that in the mutual trade experience of the two countries, they will completely abandon the American dollar and settle using only Chinese yuan and Malaysian ringgit. Malaysia's influence in the Muslim community is growing. According to the report of the chairman of the OIC in the Islamic world (2003-2008), during the periods of leadership positions, Kuala Lumpur was able to show itself as a prestigious and economically developed Islamic state. Malaysia is highly politically active in the settlement of the Palestinian issue. As the latest manifestation of this trend, we can say that the country's government made unprecedented statements to the UN Security Council, came out with an ultimatum to pass a resolution criticizing Israel's aggression against Palestine, and called an emergency UN session to discuss Israel's invasion of the Gaza Strip. Malaysia is also the initiator of directing international observer groups to the Gaza Strip through the UN and the introduction of the UN successor forces into the Palestinian territories. Questions arising from international dialogue and cooperation of civilizations require special attention. Thus, since 2006, the Ministry of Foreign Affairs and the influential international non-governmental organization "Cordoba Initiative" (USA) have held annual conferences on issues of interaction between the Muslim world and the West. This forum is an important step for international confessional and international civilization with the participation of civil society, representatives of religion, science, culture, mass media. Malaysia, established in 1996 in Bangkok, is active in the work being done in the direction of developing dialogue between Asia and Europe on political, economic, cultural and social issues. ("Asia-Europe" summit). Despite the objective achievements of Malaysian diplomacy, some unfavorable issues have arisen in foreign policy in the past few years. For example, in 2008, Malaysia failed to protect the interests of the people in the dispute with Singapore on the regional issue at the International Court of Justice in The Hague. As a result of the legal dispute, Kuala Lumpur has lost control over Pedra Branca, a critically important island in the South China Sea. Despite the fact that the disputed land is in the vicinity of Malaysian state Johor and in Malaysian territorial waters. In reaching the verdict, the judges relied on Singapore's 130-year use of the island's maritime domain without protest from Malaysia. And Malaysia has shown no interest in conducting any economic activity in Pedra Branca for more than 100 years. In the US State Department report "Trafficking in Persons 2009", Malaysia had the lowest, third-level focus on the list (in 2007, Malaysia was at level 2). Countries follow standards established by the US Trafficking Victims Protection Act of 2000 (TVPA). Countries that do not show much effort to maintain minimum standards belong to level 3. Such an assessment could prompt the United States to suspend aid to these states in matters other than humanitarian and trade. The "Tier 2 Watchlist" is intended for countries whose governments have not fully complied with the TVPA's minimum standards, but are making significant efforts to do so. An additional trigger of Malaysian foreign policy is the annual report of the international human rights organization "Freedom House" on the political situation in Malaysia for 2008 and the statement of the foundation "Bertelsmann-Stiftung" (Germany) on the development of democracy, market economy and political system. According to the above statement, political reforms in the country are insufficient, there are problems related to the ethno-religious structure of the society, and the presence of corruption in the power system is a serious threat. In 2009, according to Freedom House's Freedom in the World 2008 rating, Malaysia entered the category of "not completely free states" (comparatively, Indonesia was included in the "Free States" group). Since January 2009, the Malaysian Ministry of Foreign Affairs has introduced an emergency strategic planning system. 2009-2015 This system, institutional potential and foreign political institution, is aimed at the development and strengthening of the human resources. These goals are intended to provide employees with relevant knowledge and experience in modern diplomacy, in particular, including the study of political and economic analysis, crisis management, economic diplomacy and strategic planning. Particular attention is paid to the issue of learning foreign languages and increasing negotiation experience. In April 2009, Dato' Anifa Aman was appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia. ## Historical Overview A Hindu state that emerged in the 7th century and was part of the Srivijaya Empire until the 14th century. In 1403, the Kingdom of Malacca, which united all the lands of Malaysia, was established. In 1511, Malacca was captured by the Portuguese army under the leadership of Alfonso de Albuquerque. In 1641, the Portuguese were replaced by the Dutch, and in 1824, the Dutch were replaced by the English. In 1914, all of Malaysia was under British rule. It was occupied by Japan in 1941-1945, but after the war it again came under British protectorate. The Federation of Malaya, established in 1948, gained autonomy in 1956 and independence as part of the British Commonwealth in 1957. In 1963, the Federation of Malaysia was formed, consisting of Malaya, Singapore, Sarawak and Sabah. In 1965, due to political and economic differences, Singapore left the Federation. ## Literature ## Architecture ## Malaysia and Kazakhstan Relations with Kazakhstan in 1991 It started since Malaysia recognized the independence of Kazakhstan on December 31. Diplomatic relations between Kazakhstan and Malaysia were established on March 16, 1992. In 1996, the embassies of Kazakhstan and Malaysia were opened in Kuala Lumpur and Almaty. From April 17 to 19, 2012, President N. A. Nazarbayev made an official visit to Malaysia. In 1996, the Prime Minister of Malaysia M. Mohamad, in 2003 the Supreme Ruler of Malaysia S. Sirajuddin and in 2011 the Prime Minister of Malaysia Dato Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak came to Kazakhstan on an official visit. In May 2011, for the first time in the history of diplomatic relations, the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Malaysia, Anifa Aman, in June, the Prime Minister of Malaysia, Dato' Sri Najib Tun Abdul Razak, and former Prime Minister A. Badawi visited Kazakhstan. During this visit, Prime Minister of Malaysia N. Razak participated in the World Islamic Economic Forum. In order to develop tourism, Malaysia has unilaterally introduced a visa-free regime for citizens of Kazakhstan for up to 30 days. "Air Astana" airline makes three direct flights between Almaty and Kuala Lumpur per week. More than 2 thousand Kazakh students are studying in Malaysia (2011). Most of them study economics and information technologies. Association of Kazakhstan students was established in Malaysia in 2010. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7349

Zhalekesh Aipakov

Zhalekesh Aypakov (1904, Shalkar city - 1967, Aktobe city) - Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR. * 1935 He was invited to the Almaty Philharmonic and worked. * He was one of the founders of the national instrument orchestra named after Kurmangazy * 1953. Worked at the Aktobe Philharmonic. * The folk composer promoted the tunes of Kazangap to the public of the republic. Kurmangazy, Mamen, Dina are known for their great skill in performance. Many students took lessons from Kushi. His work was appreciated and he received state awards. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5594

Архей

Archaean (Archaeozoic) is the middle of three divisions of the Precambrian (4-2.5 billion years ago). Today, the Archaean is officially an Eon. The term "Archae" was coined in 1872. proposed by the American geologist James Dana. According to the chronological scale, the Archean Eon is classified into four eras, which are: * Eoarchean (4500-3600 million years ago), * Paleoarchean (3600-3200 million years ago), \ <> * Mesoarchean (3200-2800 million years ago) * Neoarchean eras (2800-2500 million years ago) are called. Archaean is a short name for the concepts of the Archaean era and the Archaean group. In Greek, the word archaios means ancient. Archean is the most ancient era in the history of geological development of the Earth. Radiometric studies indicate that the rocks of the Archaean era are about 3.6 - 4 billion years old. shows that it started forming years ago. The upper level of this era, that is, the time of its transition to the Proterozoic era, is approximately 2.6 - 2.8 billion. years ago. Rocks formed during the Archaean period consist mainly of metamorphic rocks: gneiss, crystalline schist, rarely amphibolite, marble and quartzite. Organic remains are not found, but the presence of graphite in them indicates that there was a sign of life in the Archaean era. Rocks formed in the Archaean form the basis of many ancient geological formations. Among them there are important ores. According to the latest scientific data, living organisms first appeared on Earth 3.2-3.8 billion years ago. The first organisms that appeared on Earth were prokaryotic, heterotrophic, and anaerobic. They do not need oxygen and feed on ready-made organic substances in the ocean water. At the same time, they used organic substances formed from inorganic substances released under the influence of ultraviolet rays of the Sun and lightning discharges in ocean water. The composition of the Earth's atmosphere during the Archaic period was mainly made up of CO2, CO, H2, N2, water vapors. Small amounts of NH3, H2S, CH4 were found, and there was no oxygen at all. The lack of free oxygen affected the accumulation of abiogenically formed organic substances in ocean water. It was oxidized in the first heterotrophic way on Earth, i.e., by fermentation without the presence of oxygen. Organic substances are not fully decomposed by fermentation and only a small amount of energy is produced. Therefore, the historical development of living organisms in the Archaean period was very slow and covered a long period of time. Over time, heterotrophic organisms increased intensively, the supply of organic substances necessary for them began to run out, and autotrophic prokaryotic, anaerobic organisms gradually appeared. Such organisms were able to create organic substances from inorganic substances on their own. They first used the process of chemosynthesis, then photosynthesis. Free oxygen released during photosynthesis oxidized divalent iron, sulfur and manganese compounds in ocean water. As a result, these substances became insoluble and sank to the bottom of the ocean, turning into deposits of iron, sulfur, and manganese. Human beings are using it for their own needs. Oxidation of dissolved substances in the ocean has been going on for millions of years. Subsequently, oxygen accumulated in the water content and diffused into the atmosphere. Some of the organic compounds formed by living activities of organisms due to the accumulation of oxygen in the ocean and atmosphere are concentrated at the bottom of the ocean and stored in the form of oil and gas. When the concentration of free oxygen in the atmosphere reached one percent compared to the current level, it affected the formation of autotrophic and heterotrophic organisms that feed aerobically. During aerobic oxidation, organic substances are decomposed to the last products, and at this time, i.e., 18 times more energy is released compared to oxygen-free oxidation. Due to the large amount of energy released in aerobic processes, the process of evolution among organisms began to progress rapidly. The first eukaryotic single-celled organisms emerged from the fusion of various prokaryotic cells. Subsequently, the process of sexual reproduction took place in eukaryotic organisms. This also influenced the emergence of a significant evolutionary process in the Archaean era. During sexual reproduction, the exchange of genetic information is carried out through DNA molecules. The emergence of the process of sexual reproduction had a special effect on the rapid progress of evolutionary processes. Because at this time, along with mutational variability, the effect of compatible variability is also observed. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7674

Jose Ortega y Gasset

José Ortega y Gasset (José Ortega y Gasset) is a Spanish philosopher, cultural scientist (1883-1955). José Ortega y Gasset's philosophy of culture is based on the science of "ideas and beliefs" and it forms the core of his history of philosophy. Beliefs that represent the core of social life and any culture are individual and collective. The historical situation is in the period of decline of traditional beliefs. Excessively ritualized, dead culture cannot be a guide for a person in life; he loses his humanity from ideas and norms. The search for new ideas and beliefs fills the crisis periods with various theories, philosophical doctrines, religiousness, and also leads to the "barbarization" of the masses. At every turning point in history, there is a "Man of Action" who leads these barbarians on the political stage. In the work "Majority Uprising" he connects political movements - fascism, communism - with the emergence of "majority society" and "man of the majority". At the same time, in the work "Dehumanization of Art", he considers all aspects of the crisis of modern culture and the emergence of "mass culture". For him, the presence of Spanish thought and philosophy in the European context was a clear, unsolved problem. He considers the Spanish nature itself to be dramatic. His essays are devoted to Spanish cultural life, covering important topics, from national worldview features to portraits of poets and artists. At the intersection of Spanish conditions and European knowledge, an Artegian philosophical metaphor emerged. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7174

Болат

Steel is an alloy of iron with carbon (up to 2%) and other elements; A deformable alloy made of iron, carbon and other elements. Steel - in addition to carbon, depending on the production technology, it contains manganese, silicon, sulfur, phosphorus, etc. accessories are included. Such steel is called carbon steel. To increase the quality of steel, the alloy contains chromium, nickel, molybdenum, vanadium, tungsten, manganese, silicon, etc. elements are added. Such an alloy is called alloyed steel. Steel is the basis of ferrous metallurgy production - the main material used in engineering industry and construction. Depending on the field of use, steel can be divided into four groups: * Structural steel. As a rule, in rolled form, various elements of building structures are used in the manufacture of cars and ships. * Various machine parts are made from the machine tool. For this, thermal treatment and chemical-thermal treatment are carried out. * Tool steel is used to make various cutting, measuring, stamping tools. * Steel cabins with special physical properties are used in the production of electrical, chemical, and military equipment. ## Sources ## External links * Malimetter.kz Steel production abstract (Kazakh)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3738

Kazakhs (ethnogenesis)

### Ancient times Paleolithic The ethnic history of the formation of the Kazakh people is very complex. The land of modern Kazakhstan was inhabited by various tribes already in the early Stone Age. Evidence of ancient settlements of people can be found near Karatau, Mangistau, Middle and East, Kazakhstan, Betpakdala, Mughalzhar mountains, Lake Balkash. Many archaeological heritage sites belonging to the Paleolithic era have been identified. Mesolithic In the Mesolithic period, due to the appearance of the bow and arrow, the group of wandering hunters disintegrated, so the study of the sites of this period is insignificant. In the Neolithic and Bronze Age of Kazakhstan, the first patriarchal tribes began to increase and flourish, and there are many archeological, anthropological and ethnological evidences that show that these tribes were in close contact with the neighboring peoples of Siberia, the Urals, Volga, and Central Asia. Sakas B.C. In the 1st millennium, ancient tribes on the territory of Kazakhstan switched to nomadic life, and several tribal associations began to be formed among them. One of the largest of them is Sakas. They lived on the south-eastern slope from the Syr Bay, Karatau, Talas regions to the Tien-Shan mountains. The tribes inhabiting the mouth of the Aral Sea and the Syrdarya, along the Amu Darya, united in the Massaget Union. Saka tribes lived under the Scythians who lived in the northern Black Sea region and along the Dnieper River, the Sauromatians in the lower Volga region and the Southern Ural region, Kurush and Darayaush I, and the ancient Greeks (Konegreks) in the era of Alexander. The culture of the Kazakh people originates from the history of the Sakh tribes and the most important data of their material and spiritual culture (burial, kombe, etc.). ### Turkic times Turkic tribes B.C. (in the 3rd — 1st centuries, the beginning of the 1st — 5th centuries BC, up to the 5th century BC) in the south of today's Kazakhstan, along the Syrdarya, Talas, Shu rivers, Zhetisu, etc. On the basis of the ancient Saka tribes, a union of newly united tribes began to flourish in the territories. Among them, the Huns, Uysin, Kanly, and Sarmatians, who became a powerful state and left a mark in history, culture, and art. These states were mainly engaged in nomadic and semi-nomadic animal husbandry, mining, irrigated agriculture and fishing in sedentary conditions. Civilized countries were eager to make contact with them. The origin of the Kazakhs had a special basis after the Sakars, especially the Huns, Uysin, and Kanly. Kokturik Khanate This long-term ethnic process began in BC. starting from the first half of the hundred years It was formed in 5-6 centuries. Many tribes formed the basis of the Kazakh people in 552. It became part of the Turkish khanate and was known by different names: chumygun, dai, irki, chure, chuban (Shumanak), dulu. 603 The ethnic and political basis of the established Western Turkic Khaganate was the "ten tribes" (old Turkish: ten arrows) who occupied the land of their ancient home from the Karatau slopes to Dzhungaria. On the eastern side of the Shu river live five tribes of Dulu, and on the western side live five tribes of Nushibis. Turgesh Khaganate In its place, the Turgesh Khaganate (704-756), then the Karlyk (Karluq) Khaganate (756-940) was established and dominated the above-mentioned tribes. During the period of these states, settlement took place, agriculture developed, cities flourished, and trade was revived. Oghiz Union At that time Karliks, Shigils, Yagmas, and Adguls lived along Zhetisu and Talas, while Oghys and Kipchaks dominated along Middle Kazakhstan and Syrdarya. At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 11th century, the Oguz tribes inhabited a vast territory from the middle course of the Syrdarya to the lower reaches of the Volga. Settlements of the Ogyz were scattered along the Yrgyz, Zhayik, Zhem, Oyil rivers, along the Karatau slopes along the Syr Darya River and to the border of Isfijab. The Oghys include ancient (mainly Turkicized) ethnic groups of Indo-European and Finno-Ugric origins of the Syrdarya Valley and the Aral-Caspian steppes, as well as the Khalaji, Jagar, Charuk, Karluk, Imur, Bayurand, Kai Sekel nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of Zhetysu and Siberia. also entered. To the west of the Oghids, Besenes (Russian: Pechenegi) lived between the Volga and Zhayik. Later, although the Oghys formed the basis of the Turkmen people, and the Besenes formed the basis of the Karakalpak people, some of their groups also influenced the origin of the Kazakh people. Kimak Khanate 9 — 11 centuries. In the beginning, the territory of the Kimak Khanate occupied North, East and Central Kazakhstan. This federation includes the first seven tribes: Eimur, Imek, Tatar, Bayandur, Kypchak, Lanikaz, and Ajlar tribes. In the territory belonging to kimaks (kimeks), together with the Kypchak association, 11th — 12th centuries. Kumans, whose separate groups are part of the Kipchak clan, are also mentioned. They are from the 9th — 10th centuries. according to written data, inhabited the territory of West Kazakhstan and was the western branch of the three-member association of Kimak (Kimek), Kypchak, and Kuman tribes. Karakhan dynasty 10th century. in the middle, a powerful state ruled by the powerful Karakhan dynasty of Turkic origin (942-1210) was established in the lands of Kashkar and Zhetisu. Later, the khans of the Karakhan dynasty conquered the state between Amu Darya and Syrdarya, which was ruled by the Samani dynasty, which was beginning to weaken at that time. This had a great impact on the economy and culture of the peoples of Central Asia and strengthened the mutual relations between the peoples and tribes of Zhetisu and East Turkestan. Although the early states of Naiman, Kereiit, and Jalayirs appeared in the east of Central Asia - in the territory of Mongolia bordering Kazakhstan, they are directly related to Kazakh history. After the defeat of the Mongols, the Naiman and Kereiit groups, and the Jalayirs, were gradually absorbed into the structure of many Turkic peoples, in particular, the Kazakh people. The Naimans reached the Syrdarya in the Mongol period and contributed to the formation of the Kazakh people. The Kereyites went all the way to the Volga, later became part of the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, and a small group became part of the Kazakhs. In the northern and northeastern regions of Kazakhstan lived the Kypchaks who engaged in nomadic livestock farming. Kypchak association Kypchaks 11th century. dominated the vast Kazakh steppe and the South Russian steppe, and in the 12th century It stretched to the Dnieper river. The Kipchaks were mainly part of the Kazakh people, and some of their groups later became part of the Uzbek, Karakalpak, Bashkir and Kyrgyz peoples. Karakytai Khanate 12th century. In the 2nd half of the 2nd half, Karakytais (Khidans) (1128-1213) who ruled in Zhetisu and South Kazakhstan regions also left their mark on the Kazakh people. They mingled with the local Turkic peoples and had a slight effect on the ethnic composition of the Kazakhs and some Central Asian peoples. 11 — 12 centuries. The improvement of economic and cultural relations between the Turkic tribes inhabiting the steppe areas of Kazakhstan and the development of economic and cultural relations with the settled areas was a significant stage in the formation of the Kazakh people. Mongolian greats In the 13th century, Kazakhs were formed as a whole nation. Mongol invasion that started also left a significant mark. Zhetisu people surrendered to Genghis Khan without any resistance. A number of tribes that moved away from it had their influence on the somewhat turbulent ethnic changes in Kazakhstan. After the death of Genghis Khan in the 13th century. in the middle, most of the Kazakh land was under the control of the Zhoshi son, only the entire Zhetisu was under the control of the Shagatai son. Only a small part of the north-eastern part of Kazakhstan is part of the Ugedei River. Soon, the Mongols mingled with the local population, especially the Kipchaks, and completely lost their distinctive features, and in the 14th century. he became completely Kipchak, adopted the language and customs of the Kypchaks, and assimilated into the Kypchaks in terms of appearance and color. ### Kazakh era Formation of the Kazakh people Post-Mongol period (14-15 centuries) East. It is characterized by the convergence of nomadic and semi-nomadic, sedentary-agricultural people in the vast territory of Deshti-Kipchak, Zhetisu and South Kazakhstan. The development of the historical movement towards the creation of a united people and its statehood takes place in a very difficult situation of preventing the political fragmentation of the region. After the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the development of the political life of the people of this region is based on the local ethnos. Several memes appeared on the basis. through isolation of the structure: they are the White Horde, Mongols, Abilkhair Khanate (nomadic Uzbek state), Nogai Horde. 14th century and at the beginning of the 15th century, the people of Kazakhstan the preservation of disunity is the newly formed ethnic group of the Kazakh people. It was the cause of the birth of the uniqueness of the path of development, like the formation of three faces. In that period of historical development, the previously mentioned ethno-political evolutionary changes in the framework of the states were newly organized neighboring Turkic peoples - Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Nogai, etc. was common to a certain extent. Tribes and tribal associations in the White Horde, Mongolia, Nogai Horde economy. were very close to each other in terms of the level of development, social relations and culture. Entry of certain parts of the frozen Kazakh people into several political associations - states, weakening of the productive forces, including a decrease in the number of people, econ. decline, related ethnic groups. The constant wars that led to the disintegration of groups, the severing of their political and economic ties, and the mutual disputes between the Joshi dynasty, and the leaders of clans and tribes prevented the unity and strengthening of the peoples here. That's why ethno. He put forward the need to overcome the political disunity of closely related groups and unify the Kazakh tribes and clans into the state, which in fact have become a homogeneous nation. The creation of the Kazakh Khanate made it possible to solve it. Establishment of the Kazakh Khanate East. Deshti Kypchak, Zhetisu, a society that flourished in the vast land of South Kazakhstan.-Econ. and was the legal conclusion of ethno-political phenomena. ### Kazakh Khanate After the death of Abilkhair Khan in the middle of the 15th century, the association of nomadic tribes under him disintegrated and was divided into "Kazakh" and "Uzbek" khanates. . The Kazakh khanate inherited the eastern region (Ak Orda) of the former Zhoshi dynasty and settled between Zhayik and Irtys, Tumen and Syrdarya. At the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century, they were joined by the Uly Yuz Kazakhs who inhabited the territory of Mongolia. K. along with being a well-known place of the state, all its people spoke a common language, economy, way of life were similar and very close. From the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th century, they were sometimes called Uzbeks, and sometimes Kazakhs, but they were the "Kazakh" ethnic group. the name finally began to settle. As a result of major political events in Kazakhstan in the 15th and 16th centuries, due to the disintegration of the Khanates of Nogai, Siberia and Mongolia, many tribes and ethnic groups. groups became part of the Kazakh Khanate. In the 16th century, K. The process of dividing the community into three hundred was completed. In the Great Hundred there are Saryuisin, Dulat, Kanly, Albanian, Suan, Jalayir, Shapyrashti, Shankhyli, Oshka, Ys, and Sirgeli tribes; In the Middle Hundred - Argyn, Naiman, Kypchak, Kerei, Wak, Kunrat tribes; The small hundred (group of the Alchyn Union) included clan associations such as Yechiru, Alimuly and Baiuly. Most of them were Nogays of the Golden Horde era. Also, the tribes related to them are from the Volga region. at the mouth, Solt. It grows in the Caucasus, Crimea (jagalbayli, berish, sherkesh, malkar, etc.). ## Comments ## See more * Kazakhs ## External links \ <> * External link ## Ancient times ### Paleolithic The ethnic history of the formation of the Kazakh people is very complex. . The land of modern Kazakhstan was inhabited by various tribes already in the early Stone Age. Evidence of ancient settlements of people can be found near Karatau, Mangistau, Middle and East, Kazakhstan, Betpakdala, Mughalzhar mountains, Lake Balkash. Many archaeological heritage sites belonging to the Paleolithic era have been identified. Mesolithic In the Mesolithic period, due to the appearance of the bow and arrow, the group of wandering hunters disintegrated, so the study of the sites of this period is insignificant. In the Neolithic and Bronze Age of Kazakhstan, the first patriarchal tribes began to increase and flourish, and there are many archeological, anthropological and ethnological evidences that show that these tribes were in close contact with the neighboring peoples of Siberia, the Urals, Volga, and Central Asia. Sakas B.C. In the 1st millennium, ancient tribes on the territory of Kazakhstan switched to nomadic life, and several tribal associations began to be formed among them. One of the largest of them is Sakas. They lived on the south-eastern slope from the Syr Bay, Karatau, Talas regions to the Tien-Shan mountains. The tribes inhabiting the mouth of the Aral Sea and the Syrdarya, along the Amu Darya, united in the Massaget Union. Saka tribes lived under the Scythians who lived in the northern Black Sea region and along the Dnieper River, the Sauromatians in the lower Volga region and the Southern Ural region, Kurush and Darayaush I, and the ancient Greeks (Konegreks) in the era of Alexander. The culture of the Kazakh people originates from the history of the Sakh tribes and the most important data of their material and spiritual culture (burial, kombe, etc.). ### Turkic times Turkic tribes B.C. (in the 3rd — 1st centuries, the beginning of the 1st — 5th centuries BC, up to the 5th century BC) in the south of today's Kazakhstan, along the Syrdarya, Talas, Shu rivers, Zhetisu, etc. On the basis of the ancient Saka tribes, a union of newly united tribes began to flourish in the territories. Among them, the Huns, Uysin, Kanly, and Sarmatians, who became a powerful state and left a mark in history, culture, and art. These states were mainly engaged in nomadic and semi-nomadic animal husbandry, mining, irrigated agriculture and fishing in sedentary conditions. Civilized countries were eager to make contact with them. The origin of the Kazakhs had a special basis after the Sakars, especially the Huns, Uysin, and Kanly. Kokturik Khanate This long-term ethnic process began in BC. starting from the first half of the hundred years It was formed in 5-6 centuries. Many tribes formed the basis of the Kazakh people in 552. It became part of the Turkish khanate and was known by different names: chumygun, dai, irki, chure, chuban (Shumanak), dulu. 603 The ethnic and political basis of the established Western Turkic Khaganate was the "ten tribes" (old Turkish: ten arrows) who occupied the land of their ancient home from the Karatau slopes to Dzhungaria. On the eastern side of the Shu river live five tribes of Dulu, and on the western side live five tribes of Nushibis. Turgesh Khaganate The Turgesh Khaganate (704-756), then the Karlyk (karluq) Khaganate (756-940) was established in its place and dominated the above-mentioned tribes. During the period of these states, settlement took place, agriculture developed, cities flourished, and trade was revived. Oghiz Union At that time Karliks, Shigils, Yagmas, and Adguls lived along Zhetisu and Talas, while Oghys and Kipchaks dominated along Middle Kazakhstan and Syrdarya. At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 11th century, the Oguz tribes inhabited a vast territory from the middle course of the Syrdarya to the lower reaches of the Volga. Settlements of the Ogyz were scattered along the Yrgyz, Zhayik, Zhem, Oyil rivers, along the Karatau slopes along the Syr Darya River and to the border of Isfijab. The Oghys include ancient (mainly Turkicized) ethnic groups of Indo-European and Finno-Ugric origins of the Syrdarya Valley and the Aral-Caspian steppes, as well as the Khalaji, Jagar, Charuk, Karluk, Imur, Bayurand, Kai Sekel nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of Zhetysu and Siberia. also entered. To the west of the Oghids, Besene (Russian: Pechenegi) lived between the Volga and Zhaiyk. Later, although the Oghys formed the basis of the Turkmen people, and the Besenes formed the basis of the Karakalpak people, some of their groups also influenced the origin of the Kazakh people. Kimak Khanate 9 — 11 centuries. In the beginning, the territory of the Kimak Khanate occupied North, East and Central Kazakhstan. This federation includes the first seven tribes: Eimur, Imek, Tatar, Bayandur, Kypchak, Lanikaz, and Ajlar tribes. In the territory belonging to kimaks (kimeks), together with the Kypchak association, 11th — 12th centuries. Kumans, whose separate groups are part of the Kipchak clan, are also mentioned. They are from the 9th — 10th centuries. according to written data, inhabited the territory of West Kazakhstan and was the western branch of the three-member association of Kimak (Kimek), Kypchak, and Kuman tribes. Karakhan dynasty 10th century. in the middle, a powerful state ruled by the powerful Karakhan dynasty of Turkic origin (942-1210) was established in the lands of Kashkar and Zhetisu. Later, the khans of the Karakhan dynasty conquered the state between Amu Darya and Syrdarya, which was ruled by the Samani dynasty, which was beginning to weaken at that time. This had a great impact on the economy and culture of the peoples of Central Asia and strengthened the mutual relations between the peoples and tribes of Zhetisu and East Turkestan. Although the early states of Naiman, Kereiit, and Jalayirs appeared in the east of Central Asia - in the territory of Mongolia bordering Kazakhstan, they are directly related to Kazakh history. After the defeat of the Mongols, the Naiman and Kereiit groups, and the Jalayirs, were gradually absorbed into the structure of many Turkic peoples, in particular, the Kazakh people. The Naimans reached the Syrdarya in the Mongol period and contributed to the formation of the Kazakh people. The Kereyites went all the way to the Volga, later became part of the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, and a small group became part of the Kazakhs. In the northern and northeastern regions of Kazakhstan lived the Kypchaks who engaged in nomadic livestock farming. Kypchak association Kypchaks 11th century. dominated the vast Kazakh steppe and the South Russian steppe, and in the 12th century It stretched to the Dnieper river. The Kipchaks were mainly part of the Kazakh people, and some of their groups later became part of the Uzbek, Karakalpak, Bashkir and Kyrgyz peoples. Karakytai Khanate 12th century. In the 2nd half of the 2nd half, Karakytais (Khidans) (1128-1213) who ruled in Zhetisu and South Kazakhstan regions also left their mark on the Kazakh people. They mingled with the local Turkic peoples and had a slight effect on the ethnic composition of the Kazakhs and some Central Asian peoples. 11 — 12 centuries. The improvement of economic and cultural relations between the Turkic tribes inhabiting the steppe areas of Kazakhstan and the development of economic and cultural relations with the settled areas was a significant stage in the formation of the Kazakh people. Mongolian greats In the 13th century, Kazakhs were formed as a whole nation. Mongol invasion that started also left a significant mark. Zhetisu people surrendered to Genghis Khan without any resistance. A number of tribes that moved away from it had their influence on the somewhat turbulent ethnic changes in Kazakhstan. After the death of Genghis Khan in the 13th century. in the middle, most of the Kazakh land was under the control of the Zhoshi son, only the entire Zhetisu was under the control of the Shagatai son. Only a small part of the north-eastern part of Kazakhstan is part of the Ugedei River. Soon, the Mongols mingled with the local population, especially the Kipchaks, and completely lost their distinctive features, and in the 14th century. he became completely Kipchak, adopted the language and customs of the Kypchaks, and assimilated into the Kypchaks in terms of appearance and color. ### Kazakh era Formation of the Kazakh people Post-Mongol period (14-15 centuries) East. It is characterized by the convergence of nomadic and semi-nomadic, sedentary-agricultural people in the vast territory of Deshti-Kipchak, Zhetisu and South Kazakhstan. The development of the historical movement towards the creation of a united people and its statehood takes place in a very difficult situation of preventing the political fragmentation of the region. After the collapse of the Mongol Empire, the development of the political life of the people of this region is based on the local ethnos. Several memes appeared on the basis. through isolation of the structure: they are the White Horde, Mongols, Abilkhair Khanate (nomadic Uzbek state), Nogai Horde. 14th century and at the beginning of the 15th century, the people of Kazakhstan the preservation of disunity is the newly formed ethnic group of the Kazakh people. It was the cause of the birth of the uniqueness of the path of development, like the formation of three faces. In that period of historical development, the previously mentioned ethno-political evolutionary changes in the framework of the states were newly organized neighboring Turkic peoples - Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, Tatars, Nogai, etc. was common to a certain extent. Tribes and tribal associations in the White Horde, Mongolia, Nogai Horde economy. were very close to each other in terms of the level of development, social relations and culture. Entry of certain parts of the frozen Kazakh people into several political associations - states, weakening of the productive forces, including a decrease in the number of people, econ. decline, related ethnic groups. The constant wars that led to the disintegration of groups, the severing of their political and economic ties, and the mutual disputes between the Joshi dynasty, and the leaders of clans and tribes prevented the unity and strengthening of the peoples here. That's why ethno. He put forward the need to overcome the political disunity of closely related groups and unify the Kazakh tribes and clans into the state, which in fact have become a homogeneous nation. The creation of the Kazakh Khanate made it possible to solve it. Establishment of the Kazakh Khanate East. Deshti Kypchak, Zhetisu, a society that flourished in the vast land of South Kazakhstan.-Econ. and was the legal conclusion of ethno-political phenomena. ### Kazakh Khanate After the death of Abilkhair Khan in the middle of the 15th century, the association of nomadic tribes under him disintegrated and was divided into "Kazakh" and "Uzbek" khanates. . The Kazakh khanate inherited the eastern region (Ak Orda) of the former Zhoshi dynasty and settled between Zhayik and Irtys, Tumen and Syrdarya. At the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century, they were joined by the Uly Yuz Kazakhs who inhabited the territory of Mongolia. K. along with being a well-known place of the state, all its people spoke a common language, economy, way of life were similar and very close. From the 15th century to the beginning of the 16th century, they were sometimes called Uzbeks, and sometimes Kazakhs, but they were the "Kazakh" ethnic group. the name finally began to settle. As a result of major political events in Kazakhstan in the 15th and 16th centuries, due to the disintegration of the Khanates of Nogai, Siberia and Mongolia, many tribes and ethnic groups. groups became part of the Kazakh Khanate. In the 16th century, K. The process of dividing the community into three hundred was completed. In the Great Hundred there are Saryuisin, Dulat, Kanly, Albanian, Suan, Jalayir, Shapyrashti, Shankhyli, Oshka, Ys, and Sirgeli tribes; In the Middle Hundred - Argyn, Naiman, Kypchak, Kerei, Wak, Kunrat tribes; The small hundred (group of the Alchyn Union) included clan associations such as Yechiru, Alimuly and Baiuly. Most of them were Nogays of the Golden Horde era. Also, the tribes related to them are from the Volga region. at the mouth, Solt. It grows in the Caucasus, Crimea (jagalbayli, berish, sherkesh, malkar, etc.). ## Comments ## See more * Kazakhs ## External links \ <> * External link

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7410

Eleusin Nauryzbayuly Sagindykov

Yeleusin Nauryzbayuly Sagyndykov (1.05.1947, Kyzyl Tu village, Kobda district, Aktobe region) — akim of Aktobe region Aktobe Pedagogical Institute (1977) by profession of mathematics teacher; Graduated from the West Kazakhstan Institute of Agriculture (1990) with the specialty of mechanical engineer. Doctor of Economic Sciences (2001). Author of more than 80 scientific articles and works, including the publication "Strategic planning of the labor potential of the region based on the concept of human development", the textbook "Managing the socio-economic development of the region". since 1965 - teacher of physical education subject of Oyil MPTU-196, student, teacher of Temir industrial-pedagogical technical school. Since 1969 - served in the ranks of the Soviet Army. Since 1971 - teacher of Aktobe KTU-100, master of industrial training. Since 1974 - deputy director of Aktobe KKTU-107 for educational work. Since 1977 - deputy head of Aktobe regional professional and technical education department. Since 1980 - the instructor of the Aktobe regional party committee. Since 1985 - the head of the Aktobe regional department of professional and technical education. Since 1988 - head of the ideology department of the Aktobe regional party committee. Since 1990 - head of the Aktobe regional public education department. Since 1992 - Deputy Minister of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 1995 - Deputy Akim of Aktobe region. Since 1996 - Akim of Aktobe city. Since 2002 - a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a member of the Committee on Legislation and Legal Reform. since 2004 - akim of Aktobe region. Candidate for deputy of the 13th convocation of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. President of the Aktobe Region Boxing Federation (1985-2005). "Kurmet" (2001), with "Barys" orders of the II degree, with the Order of St. Sergey Radonezhsky of the II degree; with medals, including "For meritorious service" (RF); "For meritorious service to the development of professional technical education of the USSR", "Mother language" honorary badge of the international society "Kazakh language" was awarded. Honored sports figure of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Akim of the year (2006, 2009). Dear road builder of Kazakhstan. Boxing champion of the USSR. Military rank - reserve colonel. Married. Spouse - Minaura Abivyna Kurgulova. Has 3 children and grandchildren. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5778

Грекия

Greece or Greece (Gr. Ελλάδα [eˈlaða] listen, anciently — Greek Ελλάς [eˈlas] listen), official — Hellenic Republic or Hellenic Republic (Gr. Ελληνικά Διμοκρατία [eliniˈci ðimokraˈti.a]) is a country located in southern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula . It borders Albania, former Yugoslav North Macedonia and Bulgaria in the north, and Turkey in the northeast. The east and south are washed by the Aegean Sea, and the west by the Ionian Sea. It is named after the Greeks who live in this country. Greece, the Hellenic Republic is a country located in the south-east of Europe, in the south of the Balkan Peninsula and on small islands in the Ionian, Mediterranean and Aegean seas bordering it. Land area — 132.0 thousand km². Population — 10.3 million. The capital is Athens (3.5 million). More than 95% of its inhabitants are Greeks, the rest: Turks, Albanians, etc. The official language is Greek. Most of the population adheres to the Orthodox branch of Christianity. The territory of the country is administratively divided into 51 nomes. Big cities: Thessaloniki, Patrai, Heraklion, Volos. The monetary unit is the drachma. The head of state is the president. The legislative body is a unicameral parliament. 1975 According to the country's constitution adopted on June 11, Greece is a parliamentary republic headed by a president (the president is elected by the parliament). National holiday — Independence Day (March 25, 1821). Most of the land of Greece is mountainous. The climate is Mediterranean sub-equatorial. The average temperature in the winter months is 4 — 11 °C, and in the summer months it is 24 — 28 °C. The rivers are small and have little water. Forest covers 15% of its land. Precipitation is between 350 and 1500 mm. The first Greek states appeared in the 3rd millennium BC. In 395, the land of ancient Greece was subordinated to the Byzantine Empire. From the 15th century, it was added to the Ottoman Sultanate. After the national liberation movement of 1821-29 and the Russo-Turkish war of 1828-29, Greece in 1830 achieved independence. He was on the side of the Entente during World War 1. 1941 the country was occupied by German and Italian troops. After the end of World War 2, civil war began in the country (1946-49). After its completion, in 1952 Greece became a member of NATO. 1967 government power passed into the hands of the military junta. 1974 After the popular strike, the military was removed from power, democratic institutions were restored, and a new constitution was adopted. 1992 Greece became a full member of the European Union in November. Greece is a moderately developed industrial-agrarian country. The average annual income per capita is $7,100. There are also many small private enterprises. Leading sectors of economy: food, chemical, mining, metallurgical industries and cement production. In recent years, the development of electronics and some types of machinery has been developing rapidly. In agriculture, mainly grapes, fruits, flax, grain crops are grown. In addition, the merchant fleet and tourism are well developed. Greece is one of the leading countries in the world in terms of merchant fleet. More than 10 million tourists come to the country every year, and 4 bln. brings in more than USD. Main trade partners: Germany, Italy, USA, France, Saudi Arabia. 1992 On October 1, he established diplomatic relations with Kazakhstan. The capital is the city of Athens. Recognized as the cradle of Western civilization, it is the first democratic state in history. Since 1981 - a member of the EU, since 1952 - a member of NATO. ## Administrative divisions Greece was previously divided into 13 administrative districts, which were divided into 54 nomes (or prefectures). Also in Greece, there was one autonomous region - Athos (Holy Mountain) - in the region of Mount Athos - there was a monastic state governed by a council of representatives of 20 Athos monasteries. Real self-government was at the level of nomen and smaller structures - municipalities. At the head of the municipality was the mayor, and at the head of the nomen was the governor. However, since January 1, 2011, according to the Kallikratis program (Law 3852/2010), the administrative system of Greece has been fundamentally revised. The former system of 13 regions, 54 prefectures and 1033 municipalities and communities was replaced by 7 decentralized administrations, 13 regions and 325 municipalities. Since the first elections scheduled for November 7-14, 2010, regions and municipalities have been fully self-governing. Decentralized administrations are headed by a Secretary General appointed by the Greek Government. The autonomous monastic state of the Holy Mountain escaped these reforms. ## Etymology The word "Greece" is of Latin origin and is not used in Greek. The original name of the Greeks of their country is Hellas (Ellas, Greek Ελλάδα). Originally Phtiotis, the name of the region in southern Thessaly in Hellas according to Homer's Iliad, gradually spread throughout Greece. With the adoption of the term Hellenes as a general term for all Greeks, Hellas became the collective name for all of mainland Greece, and then for all of Greece, including the archipelagos, islands, and districts of Asia Minor (vs. historical Magna Graecia). , located in southern Italy). Nowadays, the word Hellas is an official proper name in Greece, and the words Greek (lat. Graecus) or Greece (lat. Graecia) are not recognized by the people and are used only in relations with foreigners. In other countries, Hellas is often synonymous with Ancient Greece. ## National symbols The national flag - 9 white and blue stripes with a cross - corresponds to the nine syllables of the national motto "Liberty or death". The first national flag was designed by General Alexander Ypsilanti in 1821 - red with a white cross. From 1833, the red color was changed to blue. The coat of arms is a blue shield surmounted by a white cross surrounded by two olive branches. Symbols of the leading religion in Greece are Orthodoxy. The national anthem of Greece since 1860 is the "Hymn of Freedom" written by Dionysios Solomos, the founder of modern Greek poetry, in 1823 and set to music by the modern Greek composer Nicholas Mandzaros. ## History Greece is considered the cradle of Western civilization. A highly developed Minoan civilization appeared on the island of Crete around 3,000 years before our era, and its culture later spread to the mainland. Then came the age of Cretan-Mycenaean or Aegean civilization. Later, the Greek polity appeared, as well as the ancient colonies of the Northern Black Sea region, Greater Greece and Asia Minor. The level of cultural development spread throughout the Mediterranean region, which was reflected in architecture, theater, science and philosophy. The policies of Athens and Sparta played a leading role in defeating Persia, but later they themselves were defeated by Thebes and later by the kingdom of Macedonia. The latter reached extraordinary power under Philip II of Macedon and his son Alexander the Great, heralding the beginning of the Hellenistic Age. However, Macedonia was destroyed by the Romans in 146 BC, and Hellas became dependent on the Roman Republic. Further mutual influence of Hellenic and Roman cultures is formalized in the culture of the Byzantine Empire. It remained a major cultural center for a thousand years until it was attacked by the Ottoman Empire on May 29, 1453. During the Ottoman rule, it was the system of Ottoman millets that helped the Orthodox Greeks preserve their traditions for four centuries and contributed to their religious unification, which played an important role in the formation of modern Greek identity. ### Modern Greek Period Greece gained its independence from the Ottoman Empire in 1830 after the National Liberation War of 1821-1829. John Kapodistrias was the first president of independent Greece, but soon a monarchy was established in Greece and Otto the Younger of Bavaria from the Wittelsbach dynasty was called to the throne. The uprising of September 3, 1843 forced King Otto to adopt a Constitution and establish a representative National Assembly. In 1863, Otto was deposed, Prince William of Denmark was called to the Greek throne, he became George I. In honor of his coronation, Great Britain gave the Ionian Islands to Greece. In 1877, at the initiative of Harilaos Trikoupis, the most prominent figure in Greek politics at the time, the king lost his right to influence the National Assembly by proposing a vote of no confidence in the country's prime minister. After the end of the Balkan wars of 1912-1913, Greece greatly expanded its territory. In the years that followed, political conflicts between King Constantine I and Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos divided Greek society on the eve of World War I. After the latter ended, Greece went to war with Turkey under Mustafa Kemal Atatürk. This war resulted in Greece losing part of its territory and a massive population exchange between the two countries as part of the Lausanne Peace Treaty signed on July 24, 1923. On October 28, 1940, Fascist Italy demanded that Greece provide a beachhead to deploy its forces, to which Prime Minister Ioannis Metaxas flatly refused, realizing that war was now inevitable for Greece. At first, the Greeks successfully repelled the Italian invasion of Albania, and in April 1941, German-Bulgarian troops invaded Greece. A puppet Greek state was established in the conquered territory. In 1944, as a result of the attack of the Soviet army in the direction of Yugoslavia, German troops were withdrawn from the territory of the country, but since October 28, 1942, Greece has been celebrating the day when it answered "No" to the ultimatum. As a national holiday of the Axis countries of Italy and Germany - Ohi Day (from the Greek Όχι - "No"). In the civil war that started in 1946, the Communist Party of Greece was defeated. In 1949, the monarchy was restored in Greece, which was abolished on April 21, 1967, after a military coup by "black colonels" supported by the United States. After the overthrow of the military junta, the former Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis returned to the country from Paris, after the popular referendum, the monarchy was abolished and Greece became a parliamentary republic. In 1975, a new constitution was adopted. In contrast to Karamanlis' New Democracy, Andreas Papandreou founded the Panhellenic Socialist Movement Party; these parties still remain the most influential parties in the country. In 1980, Greece rejoined the NATO military alliance (left in 1974 in protest at the occupation of Northern Cyprus). Greece became a member of the European Union on January 1, 1981. In December 2008, mass riots took place in Athens, which quickly spread and shocked the whole of Europe. The cause of the unrest was a long-standing and growing dissatisfaction with the economic situation, aggravated by the global economic crisis that began that year. Mass protests, which often turned into riots and riots, were triggered by the killing of a 15-year-old boy by an Athens police patrol on December 6. Since the spring of 2010, the government has been challenged by near-constant nationwide strikes, riots, and terrorist attacks. In 2020, Katerina Sakelaropoulou was elected as the President of Greece. She was the first female president. ## Economy After World War II, Greece experienced the Greek Economic Miracle. The growth rate of the gross domestic product in the period from 1950 to 1973 averaged 7%. Since then, Greece has implemented a number of structural and financial reforms, receiving significant financial support from the European Union. In 2001, Greece joined the Eurozone. Annual GDP growth has exceeded the corresponding level of most of its EU partners. In the modern economy of Greece, the service sector has the largest share and is the most important and also the fastest growing sector of the economy, followed by industry and agriculture. Tourism in Greece is one of the main sources of foreign exchange earnings, which brings to the state 15% of GDP and 16.5% of the total employed population. The Greek public sector accounts for about 40% of GDP, but the government is taking all measures to further reduce its share. The industrial sector is dominated by the production of high-tech equipment, especially in the field of telecommunications. Other important industries include textiles, chemicals, construction materials, machinery, transport equipment and electrical appliances. 10% of GDP comes from construction in Greece, as the sector recently got a boost due to the 2004 Athens Olympics. Agriculture now accounts for only 7 percent of the gross domestic product. In the early 2000s, Greece was one of the leading investors in the economies of almost all its neighbors in the Balkans. In 2006, the National Bank of Greece bought 46% of the Turkish Finansbank and 99.44% of the Serbian Vojvođanska Bank. According to the University of Groningen, between 1995 and 2005, Greece had the highest work/time ratio among other European countries: Greeks worked an average of 1,900 hours per year, followed by Spaniards with 1,800 hours. year [25]. In 2007, the average worker in Greece earned about $20 an hour. Immigrants make up a fifth of the workforce in Greece and work mainly in agriculture and construction. Greece's labor force in 2009 was 4.577 million people or 46% of the total population, the second largest among OECD countries after South Korea (48% of the total population). Average per capita income increased from $30,661 in 2008 to $31,704,028 in 2009. In 2009, Greece ranked 25th in the world in terms of purchasing power. At the same time, the number of unemployed increased from 9.8% in October 2009 to 12.6% in September 2010, and to 13.5% in October 2010. According to the 2007 Human Development Index published on October 5, 2009, Greece ranks 25th in the world. In 2001, Greece was recognized as a developed country. In 2013, Greece became the first country in the world to lose the status of a developed country. Due to the global financial crisis, the Greek economy faced a difficult situation at the end of 2009: the budget deficit was 12.7% of GDP, while the Eurozone allowed 3% of GDP[31]. The government launched a massive privatization program, twice issuing global bonds, but by spring 2010 the economy was on the brink of default, sending the euro to an annual low. 16 countries of the EU and the IMF have agreed on the allocation of financial assistance in the amount of 110 billion euros (80 billion from the EU and another 30 billion from the IMF) in the event of the implementation of the austerity program for Greece - cuts, wage freezes. , increasing the retirement age, raising taxes, which became a wave of strikes, mass protests and riots for the country. To fill the "tax basket", the government announced a tax amnesty, and also started a fight against corruption among civil servants. The case of the Vatopedi monastery in Athos and the corruption scandal with Siemens in Greece were the most publicized. The country has a high level of income. Greece is the only country in the EU where the minimum wage has fallen from 2008 to 2019. Since 2017, the economy has started to grow, with GDP growth of less than 2% per year in 2017 and 2018. On February 1, 2019, the minimum wage in Greece increased to 650 euros per month. This is the first increase in the minimum wage in 7 years since the beginning of the debt crisis in the country. Until 2012, the minimum wage in 14 payments per year was 751 euros, then it was reduced to 586.08 euros for citizens over 25 years old and 510 euros for young people. For example, the increase of the minimum wage for the majority of the population was about 11 percent, and for young people, its increase exceeded 27 percent. The Keitz index (the ratio between the minimum and average wages in the country) in Greece on January 1, 2019 (average - €1060.45 and minimum - €683.76) is about 64%. ## Culture The culture of Greece has been formed for thousands of years, since the Minoan civilization, it was formed during Classical Greece and during the Roman rule in Greece. Ottoman rule also influenced Greek culture. But even during the Greek revolution, great works of literature, music and painting were created. Orthodox Christianity had a great influence on the entire culture of modern Greece. Some researchers, such as Robert Kagan, believe that modern Greek culture has more to do with the cultural heritage of the Byzantine and Ottoman Empire than with the culture of ancient Hellas. At the same time, as the historian of Haverford College A. Kitroff noted: "The idea that modern Greeks directly descend from the ancient Greeks is one of the main points of self-awareness of the modern Greek nation." Greece has 18 UNESCO World Heritage Sites. ## Armed Forces of Greece The Armed Forces of Greece are state structures, which, according to the Constitution of Greece, are designed to protect the freedom, independence and territorial integrity of the state and include land forces, naval forces and air forces, unified armed forces and structural organizations. Hellenic Republic. The Greek armed forces are recruited under the universal conscription law and number 177,600. The highest governing body of the Armed Forces is the Ministry of Defense of Greece, the military governing body is the General Staff of the National Defense of Greece (Greek Γενικό Επιτελειο Εθνικής Άμυνας - ΓΕΕΘΑ). Greece is a member of NATO and participates in operations in Afghanistan, Bosnia, Chad and Kosovo and Metohija. In 1821, during the war of independence against the Ottoman Empire, the Greek land forces and fleets were formed. In September 1912, the Air Force was established as the third branch of the armed forces. In the First Balkan War, the Greek army fought against Turkey together with the allies of Bulgaria, Serbia, and Montenegro. In the Second Balkan War, the Greek army fought with other Balkan countries against Bulgaria. During the First World War, the Greek armed forces were on the side of the Allies. The Asia Minor campaign of 1919-1922 ended in defeat, lost territories, and became the "Asia Minor Disaster". During World War II, Greece, under the leadership of dictator Ioannis Metaxas, rejected the Italian surrender ultimatum on October 28, 1940, and moved the hostilities to Albanian territory, fighting against Italian forces. The Greek armed forces were defeated only by the military intervention of the German Wehrmacht and the Bulgarian armed forces in April-May 1941. The Greek armed forces participated in the Korean War in the 1950s. In April 1967, as a result of the uprising, the military regime led by George Papadopoulos seized power in Greece. The Cyprus conflict and the 1974 invasion of Cyprus by Turkish troops led to the fall of the military dictatorship and a return to democracy under the efforts of Prime Minister Konstantinos Karamanlis. Greece spends the highest percentage of gross domestic product (4.3% of GDP) on defense among NATO members. The main reason Greece spends on the military is to try to catch up with Turkey militarily. ## Sources