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Mustafa Shokai

Mustafa Shokai (December 25, 1890(18901225), Auli-Tarangil, Turkestan Governorate General, Russian Empire - December 27, 1941, Berlin, Germany) was a Kazakh statesman, political and public figure, ideologist of an independent and united Turkestan. The second minister-chairman of Turkestan autonomy (1917-1918), a member of the People's Council of the government of Alashorda (1917-1920). Since 1921, he lived in exile in Paris. ## Biography The Kipchak tribe came from the Boshai branch of the Tory clan. Persons. Lions of Alash. About such people, the President N. Nazarbayev said: "Unless you know the great personalities, it is impossible to properly recognize any era. Through the mirror of human history, we not only understand the course of history, but also feel its spirit and breath. Therefore, people who clearly and clearly understood their filial duty to their people and country, and who did not shy away from fulfilling it faithfully in any difficult situation, will remain citizens of the people of the country, no matter what era they live in. At any time of history, they have been the pride of their nation," he says. One of such persons is Mustafa Shokai. He is the son of the Alash movement, a figure who took wing in the framework of Alash ideas and ideals, defined the strategy and tactics of the struggle for the national freedom of the Kazakh, Uzbek and other Turkic peoples. From the day he entered St. Petersburg University in 1910, the formation of M. Shokai's worldview took place under the influence of the Turkic-Muslim movement (S. Zhantorin) on the one hand, and the democratic-liberal movement of "Westerners" A. Bokeikhanov, on the other hand. In the spring of 1914, Mustafa took part in the appeal of Turkish youth studying in St. Petersburg, published in the press, about the policy of the tsarist government on Islam. It was signed by 31 Uzbek, Tatar, Bashkir, Kazakh students in the capital of the empire. This shows that Mustafa is permanently involved in the political movement and has a strong place among the fighters for the national interest. His understanding of the dangers of the tsarist government's provocative policy aimed at destroying the national liberation movement from the inside by organizing covert religious structures and publications that spoke on behalf of the Turkic people, and openly expressing his opinion about it, was a testimony to the formation and strengthening of M. Shokai's political organization. ### Childhood After receiving a letter from the village mullah, in 1902 he was admitted to the men's gymnasium in Tashkent. In 1912, he graduated from the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg Imperial University. He knew English, French, Turkish, Uzbek, and Russian languages. During his student years, he participated in democratic movements in the capital of the empire. ### Working in the State Duma Before the February revolution, together with the Alash leader A. Bokeikhan, he worked as a secretary in the Muslim faction of the Russian State Duma. During the upheaval of 1916, he exposed the atrocities in Turkestan and Kazakh lands in general, and presented a special document to the State Duma. Thus, in this regard, it will be the reason to create a commission. In 1917, during the revolutions, he adheres to the idea of creating a strong state of Turkestan. He opens the newspaper Birlik Tuy in Tashkent. He maintains close contact with Alash figures in Orinbor. The Alash Party actively participates in the organization and implementation of the first all-Kazakh sieze, which will be established, and the second all-Kazakh sieze, where the Alash autonomy will be declared. He is elected as one of the 8 Kazakh representatives participating in the work of "Shora-i-Islam" in the first election. In the second district, the government of Alashorda enters the National Council on behalf of Syrdarya. In 1917, at the regional council of Muslims held in Zhana Margulan, the figure took the initiative to invite the All-Turkistan Muslim Congress to the city of Kokan. In November, Kokanda took part in the declaration of Turkestan autonomy from the beginning. ## Participation in the 4th Extraordinary Congress of Muslims This unique gathering for the Turkestan region was the 4th Extraordinary Congress of Muslims of the region, which was called to Kokan on November 26, 1917. This conference was held on November 26-27 (December 9-10 according to the new Russian calendar). More than 200 delegates from Syrdarya, Transcaspian, Samarkand, Fergana, Zhetysu regions took part in it. Their national composition is also special: Kazakh, Uzbek, Turkmen, Kyrgyz, Azerbaijani, Tajik, Russian, Ukrainian, Polish, Jewish, etc. This shows that he viewed the concept of the nation in connection with the historical fate of Turkestan. The delegates of this meeting voted in favor of "Territorial Autonomy of Turkestan" on November 27. In its own name - Turkestan Mukhtariat. The IV Congress elected the "People's Council" of Turkestan Autonomy or Turkestan Mukhtariyat (it can be compared to today's parliament). It included 36 Turkestans (originating from the local population of Turkestan) and 18 representatives of other nationalities. Serali Lapin will be the chairman of the People's Council, Mustafa Shokai, Ubaydulla Khojaev, Mahmutkoja Behbudi will be elected to the leadership of the council. ## Members of the government of Turkestan The People's Council of Turkestan Autonomy started forming the government. They called it the "provisional government". The members of the government of Turkestan are the following persons: Mukhametzhan Tynyshbayuly - Chairman of the Government and Minister of Internal Affairs; Mustafa Shokai - Chairman of the National Council and Minister of Foreign Affairs; Shakhislam Shahiakhmetov, Deputy Chairman of the Government and Minister of Finance; Abdirakhman Orazayuly - later Minister of Internal Affairs; Ubaidulla Khojaev - Minister of Military Affairs; Nasyrkhan Toru - Minister of Public Education; Miradil Myrzakhmetov - Minister of Social Affairs; Hidayatbek Yurguli Agaev - Minister of Agriculture; Abitzhan Mahmut - Minister of Food; Salomon Herdfeld is the minister of minorities. At that time, the intellectuals led by M. Shokai asked the leaders of minorities to look at the fate of Turkestan, which has been tormented for centuries, and their own fate, which has become a mess. In this regard, in one of his later works, Mustafa remembered a debate that took place in St. Petersburg in 1917. The problem is that the Provisional Government is looking into the matter of bringing labor to Turkestan. Then the Turkestans asked to bring workers to the region in the next 25 years in order not to aggravate the situation. If M. Shokai needs such a force, he will put the issue of "sending Tatars and Bashkirs instead of Russians" on the agenda... And now it is unreasonable to say that M. Shokai saw only good things from the Turkestans. In the famous letter sent secretly from the mountain to Birlik Tuy newspaper published on March 18, 1918, it is written how he was almost killed by the sarts of Gaukhana, Maymubarak, and Kumbasta. There was little difference between the Bolshevik black force that destroyed the autonomy of Turkestan and the local unoriented opsadar force. ## Election of the head of government of Turkestan autonomy In January 1918, when M. Tynyshbayev, the first head of the government of Turkestan autonomy, resigned voluntarily, M. Shokai was elected to this position. The Bolsheviks dissolved this autonomy in a bloody massacre in February. In September 1918, the figure took part in the Constituent Assembly (Komuch) of Russian freedom fighters, which met in Samara. In February 1919, he came to Ashgabat to negotiate with the leadership of the Bukhara Emirate and the British Corps in Transcaspia in order to further develop the direction of the Turkestan state. In the same year, he stopped for a while in Baku and Tiflis, and left for Istanbul (in Georgia, he published the newspapers "Yani Duniya", "Shafak" and participated in the edition of "Volny Gorets"). ## A citizen of Alash who fought for the country's independence - M. Shokai A world-famous public figure, politician, devoted himself to the path of truth, endured the pain and mockery of fate for freedom, Mustafa Shokai, who has no other friends and has no choice but to be loyal, was a secret under lock and key during the past Soviet government. The self-sacrificing service of M. Shokai in the context of maintaining the unity of the Turkic nation and establishing the autonomy of Turkestan was shown by the Soviet ideologues as a hostile act. Mustafa's younger brother Nurtaza and relative Myrzeke Kalymbetuly were shot for their khanate involvement with the "enemy of the people". The rest were persecuted. And on the request of the state, the employee of the National Security Service, Zh. Shakibaev, wrote a book entitled "The Collapse of Great Turkestan" and tried to deny M. Shokai's work in front of the public. And Mustafa's fault was his endless love for his nation. His fault is his loyalty to his motherland and mother's milk. M. Shokai did not change his direction until his death. Is there a genius who is older than time? The country's sovereignty, for which Kazakh intellectuals gave their lives and gave their lives, came to its end on the day of its historical deadline. M. The meaning and meaning of Shokai's whole life, his dream will be successful again with this country of sovereign, immortal spirit. Time passes, there is nothing that does not wear out from life. Things, the earth and the sky, and the name of a person become old. But the name of Mustafa, like a candle lit in the depths of darkness, is getting brighter every year. It is surprising for many of us that Mustafa was born on January 7, 1886 in a brick Kazakh house in a village like Sulutobe on the Syr River, and rose to the top of politics. The kiiz receives Kazakh education from childhood. In this way, the fourteen-year-old boy wipes the tears from the poor man's eyes and is able to guide the village of justice. He begins to recognize social inequalities within the country. The people of Turkestan care about one quality and benefit of life. The second lesson he learned from life at this time was Russian tyranny. He saw with his own eyes the social inequality and discord between the Russian nation and the local population in Tashkent. First of all, Russian chauvinism contributed to the awakening of the feeling of nationalism. At first, the Russian giants and the tsar consciously opposed Russia's colonial policy, and defended themselves in the form of intelligence. Writing complaints and interfering in the dispute of the village Kazakh caused a lot of disruption to his studies at the gymnasium. The village boy went to General Samsonov several times with social problems. He wants to expose Russian tyranny to Samsonov more and more. However, Samsonov's soul was far from the village of loyalty. As scholars A. Takenov and M. Koigeldiev wrote, "The general is going to hire a diligent, Russian-speaking Kazakh guy as an interpreter for his council." This is one side of the problem. The second is even deeper. Russian representatives are very experienced in colonization and politics, they know the subtle ways of spotting talent from local people. Tilmashtik was not a service given to Mustafa, but it cut off the future of a talented young man. This is because, at that time, life itself showed that interpreters between countries were not intervening in social inequality, but were being corrupted by money and losing their human qualities. Therefore, Samsonov wanted to bury the source of the gushing spring. The Russian officials, who were fighting among themselves, were unanimous in this matter. General Samsonov was a sensitive person, he sensed the harm that Mustafa's future would bring to the Russian colonists. Mustafa Shokayuly said that he wanted to go to St. Petersburg and continue his studies, and said, "I want to study at the Faculty of Law." The law university in St. Petersburg is an education that is beyond the reach of a Russian, let alone a Kazakh child. The Russian colonizers put an open stick to the intelligent, talented Kazakh man, eager to appear fair to the illiterate people. "Will you be an interpreter?" - the caring Samsonov finally gave M.Shokai the gold medal from the gymnasium to a Russian boy named Zoprometov, and was going to give him a silver medal. Justice will win, M. Shokai, who won the gold medal with the support of loyal citizens, will face the obstacle set by the Russian general. Therefore, the interest of General Samsonov, who holds the handle of Tashkent, towards the people of Turkestan is not pure. And the general is a representative of the Russian kingdom. From this, it was possible to understand the sun and shadow of Russia's policy towards Turkestan. Admission of M. Shokai to the Faculty of Law of St. Petersburg University was a great honor for that time. This will be helped by the recommendation letter of Orynbor General - Governor Perovsky. The governor, who was all reactionary, took into account the differences in domestic politics. To be fair, the ruling class of the Russian state pursued a Turkestan-style colonial policy, but the scientific community of St. Petersburg appreciated talents. M. Shokai graduated from the university in 1917 before the February revolution. Through his curiosity, he learned 7 languages from the walls of the university. It included Kazakh, Russian, Turkish, English, French, German and Polish languages. It is known that such success expanded M. Shokai's cultural horizons. And, from his life experience, he learned the weight of international politics in 1914 when he became the secretary of the Muslim faction in the Duma. The faction came at the suggestion of Duma deputy Alikhan Bukeikhan and got to know such Kazakh intellectuals as Ahmet Baitursynuly and Sh. Kari. Their duty here will also be to protect their countrymen from the violence of the colonists. Protecting the innocent from slander, protecting the weak becomes Mustafa's goal. One of the obvious atrocities of the Russian kingdom is that it forcibly took away the pastures and wintering grounds of the nomadic Kazakhs from the displaced Russians. Mustafa took the issue to the senate. As Bismarck said, "If the interests of the boss are not right, there is no law." At this time, the people lost hope in the Russian king. Later, in a letter to Maria, he remembered his childhood and said: "The railway was a little far from our village. We used to fight telegraph poles at the beginning of the road. The elders used to tell us that through these wires we could communicate with the city where the Russian Tsar Nicholas lived. All we could do was to beat the pillars with our whips and scold the king," he says, marveling at how his childhood intuition turned out to be true later. After graduating from the university in 1917, some historians believed that he supported the February Revolution and brought freedom to his country. As he wrote, Mustafa Shokai was at the turning point of the national political life. Whether he was a member of the Eser Party or not is yet to be revealed through archival data. But M. Shokai strongly opposed the policy of Tsarist Russia towards minorities. Historian-scientists M. Koygeldiev and A. In Nusiphan's article "M. Shokai and Turkestan": "In 1916, when the national liberation movement in Turkestan was brutally crushed, democratic groups formed an opposition against the government and discussed. To prepare an official report on this issue, deputy Eser A.F., who came to Turkestan on a special visit. Kerensky and faction leader K.M. M. Shokai, secretary of the Muslim faction, will be with Tevkelov," he writes. This is the only way for M. Shokai to intercede with his nation - he will have to come to an understanding with various parties, the provisional government, and the council of workers' soldiers. Although the founders called Turkestan autonomy, and Syrdarya, Fergana, Samarkand provinces participated in it, the Russian Bolsheviks insulted it and called it "Kokan autonomy", which was the ultimate goal of Mustafa Shokai's idea. Mustafa Shokai set the goal of Turkestan society becoming an independent state that will determine its own destiny in the future. For this purpose, he wanted to take advantage of the power of the provisional government. But not a single Russian democrat believed that "we will give the nation the opportunity to rule itself". He explained his opinion that "they will definitely get sick after coming to the head of the government". That's why it was necessary to conduct a well-thought-out policy without falling into fever, superficiality, and haste in order to gain independence from Russia. In order for the "democratic" rulers of Russia not to go belly up, M. Shokai proves that he does not deny "self-rule of nations", unity with Russia in border, financial and foreign policy. Whether M. Shokai believed in the future of "Kokan autonomy" without a doubt or had doubts, he hopes for historical extraordinary events that cannot be created by human hands. A person is driven by hope, and hope leads to disaster. Nationalist citizens, led by Mustafa, were adamant about all that. M. Shokai knew very well the level of social activity, literacy, organization and clan classification among the people of Turkestan. In the new autonomy, when it was proposed to implement the judicial system by the jury or Sharia law, he immediately opposed it, saying that it would "take away tribalism by the roots." Mustafa was well aware of the traditional psychological features of the Turkic people. That is why he proposed to create a general state court. There are many reasons for the fall of Kokan autonomy in January 1918. It did not receive widespread support from the local population. There is no reliable connection with the interim government. variety of separatist social movements have emerged from within the country. Most importantly, the government of worker-soldier deputies, which started in St. Petersburg and expanded in Tashkent, considered the Kokan autonomy as one of the most dangerous regions in the Turkestan region, and began to look at it. Finally, the Kokan autonomy suffered a bloody massacre. As a result, the leadership movement took off in the country. M. In one of his articles about those days, Shokai wrote: "...during the struggle of the Kokan national government against the Bolsheviks, that is, in February 1918, I regretted that I had died at the hands of Russian worker soldiers in Akmeshit a year ago in May 1917." M. to the volume of the article. It is impossible to list all of Shokai's activities, which left a mark on the history page. The life path of a public figure who lived in Georgia in 1918, then in Turkey, then in Paris and Berlin, is a moral path for today's generation. M. The violence inflicted on Shokai by the ideologues of the communist society on all of Turkestan, the end given to Shokai in a simple square became the sorrow and sadness of his life. Hopes for Russian democrats also stopped abruptly. Even when he received the news from the reliable Sultanbek Kozhanov that the Soviet government would pardon the members of the "Kokan Autonomy", he learned about the hypocrisy of the leaders of the Communist Party and did not return to the country. He devoted his whole life to the struggle for freedom through the newspapers-magazines "Volny Gorets", "Borba", "Na rubezhe" in Georgia, "New Turkestan" and later "Young Turkestan" in Istanbul. And in 1920, national intellectuals who were persecuted by the Soviet Union against Stalin's regime created the "Prometheus" organization. In 1929, the Institute of Oriental Studies in Warsaw organized a scientific and theoretical conference "On the domestic and foreign policy of the Soviet Union". In his 1937 article "Stalin's socialism is a political system that ensures robbery", he analyzes the Soviet government's policy of robbery against its people from an economic point of view. Thus, M. Shokai becomes the main enemy of the Soviet government abroad. A highly educated, intelligent Kazakh child wrote dozens of articles on the unity of the Turkish society and the influence of the communist society on the people. The article consisted of data analysis and weighing. In 1936, he accurately explained the logical contradictions in the USSR constitution. Literally systematizing the article of the constitution, "Only active, conscientious and enthusiastic citizens can join communist organizations", it means that "people who have not joined the Communist Party are not considered active, enthusiastic and conscientious. And in the USSR, non-communists make up 98% of the population. He also emphasizes the ideas of Marxism, which deny the role of the individual in history, and Stalin's cult of personality. M. Shokai's life path was full of morals. M. Shokai, who became a historical figure of the entire Turkic world, was a remarkable child of the human race in the 20th century. There are many spiritual treasures in it that we have not learned about and are not familiar with its history. He tried to protect the people of Turkestan from the Russian dictatorship, but he had special respect for the representatives of the advanced and honest Slavic people, Ya. Gazovsky, I. Pilsudsky, V. Chaikin, V. Nalivkin. His lifelong friend, Maria Yakovovna, was also of Russian nationality. M. Shokai was like a sycamore tree at the top of the peak, in its pure natural state. A sycamore with its roots on a stone grows alone, its face is kissed by the sun and its leaves are blown by the wind. Religion will be strong. Like a sycamore on the top, M. Shokai passed through the 20th century and came to the 21st century with noble thoughts and civility. ## Life in emigration First he went to Germany and then settled in France via Turkey. While in emigration, he published the magazines "New Turkestan", "Young Turkestan" and wrote researches about the tyrannical policy of the Soviet Union. He spent most of his time in emigration in the city of Nogent-sur-Marne, near Paris, the capital of France. In 2001, at the initiative of the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Imangali Tasmagambetov, a bust of Mustafa Shokai was erected at 7 Square de la Fontaine street in Nozhan-sur-Marne, where Mustafa Shokai lived. Addresses where Mustafa Shokai lived in Nogent-sur-Marne: 1) in 1923-1930: house 16, Rue Bauyn de Perreuse; 2) 1930-1933: 48 Rue Parmentier (48 Rue Parmentier) 3) 1933-1941: Apartment 42 on the 4th floor of 7 Square de la Fontaine. Maria Shokai, the wife of Mustafa Shokai, lived in this house until her death in 1969. ## Personal life Mustafa Shokai's wife's name is Maria Gorina. He died in 1969 and was buried in the Shel cemetery. On the lock is written "Marie Gorina-Tchokaiff 22-2-1888 – 1969" (coordinates: 48.8827708, 2.6023871). ## Shokai and the Third Reich Such a popular figure in European political circles with anti-Soviet views attracts the attention of fascists with big plans in the east. Adolf Hitler, who came to power, planned to greatly expand the "German living space" at the expense of the territory of the Soviet Union and understood the importance of anti-Soviet national cadres. Back in 1933, Shokai was invited to Berlin, where he met with Dr. Georg Leibbrandt, head of the political department of the Imperial Ministry for the Occupied Eastern Territories. Subsequently, Shokai "speech in favor of keeping in close contact with the Department of the Reichsleiter Alfred Rosenberg". Even before the war, not all representatives of the Central Asian emigration had a positive attitude towards Shokai. Thus, Nikolay Khan Yomudskyi (participant in the creation of the Turkestan Legion) showed Shokai as "the only representative of Turkestan" and called him "the enemy of Germany". By 1939, the Nazis had prepared several concentration camps to hold millions of future Soviet prisoners of war. On the day of the attack on June 22, 1941, the Fascists arrested many prominent Russian emigrants in Paris and imprisoned them in Compiegne. Shokai was also there. Three weeks later, he was taken to Berlin, processed for a month and a half, and offered to lead the Turkestan Legion, which was planned to be taken from the captured Soviet Turks who were in concentration camps. The Germans believed in Shokai's authority. The Legion was supposed to partially replace German units in the battles on the Eastern Front against the Soviets. Shokai demanded to be introduced to the detention conditions of his compatriots in these camps and was shocked by the inhuman conditions of Asians behind barbed wire. After visiting the concentration camps of Suwalki, Wustrau and Czestochowa in the fall of 1941, Mustafa wrote: "Stalin and Hitler are evil people." In order to somehow alleviate the fate of his compatriots and save their lives, Shokai proposed a compromise to the German authorities. He set his conditions: * training personnel for the future state of Turkestan in German educational institutions; * The creation of military formations from among the captive compatriots, which should be used only when they approach the border of Turkestan. In this way he tried to get Turkestan at least some benefit from possible cooperation with Nazism, but refused, because Hitler was only interested in the Turkestan Legion as "cannon fodder". Then he wrote to the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Third Reich Gruppenführer SS. Joachim von Ribbentrop, where are these lines: "... seeing how the representatives of the nation, which raised such geniuses as Goethe, Feuerbach, Bach, Beethoven, Schopenhauer, treated prisoners of war ... led the Turkestan legion and further rejected the proposal I can't accept. cooperation. I am aware of all the consequences of my decision." Consequences came quickly. Realizing that Shokai cannot be used, the German leadership decides to withdraw it. On December 22, 1941, Hitler signed a decree on the creation of the Turkestan and other national legions. So Shokai has nothing to do with making them. At that time, he was in the "Victoria" hospital in Berlin. On December 27, 1941, he disappeared. The official report states that he "died of blood poisoning from the development of typhoid fever," which he may have contracted during his visit to the concentration camps. But the same symptoms can occur during poisoning. In addition, Maria Gorina-Shokai said in her memoirs that Mustafa was ill with typhus in Turkestan, and he should have been immune. Shokai was suspected of poisoning his Uzbek companion Veli Kayum, who led the Turkestan Legion established in March 1942 and, according to Gorina, led a luxurious lifestyle. Mustafa Shokai was buried in the Turkish Muslim (Ottoman) cemetery in Berlin. According to the will of Maria Yakovlevna, the wife of M. Shokai, there are three Latin letters and four numbers on the tombstone under the date of death: JOH.15.13. They refer to the thirteenth verse of the fifteenth chapter of the Gospel of John, where: "Greater love has no one than to lay down one's life for one's friends." ## Aphorisms * If you want a person useful to the nation, first of all, try to study carefully the land policy of the Russian government in our homeland. This policy will tell you what to do. * Of course, we aim to permanently separate our homeland, Turkestan, from both Soviet Russia and other Russia. This is our national ideal, our national dream. We serve only for this idea. We will try our best to gather all our national forces inside and outside our motherland around this idea. * Is it possible for a nation to be independent without a national spirit? History has neither seen nor knows that. The freedom of the nation is the result of the national spirit. And the national spirit itself grows and bears fruit within the framework of national freedom and independence. * The basis of the national spirit is the national language. * We cannot remain slaves. We will get our national freedom. * Even if every grown-up person remembers his childhood, he does not want to return to that childhood. * First of all, let's strengthen our ranks, our Turkestan unity. Let's organize a powerful force against Russian imperialism, closely coordinating the national unity of Turkestan with the national fronts of other nations fighting for separation from Russia. Let's not investigate the nationality, religion, race, party of those on the front lines of the struggle against Russian imperialism. Only such a path can lead us to national liberation... All other paths are deceptive and dead ends... Only peoples who have strengthened their internal unity can achieve their independence. And he can protect it. * Brothers, there is no nation called Kypchak, there is a nation called Kazakh. If each of us separates and becomes the leader of the kipchak, the leader of the argy, the leader of the house, our population will decrease. * Passport does not give "nation", it cannot change its "nation". A passport only certifies that the holder of that passport is dependent on the issuing government. * I am always in the game of returning to my homeland and I am trying to achieve it. Therefore, I will fight to save my homeland. * Soviet nationality policy crushed us with a "hammer" and cut us with a "sickle". * You Germans consider yourselves "the most cultured people in Europe". If your cultures are what I see, then I wish you to see the suffering of the prisoners. Living in the 20th century, you survived the atrocities committed by Genghis Khan in the 13th century. You have no right to say that you are a cultured people. If you, in connection with this, give me the punishment of "shooting" or "hanging", I have no objection. I would rather die than live in such a cultured society. * We, supporters of the independence of Turkestan, fight for the will of our country and for the liberation of Turkestan from slavery. Turkestans had no other way. Not now and never will be... Our goal is to achieve a state structure in Turkestan that will be national in form and content. Only then can our people become real masters of their land. * Where does the custom of being proud of being Kazakh and of speaking the Kazakh language as a shame come from? Why don't you see that most of the children are not brought up as Kazakhs or Russians, but grow up as a single entity? * Only peoples who have strengthened their internal unity can achieve their independence and protect it. * ... striving for national freedom and liberation is something like an inevitable law of nature. * We rely on national ideals that are higher than individuals. * From a general moral and philosophical point of view, there is no such thing as a good nation or a bad nation. * History is merciless. He does not spare scholars, scholars, artists, khans and kings. He continues to crush all those who oppose his law. The laws of history do not know the return and do not create it. * To love the motherland is to serve its overall interests, to always be ready to serve and sacrifice if necessary. * ...national interest does not consist of a set of interests of individual groups. The only thing we sincerely and eagerly await is the liberation of our homeland from the dictatorship of the Russian proletariat. We invite all our compatriots to unite in the path of this national ideal. * Only people who can sacrifice their independence in the way of the structure that is compatible with the general situation of the nation in accordance with the state of the national interest can become a real national patriot and a useful servant of the nation. * Arm yourself with wheat in the fight against cotton. The first step to get rid of foreign domination is to get rid of grain dependence on foreign countries. * No one has the right to accuse us of chauvinism on the day that our struggle for the national rights of our motherland even crosses the "borders of democracy" D ## References * See Abdiwakap Kara. Answer to Mustafa Shokai detractors (continued) * Abdiwakap Kara. Answer to the detractors of Mustafa Shokai (beginning) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7726

Papua New Guinea

Papua New Guinea (full name is the independent state of Papua New Guinea in English. Papua New Guinea [ˈpæpuːə njuː ˈɡɪni] (ˈpɑːpuːə, ˈpæpjuːə), tpi. Papua Niugini, Model: Lang-ho) is located in the southwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. The territory of the country includes the eastern part of the island of New Guinea, the islands of Bougainville and Buka (Solomon Islands), Louisiana and the islands of the Bismarck archipelago. The land area is 462840 km². Population — 5 million people (2001). The capital is the city of Port Moresby. Official languages - English, Pidgin, Motu languages are also used. 50% of the population are Protestants, 22% are Catholics, and the rest adhere to local traditional beliefs. The head of state is a local governor-general appointed by the British monarch. The head of the government is the prime minister. The supreme legislative body is the National Parliament. Administratively, it is divided into 19 provinces and 1 capital district. National holiday - National Day on September 16 (1975). Member of the UN since 1975. The currency is kina. The territory of the country is mostly mountainous and rugged. Coastal depressions and flat slopes form mountain ranges. The height of some mountain ranges is 3000-4000 m. The highest point of the country is Mount Wilhelm (4509 m). ## Climate * The climate is sub-equatorial and humid. * Annual average temperature is 25-28С. * The average amount of precipitation is 1000 - 4000 mm in plains, more in mountainous areas. Typhoons are frequent. ## Hydrography * The main large rivers are Ramu, Sepik and Fly. ## Flora and fauna * Two-thirds of the country is covered by forests. * The flora is rich and diverse. At an altitude of 1000-2000 m, coniferous forest prevails. Eucalyptus and acacia trees grow in the south of the island, sago palm and sugar cane grow on the coasts. * The animal world consists mainly of reptiles, birds (about 500 species) and insects. There are many crocodiles, poisonous snakes, and geckos. Cassowaries, parrots, crested pigeons and birds of paradise are common. Echidna, proechidna, kangaroo, wallaby, wild dog - dingo, couscous, pocket badger, wolverine, etc. resides. ## Natural resources Main natural resources: * gold, silver, copper, cobalt, nickel, quartz, chromite ore, oil, natural gas, wood. ## History The first settlements of Austronesians (Melanesians) BC. It appeared in the 3rd millennium. The island of New Guinea was discovered by the Portuguese in the first half of the 16th century. The island was named so because of the similarity of the local inhabitants with Africans. * 1828 Holland claimed the western part of the island as its property. * 1862 this part of the island passed under Indonesia. * 1884 The southeastern part of the island of New Guinea became a protectorate of Great Britain, and the northeastern part was occupied by Germany. * 1906 Australia occupied the territory of the German protectorate. This part of the island called New Guinea in 1920. It was given to the Union of Australia as a mandated territory of the League of Nations. * 1946 the state became a UN protectorate. * 1973 In December, Papua New Guinea received the right to self-government within the country. * 1975 declared independence and became a member of the British Commonwealth. ## Economy The main branch of economy is agriculture and mining industry. * Main agricultural crops: coffee, cocoa, banana, coconut palm, rubber plant. Maize, cassava, yams, sweet potatoes, taro, and sugarcane are cultivated. * Animal husbandry for meat production has been established. Fishing is well developed. * Gold, silver, zinc, copper are produced in the mining industry. Exports coffee, cocoa beans, palm oil, tea, coconuts, rubber, gold, copper ore, crude oil, wood. Machinery and transport equipment, food and drink, tobacco, industrial goods, chemical industry products, mineral fuel are imported from abroad. * National income per capita is 2390 US dollars. (1997). * Main trade partners: Australia, USA, Great Britain, Japan, Germany, Singapore, South Korea. ## Sources ## External link * Papuans Archived 6 September 2011.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7694

Assembly of the Peoples of Kazakhstan

The Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan is a consultative and advisory body under the Head of State established by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on March 1, 1995. The President of the country N.A. Nazarbayev announced the idea of creating the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan for the first time in 1992 at the First Forum of the People of Kazakhstan dedicated to the first year of independence. The need to create such an institution arose from a political point of view, as well as from the point of view of the sustainable development of a newly created, independent, polyethnic, polyconfessional state. It was found to be a new direction in the world experience, which lays the foundation for a new period of strengthening and allows solving the problems of developing inter-ethnic relations at a high level. In its twenty-year history, the Assembly has developed rapidly and experienced significant changes. In the course of its development, N.Nazarbayev's Kazakh model of inter-ethnic tolerance and social harmony was formed. During these years, the institutional structure of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan was strengthened, its capacity to organize society was filled, and it became an important battleground of people's diplomacy. Today, the Assembly is a constitutional body chaired by the President of the country. This determines its special status. ## Activities of the Assembly This unique institution, organizing representatives of all ethnic groups in the country for a common goal, makes a significant contribution to the goal of maintaining stability in the republic and the development of the country. Thanks to the activities of the Assembly, a unique model of inter-ethnic and inter-confessional agreement was formed in Kazakhstan, in which the civil rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution of every citizen, regardless of ethnic or religious characteristics, are fully applied. A pattern of trust, agreement and mutual understanding has been established in the rich multi-ethnic space of Kazakhstan. Today, all necessary conditions for the development of cultures, languages, and traditions of ethnic groups of Kazakhstan have been created in the republic. The number of ethno-cultural associations is constantly growing, now they exceed 800, including 28 republican ones. Newspapers and magazines are published in 15 languages, radio programs in 8 languages and TV programs in 7 languages. There are 88 schools where education is conducted entirely in Uzbek, Tajik, Uyghur and Ukrainian languages. The language of 22 ethnic groups is taught as a separate subject in 108 schools. In addition, 195 ethno-educational complexes, Sunday and linguistic schools were opened where, in addition to children, adults also had the opportunity to learn the languages of 30 ethnic groups. In addition to the Kazakh and Russian theaters, there are four more national theaters in the country - Uzbek, Uyghur, Korean and German. Every year several dozen new books are published in the languages of Kazakh ethnic groups. Annual public holidays Nauryz, May 1 - holiday of the unity of the people of Kazakhstan, Maslenitsa, Sabantoy have become traditions. If the main task during the formation of the state was to organize the society on the basis of inter-ethnic tolerance and social harmony, in the new stage of the country's development, as a strategic priority, the common goal recognized by all citizens of the society is to achieve National Unity based on a system of values and principles. Therefore, in April 2010, the Doctrine of National Unity of Kazakhstan, which collected the constructive proposals of civil society, state institutions, and citizens, was adopted. This is a way to understand what force unites and unites us. This is the impulse to strive for the future together. The President of the country pays special attention to the language problem in the country. In the system of inter-ethnic relations, the state language is recognized as an important factor in the formation of national unity. Therefore, expanding the scope of use of the state language in the activities of the Assembly has an important place. The activity of the Assembly contributes to the growth of the international reputation of the Republic of Kazakhstan as a country that effectively solves the problems of inter-ethnic relations. Today, N. Nazarbayev's model of inter-ethnic tolerance and social harmony is drawing the world's attention. The Kazakh model was presented at the United Nations, OSCE participating countries, international forums held in Copenhagen, Vienna, Geneva, New York and received positive reviews, it was translated into the languages of 56 OSCE participating countries. During his visit to our country, UN Secretary General Ban Ki-moon got acquainted with the activities of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan and noted that the principle of the Assembly is fully consistent with the working principle of the UN. The Kazakh model has become one of the main directions of interaction between the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan and the High Commissioner for National Minorities of the OSCE. The number of states and international organizations interested in the model of public agreement in Kazakhstan is increasing day by day. ## Law on the Assembly On October 20, 2008, the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" was signed. This law, defining the main principles in the field of inter-ethnic relations, confirmed the status of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan and its structures at the legal level. Formed a new system of work of subjects of inter-ethnic relations in harmony with the current political direction in the country. The law defines the procedure for organizing the work of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan aimed at implementing the state national policy in the Republic of Kazakhstan, ensuring socio-political stability, and increasing the effectiveness of the interaction of state and civil institutions of society in the field of inter-ethnic relations. According to the law, the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan is not a legal entity, but an institution established by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which influences the development and implementation of state national policy. The purpose of the Assembly is to ensure inter-ethnic harmony in the Republic of Kazakhstan in the process of formation of Kazakh civil identity and a competitive nation based on Kazakh patriotism, civil and spiritual-cultural unity of the Kazakh people, relying on the unifying role of the Kazakh people. ### The main tasks of the Assembly * to ensure effective interaction with state bodies and civil society institutions in the field of inter-ethnic relations, favorable conditions for further strengthening of inter-ethnic harmony and tolerance in society make; * strengthening of people's unity, support and development of social agreement on the fundamental values of Kazakhstani society; * assistance to state bodies in resisting manifestations of extremism and radicalism in society and actions aimed at oppressing the rights and freedoms of people and citizens; * formation of political and legal culture of citizens based on democratic norms; * To ensure the integration of efforts of ethno-cultural and other public associations to achieve the goals and objectives of the Assembly; * It is to promote, preserve and develop the national culture, languages and traditions of the people of Kazakhstan. ## Structure of the Assembly The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan creates and reorganizes the Assembly, determines the directions of the Assembly's activities, appoints the officials of the Assembly's leadership. The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - the Head of State has the right to manage the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan throughout his life. The structure of the Assembly consists of the Assembly Session, the Assembly Council, the Assembly Secretariat, assemblies of regions (city, capital of republican importance). Assembly Session - a meeting of Assembly members is the highest governing body of the Assembly. The session is convened by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan as needed, but at least once a year. The decree on convening the Regular Session shall be issued no later than thirty days before the start of the Regular Session, indicating the date, place and agenda of the Regular Session, which shall be announced in the official mass media. An extraordinary session is convened at the initiative of the Chairman of the Assembly, the Council of the Assembly or at the request of at least one third of the total number of members of the Assembly and is held within one month from the date of the decision to hold it. In the history of the Assembly, 18 sessions were held, where important issues of public life and the main directions of state development were discussed. During the period between the sessions, the Assembly Council, established by the decision of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, carries out the management of the Assembly. The composition of the Council is approved by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The working body of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, its Secretariat is part of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan as an independent structural unit. and they are formed from the ranks of citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, taking into account their reputation in society. Currently, there are 390 members of the Assembly. Candidates for membership in the Assembly are submitted based on the proposals of ethno-cultural and other public associations of the regions, based on the decision of the sessions of the assemblies of the regions (city of republican significance, the capital), as well as by the decision of the higher bodies of the republican, regional ethno-cultural and other public associations. Scientific-expert council has been established and is working to provide scientific support for the activities of the assembly. The scientific-expert council includes deputies of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, representatives of ethno-cultural associations, scientific and educational organizations, as well as scientists, independent experts and specialists. with this in mind, the Club of Journalists and Experts was established under the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. The main direction of the club's work is the formation of a suitable tradition of publishing inter-ethnic topics for journalists and experts, as well as deepening the relationship between the Assembly and the media. Friendship Houses are performing their work effectively in all regions, the Palace of Peace and Reconciliation was built in the city of Astana by the order of the Head of State. Sessions of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, congresses of world traditional religions, and other important events are held here every year. The working body of the Assembly, the Secretariat of the Assembly is an independent structural department in the structure of the Presidential Administration. The Secretariat is headed by the Head of the Secretariat, who is also the Deputy Chairman of the Assembly. These mechanisms are the basis of real action and efficiency of the Assembly in public administration and public relations. The composition of the assembly and the assemblies of regions, cities of republican significance and the capital includes citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan - representatives of ethno-cultural and other public associations, representatives of state bodies and persons with their own place and dignity in society. Currently, the Assembly has 394 members. One of the main features of the Assembly is that it ensures guaranteed representation of the interests of ethnic groups in the highest legislative body of the country - the Parliament. 9 deputies elected from the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan to the Majilis of the Parliament represent all ethnic groups of the country. In addition, representatives of the Kazakh ethnic community are represented in the Parliament on the basis of direct participation in elections to representative bodies through political parties. Since its establishment, the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan has gone through a long path of development, accumulating enormous unifying and intellectual potential and adapting to the model of the People's Diplomacy Institute. The unique structure that unites the heads of more than 100 ethnic groups in our country has maintained stability and played an important role in the progressive development of the republic. The People's Assembly of Kazakhstan has been demonstrating to the whole world the success of Kazakhstan's policy in the field of inter-ethnic relations. In general, mainly thanks to the work of the Assembly, a unique model of inter-ethnic and inter-confessional agreement, a special atmosphere of trust, solidarity, and mutual understanding was formed in our country, so that every citizen can fully enjoy the civil rights and freedoms guaranteed by the Constitution, regardless of ethnic and religious characteristics. All necessary conditions for the development of culture, language and traditions of all ethnic groups of Kazakhstan have been created in the republic. The activity of the Assembly contributes to increasing the international reputation of Kazakhstan as a country that effectively solves the problems of inter-ethnic relations. ## Parliamentary representation of the Assembly One of the main features of the Assembly is the representation of the interests of representatives of the ethnic group in the highest legislative body - the Parliament of the country. According to the changes made to the Constitution in 2007, 9 deputies of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan are elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. 9 deputies of the Majilis of the Parliament elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan represent the interests of all ethnic groups in the country. Deputies elected from the Assembly actively participate in the legislative process and often use the right of legislative initiative. All draft laws on inter-ethnic relations are subject to appropriate scrutiny by deputies. ## External links * Assembly official site Archived 27 May 2008. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7723

Камерун

Cameroon (fr. Cameroun, English. Cameroon), officially the Republic of Cameroon (fr. République du Cameroun, English. Republic of Cameroon, port. Rio dos Camarões - "shrimp river") is a country in Central Africa. There is a lot of land. 475440 km2. The population is 15.4 million. Man (1999). The population is divided into Bantu (Duala, Balundu, Basa, Batanga, etc.), Eastern Bantu (Bamileke, Bamum, Tikar, etc.), Hausa (Bata, Mandara, etc.) groups according to their languages. The official languages are English and French. 35% of the inhabitants are Catholics and 18% Protestants. There are also traditional believers (25%) and Muslims (22%). The capital is the city of Yaoundé. The country is headed by the president (since 1982 P. Biya). He is elected every 5 years on the basis of snap elections and is also considered the head of the government. The legislative body is a unicameral parliament. National holiday January 1 - Independence Day. The currency is the Cameroonian franc. ## Nature Cameroon is located in the equatorial and subequatorial zones. Most of the land is mountainous plateau and plateau. The climate is equatorial (in the south) and equatorial-monsoon. The hottest months are February and March at 24-28°C, the coldest months are July and August at 22-24°C. Annual precipitation ranges from 500 mm (in the north) to 3000 mm (on the ocean coasts). The main rivers are Sanaga, Nyong, Ntem, Benue, etc. 1/3 of its land (15-13 million hectares) is forest and savanna. Many species of redwoods and ironwoods are found. It is rich in animal species: elephants, hippopotamus, crocodiles in the forests, buffaloes, giraffes, lions, leopards, etc. in the savannahs. occurs. Minerals are iron, gold, bauxite, natural gas. ## History Human beings began to settle in Cameroon in very early times. It is believed that the ancient people of this country were pygmies. However, information about their early history has not reached us. In the 15th-16th centuries, the Mandara Sultanate was established on the slopes of the Mandara Mountains. In 1472, the Portuguese came to Cameroon and named the country Rio dos Camaros. They developed the slave trade here. At the beginning of the 17th century, the Douala tribes invaded from the east and took over the trade between the Europeans (English, Portuguese, Dutch) and the local tribes. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Fulbe tribes from Nigeria invaded the south of the country and conquered the Mandara Sultanate. In addition, small Muslim states lived in other regions of the country. At the end of the 16th century, the Dutch came to Cameroon, and in the 18th century, French, English, and German traders and missionaries arrived. In 1884, Germany established its dominance in the country and started growing cocoa, coffee, and banana plantations. In 1916, Cameroon was divided between the British and the French. The local population rebelled against the colonialists several times (1922, 1928-29, 1931). 2nd world. After the war, the national liberation movement grew stronger. In 1960, the French were forced to grant independence to their possessions of Eastern K, and a rebellion began in the Southwest. In 1961, the uprising was suppressed and a referendum was held under the supervision of the UN. As a result, the regions controlled by the British were added to Southern Cameroons and Northern Nigeria. In 1961, Cameroon was established as a federal republic. The country was admitted to the UN in 1960, and to the African Union in 1963. In 1972, a new constitution was adopted in the country, and Cameroon became a unitary state. In 1982, the government suppressed a revolt by Muslim officers in the north and persecuted the opposition. But as a result of popular unrest, a political amnesty was announced in 1992, and opposition representatives were sent to the elections. ## Economy The annual national income of the country is 9.1 billion. USD, foreign debt 9.5 USD. in the amount of 70% of the population. 9% work in industry, 21% work in service industries. The unemployed make up 25% of the population, 12.8% of all land a. suitable for sh. The country is rich in mineral resources (oil, natural gas, bauxite, iron ore, uranium, gold, etc.). Crude oil and oil products, wood and wood products, coffee, aluminum, cotton, bananas are mainly exported, while machinery, tools, chemical products, fuel, etc. are imported. is brought. Main trading partners: France, Spain, Italy, Germany, Netherlands, Belgium, USA. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7724

Коста-Рика

The Republic of Costa Rica is a country located in Central America. The land area is 51.1 thousand km2. Population - 3.841 million. Man (1999). 97% of the population are creoles and mestizos, the rest are Negroes. The capital is the city of San Jose. The official language is Spanish. Most of the inhabitants adhere to the Catholic branch of Christianity. According to the constitution of 1949, the head of state - the president - directs the government (since 1998, M.A. Rodriguez Echeverría). The legislative body is the Legislative Assembly (consists of 57 deputies). National holiday September 15 - Independence Day (1821). The currency is the Costa Rican Colon. The territory of the country is divided into 7 provinces. ## Nature Most of its territory is covered by Cordillera de Guanacaste, Cordillera Central (with extinct volcanoes Irasu, Poas) and Cordillera de Talamanca. The highest point is Chirripo Grande mountain (3820 m). Sea coasts are low. Minerals include iron, oil, bauxite, gold, silver, and sulfur ores. The climate is subequatorial. The average temperature in January in the lowlands is 23°С, in July it is 25°С, and it is cold in the mountainous regions. The average annual precipitation is 3000 mm in the east and 1000-1500 mm in the west. Its rivers flow strongly (large ones: San Juan, Rio Frio). 2/3 of its territory is forest and savannah (palm, red and scarlet trees grow). In the forests there are monkeys, jaguars, gazelles, etc. occurs. ## History Before the arrival of the Spanish colonists, the land of Costa Rica was inhabited by Indian tribes who lived in the first communal structure. The first Europeans came here in 1502. There was an expedition of H. Columbus. In 1560, the Spaniards who invaded this region from 1513. completely conquered it and incorporated it into the Captaincy General of Guatemala. Almost the entire local population who resisted was killed. In the 17th and 18th centuries, Spanish peasants migrated and settled in the central part of the country. During the struggle for independence of the Spanish colonies in America in 1810-23, K.-R. gained independence (September 15, 1821), 1823-38. Avg. It was part of the Federation of United Provinces of America. Since 1850, the economy of the country has developed rapidly, and coffee and bananas have been cultivated for export. 1870 foreign capital entered the country, and at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the land of Costa Rica came under the control of the American monopoly United Fruit Company. 1920 - 30 years People's movement in the country started to increase. Under the pressure of the people, the government in 1942. carried out some progressive reforms. But those measures were opposed by local forces and American companies. So, in 1948 a civil war broke out in the country, and the democratic forces were defeated. In the 70s of the 20th century, the social situation of the country deteriorated sharply, popular unrest gathered, and a partisan movement appeared. 1986 O. Arias, who was elected as the president, did significant work by calling the Central American countries to reach a peace agreement (for this he received the Nobel Prize in 1987). But the country's economy could not get out of the crisis. ## Economy Costa Rica is a moderately developed economy. Annual national wealth - 9.3 billion. About USD 6140 per person. Foreign debt - 3.8 billion. dollar. Exports include bananas, coffee, sugar, cocoa, textiles, seafood, meat, tropical fruits, etc. produces (44% of exports belong to the USA). Consumer goods, industrial goods, and equipment are imported (42.1% of imports come from the USA). In recent years, tourism has been developing very rapidly. Main trade partners: USA, Japan, Venezuela, Germany, Italy, Guatemala, etc. ## Interesting facts * After the 44-day civil war in 1948, this country disbanded its army in 1949 and has not participated in any conflicts since then. * In Costa Rica, a house is built free of charge for young homeless families (only for citizens of this country). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7701

Kazakh literature

Kazakh literature is the spiritual and cultural heritage of the Kazakh people, passed down from generation to generation, a precious treasure of the art of speech. The origin of the Kazakh art of speech begins from the time when the Turkic-speaking tribes did not form a nation in their own right. Folk folklore and poetry are based on fairy tales, legends, and proverbs created by those tribes. Heroic epics ("Kobylany batyr", "Alpamys batyr", "Er Targyn", "Kambar batyr", etc.), which included the heroes' patriotism, the struggle for the freedom of their native people, became popular among the people and became favorite works of young people. Lyro-epic epics ("Kozy Korpesh - Bayan Sulu", "Girl Silk", etc.) about honest love and inextricable fate are considered a rich heritage of modern Kazakh literature; see: Oral literature. ## Classification of Kazakh literature If we divide Kazakh literature according to the historical dimension, it is classified as follows: * Nomadic tribal literature * Literature of ancient times * Kazakh literature of the 15th-18th centuries * Literature of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century * Kazakh literature of the Soviet era * Independent Kazakh literature And if we divide by genre: * mouth literature * written literature ## Background history of Kazakh literature The unity of content, type, and style between the heroic poems of the Sakas, who are the ancestors of the ancient Turks, from the point of view of the continuation of the artistic tradition. basically proven. That's why B.C. The epics "Alyp Er Tonga", "Shu Batyr", "Atilla", "Blue Wolf" and "Ergenekon" published in the eras are the sources of today's Kazakh literature. Also, these heroic sagas became the model and basis for the writing of literary relics (the poems "Kultegin", "Tonykok", "Bilge Khagan") in later historical periods - during the reign of the Turkic Khanate (8th century). The written literature under the Turkish khanate developed in genesis, typology, and traditional harmony with the samples of oral literature of the Sakas and Huns before it. "Korkyt Ata Kitab" is one of the heroic epics published in the era of the Turkic Khaganate. After that, it can be said that the Renaissance period in the history of social and cultural development of the Turkic peoples during the historical period called the Islamic era (10th-12th century) under the state of Karakhan. Abu Nasir Al-Farabi, Abu Ali ibn Sina, Abu Rayhan al-Biruni, Mahmut Kashkari, Yusip Balasaguni, Ahmed Zhugineki, Khoja Ahmet Iasawi, Suleiman Bakyrgani, etc., who introduced the whole Turkic community to the world. appeared on the stage of history during this Renaissance period. They used humanistic ideas, morality and charity in their scientific and artistic works. raised virtues. These include Al-Farabi's "Rhetoric", "On the Art of Poetry", Ibn-Sina's "Danishnamese" ("Book of Knowledge"), Al-Biruni's "Hikmetter" ("Words of Wisdom"), Mahmut Kashkari's "Diwani Lugat at-Turk" ( "Collection of Turkish Words"), "Kutty Biligi" by Balasaguni, "Diwani Hikmet" ("Book of Wisdom") by Iasawi, "Book of Bakyrgani" by Bakyrgani, etc. can be a complete proof. ## Golden Horde era in Kazakh literature During the Golden Horde era (13-15 centuries), the literature and culture of the Turkic peoples of the Kypchak steppe rose to a completely new qualitative level. At that time, the most prominent Western and Eastern scientists, architects, poets, artists, etc. came to the city of Saraychik, which was the capital of the state. was gathered. During the Golden Horde period, the epics "Muhabbat-name" by al-Khorezmi, "Gulistan bit-turki" by Saif Sarai, "Gulistan in Turkish", "Khosrau - Shiryn" by Qutb, "Yusip - Ziliha" by Durbek Also, Nasreddin Rabguzi's prose work called "Qissasul Anbiya" was also popular. The book "Codex Kumanicus" came to life according to the needs of the times. Kazakh literature The artistic chronicles written on historical topics play a special role in the recognition of the ancient era of history. Such chronicles, which have been handed down from father to son for centuries, are well known to Kazakh intellectuals, poets and poets. They are directly related to the history and literature of the Kazakh people Among the related Turkish-language works are Abilgazy Bahadur Khan's "Shejire-i Turk" ("Turkic Chronicle"), Kadirgali Zhalayiri's "Jamig-at Marvaikh" ("Collection of Chronicles"), Zahir al-Din Muhammad Babur's "Babyr-name", Muhammad Haidar Dulat's "Tarikh-i Rashidii" has a special place. These have long been accepted by Kazakh readers as works of art written on a historical theme. The heroic stories of the ancient Sakas and Huns, which have turned into legends, and the ancient heroic chronicles of the Blue Turks, directly contributed to the formation of Kazakh heroic poems from an ideological and artistic point of view. Ethical and didactic sagas and Sufi wisdom, moral-philosophical treatises, teachings, etc., which came to life during the era of Islam. found its logical, historical and artistic continuation in the poems of Kazakh poets. ## Literature of the era of the Kazakh Khanate The original history of Kazakh national literature begins with the formation of the Kazakh nation and the creation of an independent state. In the 15th and 16th centuries, Kazakh poems were didactic in ancient Turkic poetry. The poem was advanced in terms of content, language, style, humanistic, philosophical thoughts to a new peak of social development; see: Destructive poetry. Towards the end of the 18th century, the literary tradition in Kazakh literature was gradually displaced and began to give way to individual poetic art. The well-established wording of Jirau's poetry, the high tone of praise of bravery, holding the destiny of the country as a banner, came together, and through personal poetic art, attention was paid to the number of everyday life, human life, his work and behavior, his place and function in society. This was the beginning of a new era in the development of literature. Poets expanded the subject of their works, sought to clearly recognize the reality of life, express their views on it. Thanks to this, personal poetic art became rich and began to search for its own artistic color. In this way, he entered the form of professional poetry, preserving the traditions of oral literature. Poet Kotesh, Shal, who lived in the period of birth of such a personal poetic work, described dedications to an individual, human life, its meaning and beauty, practicality and eternity in his poems, ingenuity, imagery, lyrical "I" characteristic of true poetry appeared in them. ## Kazakh literature in the Bodan era Since the 19th century, Kazakh written literature has understood the state of society, started to advocate for the welfare of the country, and the poem is not fun, fun, entertainment, but serves the community. began, the country's political opinion and feelings such as wishes, goals, sadness, lamentation, started to form a new basis of thought, traditional consciousness, and the socialist goal, a civic goal, which had not been present before that time, appeared. Historical events that increased such a socialist trend were born in this era in connection with Russian colonialism. Becoming part of the Russian Empire, as well as related changes in the homeland, increased exploitation, narrowing of the people's living space, trampling of national honor were widely depicted in the works of Kazakh poets. A clear protest against this change is evident in the poems of Makhambet Otemisuly. Mahambet songs are the slogan and tone of the uprising led by Isatai Taimanov (1836-37). Here are the goals of the uprising ("To bring freedom to my oppressed people"), the characteristics of the men participating in it ("Strike without a horse"), war pictures ("War"), Isatai's heroism and songs to mourn him ("Tarlanym, "Munar kun"), the poet's poems related to his place, mood ("What Baimagambet said to the Sultan", "Kyzyzky kus"), continue the history of the uprising as a whole, the society of that period. represents the situation. The poems of Sherniyaz Zharylgasuly, one of the poets who wished for the Isatai-Mahambet uprising, praising Isatai and criticizing Baimagambet are valuable for their courage and wit. The national liberation movement led by Kenesary-Nauryzbai (1837-47), which followed the Isatai-Mahambet uprising, created similar literature ("Nauryzbai - Kanchayim", "Top zhargan", "Jasaul massacre", the poem "Kenesary-Nauryzbai" by Nysanbay Zhamankululy) . Along the Syr River, in Western Kazakhstan, new songs were born during the uprisings against tsarist colonialism ("Beket batyr", "Zhankozha batyr"). The poetry of struggle against colonialism is considered a new milestone in the development of Kazakh artistic expression with its advanced ideas and folk content. Honest poetry was born that openly expressed protest against the rulers, new methods of describing people were used. Zhanak Sagindykuly, Shoje Karzhaubayuly, Suyinbay Aronuly occupy a significant place among these poets. In the works of the poets of the colonial period, the wealth of the country was plundered, the people fell into poverty, the population narrowed, violence intensified, bribery spread, people's behavior changed, they were reduced to poverty, the conditions of religion were ignored, etc. situations are widely covered and artistically depicted. They were united by the sadness of the times, thinking about the past, and fear of the future. Prominent poets of this period are Dulat Babataiuly, Shortanbai Kanaiuly, Murat Monkeuly, Kerderi Abubakir Shokanuly, etc. improved the types of folk poetry. The work of the poets of this group is great in skillfully connecting it with the depiction of modern reality, enriching realism, vividly describing changes in human psychology, and finding various innovations in language expression. Some of them were afraid of the colonizers, however, due to their familiarity with Eastern literature and religious literature, they created works of high artistic value; see: Poets of the last century. ### The renaissance of Kazakh literature in the Bodan period The place of the democratic enlightenment literature born in the second half of the 19th century is special in defining the upward direction of Kazakh literature. The representatives of this literature, Ybyray Altynsarin, Abay Kunanbaev, Shokan Ualikhanov, believed that through science, education, education and art, it is possible to reach equality with advanced countries. Shokan's gil. Enlightenment and democratic ideas spread in the Kazakh country through his views and activities. Ibray renewed the concept and understanding of literature and showed that it is a great force in educating the young generation. He wrote stories and poems for children. The great Abay contributed to the development of the art of artistic expression, raising the social function of poetry, and creating a new artistic method - realism. He freely mastered European and Russian classical literature, set new requirements for artistic knowledge and taste, created poetry of a new character. He translated classical literature examples into the Kazakh language and compared them with native Kazakh literature, the aesthetic principle of Kazakh literature was realized in Abai's works. 19th century literature stands out for the abundance of national talents and their unique diversity. Aytis poets (Zhanak, Shoje, Orynbay, Tubek, Bakhtibay, Kempirbay, Sabyrbay, Sara, Yryszhan, Ulbike, Tabiya, Akbala, etc.), singers (Birzhan Sal, Akan Seri, Segiz Seri, Mukhit, Jayau Musa) , Baluan Sholak, etc.), story-telling poets (Zhusipbek Shaikhislamov, Akylbek Sabalov, Shadi Zhangirov, Maulekey Yumanchikov, Kashafutdin Shakhmardanuly, etc.) who continue the tradition of poets and preserve the samples of folk literature (Marabay, Abyl, Nurym , Muryn, Ygilman, etc.) lived together. All of them supplemented the literary channel to the best of their ability and sang about life in their own way. The first books in the Kazakh language were published at this time ("Osiet Name" - 1880, "Bala Zar" - 1890, "Diwani Hikmet" - 1896, etc.), folklore heritage was collected and published. The contacts of Kazakh literature with the literature of neighboring nations have increased, and new translations have appeared; see: Literary communication. Kazakh literature at the beginning of the 20th century, continuing the enlightened and democratic tradition of the great Abay, openly and boldly raised the idea of struggle against colonialism and longing for independence. Ahmet Baitursynuly, Mirzhakip Dulatov described the state of the Kazakh people, which is behind the historical and cultural development, sitting in darkness, and encouraged the country to art and education. Indifferent to the news, one of the sleeping Kazakhs whispered in his ear as "Masa" and the other shouted "Wake up, Kazakh". All the poets and writers who came to literature at the beginning of the century were awakened by this noise. Sultanmahmut Toraygyrov enriched Kazakh literature from an artistic and aesthetic point of view, contributed to the birth and development of new poems. His "Kamar Sulu", "Kim Plaint?" novels, poems "Lost Life", "Poor", "Introduction", "The Tale of the City Poet and the Field Poet", lyricist. poems, publicist. His articles showed the poet's research in various fields. Sabit Donentaev, Mukhamedzhan Seralin, Spandiyar Kobeev, Beket Otetileuov, Turmagambet Iztileuov, Gumar Karash, Narmanbet Ormanbetuly, Berniyaz Kuleev, etc. helped to develop the critical direction in literature and develop the idea of enlightenment through artistic words. It took a lot of work. They perfected the art of poetry in every way. If Sabit works productively in the genre of short, plot poems and parables, Berniyaz is a lyricist of contemporary reality. tried to open with poems. The works of Spandiyar and Beket, who taught in rural schools, were connected with their teaching and educational views. Kobeev wrote a novel called "Thick Cattle". "Gulkashima", "Topzhargan" epics depicting social inequality by well-known journalist Seralin, who published "Aykap" magazine, were published. The poems of Gumar and Narmanbet achieved great artistic success in criticizing colonial exploitation, the politics of the country's ruling system, and the poor state of Kazakh society. The literature of this era was not uniform in terms of the path taken by poets and writers, their artistic pursuits, directions. Among them there was a group of poets who relied on pure Kazakh tradition and had knowledge of the Arakan oriental literature. They criticized the ignorance of the country, the injustice of the country's rulers, and the colonial policy of the king. The realist poems of Mashhur-Zhusip Kopeev and Nurzhan Naushabaev revealed the reality of the era. In addition to the literature of the beginning of the 20th century, the author of the "Isatai-Mahambet" epic, Ygilman Shorekov, and K. It can be mentioned in the line of singer-poets (Mayra, Imanjusip, Madi, Kenen, Ukili Ibray) who developed the traditional field of music. Heroes of the national liberation uprising of 1917 Amangeldi, Bekbolat, etc. poems about The folk poetry born in connection with the uprising supplemented the democratic-people direction of the literature at the beginning of the century and enriched it with new content; see: Kazakh folk poetry. = ## Kazakh literature in independent Kazakhstan The spiritual results of the years of independence were Nurpeiisov ("The Last Duty"), Kabdolov ("My Airplane"), Murtaza ("Ai and Aisha"), Magauin ("Yellow Kazakh"), Zhunisov ("Amanai and Zamanai"), Nurshaiykov ("The Writer"). and his friends"), Ishaq ("The Legend of Aksu"), Toktarov ("Abai's Mystery"), Sofy Smatai ("Blasted Hero"), S. Yelubay ("Bow"), Muratbekov ("Before the Moon is Born"), Isabekov ("Ai-Petri's Truth"), Tarazi ("Journey to the Black Star"), Zhumadilov ("Destiny"), A. Zhaksybaev ("The Pillar"), K. Isabaev ("The Big Dance"), D. Doszhan (" Kum kitap"), B. Mukai ("Omirzaya"), A. Sarai ("Edil-Zhayik"), O. Sarsenbai ("Circle"), etc. appeared in novels, short stories, stories of famous writers. In the literary decade K. In the traditional genre of poetry, the national voice and civil melody rose to a high level. Exploration of all time layers, scope of poetic imagination, richness of lyrical, narrative, journalistic and critical mood, bold searches in descriptive methods and tools were characteristic of the poetry of these years. Mushayra, aytis, literary and poetic contests were the impetus for the expansion of creative pursuits. Historical dramas "Abylai Khan" by Kekilbayev, "Tomiris" by Sh. Kusayinov, "Last days of Abylai Khan" by M. Bayserkenov, which were the main object of national drama in the 90s of the 20th century, preserved the sovereignty of the country that had just gained independence. It will be like a special type of search for a support for the difficult struggle to stay. During its entire development, Kazakh literature went through complex and contradictory paths. Today's Kazakh national literature is multi-disciplinary, multi-genre, well-known authors and has risen to the level of world literature. ## Representatives of Kazakh literature abroad ### Literature of Chinese Kazakhs There is no doubt that literature is a giant treasure consisting of many sources. So, if we limit the great concept called Kazakh literature only to the extent of Kazakhstan, it would be a biased approach. Kazakh literature spread and took root in all the countries of the world inhabited by Kazakhs. Especially in the country of China, where nearly two million of our relatives live, our literature is distinguished by its success, and it is true that it is a huge literary environment where a valuable and fertile treasure of Kazakh literary heritage is preserved. Sometimes we fail to appreciate the valuable work of our relatives who are the embodiment of our culture and literature. By reading Shamis Kumaruly's novel "Boke Batyr", which was recently published in Almaty by "Zhazushi" publishing house, we will be sure of the truth of our thoughts. Let our conversation be the proof of our words. - Brother Shamis, you are one of the writers who have made a significant contribution to Chinese-Kazakh literature, and you have been a leader in this field for many years. What do you say about the general situation of Chinese Kazakh literature, its past, present and future? - The history of written literature of Chinese Kazakhs is not too long. Akhyt Ulimzhiuly, whose first work was published among the writers born on Chinese soil, was. If we consider the first book of the famous poet Akhyt Ulimzhiuly, "Zhyihansha", published as a separate book in October 1891, as the first book by Kazakh writers in China, the history of our written literature is barely 115 years. Chinese researchers divide Chinese literature into several eras as follows. Literature from 1840 to 1919 is distinguished by modern literature and literature after 1949 as contemporary literature. From this point of view, only Akhyt Ulimzhiuly can be the representative of Chinese contemporary Kazakh literature. because, except for "Jiyhansha", all his troit books were published before 1919 by the October publishing house. Thanks to that, Akhyt was widely recognized by the whole society. Back in the 19th century, education and education were extremely poor, there was no place for the printed word at all, and it was not an easy task to take a pen in hand and publish books from foreign publishers in a dark region. It was even more difficult in terms of remote Uraltai region, which has poor access. There are many works of Akhyt Ulimzhiuly urging the people to read, educate, learn science and knowledge. Especially the poems that appeal to morality and honesty were written in the 30s and 40s. He also played a great role in awakening the people and leading to culture. Tanzharyk Zholdyuly, Askar Tatanayuly, Dubek Shalgynbaev, Nygymet Mynzhanuly published works from the 1930s and were recognized by the society as poets and writers. Kurmanaly Ospanuly, Kausylkan Kozybayuly, Rakhmetolla Apsheuly, Magaz Razdanuly published their first works before 1949, but they were published on the eve of 1949. Therefore, we can say that these writers represent Chinese contemporary literature and representatives of Chinese-Kazakh literature. Here we can say it clearly. The works of the last-mentioned poets and writers were published after the Great Cultural Revolution. It is clear that this is different from the era when they first participated in literature back in 1949. I based the era of their first recognition. From 1949 to 1966, a generation of poets-writers was formed under the influence of Soviet Kazakh literature and Chinese modern literature. As the main representatives of them: Omargazy Aitanuly, Kungey Mukazhanuly, Makatan Sharipkanuly, Ghani Sarzhanuly, Kulmukamet Akhmetuly, Talipbay Kabaev, Shaken Onalbaev, Zadakan Mynbaev, Madi Abdirakhmanov, Zhakip Myrzakanov, Berdibek Kurzhikaev, Zhumadil Maman, Batyrkhan Kusbegin, Shaysoltan Kyzyruly, Tursynali Ryskaliev, We can name more than fifty writers, including Zhumabai Bilaluly, Galym Kanapiyauly, Auelkhan Kaliuly, Raikhan Ibinovna, Ulykan Soltanovna. In this era, the population of poets-writers increased, and although some artistic works came to everyone, they could not avoid the influence of extreme leftist ideas from the Soviet Union. In the works of this era, the leftist, sloganeering, which sang about the class struggle, was included from the beginning. In fact, Chinese Kazakh literature, Chinese literature and similar, only after the end of ten years of extreme leftist destruction called the "great cultural revolution", and the policy of reforming and opening the door in China was launched. went on the path of its own development. Our poets and writers were busy with creativity. As a result, from 1978 to 2000, over a hundred novels, hundreds of short stories, collections of short stories, sagas, and collections of poems were published in just 22 years. It can be said openly. The best works in the history of Chinese-Kazakh literature were born in that era. Famous works of old writers were also published in this era. Volumes of our historical brothers Akhyt and Tanzharik were also published in this era. I think 80-90 years. It was a wonderful era when Chinese Kazakh literature flourished and immortal works were born. I cannot say anything about the future of Chinese Kazakh literature. In this way, it is possible to estimate the extent of development of Chinese-Kazakh literature today. Looking at the general level of development of literary works since the beginning of the 21st century, i.e. after 1999, that is, from the perspective of young writers, I believe that the future of Chinese-Kazakh literature is bright. In the future, there is an excellent basis for the creation of famous works that will be proud of our people, that is, that will raise the honor of the Kazakh people. What do you rate them?- Above, I spoke about the general situation of Chinese-Kazakh literature, and I said that all the pieces of contemporary literature and famous works that touched the hearts of the people were born only after 1978. The pieces that make up today's life were mainly born on this eve. And, if we include works written about life since the last era of the cultural revolution, the number goes up a bit. These include Kungey Mukazhanuly's poem "Taitalas", Zhumabay Bilal's novel "Zhondagi zhorkyr", Omargazy Aitanuly's novel "Taraz", my novel "Tears do not run out" and "Zhusandy dala" "Breath of Life" series of poems, the novel "Irtys kilikip ady" by Kaisa Tustipuly. : novels "Broken Hope", "Taggyr Tarazy", Orazkhan Ahmet's "Kokbeles' novel "80-yard", poems "Alystagi Otar", Shaysoltan Kyzyruly's novel "Altyn tau azmattary", and the short story "Shanyrak", Zhumadil Maman's: "On the Bridge "blue hairs" poem, Zhenis Yrskanuly's "Incomplete history of Tortobel", "Tompak's migration", "One-time guest" series of poems, Kyrbak Nurgaliuly's "Owl's smile", "A friend who has finished mourning", "Broken wing dove" series of poems, Serik Kauymbayuly's story "Whirlwind Grave" and other stories. not a few stories. Among the novels, the novel "Taraz" by Omargazy Aitan is known to many, and my novel "Tears do not run out" is well known among the readers, and my novel "Irtys kilkip agady" was translated into Chinese and published in 2006. Critics wrote their evaluations. Among the short stories: "Wormland Field", "The Incomplete History of Thor Fight", "Owl's Laughter", "Whirlwind Grave" can be said to be works that vividly depict the reform era. Every writer writes from different aspects of life, in different ways of writing. Everyone's way of creative search is different. Therefore, it is not possible to evaluate the title of the work by one measure. In any style, from any aspect of life, it has its own merits and demerits. At least one of them is complete. Therefore, it is better to consider that even a work with poor writing skills, i.e., a work with low artistic quality, has a contribution to our literature, even if it is small. It is clear that the famous works that have found their way into the hearts of the readers and that have touched the people's imagination are still in the hearts of the people. Only after the birth of a famous work, the author of that work becomes a famous writer. In China, all writers under the age of 45 are classified as youth. From this point of view, the number of our young poets and writers is not small. Especially in our country, the number of young writers recognized by the society for their creativity is quite large. If we mention all this at once, it will be a big list. From the point of view of general quality, it is clear that it is not the same, it is not true to say that it is the same. However, I think it would not be better if we take pride in our young writers who stand out with their best works of high artistic level. In recent years, young writers such as Tapey Kaiyskanuly, Kidash Zhubanishuly, Bilisbek Abdirazakuly, Kyrbak Nurgalyuly, Balapan Rabatov, Zhenis Kurmanbekovyna, Magaz Malikuly, Almagul Zhumazhanovyly, Tursynbek Baizhumauly, Kasen Aubakiruly, Erlen Nurdykanuly, and Serik Seitkazyuly have died sow broke, searched for their own way, found their own way, and gained a place in the hearts of people with their individuality in creativity. The writer's writing style is the writer's individuality, to put it in plain language, it is the writer's way of expressing ideas in the work. This group of young poets-writers that we are talking about are writers who have their own way of finding ideas. Human beings create based on their feelings and spirit. The literature of a nation is the noble spirit of that nation. Therefore, even if there is only one person left on earth, there should be a spiritual world that is necessary for that person's state of mind. In my opinion, there will be human beings on earth, and there will definitely be literature. It is said that one hundred and ninety percent of pain in people is due to abnormal mood. This is proof that people act based on feelings. Literature itself is a medicine of people's mood. If a person is at a dead end in life and only thinks about dying, a book of a writer falls into his hand, and after reading this work, he thinks that I should not grow up like this, and a person reads a book when he says to someone that he will not die. after all, this work can be said to be a priceless cure for real human mood. The myth that there is no future in literature, first of all, may be an idea raised by a section of people who only pursue money, not the interests of the world, and people who could not find their own way through writing. Personally, I believe that as society develops, literature develops. In literature, the word "writing a person's soul" has been mentioned since ancient times. It's ultimately about recording people's moods. Writer, poet, dramatist Kazhigumar Shabdanuly, who now lives in the city of Shaueshek, Xinjiang Autonomous Region of China, was born in 1925 in the Tansyk settlement of the present East Kazakhstan region. In the early 1930s, he survived the famine and fled with his parents to the Durbiljin district of the Xinjiang region of China. During the cultural and educational uprising of the local people, he headed the "Kazakh-Kyrgyz organization" in Durbilzh. Kazhigumar, who was convicted for the first time in 1958 on political charges of being "rightist" and "leftist" and was sentenced to 22 years of imprisonment, spent his entire sentence in the Tarim camp in the Taklamakan desert and was released in 1980. In December 1986, he was sentenced to 13 years in prison for the second time under the guise of being a foreigner, on the charges that he founded the party called "Umit", which aims for national independence, and had contacts with the underground organizations of Kazakhstan. He will spend this sentence in prison No. 1 of Urumzhi. When Kazhigumar Shabdanuly was imprisoned for political reasons by the Chinese government, the organization for the protection of human rights "Amnesty International" recognized him as a "prisoner of conscience", and the competent official positions of China systematically demanded investigation and open trial. Literature of Kazakhs of Mongolia If we compare the Kazakh literature in Atameken with a giant bayterek, the Kazakh literature in Mongolia is one branch of it. The folklore heritage collected among the Kazakhs of this region was published as a 5-volume book. Akyt Ulimzhiuly (1867-1940) Akyt Kazhi Ulimzhiuly is a famous Kazakh poet, religious figure, public educator. He was born in a poor family in the Koktogai district of the Altai region of East Turkestan. Since childhood, he learned Arabic and Persian languages, as well as Shariat and Tajweed, from the village mullah, and then at the Bukhar madrasa. In 1908, he traveled to Mecca as a translator for a group of pilgrims from Altai and Kobda regions. 1910 After returning to the country, he opened a school in the village of Sarytogai and became a teacher. In 1939, he was arrested and imprisoned for his active participation in the uprising against the government of Shen Shicai, and died in prison in 1940. "Zhihansha", "Ahiretbayan", "Saipilmulik - Jamal" sagas of our grandfather Akhyt Haji were published several times in the Kazan publishing house. His birth poems, such as "Abak Kerey Chronicle", "Yer Zhanibek", "Altai" were widely distributed in manuscript form. The works of more than 30 folk poets, starting with the poet Akyt Ulimzhiuly Karymsakov, were collected, studied, and became the benefit of the country. Taudanbek Kabanuly(1830-1908), Tolebai Bojekuly(1858-1924), Meshel Kozhekeuly(1858-1928), Otarbay the poet(1882-1953), Nazhikesh Tankayuly(1885-1953), Onashibai Irbituly (1892-1953), Burkasyn Taudanbekyvny (1905-1968) etc. The works of folk poets were specially studied and made their way to the readership. Due to the strengthening of the independence of the People's Republic of China, in 1940, Bayan-Ulgii was created as a separate Kazakh national region. This event led to a turning point in the socio-political life of Kazakhs here, and became the basis for the flourishing of national culture. On September 3, 1942, the decree "On the use of a new alphabet in the Kazakh territory" was adopted, instead of the Latin alphabet, the Kazakh (Cyrillic) alphabet, which is used in Kazakhstan, was used. Writers began to gather around this newspaper. The first cultural center National Club was established. In 1955, a circle of Kazakh writers was established, and in 1957, the "New Demand" almanac (now "Shugyla"), which was published 4 times a year, began to be published. Writers led by poet Aktan Babiuly and writer Kurmankhan Mukamadiuly participated in the congress of the Union of Writers of Mongolia held in 1948. On December 28, 1968, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the MHRP adopted a special resolution and officially established the Kazakh branch of the Writers' Union of the MHRP. All this had a great impact on the revival of national culture, especially on the formation of new written literature. As a result, about 400 writers have been working in the field of literature until today, more than 20 of them became members of the Union of Writers of the People's Republic of China, about 70 talented people became members of the writer's division of the region, and in the period after 1957, 10 poets-writers and dramatists were recruited. wrote a work from one book, published about 300 literary works, studies, more than 40 combined collections, 30 collections in the Mongolian language. A new content and form of literature appeared, and the literary community took part in mastering all genres, such as stories, short stories, novels, dramas, dramas, poems, satires, and fiction. The period of development of written literature in Mongolia can be divided into two. I period: 1940-1970 years. This is the period of emergence of new literature. II period: from 1970 to the present. This is the era of fullness of written literature. Aktan Babiuly (1897-1973) Aktan Babiuly (1897-1973) is the founder of written literature in Mongolia. He is a meritorious figure of the culture and art of the People's Republic of China, a poet and dramatist, as well as a strong representative of oral literature. As a young poet, he became known as a poet from 1919, and with his poems such as "Day of the Poor", "Sary Meshelge", "Karau Baiga", "Jorgem Salga", "Khalel and Malik Moldaga", he criticized the Meshev culture of that time and was a sharp-tongued critic. He is recognized as an honest poet. It can be said that Umsyndyk, Gaziza, Akbalalar and ayits are a mirror of the Kazakh life at that time. A. Babiuly was a lively and conscientious figure who contributed to culture and art, adding an ambitious tone to the newspaper "Orkendeu" since 1940, being a harbinger of the new era. More than a dozen of his collections have been published, and his dramatic works have become a staple of the theater repertoire. Poems written by the poet in the 1940s-1960s were of a propaganda nature, they preached to the people to create a new society, and were aimed at strongly criticizing the old orthodoxy. On the theme of friendship, he wrote works such as "Russian steppe", "Moscow", "Bloody war", "Homeland song", nature lyrics such as "Winter", "Summer example", "Kobda river", "Besbogda's cow", "Bokentau". . The poet's poems such as "Eagle" (1959), "Dosymbek-Balkiya" (1964), "Omir zholy" (1970) were high-quality works that showed his penmanship to the public, and formed the basis for the formation of the poem genre. Kurmankhan Mukamadiuly - (1923-1964) Kurmankhan Mukamadiuly - (1923-1964) began his literary career by writing poetry. He has poems such as "Congratulations", "Winter", "October wedding", "Kazakhstanyk friends", "Individual alone in the heart of the mountain". Argynbay Zhumazhanuly Argynbay Zhumazhanuly in 1954, after graduating from the Faculty of Philology of the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute named after Abai in Almaty, he returned to his native place, took the reins of cultural and educational activities in the Bayan-Olgey region, and contributed to the spiritual development of the people. a person who influenced the circle. Argynbay Zhumazhanuly was born in 1929 in Tulbakol, Kazakh region of Mongolia, and died in 1994 in Kazakhstan, in Bayanaul district of Pavlodar region. The following stanza from his poem "Farewell" was engraved on the tombstone of the deceased: You gave birth to my nation. Forgive me, my native land — Mongolia, I am a slave, I am going to draw my blood! He was a secondary school teacher, director, head of the regional education department, secretary of the regional party committee, editor of the "New Life" newspaper. Member of Writers' Union, Journalists' Union of Mongolia since 1971, Writers' Union of Kazakhstan since 1993, prominent writer and playwright, laureate of Mongolian Writers' Union award. About ten collections of poems, epics, and dramatic works were published in the Kazakh language, and four books were published in the Mongolian language. His works were translated into Russian, Ukrainian, Bulgarian, Tuva, Altai languages. The plays "Talattys and devotees", "Ertys tunes", "Birlestikstylar", "Sandugash" were performed on the stage of the theater, and the scripts of the feature and documentary films "Before the battle", "Dombira tunes" were made into movies. He highly appreciated his journalistic work and was awarded with "Red Flag of Labor", "Golden Star" orders and festive medals. Poet, dramatist Argynbay Zhumazhanuly's first collection was published in Ulanbatyr in 1949 under the name "Takpaks". Then the collections "Irtys zhyrlary" (1960), "In our country" (1972), "Mendikol" (1979) reached the readers. Poems such as "Mature Orphan", "Before the Dawn", "Soldier's Speech", "In the Background of Altai" by the poet Daniyal Dikeyuly, collections such as "Telkonur" (1967), "Swan Song" (1970) by Imashkhan Baibatyruly, "Korimdik" by Shabdarbai Katshanuly, The poems "Flight in the East", "Maily Zher", "Young Age" and "Gulsim" collections by Dzhy Kalaubaiuli are notable works that show the greatness of poetry. Senior writers Zh. Bayit, I. Zhabenuly, K. Kap, M. Yegeukhan, A. .Kauiya, I.Yaki, representatives of the middle generation J.Kakei, Sh.Zukay, R.Shynai, I.Kenges, K.Toilybai, K.Bodaukhan, O.Soldathan, J.Kuangan, M.Zulkafil, B.Murat, The works of poets such as A. Dauletkhan, R. Zurganbayuly created a stepping stone for the development of poetry. As for the field of prose, this younger genre began to develop after 1955. To be more precise, it started with several short stories of K. Mukamadiuly and drew a caravan. K. Mukamadiuly's "The First Step" (1955) "Can the people, can they swallow?" fiction essays were the first successful examples of prose writing. The story "The First Step" describes the historical event of the first surgical operation on a person in the life of the region. The artistic prose of Mahfuz Kulybekuly continued with the stories "Heritage", "The Secret of the Blue Lak", "The Story of the Red Birch". The short story "Kudirli Keruen" by the writer Sheriyazdan Nyiguly was published in Kazakh and Mongolian languages. The prose works of Akin Alakanouli such as "My Mother", "The Farmer's Child", "Mother's White Wish" brought significant news to literature. In 1970-1985, dozens of novels, many short stories and stories of Kazakh writers in Mongolia were published. The first novel was the work of the writer Yeleusiz Mukamadiuly "In the depths of Kobda". After that, Shabdarbai Katshanuly "The years left in the distance", Magauiya Sultaniyauly "The fate of the generation", Islam Kabishuly "May your generation not be broken", Zhamlika Shaluly "The big house", Kauiya Arysbayuly "On the edge", Seiithan Abilkasymuly "Black storm", Sultan Tauekeiuly "Munar mountains" wrote novels. This was proof that literature had risen to a new level. In 1940, the curtain of the regional National Club opened with Aktan Babiuly's play "Yermalai", and this work was the first swallow of the drama genre. His dramatic works such as "Jamal" (1941), "Erinshek en ekpindy yyyin" (1942), "Kalkaman-Mamyr", "Akaisha" contributed to the formation and development of theater art in the region. Writer, dramatist Kurmankhan Mukamadiuly raised the drama art to a great milestone. Having studied in Moscow and was deeply immersed in the works of the world's classics, he gave a new impetus to this field. ) tried to master the complex genre, which has many dramatic works. Poet, dramatist Argynbai Zhumazhanuly's play "Demanders and Worshipers" was released on stage in 1956. He has plays such as "Truth of Irtys", "Sandugash". He wrote the screenplays for the films "Before the Battle" and "Dombira Melody" produced by "Mongolkino" studio. Writer J. Bayat, poet K. Shabdarbaylar also contributed to this genre, and poet I. Baibatyruly wrote the libretto "Kerim-Torym". The field of artistic translation has also developed rapidly, and almost all the works of prominent poets and writers of Kazakhstan have been translated into the Mongolian language. In particular, A. Kunanbayuly, Zh. Zhabayev, M. Auezov, M. Zhumabaev, G. Musirepov, S. Mukanov, I. Esenberlin, Zh. Moldagaliev, A. Alimzhanov, M. Magauin, etc. well-known works of many writers were translated into Mongolian. Translation masters Zh. Shaluly, O. Kahar, I. Kabyshuly, T. Sultan, Zh. Kamayuly contributed to this work. In particular, poet-writer Zhamlikha Shaluly and A. Kunanbayuly, who dedicated their lives to translating the works of famous Kazakhstani writers, starting with M. Auezov's novel "Abay Zholy", poet and translator Zhukel Kamayuly, who translated the complete collection of M. Otemisuly's works into Mongolian, are especially noteworthy. we must name. At the same time, the ancient folklore heritage of Mongolia and classic literary works were translated into the Kazakh language. Many writers such as K. Mukamadiuly, M. Sultaniauly, B. Kurmankhanuly, K. Zhumakhanuly contributed to this work. Ph.D. in the field of literary criticism, research. Scientists such as Dr. Kabidash Kaliaskaruly, Candidate of Ph.D. Kuangan Zhumakhanuly, Candidate of Ph.D. Esengul Kapvyna worked hard. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7700

Uighur literature in Kazakhstan

Uyghur literature in Kazakhstan is a part of general Uyghur literature and Kazakh literature. The first newspapers, magazines, almanacs in the Uyghur language were published in Kazakhstan, and the works of Uyghur poets and writers began to be published. 1932 A Uyghur section was organized under the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan. In this period, the poetry of I. Sattirov and I. Iskanderov stood out, dramatists Zh. Asimov and A. Sadirov, K. Khasanov's plays were staged. Prose genre took the leading place. Collections of short stories by X. Abdullin, Z. Samadi, J. Bosakov, T. Toktamov, M. Zulpykarov, A. Ashirov, N. Baratov, P. Sabitova) were published. The poems of I. Bakhtiya, M. Khamraev, I. Bakhniazov, R. Kadyri, A. Ganiev, M. Abdurakhmanov were published. "Poems" by A. Kunanbayev (1987), "Baluan Sholak" by S. Mukanov (1987, aud. K. Toktamov). The works of G. Musirepov "One image that did not meet" (1987, aud. Z. Samadi) were published in the Uyghur language. from the beginning of the 20th century, the historical homeland of the Uyghur people in East Turkestan (now Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China) is an ideological and thematic topic in foreign regions. direction, artistic-aesthetic. A new literature began to develop in terms of features. The birth, formation and development of this literature took place in close connection with the political, educational and cultural events implemented in the life of Kazakhstan. That is why Uyghur literature has a special place among Kazakh literature among other peoples. The works of many Kazakh poets and writers were a real literary school for young Uyghur writers. From this point of view, it is a natural phenomenon that Uyghur poets first of all drank from the legacy of genius Abay Kunanbayev. I. translated a lot of Kazakh poets already in the 30s. Sattarov introduced the form of his son Abai's poem "Boyi bulgan..." to Uyghur poetry. In the works of poet Ilya Bakhtia, there are a lot of positive uses of Abai's verse types. "I also have poets and teachers who dream of writing like this. He is one of the Eastern classics, the great poet of the Kazakh people, Abai! I heard it by heart," he wrote later. Abai's poems have been translated into Uyghur since the 1930s. Some poems of the classics of Kazakh written literature by I. Sattarov, K. Hasanov was the first to introduce it to Uyghur readers in its unpublished pages. Abai's poems have a permanent place in textbooks published for Uyghur schools. In 1972, selections of Abay's works were published by D. In Yasenov's translation, it was published under the name "Black of my eyes". 1987 A large volume of Abai's poems and poems was published in the Uyghur language. Among the outstanding Uyghur poets, H. Bahniyazov, M. Abdrakhmanov, I. Jalilov, A. Dolatov, I. Ushurov, D. The Yasenovs participated. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7713

Adilbek Alimzhanuly Basekeev

Basekeev Adilbek Alimzhanuly is the Representative of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the Baikonur Cosmodrome. Born in 1966 in Kyzylorda region. Graduated from Moscow Technical University of Communication and Informatics, Moscow University of Business and Information Technologies. He started his career in 1984 as an electromechanic of a television center in Leninsk. In 1993-1995, he was the assistant to the head of the Leninsk city administration, the head of the Leninsk city department for youth affairs, tourism and sports affairs. In 1995-1999, he was the chairman of the Territorial Committee for State Property and Privatization of Leninsk. Since 1999, chief inspector of the Department of Regional Development and Personnel of the Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, since 2002 - State Inspector of the Organizational-Territorial Department of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. From September 2004, he was appointed as the Special Representative of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the Baikonur Cosmodrome.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7750

Six-year-old Alpamys

"The Giant Goes to School" won the main prize for the best children's film "For better disclosure of child psychology" at the All-Union Film Festival held in Riga in 1977. ## Release of the film The film came to the studio in 1975 under the name "Alpamys idiot v skolu" based on Roza Khusnutdinova's script. Today is the time when the well-known director Serik Zharmukhamedov finished the second year of the Higher Course in Moscow and came to "Kazakhfilm" for internship. Abdolla Karsakbayev, the director of the film, saw Serik-student in the long corridor of the studio and offered to work together on the film he was working on. Here, preparations for the initial stage of shooting, such as searching for actors, making film tests, and preparing clothes, are in full swing. ## Alpamys Ermek Tolepbayev, who played the role of Alpamys, was not yet six years old. A little while ago, Ermek appeared in the short film "White Car" by Turash Ibrayev. After that Ermek V. Pusyrmanov's "Serebryanyi rog Alatau", S. Raybaev's "The Secret of the Singer Island", S. Zharmukhamedov's "Unrequited Duty" and A. Grigoriev's "Time to Live" appeared in such films. ## Kalikhan The role of Kalikhan should be opposite to Alpamis. Alpamys is a dreamer, while Kalikhan is action-oriented. He is a judge on the one hand, and a fool on the other. It was necessary for a boy who would not walk around and set fire to the place he walked, but no matter how mischievous he was, it was obvious that he would become a "man" tomorrow. Ulan Sarbasov played the role of Kalikhan. ## Sources ## External links * CHARACTERS OF "SIX-YEAR-OLD GIANT"

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7702

Kazakh cinema

Kazakh cinema appeared after the October Revolution. ## The first period (until 1940) The first film chronicle was shot in 1925. In 1928, under the Council of People's Commissars of the RKFSR, the joint-stock cinema society "Vostokfilm" was established. In 1929, its production department was opened in Almaty, and it published a film magazine about the life of Kazakhstan called "Last News". Directed by V.A. Turin made a documentary film called "Turksib" about the construction of the Turkestan-Siberian railway, which is considered one of the historical events in the life of the country. 1934 Res. a film history studio was established. After that, Kazakh cinema entered a new path of prosperity. The team of the "Lenfilm" studio created the feature film "Amangel (film)" (1938, directed by M.Z. Lenin) with the participation of the first Kazakh cinematographers. The history of Kazakh feature films begins with this work. ## The second period (1941-1945) During the Second World War, the departments of "Mosfilm" and "Lenfilm" film studios were moved to Almaty. These studios joined together in Almaty and started their activities under the name TSOKS (United Central Film Studio). Here are "Antenna Rybkin" (directed by K.K. Yudin), "Warrior's Son" (directed by V.P. Stroeva), "The Man of Our Town" (directed by A.B. Stolper), "Secretary of the Regional Committee" (directed by A. M. Fainzimmer), "For the Fatherland" (director Pudovkin), "Ivan the Terrible" (series 1, director Eisenstein), etc. Soviet films were made. 1941 A film studio producing feature films was organized in Almaty, and in 1944 it was named the Almaty Feature and Documentary Film Studio (since 1960 "Kazakhfilm"). Since its first organization, the Kazakh Film Studio has released more than 100 feature films and about 500 documentaries. ## The third period (1946-1960) In the years after the Second World War, paintings on the heroism of the people with a modern theme appeared (for example, "Songs of Abai" (1946) , "The Legend of Love" (1954), "Its Time Will Come" (1957), "Girl Silk" (1972), "Botakozde" (1957), "The End of Ataman" (1971), "Ballad of the Forest" (1972), "Our favorite doctor" (1957), "My name is Khoja" (1963), etc.). Development of Kazakh cinema directed by Sh. Aymanov, E.E. Aron, M. Begalin, O. Abishev; A. Karsakbaev, S. Kozhikov; actors K. Kuanyshbaev, E. Omirzakov, N. Zhantorin, K. Bayseyitov, S. Kozhamkulov, K. Kozhabekov, A. Omirzakova; operators M. Aranyshev, F. Absalemov, M. Berkovich, etc. contributed a lot. ## The fourth period (in 1961-1979) ## The fifth period (in the 1980s-1990s) In the 1980s, documentary cinema of the republic Vovnyanko, S. Azimov, O. Rymzhanov, V. Roerich, S. Makhmutov, V. Tyulkin, etc. added. Through the films "The Story of Kumshagil" (1987), "Mourning the Island" (1988), "Mourning. Chronicle of the Dead Sea" (1989 - 1990), "Polygon" (1990), real social contradictions of the environment were brought to the screen. Democratic reforms in the Soviet society had an impact on the aesthetics of Kazakhstan's feature films and opened the way for representatives of the Kazakh "new wave". At that time, K. Salikov's "Balcony" (1988), R. Nugmanov's "Needle" (1988), S. Aprymov's "Kiyan" (1989), T. Temenov's "The Divide between People" (1988), A. Amirkulov's "The Collapse of Otyrar" " (1991), A. Karakulov's "Azazil Kyz" (1991), E. Shynarbayev's "A place in the gray triangle" (1993), S. Narymbetov's "Black in my eyes" (1994) were shot, and national cinema began to be recognized abroad. Won prizes at international film festivals. Several artistic and stylistic directions were defined in the Kazakh cinema of this period: social author's films - S. Aprymov, D. Omirbaev; video clip aesthetics, addressing the public - R. Nugmanov, A. Karpykov; retro films - S. Narymbetov; "People's cinema" - B. Sharip, A. Amirkulov, T. Temenov, D. Manabay. In general, the films of the 1990s were aimed at denying the Soviet ideology. ## Sixth period (1991-present) ## External links * THOUGHTS AND THOUGHTS ABOUT KAZAKH CINEMA Archived 17 September 2011 year. * Kazakhstan movies Archived August 5, 2016. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7749

Jalaladdin Rumi

Mawlana Jalal al-Din Muhammad Rumi (Persian: محمد ابن محمد ابن حسين حسينی ختیبی بکری بلکی‎, Ottoman: مولانی جلالدین محمد رومی‎, translated Mevlânâ Celâleddin Mehmed Rumi), commonly known as Jalaladdin Rumi or Mevlana (30.09.1207, Balkh, Khorezmshah State - 17.12.1273, Konya, Kony Sultanate) - a teacher, famous Sufi poet. In 2007, the eight hundredth anniversary of the great poet will be celebrated at the level of UNESCO. In this regard, 2007 was declared the year of Moulavi Rumi. ## Master poet Moulavi, Moulana was given to Jalaluddin Rumi by his students. Translated from Arabic, "moulavi" means my teacher, "moulana" means our teacher. Moulavi Rumi is better known as a teacher than a poet. He is a brother of the country, a scholar, who preaches, gives advice, and shows the way in ordinary country, gatherings and gatherings. Bahoaddin Valed, father of the poet, was one of such great teachers. Moulavi's father, who lived during the Mongol invasion, decided to leave his native Balkh. On the way out of Balkh, he met Moulavi Fariduddin Attar in the town of Nishapur. There, Attar blesses young Jalaladdin with his book "Asrarnama". Bahoaddin Waled, who left Balkh and completed the pilgrimage, lived in Syria for some time, and then settled in Konya. ## Tabrizi Moulavi met Shams Tabrizi in his middle age, which left a special mark on his life and creativity. Shamsuddin Muhammad Ibn Ali Ibn Malekdod of Tabriz was a person who was able to completely change the life of Moulavi. Jalaladdin Rumi takes Shams Tabrizi as his teacher. According to Moulavi's poems, Shams Tabrizi also knew the color he saw and was a soothsayer who could tell the reason for it. Shams from Tabriz is a researcher of the human soul, a healer, a person who has found a cure for any disease. For Moulavi, Shams, whose public speeches usually seemed incomprehensible, was the true self, the ideal of the perfect man. His students cannot understand that Shams Moulavi took him as a teacher. It is painful for them to see that their own teacher takes someone else as their teacher, and if he is less, he crawls in front of a person he does not know. Shams, who couldn't stand the sight and the sun, left once. Moulavi is looking around. Dimashik - finds him in Damascus and takes him back as if he begged. The second meeting will not last long either. Shams, who felt that Moulavi would not have peace from others until he left, left again one night without telling anyone. This time Moulavi could not find him no matter how hard he searched. According to some sources, it was probably the students of the poet who forced Shams to leave. And another source says that Moulavi's youngest son reached the bottom of Shams. In any case, after meeting Moulavi Shams, it is clear that he experienced a spiritual awakening. Even before he met Moulavi Shams, he was writing poetry. But it is clear that the poems written after the disappearance of Shams gave Rumi a place in world literature and gave him fame. ## "Sema" "Sema" is one of Moulavi's legacy after his meeting with Shams. Moulavi Rumi, who founded the Sufi school "Moulawie", created the process of "sema'a", which starts spinning slowly, gradually accelerates, and finally turns into a state of dizziness and fainting, while mourning Shams, supplicating to the Creator. Sema' is not a dance, the word "sema" itself means "to listen" in Arabic. From the Moulavie school onwards, semaa was formed as a set of amazing movements that convey the vibration of the human soul, the cry of the soul, and the inner feeling in harmony with the sound of the trumpet. From the outside, it looks like a dance that has turned into a dance. Sema, after all, corresponds to the culmination of the soul, not of the body. The innovation brought by the Moulavi school is the subjugation of the body by the soul through sema. Sema' cannot be done without nai. Nai is a trumpet made of reeds. With the sound of the trumpet, Moulavi went into a state of ecstasy, circling the shirkobelek, and sang the six-book work "Masnavi tsveni". Poems of the poet, which he recited during his trance, were first written down by his muri named Salahaddin, and later by his secretary named Hisamuddin. Both the Moulavie school and the seminary are still going on. Although it was banned in Turkey in 1924 by Atatürk, it revived again from the fifties onwards. ## Sayings of Rumi Die while you are alive, live before you die. Repeating someone's words is not a sign of understanding. Those who are hostile to friendship are not good people. Be friends with smart people. Know that a foolish friend is more dangerous than a wise enemy. After death, don't look for me in graves, look for me in the hearts of scientists. Appreciate all the possibilities of your soul and try to reach its value. If we learn science through words, we learn art through experience. Some things may seem like copper to a common man, but a person who appreciates them knows that they are gold. This world is like a mountain. What we do is like a cry among those mountains. And the echo coming out of it is like the return of our work. Human mood is changeable. However, the public cannot control its feelings. If a human being cannot clearly know the reason for his change, how will he know himself? For example, if ten people try to enter a house, only nine of them may succeed. It is better for the remaining person to look for his own shortcomings instead of saying "this is fate". To teach science, you first need an environment that understands it. No matter how many wise words are spoken, what is the use if that word is left as an orphan? We say that figures such as ears, mouth, and nose together form a person. If so, those figures are also in the monument... Work as long as you have the will, energy and strength. Then you will find a treasure. Human body is no different from animals. Be ashamed to pursue only the pleasures of the body. The joy of the soul will make you happy like the bright sun in the dark. If you want to achieve something new, get rid of useless old things. Happiness cannot be built on someone else's pain. A foolish person gets his sorrows because of his tongue. If you are in trouble, look for a way out of it instead of using useless insults. A man and a woman in the family should have an equal relationship.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7735

Nepal

Nepal (Nepali. नेपाल [neˈpaːl]), official name is the Federal Democratic Republic of Nepal - Right. A country located in the central part of the Himalayas in Asia. The land area is 147.2 thousand km². The population is 29.4 million. The main inhabitants are Nepalese. The official language is Nepali. 86% of the population follow Hinduism, the rest follow Buddhism and Islam. The capital city of Kathmandu is administratively divided into 14 regions. According to the constitution, the head of state is the king. The supreme legislative body is a 2-chamber parliament (House of Representatives and National Assembly). National holiday December 28 (1945) - the king's birthday. The currency is the Nepalese rupee. ## Geographic information Nepal is mountainous. Two mountain ranges stretch from the northwest to the southeast, with large valleys and potholes in between. N's solt. and on the eastern borders are the highest peaks in the world, Jomolungma (Everest, 8848 m) and Kanchenjunga (8585 m). The climate is mainly sub-equatorial, monsoon, in high altitude zones - mountainous. The average temperature in July in Ot is 30°С, in mountainous regions -0 - 20°С; in January it reaches 15°С, in mountainous regions -0 - 10°С. Amount of annual precipitation. 2000 mm, 1500 mm in boiler pits. The flow of rivers (Ganges basin) is strong, there are many waterfalls. Major rivers: Karnali, Gandak, Kosi, Baghmati. The Himalayan foothills and mountain slopes are covered with thick monsoon forests. Wet land is occupied by swamps and jungles. On the slopes of the mountains there is an evergreen broad-leaved forest, and in the higher zones there is a coniferous forest. ## History In ancient times, the forests adjacent to the Indo-Gangetic plain were inhabited by the Videh, Shakya, Malla, Lichhav tribes. B.C. In the beginning, the Newar state emerged in the Nepal Valley (Kathmandu Valley). In the 8th century, it was divided into small villages. In the 13th century, the Mall dynasty reunited the country. In the 15th century, this state was also divided into 22 principalities in the Karnali river basin (Jumla, Jajarkot, and others) and Gandok itself. 24 principalities (Palpa, Tanahun, and others) lived in the basin. However, in 1769 the founder of the current ruling royal dynasty, Prithvi Narayan Shah, reunited the fragmented principalities. 1814 - 1815 Nepal lost a number of lands in the war with the British. 1846 The Rana dynasty, which relied on the help of the British, came to power. As a result of the 1951 coup, the Rana family was forced to hand over power to the former royal family. 1960 - 1980 the unlimited power of the royal family was established in the country. But in 1990, under the pressure of external forces and mass movements within the country, the economically backward government of Nepal. was forced to carry out political reforms and adopted a new constitution. ## Religion According to official data, 80.6 percent of the population follow Hinduism. According to independent estimates, the actual number of Hindus is only 70%, or even less. This inconsistency is due to the fact that there are many ethnic groups who profess to be Hindus but who actually practice Animism or Buddhism. Often, it is difficult to draw a clear line, so it is impossible to speak about the accuracy of estimates. However, Hinduism is the dominant religion in Nepal. About 10.7% of the population, especially in the Mustang Kingdom, identify as Buddhist. There are also minorities who practice Islam, Kirant (Kirant Mandham is the ancient belief of the Kirat people) and minorities belonging to certain animistic beliefs. ## Agriculture Nepal is an agrarian country. The main agricultural crops are rice, wheat, corn, potatoes, tea, tobacco, cotton. Animal husbandry is mainly developed in the northern part of the country. Processing of agricultural raw materials takes the main place in the industry. Tourism and mountaineering are developed. It exports carpets, buckwheat, paper-cotton products, oilseeds and leather raw materials, imports petroleum products, machinery, equipment, and consumer goods. Main trade partners: Thailand, India, Germany, China. * Nepal * * * * * * * * * ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7709

Yerlan Saparuly Baizhanov

Yerlan Saparuly Baizhanov (October 8, 1962, Almaty) is the press secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, candidate of philological sciences. ## Brief biography * M.V. Graduated from Lomonosov Moscow State University (1985). * M.V. Graduated from postgraduate studies at Lomonosov Moscow State University (1988). * 1989-1990 — senior lecturer of the Kazakh State University named after S. M. Kirov. * 1990-1991 — Parliamentary reviewer, head of the department of "Sovety Kazakhstan" newspaper editorial office. * 1991-1996 - worked in the field of entrepreneurship. * Since April 1996 - the first secretary of the press service of the MFA, the head of the information and press department of the MFA. * Since January 1997 - Head of the Department of the Press Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Head of the Press Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since March 2004 - Counselor-representative at the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Russia, Plenipotentiary representative at the Treaty Organization on Collective Security. * Since August 2005 - First Vice Minister of Culture, Information and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since February 2006 - Head of the Information and Analysis Center of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In February 2007, he was appointed as the Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Awards * Awarded with the commemorative medal "10 years of independence of the KR". ## Family status * Married, has three sons. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7731

Панама

Panama, Republic of Panama (pronounced República de Panamá [re̞ˈpuβ̞lika ð̞e̞ panaˈma]) is a country located on the Panamanian peninsula in Central America. The land area is 77.1 thousand km². The population is 3.4 million. (Currently 4.3 million people live there) (2010). The population is mainly mestizos (60%), indigenous people are Indians. Apart from them, immigrants from neighboring countries and Chinese live there. * The capital is Panama City. * The official language is Spanish. * Most of the population is Christian-Catholic. * The head of state and government is the president. * The supreme legislative body is a unicameral assembly. * Administratively, it is divided into 9 provinces and special territories. * The currency is the balboa The territory of Panama occupies the thinnest part of Central America. The coast is low, abrasive and abrasive-accumulative, the northwest is lagoonal. The coast of the Pacific Ocean is divided into bays (Panama, Montijo), islands (Pearl, Coiba, etc.). Mountain ranges stretch along the entire territory. Intermountain depressions and the coastal part are occupied by lowland regions. Earthquakes are frequent. ## Climate The climate is sub-equatorial, hot and humid. The average monthly temperature is 25-28°C. Annual amount of precipitation. 3500 mm. * River net often. The largest river is Chagres. ## History More than 60 Indian tribes inhabited the land of Panama before it became a Spanish colony. Indians belonging to the Chibcha group of languages lived in the west, Carib tribes in the east, and Choco tribes in the southeast. All these were in the first stage of community building. Panama land in 1501 discovered by Spanish conquistador Rodrigo de Bastidas. Since then, Panama has become a colony of Spain. 1542 – 65 years Panama was part of the Captaincy General of Guatemala, then the Viceroyalty of Peru until 1718. Beginning in the 17th century, the Spanish brought black slaves from Africa to work in banana plantations and mines. 1821 In November, Panama declared its independence and became part of the Federative Republic of Greater Colombia as part of New Granada. 1830 Great Colombia fell, and Panama remained part of the Republic of New Granada (Colombia since 1886) under the Department. 1903 On November 3, Panama separated from Colombia and declared itself an independent republic. 2nd world. During the war, the US placed a military base in Panama. After massive popular uprisings and peaceful demonstrations in 1968. a coup d'état took place and a military dictatorship was established. 1989 As a result of the US armed intervention in December, the military system collapsed. 1990 In February, the withdrawal of US military forces from Panama ended with the formation of a new state structure. 1994 In the election on May 8, Rev.-Democrat. representatives of the party won. ## Trade Panama - agr. country. Most of the arable land is occupied by banana plantations. Bananas, citrus fruits, sugar, coffee are grown. Fish developed. The role of the Panama Canal in the country's economy is very important. Revenue from the canal is 30% of the national product. Bananas, sugar, coffee, tobacco leaves, shrimps are exported, and various consumer goods are imported. * Main trade partners: USA, Japan, Ecuador, Costa Rica, Venezuela. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7727

Nicaragua

The Republic of Nicaragua (Is. República de Nicaragua [reˈpuβlika ðe nikaˈɾaɣwa]) is a country located in Central America. The land area is 131.8 thousand km². The population is 4.6 million (1998). 70% of the population are mestizos, 16% are Europeans, and the rest are representatives of other nationalities. The official language is Spanish. The capital is the city of Managua. Administratively, it is divided into 16 departments. The head of state is the president. The supreme legislative body is the 1-chamber National Assembly. Most Nicaraguans are Christians. National holiday September 15 - Independence Day. The currency is the gold cordoba. The eastern coast of Nicaragua is an alluvial plain. The northern and central parts are occupied by a mountain plateau (the highest point is 2438 m), the west and south are occupied by a tectonic depression. In Western Nicaragua, there are still active volcanoes El Viejo (1780 m), Momtombo (1258 m), Ometepe (1556 m). Tecton. there are earthquakes in the valley. The climate is humid tropical trade wind (north-east) and seasonally humid sub-equatorial (south-west). The average temperature throughout the year is 25-28°С, in the mountainous region 16-22°С. The average amount of annual precipitation is 1000-6500 mm. 40% of its territory is covered by humid tropical forest and savanna. ## History In ancient times, the land of Nicaragua was inhabited by Indian tribes who spoke several languages of the Chibcha language group (Nicarao, Mikito, Charotegui). Christopher Columbus was the first European to arrive. 1523 the Spanish colonists added the territory of Nicaragua to the Audience of Santo Domingo, later in 1539. To Panama, 1573. Guatemala merged with the Governor General. 1821 Nicaragua declared its independence. 1823 – 38 years It was part of the United Federation of Central American Provinces. An independent state since 1838. In the second half of the 19th century, the rivalry between England and the USA for Nicaragua intensified, and in 1841 England established a protectorate on the Caribbean coast of Nicaragua. 1912 - 33 years Nicaragua was occupied by US troops. In the 1950s, the partisan movement against the military intensified. They were born in 1961. created a single political organization - the Sandinista Front of National Liberation. 1977 a new phase of the movement has begun. 1979 the military was forced to step down. 1984 For the first time, universal voluntary elections were held in Nicaragua. 1986 a new constitution was adopted. 1990 The National Opposition Union won the election and a new government was formed. ## Economy Nicaragua is an agrarian country. The economy is based on the cultivation of sugar cane, coffee and cotton. Rice, beans, maize, bananas, tobacco and cocoa are also grown. The industry is focused on the processing of agricultural products (cotton ginning enterprises, sugar, leather factory). It exports coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, seafood, and imports consumer goods, equipment, and food. Gross national product per capita. It is equal to 2370 US dollars. The main trade partners are USA, Germany, Central American countries, Spain, Mexico. Diplomatic relations between Kazakhstan and Nicaragua were first established in 1994. Installed on July 6. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7743

2007

2007 begins on Monday, the first day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is the year 2007 of our era, the 7th year of the 3rd millennium, the 7th year of the 21st century, the 7th year of the 1st decade of the 21st century, the 8th year of 2000 years. ## Events ### January * January - Zoldas Timraliev and Aibar Khasenov, group managers of Nurbank JSC, were kidnapped . Rakhat Aliyev, a major shareholder of "Nurbank" JSC, is suspected in the theft of property for the purpose of extortion. ### February ### March ### April ### May \ <> * May 24 - Bostandyk district prosecutor Almat Muratuli Baishulakov stopped publication of "Keruen" newspaper due to publication of preliminary investigation data on Nurbank JSC employees published on May 18, 2007 in the "Chronicle of Events" section of the specialized interdistrict economic court of Almaty. filed a claim for lodging and closing the site for 3 months. * May 26 - by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the proposal of Baurzhan Mukhamedzhanov, Minister of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan. M. Aliyev was dismissed from all positions and was declared an international wanted man. ### June * June 6 - the court refused to ban the publication of "Keruen" newspaper, but demanded that the publication not publish on its pages the events and comments related to the investigation of criminal cases against Nurbank JSC. * June 19 - a group of Majilis deputies sent an appeal to the First President of Kazakhstan: "we believe that the current Majilis should not act as a brake on reforms, i.e. should not wait for the end of its powers in 2009." ### July ### August * August 18 - the election of Majilis deputies was held for the first time according to the proportional election system - according to party lists. ### September * September 14 - the first "Magnum" store was opened in Almaty. ### October ### November ### December ## Births \< > See also: Category: Births in 2007 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 2007 # # See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7739

Мұздық

glacier is a large-scale collection of crystalline ice formed mainly due to precipitation, especially snow, which is in continuous movement for a long time; M. formed in mountainous areas, in areas above the snow level. moving downward under its own weight, it undergoes ablation in areas below the snow level. A glacier is a large water reservoir. The ice mass of the glaciers in the Commonwealth is 7 thousand cubic kilometers of water. This is the four-year runoff of the rivers that flowed through the territory of the former Soviet Union. And when these glaciers melt, the World Ocean rises by 5 centimeters. Glaciers are a wonderful life, for example, at first glance it is hard to believe that glaciers move. As a result, this situation has been neglected for many years. ## Movement of glaciers This phenomenon was first shown in the chronicles of the inhabitants of the Alps at the end of the 16th century, and a hundred years later, the Icelandic scientist T. Information about the movement of glaciers was found in the records of Vigalin. Only, O. Only Saussure's trip to the Alps in the 17th century revealed a different meaning of glacier movement. The steps left by the traveler on the surface of the glaciers, when he returned 44 years after the trip in 1788, he found a place on the lower slope of the Mer-de-Glace glacier of Chernaya Igla mountain. During these years, four kilometers have been put into operation. Consequences of underestimating the movement of glaciers lead to difficult situations. One of its examples, in 1894, the French scientist M. Jean-san builds an observatory on the top of Mont Blanc. Perhaps the peculiarity of this building is that it had a total weight of 187 tons and an area of 50 square meters. According to the scientist's grouping, he went to work full of satisfaction that he was strong enough to withstand all emergency situations and did not move from one place. However, four years later, the impact of the movement was noticeable from the foundation. Because the tilting of the observatory created a danger of its falling. White-headed ice peaks sometimes suddenly move. In such a season, a different speed is obtained and the glacier tongues continue to cool down. It is known that the main reason for the unpredictable behavior of glaciers is climate change. The Fernagtferner glacier in the Epthal Alps has moved four times in the last four centuries. Every time it moved, it blocked the Rofon river, the water from the blocked river collected, turned into a lake, filled up, and then trickled down. This itself led to catastrophic floods. In 1966, 12 glaciers moved in Alaska, including the largest Bering glacier in North America. Its movement width was about 42 kilometers, it was observed that it moved 1200 meters in four years. As a result of a long study of the Walsh glacier, which was monitored since 1918, scientists came to the conclusion that it does not move. However, in the late 1960s, the Walsh glacier showed its behavior, and in four years, the central part moved 10 km. At the same time, there was a significant change in the amount of bee weight, the ice layer on the roof sank to 150 meters. In 1904-1905, the Ghasanabad glacier moved 10 kilometers in two and a half months in Karakoram. In one day, a high glacier took 130 meters of the plain. The behavior of the glaciers in the Pamir mountains is also very interesting, in 1963 the Medvezhii glacier moved down 2 kilometers along the Vakhch plain. After ten years, he moved again to 1750 meters. ## Tuiksu Glacier Tuiksu Glacier is one of the northern ranges of Tien-Shan. It is 5.1 km long and 3.8 square km in total area in Ile Alatau. If you look at the lower part of the glacier, cold gravel and large boulders rise up. The stone cover on which the foundation is distinguished by its unique appearance stretches for one kilometer and joins the alpine belt at an altitude of 3100 meters above sea level. Tuiksu refers to flat glaciers. ### Studies Deadlock has been known in science since 1902. S. was the first to inform about its nature. It was Dmitriev. A short-term visit on a summer day does not allow for continuous research. He explains in general terms what he found out as a result of what he saw and knew. And real data full of information needed for science. That's why everything remained unknown. Later another local historian V. Horodetsky fell in Tuyiksu for the second time. At the end of this trip, he wrote an informative article about the situation of the Tuyiksu glacier. Six years later, in 1922-1923, Tuiksu attracted the attention of N. Palgov. After that, 13 years later, specialists from the Kazakh Hydrometeorological Service Department became interested in the mystery of the glacier. The results of numerous observations of the Tuyiksu glacier made it possible to get answers to questions that are important due to the weather. At the same time, he explores his past and leads him to delve into the secrets of mysterious things that are surprising to others. All of this was indicated by the data showing that Almaty's weather had been monitored since 1879. In this regard, a systematic study of places suitable for temperature changes in the summer months of glaciers was carried out at the Mynjilki station. By comparing the data between 1937 and 1964, the interrelationship of weather temperature and glacier regime opened the way to recognize the breath of life of Tuyksu since 1879. The gnarled shape of the glacier is not enviable. You can say that the ice-covered peaks with their sharp heads are touching the sky, and the posture is bathed in the burning rays of the sun. The highest of them is the 4410-meter Ordzhonikidze peak. It turns out that the snow belt dividing the sun-reflected image of the pointed ice mountain into strips indicates cracks in the glacier. The mountainous valley of Tuyksu ranges begins in the south-east. Its height, which is considered difficult to climb, is 4150 meters. To the west, on the opposite side of the snowy valley, is Tuyksu peak. The rocky slopes of all peaks are connected to a deep gorge, from which glaciers often grow. Kosmedmyanskaya and Molodezhny glaciers can be seen from the left slope. The former is mixed with the Tuyiksu glacier, and the latter is connected indirectly. On the right is the dead-end chain. The lower part of the moraine separating the glacier and the chain. Partizan, Ordzhonikidze, Mayakovsky, Mametova glaciers continue north from the Tuiksu range. On August 24, 1923, Nikolay Palgov, who has been studying the Tuiksu glacier, wrote in his diary: "The results of my observations give grounds for estimating that the ice is slowly growing. For example, the angle of the tongue on the left side of the glacier was 5 degrees in 1902, but when I arrived, it reached 11 degrees. It seems that the mass of ice gradually gains weight rather than stopping and decreasing... Therefore, it can be said that the glacier has not receded in size in the last twenty years and will not recede. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7644

Гайана

Guyana (English: Guyana [ɡaɪˈænə]) (official name Cooperative Republic of Guyana), British Guiana until 1966, is a country in South America. In addition, it is one of the founding countries of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM). Guyana borders the Atlantic Ocean to the north, Brazil to the south and southwest, Venezuela to the west, and Suriname to the east. The area is 215,000 square kilometers. The population is 784 thousand people (2020). This region consists of a body of water known as the "wetland" located north of the Amazon River and east of the Orinoco River. The major rivers in Guyana include the Essexibo, Berbice and Demerara. Originally inhabited by many indigenous groups, Guyana was settled by the Dutch, and at the end of the 18th century came under British control. It was administered as British Guiana with a largely plantation economy until the 1950s. It gained independence in 1966 and officially became a republic within the Commonwealth in 1970. The legacy of British rule is reflected in the country's political administration and diverse population, including Indian, African, Native American and multiracial groups. Guyana is the only South American country where English is the official language. However, the majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole as their first language, which is derived from the English-based Creole language. ## Etymology The name "Guyana" comes from Guiana, previously Guyana (British Guiana), Suriname (Dutch Guiana), French Guiana, as well as parts of Colombia, Venezuela and Brazil the original name of the zone you entered. According to the Oxford English Dictionary, "Guyana" is of Indian origin and means "wetland". ## History Guyana is home to nine indigenous tribes: Wai Wai, Makushi, Patamona, Lokono, Kalina, Wapishana, Pimon, Akawaio and Warao. Historically, the Lokono and Kalina tribes dominated Guyana. The Dutch were the first Europeans to establish colonies: They established the colonies of Esseseibo (1616), Berbice (1627) and Demerara (1752). After the British took control in 1796, the Dutch officially annexed the area in 1814. In 1831, a single British colony called British Guiana emerged from three separate colonies. After gaining independence in 1824, Venezuela occupied the territory west of the Essexibo River. Simón Bolívar wrote a warning to the British government against settlers on the land where the Venezuelans had settled, as the Spanish heirs had claimed the territory as their own since the 16th century. In 1899, the International Court of Justice ruled that the land belonged to Great Britain. Guyana gained independence from Great Britain on May 26, 1966 and became a republic on February 23, 1970, while remaining a member of the Commonwealth. In 1974, the government of Guyana leased 3,800 acres of land to a new American religious movement called Peoples Temple, led by Pastor Jim Jones. In 1978, Guyana came to the world's attention when 909 people were killed in the Johnstown Massacre after drinking a can of Flavor Aid. A day earlier, US Congressman Leo Ryan was in the same town as part of the investigation. As he prepared to depart at the Port Kaituma airfield, a group of People's Temple members opened fire on the visiting delegation, killing Leo Ryan and four others. In May 2008, President Bharat Jagdeo signed the UNASUR Founding Treaty of the Union of South American Nations. The Government of Guyana officially approved this agreement in 2010. ## Geography Guyana is located between latitudes 1 ° and 9 ° and longitudes 56 ° and 62 ° and is one of the least populated countries in the world. The country can be divided into five natural regions; from the fertile Marsh Plain (Lower Coastal Plain) along the Atlantic coast where most of the population lives; From the white sand belt (sand-clay zone), which contains most of Guyana's mineral deposits; from dense tropical forests (forested highlands) in the southern part of the country; from the dry areas of the savannah in the southwest; and the smallest inland plain (inland savannah), consisting mainly of mountains that gradually rise to the border with Brazil. The highest mountains in Guyana are Mount Ayanganna (2,042 m.), Monte Caburai (1,465 m.) and Mount Roraima (2,772 m. the highest mountain in Guyana) on the Brazil-Guyana-Venezuela border. There are also many volcanic slopes and waterfalls, including Kaiteur Falls, which is considered the largest waterfall in the world. [16] To the north of the Rupununi River is the Rupununi Savannah, and to the south are the Kanuku Mountains. Guyana's longest rivers are the Essequibo (1,010 km), the Corentyne River (724 km), the Berbice (595 km) and the Demerara River (346 km). Corentyne River borders Suriname. There are several large islands at the mouth of the Essequibo River, along the northwest coast is the 145 km long Shell Beach, which is also a major breeding ground for sea turtles (mainly leatherbacks) and other animals. The local climate is tropical, usually hot and humid, although influenced by north-easterly winds. The rainy season is divided into two periods, the first from May to mid-August and the second from November to mid-January. Guyana has one of the largest untouched rainforests in South America, parts of which are still inaccessible to humans. Guyana's rich history was chronicled by explorers Walter Raleigh and Charles Waterton, and later by naturalists David Attenborough and Gerald Derrell. In 2008, the BBC broadcast a three-part program on wildlife diversity, including undiscovered and rare species. In 2012, Guyana received $45 million from Norway to protect its rainforests. This was the result of a 2009 agreement between the countries for a total of 250 million US dollars for the protection and maintenance of the natural environment. ### Regions Guyana is divided into 10 regions: ### Border dispute Guyana east of the left bank of the Corinth River There are border disputes with Suriname to the south, the New River to the southwest of Suriname, and Venezuela to the west of the Essequibo River, once the Dutch colony of Essequibo. The border dispute with Suriname was arbitrated under the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea, and the decision was announced on September 21, 2007. The Caribbean, located to the north of the two countries, found that both parties had breached their contractual obligations and refused to award compensation to either party. When the British explored British Guiana in 1840, they included the entire Cuyuni River Basin as part of the colony. Venezuela did not agree to this, as it claimed all lands west of the Essequibo River. In 1898, at the request of Venezuela, an international court of arbitration was convened, and in 1899, the court ruled that approximately 94% of the disputed territory should be transferred to British Guiana. The arbitration was concluded, and both Venezuela and the United Kingdom settled matters and international rights were adopted. Venezuela went to court again during the Cold War in the 1960s and when Guyana gained independence. The issue is now settled by the 1966 Geneva Agreement, signed by the governments of Guyana, Great Britain and Venezuela, and Venezuela is demanding that Guyana return Esquiba. Venezuela calls this zone "Zona en Reclamación" (reclamation zone) and maps of its national territory usually include it by connecting it with dotted lines. Small disputed areas related to Guyana are Anco Island between Venezuela; Corentyne River between Suriname and the Tigris area or New River Triangle. In 1967, a Surinamese group was found in the "New River" triangle and was forcibly removed. A Guyana Defense Force patrol in August 1969 documented a partially assembled airstrip within the triangle and the Surinamese's intention to occupy the disputed area. After the armed conflict, the Surinamese were expelled from the triangle. ### Environment and Biodiversity Guyana's habitats are described as follows: coastal, seashore, estuarine, desert, river, lake, swamp, savanna, brown-sand, mountainous, cloudy, wet lowlands and dry evergreen shrub forests 14 zones were identified as points of the system of specially protected natural areas of biological interest. More than 80% of Guyana's territory is covered by forests, which include dry, evergreen and seasonal forests, and some of the rarest orchids in the world. There are more than a thousand species of trees in these forests. Guyana's tropical climate, unique geology, and relatively pristine ecosystems support vast areas of natural habitats with high levels of endemism. About eight thousand species of plants are found in Guyana, half of which are found nowhere else. Guyana has one of the highest levels of biodiversity in the world. With 1,168 species of vertebrates and 814 species of birds, it boasts one of the richest communities of mammal fauna of any major region in the world. The Guiana region is biologically rich. Unlike other areas of South America, more than 70% of the natural habitat remains pristine. The Smithsonian Institution has identified nearly 2,700 plant species in the region, making up 2,700 different plants, and there are still more to be recorded. The pristine, unpolluted waters of the Essequibo Basin are home to a significant variety of fish and aquatic invertebrates, notably giant otters, capybaras, and caimans. Among large mammals, jaguars, tapirs, giant anteaters and saka monkeys are widespread on land. There are more than 400 species of birds in the region, as well as a rich fauna of reptiles and amphibians. Many insects and other invertebrates live in its forests, many of which are still unknown. ### World Heritage Sites In 1977, Guyana was the first in South America to sign the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage. In the mid-1990s, the work of selecting sites for World Heritage Site nominations began in Guyana. Three sites were considered: Cayeteur National Park, Shell Beach and historic Georgetown. By 1997, work had begun on Kayetour National Park, and in 1998 on historic Georgetown. However, to date Guyana has not made a successful nomination. Guyana has nominated Kayetour National Park, including Kayetour Falls, as a World Heritage Site for the first time. The proposed area has Guyana's diverse habitats, with one of the highest levels of endemic species found in South America. Kayetur Falls is the most impressive sight of the park, reaching up to 226 meters. The nomination of Kayetour National Park as a World Heritage Site was not successful, primarily because the evaluators considered the area too small compared to the Central Suriname Nature Reserve, which was nominated as a World Heritage Site (2000). The documentation was therefore returned to Guyana for reconsideration Guyana continues to apply for the World Heritage Site. After a brief hiatus, work continues on documentation for historic Georgetown. In December 2004, a list of requests for historic Georgetown designation was submitted to UNESCO. In April 2005, two Dutch conservation experts visited Georgetown for two weeks to survey historic buildings in the selected area. At the same time, as Kayetur National Park was considered too small, a proposal was made for an area including Kayetur National Park, Iwodkrama Forest and Kanuku Mountains. Iwokrama Rainforest, an area rich in biological diversity, is home to more than four hundred birds and other animals within the Kanuku Mountains. ### Attractions * St. George's Church: A historic wooden Anglican church. * Demerara Harbor Bridge: The fourth longest floating bridge in the world. * Berbice Bridge: The sixth longest bridge in the world. * Secretariat of the Caribbean Community: Here is the headquarters of the largest and most influential economic union in the Caribbean. * Providence (Stadium): The largest sports stadium in the country, located in the city of Providence on the north bank of the Demerara River. * Arthur Chung Conference Center: Gift to the Government of Guyana on behalf of the People's Republic of China. : * Stabrook Market: A cast-iron building located on the banks of the Demerara River. * Georgetown Town Hall: Georgetown Town Hall is a wood-framed, three-story example of Gothic Revival architecture. * Bridge over the Takutu River: a bridge connecting the cities of Lethem, Guyana and Bonfim, Brazil * Uman Yana: a national monument built for a meeting of foreign ministers in 1972 (it was restored in 2016). ## Economy The main economic activity in Guyana is agriculture (rice and sugar production). There is also bauxite and gold mining, timber, shrimp fishing and minerals. 28% of all export earnings come from the sugar industry, mainly owned by GuySuCo, which employs more people than any other industry. There are large foreign investments in many manufacturing industries. For example, American Reynolds Metals and British-Australian Rio Tinto are actively investing in Guyana's mining industry; The Korean-Malaysian company Barum has a large stake in the timber industry. Since 2015, foreign companies have made important discoveries in oil exploration. The main problems of the country include the lack of skilled labor, the lack of infrastructure and foreign debts. Low prices for key raw materials and agricultural products, along with difficulties in bauxite and sugar production, have threatened to worsen the government's already fragile financial position and clouded prospects for the future. However, moderate economic growth since 1999, thanks to the expansion of the agricultural and mining sectors, a more favorable environment for business ventures, a real exchange rate, and continued support from international organizations, has somewhat restored Guyana's economy. In 2008, during the global economic crisis, economic growth increased by 3%, in 2011 by 5.4% and in 2012 by 3.7%. Balata (natural latex) production was once big business in Guyana. Balt has been used to make cricket balls, temporary tooth fillings, sculptures and other decorative items. Major private sector organizations include the Private Sector Commission (PSC) and the Georgetown Chamber of Commerce and Industry (GCCI). In early 2007, the government revised the tax code. Value added tax (VAT) replaced six different taxes. Before the introduction of the VAT, sales tax evasion was easy and many businesses violated the tax code. Many businesses opposed the introduction of VAT, evaluating it as additional paperwork; however, the government has not changed its stance on VAT. By replacing multiple taxes with a single tax rate, it becomes easier for government auditors to find costs. This was common in the previous PRR/S government, which allowed VAT to be equal to 50% of the value of goods. President Bharat Jagdeo has given priority relief to debt relief. He persuaded the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank, and the Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) to write off $800 million in debt and millions more owed to industrialized countries. IDB President Moreno praised Jagdeo for his strong leadership and negotiation skills ## International and Regional Relations ### Organization of American States (OAS) \ <> Guyana joined this system in 1991. ### Indigenous Leaders of the Americas (ILSA) Summits In Guyana, the contribution of the Organization of American States (OAS) to Guyana can be significant, given the indigenous groups and the country's geographic location. The OAS' position on indigenous peoples has evolved over the years, supporting the organization of the Summits of Indigenous Leaders of the Americas (ILSA). ### Agreements Affecting Financial Relations (CARICOM) Double Taxation Relief Treaty 1994 On August 19, 1994, at the CARICOM meeting, representatives of Trinidad and Tobago and Guyana signed an agreement on exemption from double taxation. This agreement covered taxes, residence, tax jurisdiction, capital gains, business profits, interest, dividends, royalties and other areas. (FATCA) Foreign Account Taxation Act On June 30, 2014, Guyana signed an agreement with the United States regarding the Foreign Account Taxation Act (FATCA). This agreement contains reference to the Tax Information Exchange Agreement signed at Georgetown on July 22, 1992. ## Demographics The vast majority of Guyana's population (about 90%) lives along the coast, which stretches from 16 to 64 kilometers. The population of Guyana is currently racially and ethnically heterogeneous, with ethnic groups from India, Africa, Europe and China, as well as indigenous peoples. Regardless of ethnic origin, these groups have two common languages: English and Creole. The largest ethnic group is the Indo-Guyanese (also known as Indians), descendants of indentured laborers from India, who make up 43.5% of the population. They are followed by the descendants of slaves from Africa, who make up 30.2%. Intermarried Guyanese make up 16.7%, and indigenous peoples (locally known as Indians) make up 9.1%. Indigenous groups include the Arawak, Wai-Wai, Carib, Akawayo, Arecuna, Patamona, Wapiksana, Makushi, and Warao. [36] The two largest groups, Indo-Guyanese and Afro-Guyanese, experienced some racial tension. Most Indo-Guyanese are descended from Bhojpuri-speaking wage laborers from areas of North India. Fewer than that, the Tamil and Telugu group of peoples came from South India. During the 2002 census, it was observed that the share of the population of two main groups decreased. Indo-Guyanese made up 51.9% of the total population in the 1980 census, but by 1991 this figure had dropped to 48.6% and then to 43.5% in the 2002 census. The number of Afro-Guyanese increased from 30.8% to 32.3% in the first period (1980 and 1991) and then decreased to 30.2% in the 2002 census. A decrease in the share of the two largest groups during a small increase in the total population has led to a relative increase in the share of local Indian groups. Between 1991 and 2002, the number of Indians increased by 22,097. The number of Portuguese (4.3% in 1891) has been decreasing for decades. ### Major Cities ### Languages English is the official language of Guyana and is used in education, government, media and used for services. The majority of the population speaks Guyanese Creole, a Creole language based on English, as their mother tongue. In addition, a small part of the population speaks the languages of the Caribbean Indians that have been preserved for cultural and religious reasons (Akawayo, Wai-Wai, and Makushi). ### Religion According to the 2002 national census, 57.4% of the population are Christians, 28.4% are Hindus, 7.2% are Muslims, 1.9% follow other religions, and 2.3% of the population are There were those who did not follow religion. Among Christians, there are Protestants (34.8%), other Christians (20.8%), but also Catholics (7.1%). Vaishnavism is a major tradition among Hindus. Among Muslims, Sunnis, as well as Shias and Ahmadis predominate. Among other religions, the most popular are the Rastafari movement, Buddhism, and the Baha'i faith. ## Government and Politics In Guyana politics, the presidency is exercised within a democratic republic where the President of Guyana is the head of state and head of government, and also a multi-party system. Executive power is exercised by the President and the Government. Legislative power is vested in both the President and the Guyana National Assembly. Historically, politics has been a source of tension in the country, and there have been frequent riots during elections. In the 1970s and 1980s, the political period was dominated by the People's National Congress. In 1992, the first "free and fair" elections were held under the leadership of former US President Jimmy Carter, and the People's Progressive Party ruled the country until 2015. Both parties are largely organized along ethnic lines, resulting in frequent clashes over resource allocation. In the general elections held on November 28, 2011, the People's Progressive Party (PNP) won the majority and their presidential candidate, Donald Ramotar, was elected President. On May 11, 2015, early general elections were held. There, the Partnership for National Unity and Change (APNU-AFC) won 33 of the 65 seats in the National Assembly. On May 16, 2015, retired Army General David A. Granger was elected the eighth President of Guyana. \< > ## Infrastructure and Telecommunications ### Transport There are 187 kilometers of railways, all of which are used for the transportation of minerals, of which 7,969 kilometers are highways Waterways stretch 1,077 kilometers including Berbice, Port Kaitoum and New Amsterdam. 90 has about 100,000 runways, nine of which are paved. has priority in the electricity sector. Although the country has great potential for hydropower generation, most of its installed capacity of 226 MW is accounted for by inefficiently operated diesel generators. There are several initiatives to improve access to energy in the hinterland. Guyana has renewable energy resources and could benefit greatly from a shift to energy carriers. ## Health Life expectancy in Guyana is 67 years for both men and women in 2012. According to a 2014 World Health Organization report (2012 statistics), the country has the highest suicide rate in the world, with 44.2 deaths per 100,000 population. According to a 2011 WHO estimate, the prevalence of HIV/AIDS among adolescents/adults (15–49 years) is 1.2%. ## Education Guyana's literacy rate is 88.5%, the lowest in South America. The education system is not sufficiently focused on training specialists in the field of science and technology, technical and professional subjects, business management or computer sciences. Guyana's education system is modeled after the former British education system. Students are expected to take the NGSA (National Grade 6 Assessment) in Year 7 to enter secondary school. Guyana has introduced the same exams as all other Caribbean countries, while the British-era graded system is offered in only a few schools. ## Culture Guyana's culture is very similar to that of the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean, and it was historically associated with the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean during the 19th century as part of the British Empire. Guyana is one of the founding members of the Caribbean Community (CARICOM) economic bloc, as well as the bloc's headquarters and secretariat. Guyana's geographic location, sparsely populated areas of tropical forests, and significant Indian population distinguish it from the English-speaking countries of the Caribbean. Its mixture of Indo-Guyana (East Indian) and Afro-Guyana (African) gives it similarities with Trinidad and distinguishes it from other parts of North and South America. Guyana's musical tradition is a mixture of African, Indian, European and Latin elements. Different types of popular music include reggae, calypso, chutney, socha, local Guyanese Socha chutney, and Bollywood film songs or Indian music. ## Nature Guyana is home to over 900 species of birds, 225 species of mammals, 880 species of reptiles and over 6,500 species of various trees and plants. The most famous is the Arapaima, which is the largest freshwater fish in the world. In addition, there are giant anteaters, the most famous of birds, the mountain grouse (Rupicola rupicola). ## Sports The main sports in Guyana are cricket), basketball, football and volleyball. Minor sports include Softball (Beach Cricket), Field Hockey, Netball, Randers, Tennis, Table Tennis, Boxing, Squash, Rugby, Horse Racing and others. Guyana hosted international cricket matches as part of the 2007 World Cup (CWC 2007). The new 15,000-seat Providence stadium was built for the World Cup and was ready for the game on March 28. For international football purposes, Guyana is part of CONCACAF. Guyana also has five equestrian courses. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7704

Energy of Kazakhstan

Power industry of Kazakhstan — system of electricity and power production and power supply; It is an important branch of the industrial and social infrastructure of the national economy and the main base for the development of other branches of industry. ## The first power plants Due to the low level of development of productive forces in the pre-Soviet era, its energy base in Kazakhstan remained too young. According to the data, the power of all power stations in the Kazakh territory did not exceed 2.5 thousand kW/h, they have 1.3 million per year. kWh of electricity produced. Small locomotive or two-stroke oil power stations were used to service mining enterprises. The entire electric power of a mine like Uspensk was 32 kW, while the Spassk plant did not exceed 455 kW. Only 6 cities had small-capacity urban power plants. The first coal production from the hard coal mine in the Karaganda basin was in 1856. fuel industry in Kazakhstan has also developed poorly. In the period before the October revolution in 1917, 1182 thousand tons of coal were produced here. In 67 years before the revolution in Kazakhstan, 1.6 mln. t coal is produced. 1900 — 18 years. 1377 tons of oil was produced from the Embi oil field, including 1332 tons from the Dossor field (since 1911). The GOELRO plan (1920), adopted at the beginning of the Soviet era, had a great economic and political significance in electrification of the country. This plan is also directly related to Kazakhstan. It is intended to electrify Petropavlovsk, one of the major trade and industrial centers along the Siberian railway, Pavlodar district along the Irtysh river, and Dala region in the second place, to build 15,000 kW power stations in Pavlodar. According to this plan, in 1925 The construction of Karsakbay power stations began in 1928. a copper smelting plant was put into operation here. No this year. The Kharuiz HPP was put into operation, on the basis of which the Ridder lead plant was put into operation. 1925 — 26 41.2% of oil in Dossor, 87.8% in Makat was produced using electricity. During these years, electricity was used for the first time in the USSR for drilling oil wells and oil exploration. As a result of exploration of fuel and energy reserves in Kazakhstan, large deposits of coal and oil were found. Kazakhstan ranked second in the Soviet Union in terms of fossil fuel reserves. ## The main stages of the development of the electric power industry of Kazakhstan To divide the path of development of the electric power industry of Kazakhstan in the Soviet era into three main stages based on the analysis of the increase in the power of power plants in general, the production of electric power, the level of electrification of the economy will be: * The first period includes the years 1918-45, in this period large power plants were built by the size of that time, and the first energy centers appeared. * In the second period (1946-58), the production of electricity from one center at regional power stations increased dramatically, the first energy systems were created. * In the third period (1959-90), the energy base of the republic developed rapidly, and a regional energy system was formed. Thus, Kazakhstan has reached a situation where it fully meets its electricity needs and exports it to other countries. During this period, large regional hydroelectric power stations (ACES) were built in Almaty, Karaganda, Petropavlovsk, Zhambyl, Shymkent, and Pavlodar. Oskemen and Bukhtarma hydroelectric power stations (SPPs) were operating on the Irtys River, and Kapchagai SPPs were operating in Ile. The largest Aksu ASEP used cheap coal from the Ekibastuz mine. 1990 On the eve of the collapse of the economy of the USSR, the power of the power plants of the republic was 18 mln. kW, and the total electricity consumption of Kazakhstan is 104.8 bln. was 87.4 kW/h, of which 87.4 kW/h was produced in the owned power stations. 131.5 million in the republic in 1990. t of coal, 25.5 mln. t of oil and gas condensate and 6.8 bln. m3 of gas was produced. A significant part of the produced coal and oil was taken out of the republic. 1990 10 million to other countries. t coke and 46.6 mln. t energy. coal (42.9%), 21 mln. t of oil and gas condensate (82.4%) was produced. The share of gas in the fuel balance of the republic was 15%. 1990 the share energy capacity of the republic's national income was 4.01 kg per 1 som, which is 28% more than other allied republics. Since 1991, Kazakhstan's electric power industry has experienced a crisis. In the beginning of 1990, the existing energy capacity of the republic was about 17,000 mW, in 1998 by the middle of the year, this power was reduced to 10,000 mW. According to the results of 2000, the electricity consumption indicator decreased to 8560 mW. Kazakhstan imported electricity for the southern and western regions due to the lack of power generation capacity and the lack of a power grid capable of delivering it from regions with excess electricity. Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1996 made a decision on the need to reform the state monopoly on the assets of power generators and power stations of the electric power industry, thus creating a competitive electric power market. For this purpose, the government program for the structural reconstruction of the electric power industry was developed. The implementation of this program ensured the separation of the competitive part of the electric power industry (production and consumption of electricity) from natural monopolies (transmission and distribution of electricity). Large power plants (MPPs) were sold to investors, and regional thermal power plants (CHPs) were transferred to the ownership of local governments. On the basis of the assets of the main networks with a voltage of 1120, 500 and 220 kV, the Kazakhstan Company for the Management of Electric Networks ("KEGOC" JSC), on the basis of regional electric networks with a voltage of 110 — 35, 6 — 10 and 0.4 kV, distribution joint-stock joint-stock companies of electric networks (AEK JSC) was created. ## Program of Kazakhstan's energy development for 1997-2000 The program of further development of this industry for 1997-2000 envisages the following models of electricity market organization: \< > * competition on the price of electricity delivered to the final consumer; * existence of a single electricity market on two levels (wholesale and retail); * organization of electricity trading; conclusion of agreements on the provision of electricity distribution and distribution services at interregional ("KEGOC" OJSC), regional and local level (BECs) sites of market entities. The introduction of this model made it possible to create a market of bilateral term contracts. The dispatching control system from one center has been re-created, adapted to work in the case of separation of competitive (production and consumption of electricity) and monopolistic (distribution and distribution) parts of electric power, as well as quality indicators of electric power, in particular, the frequency of electric current improved. As a result of consistent implementation of the electricity sector reform program, positive changes were achieved since 2000: the market of bilateral time (forward) contracts was created and started to work. In the beginning of 2001, the initial export potential of the electric power sector of Kazakhstan was estimated at 500 — 1000 mW. For example, the Ekibastuz NPP company started exporting 300 MW of electric power to Russia (near Omby) in 2001. within the framework of the electric power development program until 2030, a plan to ensure the independence of Kazakhstan in terms of electric power until 2005 was prepared. In the market economy, all structures of natural monopoly in the electric power sector are under state control by the authorized body (Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources). Tariffs for distribution and distribution of electricity are regulated by the Agency for Regulation of Natural Monopolies and Protection of Competition of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 2000 On April 1, the Interdepartmental Commission on Tariffs implemented a new tariff calculation methodology for the provision of electricity distribution services on interregional power grids of JSC "KEGOC". The next period of deepening reforms in the electric power sector, which began in 2000, was based on the concept of improving the wholesale market of electric power of the Republic. In accordance with this concept, the Kazakhstan operator of the electric power market was created, which is entrusted with the task of managing the processes of electricity production and consumption in a market way. ## Owners On the basis of the reconstruction of the electric power sector of the Republic of Kazakhstan, electric power facilities were transferred to the hands of different owners: * large power plants were transferred to foreign companies respectively, * management, dispatching, etc. the task of solving the problems was entrusted to the Kazakhstani company for the management of electric grids - KEGOC; * power stations with a voltage of 110 kV and below are under the management of distribution electric companies within the framework of the former energy system; * the task of buying electricity from producers and selling it to consumers is assigned to the Kazakhstan operator of the electricity market. ## Source of raw materials Currently, about 2/3 of the energy production in Kazakhstan is produced in thermal power plants, and the rest is produced in thermal power plants. In the western region of Kazakhstan, as the source of energy raw materials is oil and natural gas, stations operating with liquid, gaseous and mixed fuel have been developed. In the eastern and southern regions, there are still no private sources of energy except water power. In this regard, they use nuclear fuel, portable oil, gas, and coal. The analysis of the calculated levels of electricity consumption shows that in the ten-year period since 1990, the volume of electricity consumption has decreased by almost 2 times in the republic and in the northern and western regions, and by almost 3 times in the southern region. ## Electricity consumption In the last 2-3 years, it was noticed that the rate of decrease of electricity consumption slowed down, and in the western region it started to increase. 27.4 billion in the first half of 2000. kWh of electricity was consumed, which is 7.2% more than in the same period of 1999. The increase in the volume of electricity production and consumption was mainly observed in the Western and Northern regions (Pavlodar-Ekibastuz region). In the Southern region of Kazakhstan (Almaty, South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda regions) there is no sufficient primary energy supply, so its electricity generation is based on imported coal, imported gas and fuel oil. The main sources of electricity in this region are Zhambyl NPP, Shymkent CHP-1, Almaty CHP, Kapshagai CHP. The deficit here will be compensated by electricity imported from the Central Asian republics through the North Kazakhstan UES, 220 — 500 kV power grids. 2000 Since June 15, parallel work with Russia's Unified Energy System was restored in the Northern part of the Unified Energy System (UES) of Kazakhstan, and in 2000 Since September, the energy system of Kazakhstan has been transferred to work in parallel with the energy system of Russia and Central Asia. Now, in all regions of Kazakhstan, in addition to regional power network companies, many intermediaries (traders) supply consumers with electricity. In the current structure of Kazakhstan's power grids, the main grids of 1150, 500, and 220 kV high-class systems are 1423 km, 5470 km, and 17900 km, respectively. Indicators of regional and local networks are as follows: 110 kV — 42,000 km, 35 kV — 61,500 km, 6 — 10 kV — 199,400 km and 0.4 kV — 115,500 km. When determining the need for fuel and energy reserves of the economy of the Republic, about 100 energy-saving technologies and measures were taken into account in various industries and social spheres. The water energy potential of the rivers of Kazakhstan is 200 billion. kW/h, and the economically efficient water-energy reserve is 23 — 27 bln. kWh was estimated. Currently, the level of utilization of the economic potential of hydraulic energy is only 20%. For the use of wind power, in the Dzungar Gate area (100 — 110 billion kWh), in the Mangistau Mountains (100 — 140 billion kWh), etc. There are favorable conditions in the districts. In the territory of South Kazakhstan, Almaty regions, geothermal water reserves suitable for heating and hot water supply have been identified. The use of underground water is 1 million per year. t allows to save conventional fuel. There is a certain potential of solar energy and biomass in the republic. The technical potential of such unusual sources of energy is 13 billion. is estimated per kW/h, including the guaranteed power that provides 5000 — 6000 hours per year — 380 mW. Energy production 1.9 — 2.3 bln. kWh

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7748

Shaldai forest

Shaldai Forest is a rare coniferous forest located in the State Nature Reserve "Irtys Forest" (Shaldai village, Pavlodar region). Scientists also believe that "Shalday pines grow only in Australian forests." ## Protection of Shaldai forest Currently, this area is being destroyed due to fires and illegal logging. Today, the area of burned fields in Shaldai is 60 thousand hectares. It will take about 30 years to restore the fields in Shaldai that were burned. Taking a loan from the "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" to protect Shaldai forest (2007). The cost of the forest conservation project is 63.5 million dollars. 30 million dollars of this amount will be taken as a loan from the bank. The Global Environmental Fund will provide $5 million. Only 28 million dollars are considered from the republican budget. According to Maksat Elemesov, Deputy Head of Forest and Specially Protected Natural Areas Department of the Forestry and Hunting Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the above-mentioned project is only suitable for six years. It turns out that the huge amount of money pouring in from all sides is only enough to restore 2000 hectares of forest area. Currently, tree nurseries are also working.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7747

Asanali Ashimuly Ashimov

Asanali Ashimuly Ashimov (born May 8, 1937 in Zhaiilma, Sarysu district, Zhambyl region) is a Soviet and Kazakh film and theater actor, film and theater director, theater teacher, professor. People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1976), People's Artist of the USSR (1980). The laureate of the State Prize of the Kazakh SSR (1973), the laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1974). President of the Association of Theaters of Kazakhstan. Artistic director of the Kazakh State Academic Drama Theater named after Mukhtar Auezov. Labor Man of Kazakhstan (2017). This is what he says about his childhood during the harsh war years:- I walked barefoot until the first snowfall. One day it was snowing heavily during the lesson. All my classmates were taken home by their parents. And I was alone in the cold clay school. I was nine years old then. I was so scared all night that in the morning I felt ten years older when I left school. ## Read more * Asanali Ashimuly was born on May 8, 1937 in Zhayilma, Sarysu district, Zhambyl region. He came from the Sherkesh clan of the Bayuly tribe. * In 1956 - 1961, he graduated from the theater faculty of the Kazakh National Conservatory named after Kurmangazy, majoring in acting. * Since 1961, he was accepted as an actor at the Kazakhfilm film studio. * Since 1964, in the cast of the Kazakh State Academic Drama Theater named after Mukhtar Auezov. ## Main roles on the stage On the stage of the Kazakh State Academic Drama Theater named after Mukhtar Auezov: M. Auezov's "Abay" Kerim, "Enlik-Kebeg" Kebek, "Kara Kypchak Kobylandy" Aishuak, "Morning Echo" Zharasbay, G. Kodar, K. in "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan beauty" by Musirepov. Mukhamedzhanov, Sh. Iosif Tataevich in Aitmatov's "Meeting on the Hill", Julius Caesar in Shakespeare's "Julius Caesar", M. In Frisch's "Don Juan's Dream" Don Juan, A. Nurpeyisov's "Blood and sweat" Elaman, I. In Vovnyanko's "Apat", the main character, as well as in many other productions, has a bright character and expressive imprint of an outstanding actor. And A. G. Ashimov's last complex work on the black house scene. Dr. Clausen in Hauptmann's drama Love in the Twilight. etc. acted in many videos. ## Cinema Ashimov is considered one of the actors who raised Kazakh cinema to the world level. His film roles include Bekezhan ("Girl Silk", 1971), Shadiyarov ("The End of Ataman", 1971, Kazakhstan State Prize, 1972), Mambet ("Waterfall", 1973), Kasymkhanov ("Trans-Siberian Express"), 1977, All-Union 11- the prize of the film festival, 1978), Kemel ("The taste of bread"), Nurgazy ("Alatau's moon horn"), Karazhal ("Warrior", 1980), Chinggis Khan ("A warm wind from the Bulgar field", 1998) are examples of real acting skills like Ashimov is widely recognized as a director. He staged N. Gogol's "Inspector" (1979, he played the role of Duanbasy), G. Musirepov's "Amangel", I. Orazbayev's "Is there any poison I didn't drink?" !" (both 1987), S. Vanus's "Sultan Bolsam Eger Men" (1988), in Zh. Aimauytov's performances "Akbilek" (1989) and "The Year of the Snake" (1981, with Tsoi Guk-in; received a diploma of the 15th All-Union Film Festival in Tallinn in 1982), "Shokan Ualikhanov" (1984; 4-series TV movie, he played the role of Chinggis) played), the films "Kozy Korpesh - Bayan Sulu" (1995) also show a wide range of Ashimov's directorial creativity. The documentary film "Asanali" dedicated to Ashimov's art (1986, directed by I. A. Vovnyanko) was shot. Ashimov is an honorary professor of Zhambyl and Shymkent universities. In 1979-1982, he worked as a teacher. Since 1990, he has been the president of the "Elim-ay" film studio. Awarded with the "Parasat" order. ## Books * "Mayra's song" * "Separate soul" * "Alash's Asanali" * "My genre is a diary" \ <> * "Gumyr-darya" ## About him * In his native village, his grandfather (father's father) built a mosque under the name of Ishak Paridar. * Every year he organizes a regional chess tournament named after his father Ashim Yskakuly. * He named his youngest son after himself and named him Asanali. ## State awards * The honorary title of Kazakhstan's Man of Labor with a gold star was awarded by the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev on May 18, 2017, for his outstanding contributions to the Kazakh film industry. (Astana, Akorda). Awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan * In 2000, laureate of the "Platiny Tarlan" independent award * In 2001, he was awarded the highest state award of the country, the Order of the Fatherland. * In 2003, the laureate of the first "Shaken Stars" festival * In 2007, the Order of Wisdom * In 2007, the Order of Honor (on the eve of the 70th anniversary) * In 2008, the medal "10 years to Astana" \ <> * In 2012, the badge of the Ministry of Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Excellence in the field of culture of Kazakhstan"; * In 2014, the highest state award of the country for his outstanding works in the Kazakh theater and cinema was awarded by the commander N.A. Nazarbayev himself with the Order of Friendship of the 1st degree (Akorda, Astana); * In 2016, the medal "25 years of Kazakhstan's independence" * Medal for contribution to national security * Multiple-time winner of the first presidential degree of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * Several times winner of the state diploma of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of culture and art; Awards of the USSR * Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR * Winner of the State Prize of the Kazakh SSR in 1973 * Winner of the State Prize of the USSR in 1974 * People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR in 1976. * People's Artist of the USSR in 1980 * Medal of the "Veteran of Labor" of the USSR * Prize winner of several film festivals of the USSR International awards * In 2007, he was awarded the Gold Order of Russia named after Lomonosov. In 2011, the laureate of the CIS "Star of the Commonwealth" international award and the "Star of the Commonwealth" Order; * laureate of the "Legend Adam" National Award in 2013; * In 2007, he was awarded the "Golden Eagle" Order of the UNESCO International Academy for his great contribution to world cinema. * A separate star alley has been opened in Almaty. Honorary titles * Honored citizen of several regions and villages of Kazakhstan * Honored citizen of Zhambyl region in 2002 * Honored citizen of Almaty city in 2015 * Honored citizen of Turkestan region in 2017 \< > * Honored Citizen of Sarysu District * Honored Professor of Several Higher Education Institutions of Kazakhstan * Honored Worker of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Gold Medal of Girls' University "Ulagat" in 2015; * Awarded the special title of the "Sakhnager - 2017" National Theater Award of the Association of Theaters of Kazakhstan "For a huge contribution to the development of Kazakh theater". (Astana, March 27, 2017) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7711

Zhumatai Aliyuly Aliyev

Aliev, Zhumatay Aliuly — head of the Secretariat of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. He was born on June 20, 1952 in Zhambyl region. Graduated from Leningrad State University, Almaty Institute of National Economy, philosopher, economist. Doctor of philosophy, professor, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, academician of the Academy of Sciences. After graduating from the university, he worked as a teacher at the Almaty State Medical Institute. In 1977-1982, he worked as an instructor of the Almaty city committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, the second secretary of the Frunze district committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine, and an instructor of the Alatau district party committee of the Communist Party of Ukraine. 1982-1983 - Senior technologist engineer, deputy chief engineer at the Almaty dairy plant. 1983-1997 - senior lecturer at the Almaty Institute of Architecture and Construction, head of the Department of Socio-Economics at the Almaty Veterinary Institute, head of the humanitarian training center of KazMAU. 1997-2001 - President, rector of the University of Central Asia. 2001-2008 - Head of the Secretariat of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Deputy Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. 2008-2012 - Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the University of Central Asia, professor, head of the public fund "Stable Kazakhstan". Since January 2012 - the fifth elected deputy of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Elected by the People's Assembly of Kazakhstan. Awarded with "Barys" orders of III, II degrees. He knows German, English, Russian, Kazakh languages. Married, has children and grandchildren. ## References Composition and structure of Majilis, ALIEV Zhumatay

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7705

Geography of Kazakhstan

The Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the central part of the Eurasian continent. The territory of the republic is 2,727,300 km². The country owns 2% of the land inhabited by people and 5% of the area of Eurasia. In terms of its territory, it is among the top ten countries of the world and is considered the largest of the landlocked states. It ranks 9th in the world in terms of land area. Its total area is 2% of the entire globe, 6.1% of Asia. It ranks fourth after Russia, India, and China on the Eurasian continent, and second after Russia among the CIS countries. ## General overview There are more than 48 thousand large and small lakes and about 3 thousand dams on the territory of Kazakhstan. Due to climatic conditions, most of the lakes are located in the north of Kazakhstan. Among them, in addition to the Caspian Sea, Aral Sea and large lakes such as Balkash, Zaysan Alakol, most of them (94 percent) are lakes less than one square kilometer in size. All lakes are dead lakes. Their level changes from time to time. The water of most of them is salty, so the sediment is salty, and salt is produced from them. Kazakhstan has 22 lakes with an area of more than 100 square kilometers. They occupy 60 percent of the entire area of lakes in the republic. In the west of Kazakhstan lies the lower reaches of the Volga, the Caspian region and the Turan basin, in the east the Altai mountains, in the north the West Siberian plain, and in the south the Kyzylkum desert and the Tien-Shan mountain system. From west to east - 3000 km, from north to south - 1600 km. The population of the republic is 17.4 million. more than human. The share of the city population is 56%. The population density of Kazakhstan is 6.6 people per 1 square kilometer. The extreme points of the territory of the republic are 55°26'- 40°56' N. e. and 45°27'-87°18'N. b. located between ## Physical-geographical situation of Kazakhstan From the point of view of physical-geographical situation, Kazakhstan is located almost at the same distance from the Pacific Ocean and the Atlantic Ocean, as well as the Indian Ocean and the Arctic Ocean. Its remoteness from the oceans and the large area form its unique climate. Kazakhstan stretches for 3,000 km from the lower reaches of the Volga River in the west, to the foothills of the Altai Mountains in the east, from the West Siberian Plain in the north, to the Kyzylkum desert and the Tien-Shan mountain system in the south for 1,600 km. The geographical location of the republic determines its natural conditions. Kazakhstan is located in the middle and southern latitudes of the temperate zone. At the same latitudes, Eastern Europe is distinguished by its temperate continental climate, and Western Europe by its subtropical climate, while Kazakhstan stands out with its continental climate. The nature of the territory of Kazakhstan differs greatly from one end to the other. For example, when apples and apricots blossom in the foothills of the south, a cold, snowy blizzard is still blowing in the north of the republic. Strict Siberia and rugged Central Asia meet in Kazakhstan. Depending on the geographical location, forest steppe, steppe, desert and desert zones are formed on the territory of the republic. The western edge of the republic (45°27' N) is near Elton and Baskunchak lakes, and the eastern point (87°18' N) It corresponds to the source of the Buktarma River. Along the latitude from west to east, as you go deeper into the continent, the continentality of the climate increases. In the south-eastern and eastern mountainous regions of Kazakhstan, there are various altitude zones with complex landscapes. Depending on the geographical location of Kazakhstan, the change of the four seasons is clearly visible in all regions. Kazakhstan has access to the countries of Azerbaijan and Iran through the Caspian Sea, to the Azov and Black Seas through the Volga River and the Volga-Don Canal. Most of the land is flat. It allows development of various economic activities. ### Border The total length of the border of Kazakhstan is 13394 km, with the sea (Caspian) more than 2000 km. Kazakhstan borders Russia in the west, northwest and north for 7591 km. The eastern border of the republic, stretching for 1782 km from Altai to Tien-Shan (Khantangiri massif), corresponds to the state border with the People's Republic of China. In the south, it borders independent states: Turkmenistan - 426 km, Uzbekistan - 2354 km and Kyrgyzstan - 1241 km. The borders of the republic in the west - the Caspian basin and some parts of the Outer Syrt plateau, in the north - the south of the West Siberian Plain; in the south it crosses the Turan valley, and in the east and southeast the western part of Altai, Sauyr, Tarbagatai ridges, the main part of Zhetisu (Dzungar) Alatau and the northern ridges of Tien-Shan. ## Climate The extreme continentality and dryness of the climate of Kazakhstan is due to its geographical location and distance from the ocean. In the north, it is moderately cold, summer is moderately warm, in the south, winter is warm, summer is hot and dry. Due to the vast territory of Kazakhstan, the weather can be significantly different in different regions of the country. For example, it is not surprising that in the north there is still snow and a blizzard is blowing when crops are being planted in the south. Formation of the climate of Kazakhstan is influenced by arctic, temperate sea and tropical air masses. The coldest month in Kazakhstan is January. The average January temperature reaches -19°С in the north (Petropavl), -2°С in the south (Darbaza), and on some days it reaches -54°С in the northeast. July is the warmest month of Kazakhstan. The average July temperature is +19°С in the north, +28°С +30°С in the south, the highest temperature is +41°С in the north, +47°С in the south. The total amount of radiation from north to south is equal to 4200-5500 MJ/m². In winter - air pressure is high. In summer - air pressure is low. Temperate, tropical, arctic air masses pass through the territory of the republic throughout the year. Winds found in Kazakhstan: Saikan, Ebi, Shilik, Arystandy-Karabas, Kordai, Mugalzhar winds. The wind always blows at Dzungar Gate. ## History of geographical research ### Studies in antiquity (early) * Herodotus (5th century BC ). In his works, he gave information about the Zhayik, Zhem, and Volga rivers. * K. Ptolemy (c. 90-160 years, II century). It is said that Syrdarya and Amu Darya flow into the Caspian. Mapped the Aral Sea (Oxian). * Strabo (63-24 BC) believed that the Caspian Sea is not a closed basin, but a gulf of the Northern Ocean, and the Aral Sea is a gulf of the Caspian Sea. He left correct information about Syrdarya and Amu Darya. ### The Great Silk Road According to Chinese records, BC There is information about the relations of the Uysin state with the Chinese government in the II-I centuries. The beginning of the Silk Road began in the area of the Yellow River Valley in China. It passes through the western edge of Great China and reaches Issykkol along the Ile River. Meanwhile, the road branches off to the south and north to exit to the west and north-west. The southern route goes to the countries of Ferghana, Samarkand, Iraq, Iran, Syria and the Mediterranean Sea. And the northern route reaches the city of Ispijab (Sairam) in South Kazakhstan and is divided into two branches. One of them went to Central Asia, the other went through Turkestan along the lower reaches of Syrdarya to western Kazakhstan and went to Europe. Trade cities in South Kazakhstan - Suyab, Kulan, Taraz, Otyrar, Balasagun, Sayram, Sauran. ### From ancient times to the 18th century. Period until the 30s In this era, as a result of random trips of merchants and ambassadors, the best and most basic data about the appearance of the Kazakh land were collected. Abu Nasir Al-Farabi contributed to the formation of modern geographical names of the Kazakh land, his astronomical research (sun and hour, etc.) supplemented the information about the Kazakh land. Mahmud Kashkari's work "Diwani Lugat at-Turk" had great geographical significance. On the "round map" of the world preserved in the handwritten state of the scientist, he recorded many objects of the Kazakh land. At the same time, he tried to explain geographical names in Kazakhstan by connecting them with natural conditions. Valuable information is provided about some historical events that took place in Kazakhstan and Central Asia (for example, about Alexander the Great's campaign). Elyu Chu - Tsai (1219) and Chan Chun (1221) collected information about the countries between the Ile-Talas rivers. He described the natural conditions of Talas and Syrdarya rivers. ### Research conducted by Russian travelers in Kazakhstan Kadyrgali Zhalayr wrote a book of geographical content called "Collection of Annals". Kadyrgali Zhalayiri reviews Eastern countries and their cities in "Zylnama" and defines Turkic tribes. Focuses on the biographies of Kazakh khans. He left very valuable historical data about the Kazakh land and its cities. In the 17th century, the territory of Kazakhstan S. He entered the map "The drawing book of Siberia" made by Remezov. In the second half of the 19th century, the nature of Kazakhstan was described from a scientific and geographical point of view. Semenov-Tian-Shansky (1827-1914) was the first among the European scientists to study the Tien-Shan, in 1856-1857 he went to the Central and Northern Tien-Shan to the Han-Tangiri massif. In 1851, when Semenov-Tian-Shansky went on a trip to Tien-Shan, he met Shokan Ualikhanov in Omsk and directed his future scientific work. With the advice of Semenov-Tyan-Shansky, Shokan made the famous journey to Kashgar. He collected rich collections and discovered hundreds of previously unknown species of plants and animals. Under his leadership Sh. Ualikhanov, N.M. Przhevalsky, G.I. Potanin, I.D. Chersky, V.A. Obruchev et al. expeditions were organized. N.A. Severtsov (1827-1885) in 1857-1867 explored the Aral Sea, the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and the Karatau ridges. N.A. Severtsov's research on Kazakhstan P.P. Coincided with Semenov's study of Tien-Shan. He first traveled to the Aral Sea and the lower mouth of the Syrdarya. After that, he conducted research and observation works in Tien-Shan, Zhetisu, Kyzylkum, Karatau regions, explored Ustirt and Mughalzhar. As a result of these studies, N.A. Severtsov expanded scientific ideas about the distribution of animals in Kazakhstan. I.V. Mushketov (1850-1902) studied the structure of Tien-Shan and Dzungar Alatau. In addition, Ileni, Kungei and Teriskei crossed several places in Alatau. I.V. Mushketov wrote the work "Turkestan" (1886-1906) on the physical geography and geology of Central Asia. The main part of Mushketov's Turkestan monograph studied the Tien-Shan mountain system, its glaciation, as well as the meteorological conditions in the formation of yellow (loess) soil and loamy clay soils in the plains at the foot of the mountains and in the inter-ridge valleys and depressions. He determined the boundaries and made the first geological age (1881). He collected valuable data on the causes of the earthquake in Verny (Almaty) in 1887 and wind action in desert areas. LS Berg (1876-1950) studied the salt lakes in North Kazakhstan, the Aral Sea. Berg studied the fishes of the Aral Sea and Lake Balkash. The obtained scientific data were included in his three-volume book "Freshwater Fish of the USSR and Neighboring Countries" (1948–49). Sh. Ualikhanov (1835-1865) studied Dzungar Alatau and Ile region. Proved similarities between Balkhash and Alakol. He made maps of Central Asia and East Turkestan. "Map of the distance between Lake Balkhash and Alatau ridge", "Project of the city of Kulzha", "Additional map to the conclusion of the Issykkol expedition", etc., were edited by him. prepared. ### Exploration of the territory of Kazakhstan in the new era K. I. Satbaev (1899-1963) as a result of long-term research of Central Kazakhstan, gave the opportunity to discover a very rich copper deposit in Zhezkazgan. Special attention was paid to regions rich in mineral raw materials, such as Saryarka, Kendy Altai. Topography and climate were studied and climate zoning was made. He has more than 640 scientific works. * In 1920, a research society was established in Kazakhstan. * In 1939, a special Department of Geography was created and it was headed by scientist N.N. Baransky led. He divided Kazakhstan into 5 economic districts. * In 1946, the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences was established. * In 1950, the monograph "Kazakhstan" was published. ## Geological structure of the territory of Kazakhstan Before the Paleozoic, the land of Kazakhstan was a mobile zone covered by sea water. Only in the western region of Kazakhstan, a small region of the East European platform, a stabilized part of the earth's crust, has formed. During the Caledonian mountain formation, which occurred in the first half of the Paleozoic, due to the movements in the earth's crust, the north of the Tien-Shan mountains and the northwest of the Saryarka mountains in Kazakhstan rose. The mountains formed in the Paleozoic were eroded, washed away, the rocks were transported to other places, filled the depressions and became plains. Pre-Paleozoic rocks: North, Tien-Shan ranges, Mughalzhar, north and west of Saryarka. * Paleozoic rocks: distributed in Mughalzhar, Saryarka, Northern Tien-Shan, Dzungar Alatau. * Mesozoic rocks: found only in Mangistau, Ile, and Torgai depressions. * Cenozoic rocks Paleogene sediments: found in Shu, Ile, Zaysan regions. Neogene sediments: found in high mountain slopes Anthropogenic sediments: found in Caspian basin, Karakum, Torgai plateau. * Paleogene sediments: Found in Shu, Ile, Zaisan regions. * Neogene sediments: found in high mountain slopes * Anthropogenic sediments: found in the Caspian basin, Karakum, Torgai plateau. ### The development and formation of the terrain in the territory of Kazakhstan The current terrain of Kazakhstan was formed as a result of long periods of paleogeographic development, alternating marine and continental conditions, constant changes in climate, and tectonic movements. Varian (Hercynian) mountain systems, which were in the central part of the republic, turned into remnant ridge denudation plains and low mountains due to intense continental deformation since the Paleozoic. Only in the Quaternary period, the climate of the Mangistau Peninsula and adjacent areas turned into a dry flat land. The formation process of the highlands formed in the Neogene-Quaternary period in the southeast of Kazakhstan continues to this day. It is evidenced by the movements and tremors of the earth's crust in this region. The mountainous region has been covered by ice 3 times in its natural history, as a result of which snow, glaciers, valleys, and moraine materials are exposed here. ## The main features of the terrain ### Plains 1/3 of the land of Kazakhstan is the southern part of the West Siberian Plain (Northern Kazakh Plain ), occupies the Turan basin, the Caspian basin. It is bordered by Saryarka and Altai mountains in the south, the Ural Mountains in the west, and the Middle Siberian plateau in the east. The West Siberian plain is divided into the Irtys region and the Yesil-Tobyl plains. The topography of the plain is uniform, the absolute height is up to 50-200 m. The location of the Turan basin in the interior of the land, compared to the latitudes of Eastern Europe where it is located, the climate is colder in winter and hotter in summer, it is more continental, the erosion process caused by wind and temperature, the aeolian landforms, the soil and vegetation cover in a dry climate are characteristic of the desert. determines the distribution of species. The Syrdarya river divides the Turan basin into the north and south, in the south - Kyzylkum, in the north - Karakum, Big and Small Borsyk sands. It is bordered by the General Syrt plateau in the north, the Ural plateau in the east, the Mangistau mountains in the south, and the Ergene plateau in the west. Its length is 1000 km from west to east. Its width is 500 km. The area is 200 thousand km². The Caspian basin is one of the largest plains in the country. Salt domes are a special structure of the basin. In the southern part, steep hills of 10-15 m are widespread. Running water is scarce. ### Plateaus and plateaus The plateaus occupy the highest and largest part of the terrain of Kazakhstan. They are: plateau (Mangistau), Torgai, Ural plateau, a part of the entire Syrt plain, Betpakdala plateau, plains near Balkhash. Plateau (Mangistau) - the Aral Sea and the Caspian depression (Mangistau Peninsula) are bounded by steep-sided belts. Its surface layer, which is several dozen meters thick, serves as a shield protecting loose rocks from destruction. The absolute height increases from 22 meters (northern ridge) to 314 meters (muzbel), the absolute height of the bottom of the depressions between the ridges ranges from 63 meters (Barsakelmes depression) to 100 meters. Torgay Plateau is mainly in the territory of Kostanay region, a small part is included in the territory of Akmola and Karaganda regions. It lies between Saryarka in the east, Mughalzhar in the west and the Urals in the south. The depression between the Torgai Plateau and Saryarka is called "Torgai Gate". It is located in the north of the Turan plate. The average height is 200-300 m. The pre-Ural plateau covers the distance between the Caspian basin and the Mughalzhar mountains. Its northeastern part rises to 400-450 m. Zhem, Kainar, Sakig, Oyil, Elek, Or, Sarikobda, Bolkhokobda, Buldyrty, Ulengti rivers originate here. The plateau decreases to the southwest. The average height is 100-300 m. General Syrt is a large plateau between the Ural Mountains and the Volga River. The south-eastern part of Kyrat is located in the north-west of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Watershed between Volga and Zhaiyk. The average height is 259 m (Eshkitau). Betpakdala plateau occupies the southern part of Ulytau district, it is located between Shu and Sarysu rivers. It is bordered by Lake Balkash in the east, the lower reaches of the Sarysu River in the west, the valley of the Shu River in the south, and Saryarka in the north. There are salt lakes, sor, barren, dead hollows with no flow. The average height is 300-350 m. The highest point is the Zheltau ridge at 974 m. The Balkash plain is bordered by Lake Balkash in the south, Dzungar Alatau in the southeast, Ile Alatau in the south, and Shu-Ile mountains in the west. The average height is 350-700 m. ### Mountainous regions Low mountain regions Low mountain regions include individual mountain massifs in the low mountain regions of Kazakhstan and Tien-Shan, Zhetysu Alatau, Tarbagatai, The topography of the region includes the slopes of the Saury and Altai mountain systems up to 1900-2100 m. Saryarka or Kazakh small hill The western and northwestern parts of Saryarka were formed during the formation of the Caledonian, and the eastern part of the Hercynian mountain. In the west - Torgai plateau, in the east - Sauyr-Tarbagatai, in the south - Lake Balkash, Betpakdala, in the north - the North Kazakh plain. The highest places are Aksoran (1565 m) and Karkaraly (1403 m). Chingistau (1305 m), Ulytau (1133 m), Bayanaul (950 m) mountains. Mugalzhar will be the southern continuation of the Ural Mountains. The average length is 450 km from north to south. The average height is 657 m. The highest place is Bolshoi Boktibay. Rocks: igneous, sedimentary rocks. Mangistau Mountains The Mangistau Peninsula of the Caspian Sea is younger than Saryarka, but its structure and topography are similar. The lack of water resources is an obstacle to the development of natural resources of the Mangistau Peninsula. The highest point is Karatau (Besshoky 556 m), the lowest point is Karakiya (-132 m). High mountain regions High mountain regions include the Altai, Sauyr-Tarbagatai, Zhetysu Alatau, Tien-Shan mountain systems in the east and south-east of Kazakhstan. Altai The mountain and part of the region are located in East Kazakhstan region. It is divided into three districts: South, West or Kindi Altai and Kalba ridges. * Southern Altai: lies between Buktyrma in the north and Kara Irtys river in the south. * Western or Mineral Altai: Kyzylkaragai, Kholzun, Katyn ridge (Muztau 4506 m) entering the territory of Kazakhstan from the west. Very large polymetallic deposits (copper, zinc, tin, lead, tungsten, silver, gold) are concentrated in Ore Altai. * Kalba Mountain Range: It is considered a continuation of the Altai Mountains to the west of the Irtys River. The highest place is Saryshok (1606m), Sauyr, Zaysan in the north of Tarbagatai, and Alakol pothole in the south. Tarbagatai (Barkytbel) Only its northern part is included in the territory of Kazakhstan, there are glaciers in the north. The highest point is Tastau peak (2992 m). Sauyr Eastern continuation of Saryarka, the highest point is Muztau peak (3816 m) Dzungar mountain region From east to west, it stretches about 400 km lying mountains, width from 50 to 190 km. Their topography is characterized by the alternation of mountain ridges separated by collapsing tectonic ledges and interstellar depressions. Zhetysu Alatau is located from west to east between the Alakol pothole in the north and the Ile river valley in the south. "Zhetisu Gate" is the inter-community passage connecting the depression of Lake Ebinur and the Alakol pothole in China. The highest place is Besbakan - 4622 m. Zhetysu Alatau (5000 m): It is divided into the Northern Ridge and the Southern Ridge. Tien-Shan mountain region covers the southeastern and eastern part of Kazakhstan. It consists mainly of mountain chains located close to the latitude direction. The highest peaks are Zhenys (7439 m) and Khantangiri (6995 m). Karatau, Kyrgyz Alatau, Shu-Ile mountains, Ile Alatau and Ketpen (Uzynkara) ridges overlook Kazakhstan. Ketpen ridge Ketpen ridge, Uzynkara is a ridge entering the northern arc of the Tien-Shan mountain system. It starts from Tien-Shan and is divided by the Ketpen intermountain depression. The west is in Kazakhstan, the east is in China. Length - 300 km, width - 40-50 km. The highest point is Nebesnaya peak (3652 m). Kungei Alatau Kungei Alatau is a mountain range with a length of 275 kilometers. It joins with Ile Alatau to form Northern Tien-Shan. The northern slope of the eastern part is on the territory of Kazakhstan. The highest ridge is the peak of Imanbulak, 4647 m. Ile Alatau The highest mountain range in the north of Tien Shan. Its length is 350 km. The highest point is Talgar peak (4973 m). Kyrgyz Alatau It is located in the west of Kungei and Ile Alatau. The northern slope of the western part is in Kazakhstan (Zhambyl region). The total length is 375 km. Western Tien-Shan It starts from Talas Alatau and stretches to the south-west. Large mountains - Ogem, Piskem, Karatau (2176 m). Karatau is the extreme northwestern ridge of Tien-Shan, which has undergone severe changes. High mountain peaks of Kazakhstan * Khantangiri (Saryjaz ridge) - 6995 m, * 100-year peak of the All-Union Geographical Society (meridian ridge) - 6276 m, * Talgar peak (Ile Alatau) - 4973 m, * Shoktal mountain (Kungey Alatau) - 4770 m, * Besbakan mountain (Dzungar Alatau) - 4622 m, * Metallurgter mountain (Ile Alatau) - 4600 m , * Muztau peak (Altai mountain, Katyn ridge) - 4506 m, * Manas peak (Talas Alatauy) - 4482 m, * Ashutor mountain (Teriskei Alatauy) 4427 m, * Muztau mountain (Dzongar Alatauy) - 4370 m, * Komsomol peak (Ile Alatauy) - 4330 m. ## Minerals Oil, gas — estimated reserves of oil in Kazakhstan are 20-25 billion. t., about 200 oil and gas fields have been explored. The recoverable reserve of discovered oil is 2.2 billion tons, gas - 2.5 trillion/m³. About 200 coal deposits are concentrated. Geological reserves - 164.4 billion tons. Including: hard coal 17.6 bln. t; lignite 92.8 bln. etc. ### Minerals Iron - geological reserves of 17 bln. etc. 93% of it is taken by large deposits. Chromite — Kazakhstan ranks second in the world in terms of chromite reserves. Funds - 230 mln. etc. Mughalzhar Mountain is the region with the largest ore deposit. Manganese — the balance fund is 400 mln. etc. Estimated funds are 850-900 mln. etc. Copper - large deposits of Zhezkazgan, Zhamantai copper deposit of 10 mln. etc. exceeds. Lead-zinc - there are more than 100 deposits. Bauxite is the most common raw material for aluminum. There are 200 deposits. Gold — there are 196 gold deposits. Kazakhstan is one of the ten countries in the world in terms of gold reserves, and third in terms of production. ### Rare metals Molybdenum — Kazakhstan ranks fourth in the world and first among Asian countries in terms of molybdenum reserves. There are 84 deposits. Kazakhstan ranks first in the world in terms of tungsten resources. 53% of tungsten reserves are concentrated in 16 large deposits. Uranium - more than 100 deposits are concentrated in Kazakhstan. There are 50 deposits in North Kazakhstan. ## Internal waters There are 85,022 rivers in Kazakhstan, including 84,694 small (up to 100 km long), 305 medium (up to 500 km) and 23 belong to the group of large (more than 500-1000 km rivers). Rivers full of water in Altai, Zhetysu in the southeast, in Ile-Alatau (frequency of river network 0.4-1.8 km), Aral and near Caspian desert regions, river network frequency reaches 0.03 km . Its length is 1000 km. rivers that pass through: Syrdarya, Shu, Ile, Irtys, Zhayik, Esil, Tobyl. ### Rivers Caspian Sea basin — includes the rivers of Western Kazakhstan. They include: Zhayik, Zhem, Gum, Oyil, Bolshoi Ozen, Kishi Ozen. Rivers of South and Central Kazakhstan belong to the basin of the Aral Sea. They are: Syrdarya, Arys tributary, Shu, Sarysu, Torgai, Yrgyz, Talas. Balkash-Alakol basin — includes rivers in the south-east of Kazakhstan. Karatal, Lepsi, Aksu, Ile, Tentek, Sarkan, Baskan. ### Lakes Kazakhstan has a total of 48,262 lakes by area. 45,248 of the lake area are small lakes (area up to 1 km²). There are 296 large lakes with an area of more than 10 km², and 21 very large lakes with an area of more than 100 km². Very large lakes: Balkash, Zaysan, Alakol, Tengiz (Nura). ### Glaciers * 328 glaciers in the Altai ridges, * 18 glaciers in the Saury ridge, * 1369 glaciers in Zhetysu Alatau, * Tien-Shan There are 1009 glaciers. The largest glacier in Kazakhstan is the Korzhenevsky glacier in Ile Alatau. Its length is 12 km, thickness is 210-300 m, it is located at an altitude of 3560 m, the area is 38.0 km², the total volume is 6.32 km³. ## Soil cover Since the territory of Kazakhstan is large, its soil cover is complex and diverse. It is clearly visible that the soil cover is spread over zones. The territory of Kazakhstan is divided into three soil zones: * Black soil 9.5%. (north of 52° s.e.) * Dark brown soil 34%. (between 52°-48° N) * Brown, gray brown soil 44%. (to the south of 48° N) Each nature belt is distinguished by its soil, changing from north to south into forest steppe, steppe, desert and desert zones. At the same time, soil cover changes from west to east in nature zones. ## Natural zones, plants and animals of Kazakhstan Brief description of the natural zones of the flat parts of Kazakhstan ## Geography of the population of Kazakhstan \ <> The population of the republic is more than 18.6 million people (2020). It ranks 4th in the CIS after Russia, Ukraine, Uzbekistan, and 63rd in the world. 5.5 people per square kilometer. The population density of Kazakhstan is 2.5 times lower than the average density in the CIS countries (12.8), and 6.6 times lower than the world density (40 people). South Kazakhstan is the most densely populated place. There are 17 people per square kilometer. 4 mln. More than 50 Kazakhs live outside the republic, in 54 countries of the world. The least populated place is Mangistau, Atyrau regions. There are 2 people per 1 square kilometer. Urban residents of Kazakhstan make up 57%, while rural residents make up more than 43%. 130 nationalities live in Kazakhstan: 68.51% of them are Kazakhs, 18.85% are Russians, 3.25% are Uzbeks, 1.47% are Uighurs, 1.42% are Ukrainians, 1.08% are Tatars. Working part of the population of Kazakhstan * Men - up to 16-63 years of age. * Women - 16-58 years old. The most active age group is able to work between 27-49 years old * In the republic, men make up 48.2% of the total population, while women make up 51.8%. The average age of people in Kazakhstan is as follows: * the average age of men is 58.5; * the average age of women is 72; * The number of Kazakhs in the whole world is more than 14 million. * China - 1,462,588 people * Uzbekistan - 800,000 people * Russia - 647,732 people * Mongolia - 101,526 people * Turkmenistan - 87,000 people * Kyrgyzstan - 32,981 people * Turkey - 30,000 people * Canada - 7,000 people * Iran - 4,000 people * Ukraine 5,526 people * USA 3,000 people \< > * Belarus - 1,355 people * Germany - about 1,000 * Great Britain - about 1,000 ## Geography of economic sectors ### Light industry About 40.5% of the light industry is cloth and clothing, 22.5 billion tenge or 50% of the total volume. Approximately 10 percent of Kazakhstan's production belongs to leather products. ### Food industry The food industry of Kazakhstan is the most important sector of our economy. Agricultural raw materials are processed and form the food industry. It includes a large group of more than 20 industries. The most important of them are: meat, milk, bakery, fish, canned and confectionery products. Today, Kazakhstan ranks 3rd after Russia and Ukraine in terms of industrial output. The main difficulty in developing natural resources is the lack of water and modern technology. ### Fuel and energy complex of Kazakhstan This complex includes production of fuel (oil, natural gas, coal, etc.) and electricity, which are the basis of modern economy, includes transporting them. The development of production is closely related to the development of fuel and energy. As the human society rose to a higher stage of development, the demand for fuel and energy for production increased. Kazakhstan ranks 3rd in the CIS in terms of coal, gas, and electricity production, and 2nd in oil production. 3.3% of the world's coal reserves are concentrated in the territory of Kazakhstan. It ranks 8th in the world in terms of coal production, and 3rd in terms of foreign countries, after Russia and Ukraine. It is considered the main type of fuel. There are 10 basins and more than 400 coal mines in Kazakhstan. Total fund - 176.6 bln. etc. Production capacity - 21.5 bln. etc. The reserve of the first Karaganda coal basin is 51 bln. etc. Currently, the amount of coal production has decreased by 2 times, to 80 million per year. t of coal is produced. The thickness of the coal layer is 1.5-15 m. Ekibastuz - 12 bln. etc. The cost of Ekibastuz coal, which is located close to the surface and is mined by the open method, is low. "Bogatyr" is the largest coal deposit in the world. There are 14 oil and gas basins in all of Kazakhstan. They are in Atyrau-Embi, Mangistau regions. The main oil refineries are located in Atyrau, Pavlodar, and Shymkent. In terms of total reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials in the CIS, Kazakhstan ranks second after Russia. Gas transportation system for gas production: Bukhara-Ural-Central Asia-Moscow, Bukhara-Shymkent-Taraz-Bishkek-Almaty main pipelines passing through the territory of the republic. The total gas reserves are 6 trillion m³, which ranks 12th in the world in terms of reserves. The amount of gas production is 7 bln. m³ in 25th place. 6.8 billion m³ of gas will be taken from Turkmenistan, 7.2 billion m³ from Uzbekistan, and 2 billion m³ from Russia to supply the republic with gas. "Tengiz" oil in Atyrau region is one of the largest fields in the world. The geological reserve of oil is 3 billion 133 million. etc. Natural gas is delivered to 9 out of 14 regions of the country according to the historically established system of trunk and distribution gas pipelines. ### Electric power Sources of electric power in Kazakhstan: thermal power plant, hydroelectric power plant, nuclear power plant. In general, the development of Kazakhstan's electric power industry can be divided into three main stages, depending on the increase in the capacity of power plants and the production of electricity. The first period covers the years 1918-45, during which large power plants were built and the first energy centers appeared. In the second period (1946-58), the first energy systems were created. In the third period (1959-90), the energy base of the republic developed rapidly, and a regional energy system was formed. Thus, Kazakhstan has reached a situation where it fully meets its electricity needs and exports it to other countries. 80-90% of electricity provided by thermal power plants in the republic. * NPP (nuclear power plant) - located in Aktau city * Large hydropower plants (hydroelectric plants): on the Irtysh River: Buktyrma, Ustkemen, Shulbi; Shardara on the Syrdarya; Ile: Kapshagai. * Kazakhstan's hydropower plants can produce 163 billion kWh of electricity per year. * Hydropower plants of East Kazakhstan region provide the highest share of energy production. * 1 resident of the Republic receives about 3700 kWh of electricity. Kazakhstan's electricity is developing in the direction of construction of large regional power plants using cheap fuel and water energy wealth. East and South Kazakhstan is an area with sufficient water energy. Nowadays, thermal power plants of the republic are widespread. They work mainly with Karaganda and Ekibastuz coal, and provide more than 90% of the total electric energy. In every regional city and many industrial centers, powerful thermal power centers have been built. The largest of them are located in Ekibastuz, Aksu, Taraz, Karaganda, and Almaty. ### Metallurgy of Kazakhstan For Kazakhstan, ferrous metallurgy is a relatively young branch of heavy industry, which appeared only in the years after the Second World War. Cast iron, steel and ferroalloy are produced in Kazakhstan. Karaganda, Temirtau metallurgical plant produces cast iron, steel, rolled products. Kostanai re-smelting plant: cast iron, steel, pipes, rails, thin sheet iron. Atasu, Sokolov-Sarybai, Lisakov, Kashar-Ayat ore processing plant is the main deposit of iron ore. Aktobe, Aksu: ferroalloy, chrome production. The Kostanai-Tobyl-Lisakovsk road was built for the purpose of developing the iron ore of Torgai giant. Currently, copper is mainly produced in Zhezkazgan and Balkash mining and metallurgical plants (KMK). The lead and zinc industries have a common raw material base - polymetallic ores. For a long time, East and South were ahead in terms of their stock. The main area of polymetal production is Kendy Altai. There are 3 large centers here - Zyryan, Ridder and Uskemen. ### Machine-building production Machine-building The structure of machine-building in the Republic of Kazakhstan: transport composition, including car assembly, makes up 37% of all production. According to the industrialization map of Kazakhstan, 9 new large-scale projects are being implemented in the field of engineering. They are: * In the production of transport vehicles: "Aziya Auto" JSC, cargo and public transport; "ZIKSTO" JSC, car manufacturing; "Baiterek A" JSC, electric locomotives; "Kamkor Management" LLP, freight cars. * Munaygaz in machine building: "Batys-Kazakhstan Machine-Building Combine" JSC, development and production of gas-lifting units and gas-turbine power plants. * Mining and metallurgical engineering: "Parkhomenko Karaganda machine-building plant" LLP, large-scale casting plant for railway freight cars. * In the production of agricultural machinery: "Agromash Holding" JSC, production of combines. ### Chemical production Chemical industry enterprises are located in several regions of Kazakhstan. In order to satisfy the needs of various branches of industry, agriculture, and the population, both the type and volume of the products of this industry are territorial. * Phosphorus fertilizer Karatau chemical production (phosphorus flour), phosphorus salts (Shymkent, Taraz), superphosphate (Taraz, Aktobe, Alga) * Nitrogen fertilizer in Temirtau * Near the titanium-magnesium plant in Ust-Kamenogorsk additional products potassium fertilizers * Aktobe - chromium compounds, Aktau - plastic, consumer goods, toothpaste, Atyrau - polyethylene, water soap, laundry soap, Shymkent - tires, pharmaceuticals * Ustkemen, Ridder, Balkash, Zhezkazgan - sulfuric acid * Temirtau - nitrogen, synthetic rubber * Kostanay - artificial fiber * Taraz - a large chemical plant producing mineral fertilizers is located. ### Agricultural industries Agriculture is one of the main sectors of the economy of Kazakhstan. The level of development of the agricultural sector is always a factor determining the economic and socio-political stability of the Kazakhstani society. * The largest meat processing plants: in the cities of Almaty, Petropavlovsk, Semey, Kyzylorda, Ural, Taraz * Large milk and butter industry in Almaty, Karaganda, Astana, Ural, Ust-Kamenogorsk. In the cities of Kostanay, Semey, Petropavlovsk, Pavlodar, Shymkent, Kokshetau * Sugar industry: Taraz, Shu, Boraldai, Karabulak, Kirov, Merkede Fish industry: Atyrau, Balkash, Zaysanda * Cereal industry: North Kazakhstan, Astana, Taraz, Kapshagai, Kostanay * Pasta products: Aktobe, Almaty, Karaganda, Petropavlovsk, Shymkent, Semey * Cotton oil production industry: in Shymkent * Large stock of table salt: in Pavlodar, Kyzylorda * Wool washing enterprises: in the cities of Semey, Taraz, Aktobe * Manufacturing of wool products: in the cities of Semey, Kostanay, Almaty * Felt pressing: in the cities of Ural, Petropavlovsk * Sewing clothes: Almaty, Taraz, Semey, Pavlodar, Taldykorgan, Kostanay, Kyzylorda * Leather tanning: in the cities of Almaty, Semey, Ural, Taraz, Kostanay, Kyzylorda * Socks factory: in Semey, Karaganda, Shymkent * Wool-spinning plant: in Astana, Ust-Kamenogorsk produces silk fabric, * Porcelain-faience: in Astana and Kapshagai * Knitting factory: Almaty, Karaganda, Shymkent, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Zhezkazgan \ <> * Cotton ginning plant: Turkestan, Maktaaralda. ### Transport complex of Kazakhstan All types of transport are developed in Kazakhstan. Railway - 57.5%, river transport - 0.02%, automobile - 15.5%, air - 2.9%, pipeline transport - 27%. Railway The length of the railway in Kazakhstan is 15,000 km. The Atyrau-Astrakhan railway junction connects the countries of the North Caucasus and Western Kazakhstan. 3 major transit railways in the latitudinal direction: * TransSiberian * South Siberia (Magnitogorsk-Kartaly-Astana-Pavlodar-Barnaul). * Central Siberia. Old railway * Semey-Almaty-Kulan-Taraz-Shymkent-Arys (the section between Kulan-Semey is called Turkistan-Siberia (Turksib)) * Petropavl-Akmola-Karagandy-Moynty-Shu (called TransKazakhstan) . Three quarters of the cargo carried by all types of transport is the share of the Kazakhstan railway, and equal half of the passengers traveling to cities and villages and other places. Water transport Water transport mainly provides services in the basins of Zhaiyk, Irtys, Syrdarya, Yesil, Ile, Karatal rivers and Lake Balkash, Caspian Sea. The waterway is 6,000 km long, of which 4,000 km are rivers and lakes. Major ports: Atyrau, Ural, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Pavlodar, Aktau. Highways The total length of highways is 94,000 km. Main major highways: * Almaty-Taraz-Shymkent-Tashkent; * Almaty-Semei-Uskemen-Zharkent-Taldikorgan-Tekeli; * Almaty-Shelek-Narynkol; * Karaganda-Karkaraly; * Ural-Atyrau; * Kostanay-Arkalyk; * Karaganda-Zhezkazgan. Airway The total length of the air way is 100 thousand km. About 21.4 million by air. etc. cargo, 7 mln. the passenger is transported. 72 international air routes intersect in the airspace of Kazakhstan. 13 of the country's 51 airlines serve international aircraft, and 21 are of national importance. Pipeline 60% of oil is transported by pipeline. The first oil pipeline built was Dossor-Rakusha with a length of 60 km. In the future, it is planned to lay an oil pipeline in 5 directions from West Kazakhstan through the territory of the Republic. From the Tengiz deposit - to the Black Sea coast of Russia, 1500 km long. * Sea - Baku - Supsa (Black Sea coast of Georgia) - Ceyhan (Mediterranean coast of Turkey). * Tengiz-Kharg on the coast of the Persian Gulf through the State of Iraq, 2505 km long. * West Kazakhstan - China - Pacific coast. Atasu (Karagand region)-Alashonkou (China). * West Kazakhstan - Kumkol oil pipeline. ## Geography of the economic regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan The size of the territory of Kazakhstan, the diversity of natural conditions and resources are the basis of the geographical division of labor (GEB). There are 14 regions in the territory of Kazakhstan, which are grouped into 5 economic districts. * Central Kazakhstan: Karaganda region; * West Kazakhstan: Aktobe region, West Kazakhstan region, Atyrau region, Mangistau region; * South Kazakhstan: Kyzylorda region, Turkestan region, Zhambyl region, Almaty region; * North Kazakhstan: Kostanay region, North Kazakhstan region, Pavlodar region, Akmola region; * East Kazakhstan: East Kazakhstan region. ## Sources ## External links

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7721

Guryev region

Atyrau region is a region located in the west of Kazakhstan, an agrarian-industrial investment area, founded in 1938 under the name Guryev region. It got its current name in 1992. The center is the city of Atyrau. ## Geography It borders on West Kazakhstan region in the north, Aktobe region in the east, Mangistau region in the southeast and Astrakhan region of Russia in the west. Also, the southern border abuts the Caspian Sea. ### Terrain The region covers the northeastern part of the Caspian basin, the western edge of the Zem plateau and the plateau, and the northern part of the Caspian Sea. The land is divided by the tributaries of the rivers Oyil, Sakig, and Zhem, which flow from the north to the south. This region is occupied by the western ridges of the Zhem Kiryat and Ustirt, Donztau (214 m), parts of it Zheltau (221m), Tamdy (175). Between Kainar and Zhem rivers, Imangara (199 m) Koykara plateau, Karamurat ridge, Alabie, Akkudyk and Kabylan ridges are located. They are made of pale igneous rock. Inder is located on the left bank of the Zhayik river. The height of the mountain is 52 meters, the length is 25-30 kilometers, and the width is about 10 kilometers. Sandy dunes are widespread in the southern and southwestern parts of the Caspian basin. The left bank of the Volga River and the shores of the Caspian Sea are occupied by Naryn sand and Myntobe, Kosdaulet, Botai sands, between Oyil and Saqiz, Taisoigan and Byurek sands, Karakum near the Caspian region occupies the east of the region. The largest of these sands is Naryn sand. Sors are one type of terrain that is widespread in Atyrau territory. Their depth reaches 5-10 meters. The Volga River flows through the western part of the Russian border. Atyrau region occupies almost the entire area between the Volga and Zhayik rivers, which flow into the Caspian Sea. Geographically, the northwestern part of the region is in Europe, and the entire eastern part is in Asia, mainly in the desert region. In addition, bald areas are found in Atyrau territory. The biggest bald head is called Namaz bald head. It is located in the north-east of the region. ### Geological structure From a geological point of view, the Atyrau region occupies the southern coast of the Caspian basin, which has entered the ancient East European platform. There is a 500-kilometer latitudinal, 90-140-kilometer-wide North Caspian-Biikzhal region within Atyrau region. On the southern side, it is covered by the South Zem river, the surface of the foundation here is 12-13 kilometers deep. There is a sediment box above the foundation, which is divided into subsalt, salt, and suprasalt complexes, formed in the Paleozoic and Mesocenezoic periods, the total depth of rocks exceeds 12-14 kilometers. A single carbonate complex is formed in the Karaton-Tengiz region. According to geophysical studies, its total thickness varies from 1.5 to 3 kilometers in the North Caspian region of the region, and to 8-10 kilometers in the southeast of the Caspian basin. The dome of the subsalt complex penetrates monoclinally from the South Zhem inversion high in the south to the center of the depression in the north. Within the monoclinal intrusion of the subsalt complex, from a depth of 3.5–3.8 km to 6.0–6.4 km, many local folds, different in size and area, are distinguished, forming a band of uplifted lands. The length of the highlighted hills varies from 6 to 20 kilometers, width from 100 to 300 meters to 2 to 13 kilometers. Jurassic-Cretaceous sediments are found in the form of coastal-marine and marine-terrigenous, terrigenous-carbonate sediments. The thickness of these deposits varies from 0.3-0.5 meters in the northern part of the region to 3 kilometers in the Prorva region. In general, continuity is observed in the tectonic development of the region, as in the case of rainwater accumulation. The time of succession corresponds to geological periods. Upper Permian-Triassic, Jurassic-Paleogene, Neogene-Quaternary periods of development of the region are clearly visible. ### Minerals The subsoil of the region is rich in various minerals associated with thick sedimentary layers. Among them, the reserves are very rich and the main one is oil. Apart from oil and gas, we can name borate and borate salt ores, common salt, potassium and magnesium rocks as important for the economy of the region. The raw materials of the construction industry include chalk, chalk-marl rocks, gypsum, anhydrite, clayey, sandy limestones, as well as bituminous rocks (dirt) and fresh and mineral water sources. Borat ore is found in only one place in the world, only in the depths of Atyrau region. There are also sulphur, sand-gravel aggregates, refractory expanded clay and brick clays, shellstone, healing clay, brown coal and clay deposits suitable for making mineral paints. ### Soil In general, the structure of the soil cover of the Caspian basin, as well as the Atyrau region, is very complex due to the diversity of its formation factors and composition. Basically, the latitudinal zonality of soil distribution prevails here, that is, the layer of one type of soil is spread along the latitudinal direction, and as it gets closer to the sea, it alternates with the next type often and several times. Meadow alluvial arid soil (spread only in wide floodplains on both sides of the plain, fertile layer up to 70 centimeters, base - alluvial sediments). Pale - sandy soil (Naryn, Taisoygan and Menteke regions). Swampy-saline clay soil (the part of the lowland extending to the sea coast is mixed with coarse humus and raw peat, and in very dry areas, steep hills are formed). Automorphic brown or gray-brown soil (on both sides of the plain, especially on the left side, it includes the region up to Taisoygan, the estuary part of Oyil, it is quite fertile, formed on gypsum and salt layers, occupies more than 20% of the area of the region) 2 million within the soil composition of the barren and marshy sea coast hectare of bitter-sour soils. This area is used for autumn and winter grazing. Due to insufficient humidity, they become hard and do not allow plants to grow freely. Vartang soil is very common in the territory of the region. Salt comes out on the surface layer of the soil. The amount of salt here is up to 8-10%. ### Plant world In almost all regions of the region, sagebrush, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, and sedge grow in addition to them in spring in the lowlands, sedge, sedge, sarsazan, and azhyrik are mixed. Reeds and reeds are often found in swamps by the sea. On the east side, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, sedge, and sedge grow. In addition, there are medicinal and technical plants in the region. Their total number is more than 50. Medicinal herbs found in the region: adyraspan, goat's will, kyrykbuyn, kumarshik, etc. There are 945 types of plants in Atyrau region. In addition to these, jantak, kokpek, thistle, milkweed, ivy, etc. There are natural plants. From poisonous herbs, eczema, moleduana can be found. Among the species of endangered plants included in the "Red Book" of Kazakhstan, there are cypress, robust milkweed, borax, borax, borax, borax aldrovanda, rosella, champignon, komarov alfalfa, dubious hawthorn, fold Gladolius, Meyer's sedge, water lily, tegeurungul, etc. occurs. ### Animal world There are about 500 species of vertebrates and thousands of invertebrates in Atyrau region. Birds are diverse and widespread in the territory of the region. One of their main habitats is water and its shores. There are about 280 species of birds in total. Among them, there are a lot of sparrows, geese, ducks, gulls, cranes, doves, sparrows. There are many types of fish in the rivers and lakes of the region. Among the commercially important fish species are sturgeon, sardines, sardines, etc. fish are found. In the waters of the region, there are pike, carp, bream, herring, carp, etc. widespread. In general, more than 122 species of valuable fish can be found in the Atyrau region of the Caspian Sea. There are about 50 species of amphibians and reptiles, 27 species of rodents. There are 55 species of animals in Atyrau region, including 12 species of predatory animals. The most common of them are: wolf, fox, deer, wild boar, deer. As a result of intensive development of mineral resources of the region, especially oil and gas deposits, the distribution space of the animal world is narrowing year by year, the number of species is decreasing, and the living area is decreasing day by day. ## Climate In Atyrau region, the continental climate is very dominant. The region does not have enough natural moisture, it is often windy, dusty, hot and dry in summer, and cold (or thinly snowed) in winter. The hottest month is July, the average air temperature is 24-25°С, the general temperature is 35-40°С, sometimes more. The annual amount of precipitation is 220-230 mm, in drought years the amount of precipitation does not exceed 80 mm, and the amount of moisture evaporation from the ground and water surface into the air is 1000 mm, sometimes more. In the north of the region, southerly winds prevail throughout the year. In the southern regions, in dry desert areas, easterly winds often blow in winter (intensity 6–7 m/s), the strongest wind intensity is 15 m/s. enough and it blows about 50 days a year. The wind blows from different directions in the summer months. Winds blowing from the northwest, southwest, and south prevail. Southern winds are legendary, dry and hot. The average temperature of winter air in January is -8°С, -12°С, in the far south -5°С, -6°С. In winter, the wind blows mainly in the direction of the east (south-east and north-east), with an intensity of 6-7 meters/second. More than half of the annual precipitation falls in winter. ## Hydrology The surface waters of Atyrau region consist of the left branches of the Volga River, the lower reaches of the rivers Zhaiyk, Oyil, Zhem, Sakig and large and small lakes. The main river is the Zhayik River. ### Rivers Only 10-20% of the water collected by rivers comes from the territory of their region, and the rest from other regions. The Zhaiyk river is used for various cargo and passenger transportation by ship, fishing. The rest of the rivers are used only for irrigation of fields, meadows and livestock. The major rivers are Zhayik, Zhem, Oyil, Kainar. Similarly, Baksay, Bugilzek, Bagyrlysay, Aksay rivers are of local importance. Branches of the Volga river in the territory of the region: Akhtuba, Bozan, Kigash, etc. there are rivers. ### Lakes There are more than two thousand lakes in the region. Their total area is about 800 square kilometers. The lakes of the region are closed and have no flow. The region has the largest lake in the world - the Caspian Sea. The length of the coastline on the territory of the republic is 2340 sq. About half of it belongs to Atyrau region. High-quality salt containing potassium bromine is produced from Lake Inder. Small rivers such as Bagyrlysay and Bugilzek flow into Zhaltyr Lake. In addition, there are more than two thousand small lakes. They are: Kamyskol, Mesher, Daulet, Tolai-sor. 65-70% of them are temporary lakes that dry up during the summer. Six water deposits of underground water reserves have been opened in the territory of the region. The water of four of them is being used. The largest and most abundant of them are located in the sands of Taisoygan, Bûrek and Koyandy. The depth of the layer is 50-120 meters, the thickness is 30-70 meters. ## Administrative division In the region, there are 2 cities (of regional significance - Atyrau, of district significance - Kulsary), 4 settlements (Inderbor, Makat, Dossor, Zhana Karaton), 63 rural district, 149 villages are located. The region includes 7 districts. ### Cities * Atyrau * Kulsary ## Population The population of the region lives in the city, production centers and the Zhayik River is closely located on both banks. On January 1, 2014, the number of city residents was 276.8 thousand (48.7%) people, rural people were 291.1 thousand (51.3%). The average population density in the region (per 1 square km) is 4.8 people. On May 1, 2020, the population of the region was 649,225 people. Population of Atyrau region Population growth of the region has been observed in the last twenty years. In 2009, compared to the previous year in 1999, 66,000 people reached 509,000, and in 2019, 137,000 people reached 646,000 in 10 years. Now representatives of 50 nationalities live in the region. The main population of the region are Kazakhs (92.5%). Then the most common are Russians (5.2%), Koreans (0.5%), Tatars (0.3%), Uzbeks (0.2%), Ukrainians (0.1%), Germans (0.07%). ) etc. The distribution of nationalities in the territory of the region is not the same. Most of them live in cities, large workers' settlements, district centers, settlements along the Zhayik River. And the districts are mainly inhabited by indigenous peoples, Kazakhs. 99.8% in Kyzylkoga district, 99.7% in Isatai district, 98.3% in Zhyloy district, 97.8% in Kurmangazy district, 97.6% in Makat district, 97.2% in Makhambet district, 96.4% in Inder district. ## History According to archaeological data, the oldest monument near the city of Atyrau is a Neolithic (New Stone Age) settlement on the opposite side of the village of Kandaur on the left bank of the Zhayik River. Livestock farming has been the main occupation of the people in the river territory from that time to the present day. The ancient herdsmen's settlements of that time were found in Konyr Kudyk, Kok Muryn, Kadyrgali sand near Kurmangazy district, and in Sazdy zistakh near new Ushtagan. Compared to the territory of the settlements, former herdsmen lived in small underground huts. In 1999, the archeological expedition named after A. Margulan carried out excavations in the Araltobe mound, Zhylyoi district, Atyrau region, and found a man in gold clothes. According to scientists, the period of life of this golden-clad man belongs to the Sarmatian era 2 thousand years ago. The city of Sarayshik is one of the oldest historical places in the Kazakh steppe. It is a medieval city located on the territory of Makhambet district of Atyrau region. During the Horde era, Saraishik was an important religious, political and economic center located along the Great Silk Road. The first pantheon of the Golden Horde, Kazakh and Nogai khans, was the first capital of the Kazakh Khanate during the reign of Kasym Khan. Since the 15th century, the Atyrau region has been a historical place of Kishi Yuz. At the beginning of the 18th century, the Kazakh people were a whole basic country that covered a vast sea-steppe from Altai to Zhaiyk. In 1801, Bokei Khan received the king's permission to settle the steppe between Volga and Zhaiyk, which had been abandoned for thirty years, and resettled thousands of people there. Thus, this region was called "Bokei Horde". In the Bokei Horde, the nation-liberation uprising led by Isatai and Makhambet against feudal exploitation and the colonial policy of Russia covered the years 1836-1838. Due to the decree of 1916, the Kazakh people, who could not stand national oppression and feudal exploitation, took up arms and started an uprising led by the grandson of I. Taimanov, Utepkali Isataev. Later, this uprising turned into the revolution of 1917. After the uprising of the White Guards, oil wealth and fisheries began to be developed in the Atyrau region. Before the Great Patriotic War and in the years after the Great Patriotic War, many large enterprises were built for the purpose of oil and gas development. After gaining independence, the economy and culture of the region began to develop rapidly. Atyrau region has become a major industrial center of Kazakhstan. ## Economy The basis of the region's economy is oil production. Large enterprises of Atyrau region: * "AMAZ" LLP; * "Embimunaygaz" JSC; * "Tengizchevroil" LLP; * North Caspian Operating Company (NCOC) Atyrau region is one of the rapidly developing regions of Kazakhstan and closely cooperates with more than 50 countries of the world. More than 1,000 joint and foreign enterprises have been established and are successfully working here. Among them are large oil and gas enterprises: "Tengizchevroil" LLP, "North Caspian Operating Company" LLP, "Fluor Kazakhstan Inc." LLP and others. The main directions of economic development of Atyrau region: petrochemical industry, oil and gas engineering, construction industry, agro-industrial complex and fishing. The region is rich in various natural resources. Among them: borates, boron, salt ores, table salt, potassium salts, building materials. Systematic works are being carried out in order to attract direct foreign investment to the region and improve the investment climate. In order to develop bilateral international relations, delegations from far and near foreign countries come to the region with great investment potential every year. The oil and gas exhibition "Global Oil&Gas Atyrau" is held in Atyrau region every year, and more than 150 countries of the world participate in the exhibition. Institutions such as "Kazakh Invest" NC" JSC, "Atyrau" Social Entrepreneurship Corporation" JSC and "Atyrau Innovations" LLP in order to provide quality and prompt assistance, informational-analytical and service support to domestic and foreign investors in the region In addition, a number of foreign visa centers operate in the region today. ## Agriculture The agro-industrial complex of Atyrau region is considered one of the most important sectors of the economy in the region, 42.7% of the total population of the region lives in rural areas. The volume of agricultural lands of the region is 9.8 million hectares. Agriculture of the region is specialized in livestock breeding, especially sheep and cattle, horses, camels. In accordance with the national program on expropriation and privatization, a radical economic reform was implemented in agriculture. Due to the climate and soil infertility, agriculture has not developed in the region. Farms of Makhambet, Kurmangazy, Inder districts in the lower reaches of the Zhaiyk River, in the tributaries of the Volga River, grow potatoes, vegetables and horticulture. Animal husbandry is the main branch of agriculture in the region. Isatai, Kurmangazy, Inder and Kyzylkoga districts are engaged in cattle breeding in the region. The total volume of agricultural production was 19528.1 million tenge, the real volume index was 99.7%. Meat production was 47.0 thousand tons or 102.1%, milk production was 54.2 thousand tons (100.5%), egg production was 1.84 million units (100.2%). In January-December 2010, there were 182.3 thousand heads of cattle or 102.8%, 619 thousand heads of sheep and goats (103.1%), 31.7 thousand heads of camels (102.5%), 46 thousand heads of horses ( was 103.9%). On January 1, 2011, the total number of agricultural structures was 2008 units, including 79 production cooperatives, 1929 farms. ## Transport and communication The development of the transport system of Atyrau region was greatly influenced by its proximity to economic regions along the Urals and Volga, and its convenient geographical position on the way of transit-economic relations with Central Asian republics. Currently, all types of transport are developed in Atyrau region. It includes: railways, roads, waterways, airways and pipelines. ### Railway transport In Atyrau region, the first narrow-gauge railway with a length of 92 kilometers was built in 1925-1926 between Guryev and Dossor. The 517-kilometer long Kandyagash-Guryev railway was started in 1938 and was put into operation during the Great Patriotic War. In 1966, the 700-kilometer long Makat-Mangistau railway line was commissioned. In 1970, the 333-kilometer long Atyrau-Astrakhan railway, and in 1989, the Makat-Inder railway were launched. ### Air transport The air route of Atyrau region begins its development with the Baku-Astrakhan-Guriev-Embi route, which was opened in 1931. In 1935, Aktobe-Guriev and Oral-Guriev flights were opened. In February 1940, the 244th aviation detachment of the Kazakh command was established in Guryev. The fleet of machines consisted mainly of PO-2 models. Today, new modern liners have arrived in place of outdated air vehicles. The airport has been equipped with new equipment, new runways have been enlarged, and an airport complex has been built. ### Road transport The length of roads in general use is 2,752 kilometers. Among them, 900 kilometers of republican roads, 1,762 kilometers of local roads in general use. The length of the Atyrau-Aktau highway in the region is 270 kilometers. There is a 488 km long Atyrau-Ural highway. Renovation of Atyrau-Astrakhan highways has begun. ### Water transport Shipbuilding was organized on the Zhaiyk River in 1925. Since 1927, cargo transportation has been carried out between Atyrau and Ural across the Zhayik River. In 1964, the Guryev river port was established, its equipment began with cargo-carrying equipment, and the fleet was supplemented with steamships and tugboats. In 1982, the river port was renewed and mechanized. Three lifting cranes were landed here and a railway was built. Since 1999, the cleaning and digging of the Zhaiyk-Caspian Sea canal began. ### Pipeline transport In 1934, the Caspian-Orsk oil pipeline with a length of 830 kilometers was built. Transit oil and gas pipelines of interstate importance pass through the territory of Atyrau region. They are: Central Asia-Central gas pipeline, Uzen-Atyrau-Samara oil pipeline built in 1968-1970 with a length of 1,500 km, Tengiz-Atyrau-Grozny oil pipeline with a length of 678 km built in 1989. In 2001, the Tengiz-Novorossiysk oil pipeline with a length of 1,580 kilometers and a capacity of 67 million tons of oil per year was launched in order to introduce Kazakhstan's oil to the world market. The length of the main gas pipeline of the region is 3,058 kilometers, the annual capacity is 40.8 billion. cubic meter. The main water pipeline of the region is the Astrakhan-Mangistau pipeline. ### Communication enterprises * Regional telecommunications directorate * Regional radio and television broadcasting center * Atyrau branch of JSC "Kazposhta" * Altel mobile phone connection * Kcell mobile phone connection * Beeline mobile phone connection * Tele2 mobile phone connection ## Tourism One of the priority and most important areas of the regional economy development of tourism. The operation of more than 1,000 foreign and joint companies from more than 50 countries of the world contributes to the rapid development of business tourism. Atyrau region has a special place for tourism development. Atyrau, located near the Caspian Sea, has the opportunity to be fully considered as a suitable area for the development of tourism. In the future, there are opportunities for the development of therapeutic and recreational, cultural and educational, sports, ecological and extreme types. We can offer a unique model of fishing in the development of sports tourism. The state list of historical and cultural monuments of local significance was approved in Atyrau region, including 313 monuments (525 objects). * Specially valued natural heritage monuments. This facility includes the Imankara complex in Atyrau region. The Imankara complex is an Early Iron Age cave located at the foot of the western spurs of the Imankara mountain. * Archaeological monuments and medieval urban centers. This group included Araltobe complex and Sarayshik town in Atyrau region. Araltobe mound group. A man in gold was found here. The town of Sarayshik is one of the oldest historical places in the Kazakh steppe * Places that are religious and worship places. This object includes Ushkan ata, Akmeshit burial grounds, Kulshan ata underground mosque. * Sacred places related to historical figures. The mausoleums of Makhambet Otemisuly and Isatai Taimanuly are included. There are opportunities to introduce our region to foreign guests, creating conditions for the development of tourism through these measures. ## Public education Before the October Revolution, there was a 1st gymnasium, a two-class Russian-Kazakh school, 2 parishes and 2 religious schools in the center of the region. A commission to eliminate illiteracy was established under the district public education department, 24 schools were opened and 600 people attended. In 1924-1925, 40 primary schools were opened, 4 of which were boarding schools. On February 12, 1938, the regional executive committee was established, as well as the regional people's executive department. Baksai, Zhylyoi, Makat, Kyzylkoga, Tengiz, Inder, Mangistau districts were located in Guryev region. The education system in the region, general secondary education, extracurricular education and training, vocational and technical education, secondary special education, higher education, professional development and retraining of post-university education personnel have been developed. In the years of independence, the education sector of Atyrau region developed rapidly. In 1991, 17 technical and professional educational organizations were operating, since 2000, 8 educational institutions were opened, and today 25 colleges provide technical and professional education. Since independence, in order to support talented children and create conditions for them, educational organizations of a new type have been opened in the region: 7 regional schools with specialized residential institutions, 11 gymnasium schools, 3 lyceum schools, 1 lyceum. According to information on January 10, 2020, in the field of education of the region, there are 201 kindergartens, 129 small pre-school centers, 196 secondary schools, 5 private schools, 25 technical and professional educational organizations (including 8 non-state), 3 special correctional educational organization, 45 additional educational organizations, 1 family-style children's village, 1 children's health rehabilitation center, 1 juvenile adaptation center, 2 psychological-medical-pedagogical consultations, 7 correctional offices, 1 regional physical education and sports development center , 1 regional methodical center works. ## Healthcare The first data on providing medical care to residents of Atyrau region date back to 1927. In that period, the first paramedic's place was opened. 1928 Training of medical personnel for the districts and villages of Atyrau region was undertaken. 1936 36 doctors and 279 mid-level medical specialists served the population of the region, 6 dispensaries and hospitals with 2,074 seats worked in the region. During the Great Patriotic War, 2 hospitals were placed in Atyrau. In the years after the war, the system of medical institutions expanded rapidly. Between 1967 and 1987, new buildings of the regional hospital, regional children's hospital, regional maternity hospital, regional oncology and tuberculosis treatment dispensary were put into operation, and since 1975, branches of Kazakh tuberculosis and oncology research institutes were opened. In October 1998, a new clinic equipped with complex engineering and technical equipment was opened near the regional hospital. Located in a new three-story building with an area of 4500 m2, this hospital has become a world-class treatment center with fire-resuscitation and burn treatment departments. Currently, 136 health care organizations in the region provide medical care, including 21 hospitals, 115 outpatient clinics (8 clinics, 7 central district hospitals, 55 medical clinics, 12 paramedic-midwifery centers, 23 medical centers, and 10 other medical organizations). On July 29, 2018, a memorandum was signed with the Bundan Chang Clinic of South Korea, and 7 specialists were sent to South Korea to improve their education within the framework of the Memorandum. ## Literature and art In 1957, the competition of regional theaters was held for the first time in the life of the republic. At the end of the competition, Guryev Theater won the first prize. In 1958, the folk instrument orchestra named after Dina Nurpeyisova was invited to the decade of Kazakh literature and art in Moscow and performed in the column hall of the House of Unions. The present Nurmukhan Zhantorin Philharmonic was organized in 1966. 3 pop ensembles and 2 puppet theaters worked as part of the Philharmonic. Among them, the pop ensemble "Atyrau-Zhayik" can be mentioned. In 1980, the ensemble "Naryn" was created. In 1992, the "Naryn" ensemble visited Mongolia. People's artists of the Republic of Kazakhstan, movie actor Nurmukhan Zhantorin, dancer Gulzhan Talpakova, singers Bakhyt Karabalina, Karshiga Akhmediyarov, Azidolla Eskaliev, Aigul Bolshabayeva, singer Gafiz Yesimov are talents from the soil of Atyrau. The main cultural complexes include the regional academic drama theater named after Makhambet Utemisuly, the Atyrau regional museum of local history and the Atyrau regional art museum. ## Press * "Atyrau" newspaper * Pre-Caspian commune * Weekly "Ar-Chest" newspaper * Weekly "Ak Zhayik" newspaper * Weekly newspaper "Megapolis Atyrau" * Weekly newspaper "Turan" * "Ken Zhylyoi" (Zhylyoi district) * "Makat Yasifsy" (Makat district) * "Serper" (Kurmangazy district) * "Zhaiyk ergyayas" (Mahambet district) * "Dender" (Inder district) * "Naryn tany" (Isatai district) * "Kyzylkoga" (Kyzylkoga district) ## Sport One of the first athletes from Atyrau to rise to the international level was Amin Tuyakov. Between 1963 and 1967, there was no one to match in the 200 meters. A. Tuyakov became the champion of the USSR 8 times in running 100 meters, 200 meters, and 100x4, 200x4 relay, and won 10 times silver and bronze medals. In the national championship, Atyrau wrestlers also achieved good results. Zh. Yskakov, the first Atyrau champion of Kazakhstan in freestyle wrestling, worked successfully in the system of physical education and sports for many years. Atyrau rowers D. Savin, A. Safaryan, S. Sergeyev are multiple champions of Kazakhstan. Arman Shilmanov is the bronze medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games in taekwondo in the weight of 84 kg. Miss Atyrau Saniya Makhambetova won several times in international and republican competitions in sambo and judo wrestling. Sports such as boxing, rowing, football, togykumalak, basketball, chess, volleyball are widespread in the region. Atyrau sports teams have been showing good results in the championship of the country in football, volleyball, hockey, basketball in Atyrau region. "Atyrau" football team is a 2-time bronze medalist of the republican championship (2001 and 2002), winner of the Kazakhstan Cup in 2009. Winner of the Kazakhstan Cup. "Beybarys" hockey club is the champion of Kazakhstan (2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2015/2016 and 2018/2019). Volleyball team "Atyrau" national champion in 2003 and 2006, 4-time winner of the Kazakhstan Cup: 2000, 2009, 2010, 2015 Basketball team "Atyrau Barystary" 2-time gold of the championship of Kazakhstan ( 2010/2011, 2015-2016), 7-time silver medalist (011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2016/2017, 2017/2018, 2018/2019, 2019/2020). The central "Munayshi" stadium of Atyrau can be mentioned among the sports facilities. There is a sports complex and a swimming pool nearby. Various sports sections work in the center of fitness and health (FOC). At the Atyrau ice rink, there are opportunities to skate and relax, hockey championship games of the country will be held. The tennis center has 4 outdoor and 4 indoor tennis courts. According to experts, the tennis court meets the construction requirements of the international model. ## Famous people * Arkady Yuryevich Volozh is the CEO of Yandex. * Abu Sarsenbayev is a Kazakh poet and writer. * Bolat Utemuratov is a Kazakh businessman, billionaire, politician. * Gabdol Slanov is a Kazakh writer. * Ghani Kasymov is the chairman of the Party of Patriots of Kazakhstan. * Zhumeken Nazhimedenov is the author of the text of the national anthem of Kazakhstan, an outstanding poet. * Zeynolla Kabdolov is the People's Writer of Kazakhstan, Honored Scientist of Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan. * Imangali Tasmagambetov is a Kazakh politician. * Temir Bekmambetov is a film director, clip maker, producer. * Fariza Ongarsynova is a Kazakh poet, writer, journalist, former deputy of Mazhilis. * Hamit Yergaliev is a Kazakh poet. * Khivaz Dospanova is the only Kazakh female pilot of the Second World War, fighter, hero, People's Hero of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Sources ## External links * Official site of Atyrau Oblast Administration * Atyrau Oblast Brief Research Group Archived June 17, 2007. (Russian) * Physical map of Atyrau region Archived March 4, 2016. (Russian) (Rubricon) * Atyrau region Archived March 9, 2017. (Open Listing Project (ODP))

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7751

Ermek Tolepbaev

Ermek Tolepbaev (born in 1970) played the role of Alpamys in the feature film "Six-year-old Alpamys". ## Biography * Ermek Tolepbayev, who played the role of Alpamys, was not yet six years old. * Ermek appeared in Turash Ibrayev's short film "White Car" a little earlier. * Graduated from the Institute of National Economy, then the Kazakh State Academy of Law. * Teacher at the humanitarian institute named after D. Konaev for several years. * Worked as a teacher at the Academy of Economics. * Later switched to business. ## His films * "Alpamys goes to school" ("Six-year-old Alpamys") * "Silver horn Alatau" (V. Pusyrmanov) * "The singer of the island secret" (S. Raybayev) * "Unpaid duty" (S. Zharmukhamedov) * "Time to live" (A. Grigoryev) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7752

Cluster (economy)

Cluster (eco nomics) is a concentration of similar facilities, a group that cooperates with scientific institutions, financial centers, and local government bodies in order to increase competitiveness. The division of labor at the territorial level is the objective basis of territory management, which means the degree of specialization of farms in it and the degree of development of economic relations between specialized territories, that is, this process is the main element of the formation of a district specialized in a certain field. Currently, the cluster concept is closely related to the industrial cluster (Competitive advantages of the nations, 1990) and regional clusters (Competition, 1998).

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7772

Орталықсыздандыру

Decentralization (English. decentralization; German. Deientralisation f; Latin. de - withdrawal + centralis - middle, centrum - center) * transferring management functions from the center to local authorities, expanding the powers of lower authorities at the expense of higher authorities. * a management system opposite to centralization, i.e. expansion of power delegations of local administrative bodies and public self-government institutions. The concept of decentralization has different forms with different definitions. In the draft of the Concept of Decentralization of State Functions of the Strategic Planning Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan, two forms of decentralization of these state functions are distinguished: fragmentation and devolution. ## Decentralization of the system of higher education Decentralization of the system of higher education - in creating an independent educational program of higher education institutions, searching for sources of funding, etc. expand freedom. ## Decentralization Decentralization of power refers to the process of transferring the management functions of state power to lower authorities according to this system, while maintaining the power of the hierarchical management system. It is also called "administrative decentralization". Decentralization of power also refers to the administrative background of governance and has goals such as reshaping the hierarchical division of functions between central and non-central government bodies. If decentralization comes from a political point of view (political decentralization), it means transfer of decision-making power to local government bodies. Its legal implementation means local governance. ## Devolution Devolution (handover of responsibilities) is giving local government bodies the right to make decisions and conduct independent financial and management activities. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7763

Eiffel Tower

The Eiffel Tower (fr. Tour Eiffel) is the most famous architectural creation of Paris. Named after its famous designer, Gustave Eiffel. This icon of Paris was designed and built as a temporary building to serve as the gateway to the 1889 World's Fair. The Chrysler Building in Manhattan was considered the tallest building in the world for 40 years before it was built. According to the survey conducted by the Teletex Holiday tour company, the Eiffel Tower ranks second among the 7 wonders of the world. So far, 200 million people have climbed to the third floor of the tower. Today, it has not only become a symbol of France, but it has become a huge source of income, bringing in 53 million euros a year. In 2007, the 120th anniversary of the Eiffel Tower was celebrated. In 2005, water froze under this tower and an ice rink was built. ## About the tower It took more than two years to build the Eiffel Tower on Mars Square. The pyramid of Cheops (137 m), which was considered the tallest at that time, was twice as tall as the Cologne Cathedral and the Ulm Church (167 m). The height of the Eiffel Tower, which has become a symbol of France, is 322 meters, including the antenna on its top. And it weighs ten thousand tons. The giant tower consists of three parts. The third section, which is the highest, is located at a height of 274 meters. You can climb to its roof either by elevator or by walking 1792 steps. Once upon a time, after the invasion of France, Hitler came to climb the Eiffel Tower. There is a legend that at that time the elevator stopped working and he climbed 1792 steps on foot. 10,400 people can visit the tower at the same time. 6 million people climb it every year. ## Gustav Eiffel It was named after its designer Gustav Eiffel. Eiffel's project was recognized as the best among 700 projects and won the competition. Gustave Eiffel invented the iron structure of the "Statue of Liberty", which was later donated to America by France. Today it has become a symbol of the USA. ## Eiffel Tower tool The giant tower is divided into three parts like the French flag. At first, on the first floor, there will be rooms for the restaurant, on the second floor there will be a water tank for lifting the elevator and restaurants in the glass gallery. And on the third floor there was an astronomical and meteorological observatory and a physics office. The first part of the Eiffel Tower is 57 m high, the second part is 115 m high, and the third is 274 m high. Today there are bars and restaurants and observation decks on each floor. There is a lighthouse on its top floor. The light of the floodlights falling on it is visible from 70 kilometers away. At the top of the tower, physicists studied the principles of the earth's gravity, sailors lost time. From its top, you can view the area up to 140 km. ## "Monstrous skeleton" At one time, Guy de Mauppassin compared the Eiffel Tower to a "monstrous skeleton". He hated him so much that he turned the French elite against him and took part in overthrowing him again. French writer: "I sit inside the Eiffel Tower and eat in a restaurant so that I don't see the Eiffel Tower." Because the only part of this tower that cannot be seen from Paris is its interior," said . ## Radio and Television ### FM-Radio ### TV \< > ## Interesting facts * The tower weighs 7,300 tons. * After the completion of construction work in 1889, the Eiffel Tower was recognized as the tallest building in the world and held this status for almost forty years. * Today, the Eiffel Tower is the 5th tallest building in France. In order to protect the tower from rusting, painting works are carried out every seven years, and 50-60 tons of paint are lost. * Small replicas of the Eiffel Tower exist in a number of cities around the world: Las Vegas (USA), Guangzhou and Shenzhen (China), Slobozia (Romania), Copenhagen (Denmark), Varna (Bulgaria), Almaty (Kazakhstan) and etc. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7756

History of sewing machinery

Computer equipment is an important component of the process of calculation and data processing. As the first tool for calculation, we can name counting sticks, this tool is still used to teach elementary school students to count. Along the way, these tools became more complex (for example, Phoenician clay figures). Over time, complex tools began to appear from simple devices: abacus, logarithmic ruler, mechanical arithmetic meter, electronic computer. Despite the simplicity of the first computing devices, a person who is used to working with them can perform calculations faster than using modern calculators. Of course, the performance and calculation speed of modern computing devices is such that the fastest calculator can leave a person in the dust. ## Early Computing Tools Mankind started using simple computing tools thousands of years ago. The most common form of calculation was to determine the quantity of goods used in barter trade. The simplest solution is to use the weight equivalent of the commodity to be exchanged, because in this case, it would not be necessary to calculate the number of substances contained in the commodity. For these purposes, simple balance thresholds were used, which were the first devices for determining mass. The principle of equivalence was also used in the so-called "abacus". In order to count things, it was necessary to move the dice in this device. With the invention of gear rings, devices for performing calculations became more complex. The antikythera mechanism discovered at the beginning of the 20th century (found in an ancient ship that sank in the 1st century BC) could show the pattern of the movement of the planets. Presumably, this tool was used for religious purposes to perform calendrical calculations, predict solar and lunar eclipses, and determine planting and harvesting times. More than 30 bronze rings and several dials were used for calculations. To calculate the phases of the moon, differential transport was used (scientists say that this method was invented in the 16th century). After the decline of ancient culture, such tools disappeared. It took mankind one and a half thousand years to create such complex mechanisms. In 1623, Wilhelm Schickard invented the "Counting Clocks" - a mechanical calculator that could perform four arithmetic operations. The device is so named because, like clocks, this device used gear rings and sprockets. This device was actually first used by Schickard's friend, the philosopher and astronomer Johann Kepler. After that, Blaise Pascal ("Pascalina", 1642) and Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz built their own machines. In 1820, Charles Xavier Thomas built mechanical calculators capable of performing four arithmetic operations (the device called Thomas Arithmometer was based on Leibniz's works). made and sold. Mechanical calculators for calculating decimal numbers were used until the 1970s. In addition, Leibniz also described the binary number system, which is the basis of modern computers. However, most machines produced before the 1940s (Charles Babbage's machine and ENIAC) used the decimal system. Multiplication and division of numbers can be performed by adding and subtracting the logarithms of these numbers (John Naper). Exact numbers could be represented by intervals of length on a ruler, a discovery that led to the invention of logarithmic rulers, with which multiplication and division operations could be easily performed. Logarithmic rulers were used before pocket calculators. Apollo engineers used logarithmic rulers in their calculations. ## 1801: The emergence of punched cards In 1801, Joseph Marie Jacquard invented a sewing machine that made patterns using punched cards. By changing the punch cards, the pattern on the fabric could be changed. This tool has an important place in the history of programming. The programming principles of the Analytical Engine first developed by Charles Babbage in 1838 were based on Jacquard's punched cards. In 1890, the U.S. Census used punched cards, along with the sorting methods invented by Herman Hollerith, to process the results of the decennial census. Hollerith became the core of IBM. This corporation turned punched card technology into a powerful data processing tool and produced a large number of recording devices. In the 1950s, IBM technology became widespread in industry and government. Most of the cards were marked with the warning "do not twist, crumple or tear" which was remembered by many people after the war. Many computers used punched cards until the late 1970s. For example, engineering and science students at many universities around the world have used punch cards to write programs. ## 1835 - 1900: the first programmable machines The main feature of the "universal computer" is the ability to program, that is, to change the operation of the computer, it is only necessary to change the sequence of commands entered into it. In 1835, Charles Babbage released his Analytical Engine. This machine is considered a general purpose computer, punched cards were used for input and programs, and a steam engine was used as the power source. Geared rings were used for mathematical operations. Initially, according to Babbage's idea, it was necessary to create a machine that would print logarithmic tables with high accuracy. Only later, using punch cards, was this idea developed into an "analytical machine". Although the plans were determined and the project realized was feasible, there were certain difficulties during the construction of the machine. Babbage would argue with anyone who disagreed with his ideas. All parts of the machine had to be made by hand. For a machine with thousands of parts, the cost of making a mistake in each part was high, so a high degree of precision was required in the production of the parts. As a result, due to disagreements between the project author and the detailer, and lack of government funding, the project was left unfinished. In 1843, Ada Lovelace, the daughter of the famous poet Lord Byron, translated into English the work "Notions sur la machine analytique de Charles Babbage" ("Elements of Charles Babbage's Analytical Machine") written in 1842 by the Italian mathematician and engineer Luigi Federico Menabrea. filled with comments. Ada Lovelace's name is mentioned along with Babbage's name. A restored version of the "Difference Machine" version 2 has been kept at the London Science Museum since 1991. This machine works according to the design shown by Babbage, so we can confirm that Babbage's theory is correct. To create the necessary parts, the museum used a machine that was limited by the capabilities of the expert detailer of the time. According to some, the technology of that time did not allow to create the details with the necessary accuracy, but this assumption was not confirmed. Therefore, political and financial difficulties are mentioned as the main reason for Babbage's failure in engineering. Dublin accountant Percy Ludgate worked in Babbage's footsteps, although he did not know about his work. In 1909, he developed his own programmable mechanical computer. ## 1930 - 1960: Desktop Calculators In the 1900s, mechanical calculators, cash registers, and calculators were made using electric motors. In these devices, the position of the gear ring would describe the variable. Beginning in the 1930s, companies such as Frieden, Marchant, and Monro began producing mechanical desk calculators that could perform four arithmetic operations. The word "computer" ("calculator") was mentioned in connection with the service (so called people who use calculators to perform mathematical calculations). During the Manhattan Project, future Nobel laureate Richard Feynman led female mathematicians who solved differential problems for military purposes. After the end of the war, Stanislav Martin Ulam was famously engaged in making necessary reports for the hydrogen bomb project. ## See also * Calculator * Calculator * Computer ## External links * Chronology creation of computing machines (Russian)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7753

Division of labor

Division of labor is the division of labor activities. The division of labor is formed in the labor organization system. It is a constant factor for increasing production efficiency. It is divided into 3 main types: * general division of labor formed in the scope of general social production; * personal division of labor between different industries and industries; * individual division of labor between individual enterprises and unions, employees There is also territorial and international division of labor. In enterprises: * division of executive labor according to the participation of employees in production and economic services, the nature of the tasks performed, participation in the production process; * technological division of labor based on the differentiation of the labor process into technologically homogeneous types of work; * professional-skilled division of labor, which divides employees by profession (specialty) and qualification level (ranks, categories). ## History Adam Smith, one of the founders of political economy, in his work "Wealth of Nations" (1776), made sure that living conditions are related to the division of labor, and said the following: if each person if they fully specialize in performing various labor operations at their workplaces, then labor productivity will increase and its division will be carried out effectively, and for the division of labor to be correct, all production factors and the finished product must be interconnected. If we follow this logic, then the "deepening" of the division of labor depends on the set production goal and the material equipment used to achieve it. In other words, the development of the productive forces of society is directly related to the division of useful labor. A group of scientists (William Petty, Adam Smith, David Ricardo, John Maynard Keynes, Milton Friedman) concluded that the development of the productive power of labor, success, and the certain direction of dexterity and ingenuity appear as a result of its division. In the work "German Ideology", K. Marx and F. Engels define this connection and show that the level of development of the nation's productive forces can be determined by the degree of division of labor in it. In addition to this conclusion, they also studied the social, sectoral and territorial background of the process of division of labor from a scientific point of view. In addition, in the case of commodity economy of any socio-economic system, he gave the first proofs in his scientific works that the set of social labor is a separate activity and is divided into its sub-types and spheres. K. According to Marx, the territorial division of labor is the specialization of regions in specific areas of production, while the regional scientist N.N. According to Baransky, it is a spatial interconnection of general, individual and unified types of division of labor. Professor I. S. Suderevsky says that the territorial division of labor is only a territorial background that reflects the general and individual development process, while P. M. Alampiev, V. E. Komarov, V. M. Moskvich and others say that it is only a type of individual division of labor. made a decision. Thus, the complexity of the division of labor is explained by various conditions, and among them the following can be included: * the diversity of human labor, the versatility of its demand and the impossibility of satisfying them on the basis of a single technological process; * high-level development of science and technology that increases the productivity of human labor, and specialization of economic entities in the production of various production products; cooperation of many types of labor in one technological process to produce a certain product. Social production consists of productive forces and productive relations. Production forces consist of labor force, production technology, means of production (product and tool), production relations consist of socio-economic, organizational, and technical parts. Parts included in industrial relations form the division of labor (public, sectoral, regional, international), specialization of production (technological, sectoral, regional, local and material) and cooperation of industrial relations (simple and complex). Among them, the territorial division of labor takes a special place in the types and forms of social division of labor, and its meaning and role in social reproduction can be revealed in more detail by considering various types of social labor in relation to each other. Thus, the territorial division of labor as an objective basis of territory management means the specialization of farms in it and the degree of development of economic relations between specialized territories, that is, this process is the main element of the formation of a district specializing in a certain field. Regionalist-scientist N.N. Kolosovsky separates the opinion about the "specialized economic district" arising from this into four main groups: * theoretical: scientific bases and laws of the formation of economic regionalization; * historical: taking into account the history of the development of economic regionalization, the development of scientific ideas in that country; * methodological: preparation of scientific methods (methods) of the studied object; * applied: practical use of the theory of economic zoning. So, the goal of studying the development of economic systems based on the division of labor in the districts is to achieve the highest efficiency in the organization of the country's productive forces. Thus, the territorial division of labor describes the existence of separate branches of production in certain territories and its natural, climatic, economic (geographical location, quantity and quality of labor force, history of the economy) features. If we connect these problems with local administration and local economy, then the laws of its formation should be explained together with the territorial division of labor. Of course, considering the territorial division of labor separately from its sectoral division requires certain conditions. Because these two types of division of labor are closely related phenomena. Therefore, while studying the formation and development of the local economy, it is necessary to take into account the "leadership" role of the territorial division of labor, but also take into account its sectoral background. It can be clearly seen from the world experience that the degree of maturity of both of them is determined by the level of division of labor. From here, it is necessary to talk about what factors arise from the aforementioned types of division of labor. ## Factors As the main factors, it is worth noting the following: * availability of sources of natural mineral wealth; * agricultural development opportunities; * intellectual level of the local population. These factors not only describe the potential of local productive forces, but also have a great impact on the development future and structure of the economy in that area. If we give a visual character to what has been said, then it can be given by the 1st picture. ## Contradictions At the same time, there are some contradictions in the division of labor, some of them are: * location of natural resources in the regions and in its branch structure; in the geographical location of the population and the location of new jobs in the territory; * in the sector specialization of the region and its complex development as a regional system; * territorial production of national income and its geographical use; * economic interests of industries and social demands of regions, etc. ## The main directions of development Thus, it is known that intensive economic growth cannot be achieved without strengthening the territorial factors of social production development due to the transition to a market economy. Therefore, it is conditional that the above-mentioned territorial and sectoral division of labor is based on the following main directions: * placement of production forces based on bringing industry production closer to raw, energy and labor resources of the territory; * placement of production close to the customer so that the relationship between the spheres of industrial production suitable for economic purposes is effective; * specialization of the region and concentration of production and its individual branches in the territories as a material basis for solving the social problems facing them; * combination of production in the region (city, district, village) that supplies raw materials to finished products. From this, it can be concluded that the territorial division of labor is not only the main mechanism of regional production, but also a powerful factor that increases the efficiency of social production. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7849

Television

Teleu is a member of the Delivery Association of the Small Face. ## Origin Scientists derive the name Teleu from the Teles tribe in Altai.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7755

Organization of local government

Organization of local government — the theoretical basis can be found in the works of Alexis de Tocqueville, Lorenz Stein, Rudolf Gnest. A. Tocqueville pointed out that "a free government can be formed without community institutions of the nation, and in that case there is no true spirit of freedom," French political scientist Guy Sorman said "the development of decentralization and local self-government is a strong point of the nation. "If the state power is strong, the society will be weak." It is true that such ideas were the basis for the formation of recommendations on local governance. Over time, the idea of community freedom began to become a social theory of local government development, and the main features of this theory were as follows (its founders were Russian scientists N.M. Korkunov, P.P. Gronsky, N.I. Lazarevsky, M.D. Zagryatskov and etc.): * activities of local government bodies are non-state and their economic nature prevails; * lack of a clear list of issues; * inconsistency of public interest with the state, etc. But the nature of these main signs has completely changed nowadays. 19th century. already in the middle of the state, legal relations between the central and local authorities were established, and local authorities began to be active in solving the problems of the population living in a certain territory independently within the framework of the law. After that, the re-formation of local power began to be seen in the last years of the Soviet era. 1990-1991 It can be said that the Law "On Local Self-Government and General Start of Local Economy of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics" was the basis for the formation of local government in the country. Although the Law "On Local Self-Government and People's Deputies of Local Councils of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted in February 1991, that law worked with the flow of the former Soviet era. In practice, the activity of local economic management bodies is based on two areas: power and economic. Their economic base is formed by economic relations between enterprises and institutions and entities that realize public demands. The roles of these entities are different. If enterprises direct their profits or goods or services to satisfy public demand, some participate in the protection of the interests of the people on a normative (legal basis) and social (on their own volition) basis, and the duty of local government bodies is to act in the interests of the people. is regulation. The value of such a classification is to determine the role and place of subjects in finding a solution to local problems, to determine the goals of their activities in the process of local economy management, and to take into account their features. The widely known and very important models in local economy management are as follows: * communal * communal — rent * municipal — rent.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7770

Мәслихат

Maslikhat is a local representative body responsible for the state of the region under the jurisdiction of the relevant administrative-territorial division. It expresses the will and will of the people of that region and, taking into account the general state interest, establishes measures for the implementation of the decisions made and monitors the progress of implementation. Institute of Councils was established on December 10, 1993 on the basis of the Law "On local representative and executive bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan". In this regard, the authority of the councils of local people's deputies, which had been serving as local maslikhats since March 1994, was transferred to maslikhats. ## Election * The population of the relevant administrative-territorial division elects the maslikhats for a period of 5 years by secret ballot on the basis of equal, equal, instant suffrage. * A citizen of the Republic of Kazakhstan who has reached the age of 20 can be elected a deputy of the maslikhat. He can be a deputy of only one maslikhat. * The Central Election Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan determines the number of maslikhat deputies for regular elections of maslikhat deputies within the following limits: in the regional maslikhat, maslikhats of republican cities and the capital - up to 50; in the city council - up to 30; in the district council - until the 25th. ## Functions Maslikhat election and its formation meet the requirements of international standards. According to the Law "On Local State Administration" adopted on January 23, 2001, the maslikhat as an authorized body performs the following functions: * approval of the territory plan, economic and social development programs, local budget, and the report on its implementation; * approval of environmental protection programs; * approval of the management plan of the administrative-territorial unit proposed by the mayor; * on the recommendation of the akim, to agree the personnel of the akimat with the decision of the maslikhat session; * reviewing the reports of the heads of executive bodies, giving recommendations to the relevant bodies on bringing to responsibility the officials of the organizations and state administration bodies that did not comply with the decision of the maslikhat; * implementation of powers to ensure the rights and legal interests of citizens in accordance with the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * Approving order in accordance with the Code of Administrative Offenses of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * control over the implementation of the local budget, plans, economic and social development programs; * creation of the permanent commission of the maslikhat and other bodies, listening to reports of their activities; * approval of the program of employment of the population and fight against poverty; * approval of the personnel of the consultative council by the mayor's office on interdepartmental issues with the mayor's proposal; * Implementation of regulation of land relations according to the Land Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * Participation in the implementation of the Constitutional norms, laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan, acts of the President, regulatory legal acts of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Maslikhat session Maslikhat is implemented in its representative session (the session is held no less than 4 times a year) through its permanent commission, maslikhat deputies, maslikhat chairman. The maslikhat elects the chairman of the maslikhat, listens to their reports, forms a permanent commission, determines the expenses of the maslikhat, approves the structure of the maslikhat apparatus. Maslikhat session is open. The chairman of the Maslikhat has the right to invite the heads of local executive bodies. During its term, the Maslikhat shall establish a permanent commission, in which there shall be no more than seven deputies. The Standing Committee reports once a year. The maslikhat or its chairman has the right to create a temporary commission to introduce issues for consideration at the maslikhat session. The maslikhat determines the composition, duties, representative and rights of the temporary commission. Labor fee is not paid for participation in the work of the temporary commission. ## Chairman of the Maslikhat The chairman of the Maslikhat (called the secretary of the Maslikhat until 2023) is an official who works on a permanent basis. He is elected and dismissed from office by open or secret voting among the deputies at the maslikhat session. The chairman of the maslikhat is elected for the term of authority of the maslikhat and does not have the right to be part of the permanent commission. Services: * organizes the preparation of the maslikhat session and issues to be considered, forms the agenda of the session, ensures the drawing up of minutes, signs the decisions adopted or approved at the maslikhat session, other documents * decision to call the maslikhat session accepts * conducts the meeting of the maslikhat session, ensures compliance with the regulations of the maslikhat * directs the activities of the maslikhat apparatus: appoints and dismisses its employees * organizes the interaction of the maslikhat with other local self-government bodies * ensures the publication of maslikhat decisions, determines measures to control their implementation ## Maslikhat apparatus Maslikhat apparatus provides organizational, legal, material-technical and other maslikhat bodies performs work. Maslikhat apparatus is a state institution financed from the local budget. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7773

Графика

Graphics — (from Greek graphein, scratch, write, draw) * A set of symbols (letters and punctuation marks) used in writing. * Means the relationship between the system of writing symbols and the phonetic system of the language. * A type of art made with the help of scratching, writing, slate tools. Graphic art is closely related to calligraphy and writing. 19th century Until now, the concepts of graphics and images were strictly separated. If graphics are only those made by printing techniques, then pictures are works made by hand: sketch, version, etc. attributes. Graphics is a genre of fine art. If color and paint play the main role in the genre of painting, in graphics (gr. graphein gr. grapho – I write) lines, strokes, the ratio of light and dark (brown) spots play a decisive role, and the most basic features of objects are selected. Graphics include all types of engraving (lithography, linocut, xylography), posters, and satirical pictures. The image is drawn directly on paper with a pencil, charcoal, chalk, or pencil, or it is embossed on specially treated plates (engraving) or stone (lithography) and then printed on paper, sometimes reproduced by printing-mechanical method. With the simplicity of visual aids and ease of mass printing, graphics are used in the field of mass communication, information (posters, postage stamps, ex-libris, newspapers), for decorating books, literary works, for drawing caricatures, caricatures, general sketches, composite sketches on various topics, etc. It is widely used in decorating things. In graphics, watercolor, gouache, pastel are used, as in the genre of painting. Graphics have a centuries-old history. Western European artists such as Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo, Rembrandt, Orest Kiprensky, Karl Bryullov, Vasiliy Perov, Ilya Repin of the Russian people have enriched the fund of world fine art through their graphic works. Ancient (Paleolithic) examples of graphic paintings in Kazakhstan include Balkash, Turkestan, Mangistau, etc. in some places there are rock paintings. Graphics in modern Kazakh art were formed in the 1930s-50s. ## Engineering graphics Engineering graphics is a set of scientific disciplines necessary for the engineer's experience in performing graphic works. ## Machine graphics Machine graphics - input and processing of images of texts, pictures, drawings with computer tools. Also considers the concept of computer graphics. Computer graphics is an important branch of computer science that deals with obtaining various images (pictures, drawings, animations) with the help of a computer. ## See also: * Sculpture ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7850

Ramadan (month)

Ramadan (Arabic: رمضان‎ - ramadan, the 9th month of the Islamic calendar) is the ninth month of the Hijra calendar. In this month, Muslims fast for a whole month. That is, from morning until sunset, he abstains from eating and drinking, having sexual intercourse, and abstaining from various vices, and stops committing sins. The word Ramadan means "to burn, very hot", that is, to burn and erase past sins. ## Actions in the month of Ramadan ### Fasting Fasting is considered the most important religious action performed in this month. Fasting during Ramadan is one of the five duties of Islam and is performed annually by Muslims around the world. This obligation is so important that sometimes it is called Ramadan. But if Ramadan is the name of the month, fasting is called fasting in Kazakh (Arabic saum). A fasting person refrains from eating, drinking or smoking from dawn to sunset. During Ramadan, Muslims should follow the principles of Islam more thoroughly, refrain from sexual intercourse, refrain from violence, avoid feelings of anger, jealousy, materialism, dissatisfaction, lust, and avoid angry or sarcastic responses and gossip. People are expected to live in harmony with each other more than usual. All mischief must be avoided by sound and sight. Purity of both thought and action is considered important. Fasting is a personal act of worship for every Muslim who seeks to get closer to God. The purpose of fasting is to remove the heart from worldly life and cleanse the inner world of a person from damage. Fasting in the month of Ramadan is not the same obligation for all people. It is not obligatory for minors to fast, but some do. However, in the case of delayed puberty, fasting is obligatory for both men and women after a certain age. According to the Qur'an, if fasting has the potential to harm someone's health, such as a sick person, then this person may not fast. For example, a person with diabetes or a breastfeeding woman usually does not fast. However, such a person is invited to feed a needy person instead. According to the hadith, it is forbidden for a woman during menstruation to fast. Another condition, though not usually sealed, is considered to be a person at war and a traveler intending to spend less than five days away from home. If the condition of a person causing difficulty in fixing his mouth is a temporary phenomenon, he should make up for the missed days in the period after the month of Ramadan until the next Ramadan. If such condition lasts for a long time, it is possible to feed a needy person instead of every day of incontinence. If a person who does not belong to any of the above mentioned categories forgetfully commits an act that breaks his fast, his fast will not be broken. However, if someone intentionally breaks his fast, he should keep his fast until sunset and then complete the entire day. If you have sexual intercourse knowingly, you must fulfill the duty of that day by fasting for the next sixty days. ### Night of Qadr Night of Qadr (Laylat-ul-Qadr) is considered to be the night when the first verse of the Qur'an was revealed to Prophet Muhammad. Although the exact night of the month is not known, it is considered to be one of the last ten nights of Ramadan. ### Tarawiq An additional prayer that is read from eight to twenty rakats every night of Ramadan is called tarawiq. ### Eid holiday Eid holiday (Arabic: عيد الفتر) marks the end of Ramadan and the beginning of the next month. ## See also * Islam * Ramadan (ru) ## External links * A blog related to the month of Ramadan Archived from the original on September 9, 2012. * Aykyn newspaper, Kenje Myrzaly, interview with the chief imam of the "Aksay" mosque. Archived on April 8, 2014. * Religion and Spirituality Archived March 9, 2017. — Open Listing Project (ODP) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7766

Ауыл

village is a long-established community in traditional Kazakh society. The Kazakh saying "The bottom of the village is unity, the bottom of the community is life" means the ethnic, economic and spiritual importance of the village. Living in harmony with nature was not enough for the nomads who settled the steppe. Their social environment should also be suitable for people. This need gave rise to the social structure known as the Seven Patriarchs. A traditional Kazakh village consisted of clan members descended from one ancestor (with the exception of a few kerme, neighbors). In the village, marriage relations are generally prohibited. The seven-father process is the most strongly observed type of exogamous marriage. Folkloric lovers Enlik and Kebek, Kalkaman and Mayyr were sentenced to death for violating this tradition. This can also be considered cruel from the point of view of other cultures. However, the positive aspects of tribal exogamy are also evident. Such marriage relations brought villages hundreds and thousands of kilometers closer to each other and made them relatives. This is where the concept of "God is a thousand years old" was born. This is why there are no dialects in the Kazakh language. The increase of cooperation between villages strengthened the ethnic unity and united the people of the whole nation as one family ("Crow-rooted Kazakh"). As for the social structure of the village, we understand the meaninglessness of such concepts as class, class struggle, feudalism, peasantry, and exploitation, which are considered from the Western point of view. First of all, in the tribal-village society, private ownership of land is not developed as in sedentary cultures. It is considered the property of the clan. Livestock of rich villagers has become a source of income for the benefit of the whole village. Even a bride from another village is considered the bride of the entire village. This is where the roots of social phenomena such as marriage and widow disputes are also found. Secondly, various disputes and complex issues between villages were settled by village dignitaries - elders and judges. Usually, from 5 to 6 to 10 to 15 houses were built in a Kazakh village. It arose due to the interest of running a joint economy. It is not profitable for the economy to keep many animals concentrated in one place. The opinion that the Kazakh village is a large family patriarchal society does not correspond to reality. The reason is that the village is separated from the village where people who have the means give their adult children their own inheritance and are located next to each other. The youngest son was considered the heir of his father, the "black family". Every village had a mobile school, a hired mullah (later a teacher), carpet, alash, bashkur, shek, etc. there were artisans who were weavers, housekeepers, jewelers, blacksmiths. The village was the center of song and music, poems and poems, poetry contests and oratorical contests, the meeting point of national traditions, and the real beginning of folk art. In a Kazakh village, houses are built in rows, one side of the village is left open for corralling and herding cattle. Typical of the village scenery: a neighing horse, a confused sheep, a bleating cow, a foal lined up in a line, a young lamb, and a foal in a barn. If there is no spring near the village, there must be a well, at the top of which there will be a well and a large wooden tray. The main purpose of the village migration is to feed livestock. The more often the settlement is changed and the field is repopulated, the better, fatter and milkier the cattle are. According to the size of the field and the abundance of water, the Kazakhs have four seasons of the year: ore jimas, maikyail, white spring, harvest spring, kopoly, mily, etc. classified. Natural disasters (drought, drought, epidemics), society. and political turmoil events (external hostilities, intertribal conflict, weakening of national unity, etc.) rendered this type of human grouping powerless in a dramatically changed environment. It is known that the new situation that has developed since the 19th century has depressed the Kazakh rural type. He could not stand Western (Russian) pressure. As a result of this, signs of deterioration, conflict, and cultural crisis began to slow down the rural-tribal society. As a result of the administrative reform carried out in 1856-68, the rural management in the Kazakh land was replaced by the Bolysh system. This has led to the destruction of the self-regulating mechanisms of the society established for centuries and transition to a system imposed from the outside. Kazakh villages have turned into colonial-type raw material collectives that produce livestock products. Before the October revolution (1917), there was a big difference in the type of settlements of the nomadic people and the settled people in the Kazakh land. During the Soviet rule, nomadic villages were adapted to mass settlement and united into collective farms and state farms. This caused great suffering to the Kazakh villages of the Republic of Kazakhstan. As a settlement system, the village differs from the city in that the population density is low and the number is small. Types of work and leisure are less likely to change. Work here is based on the rhythm of nature, i.e. changing seasons. Compared to the city, the degree of employment of rural residents is low, but the content unity of profession and life is high; working conditions are harsh, infrastructure is poorly developed. Families in the village are socially and ethnically homogeneous. The degree of social control is higher than in the city, because the mutual relations of people are strictly based on customs and traditions. During the settlement, the system of historically formed nomadic villages was permanently destroyed, and its settlement in new settlements appeared. These small settlements (including non-agricultural ones) began to be called villages. The number of villages is decreasing due to the collapse of the socially planned economy and the intensification of population migration to the city due to the introduction of a new market economy. In 1997, the total number of villages in Kazakhstan was 8,172, including 1,624 villages with more than 1,000 inhabitants. ## Grouping according to the state of development The villages are grouped into four groups according to the state of development. * The number of rural settlements with high development potential in the first group is 1,062 (14% of all rural settlements), the number of people there is 1,566,869 (10.4% of the population of the republic). Ways to help rural settlements in this group to further improve their social and economic power, to use their natural resources, to create new jobs, and to allocate loans for housing construction are under way. * The number of rural settlements with average development potential in the second group is 5664 (73.9% of all rural settlements), where the population is 5329147 (35.6% of the population of the republic). Measures are being taken to open processing facilities for them, to form infrastructures of additional sources of income depending on the characteristics of the environment. * The rest of the third and fourth groups (they are about 788) will not be financed. ## In Kazakhstan 190 out of 7,660 settlements (as of January 1, 2004), i.e. 2.4%, belong to the Atyrau region. The number of rural population in these settlements is 262,270 thousand people, which is 58% of the population of the region. About 780 of all rural settlements (neighborhoods) in our country, i.e. more than 10 percent, are at a very low level of social and economic development. Based on the experience of world financial institutions and established international norms, 7262 registered settlements in Kazakhstan were classified according to 130 indicators (proximity of the village to the market, soil fertility, development of small businesses, availability of engineering infrastructures, level of social development, drinking water quality, radiation condition of the air and other indicators) is being carried out in accordance with the state program for the development of rural areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2004-2010. In 2004-2010, at the first stage of the implementation of the state program for the development of rural areas of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2004-2006), the above-mentioned areas are financed. Providing villages with clean drinking water and gas, in turn, affects the development of local farms. For example, in 2004, 72.5% of the funds allocated for the development of social infrastructure from the local budget of Atyrau region were spent on education, and 27.5% on health care. ## Addendum A village is a stable and temporary premises inhabited by people in Kazakhstan, Central Asia and North Caucasus states, cultural education, health care institutions and some enterprise buildings residential place with a geographical name. ## Rural population Population living in all rural settlements of the country, region, district; resident population of rural areas; during the census, during the current accounting, the population category is specially divided between the city population and the kosa. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7851

Жетіру

Zhetiru is one of the tribes that make up the Kazakh people. According to the genealogy, it is part of the Small Hundred. Consists of 7 clans: * Jagbayli * Kerderi * Kereyit * Tabyn * Tama * Teleu * Ramadan Historians The origin of Zhetyru is ancient Turkic tribes (Telu, Ramadan, Tama, Taban, Kerderi, Kereit, Jagalbayli) are connected with the association. In the researches related to the history of Kazakh clans, Zhetiru is explained as a community grouped under this name during the time of Tauke Khan. He was also known as Kartkazak. If we pay attention to the historical records, we would notice that the origins of the tribes belonging to the Zhetiru Union go back to ancient times. In the history of Altai, we find the name of the association similar to the name of Teleu, which is considered the eldest of Zhetiru in folk legends. In ancient Chinese writings, it is said that the Turkic-speaking nomads who inhabited the present Mongolian land from the 5th century were called the country of Tole (Toles). According to the Chinese document "Collection of Tang Dynasty Information", all the people in this association, such as Xiangto, Qiqi, Huihe, Dubo, Gulieggan, Dolangga, Pugu, Bayegu, Tunlo, Hongbu, Xingjie, Husa, Si, Adie, and Baisi, were subordinate to the tele. According to S. Klyashtorny, a part of the Tele tribe migrated to the Black Sea and Caucasus before the 6th century. These data allow us to group whether teleu (telu) is a chain of names from ancient times. A branch of Tele is also absorbed in Kyrgyz. In them, one branch of the limit association is called payment. Among the Tyva people, we also meet the Tele clan. Also, the early history of the kerres in Zhetiru was dated by scientists to BC. In the 2nd century, the Yueji tribe, which suffered a devastating attack by the Huns, was eager to disperse. According to ancient Chinese records, most of the Yuezhi (which Kazakh scholars living in China translate as "hundreds"), who previously settled in the eastern Erenkabyr region, migrated to the Amu Darya valley. In the Chinese documents, they were called the great (yuezhi) yuz, and those who remained in their ancestral home were called the younger yuezhi (yuz). European historians recognized Yuezhi who reached Amu Darya as Kidarite Huns. The name kerderi originated from those Kidarites. Scientific data claim that in the 10th century, the Aral Sea was called the Kerderi Sea, and there were one or two cities of the same name on both sides of the Amudarya. And the history of the Kerei tribe is known in ancient written monuments from the 7th century. They are considered to be connected with the walled Kerei Khanate, which covered the territory of the Onan, Keruen, Argun rivers. At the same time, we can see that Rashid al-Din, Kydirgali Jalayiri, and Abilgazy Khan, who wrote down the events of that time, called that country Kereyt. Moving away from Chinggis Khan, the Kereyites, who spread along the Irtys and Ob towards the Terkei, and later became part of the Middle Hundred, over time stopped saying the suffix "t" at the end of their native name. And the Kereys, who were absorbed into the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, kept their original ancient names, like their clansmen in Kishi-zuz. According to that, the Kereis in the Small Hundred are probably the descendants of the Kereis who reached Central Asia with Genghis Khan's campaign and settled in this region when they tried to make those countries part of the Genghis Khan Empire. Later, a part of them became part of the Uzbeks, others of the Kyrgyz, and a third group of Kishi Yuz. We find a name similar to the tama in the composition of Jhetiru in the chronicle of Rashid al-Din. The famous chronicler talks about the warrior Tuma people living in the neighborhood of the Kyrgyz. These people rebelled against Genghis Khan several times. For that he punished them mercilessly. Tamas are found as a separate tribe among the Bashkirs, Nogais, and Kyrgyz. And the first traces of the name of the herd tribe can be found in the Altai region. In that neighborhood there are names like Tabyn Mountain Chumyma - Tabun River. It is also noteworthy that the herd is one of the largest clans in the Bashkir population. Researchers say that the Tabun tribe seems to have inhabited the region of Western Kazakhstan even before the Batu campaign. Some of them joined the Bashkirs due to some circumstances. According to the research of scientist S. Rudenko, even before the Batu campaign began, the Bashkirs were divided into twelve lion countries, one of which was Tabun. According to the herd symbol, it is mainly classified as ladle, comb, koseuly. The problem here is with the comb symbol. The jalair tribe of the great face, and the comb of the middle face are also marked with a comb. It is not for nothing that the characters have such a similar origin. It may arise from the kinship of these three clans, which are united from one point, the way and order of each face. Based on this, it seems that there is a secret in Jalayir's recognition as the "point brother" of Uly Yuz (in some genealogies, Argyn). Kazakh chronicles say that Kishi Yuz has a comb-like sole as "point brother". And a herd with a separate family with a comb mark is described as a sibling of that family. Among the researchers, there is also an opinion that the herd may include dead ancestors (M. Mukanov, V. Vostrov). He is a branch of this tribe. Scholars say that both it and the gray in the Albanian composition are marked with a spoon, which indicates that this ancestor was once joined by the Great Hundred. A similar opinion is expressed about the Ramadan tribe. The Ramadan ladle symbol is very similar to the Dulat clans. It is not surprising that some of the ancestors of the Dulat are sometimes included in the Little Hundred, and add to this that the motto of Ramadan is "Dulat". In the origin of the name of the Jagalbayli tribe in Zhetiru, as our genealogists say, there were two heroes named Jagal and Baily, but the grouping with the meaning of "jagal", "töbel", "ala" (horse) is more suggestive. One side of this would be consistent with the name of the country "hela" (black horse), which is in scientific practice. In Chinese writings describing the 6th-7th centuries, it is said that "the state of Hela... is a country that lives near the North Sea (Lake Baikal), all its horses are brindled, the name of the country comes from that, they keep horses for their fur, they move around with the hooves of cattle..." According to the researchers, the country of Hela (spotted horses) later moved to the west along with the Tele people who followed the great migration of the Kipchaks. ## Sources ## External links "Kazakhstan": National encyclopedia/Chief editor A. Nysanbayev - Almaty "Kazakh encyclopedia" General editor, 1998

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7852

Red worm

Kyzylkurt (red + Persian: горг‎ гург — wolf) is a member of the Bayuly association of Kishi Yuz. ## Origin We first saw this tribe in the Small Hundred A. According to the genealogy cited by M. Tynyshbaev, we see that there were three branches in the Kyzylkurt clan: emir, prey, and saddler. According to the materials of Blamberg and the information we collected from the country, there are four points instead of three. In addition to the above, there is a fourth branch, saba, which we consider to be the most correct. Symbol of Kyzylkurt clan (according to Meyer), (according to Tynyshbaev and archive materials), motto "Zhienbai". The fact that the characters are different proves that the origin of this tribe is mixed. And what components are included in it? First of all, it is possible to say that the red worm is a branch in the tama clan of the Small Yuz, and the same branch is in the Oyik clan of the hot tribe (Uly Yuz). At the same time, they even have the same symbol (increase) with the latter. These two facts allow us to assume with some certainty that the Kyzylkurt clan originated from the Yas tribe, and that its part, which was once separated, joined the Tama clan as a branch. Of course, there may be other options for the formation of this clan, because we do not have clear information about its origin, but in any case, the existence of kinship between Kyzylkurt, Tama and Ysty cannot be denied. The Kyzylkurt tribe is found in the Saru tribe of the Kyrgyz, in the Yetiru division. It is difficult to say whether the coincidence of ethnonyms is a coincidence or proves their kinship. This is an issue for future research. Other symbols of the Kyzylkurt clan are primarily derived from other clans, in particular, the Baybakki clan, whose symbol is the Maskar clan, etc. b. there are also those who came out. ## Persons ## Sources Encyclopedia of Kazakhstan

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7856

Шеркеш

Belongs to the Bayuly Association of Kishi Yuz. A clan descended from the Alshin tribe. ## Origin Connection with the tribal name Terkesh (former Turkesh) among the Altai Kizhi nation. According to the genealogy, the Sherkesh clan descends from the Baiuli clan union of the Alshin tribe and is a descendant of Alau Batyr, the emir of the Golden Horde. From sherkesh to ukas, koys, shumka, jaukakhshti, khilish-kez, komsum spread. Among them, Kosymy is probably Sherkesh's adopted son. However, because of Sherkesh's displeasure and making him a subsidiary, the Sherkeshites took Kosym's generation as a brother and put him on the throne. People used to say, "Kosym is not sherkesh, but kosym is not kosym". In the Kazakh chronicles, the Esentemir and Isik tribes of Alshin are considered to be affiliated with Sherkesh. Compared to that, the kinship of these clan associations has been preserved since time immemorial. That is, all these clans split from the emir of the Golden Horde, Alau, and form the Alshin tribe. Some scientists (Vostrov) made a trivial assumption that their origin may be Naiman, based on the symbol (similar to a boar). Another researcher says that the Issyk inhabited the vicinity of Issykkol and got their name from that lake, as well as from the word "abyz". In any case, these associations were included in the Turkic Khaganate, and later the Kipchak Khanate. A number of scholars connect Sherkesh with the Circassians. They may be separated from each other at the same time. The Serkesh (Sherkesh) tribe is found among the Uzbek-Lokai. The first information about the sherkesh is found in the reports of A. Tevkelev, Larionov, in the works of A. Levshin, and in subsequent researches. The Sherkeshes in the south were neighboring with a number of clans of the Kunurat and Uly Yuz. Most of Sherkesh inhabited the Zhaiyk-Volga region, Mynteke, Naryn sands. Famous performers: Shagyrai Batyr Zhadikuly, Baibakty Batyr, Kaliyev Aldiyar, Asanali Ashimuli, Salik Zimanov, Kuanysh Aldiev, Aman Sarbalin, Senebayev Amanbek, Pernebay Duysenbin. ## People ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7855

Taz clan

Taz is a Kazakh clan descended from the Alshin tribe. According to the genealogy, Taz had sons like Abdal, Jastaban and Sharga; in the next genealogy, Tazdan - Es, Esten - Abai, Kabai spread; from Abay - Zhstaban and Sharga, from Kabay - Abdal, from Zhstaban - Baisary, Suyirbas and Tiles, from Sharga - Akserke, Zhaksybay, Zholym, Asan, Syrlybay, Kunbas, Jien and Zhantai, from Abdal - Shokhtigul and Kulay, from them - Otes, Zhapak, Mambetkul, Koshey, Keldibai and Kishkene (Turymbet) generations have flourished. In written records, Taz is mentioned for the first time in the works of M. Tevkelev together with a wish. These clans were part of the Bashkir people. A. Yu. In his research, Yakubovsky concluded that Abdal was known as a tribe from the 4th to 5th centuries and that these tribes were connected to both Turkmen and Kazakhs. Turkmen abdals lived in Mangystau in the 18th and 19th centuries. Bald people can also be affected at that time. Abdal is also found in the Uzbek lokay, among the Kyrgyz sarybagy tribes. Taz is found as a patronymic in the Syrmanak clan of the Jalayir tribe, in the Oyik clan of the Issy tribe, in the gray branch of the Albanian tribe, in the Kerei clan of the Middle Hundred Ashamayli. Battle motto of Taz is bakai, symbol is whip. ## Origin According to the Mongolian secret genealogy, the name of a tributary of the Yenisei River is Taz, an ancestor of the forest people of this region is Tas, Taz. One of the Mongolian tribes inhabiting the Gobi desert is the Taz. Today, the settlement of Kishi Yuz has spread throughout the regions. The poets Toremurat, Oten, Narynbay Batylar, Daden Bi, Kashkynbay and Bala Oraz, known throughout Kazakhstan, are the holy descendants of this Taz. The Albanian and Isty tribes of the Great Hundred also include Taz clans. ## People ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7854

Жаппас

Jappas is one of the 18 clans descended from the Alshin tribe. It descends from the association of Bayuly clans of the Alshin tribe. ## Origin The Jappas clan is one of the largest clans in the Small Hundred. Unfortunately, there are no early records of this clan in historical sources. It was A. who first spoke about the Jappas clan in the small hundred. Tevkelev. In the report of Larionov, an official of the Orinbor border commission, regarding 1829 and A. Levshin tells about this tribe. In the latest written records, as a part of the Khishi zhuz and Bokei hordes, this clan is regularly found in Nebolsin, Khanykov, Blamberg, Keppen and others. There is also information about it in archive materials. According to the data from the second half of the 19th century - the beginning of the 20th century, the clan included nine subdivisions: Chaltak, Sumuryn, Besbaluan, Baimurat, Onkit, Karakoz, Karakia, and Katap. Keppen lists only seven divisions, and Nebolsin only six. "Materials on the land use of Kyrgyz..." and the information collected from our country, various number of clan subdivisions are given. In the meantime, the problem is that the Jappas clan, or rather its divisions, are scattered over a huge area. As we will see below, they lived in different districts of Torgai region, in the territory of Bokei Horde, Syrdarya and Ural regions. V. V. Radlov also reports that the Zhappas clan in Zhetysu has joined the western wing of the Great Horde. In this case V. V. Radlov says that the number of households of these clans living among the Jalayirs of Kapal region, but certainly not included in any of the Uly Hundred, is negligible. Therefore, it is clear that the researchers and travelers indicated the tribal units that inhabited a certain place, and the complete view of the tribal structure can be recreated only by comparing all these materials. The information we collected from around the country in 1960 gives the most accurate composition of the tribe, let's say that M. It can be said the same with Tynyshbayev's data. The only difference is that we have another puppy (puppy) department, and it is M. Tynishbayev does not have it. Symbol of the Zhappas clan: slogans "Baymurat" and "Bakhtibay" (Blamberg). ## Persons * I.N. Tasmagambetov is the mayor of Astana. * Alzhan Musirbekuly Zharmukhamedov * Zharasbayev * Kotibar Itayakov * Abbas Zharasbayuly * Otkelbai Isauly? * Baisakal bi * Asangali Saparov * Sabira Maikanova * Azirbayzhan Madiuli Mambetov * Shaldybayev Laik Tokayuly (1939-2019) - scientist-agronomist, poet, reporter, speaker * Redemption dance

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7857

Tana

Tana is a clan of the Alshin tribe. The name of Tana comes from the name of the Tana (Don) river. ## Origin Tana enters Bayuly of Kishi Yuz and divides into seven: Bes sary, Zhienbet, Akhimbet, Kalkaman, Karakunan, Asan, Sholan, Zholymbet, Karaman \ <> ## Persons

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7863

Shaldai (woodland)

Shaldai Forest is a rare coniferous forest located in the State Nature Reserve "Irtys Forest" (Shaldai village, Pavlodar region). Scientists also believe that "Shalday pines grow only in Australian forests." ## Protection of Shaldai forest Currently, this area is being destroyed due to fires and illegal logging. Today, the area of burned fields in Shaldai is 60 thousand hectares. It will take about 30 years to restore the fields in Shaldai that were burned. Taking a loan from the "International Bank for Reconstruction and Development" to protect Shaldai forest (2007). The cost of the forest conservation project is 63.5 million dollars. 30 million dollars of this amount will be taken as a loan from the bank. The Global Environmental Fund will provide $5 million. Only 28 million dollars are considered from the republican budget. According to Maksat Elemesov, Deputy Head of Forest and Specially Protected Natural Areas Department of the Forestry and Hunting Committee of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the above-mentioned project is only suitable for six years. It turns out that the huge amount of money pouring in from all sides is only enough to restore 2000 hectares of forest area. Currently, tree nurseries are also working.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7866

A link

A hyperlink is a colored and underlined text or image that allows you to go to a file, a location in a file, or an HTML page on the Internet. When you move the cursor to it with the mouse, a new page will open on the screen.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7868

Internet provider

Internet provider — (English Internet Service Provider, ISP) organization that provides access to the Internet. Internet Service Provider (ISP) is a service provider on the Internet. A legal entity that connects computers that want to connect to the network directly to the Internet at their request, and connects them with servers. \< > ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7864

Cluster

cluster (English. cluster) is a uniting of several homogeneous instances into one group, which are considered independent units with certain characteristics. Cluster is a voluntary association of private companies; innovative-oriented production-commercial structure based on the network model of management and able to adapt to the conditions of the global economy. The theory and practice of creating and developing clusters emerged as a response to globalization. Globalization flattens and destroys the individual characteristics of regions and homogenizes the economic space, creating conditions for the creation of a unipolar world. In the 1990s, the trend of clustering of economic activity, competing with globalization, began to take shape, that is, the consolidation of regional activity based on specific areas of the economy and using the specific characteristics of the region. The basic rules of the competitiveness and theory of clusters were created in 1990 by Harvard professor M. Porter. The principle difference from previous regional development strategies, including the "growth centers" popularized in the 1970s, was to replace negative feedback with positive feedback. Instead of administrative-voluntary decisions on the creation of "growth centers", direct state regulation, state support of socially important but uncompetitive production facilities, and the concept of "balancing" regional economies, a radical transition to a new innovative model, which implements a positive spiral of development, took place. This model uses the concept of "efficiency" of economies, encourages initiative from below, relies on the formation of "autonomous start-up mechanisms" in complex regions, institutions in the form of start-up (venture companies) in particular, the criteria of PPP (Public Private Partnership - partnership of public and private sectors) takes the lead. A classic example of a cluster is Silicon Valley in the USA. Its foundation was laid in 1990 thanks to the efforts of local authorities and Stanford University. There are currently 2.5 million around this cluster. There are about 20,000 start-up venture companies with employees. Although the clusters are regional in content, many of them have gained global popularity. It is a transport cluster in Detroit, Hollywood in cinema, banking and watches in Switzerland, finance in the City of London, modeling in Milan and Paris, hi-tech and aerospace in Seattle. Such new clusters are rapidly developing - "New Detroit" (Alabama), Shanghai district, Silicon Fen (Silicon Fen) in Cambridge district, high-tech cluster in Bangladesh (India). Finland shows the enormous potential of the cluster approach. The IT-telecom cluster, established on the basis of the University in Oulu, at the edge of the Arctic Circle, has become a world leader in this field. Launched in 1992, its driving force is Nokia. The cluster includes more than 120 companies. A favorable environment - Mediopolis - in the field of medicine and biotechnologies, created conditions for the creation of another cluster, which includes more than 50 companies. Such a cluster approach, along with the dominance of RRR criteria, creates an opportunity for Finland to start a group among the competitive countries of the world. The following conditions are necessary for the creation of clusters: formation of an appropriate innovative environment in the country (that is, at the macro level) and at the regional level; identification and use of infrastructure advantages of the region; use of regional religious features and historical heritage and traditions of the people; regional authorities to encourage competition at the local level; Local authorities provide advice to entrepreneurs in the formation of start-up institutions, support by providing educational services, etc. In information technologies: * Cluster (data storage unit) is a unit for measuring the amount of data stored on removable (floppy) or permanent disks of computers; * Cluster (group of computers) is a group of computers connected by a broadband connection, represented as a unified equipment stock from the user's point of view; * Cluster (server group) is a logically connected server group that is used as a single resource that processes similar requests; * Cluster (database) — combining data from different tables to speed up execution of complex requests; * Cluster (blogger group) is an association of those who manage blogs with certain characteristics; In astronomy: * A star cluster is a group of stars connected to each other by gravitational forces; * A galaxy cluster is a massive structure with several galaxies. Other meanings: * A collection of search results with topic integrity is a cluster; * Cluster (enumeration) is a group of homogeneous instances of the enumeration set; * Cluster (chemistry) is a complex association of several atoms or molecules; * Cluster (nuclear physics) is a group of simple particles with a correlation relationship; * Cluster (linguistics) is a group of languages or dialects close to each other; * Cluster (economy) is a group of related industries. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7872

Underground art

Underground (English undeground — underground, hidden) — 20th century. in the second part, the opposition movement against official art. Underground consists of non-traditional artistic events that do not accept the values and dogmas of official culture, and incorporate some principles of avant-garde art, rock culture, counterculture, and youth movement. Underground is connected with some local forms of cultural life ("samizdat", informal exhibitions, secret concerts, discos, some types of salon culture, etc.). Underground art in a totalitarian society arose out of disagreement with the state-administrative system aimed at suffocating artistic freedom with political-ideological authority and socialist realism, which is recognized as the only art system. Anecdotes told secretly in this society are close to underground art. Some types of underground art are characterized by blackness and lack of spirituality.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7847

Don't touch it

* Zhagalbayli is a lake in Akkol district of Akmola region. * Jagalbayli is a clan belonging to the Yetyru Association of Kishi Yuz. * Jahalbayli is a mountain in the north of the Tarbagatai range.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7838

Digital image

Digital image (digital image, digital graphics) is the adaptation of a two-dimensional image as a limited number of digital units - pixels. A digital image consists of a certain number of rows and rows of pixels. A pixel is the smallest element of an image and stores a digital quantity representing the brightness of a given color at a given point. Typically, pixels are stored on a computer network as a raster image or bitmap, that is, a two-dimensional matrix of small random numbers.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7816

Archetype

Archetype (Greek, agshe - beginning, tupos - image) is the first model, original. The archetype is the basis of universal human symbolism, the source of nourishment for the creative imagination. The archetype plays a special role in art. Cultural archetypes are primary cultural originals, concepts-symbols about man and his place in nature and society, they "grow" continuously from the deep depths of history, they have not lost their importance and meaning in the norm-value space of modern culture and provide a general project for the actions of people today. orientations. Teachings about the archetype K. In Jung's "analytical psychology", Vygotsky's "cultural-historical theory", J. It was comprehensively developed in Cooley's "Symbolic Interactionism" and concepts of cultural value-symbolic system and spiritual intention of people's life. K. In Jung's analytical psychology, archetypes were preserved as originals in the mystical structures of the unconscious, the "collective unconscious." The spiritual-creative treasury of a cultural person is composed of archetypes in communal mysticism. They include the logic of values that forms a priori (before experience) a person's spiritual life and generally determines his actions and behavioral system. On the basis of this, the feeling of "self" in a person, a time-space field common to the ethnos appears. Every nation often returns to its archetypes when given the opportunity to freely develop its culture. For example, in recent years in Kazakhstan, the idea of "modernization of national foundations" in various fields of culture and art is connected with this. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7848

Кердері

Kerderi is a clan of the Kazakh people. Scientists trace the initial history of the Kerderi tribe to BC. In the 2nd century, the Yuezhi, who were subjected to a devastating attack by the Huns, were expelled from the country. According to ancient Chinese records, most of the Yuezhi (which Kazakh scholars living in China translate as "faces"), who previously settled in the vicinity of eastern Erenkabyr, migrated from that region to the Amu Darya valley. In the Chinese documents, they were called great (yuezhi) Yuz (literally White Huns), and those who remained in their ancestral home were called junior Yuezhi (yuz). The Yuezhi who reached the Amu region were known by European historians as Kidarites-Huns. The name of the Kerder tribe originated from those Kidarites. Scientific data claim that in the 10th century, the Aral Sea was called the Kerderi Sea, and there were one or two cities of the same name on both sides of the Amudarya. One part of the Kerders is part of the Muitek tribe of the Karakalpaks, and the other part is part of the Yetiru tribe in Kishi-zhu. During "Aktaban shubyrundy, alkakol sulama" the Kerders were forced to suddenly move from Aral to the upper part of Kobda, to the left side of Elek, near the city of Ural. From Kerderi: Kotermen, Zhabagi, Smail, Berdimbet, Zhanbas, Shagyr, etc. grandfathers spread. The motto is Kozhakhmet, the symbol is (Q) cup. Kerderi is a clan that is part of the Zhetiru tribe of the small face. The origin of Kerderi is considered in historical literature in connection with the fate of the Hun-Kidarites, who had their own state called Kerderi in the north of Khorezm. Kerderi was strong during the state. In the 10th century, the Aral Sea was also called the Kerderi Sea. One of the monuments of these states is the city of Zhankent. Its remains are around the current Kazaly station. During the formation of the Kazakhs and Karakalpaks as a nation, one part of the Kerders became part of the Muyten tribe of the Karakalpaks, and the other part became part of the Kishi Yuz Kazakhs. During "Aktaban shubyrundy - alkakol sulama" Kerderis were forced to move from the Aral to the upper part of Kobda, to the left side of Elek and near the city of Ural. COUNTRIES: Koteren, Kultay, Zhabagi, Smail, Berdimbet, Zhanbas, etc. divided into grandfathers. Kerder's motto is Kojakmet. ## Famous people * Muhamed-Khafiz Myrzagaliyev * Abubakir Borankululy * Abd al-Gafur al-Kerderi * Kumar Abugaliyev * Abdirakhman Aitiyev ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7846

Есентемір

Esentemir is a clan of the Kazakh people. According to the genealogy, it was distributed from the association of the Bayuly clan, which is part of the Kishi hundred. Various legends are told about the origin of the Esentemir clan. In one of the ancient genealogies written in verse, when Alshin's grandsons Alimkoja and Kydyrkoja moved across the Syr, Baikoja did not move. Later, Baikozha's village was attacked by kalmaks, and he and his son Ata and his wife were killed by kalmaks. Soon, Ata's two younger brothers, Kalpak and Estay, also die. Father left a son named Temir. Eltai takes his cousin Temir, Kalpak's wife Kumis, and Yestai's wife Kuimejan on the way to Syr. But since his sisters-in-law and little brother are not fit to travel, Eltai promises to come back and take them, and Eltai continues alone. Later, he takes all three with him along Syr. This poem, engraved on the stone of Karatau near Syr about 271 years ago, confirms the old story: "We were a country called Esentemir. In another ancient legend, Iron is brought to the Little Hundred from the Dead Hundred or Middle Hundred. He fell into the hands of Kydyrkozha during the time of war, and gave a lot of horses to the rich and brave man. Kydyrkoja, the ancestor of the twelve grandfathers, was very rich and wealthy, so the family descended from him became known as Bayuly. One year, there was a big storm, and in a fierce winter, Temir was lost along with many horses of the rich man. After the blizzard broke out, Bai asked and searched everywhere, but there was no news of either the rider or the horse. The dust of the tower can be seen in the distance when the rich man takes off his clothes. It is said that Kydyrkozha, who recognized from afar a tall, tall man who was riding a horse dragging a horse in front of the village, shouted that Temirim was safe. It is said that Temir was named Esentemir after that. The Esentemir clan is divided into two clans, Köny and Tagashi. Boken bi, Koktaubai batyr, Mynbai batyr, Esbai kushi, poet Doszhan are famous people. The motto is Aldongar, the symbol is Adalbakan. ## People ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7905

Republic of China

Taiwan (officially called the Republic of China, lit. 中華民國, lit. 中华民国, pinyin: Zhōnghuá Mínguó, pall.: Жунгуа Мингуо; often used as the name of the island of the same name, Taiwan, most of the areas under the control of the republic) is in East Asia. semi-recognized country located. The population of Taiwan in 2020 was 23,600,903. As the area is 35,980 square km, the population density is equal to 652.11 people per square km. Currently, its population is 23 million. man. Taiwanese are divided into several ethnic groups, the largest of which is the Hanzu. Taiwan is one of the densest countries. The western region is getting denser, the local population has been pushed to the mountains by the Han Dynasty. There are 3 millionaire cities: Taipei, Kaohsiung, Taichung. Taiwan is located in the western Pacific Ocean, between the islands of Japan and the Philippines. Taiwan Island, Penghu Archipelago (Pescador Islands), Kinmen (Kemoi), Matsu, etc. are included in the Taiwan State. b. including islands. The official name of Taiwan was adopted as "Republic of China" on January 1, 1912. He was a member of the UN Security Council (in 1971, the UN replaced the Republic of China with the People's Republic of China). At the moment, there is talk that the Constitution with this name is out of date, and that it should be given a different name. About 90 percent of the people of Taiwan consider themselves Taiwanese. ## Notes ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7825

Менингит

Meningitis, or meningitis, is one of the most common diseases in the population, a very dangerous brain disease, which mostly affects children. It can be a complication of other diseases, such as smallpox, mumps (inflammation of the tonsils), whooping cough or ear infections. Children born to mothers with tuberculosis sometimes develop tuberculosis meningitis in the first months after birth. Many people suffer from its various stages. In the past, people who were sick with this disease did not live long because there was no cure. And today, with the help of advanced medicine, the number of people who recover quickly is increasing. This disease, usually caused by a cold, is caused by inflammation of the soft membranes of the brain and spinal cord. For the first time in 1887 A. Weiselbaum invented it. At the same time, the meningitis bacterium changes into an infectious form through the air during coughing. The bacteria that entered the nose reached the spinal cord, entered the blood circulation and strengthened pathogens. A person infected with an infectious form of meningitis is considered a carrier of the disease. At the same time, meningitis strongly affects the nervous system, and as a result, 20 percent of those affected by the form of meningitis that affects the nervous system die. Meningitis is caused by close proximity of people, lack of cleanliness, as well as proximity to disease-spreading centers. Also, sometimes it occurs due to injury to the body, worm disease, flu and typhoid. ## Course of the disease The disease is divided into two types in the initial stage. The most complicated of this disease, which is acute and chronic, is the meningeal syndrome, which is a purulent form in the brain. The first signs of the disease - 10-12 days after infection, headache, nausea, dry mouth, fever, hoarseness of voice, pallor, an incubation period, pink spots appear on the body. The body temperature rises to 40, and the muscles begin to strain. If it is not treated in time, in many cases it can become a paralysis. Unable to look at the light, he is afraid of a loud voice and begins to lose his mind. This symptom occurs in purulent meningitis. Meningitis is a type of worm disease - the patient is weak, tired, sweats quickly, and has a high body temperature for a long time. It is determined when the blood pressure inside the skull increases. ## Symptoms * High temperature; * Severe headache; * Neck droop. The child's expression does not change, the leech continues to lie down, the head and neck are held back. * The outside of the flag is so bent that the child cannot even put his head between his knees; * The work of a child under one year of age increases (swells); * Vomiting during meningitis is a characteristic phenomenon of this disease; * It is difficult to identify meningitis in the early stages in young children. The child continues to cry inexplicably, even when the mother is breastfeeding ("meningitis cry"). Or the child continues to sleep; * Sometimes it gets tired (trying), or body movements also change in a different way; * Often the condition of the child begins to deteriorate gradually, and calms down only when he is completely unconscious; * Tuberculosis meningitis develops very slowly, it lasts for many days or weeks. Other forms of this disease progress more quickly than others - over a period of hours or days. ## Ways of treatment Provide urgent qualified medical care to the patient - don't delay even a minute! If possible, take the patient to the hospital. Until the doctor arrives: * put 500 mg of Apmicillin every 4 hours. Or 1 million units every 4 hours. insert penicillin crystal. Also give chloramphenicol if possible; * In case of high fever (over 40°), reduce it with a wet compress or acetaminophen or aspirin; * If the child's mother has tuberculosis or there are other reasons to suspect that the child may have tuberculous meningitis, give the child 0.2 mg of streptomycin for every 5 kg of his weight and call a doctor immediately. Also, if tuberculous meningitis is not present, ampicillin or penicillin can be used. ## Prevention In order to prevent tuberculous meningitis in a newborn baby whose mother has tuberculosis, the baby should be vaccinated with a special vaccine at birth. The dose of vaccine for babies is 0.05 ml (half of the normal amount of 0.1 ml). ## Sources * Werner, David. On providing medical assistance to the population (Handbook). Translated into Kazakh: Ayymbetov M, Bermakhanov A.—Almaty: "Demalys", "Kazakhstan", 1994—506 pages. ISBN 5-615-01453-9 Noncommercial reproduction and distribution of any part of this book is expressly permitted by the publishers. Many thanks to them for that!

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7867

Computer network

computer network is a group of computers and other devices, such as printers and keyboards, connected by communication networks that allow all devices to interact with each other. Networks can be small or large, permanently connected by cables, or temporarily connected by telephone lines and wireless channels. The largest network is the Internet, which is a group of worldwide networks. It is also an intranet. ## Classification ### According to territorial distribution: * PAN (Personal Area Network) is a personal network, different devices belonging to one owner necessary for interaction. * LAN (Local Area Network) is a local network that has a closed infrastructure until it reaches service providers. The term "LAN" can describe both a small office network and a large plant-level network covering an area of hundreds of hectares. On foreign bases, even approximate estimates are given—lines with a radius of about six miles (10 km). Local networks are closed type networks, in which only a limited group of users who work on the network due to their profession can get access. * CAN (Campus Area Network — campus network) — connects the local networks of nearby buildings. * MAN (Metropolitan Area Network) — urban networks between institutions within one or more cities, connecting many local computer networks. * WAN (Wide Area Network) is a main network covering a large geographical area, including local area networks, telecommunication networks and devices. An example of a WAN is a network with packet switching (Frame relay), through which different computer networks can "talk" to each other. Global networks are open and aimed at serving all users. The term "Corporate network" can also be used in the literature to define the combination of several networks, and each of the internal networks can be built on the basis of different technical, software and informational principles. ## Communication Protocol and Network Programming ## Local Area Network Full Article: Local Area Network \ <> Local area network (English. Local Area Network, LAN) is a communication network that connects a group of computers, printers and other devices within a relatively limited space (for example, a building). A local area network allows devices connected to each other to interact. A network is a set of computers connected by means of data transmission between computers. A computer network is a complex system of software and hardware components for data transmission between interconnected network elements. Among the hardware equipment, it is possible to name communication equipment with different types and classes of computers. The software component consists of the operating system and network applications. Special types of OS - network OS are used for effective network operation. Network OS is a set of programs for central control of a computer network (Windows NT, Novell NetWare, etc.). Network applications are application software complexes that expand the capabilities of the network OS (mail programs, network databases, etc.). All devices connected to the network are divided into three functional groups: - workstations; - network servers; - relational sites. Workstation (workstation) is a personal computer connected to the network, through which the user performs his work and accesses network resources. It is equipped with its own operating system (MS DOS, Windows, etc.) and provides the user with all necessary tools for generating application reports. Three types of workstations can be distinguished: local disk workstation, diskless workstation, remote workstation. On a local disk workstation, the OS is loaded from this disk, and on a diskless workstation, the OS is loaded from the file server. A remote workstation is a station connected to a network via a telecommunications channel (for example, a telephone line). Server (server) is a computer connected to the network and providing certain services to its users. Servers store data, process database requests, process deleted jobs, print jobs, and other activities arising from the needs of network users. A server is a source of network resources. Defines the following types of servers depending on the functions they perform. Among the types of servers, a lot of attention should be paid to the file server (file server) (the name file server is often used). File server - stores information about users on the network and prevents access to this information. This is a computer with a large amount of RAM, a hard disk, and a tape drive (streamer). The file server works under the control of a special operating system that prevents simultaneous access of network users to the information located on it. The file server performs the following functions: data storage, data archiving, coordination of data changes performed by different users, data transmission. For many applications, it is unnecessary to use a single file server, where several servers can be connected to the network. A mini-computer can be used as a file server. Database server (database server) is a computer that performs the functions of storing, processing and managing database files. Database server - storage of databases, support of their integrity, completeness, relevance; - receiving and processing requests to the database, returning processing results to the workstation; - to prevent authorized access to the database, to support the user registration and tracking system, to limit the users' ability to create connections; - distributed database support, interaction with database servers located in other locations performs functions. Application server (application server) is a computer used to execute user application programs. Communication server (communications server) is a device or computer that allows local network users to have explicit access to their serial I/O ports. Access server (access server) is a computer dedicated to remote processing of tasks. Programs invoked from a remote workstation are executed on this server. Commands entered by the user from the keyboard are accepted from the remote workstation, and the results of the performed task are returned to it. Fax server (fax server) is a device or computer that performs reception and transmission of facsimile messages for local network users. Data backup server (back up server) is a device or computer that solves the tasks of creating, storing and restoring copies of data located on file servers and workstations. Such a server can be one of the file servers on the network. Network communication equipment (sites) include the following devices: - repeater; - switches (bridges); - routers; - larynxes (sluices). The length of the network, the distance between the stations are primarily determined by the physical characteristics of the transmission medium (coaxial cable, twisted pair conductor, etc.). When transmitting data in any environment, signal attenuation occurs, which limits distances. To overcome these limitations and expand the network, special devices - repeaters, switches and bridges - are installed. The parts of the network that are not covered by such extension devices are called network segments. Repeater (repeater) is a device that amplifies and reproduces the incoming signal. In all repeater-connected segments, data is exchanged between only two stations at any given time. A switch or bridge is a device for connecting several segments. In this case, several data exchange processes are supported simultaneously for each pair of stations of different segments. A router is a device that connects one or different types of networks according to the same data exchange protocols. The router analyzes the broadcast address and forwards the data along the most efficient route. A gateway is a device that allows organizing data exchange between different network objects using different data exchange protocols. Basic requirements for modern computing networks. Computing networks are designed to provide access to any network resource for any network user. The quality of access to resources as a territorial characteristic of the existence of the network can be characterized by various indicators depending on the tasks set before the network. The main indicators are: - productivity; - reliability; - administrative; - extension; - clarity; - accumulation. Classifications of computing networks. Computing networks can be classified according to several features. Types of computer networks depending on territorial characteristics: - local networks (LAN - Local Area Network); - wide area networks (WAN - Wide Area Network). Types of network depending on the scale: - local networks of workgroups (units a small number of computers operating under the control of one OS); - local networks of departments (units computers of one department); - local networks of campuses (units several sub-networks); - joint (corporate) networks (combines computers and networks of one institution or corporation). OSI reference model. In order to regulate the creation of network software equipment and to cover the interoperability of any computing systems, the International Organization for Standardization (International Standard Organization — ISO) created the Open System Interconnection (OSI) reference model. This is a seven-level logical model of computing networks, which are: 1) physical level; 2) channel level; 3) network level; 4) transport level; 5) session level; 6) indicative level; 7) application level. The first three of these (physical, channel, network) are based on data delivery and routing, the transport layer is based on creating connections between the first three and higher layers, and the last three (session, display, application) layers are based on serving user applications. each layer is relatively independent, each layer describes strictly defined interaction functions of network devices. All levels form a hierarchical structure, where a request made at any level is passed on to the level below it. The results of processing the request are returned to the top level. Interfaces and protocols are used to describe the software and hardware interaction of the layers. Rules and agreements called interfaces (eg X.25) are established to describe the interaction between two neighboring layers and the format of the data transferred between them. A set of rules that fix the display formats of the interaction of objects of the same level, as well as messages transmitted between objects of the same level, are called protocols. Large-scale computing networks are computer networks that connect local networks and personal computers located far from each other. Large-scale computing networks consist of three components: local computing networks, which are considered as nodes of the network; channels connecting local computing networks; equipment and programs that allow establishing communication channels. The most famous large-scale computing network is the Internet. Internet is a union of computer networks that work with different protocols, connect different computing machines, transfer data by all types of media (telephone wires, optical fiber, radio modems, etc.). Its very name means "between the nets". Networking will have great opportunities. From his computer, any Internet subscriber can send data to another city, view the catalog of the Library of Congress in Washington, get acquainted with the pictures of the latest exhibition of the Metropolitan Museum in New York, participate in the IEEE conference and play games with network subscribers from different countries. The most important feature of the Internet is that it does not create any hierarchy by connecting different networks, all computers connected to the network have equal rights. The basis of the Internet is high-speed broadband networks, independent networks are connected to broadband networks through NAP (Network Access Point) network access points. Independent networks are considered autonomous systems because they have their own administrative controls and routing protocols. There are large national networks as individual systems, for example - European EUNet, RUNet networks of Russian universities. Some independent systems are created by companies specialized in providing Internet access services, which are called providers (for example, UUNET in the USA, Relcom in Russia). Exchange modes, protocols and addressing on the Internet. Connection to the Internet system is carried out by various methods, such methods: - e-mail (E-mail); - teleconference (UseNet); - creating a remote connection (TelNet); - search and transfer of files (FTP); - search and delivery of text files using the menu system (Gopher); - search and delivery of documents using hypertext links or the World Wide Web (WWW). There are two modes of information exchange in local networks - on-line and off-line. On-line is a mode of working together while connected to the network, a dialogue mode. Off-line - mode of working without connecting to the network, preparation of data to be sent by e-mail. On-line mode is similar to telephone conversation, off-line mode is similar to mail correspondence. The main protocols used in the Internet system are the TCP/IP (Transmission Control Protocol/Internet Protocol) set of protocols. IP is network layer, TCP is transport layer protocols. It supports many existing standards of data delivery mediums at the channel and physical level, such as Ethernet and FDDI for LANs or X.25 and ISDN for wide area networks. Important application-level protocols are remote control protocol telnet, file transfer protocol FTP, hypertext transfer protocol HTTP, e-mail protocols SMTP, POP, IMAP, MIME, network device management protocol SNMP. Each computer connected to the Internet has its own unique IP address. An IP address is a network address that is 32 bits long and consists of 4 parts of 8 bits each. It consists of two parts - the network address and the host address on this network. A host is a computer that is directly connected to the network and has its own address. Since digital IP addresses are inconvenient for people to use, a mechanism is used to assign symbolic names to IP addresses, which is called the domain name system (DNS - domain name system). In such a system, the user address consists of two parts: <user ID>@<domain name> User ID and domain name may consist of several parts separated by a dot. The main domain name is the root domain, followed by first, second, and third level domains. The root domain is distributed by InterNic, the first level is for each country, the next level is for the type of institutions, and so on. are assigned, for example: kz - Kazakhstan, ru - Russia, su - for post-Soviet states, ca - Canada, uk - Great Britain, us - USA, ua - Ukraine, de - defined subdomains for Germany. Subdomains that match institutions consist of three symbols, for example: com for commercial institutions, edu for educational and research institutions, gov for government institutions, mil for military institutions, net for network institutions, org for other institutions. The second-level internal domain designates city and region names. ## See also * Network adapter

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7882

Икэбана

Ikebana or Ikebana (Japanese 生け花 or Japanese いけばな ikebana, Japanese "ike or ikeru". 生ける - Life, Japanese "bana or hana". 花 - Flowers, literally "living flowers") — the traditional Japanese art of combining cut flowers and branches in special containers, as well as the correct arrangement of compositions in the interior. The basic simplicity of the ikaba is achieved through the construction of the principle, highlighting the beauty of natural materials. ## History Ikebana appeared in Japan in the 15th century, and was initially used in a religious direction and in Japanese temples as a gift to the gods. In addition, ikebana is included in the curriculum of geisha girls. People often confuse that Ikebana is an art that aims to create an exact copy of natural types of plants and their growth in the fields and mountains. However, ikebana is neither a copy nor a miniature. In Ikebana, we put our whole soul into arranging one small branch and one flower in infinite cosmic space and infinite time. At that time, in our minds, that single flower symbolizes eternal life. - Ikenobo Senkei. "True delicacy" ## Schools Ikebana develops within the framework of known schools and styles. The most popular schools in Japan are Ikenobo, Ohara, and Sogetsu schools. ### Ikenobo Ikenobo is considered the first school in the development of ikebana. Ikenobo was discovered in the middle of the 15th century in Kyoto by the priest Ikenobo Senkai at the Rokkaku-do Buddhist temple. The Ikenobo school, unlike other schools, still uses the older styles of ikebana. For example, Rikka and Syoka. ### Ohara The Ohara School was founded in 1897 and introduced a new style of ikebana called Moribana. The peculiarity of Moribana is the installation of plants in flat, low vases with the help of metal pins. ### Sogetsu Sogetsu School (Japanese 草月 - "grass and moon") is the most modern school, which was established in 1927. The main difference in this school is the use of not only flowers and plants, but also stones, fabrics, metal, plastic and other types of non-living materials. Ikebana is not only used to decorate rooms, but also to create scenes in the streets, parks, and subways. ## Styles * Rikka (Japanese: 立花) was the most popular form of ikebana in the 17th century. However, it is now considered an outdated style. * Rikka Shōfu-tai * Rikka Simpu-tai * Shōka (Japanese 生花) * Shōka Shōfu-tai * Shōka Simpu-tai * Nageire (Japanese投咖入制; another name is heika) — a style of placing plants in vases with long, thin necks. * Moribana (Japanese: 盛花) is a type of ikebana performed on a tray or flat low vases and with any amount of water. * Dziyuka means free style.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7899

Khazar dictionary

"Khazar Dictionary: Dictionary Novel" is the first novel written by Serbian writer, artist, doctor of philosophy Milorad Pavić. Published in 1984. came out. This book is from the 8th century. at the end of the 9th century It is written on the basis of the historical events that happened in the beginning: it shows the confrontation between representatives of three different world religions (Judaism, Christianity, Islam) during the Khazar Khaganate. At that time, the Khazar nobility and most of the people became Jews. It is believed that it was written by leaving letters on the basis of the famous Khazarian story that was in the legend. Legend has it that the book is available in two editions, gold and silver, and anyone who opens it will be cursed. In this way, these books, which reveal secrets about three different world religions and many mysterious phenomena that are still a mystery in the world, have been restricted so that they cannot be read by human beings for a hundred years. Today, only a few pages with truth and lies are preserved in the world. If we return to this later "Kazar dictionary", this book was written by Milorad Pavich based on the summary of that ancient book. This book created the first example of writing a verbal novel in world literature, and not only that, the book tells about the mysterious great Khazars who made between the Black Sea and the Aral Sea. The entire book is almost an encyclopedia in itself. ## Interesting facts There are two versions of the novel: male and female, the difference is only in one sentence. ## External links * Khazar dictionary (Russian)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7871

Буферлеу

Buffering (informatics) (English buffering) is a method of using an output-input buffer in computers. Use of buffering: * use of a special area of the main memory (buffers) to temporarily store data during the process of information exchange between the main memory and an external device; * method of programming operations. This method is used to compensate for the low or unstable speed of the remote device transmitting (receiving) data. If the device can directly exchange data with the program, then the program should work synchronously with this device. * data is cached when processed on the network adapter. The buffer allows the adapter to access the entire stack. Therefore, the size of the buffer memory should be large enough to hold the data of the entire batch. The use of buffer memory is necessary to match the information processing speeds of various components of local computing networks; * organization of the memory area of a computer or device for storing image or output data up to one block size.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7895

Chinese writing

Chinese script (simplified Chinese: 汉字; traditional Chinese: 漢字; pinyin: Hànzì) — according to historical data, the first characters of Chinese writing were written in BC. 14th century It appeared during the Shang Dynasty. Chinese script is one of the oldest scripts in the world. It is known from history that he played a prominent role in the development of Chinese society and the development of the Chinese language. It is true that during its long history, the Chinese people have brought to life many types of spiritual values. They are bringing these rich values to today with the help of their writings. Therefore, today Chinese writing is becoming a priceless treasure not only of the Chinese people, but also of the peoples of the world. Chinese writing was used not only by the Chinese, but also by neighboring countries such as Korea, Vietnam, and Japan. From this point of view, Chinese writing deepened the cultural exchange between countries. The Chinese script is considered to be the most developed hieroglyphic script today. One hieroglyph represents a certain meaning and is considered one phoneme according to one phonetic law. It is also known that Chinese hieroglyphs cannot represent individual sounds or phonemes, so it was necessary to create individual characters for the entire vocabulary of the language. In this way, the characters representing the meaning of Chinese words exceed thousands of types. For example, it goes without saying that some modern dictionaries contain more than 50,000 hieroglyphs. China is a multi-ethnic country with 55 minority ethnic groups except Hanzu. Each nation, that is, the majority, has its own language. Chinese language has become the language of communication in the state and between each nation, as the vast majority of the population speaks Chinese. Chinese writing - as a result of people's imitation of things and phenomena, achieved the goal of depicting and understanding worldly phenomena with drawings. They carved the first script into bones, so researchers called these default scripts cuneiform. The main official language of China is Chinese. The Katai language belongs to the Sino-Tibetan group. The main features of the Chinese language: 1. There are 4 tones in the Chinese language, the meaning is determined by tone; 2. each hieroglyph counts as one syllable. 3. words with simple syllables are common, complex words consist of many roots, but there is no morphological transformation. 4. Grammatical meaning is determined based on the order of words and the use of adverbs. The dialects of the Chinese language were observed 2,500 years ago, but now, although there are many small dialects, they are mainly divided into seven large groups. They are North, Wu, Shiyang, Gan, Qijia, Yue and Min. The literary language of China is formed on the basis of Northern dialectics. There are many materials about the history of Kazakhstan in Chinese (9). The currently used Chinese script has been simplified and made more understandable through many changes. ## See also * Hieroglyph

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7785

Кескін

Image (изображение; display image pict (picture) — 1) representation of information, presentation of information visually; a set of output and segments primitives that can be simultaneously output to the visual surface; 2) a format for still multimedia images that allows reducing the size of data and compressing it for Macintosh computers of the Apple company. ## Resolution of the image Resolution of the image (разрешение изображения; permit of scene) is a parameter that determines the amount of information per unit area of a graphic image. Defines the range of image processing capabilities, measured in pi units. It is considered a proportionality factor in the formula that relates the file size of the image to the physical size of the image. ## Image recognition Image recognition (recognition of images) — recognition of images when information is represented by images or optical signals. ## Image area Image area (облия изображения; image area) is a part of a page in a small print system program. Image area usually refers to the space between fields where text or images are placed. ## Image segment Image segment (display (image) segment) — in machine graphics — a group of elements of an image (graphic primitives) that can be called as a single whole. It can consist of individual points, slices or other elements. ## Changing the image * Image processing (picture processing) — 1) analyzing and transforming images with the help of personal computer hardware software tools to improve people's perception of images; 2) converting the image into digital form and its further processing. Processing includes changes in image transparency, color, shape, etc. includes * Change the scale of the image (zooming) — change the scale of the screen window or the selected picture, graphic video — enlarge, reduce. * Image compression management program (programa программа программа зтатием зтатием зтатим; image compression manager) is a program that provides the ability to use different methods of compressing or restoring images in the form of images (mpeg, jpeg). * Image processing board (plata dlya obrazovka sztivka; image processing board) is a printed board that performs complex processing of images on the screen (television). * Image color matching is a new subsystem of Windows 95 that provides hardware-independent processing of color information. * Plotter (grafopostroitel; plotter) is a device for printing graphic data (images, structures, and data in the form of drawings) on paper. An electromechanical plotter is also called a plotter. ## Image input device Image input device (ustroystvo ідува измениться; graphic digitizer) is a device that creates a two-dimensional, possibly half-tone, image input to the computer in the form of a raster matrix. ## Similar topics * Main image * Conditional image * Thumbnail ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7818

Battle of Catalunya

Model: Infobox Military ConflictBattle of Catalau - in the field of Catalau (lat. Campi Catalaunici; fr. Châlons-en-Champagne — Chalons-en-Champagne) 451 On June 20, a major battle was held by the Volga Khan of the Huns. The battle on the Catalunya field is one of the famous battles in European and world history, which can stand next to Cannes under Hannibal (216 BC) and Waterloo under Napoleon (1815). 451 started the Volga campaign. Along with the Huns, there were some subordinate Germanic tribes. After crossing the Rhine, the army headed for Trier and headed in two groups to the north-east of Gaul. The decisive battlefield was the Catalunya field in present-day Champagne (France). The Visigoth king Theodoric led the left wing, Aetius the right wing, and the allies took place in the middle. Huns and Volga occupied the central position, which formed the basis of the army on the opposite side, and placed their vassals on both wings of the stage. As Iordan wrote, "no one has experienced such wonderful events, in order to fully convey these events, it is necessary to be a direct witness of the miracle." King Theodoric of the Visigoths fell after being hit by a spear, and his body was lost among the piles of corpses and was found only the next day. The battle lasted until the night. As soon as it got dark, the Roman-Visigothic troops returned to their positions, fearing the arrows of the Hun bow from shelling the camp of Volodymyr Khagan. According to the chroniclers of that time, the Huns were special warriors, if they fought by throwing spears from a distance, they would protect themselves from the blade of a dagger and trap their enemies in a rope trap. A special place was given to archers in the army, the Huns achieved great success in using the bow. A special asymmetric bow was made of myysak wood, and horn plates, sinew, and bone were attached to it, and it was powerful enough to destroy the enemy from afar. The Visigoths wanted to take revenge for the death of their king. However, Thorismund, the son of Theodoric, decided to return, fearing that "the Huns will look for his kingdom on the way back." Noticing the departure of the Volga Goths, he attributed this to a ruse by the enemy and stayed in the camp for a long time. However, in the war with the united European army, he preferred to maneuver. He returned to Pannonia with the Volga army through Thuringia. As Prosper Tiro wrote, in the Battle of the Catalunya field, "no side was victorious. The death toll was endless." The situation in Gaul can be explained by the particularly wide area of the Volga campaign, and it was very difficult to control the tribes and associations in an infinitely large territory from one place. In fact, after the "Battle of Nations" in 451, the power of the Huns was still strong. Of course, this is not a typical victory for Volodymyr Khagan, but it is not a defeat at all.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7841

Atyrau (newspaper)

"Atyrau" is a social and political newspaper of Atyrau region. ## History The first issue was published in 1923 under the name "Erik". released on April 1. 1924 August 23 - "Worker's Language", 1930. "Forage workers" from September, 1932. April 16 — "Lenin's Way", 1933. September 16 — "To Socialist Construction", 1933. November 5 - "Social construction", 1963. from May - under the name "Communist labor", and in 1990 Since June 30, it has been released under the current name "Atyrau". The newspaper, which was published 5 times a week for many years, has been published three times a week since recent years. He worked in 1923-30. — district, 1930-33. — district, 1933-38. — district (regional), 1938 since - a regional newspaper. "Atyrau" newspaper is one of the first national publications in the western region of Kazakhstan. It was founded in 1923, when it created its material base and published its first numbers. Tolepkerey Oteuliyev, who was the first secretary of the Guryev District Party Committee. He is the one who wrote the main article of "Erik" No. 1. In this main article called "Life is found in this", the main idea is that "the importance of the education of the people, the main condition of becoming a free country is its literacy." Throughout its history, the regional newspaper has been promoting this idea comprehensively. ## Editorial 1980 7 departments, 56 people worked in the editorial office. And in 1995 Since then, the section has been deleted in the editorial office. This was the news in the editorial offices of Kazakhstan. Journalists work under the direct supervision of the editor-in-chief and two of his deputies on individual issues. 1997 Since November, "Atyrau" newspaper itself has been published by computer. The newspaper has a circulation of 66,000 copies per week in 2006. This is 2.5 times more than 5 years ago. 2000 At the beginning, the circulation of the newspaper was 10,000, but today it has exceeded 26,000. Today, more than 30 employees work in the newspaper. Half of them are creative and half are technical team. ## Famous people The newspaper has a rich history. At that time, Abu Sarsenbaev, Askar Tokmagambetov, Sabit Mukanov, Gabdol Slanov, Hamit Yergaliev, Zhumeken Nazhimedenov, Berkayr Amanshin sent articles, poems and stories to him. Zeynolla Kabdolov, Abish Kekilbaev have been in close contact with our newspaper throughout their lives. Well-known literary writers such as Tauman Amandosov, Mendekesh Satybaldiev, Fariza Ongarsynova, Marat Yskakov, Berik Korkytov, Amankos Ershuov worked and flourished in the newspaper. Well-known journalists of the republic such as Nureden Muftakhov, Tilek Dauletov, Izimbergen Ishozhin, well-known translators such as Zhusip Zhantorin, Kydyrgali Sasykov, who were the first to translate world classics into Kazakh and Karakalpak languages, worked. ## Awards Newspaper 1973 Awarded with the "Badge of Honor" order, 1990. M.I. He received the All-Union Award named after Ulyanova. ## Chief editors * Tolepkerey Oteuliyev * Seyitmuhamed Mambetov * Serikkali Zhakypov * Ghatau Makhambetov * Karim Zhanshorin * Zaytun Syzdykov * Shiyap Kozhakmetov * Sagat Tolebayev * Suleymen Sauyrgaliev * Madi Baitursynov * Abdolla Kurmanbaev * Boranbai Omarov * Khabir Nurmukhamedov * Tusip Bisekenov * Kumar Kenzhegaliev * Tengdik Zhayuruly * Kilybai Kuanishbayuly * Nurlan Kabilov * Isatai Balmagambetov (2010-2020) * Nazarbek Kosshiev (2020-today) ## External links * Official site of "Atyrau" newspaper

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7826

White

Aksu (until 1993 - Yermak) is a city in the Pavlodar region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Geographical location The center of the region is located 50 km southwest of Pavlodar, on the left bank of the Irtysh. The territory of the city and its rural region is bordered by Aktogai district in the north, Akkuly, Bayanaul and Mai districts in the south, Pavlodar district in the east, and Ekibastuz city administration in the west. ## Population National composition of the city's population (at the beginning of 2019): * Kazakhs — 38,902 people (55.48 %) * Russians — 23,080 people (32.91%) * Ukrainians — 2,585 people (3.69%) * Germans — 1,750 people (2.50%) * Tatars — 1,247 people (1.78%) * Belarusians — 450 people (0.64%) * Moldovans — 310 people (0.44%) * Azerbaijanis — 273 people (0.39%) \< > * speakers — 286 people (0.41 %) * others — 1 241 people (1.77 %) * Total — 70 124 people (100.00 %) ## History The history of Aksu is closely connected with the discovery of coal mine in Ekibastuz district. In 1897, the construction of a 109-kilometer railway from Ekibastuz began. The Voskresensk railway passed through the territory of the future city. At the intersection of the road with Irtys, a harbor appeared, two settlements: administrative and worker began to develop. Migrant workers began to build their own dwellings from local materials: clay, reeds and straw. At the beginning of the new century, along with the Kazakh village No. 5, a small settlement of mud houses called Glinka appeared in the Kyzyl-Shirpy gorge. The population of Glinka gradually increased rapidly, especially after the revolutionary uprisings of 1906, when immigrants were sent to the Kyrgyz and Siberian steppes. In 1911, the population of the workers' village increased to 1000 people. In 1913, Glinka village was named Yermak by the decree of the governor of the steppe region. Thus, Voskresensk port and Glinka village began to be called Yermak village. 1917 brought new rules to Yermak. Tsarev Stepan Ivanovich, the first commissar of the Ekibastuz National Economy Council, who was brutally killed in the square near the farm in Yermak, became a victim of gangs. Soviet power was established in Yermak in November 1919 after the Pavlodar Council of People's Commissars was organized. Until 1922, it was the population center of Pavlodar uyezd, according to the census, 1,289 people lived in the village. In 1938, Kaganovich district was established as the center of Yermak village. By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR dated October 23, 1961, Ermak village was granted the status of a city. On the basis of the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan of May 4, 1993 TN No. 2189-ХІ, the city of Yermak was renamed to the city of Aksu. ## Industry Aksu today is an industrial and agricultural city in the Pavlodar region. The industrial infrastructure of the city consists of two giant enterprises: the Aksu ferroalloy plant and the power plant of JSC EEC. Since 1960, the construction of the power plant began, its first director was Novik Vladimir Mikhailovich. On December 17, 1968, the first power unit with a capacity of 300 megawatts was put into operation at GRES and the first industrial current was supplied. In December 1996, the enterprise was reorganized into the Eurasian Energy Corporation open joint-stock company. Since the beginning of 2001, 5,580.7 million kilowatt hours of electricity and 612.0 hecocalories of heat energy have been produced by the city's energy workers. Since 1962, the construction of industrial facilities of the ferroalloy plant began. In January 1968, the first ton of ferroalloys was melted at the plant, and in July 1970, the commissioning of shop No. 2 with 8 melting furnaces was completed. Pyotr Vasilyevich Topilsky was appointed the first director of Yermak ferroalloy plant. In 1995, the enterprise became part of Kazchrome Transnational Corporation. With these enterprises, the following social facilities were preserved: a physical training and rehabilitation complex, a preventive clinic, a swimming pool, a rest house, a treatment and rehabilitation center, and in addition, rest houses were purchased in Bayanaul: Torch and Jasybay. Large enterprises of the city: * City Water Channel JSC, * Telovik JSC, * Aksu Electric Networks JSC, * Turmys JSC communal services, * Aksu JACK JSC, * Aksu Bakery JSC, Intercity and city Transportation JSC, * Sail Firm LLP. More than 900 small and medium business entities work in the city. The largest among them are: * Kalkaman elevator JSC, * Pavlodar poultry factory LLP, * Vybor LLP and others. 500 million in small and medium business enterprises. 3,835 people are working, providing goods and services for the amount of more than tenge. An important strategic object of our city is K.I. It is the Irtys-Karagandy canal named after Satpaev. The Irtys-Karagandy channel is the main supplier of drinking water to the central and northern parts of Kazakhstan. ## Culture For the city, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev's participation became a historical event. And the restored building of ТЖ базысжай is one of the brightest sights of our city. ## Religious and educational life 6 religious associations work in the city, including a mosque, an Orthodox church, a Seventh-day Adventist Christian church, and an Evangelical Christian-Baptist congregation. 50 institutions in the field of education of Aksu city: 27 schools (3 middle schools), vocational lyceum No. 3, vocational-technical lyceum No. 19, Kazakh gymnasium, school-lyceum, 11 primary small complete schools; 3 out-of-school institutions: Children's creative house, art school, station of young naturalists; 6 preschool institutions; Zhayau Musa College, full-time and part-time training of specialists in the fields of legal, industrial and cultural activities; A branch of Pavlodar non-state university is working. Recreational places for city residents are culture and recreation park, House of Culture, cultural and leisure centers in rural settlements. A centralized library with a collection of more than 78,000 books and a modem connection with rural district libraries works for the services of city residents. In 2000, our library was one of the first in the region to introduce an electronic system for public service via e-mail. ## Health and sports The health care structure of the city includes the Aksu Central Hospital, a rural hospital in the village of Kalkaman, an anti-tuberculosis dispensary, an emergency station, 11 rural family outpatient clinics, including one private one. Aksu is a city of athletes. The city has all conditions for physical training and sports. There is a swimming pool, a fitness and recreation complex, a stadium for 5000 seats, a sports school for children and teenagers, and sports fields in the small areas of the city and in the rural areas. ## Famous natives Ivan Illarionovich Krivenko is a tank driver, a participant in the Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), an honored citizen of Pavlodar. ## Interesting data According to a 2016 study, the city of Aksu turned out to be the city with the cleanest air in Kazakhstan. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7844

Тама

Tama is part of the Delivery Association of the Little Face. The main place is Aktobe, Ural regions, Orinbor region of the Russian Federation. Tamas are concentrated in Zhanaarka district of Karaganda region and Sarysu district of Zhambyl region, as well as in Sozak district of South Kazakhstan. In Russian sources, the Tama tribe is mentioned for the first time in 1748 and 1762. About it A. I. Tevkelev's list and P. I. It is found in Rychkov, as well as in Larionov's report. In order to determine the earlier history of this clan, in our opinion, Rashid ad-din's information about one of the Barguburut divisions living among the Kyrgyz on the Yenisei is interesting. As a hypothesis, it gives full opportunity to consider that Tuma are the ancestors of the Tama clan. And in the meantime, the problem is not in harmony, but in the fact that rebirth can be found both among the modern Kyrgyz and among the Naimans. Among the Kyrgyz Saru tribe, there is an Akhanai (Akynai) clan, whose surname is said to have originated from the Kazakhs. In fact, the Kazakh Tama clan also has an Akhanai branch. It is quite possible that some part of the natives will be part of the Alshins as an independent clan. When we look at the genealogy of the Tama family, we see that there are two branches in it, the alphabet and the alphabet. Clan symbol: double alphabet (according to archival data, Grodekov, Meyer and other sources). It should be noted that the symbol of Tamalar is no different from the symbol of the Kazakh Kypchak tribe. Moreover, the Tama clan has always lived in the ancient land of the Kipchaks, that is, in the Southern Urals, in the upper reaches of the Zhayik and Tobyl rivers. In the 14th-16th centuries, the Tama tribe led by the hero Shora played a major role in the political life of Deshti-Kipchak, the Khanate of Kazan, and the Nogai Horde. All this shows the close connection of the Tamas with Deshti-Kyshpak, their ethnic kinship with the Kypchaks. The motto of the Tama clan is "Karabura". ## History The origin of the Tama tribe has not been found in historical literature. In Russian sources, the Tama clan is mentioned for the first time in 1748 and 1762. About it A. I. Tevkelev's list and P. I. It is found in Rychkov, as well as in Larionov's report. In order to determine the earlier history of the tribe, Rashid-adin's information about the Tuma (Tumete), one of the Barguburut divisions among the Mongolian tribes, who lived among the Kyrgyz on the Yenisei, is interesting. As a hypothesis, it gives full opportunity to believe that these natives are the ancestors of the Tama clan. And in the meantime, the problem is not in harmony, but in the fact that rebirth can be found both among the modern Kyrgyz and among the Naimans. Among the Kyrgyz Saru tribe, there is an Akhanai (Akynai) clan, whose surname is said to have originated from the Kazakhs. In fact, the Kazakh Tama clan also has an Akhanai branch. It is quite possible that some part of the natives will be part of the Alshins as an independent clan. When we consider the genealogy of the Tama clan, we see that there are three branches in it: Esengelli, Jabal and Jogi. Clan symbol: double alphabet (according to archival data, Grodekov, Meyer and other sources). It should be noted that the symbol of Tamalar is no different from the symbol of the Kazakh Kypchak tribe. Moreover, the Tama clan has always lived in the ancient land of the Kipchaks, that is, in the Southern Urals, in the upper reaches of the Zhayik and Tobyl rivers. In the 14th-16th centuries, the Tama tribe led by the hero Shora played a major role in the political life of Deshti Kypchak, the Kazakh Khanate, and the Nogai Horde. All this shows the close connection of the Tamas with Deshti Kyshpak, their ethnic kinship with the Kypchaks. The motto of the Tama clan is "Karabura". In the two-volume book "History of Chronicles" by Rashid-ad-din, one of the ancient Turkic tribes inhabiting the Altai-Sayan mountains, the "Tumat" tribe is considered by modern researchers to be the origin of the Tama tribe. Now scientists can confidently say that it is the Tama tribe that originated from there and later inhabited the region up to the Black Sea. Well-known Bashkir researcher R. G. Kuzeev clearly states that the Tamyan-Tuma-Tumat tribe moved from Altai-Sayan to the Syr Darya, Amu Darya valleys and along the Aral in the VII-VIII centuries. Then he went and proved that he came to the Volga region in the 8th-9th centuries. He even created his own method of comparison, using which Mongolians - Tuma, Altai - Karatuma, Tumat, Tuvans - Tumat, Uzbeks - Tama, Karatuma, Karakalpak - Tama, Kazakh - Tama, Kyrgyz - Karatuma, Aktuma clans, Bashkir Tamyan, Tama clans. explained that they will meet. According to the research of Abish Kekilbaev, Tama and Tabyn, who came from the east and settled in Zhetisu, became part of the Houses and participated in the creation of the Karakhan Khanate. Kara Tabynr in Bashkortostan wrote his genealogy: "Elek bi was born from Mayki bi. "Bura /Bogra/ dance was born from Elek dance, and Kara Khan was born from it" and prefers to look for the history of Tama and Tabyn from this point. It is also said that the Bashkirs believe that "We used to live in Zhetysu, and we are home to Tamyan." There are scientists who have proved that the Tama and Kanly tribes lived side by side in the VI-VII centuries and had the same economy and relations with the fact that both of them had the "Koseu" symbol. It is even proved by the fact that they migrated along the Shu River to the Syr River and were among the tribes that formed the Bashkir nation. And Mahmut Kashkari, who lived in the 11th century, says: "Taman is the name of the river flowing through the center of Kashkar" and raises the question whether the Tama tribe originated from this place. ## People ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7878

Isa bin Maryam

Jesus (Hebrew: ישוע‎; in the Qur'an - Jesus of Mary the Messiah (Arabic: المسيح يسيا عبن مريم‎); in the Bible - Jesus Christ (Gr. Iησοũς Χριστός)) is, according to the Christian religion, a god-man, the son of God in the Holy Trinity, and Islam according to religion, a messenger of God, a prophet sent to the children of Israel before Muhammad. His prophethood is recognized in Christianity, Islam, Baha'i and Babis. Jesus is one of the 25 prophets named in the Qur'an. His name is mentioned 25 times in the Quran. The birth of Prophet Jesus was a miracle, that is, God Almighty created him as a miracle without a father, that is, without the involvement of a man, only from a woman. ## Birth ### In Islam His mother is Hazrat Maryam. He is a direct descendant of the king-prophet Hazrat Suleiman, who ruled the whole world and knew the language of birds and animals. He was so pure, pure and very pious. Even before her mother gave birth to Maryam, she said: "O my Lord! Indeed, I completely freed my child in my womb from worldly affairs and called it to Your path. Accept (this offering) from me! Indeed, You are the All-Hearing, the Lord of Infinite Knowledge," he said, calling him to the path of God. Thus, Hazrat Maryam served in the holy temple from her childhood, received good education and moral education from Prophet Zakaria, and grew up drinking from the source of divine knowledge. At the age of adulthood, he isolated himself from the people and made a habit of worshiping his Lord day and night in a corner of the temple. One day, God Almighty sent the angel Gabriel to him in the form of a bright man with the good news: "You will find a son." Thus, by the will and power of God, Hazrat Maryam became pregnant with Prophet Jesus. This instructive story is narrated in the Surah Maryam of the Holy Qur'an as follows: ### In Christianity Also in the Book of Genesis. 3:15 speaks of the seed of the woman overcoming the serpent; it is believed to be the first place to speak of the coming of the Messiah, who would be born through the virgin birth. Only the evangelist Matthew (Matthew 1:18-25) and Luke give detailed information about the birth of Jesus Christ: According to the decree of the emperor, every inhabitant of the empire according to the genealogy of his tribe, in order to facilitate the census should come to "his city". Since Joseph was a descendant of David and Mary was betrothed to Joseph, they headed for Bethlehem. After the birth of Jesus, among those who came to worship him, the shepherds were the first to be informed of this event by the appearance of an angel. According to the Evangelist Matthew, a miraculous star appeared in the sky, which led the Magi to the baby Jesus. They offered gifts - gold, frankincense and myrrh; not as a babe, but as a King (Matthew 2:1-3). By this time the Holy Family had found shelter in the "house" (they may have returned to Nazareth two years later) and the word "child" was used in Greek to refer to Jesus. baby (Matthew 2:1-11). King Herod of Judea, who learned about the birth of Christ from the magicians and wanted to destroy him, ordered to kill all babies under two years of age. However, Christ was miraculously saved from death because the angel told Joseph and his family to flee to Egypt, where they lived until Herod's death (Matthew 2:16). Presumably, first Jesus was circumcised on the 8th day after his birth (Luke 2:21), and on the 40th day he sacrificed in the temple in Jerusalem (Luke 2:22-38), and only after about two years to the Magi worship, then flight to Egypt, slaughter of infants. ## Coming of Prophethood God Almighty revealed the Injil, one of the four holy books, to Jesus the son of Mary at the age of thirty, and sent him as the last prophet to the children of Israel. It is stated in Surah Maida of the Qur'an that Jesus as a prophet called to believe in one God: In one source it is said that only twelve people followed Jesus. In the Qur'an, they are called "Hawaris". The word Khawari means "white", "good" and "faithful friend". The disciples of Jesus were very faithful and faithful people who were devoted to him. The true prophet sent them everywhere and called the people to the true religion. A conversation between Jesus and his disciples was narrated in Surah Maida of the Qur'an: In one source it is said that the table was brought down on Sunday. Later, Christians declared this day as a holiday. After Jesus, his religion was first preached by these apostles. However, with the passage of time, the main principles of this religion were severely distorted and changed by the hands of the next generation. ## Behavior There is nothing mentioned in the Qur'an about the personality of Maryamul Isa. Information about his personality and behavior reached us through the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. It says that Prophet Isa was not full, not too thin, not too short, not too tall, medium height, broad shoulders, strong body like Prophet Muhammad. Also, his eyes were sharp. His hair, like Muhammad's hair, was neither too short nor too curly, neither too long nor too soft, with only a slight curl, and the length of it was very smooth, so that it covered the earrings of his ears. Fingers crossed. It is said that she was a red-haired blonde and a kind soul. As for his other qualities, it is said in Surah Ali Imran of the Qur'an: ## Miracles And if we talk about his miracles, the birth of Jesus the son of Mary and his ascension to heaven are miracles. He performed many miracles to his community to prove that he was a true prophet. It is said about this in Surah Al-Baqarah of the Qur'an: For example, he used to make a bird out of clay and then breathe into it with the permission of God. Also, his time was a time of very strong development of medicine. He was able to heal people suffering from diseases that the developed medicine of his time could not cope with. In particular, he opened the eyes of people born blind. He used to cure lepers with just one stroke. He even resurrected a dead person by God's will. Also, he used to inform people from the unseen. He used to talk about what people were eating and drinking in their houses, and what they had gathered, as if he had seen it with his own eyes. ## Ascension to Heaven When Jesus, the son of Mary, called the children of Israel to the truth for three years in a row, only a group of people believed in him like a horse race. That is why he had more enemies than friends among the children of Israel. His enemies, who were devoted to the truth, were always looking for ways to assassinate him. In order to realize their evil ambitions, when they were searching for Jesus Christ, one of the apostles hypocritically betrayed him. He said: "You will give me so much money for my handover", and after receiving the money, he brought them to the house where the prophet was sitting. He opens the door and says: "Here is the Jesus you are looking for" and jumps over the threshold first and enters. Isa knew in advance that they would come through the revelation given to him by the Most High. That's why he prayed to the Lord. His Lord accepted his prayer and said: "O Jesus! Without a doubt, it is not they who will send you to eternity, but it is Me. I will lift you (with your body and soul) into My power and save you from those who have disbelieved and make you clear. Also, I will make those who follow you until the end of the world prevail over those who disbelieve. Then you will all return to Me. At that time, I will judge between you about the issues you argued with each other in the subject matter. When that hypocrite entered, the angel Gabriel took the prophet with him to the sky, and that traitor entered the image of the prophet Jesus by the power of God Almighty and did not leave him. So the bloodthirsty villains entered the house and took away not Jesus himself, but that hypocrite traitor. Then the voice of his soul comes out: "I am not Jesus, I am the one who led you!", no matter how many times he excuses himself, no one listens to his words. In this way, the one whom they said they crucified and tortured to death was not the prophet Jesus, but a hypocrite impersonating him. In some sources, the name of this hypocrite was Judas, and in other sources, Titanos. When they were about to kill Titanos by hanging him on a cross, he said his last words: “If you don't believe me, look in my pocket. You will see the money you gave," he pleaded. The bloodied group ignores his words. However, after being tortured to death, they look into their pockets and are surprised to see, indeed, the money they have kept. Only then did he realize that the circumstances of the case were different. Immediately starts looking for Titanos. "He entered the house first. When we searched the house, we saw no one but Jesus. If he was clearly Jesus, where did the Titanos who betrayed him go to us? And if this is Titanos, then where did Jesus go? Since the money came out of the pocket of the man who was nailed to the gallows, was it not Jesus? Did he fly to the sky? In Surah Nisa of the Qur'an, this story is narrated as follows: As miraculous as the birth of Jesus without a father, his ascension to heaven with his soul is equally miraculous. According to the belief of Muslims, the prophet who ascended to heaven will come down to earth one day by God's will, and he will stand against Dajjal, a miscreant who has created unprecedented chaos and rebellion in the world. In addition, he guides corrupt Christians to the right path. He broke their baptismal crosses, forbade them to eat pork, and brought them to faith and the true religion. There are some authentic hadiths about this. ## Injil Allah revealed the Injil to Jesus, the last Messenger of Mary sent to the children of Israel. In the beginning, the Bible was a divine book that proclaimed the truth and called the children of Israel to the right path. However, like the Torah, it has undergone many changes and has been distorted by human hands over time. The proof of this is that the Gospels in the hands of Christians today are diverse and not similar to each other. In the Qur'an, the following five different features of the first Gospel are described: * It was the source of the right path. At the time of the revelation of the Gospel, there were many errors and deviations in the matter of creed and belief among the descendants of Israel. Therefore, the Holy Bible contains the main principles of true faith; * The Gospel was a shining light. Because he brought people out of the darkness into the light and enlightened hearts with the light of faith; * The Bible confirmed the previous divine books, including the Torah; * The Gospel heralds the arrival of the last messenger of God, Hazrat Muhammad, who will be sent to all mankind; * Also, the Gospel was an exhortation for pious souls, it contained many exhortations and morals for people. ## Rank In Surah Nisa of the Qur'an, it is said about the rank of Jesus: ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7879

Prophet Jesus

Jesus (Hebrew: ישוע‎; in the Qur'an - Jesus of Mary the Messiah (Arabic: المسيح يسيا عبن مريم‎); in the Bible - Jesus Christ (Gr. Iησοũς Χριστός)) is, according to the Christian religion, a god-man, the son of God in the Holy Trinity, and Islam according to religion, a messenger of God, a prophet sent to the children of Israel before Muhammad. His prophethood is recognized in Christianity, Islam, Baha'i and Babis. Jesus is one of the 25 prophets named in the Qur'an. His name is mentioned 25 times in the Quran. The birth of Prophet Jesus was a miracle, that is, God Almighty created him as a miracle without a father, that is, without the involvement of a man, only from a woman. ## Birth ### In Islam His mother is Hazrat Maryam. He is a direct descendant of the king-prophet Hazrat Suleiman, who ruled the whole world and knew the language of birds and animals. He was so pure, pure and very pious. Even before her mother gave birth to Maryam, she said: "O my Lord! Indeed, I completely freed my child in my womb from worldly affairs and called it to Your path. Accept (this offering) from me! Indeed, You are the All-Hearing, the Lord of Infinite Knowledge," he said, calling him to the path of God. Thus, Hazrat Maryam served in the holy temple from her childhood, received good education and moral education from Prophet Zakaria, and grew up drinking from the source of divine knowledge. At the age of adulthood, he isolated himself from the people and made a habit of worshiping his Lord day and night in a corner of the temple. One day, God Almighty sent the angel Gabriel to him in the form of a bright man with the good news: "You will find a son." Thus, by the will and power of God, Hazrat Maryam became pregnant with Prophet Jesus. This instructive story is narrated in the Surah Maryam of the Holy Qur'an as follows: ### In Christianity Also in the Book of Genesis. 3:15 speaks of the seed of the woman overcoming the serpent; it is believed to be the first place to speak of the coming of the Messiah, who would be born through the virgin birth. Only the evangelist Matthew (Matthew 1:18-25) and Luke give detailed information about the birth of Jesus Christ: According to the decree of the emperor, every inhabitant of the empire according to the genealogy of his tribe, in order to facilitate the census should come to "his city". Since Joseph was a descendant of David and Mary was betrothed to Joseph, they headed for Bethlehem. After the birth of Jesus, among those who came to worship him, the shepherds were the first to be informed of this event by the appearance of an angel. According to the Evangelist Matthew, a miraculous star appeared in the sky, which led the Magi to the baby Jesus. They offered gifts - gold, frankincense and myrrh; not as a babe, but as a King (Matthew 2:1-3). By this time the Holy Family had found shelter in the "house" (they may have returned to Nazareth two years later) and the word "child" was used in Greek to refer to Jesus. baby (Matthew 2:1-11). King Herod of Judea, who learned about the birth of Christ from the magicians and wanted to destroy him, ordered to kill all babies under two years of age. However, Christ was miraculously saved from death because the angel told Joseph and his family to flee to Egypt, where they lived until Herod's death (Matthew 2:16). Presumably, first Jesus was circumcised on the 8th day after his birth (Luke 2:21), and on the 40th day he sacrificed in the temple in Jerusalem (Luke 2:22-38), and only after about two years to the Magi worship, then flight to Egypt, slaughter of infants. ## Coming of Prophethood God Almighty revealed the Injil, one of the four holy books, to Jesus the son of Mary at the age of thirty, and sent him as the last prophet to the children of Israel. It is stated in Surah Maida of the Qur'an that Jesus as a prophet called to believe in one God: In one source it is said that only twelve people followed Jesus. In the Qur'an, they are called "Hawaris". The word Khawari means "white", "good" and "faithful friend". The disciples of Jesus were very faithful and faithful people who were devoted to him. The true prophet sent them everywhere and called the people to the true religion. A conversation between Jesus and his disciples was narrated in Surah Maida of the Qur'an: In one source it is said that the table was brought down on Sunday. Later, Christians declared this day as a holiday. After Jesus, his religion was first preached by these apostles. However, with the passage of time, the main principles of this religion were severely distorted and changed by the hands of the next generation. ## Behavior There is nothing mentioned in the Qur'an about the personality of Maryamul Isa. Information about his personality and behavior reached us through the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. It says that Prophet Isa was not full, not too thin, not too short, not too tall, medium height, broad shoulders, strong body like Prophet Muhammad. Also, his eyes were sharp. His hair, like Muhammad's hair, was neither too short nor too curly, neither too long nor too soft, with only a slight curl, and the length of it was very smooth, so that it covered the earrings of his ears. Fingers crossed. It is said that she was a red-haired blonde and a kind soul. As for his other qualities, it is said in Surah Ali Imran of the Qur'an: ## Miracles And if we talk about his miracles, the birth of Jesus the son of Mary and his ascension to heaven are miracles. He performed many miracles to his community to prove that he was a true prophet. It is said about this in Surah Al-Baqarah of the Qur'an: For example, he used to make a bird out of clay and then breathe into it with the permission of God. Also, his time was a time of very strong development of medicine. He was able to heal people suffering from diseases that the developed medicine of his time could not cope with. In particular, he opened the eyes of people born blind. He used to cure lepers with just one stroke. He even resurrected a dead person by God's will. Also, he used to inform people from the unseen. He used to talk about what people were eating and drinking in their houses, and what they had gathered, as if he had seen it with his own eyes. ## Ascension to Heaven When Jesus, the son of Mary, called the children of Israel to the truth for three years in a row, only a group of people believed in him like a horse race. That is why he had more enemies than friends among the children of Israel. His enemies, who were devoted to the truth, were always looking for ways to assassinate him. In order to realize their evil ambitions, when they were searching for Jesus Christ, one of the apostles hypocritically betrayed him. He said: "You will give me so much money for my handover", and after receiving the money, he brought them to the house where the prophet was sitting. He opens the door and says: "Here is the Jesus you are looking for" and jumps over the threshold first and enters. Isa knew in advance that they would come through the revelation given to him by the Most High. That's why he prayed to the Lord. His Lord accepted his prayer and said: "O Jesus! Without a doubt, it is not they who will send you to eternity, but it is Me. I will lift you (with your body and soul) into My power and save you from those who have disbelieved and make you clear. Also, I will make those who follow you until the end of the world prevail over those who disbelieve. Then you will all return to Me. At that time, I will judge between you about the issues you argued with each other in the subject matter. When that hypocrite entered, the angel Gabriel took the prophet with him to the sky, and that traitor entered the image of the prophet Jesus by the power of God Almighty and did not leave him. So the bloodthirsty villains entered the house and took away not Jesus himself, but that hypocrite traitor. Then the voice of his soul comes out: "I am not Jesus, I am the one who led you!", no matter how many times he excuses himself, no one listens to his words. In this way, the one whom they said they crucified and tortured to death was not the prophet Jesus, but a hypocrite impersonating him. In some sources, the name of this hypocrite was Judas, and in other sources, Titanos. When they were about to kill Titanos by hanging him on a cross, he said his last words: “If you don't believe me, look in my pocket. You will see the money you gave," he pleaded. The bloodied group ignores his words. However, after being tortured to death, they look into their pockets and are surprised to see, indeed, the money they have kept. Only then did he realize that the circumstances of the case were different. Immediately starts looking for Titanos. "He entered the house first. When we searched the house, we saw no one but Jesus. If he was clearly Jesus, where did the Titanos who betrayed him go to us? And if this is Titanos, then where did Jesus go? Since the money came out of the pocket of the man who was nailed to the gallows, was it not Jesus? Did he fly to the sky? In Surah Nisa of the Qur'an, this story is narrated as follows: As miraculous as the birth of Jesus without a father, his ascension to heaven with his soul is equally miraculous. According to the belief of Muslims, the prophet who ascended to heaven will come down to earth one day by God's will, and he will stand against Dajjal, a miscreant who has created unprecedented chaos and rebellion in the world. In addition, he guides corrupt Christians to the right path. He broke their baptismal crosses, forbade them to eat pork, and brought them to faith and the true religion. There are some authentic hadiths about this. ## Injil Allah revealed the Injil to Jesus, the last Messenger of Mary sent to the children of Israel. In the beginning, the Bible was a divine book that proclaimed the truth and called the children of Israel to the right path. However, like the Torah, it has undergone many changes and has been distorted by human hands over time. The proof of this is that the Gospels in the hands of Christians today are diverse and not similar to each other. In the Qur'an, the following five different features of the first Gospel are described: * It was the source of the right path. At the time of the revelation of the Gospel, there were many errors and deviations in the matter of creed and belief among the descendants of Israel. Therefore, the Holy Bible contains the main principles of true faith; * The Gospel was a shining light. Because he brought people out of the darkness into the light and enlightened hearts with the light of faith; * The Bible confirmed the previous divine books, including the Torah; * The Gospel heralds the arrival of the last messenger of God, Hazrat Muhammad, who will be sent to all mankind; * Also, the Gospel was an exhortation for pious souls, it contained many exhortations and morals for people. ## Rank In Surah Nisa of the Qur'an, it is said about the rank of Jesus: ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7907

Cook Islands

Cook Islands (Kuk. Kūki 'Airani, English. Cook Islands, Mao. -{Kūki 'Āirani}-) is a group of Polynesian islands in the Pacific Ocean. A territory owned by New Zealand. 15 islands are grouped into two (North and Lower). The total area is 240 km². The population is 16.5 thousand (1998). The islands of Rarotonga (67 km²) and Mangaia (52 km²) are more populated. The islands of the lower group were mainly formed by volcanic activity (Rarotonga, height 643 m). Northern islands - coral atoll. The climate is tropical trade wind. The administrative center is the city of Avarau. Cook Islands in 1773-74. discovered by the English seafarer James Cook. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7819

Атилла

Volga Kagan or Attila (Atil in Old Turkic, Latin Attila, Greek Ἀττήλας, 400 - 453) is a legendary leader of the Union of Western Hunnic tribes. He is a historical person who ruled the barbarian tribes from the Rhine to the north of the Black Sea, and has his own place in the history of mankind. Information about the events of that period can be found in historical works, chronicles and epic works. At the same time, the great deeds of the Huns and their king were reflected in 18 works of the German heroic songs. Under Volga, the empire reached its peak. He subjugated the Huns to the Caucasus in the east, the Rhine in the west, the Danish islands in the north, and the Danube River (including the right bank). From 444 to the day of his death in 453, Volga alone ruled the Hundred state. ## Historiography and sources Historians face many difficulties when describing the Volga Khagan as a person. This is because the records that have survived to our time are mostly written in Greek or Latin. The Roman historian and diplomat Priscus Panius gave the most information about Cosem. In 449, Priscus accompanied Theodosius II to a historical meeting and was a witness to the events that were taking place at that time. Priscus, who wrote the chronicle of the years from 434 to 452 in 8 volumes, was the only one who depicted the appearance of the Volga Kagan. In addition to the multivolume work of Priscus, the information of historians of the sixth century named Procopius and Jordan has reached us in written form. They mostly left information based on the work of Priscus. Byzantine historian Marcellinus Comitis and chancellor Justinian wrote a little, fragmentary information about the leader of the Huns in their works. Another sources are church works of the VI - XII centuries. They were on the side of the opponents of the Huns with the flow of history. That is why it is often described negatively. The Huns themselves sang about the leader as a hero in their legends. Fragments of them reached us in the form of epics through the sagas of the Scandinavians and Germans. In the 12th century, Hungarian writers honored the Huns as their ancestors in many of their works and celebrated them as heroes of the nation. Over time, Volodymyr Khagan was described as a symbol of barbarism and viewed as a threat to Western civilization. ## The name Attila There are several assumptions about the etymology of the name Attila in modern science. Volga is also called "Atyra", "Attila", "Atyl", "Attyly", "Etzel", "Etli" by European historians. The name Attila (Etzel) has been preserved in German toponymy since the Middle Ages, despite the linguistic changes that have occurred over time. For example, the literal translation of the name "Hetzelistal" ("Hetzelinstall") is "Etzel field", which is in Offenburg, also "Hetzelhof" ("Etzelhof"), "Atzelhof" ("Etzel yard"), in Heidelberg, Atzelbach (" Etzel spring") in Ottenhefen, "Attlisberg" ("Mount Attli"). Like many other Hun names, it is assumed that the original name of Attila is derived from Turkic languages (atta/ata - father, el/il - country, region). According to another assumption, the name Attila is derived from the name of the river Volga in the Volga Khazar language (Attil/Atil/Atel/Atal). The name "Attila" is now widespread among Turkic peoples (Kazakh - "Edil"). ### The image of the leader Based on the words of historian Iordan Priscus, he says that Volga was a special person. This characteristic belongs to the Asian or Mongoloid race. According to the description given by Priscus in 448, he seems to have been a simple, humble person. A commander who likes simple clothes, eats food from a wooden bowl, and does not decorate his weapons with gold. In general, Priscus described Volodymyr not as a leader of nomads from the east, but as a Germanic medieval king. ### Wives and children Volodymyr had many marriages and many children. Among his children, the name of the eldest son named Ellak was mentioned. This son was declared by the leader as his follower during his lifetime. Among his wives, the last wife named Ildiko remained in history. On the night of his first marriage, the Volodymyr Khagan died with his wife from an unknown cause. Priscus Panius, who saw the leader with his own eyes, described him as a man with a white beard in 448. In those years, Volodya sent his eldest son to lead the Acacias. Analyzing the information known to date, it can be said that Volodymyr Khagan was born in the first decade of the 5th century. Volga's father, Munzik, came from the royal line of the Huns, although he did not rule, his brothers Aktar (or Optar) and Rugila (Roas, Rua) were famous leaders of the Huns. There is no information about another Munzik, the name of this person is preserved in history as the father of Attila and Bleda. Since the society of the Huns was a society of warriors, Volodymyr Khagan grew up learning to ride a horse and shoot archery, like other descendants of the Huns at that time. At the same time, like other young Huns, he voluntarily bandaged his head with bandages and deformed his skull. When Rugila died in 434, the power of the empire passed to the hands of his younger brothers, Bleda and Edil. According to the Gallic Chronicle of 452, Bleda is declared the successor of Rugila, according to which Bleda was older than Volga. But soon Edil killed Bleda, the son of Whites, his cousin, and took power himself. After that, he was known around as a skilled commander, but now he stands out as a great politician and visionary leader. He will be called a "righteous ruler". His name causes fear among his opponents. It is called "God's whip". ## Expedition to Europe In 420 years, the Huns inhabited the Pannonian lands (now Hungary). The Huns, who ruled between the Danube and the Rhine and subjugated the barbarian tribes, threatened both the Western and Eastern Roman Empires. In this confrontation, the Germanic tribes were on the side of Volga. ### The first campaign to Byzantium (441–442) Volga and Bleda's first campaign to Europe started from the Byzantine province of Illyricum, located in the territory of modern Serbia. At the same time, the Romans were fighting the Vandals in Sicily on the one hand, and the Persians on the other hand, which was an additional reason for the success of the campaign. According to Priscus, a witness of the event, the first military battles began with a sudden attack of the Huns on the Romans at the trade fair located in the territory of the present city of Belgrade. The attack was prompted by the looting of the Hun treasure (i.e. the tombs of the kings) by the bishop of Marg, and after Marg, the major cities on the Danube near Singidunum (modern Belgrade) and Viminacius (modern Kostolac) were captured. Further, the military activities of the Huns were directed to the eastern side of the Danube, that is, towards Ratiaria (present-day Bulgarian village of Archar) and from the Morava River in the south towards Naiss (present-day Serbian city of Niš). According to Priscus, around 442 the fighting stopped, and the Huns occupied a vast area "five days' journey" south of the Danube in the territory of present-day Serbia. ### The second campaign to Byzantium (447) Bleda died between the first and second campaigns, and from 444 he ruled the Volga Hun Empire alone. The historian O. D. Menchen-Helfen clearly defined in his work "Hun community". After the first campaign, Attila, as the sole leader of the Huns, demanded tribute from Byzantium and the return of fugitives who defected to the enemy. Emperor Theodosius II accepted this ultimatum as an insulting offer to the empire and declared war against the offer. As a result, Attila captured Ratiaria and began attacking the Byzantine territories in the Balkans in 446 or early 447. The Byzantine historian Marcellinus Comitis, describing the year 447 in his writings, wrote the following words: "In this terrible war, which was more severe than the first war, Attila crushed the whole of Europe." The Hun army led by Volga defeated Thrace and Illyria in 447 and reached the foundations of Thermopylae and Constantinople. The Eastern Roman Empire (Byzantium) recognized its dependence on the Volga and began paying tribute. ### Treaty of peace between the Huns and Byzantium (448-450) Theodosius II, admitting defeat, sends his military master Anatoly to negotiate with the Huns. The terms of this treaty were found to be much stricter than those approved after the first campaign in 444. Agreed to give over 6,000 Roman pounds of gold to the emperor as punishment for breaking the first agreement. In addition, the requirements were strengthened: the annual tax was 3 times 700 kg of Roman pounds of gold, i.e. 2100 kg. The price for the release of each captured Roman soldier went up to 12 solidi. After the specified tribute was satisfied, the Huns returned to their lands. Bleda died around 445. Being the sole ruler of the Volga Huns, in 448 he placed the Akatsirs, who lived in the north of the Black Sea, under the control of his eldest son Ellak. In July 450, Emperor Theodosius II fell from his horse and died. Marcian, who served as the military commander in his place, refused to pay taxes in the amount specified in the treaty. He gives Volga only gifts that he considers right, and if he does not agree, he informs that war will start. In the early spring of 451, the Huns and the armies of other tribes dependent on them invaded Gaul. ## War with the Western Roman Empire (451-454) ### Campaign in Gaul (451) In 451, the army of warriors led by Volga Khagan In early spring, he begins an attack on Gaul. The number of Hun soldiers is unknown, but it is estimated that the attack movement was slow compared to the rhythm of the period. On April 7, 451, the Huns first captured the city of Metz, then Trier, Cologne, Reims, Tongeren, Troyes. On July 14 of the same year, the center of Roman Gaul besieges the city of Orleans and begins the battle. When the fortifications of the city began to be pierced by the ramparts, the combined army of the Roman general Flavius Aetius and the king of the Visigoths, Theodoric I, came to the aid of the Orleanians. The end of this will lead to the famous Battle of Catalunya, the greatest massacre in history. Historians say that 165,000 soldiers died on the battlefield in this battle. The Volga Kagan army returned to the Katalaun field and stopped on the right bank of the Seine River (probably around the city of Troyes). The exact date and location of the Battle of Catalunya have not been preserved, but historians estimate that the battle took place in late June, early July, north of the city of Troyes, in the region of the present-day Champagne province. As a result of this major battle, both sides suffered equal losses. As Prosper Tiro wrote, neither side was victorious in the Battle of Catalunya. The death toll was endless. King Theodoric I died on the battlefield. The next day, the Volga Khan's army hides in the fortress they built, and the Gothic-Roman coalition takes the initiative. However, Thorismund, the new king of Visigoth who succeeded Theodoric I, was the first to lead his army from the battlefield to Toulouse. The Volodymyr Khan then deploys his surviving soldiers on the other side of the Danube. In the following year 452, the Huns attacked northern Italy. ### March to Italy (452) In the summer of 452 (O. D. Maenchen-Helfen) Pope Leo Emperor Valentine wrote in 452 (according to his letters, the beginning of this campaign began in June 452) groups of warriors led by the Volga Khan began an attack from the Pannonian side from the wide plain of the Alps. The first strike of this campaign was in the city of Aquileia in the province of Veneto (Aquileia was the largest city on the Adriatic coast at that time). After conquering other cities of Veneto, the Huns turned towards the western part of northern Italy. Destroying Italy, the Huns took the cities of Mediolanum (modern Milan) and Ticinum (modern Pavia) from the outskirts. In Mediolanum (at the beginning of the 5th century, the city of Mediolanum was the capital of the Roman Empire), when you enter the palace of the Volga emperor, you will see pictures of Roman emperors on the walls of the palace. It can be noticed that the paintings depict the corpses of Scythian warriors lying at the feet of enthroned Roman emperors. Volodymyr found the same artist for his people and painted him another picture. This new painting shows the Volga Khagan sitting on a throne, and the Roman emperors pouring gold from sacks at his feet. Most of the inhabitants of the city escaped, their houses and churches were looted and burned. After these important events, Roman Pope Leo I went to meet with the leader of the Huns, accompanied by noble Romans Aviena and Trigetia. This meeting will take place on the plain of Ambuleia near the city of Mantua. As a result of the meeting, Rome escaped as a tax payer, and the Huns returned to the banks of the Danube without going to Rome. So he returned from this great campaign to Edylkala (Etzelburg), the capital of his state on the Danube, with great victory and triumph. Becomes the property of the Hun Empire. ### Invasion of Gaul in 453 The Huns, who returned victorious from Italy, soon want to take revenge on Gaul. Remembering the old debts (non-payment of taxes according to the contract signed with the deceased Theodosius II), he begins to threaten Volodya Gaul. Emperor Marcian, who replaced Theodosius II, sent various gifts to the leader and wanted to receive a pardon from the leader. Unmerciful Huns attacked the Alans who inhabited the banks of the Loire River in central Gaul in 453. There is no record of this year's invasion except for a brief account in Jordan's Getica. Only Visigoth king Thorismund is known to have come to the aid of the Alans. In addition, it is known that the Huns retreated back to Pannonia and Dacia. ## Death and disintegration of the Hun empire When the Volga conquered the Germanic tribes, he fell in love with the Burgundian princess Ildiona (Hildica). In 453, he made a big wedding in his country and married this princess. But on the night of the first wedding, he suddenly died under unknown circumstances. There is information that suffocation with blood from the nose may have caused his death. The place of burial is still unknown. In March 2014, during the construction of a bridge over the Danube in Budapest, the burial place of Volodymyr was found, and it was reported that it might be the grave of the Volodymyr Khagan. Many sons of Volga begin to share the empire left by their father. During his lifetime, Volodymyr appointed his eldest son Ellak as his successor. But the leaders of the barbarian tribes do not want to obey Ellak and other sons of Volga. First, the king of the Gepids, Ardarich, incited the Germanic tribes to revolt, and the warriors who disobeyed the new leaders began to fight in 454 around Nedao (now the Nedava River of Pannonia, a branch of the Sava). Ellak dies in this battle. After this battle, the Hun empire begins to fall apart. The youngest son of Volga settled in Dobrudzha with a part of the Ernak tribe, the rest of the Huns were pushed to the east of the Danube by the barbarian tribes. The last information about the Huns of the Volga is found in the chronicles of Marcellinus in 469. According to the information, "the head of Denziris [Denzicis], the son of the Volga king of the Huns, was brought to Constantinople." The remnants of the Huns were confused with other nomadic tribes, and the ethnonym "Hun" was used in the lexicon of authors of the VI century to designate nomadic countries in general. (Huns used to refer to Bulgars, Avars, Savirs, and Magyars) ## Historical study During the nineteen years of Volodymyr rule, the territory of the Hun empire increased several times. Due to the fact that he was able to build a large empire, the Volga Khan went down in history as one of the great warrior sons of the East. That is why western historians mention his name along with the names of "great people in the history of mankind" Alexander the Great and Julius Caesar. Attila (Etzel, Atli) is described as the liberator of the peoples under the Roman Empire in the famous Germanic epic poem "The Song of the Nibelungs" and other Germanic epic works. The famous chronicler of Byzantium, historian and negotiator of the 5th century, Greek Priscus Panios, a member of the Byzantine embassy sent to the Hun king in 448, depicted the truth in his work "History of Byzantium", preserved in the form of personal impressions, describing the state of Volodymyr Khan as a dangerous rival of Rome. ### Image of Volga in numismatics In 2009, the National Bank of Kazakhstan issued an "Attila" coin from the "Great Commanders" collection. 13,000 coins with a nominal value of 100 tenge were issued. 925 silver coin weighs 31.1 g, diameter 38.61 mm. On the front (obverse) is a warrior on horseback, on the back (reverse) is the image of Attila. In the lower part, three horsemen are depicted, and in the upper sector, the Volga Kagan ("ATTILA THE HUN") and "406-453" are written in English. This coin was awarded the "Coin of the Year" (Russian: "Монета года") award at the international competition "Monet chokhvoldyzy-2010" (Russian: "Монетное созвездие-2010"), held in St. Petersburg. 209 coins from 24 countries have entered the competition. ### Image of Volga in legends Volga Kagan is the main character of the well-known German epic "The Song of the Nibelungs". ### Image of Volga in literature * "The Wonderful Comedy", Alighieri Dante, 1321 * God's whip, Bouvier-Azhan M. * Attila - Commander of the Huns, Edward Hatton, 2005. (Nomen est omen). * Christopher Kelly. "Attila the Hun: Barbarian Terror and the Fall of the Roman Empire", Bodley Head, 2008 [3]. * Blockley, RC : The Fragmentary Classicizing Historians of the Later Roman Empire, vol. II ISBN 0-905205-15-4 * Gordon, CD : The Age of Attila: Fifth-century Byzantium and the Barbarians. Míchigan: University of Michigan Press, 1960. * Maenchen-Helfen, Otto (ed. Max Knight): The World of the Huns: Studies in Their History and Culture. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1973. * Thompson, EA : A History of Attila and the Huns. Londres: Oxford University Press, 1999. ISBN 0-631-21443-7 ### Image of the Volga in music * "Attila" (1846) is a well-known opera by the Italian composer Giuseppe Verdi; * "Attila" (2004) is a song from the album "The Glorious Burden" by the American heavy metal band Iced Earth; * "Attila" (2011) is the first album of the Kazakh heavy-metal group "Aldaspan"; * "Attila" (2005–) is a deathcore band from Atlanta. ### Image of Volga in cinema * "Attila" (Attila, 1954) on IMDB; Attila * TV series "Attila the invader" (2001). Starring: Gerard Butler. * Etzel (Attila) is the main character of Fritza Lang's 1924 "Nibelungi" and 1967 German film "Nibelungi". * * * * * ## See also * Huns * State of Huns ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7906

Row

Qatar (Arabic: قطر‎ [ˈqɑtˁɑr], local [ɡitˁar]), officially the State of Qatar (Arabic: دولة قطر‎ داولة قطار‎) is an independent state located on the Qatar Peninsula in the Persian Gulf. The land area is 11400 km², and the population is 724 thousand people (1999). The official language is Arabic. The capital is the city of Doha. The political structure of the state is an absolute monarchy. The head of state and emir Sheikh Tamim ibn Hamad Al Thani (since 1995) has concentrated all power in his hands. There are no political parties. National holiday September 3 - Independence Day (1971). The currency is the Qatari riyal. ## Nature The land is a desert plain. There are no permanent rivers. The climate is tropical, dry, hot and dry in winter and summer. The average temperature in January is 16C, in July 32C, the annual amount of precipitation is 100 mm. ## History People began to settle on the Qatar Peninsula in the 2nd - 3rd millennium BC. The first written information dates back to the beginning of our era. It was occupied by Iranians from time to time. In the 7th century, the country was conquered by the Arabs and included in the Arab Caliphate. After the collapse of the caliphate (10th century), its territory became part of the Karmat state, and in the 13th and 14th centuries it came under the control of the Emirate of Bahrain. In the 16th century, Qatar along with the Emirate of Bahrain was occupied by the Portuguese and later by the Ottoman Sultanate. Since the 17th century, the country has become an object of struggle between Turkish and Persian states and Arab rulers (Oman martyrs, Saudi dynasty, etc.). From the second half of the 18th century, a small part of the country was owned by the Tani family. This dynasty united the country in the late 19th century, but in 1868 made a treaty with the British that undermined its independence. In 1871 - 1914, it was re-conquered by the Ottoman Sultanate. In 1914, the country was occupied by the British, and in 1916, Qatar was declared a British protectorate. In 1930, abundant oil reserves were found on the territory of the country, and foreign companies began to flow. After the Second World War, the national liberation movement in the country grew stronger. In 1960-68, popular unrest intensified again, the authorities changed, and British troops began to withdraw from the country. On April 10, 1970, a provisional constitution was adopted, and the first government was formed in May. On September 1, 1971, Qatar was declared an independent state and joined the UN and the League of Arab States. In 1991, the Qatari Armed Forces participated in the military operations against Iraq conducted within the framework of the UN. ## Administrative Division Qatar is divided into 8 municipalities (Arabic: بلديات‎ - baladiyat). ## Economy The main wealth is oil (natural reserves - 778 million tons). 90% of the country's national income is provided by the oil industry. The oil industry is in the hands of "Qatar Petroleum", "Shell of Qatar" and other companies. In addition to oil, natural gas is produced, fish is caught. 35% of residents work in industry, 3% in agriculture, and 60% in service industries. Only 0.7% of the land is used for agriculture. In 1997, the wealth of the nation was 7.4 billion. The US dollar was at the level of 20,100 dollars per capita. It brings in the labor force that is lacking in the oil industry. Machines, tools, livestock, food products, consumer and chemical goods are imported. Main trading partners: Japan, Italy, USA, Great Britain, Germany, France, Saudi Arabia. Diplomatic relations between Kazakhstan and Qatar were established in 1992. On May 23, 1998, the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev paid an official visit to Qatar and held talks with Emir Hamad bin Khalifa al-Thani and representatives of the country's largest businesses. Both sides signed mutual agreements on oil refining and transportation, investment and banking, tourism, air communication, and other areas. After this meeting, trade and economic relations between the two countries began to develop rapidly. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7920

Digital image

Digital image (digital image, digital graphics) is the adaptation of a two-dimensional image as a limited number of digital units - pixels. A digital image consists of a certain number of rows and rows of pixels. A pixel is the smallest element of an image and stores a digital quantity representing the brightness of a given color at a given point. Typically, pixels are stored on a computer network as a raster image or bitmap, that is, a two-dimensional matrix of small random numbers.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7915

Falkland Islands

The Falkland Islands (English. Falkland Islands or Malvina Islands (Islas Malvinas)) is a group of islands located in the Atlantic Ocean on the far south eastern coast of the South American continent. It is owned by Great Britain. The land area is 12.2 thousand km². Of the two largest islands - West Falkland (Gran- Malvina), East Falkland (Soledad) and consists of about 200 small islands. The two main islands have a hilly plain, the highest point is 705 m (Mount Asborne), the coasts are sharply cut, and there are many favorable seabeds. The climate is temperate oceanic, the average temperature in January (summer) is 15°C, and the annual rainfall is 700 mm. There are many species of marine mammals and birds, such as penguins, whales, etc. The population of the Falkland Islands is 2.9 thousand people, mainly from the English, and the French in 1592 . Davis discovered. In 1764, it was colonized by France, then handed over to Spain. In the 20s of the 19th century, it came under the control of Argentina. In 1833, the islands were conquered by Great Britain and a British military base was placed there. In 1982, there was a military conflict between Argentina and Great Britain over the Falkland Islands. This war ended with Britain gaining full ownership of the islands. The basis of the economy of the Falkland Islands is livestock products (mutton, wool, skin), fish and marine animals. The administrative center is the city of Port Stanley ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7845

Керейіт

Kereyit — (Mong. keraid — Christians) belongs to the Delivery Association of the Small Face. Kereit is a clan of the Kazakh people. According to the genealogical data, it belongs to the association of tyru within the Small Hundred. The Aksakal and Bozanshar clans spread from Kereit. The history of the Kereit tribe is known in ancient written monuments from the 7th century. It is considered to be connected with the walled Kereit Khanate, which covered the territory of Onon, Kerulen, Argun rivers. At the same time, in the works of Rashid al-Din, Kydirgali Bek, and Abilgazy Khan, who recorded the events of that time, both the name of the khanate and the name of the tribe that formed it are called Kereit. Moving away from Chinggis Khan, the Kereyts, who spread along the Irtys and Ob towards the Terkei, and later became part of the Middle Hundred, over time stopped saying the suffix "t" at the end of the indigenous name. And the Kereyts, who were part of the Uzbeks and Kyrgyz, kept their original ancient names, like their tribesmen in Kishi Yuz. On the other hand, the Kereyites from the Small Hundred reached Central Asia with Genghis Khan's campaign and settled in this region while trying to make those countries part of Genghis Khan's empire. Later, one part of them became part of Uzbek, another part of Kyrgyz, and a third group of Kishi Yuz. The motto is Aksakal, symbol: y, // - slybr. ## Origin Descended from the Middle Hundred Kereys. Its historical origin is in Western Mongolia. 4-13 centuries. — was in the Christian religion. The first data about the Kereiites date back to the beginning of the 12th century. Along the Onon, Kerulen rivers and on the shores of Lake Buyrnur, that is, in the territory of Mongolia, Rashid al-Din writes, the Kereiit tribe lived. However, it should be considered that this tribe lived much earlier than the mentioned time, because by the 12th century it was a powerful force opposing Genghis Khan. We have information about the kereis of the XIII century. We find it in the writings of Rubruck, Plano Carpini, and then Marco Polo. In the meantime, there is no need to consider the political history of this tribe, it is not our task. At the beginning of the 13th century, after the death of Vankhan Togyril of the Kereiites, the Kereiites came under the rule of Genghis Khan and became part of his empire. The history of this tribe after that is also not clear, just as the issue of the arrival of the Kereyites to the territory of modern Kazakhstan is not clear. In our opinion, after Genghis Khan defeated the Kereis and incorporated them into the Mongol state, they took part in the conquest campaigns of the Mongols to the west and settled there. According to Muhammad Haidar's data, from the 14th century, some part of the Kereis became part of the Mughals of Mongolia. In the 15th century, the Kereyites became part of the Union of Uzbek tribes, and later became part of the Kazakh people. Sh. According to Valikhanov's information, after the establishment of the Kazakh nation, the Kereyites became part of the Great Hundred, and soon after, their main population separated and went to their Uzbek relatives. The small part of the Kereyites that remained among the Kazakhs joined the generations of the Yatrus. The following information about the Kereyites as a tribe that now belongs to the Kishi Yuzh was written by A. in the middle of the 18th century. Tevkelev, and then A. We will find it in Levshin. This family is regularly encountered in the works of later studies. The question of the ethnic origin of the Kereiites is very important. Researchers have no opinion on this. In his work, Rashid adDin shows that in the 13th century, the Karaites were not Turkic-speaking, but Mongol-speaking again. In another place, this same author does not speak so categorically about the origin of the Kereiites. He writes that among the peoples "who did not get the Mongolian name earlier" there were also Kereyites. And further on, it is stated that "the Kereis began to call themselves Mongols in order to praise themselves", and in the early days "they did not recognize this name". adopted the name. Sh. Sh. Ualikhanov, V. V. Barthold attributed the Kereyites to the Mongols. GrummGrjimailo also doubts that the Karaites came from the Turks. G. N. Potanin, N. A. Aristov, X. Hovors and others took a completely opposite point of view. For example, G. N. Potanin believes that they started to be called Turks and Mongols only during the time of Genghis Khan "to get their fame". Although unrelated, X. Hovors and A. A. At the same time, Aristov came to the opinion that the Karaites came from the Turks. X. Hovors based his opinion on showing the Turkish names and titles of the Kereiite khans. S. about the origin of the Kereiites. Amanzholov also took such a clear view, he wrote that "the Kereys (Kereyits V. V.) were never Mongols and were never called Mongols." And further: "The part that was forced to migrate to the west during the Mongol invasion (V.V. of the Kereis) was called the Kereyites, and all those who remained in their former place did not accept the suffix "dog" to their names." First, is it correct to consider the Kereis and the Kereis as one tribe: because some researchers tend to consider them as one tribe, while others do not. Secondly, the question of whether the Kereiites belong to the Mongols or the Turks is closely related to the first one and to some extent depends on it. Orientalist N. A. Aristov, V. V. Bartsld, M. Tynyshbaev and S. A. Amanzholov knew that these two are the same tribe. N. A. Aristov does not give an explanation for this, he just talks about Kereys and Kereyites as a tribe. V. V. Barthold does exactly that. M. Tynyshbaev is more cautious, because he writes that the Kereyites may be a part of the Kereyites that separated and went west during the escape from Genghis Khan. M. S. like Tynyshbaev. A. As we have seen above, Amanzholov also considers the Kereyites to be a part of the Kereyites. Speaking about the Kereyites, X. Hovors does not associate them with the Kereyites in any way. GrummGrjimailo refers to a source such as "Jin Liao Yuan sanshiyujie" ("Dictionary of Corrections of Indigenous Names Found in the Histories of the Jiang, Liao and Yuan Dynasties"), where the Cherei are called Chuilin, and the Cherei are called Kele (Here), and considers them to be different tribes.M. Tynyshbaev and S. A. Let's start with the fact that Amanzholov's opinion that the Kereys who went to the West began to be called Kereyites, in our opinion, is not very accurate. We know from the sources that the Karaites also lived in the east, in particular, in Mongolia. As we have already shown, Rashid al-Din, Rubruk, Marco Polo and P. Carpini says. In the "Sacred legend" (§ 96, 104, 105, 126 and others) it is mentioned about the kereites (keleiti). A number of other data clearly prove this. For example, in "Yuanshi", Onhan's companion Hasan is said to be from the Kelei tribe. The "Xin Yuanshi" also mentions the kelei. Therefore, it is impossible that the Kereyites came from Iningishkhan Talkan, the Kereyites who went to the west, because they lived in Moigolia as far back as the 12th century, maybe even earlier. N. about the existence of the Kereiites and their place of residence. D. Martin informs, he writes that the Kereis migrated along the Tole, Orkhon, Ongon rivers and bordered the Naimans in the east. We N. D. We see that Martin mentions the places that Rashid al-Din says are inhabited by the Kereiites. This opinion is also confirmed by "Yuanshi", which states that "Wanghan (at one time) lived in these places." Meanwhile, the region of Jianzhou Kemzhaut, which is located in the southwest of the Yenisei, in the southeast of the Kyrgyz, in the north of TannuOla, is mentioned. So, in all the sources known to us, we are told about Kereis, not Kereis. It follows from this: as many researchers say, the Kereys and the Kereyites cannot be considered the same, and the Kereyites can not be considered to have emerged from the "westernized" part of the Kereyites. We believe that there were no Kereys in the XXIII century, but there were Kereyites, they were a strong feudal state before Genghis Khan destroyed them, and "their leaders were powerful kings." After Genghis Khan defeated the Kereyites, a part of them fled along the lower reaches of the Irtys, and settled there wherever possible. A part of the Kereyites went to the western side of Irtysh, and then even further. Most of them joined the neighboring Altai peoples. Some have retained their original ethical name even among other peoples. The part of the Kereyites who went along the Irtysh and then to the steppes of North Kazakhstan lost the suffix "dog" in their name and began to be called "Kerey", and then became part of the Kazakh people as an independent Kerey tribe. We can see the Kereyites among the Kyrgyz of the Doolos tribe. At the end of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century, the question of the origin of the Kereiit clan, which entered the Small Hundred, looks like this. ## Persons * Nysanbay Zhamankululy Ashamaily * Musirali Zhadikuly * Aldabergen Bisenov * Tolegen Davitbaev * Zeynolla Zharkynbaev * Maten Oteshuly Bizhanov * Samit Daldabaev * Shahizat Khamituly Torebaev * Akhun Azamatuly Myrzabai * Abu-Jalel Pir

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7921

Digital camera

A digital camera is a device that captures digital images of various scenes with a matrix of pixels. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7898

Bolat Zhamituly Utemuratov

Bolat Zhamituly Utemuratov (November 13, 1957, Atyrau) is a Kazakh businessman, billionaire. President of the Kazakhstan Tennis Federation, vice-president of the International Tennis Federation and member of the Board of Directors, public figure. Forbes magazine estimated his wealth at $2.7 billion (No. 1274 in the world, No. 6 in Kazakhstan). ## Biography He was born on November 13, 1957 in the city of Guryev (now Atyrau), Kazakh SSR. The clan is the owner. K.E. in Kyzylorda. He studied at school No. 3 named after Voroshilov and graduated from the 10th grade in 1975. In 1981, he graduated from the Almaty Institute of National Economy and received the specialty of economist. After graduating from the institute, he became a teacher there, and then worked in the system of the Almaty trade administration until 1986. In 1986-1990, he was the deputy chairman of the Soviet District Executive Committee. In 1990-1992, he worked as a department head, head of the Department of the State Committee on Foreign Economic Relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan - later, the Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 1992, he was appointed the general director of the Kazakh trading house in Austria. In 1993, he returned to Kazakhstan and served as Deputy Minister of Foreign Economic Relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1993-94), First Deputy Minister of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1994-1995). in 1996-1999 - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Switzerland, permanent representative of the UN branch in Geneva and other international organizations. held various positions in the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan: from February 1999 to June 2003 — Assistant to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Foreign Policy and Foreign Economic Affairs, from June 2003 to March 2006 — Secretary of the Security Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Chairman of the National Commission on Democracy and Civil Society Issues (November 2004 - March 2006). From March 2006 to December 2008, he was the manager of affairs of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2007, he was elected president of the Kazakhstan Tennis Federation. From July 2007 to 2022. until January - a member of the Political Council of the People's Democratic Party "Nur Otan". In January 2022, when changes were made to the political council of the Nur Otan party and the party's high representative body was updated to 55%, Utemuratov left the political council of the party, like some businessmen. From December 2008 to March 2013, he was a freelance adviser to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, from May 2010 to March 2013 - the Special Representative of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on cooperation with the Kyrgyz Republic. was elected vice-president of the International Tennis Federation from October 1, 2019. ## Commercial activity Bolat Utemuratov is one of the largest entrepreneurs of Kazakhstan. His first major project was the development of "ATF Bank" and its successful sale to the Italian group UniCredit (1995 - November 2007). During this period, the bank grew from a small financial institution to a large multi-regional and multi-product financial group with 160 branches and a balance of 8 billion. After the 2009 crisis, he founded the following banks: Kassa Nova - the first microcredit bank in Kazakhstan and ForteBank - a business bank. In May 2014, "Samruk-Kazyna" NSC concluded a transaction on the sale of its share in Temirbank and part of its shares in Alliance Bank to businessman Bolat Utemuratov. The fund acquired 79.88% ordinary shares of Temirbank JSC for 35.7 billion. for tenge, and also sold 16% ordinary and preferred shares of "Alliance Bank" JSC for 1.5 billion tenge. "Temirbank" JSC additionally paid 9.1 billion tenge to "Samruk-Kazyna" JSC from undistributed profits in 2010-2012. As a result of the transaction, JSC "Samruk-Kazyna" retained a controlling stake in "Alliance Bank" JSC with 51% ordinary and preferred shares, and Bolat Utemuratov became a controlling shareholder in "Temirbank" JSC. Regarding this transaction, Utemuratov expressed the following opinion: the completion of the transaction on the purchase of the control package of shares of "Temirbank" and the minority package of shares of "Alliance Bank" is the main step in the process of restoration of these banks. Regarding "Alliance Bank", in cooperation with the "Samruk-Kazyna" fund, careful and comprehensive negotiations are being conducted with representatives of the bank's creditors on the restructuring of its external liabilities in order to firmly restore the bank's capital. For my part, I am ready to participate in the restoration of Alliance Bank by injecting the capital of Temirbank and merging them in the future." In addition, Mr. Utemuratov is the main shareholder of "Verny Capital" investment group, together with Veon owns two telecommunication operators operating under the Beeline brand - "KarTel" operators in Kazakhstan and "Sky Mobile" operators in Kyrgyzstan. ## Wealth According to Forbes, Utemuratov's wealth as of May 2023 was 2.7 billion US dollars. ## Public and charitable activities In August 2007, Bolat Utemuratov was elected president of the Tennis Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the Federation, the "School Tennis Initiative" is being introduced, and the "Tennis for under ten" program is being developed. The Team Kazakhstan tennis academy was established, which is a boarding school where future members of the national tennis team are trained. The men's tennis team reached the quarterfinals of the Davis Cup three times (2011, 2013, 2014), and the women's team performs in the world group of the Federation Cup. According to the press service of the Kazakhstan Tennis Federation, in 2023, 10 Kazakhstani tennis players entered the top 100 in the world. Since 2015, Bolat Utemuratov has been a member of the Board of Directors of the International Tennis Federation (ITF) and the Davis Cup Committee, and also actively participates in the development of world tennis. He was awarded with prizes from the International Tennis Federation and the Asian Tennis Federation for his great achievements in the development of tennis in Kazakhstan. In October 2019, the Kazakhstan Tennis Federation organized a charity match between Novak Djokovic and Rafael Nadal in Astana. In 2023, Bolat Utemuratov was re-elected to the Board of Directors of the International Tennis Federation (ITF), as well as being appointed to the position of vice-president of the organization. In 2014, the charity fund of Bolat Utemuratov was established. The fund's activities include the following directions: * "Autism. "The world is shared" program - "Asyl Miras" autism centers for children with autistic spectrum disorder are successfully operating in 11 cities of Kazakhstan - Astana, Almaty, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Kyzylorda, Aktobe, Ural, Shymkent, Petropavlovsk, Taraz and Karaganda. Every year "Autism. "World of Opportunities" international conference will be held. * In partnership with the Red Crescent Society, provides financial assistance to victims of emergencies; * supports the projects of the Ardi community of parents of children with BCS; * "Balameken" project on housing construction for large and low-income families - within the framework of the "Balameken" project, the Bolat Utemuratov Foundation built residential houses for 100 low-income large families in Kyzylorda. The cost of this project was 450 million tenge. In the city of Arys, in June 2019, the keys to 50 new houses were handed over to local residents who lost their homes during the explosion at the ammunition depot. Shelters are designed for 100 families. The fund allocated 850 million tenge for this purpose. In May 2020, Bolat Utemuratov allocated 6 million US dollars for the construction of 150 new houses for the flood-affected residents of Maktaaral district of Turkestan region; In 2021, 40 families received new housing in the framework of the "Balameken" project in the city of Aral. Among the families who got new apartments were families with many children, orphans, people with disabilities and families living in houses in a state of emergency. * Reconstruction of Almaty Botanical Garden. In May 2020, within the framework of a working visit to Almaty, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev visited the Botanical Garden and gave high praise to the reconstruction project of the garden worth 15 million US dollars; * Supporting the foundation named after Batyrkhan Shukenov. In 2023, the Fund allocated 5 million US dollars to help Turkish citizens affected by the earthquake through the Turkish Emergency Management Agency (AFAD). In 10 years, the Fund spent 150 million dollars on implementation of charitable projects in the field of education, health care, culture, science, support of victims of natural and man-made disasters, construction of housing for the needy. ## Social and environmental responsibility The businessman-owned company shows its environmental responsibility through the media, and on March 12, 2019, organized a discussion meeting on air pollution and environmental issues. His charitable foundation is conducting a project to reconstruct the Botanical Garden in Almaty. After renovation, the Botanical Garden was shown to President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. Funds in the amount of 15 million US dollars were spent on reconstruction. In 2019, the city administration allocated land to the Kazakhstan Tennis Federation to build a tennis center in the Karagandy Central Park. For this reason, the public, residents and environmental activists raised a wave of protest, and in response, the Tennis Federation announced its readiness to relocate the construction site. As a result, the residents of the city have preserved the territory of the state-owned park and its young trees. KTF decided to find another place for the tennis center. The volume of investments is 2.2 billion tenge. In 2019, within the framework of the tender held by the Pavlodar city administration, "ForteBank" JSC received the right to temporarily use (lease) the plot of land of "Densaulyk" park in Pavlodar for the construction of a branch building. Dissatisfied residents and environmentalists strongly opposed the destruction of the park and the construction of the building. Forte Bank planted new trees as a compensation at the expense of 1:15 as required by law. As required by law, public hearings were not held on the issue of construction in the park, and only after public protests, it was decided to hold the hearing on May 16. The territory of the park was cordoned off without holding public hearings, and on April 9, illegal cutting of trees began. In November 2021, the construction of a new terminal at the Kyzylorda airport was announced at the expense of the Bolat Utemuratov Foundation, which is expected to open in 2024. In September 2023, a new 1,500-seat school-gymnasium built at the expense of the Bolat Utemuratov Foundation opened its doors in the city of Koschy. In March 2025, it is planned to put into operation a new community center in the city of Koschy, where residents can participate in sports sections, music lessons and cultural events. Two more schools will be built in Esek and Shelek in Almaty region. In 2022-2023, the fund launched the "Green School" project in 36 schools in Almaty and Astana, where modern greenhouses for growing vegetables and herbs were installed throughout the year. Also, the "Young Leader Academy" project was launched in Turkestan, Zhambyl, Kyzylorda regions and the city of Shymkent, where more than 24,000 students are trained in leadership, critical thinking and teamwork skills. ## Awards * Order of "Honor" (2002) * Order of the First President (2007) * Order of Friendship 2nd degree (2014) \< > * Honored citizen of Kyzylorda region * International Tennis Federation and Asian Tennis Federation awards (2017) [41] * Philanthropist of the Year of the "Golden Heart" award (2018) \< > ## Family Father - Dzhamit Utemuratov, responsible employee of the Guryev regional prosecutor's office. Spouse - Utemuratova (Baishuakova) Azhar Abzhamiovna. Children: sons - Alidar Otemuratov (born in 1979) and Anuar Otemuratov (born in 1983), daughter - Dinara (born in 2003). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7922

Mongolian national anthem

Mongolian national anthem — (Mongolian Монгол Шрый Торыйн Дуулал — the national anthem of Mongolia) is the national anthem of Mongolia. 20th century. Mongolia had several anthems. The first version was published in 1924-1950, the second in 1950-1962, and the third in 1961-1991. done. 1991 since 1950 version was used again, only the second chapter, where Lenin, Stalin, Sukhbaatar, Choibalsan was named, was removed. 2006 July 11, 800 years after the establishment of the Mongol Empire. Changes were made to the title of Genghis Khan. ## Current version ## 1992-2006 version ## 1961-1991 version ## 1950-1961 version ## Mongolian International (1923-1950) ## Early Saikhan (before 1923) \< > ## External links * Mongolian national anthem song (RealAudio) * With old lyrics (Youtube) * With new lyrics (Youtube) * origo.mn Archived 4 March 2016. * www.nationalanthems.us

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7946

Chinese national anthem

March of the Volunteers is the national anthem of the People's Republic of China. 1966-1978 The song "East has turned pink" was performed as part of the national anthem. ## Current version (1935—1966, 1982—) ## Amended version (1978—1982, never included in the Constitution) \ <> ## Comments ## Listen ## External links * China's National Anthem Archived 11 September 2008 year. * The March of the Volunteers, instrumental and then chorus. * March of the Volunteers, sung in Sons and Daughters in a Time of Storm. * Video with singing chorus * Info

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7953

US Anthem

The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States. The song consists of four verses, but today only the first is widely known. The text is taken from the poem "The Defense of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key on September 14, 1814. The author, a 35-year-old lawyer and aspiring poet, wrote the text after witnessing the shelling of Fort McHenry in Baltimore by British ships during the Anglo-American War. The first performance took place in Baltimore on October 29, 1814, following the American premiere of August von Kotzebue's play Count Beniowski. ## Word ## Listen ## Comments ## External links \ <> * Library of Congress article * National Museum of American History Archived January 29, 2008. article * Maryland Online Encyclopedia article * British Attack on Ft. McHenry Launched from Bermuda Archived October 3, 2018. * Encyclopedia Smithsonian article on "The Star-Spangled Banner" Archived February 10, 2007. * "Star-Mangled Banner: A look at some controversial, and botched, renditions of our national anthem" * "The Star-Spangled Banner" by John A. Carpenter Archived March 13, 2007. * "Stars and Stripes Forever" City Pages, July 4, 2001 * "The Toughest 2 Minutes"

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7951

The national anthem of the United States

The Star-Spangled Banner is the national anthem of the United States. The song consists of four verses, but today only the first is widely known. The text is taken from the poem "The Defense of Fort McHenry" written by Francis Scott Key on September 14, 1814. The author, a 35-year-old lawyer and aspiring poet, wrote the text after witnessing the shelling of Fort McHenry in Baltimore by British ships during the Anglo-American War. The first performance took place in Baltimore on October 29, 1814, following the American premiere of August von Kotzebue's play Count Beniowski. ## Word ## Listen ## Comments ## External links \ <> * Library of Congress article * National Museum of American History Archived January 29, 2008. article * Maryland Online Encyclopedia article * British Attack on Ft. McHenry Launched from Bermuda Archived October 3, 2018. * Encyclopedia Smithsonian article on "The Star-Spangled Banner" Archived February 10, 2007. * "Star-Mangled Banner: A look at some controversial, and botched, renditions of our national anthem" * "The Star-Spangled Banner" by John A. Carpenter Archived March 13, 2007. * "Stars and Stripes Forever" City Pages, July 4, 2001 * "The Toughest 2 Minutes"

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7943

Accounting

Accounting is a methodology and system for monitoring, summarizing and displaying financial and economic activities of the enterprise with the aim of obtaining confirmed data about its activities; system of calculating enterprise resources and results of financial and economic activity. It is carried out using established forms of documents according to accepted rules. The research objects of accounting are economic equipment in monetary form, their movement during production, location, circulation, as well as sources of their formation and use. Accounting records funds and sources of funds of legal entities and the content of financial transactions, economic operations on the basis of specific documents, keeping continuous and mutual connection with a special measurement unit. Accounting is based on the methods of documentation and completion, accounting and double-entry, estimation and costing, balance sheet and final accounting. Since 1997, Accounting in Kazakhstan has been transferred to the international standard system. The accounting standard is a procedure for evaluating and measuring accounting indicators according to special rules, and determining and distinguishing the significance of economic operations. According to international standards, accounting consists of financial and managerial accounting. Financial accounting financial depositors and lenders, contributors to the development of legal entities, foreign investors, etc. is conducted for Management accounting is carried out in order to improve the management system of legal entities, to find internal reserve funds, and to start it. In addition to the above-mentioned areas of accounting, legal entities in Kazakhstan annually create and approve the accounting policy of their enterprise, the principles of its management, the list of used accounting systems, and submit it to special places. In accordance with the requirements of relevant legal acts and regulatory materials and accounting standards, if legal entities choose a convenient way from among several methods used in Accounting objects, it shows the accounting policy, while the widely used system of rules specific to Accounting (ambivalence, conservative, autonomous , adjustment, sale, etc.) belong to the accounting principle. The main tool in accounting is the system of accounts. Every account of legal entities is numbered there. Accounting indicators (data) are summarized by creating a balance sheet. Accounting is divided into accounting theory, financial and production accounting, tax accounting. Accounting theory is the theoretical, methodological and practical foundations of the organization of the accounting system. Financial accounting is the accounting and registration of economic operations accounting information collection system that provides. The financial report collects information about the property and liabilities of the business entity (tangible and intangible assets, leased property, financial and in-kind contributions, current assets), the entity's obligations, loans, receivables and payables, cash, equity, retained earnings (losses), etc. The data of the financial report are used by managers and external users at different levels within the economic entity (present and future investors, creditors, banks, tax and financial organizations). The task of the production report is to collect and process data on the cost of the product (work, service). This information is a trade secret of the entity and is therefore intended for the internal use of the relevant executives. In order to collect more effective and immediate information about the costs incurred for production and sale of products (work, services), the entity creates its own accounting system, and it wants to be closer to the specifics of the mentioned entity. The information used in the tax report is obtained from accounting and operational reports. The division of accounting into production, financial, and tax accounts is an important feature of the report in the market economy. However, it does not mean that the subject must necessarily create production and personal financial accounting. However, the most important thing is the purpose and for whom the information is collected. The part of the economic accounting system called the third-statistical report is a set of accounting works. It provides information about the number of economic facts of a general nature, uniform in their essence. Statistical calculation is used to determine the simple calculation (average) of phenomena, to determine the frequency of their repetition, to determine the dynamics of the development of events over time, to determine the relationship between the occurrence of different types of facts, it is necessary to measure the density and degree of possibility of these connections, to model its nature, to make a qualitative assessment of the monitored object on the basis of that, and to establish its development trend. Statistical data is processed using special methods. This alone makes it possible to simplify the actual results of individual control. The system of economic accounting includes only the field of statistical accounting related to the control of an economic object. The unity and organic interrelationship of the three types and sub-systems of economic accounting is as follows: In the first phase of control of economic facts, primary documents, mostly documents common to all types of accounting, are used; in the second phase, an interconnected system of economic indicators is formed through these types of accounting, as well as all accounting work is brought to a system of unified organizational and methodological principles. From a technical point of view, these three types of reports are closely related to each other: The data provided by the quick report is used to enter the accounting information model or to make statistical conclusions; the methods of periodic control of the correctness of the current account through accounting reports are created; Many informational data generated during operational and accounting work are subjected to statistical processing. As a result of such a unit, the conclusions obtained through operational, statistical control of the economic object activity complement each other and become a unified system of reporting indicators, which are statistically at the highest level - the country leads to the description of the development of the economy. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7955

Brazilian national anthem

The national anthem of Brazil (port. Hino Nacional Brasileiro) was first sung in 1832. was issued on April 17, but was not considered official until the proclamation of the republic. Anthem 1890 approved by decree on January 29. The text of the current anthem was written on the eve of the 100th anniversary of Brazil's independence in 1922. adopted on September 6. ## Text

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7954

Anthem of Russia

The Russian national anthem is the national anthem of the Russian Federation. ## Anthem of the Russian Federation ## Listen ## External links * Museum of Russian anthems Archived July 1, 2005. — more than 40 audio and video recordings of the anthem of Russia in various versions, more than 400 recordings in total. * Author National Anthem Archived July 19, 2011. or What National Anthem does Russia need on the site of K. Kovalev - the author of the book "Bortnyansky" in the ЖЗЛ series * State symbols of Russia * State symbols of Russia - Text of the State anthem of the Russian Federation (words by S. Mikhalkov) * State anthem of the Russian Federation performed by the symphony orchestra (one verse) * State anthem of the Russian Federation performed by the symphony orchestra (three verses) * State anthem of the Russian Federation performed by the symphony orchestra and choir (three verses) * Music hymn (without words) * 6.4.7 Paradox 80% or the paradox of the Russian hymn and 6.4.8 More than 30 "what exactly is wrong" or why the problem cannot be solved. : * The decision of the Supreme Court of the Russian Federation on the appeal of the Anthem of the Russian Federation

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7959

Anthem of Uzbekistan

The national anthem of the Republic of Uzbekistan (Uzb. O'zbekiston Respublikasining Davlat Madhiyasi) is the national anthem of Uzbekistan. The melody is the unmodified melody of the anthem of the Soviet-era Uzbek SSR. The word was adopted in 1991, when independence was declared. Uzbekistan is one of the 3 post-Soviet countries (along with Belarus and Tajikistan) that still uses the Soviet anthem. ## Word ## External links * Himnuszok — A vocal version of the Hymn; * Embassy of Uzbekistan in the USA Archived September 1, 2009. — State symbols of Uzbekistan.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7924

ҚКСР

The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic is one of the allied republics that were part of the former USSR; he was born in 1920 It was founded on August 26 and was initially called the Kyrgyz AKSR and became part of the RKFSR in 1936. On December 5, it became an allied republic. It is located in the south-west of the Asian part of the USSR, it borders the RKFSR to the north, the Turkmen SSR to the south, the Uzbek SSR and the Kyrgyz SSR, China to the east, and the Caspian Sea to the west. The Kazakh SSR was the second allied republic after the RKFSR in terms of land area, and the third allied republic after the RKFSR and Ukraine in terms of population. The area is 2724.9 thousand km². The capital is the city of Almaty. Administratively, it was divided into 19 regions, 210 districts, and had 82 cities. ## State structure The Kazakh SSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, an allied Soviet socialist republic that is part of the USSR. The Constitution was adopted at the Extraordinary 10th Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh SSR in 1937. Approved on March 26. The supreme body of the state government is the unicameral Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, elected by the people for 4 years with one deputy per 27,000 inhabitants. During the sessions of the Supreme Council, the highest body of the state government is the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. The Supreme Council established the government of the Republic - the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, adopted the laws of the Kazakh SSR. In regions and districts, cities, villages, the relevant councils of workers' deputies are local bodies of government. People elected them for 2 years. The Kazakh SSR sent 32 deputies to the Council of Nations of the Supreme Council of the USSR. The Supreme Court is the Supreme Court elected by the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR for 5 years. It includes 2 judicial panels (for civil and criminal cases) and a Plenum. At the same time, the Presidium of the Supreme Court was formed. The prosecutor of the Kazakh SSR was appointed by the General Prosecutor of the USSR for 5 years. ### Leaders of the country Secretaries of the Kyrgyz Regional Committee of the Communist Party: ## Population Local people of the Kazakh SSR Its population was Kazakhs (according to the 1970 census, 4234 thousand). Other peoples also lived in the republic: Russians (5,522 thousand), Ukrainians (933 thousand, who lived mainly in the developed virgin and fallow lands in the northern regions, as well as in cities), Tatars (288 thousand), Uzbeks (216 thousand), Belarusians (198 thousand ), Uighurs (121 thousand, living along the upper reaches of the Ile River), Koreans (82 thousand, mostly in Almaty region and Kyzylorda region), Dungyns (17 thousand), etc. b. nations. Compared to 1913, the population of the Kazakh SSR increased by 2.5 times until 1974. The population of the republic grew at the expense of the people who immigrated from other republics due to natural growth and the rapid development of industry, as well as the development of virgin and fallow lands. In terms of natural population growth (in 1972, it increased by 17.2 people per thousand people), the Kazakh SSR was ahead of most of the other allied republics (9.6 people on average in the USSR). The average population density in the republic is 5.1 people per 1 km². However, the location of the population was uneven. In the southern part of the Kazakh SSR, in some places where irrigated agriculture is developed, the population density exceeds 100 people per 1 km; It was also somewhat higher in the north: 20 people per 1 km² in the black-soil forest steppe and steppe region. The population was densely settled in cities and districts with strong industrial development. And the west, center of the Kazakh SSR; in the southern parts of the vast expanses of desert and wilderness, on the contrary, it is sparsely populated; the average population density in these regions did not exceed 1.4-1.8 people per 1 km². 1972 4,971,000 people (5.4 times more than in 1940) worked in the republic, including 1,095,000 in industry, 568,000 in construction, 1,002,000 in agriculture, and 588,000 in transport and communications. 48% of workers and employees in all sectors of the economy were women. During the construction of the social society under the Soviet government, the relationship between the urban and rural population changed. More than 200 new cities and towns in the Kazakh SSR. etc. a settlement appeared. Before the October Revolution, there was no city with a population of more than 50,000. the number of such cities reached 27, there were 16 cities with a population of more than 100 thousand, including 2 cities with a population of more than 500 thousand (Almaty 813 thousand. Karaganda 559 thousand). Karaganda, Temirtau (192 thousand), Balkash (80 thousand), Zhezkazgan (74 thousand) in the Central Kazakh SSR, Shevnenko (89 thousand) in Mangistau, Rudny (105 thousand), Yermak, Arkalyk, Ekibastuz in the North Kazakh SSR , large industrial centers such as Karatau, Kentau, Tekeli were established in the South Kazakh SSR. The population of old cities also increased: in Almaty in 1926. In 1974, the population was 45.4 thousand, but in 1974 it was 813 thousand, 284 thousand in Shymkent, 265 thousand in Semey, 252 thousand in Ust-Kamenogorsk, 228 thousand in Pavlodar, 228 thousand in Taraz, 170 thousand in Aktobe. ## Economic system of the Kazakh SSR The basis of the economic system of the Kazakh SSR was the socialist ownership of production equipment in the form of state and collective farm-cooperative ownership. Also, the property necessary for the implementation of the statutory duties of the trade union and other public organizations was found to be socialist property. The basis of self-property of the citizens of the Kazakh SSR was the hard-earned income. The state protected the private property of citizens and their inheritance. Production equipment and other property necessary for the implementation of the statutory duties of collective farms and other cooperative organizations, their associations, were found to be the property of that organization. The land occupied by collective farms is approved for their free and indefinite use.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7931

Indo-Gangetic Plain

The Indo-Gangetic Plain (Hindi: Sindh Ganga ka Maidan) is an extensive and fertile alluvial plain covering the most densely populated areas of northern and eastern India, Pakistan, and Bangladesh. The region is named after the rivers Indus and Ganges that supply it with water. The Indo-Gangetic Plain is bounded by the Himalayas on the north. Many of its rivers originate in the Himalayas. It is also the source of the fertile alluvium that two large river systems bring to the entire region. The southern side of the plain is covered by the Vindhya and Satpura ranges and the Chota Nagpur plateau. In the west is the Iranian plateau. This region is one of the most densely populated regions on Earth. About 900 million people live there, which is 1/8 of the entire Earth's population. ## Topography The topography of the plain is generally uniform, it is transformed by steep slopes of floodplains, changing river beds and other actions of rivers that cause erosion and change the topography. A type of terrain called "Terai" forms the northern border of the Indo-Gangetic Plain. Where the foothills of the Himalaya meet the plains, small hills of coarse-grained sand and crushed stone brought by mountain rivers are formed by the locals, which are called "ghar" (in Hindi it means house). In this region, groundwater flows from the beginning of the plain and turns many places along the river into swamps. The southern border of the plain runs along the edge of the Thar Desert in the state of Rajasthan, then turns to the east, runs parallel to the Deccan Plateau, and reaches the Bay of Bengal. The height of the hills varies from 300 to 1200 meters, and the hills generally stretch in the west-east direction. The Deccan Plateau consists of two parts, northern and southern. The northern part passes through the Aravalli range in eastern Rajasthan. The southern part of Madhya Pradesh, the Malwa Plateau meets the Vindhya Plateau further south. ## Divisions Some geographers divide the Indo-Gangetic Plain into several parts: the Indus River Valley, the Punjab Plain, the Haryana Plain, and the middle and lower reaches of the Ganges River. This division is based on the abundance of water. According to another definition, the Delhi basin divides the Indo-Gangetic plain into two watersheds. Its western part consists of the Punjab plain and the Haryana plain, and the eastern part consists of the Ganges-Brahmaputra catchment. The average height of the Delhi plateau is only about 300 meters, so it is not obvious to the outsider that the Indo-Gangetic plain is divided into these two basins. The Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej rivers supply water to both the Punjab plain and the Haryana plain. As a result of increased use of water in agriculture, runoff levels in the Indian state of Punjab and the Indus River Valley in Pakistan have declined significantly. The middle course of the Ganges River extends from the Yamuna River in the west to the state of West Bengal in the east. The vegetation of the lower reaches of the Ganges and the Assam Valley is richer than that of the middle reaches. Most of the lower reaches of the Ganges pass through West Bengal and continue through the territory of Bangladesh. After joining the Yamuna River, the two rivers form the Ganges Delta. The Brahmaputra River originates in Tibet as the Yarlung Tsangbo and flows through the Indian states of Arunachal Pradesh and Assam to Bangladesh. ## Range Since is a large plane, its range is displayed differently in different data sources. Roughly, the Indo-Gangetic plain is located between the following regions: * In the north - Kashmir; * In the West - the Punjab region of Pakistan and the Aravalli region, the Sindh region; * In the east - the foothills of the Himalayas; * In the south - the Vindhya and Satpura plains and the Chota Nagpur plateau. The fertile Terai region belongs to the Nepalese part of this plain. The rivers that flow around the plain are Beas, Chambal, Chenab, Ganges, Gomti, Indus, Ravi, Sutlej and Yamuna. The soil is rich in silt carried by rivers, making the plain one of the most cultivated areas in the world. Even in rural areas, the population density is very high. ## Agriculture In the Indo-Gangetic plain, the basis of agriculture is the cultivation of rice and wheat crops in a rotation. At the same time, corn, sugar cane and cotton are grown. The main source of rainwater for the fields is the south-west monsoons, which provide a sufficient amount of water for the general agriculture. Many rivers flowing from the Himalayas are the basis of irrigated agriculture. Until the 70s of the 20th century, the agricultural population of the Indo-Gangetic plain was barely provided with food. As a result of the Green Revolution, which began in the 60s, this situation was corrected. ## Scarcity of water resources Due to rapid population growth and global warming, which affects the amount of rain-bearing monsoons and snow-water runoff from the Himalayas, water shortages in the region may become more severe in the future. ## History This region is famous for the Indus Valley Civilization, which was the cradle of ancient India. The flat and fertile land created favorable conditions for the emergence and development of various empires. Among them were the Gupta Empire, Kanauj, Magadha, Mauryan Empire, Mughal Empire and Delhi Sultanate, each of which had their demographic and political centers in this Indo-Gangetic plain. In the Vedic and Epic periods of Indian history, the region was called Aryavarta (Land of the Aryas). It was bordered by the Indus River in the west and the Vindhya Mountains in the south. The Turkic rulers who conquered this land in the Islamic era began to call it Hindustan (that is, "the land of the Indus River"), based on the Persian word "Hindu". The name later came to be applied to the whole of India, but even today the languages spoken here, Hindi and Urdu, and the culture that speaks those languages are called "Hindustani". This plane remained the demographic and political center of India both later as a British colony and after independence. ## Languages Most of the languages spoken in the Indo-Gangetic Plain belong to the Indo-Aryan languages. Since they are related languages of origin, they form a chain of dialects with each other. ## Cities Among the largest cities of the Indo-Gangetic Plain are Ahmadabad, Delhi, Dhaka, Faisalabad, Hyderabad, Kanpur, Karachi, Kolkata, Lahore, Lucknow, Ludhiana, Multan, Patna, Rawalpindi-Islamabad and Surat. Cities are so dense in this region that it is sometimes difficult to tell exactly where one city ends and the next begins. ## Administrative divisions As the boundaries of the Indo-Gangetic plain cannot be clearly defined, it is also impossible to say exactly which administrative regions are included in it. The following regions lie entirely or more than half of their land on this plane: * Bangladesh (Most of the country lies on this plane) * IndiaAssamBiharDelhiGujaratHaryanaPunjabRajasthanTripuraUttar PradeshWest Bengal * Assam * Bihar * Delhi * Gujarat * Haryana * Punjab * Rajasthan * Tripura * Uttar Pradesh * West Bengal * NepalMadhesh * Madhesh * PakistanPunjabSindh * Punjab * Sindh A small part of the following administrative regions are located in the plains: * IndiaMadhya PradeshMeghalayaJharkhandOrissa * Madhya Pradesh * Meghalaya \ <> * Jharkhand * Orissa * Pakistan Balochistan North-West Frontier Region * Balochistan * North-West Frontier Region

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7960

Kyrgyz national anthem

Kyrgyz Anthem — (Kyrgyz State Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic — National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic) — National Anthem of the Kyrgyz Republic. Supreme Council of the Kyrgyz Republic in 1992. accepted on December 18. Word: J. Sadykov, Sh. Kuluev. Song: N. Davlesov, K. Moldobasanov ## External links * Midi file(unavailable link) * Himnuszok - A vocal recording of the anthem hosted on Szbszig's Himnuszok website. This MP3 file was originally featured on the old President's website Archived February 2, 2009. That website was used by Askar Akayev, but was replaced when Akayev was deposed and Kurmanbek Bakiyev became President. * Instrumental version in RealAudio

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7913

Нидерланд

The Netherlands (Ned. Nederland [ˈneːdərlɑnt], Dutch pronunciation) is a country in Western Europe. The northern and western parts of the Netherlands are located along the coast of the North Sea. The land area is 41,532 km². The population is 17.2 million. (2020). 96% of the population are Dutch. The official language is Dutch. About 50% of the population are Catholics, about 40% are Protestants. The Netherlands is a constitutional monarchy ruled by the king (queen) - the rule of the owner of the power inherited from father to son, combined with the elected governing bodies of the state, in harmony with democratic principles. The supreme legislative body consists of two houses (first and second) States General. The capital is the city of Amsterdam (the seat of government is located in The Hague). Administratively, it is divided into 12 provinces. The currency is the euro (2002). National holiday - King's Day (King Willem Alexander's birthday) - April 27. The Netherlands is a member of the UN (1945), the European Union (1957), and NATO (1949). ## Etymology The Netherlands is often referred to as "Holland", which is incorrect because South and North Holland are the most developed and therefore the most popular of the twelve modern Netherlands outside of the modern Netherlands. only two of the province. For this reason, in many other countries Holland ("Holland") was often called the whole country. most of them located in the Dutch province are located in the Netherlands, the circle of Russian interests, the point of view is technically the most advanced royal places, as the name of Peter the Great became widespread after the Embassy of Russia, it was him and Grand Embassy; Telling about their visit to the Netherlands, members of the embassy often mentioned Holland without mentioning the name of the country. The name "Netherlands" means "the lower land", but it is a literal translation, since in historical terms the term is usually referred to the territory corresponding to the present-day Netherlands, Belgium and Luxembourg (Benelux). At the end of the Middle Ages, the area along the northern seaboard at the lower border of the Rhine, Meuse, and Scheldt was called the "Lytal Valleys" or "Lower Land" (de Lage Landen beech de Zee, Netherlands). The first official mention of the use of the name "Holland" dates back to the XIV-XV centuries. ## Nature Lowland plains (40%) occupy most of the territory of the Netherlands. In the southwest are the Ardennes mountains (the highest point is the Waalsberg mountain - 321 m), warm winter and summer, mild maritime climate. The average temperature in January is 1 - 3°C, in July - 16 - 17°C. Annual precipitation amounts to 650-750 mm. The Netherlands has very dense river networks (delaries of the Rhine, Meuse, Scheldt rivers). 70% of its territory is covered by cultivated terrain (crops, hand-sown meadows), 9% by forests (coniferous, broad-leaved). White squirrel, marten, mink, rabbit, roe deer, other animals and about 180 species of birds live in the forests. Mineral resources include oil, natural gas, peat, common salt, and kaolin. ## History People began to inhabit the territory of the Netherlands from the Neolithic. BC From the second half of the 1st millennium, mainly Celtic tribes lived here, and they were displaced by Germanic tribes at the beginning of our era. BC In the 1st century, a part of the Netherlands was occupied by the Romans. In the 3rd and 4th centuries, the southern Netherlands was inhabited by the Franks, the eastern Netherlands by the Saxons, and the northern Netherlands by the Frisians. Since the 5th century, it has been part of the Frankish state, and after its disintegration, a number of small estates (Holland, Geldern, and other counties) were created in the country. In the 11th - 16th centuries, the Dutch lands (Holland, Zeeland, Friesland, etc.) were part of Belgium, Luxembourg, France, and Spain. As a result of the Dutch Revolution (1566 - 1609) in the 16th century, the Republic of the United Provinces was established in the lands freed from Spanish rule. In the 17th century, the Netherlands was an advanced European country with well-developed trade and maritime trade. became a power. Indonesia in South-East Asia, Guiana in America, Lesser Antilles, Cape lands in Africa became colonies of the Netherlands. 1810 - 13 years the country was occupied by Napoleon. 1815 United with Belgium to form the Kingdom of the Netherlands (until 1830). During World War II, the Netherlands was occupied by the Germans. After the war, the Dutch colonial empire began to disintegrate. More than 70 political parties are registered in the Netherlands. Since 1989, Christian-Democrats have been in power. A coalition government formed by the Party and the Labor Party is being run. ## Administrative division The province of the Netherlands is divided into communities (Gemeente), 12 provinces (Provincie) (the last province established in 1986, Friesland according to the directions of praise) are divided, some communities are in communal areas ( deelgemeente) is divided. Bonaire, Saba and Sint-Estatius are similar: as part of the Netherlands, as well as the Caribbean are three special communities. representative bodies of provinces - provincial states (Provinciale Staten), executive bodies of regions - employees (Gedeputeerde Staten), King (Commissaris van de Koning) and commissioner of deputies (gedeputeerde), representative bodies of communities - community councils (Gemeenteraad), executive body - burgomaster and the college of legal entities (College van burgemeester en wethouders), burgomaster (burgemeester) resident and legal entities (Wethouder), representative bodies of communal areas - district councils (deelraad), executive bodies - city management board (dagelijks bestuur), district chairmen (standteelvorciter ). The main units of local self-government are municipalities, their number is 647 people. ## Population The population in July 2017 is 17,084,719 people. The Netherlands ranks 66th in the list of countries by population. In the last century, the population of the Netherlands grew very fast compared to other European countries: 3 million people in 1850, 1900 and 16 million people in 2000. million inhabitants, compared to the year 2000, the population of Belgium almost doubled during the same period: 4.5 million in 1850. 10 mln. with residents in 2000. With an area of 41,543 km², as of 2016, the population density of the Netherlands is 405 people per square kilometer. Thus, the Netherlands is the 15th most prestigious country in the world. In terms of territory size and population, the Kingdom can be compared with the Moscow region, including Moscow. In many ways, the Netherlands is one of the countries with the most developed transport and information infrastructure. The Internet is used by 15.778 million people in the world or 93.1 percent of the country's population - the 34th rate in the world. The Netherlands had 10 million landlines and 12.5 million mobile phones in 2002-2003. There are more than 250 radio stations and 21 television stations (26 repeaters) in the country. In the Netherlands, home to two indigenous groups - Dutch Frisians and Planks, as well as a large number of immigrants. ethnic composition: 80.7% - Dutch, 2.4% - Germans, 2.4% - Indonesian, 2.2% - Turks, 2% - Surinamese, 2% - Moroccan, 1.5% - Indians 0 , 8 % - Antilleans and Arubans, 6.0% - other ethnic groups. The composition of the population is 33% Protestants (Protestantse Kerk in Nederland), 31.27% Catholics, 6% Muslims, 0.6% Hindus, 0.5% Buddhists, 2.2% believe in other religions. The population of the Netherlands is the highest in the world: the average height of an adult male is 1.83 meters, and an adult female is 1.70 meters. In 2011, the number of educated people aged 15-65 is 10,994,000. Compulsory free education for children and adolescents under 16 years of age in the Netherlands. Children over 5 years old in primary school (from 4 to 12 years old at the request of parents). It is distinguished by many curricula. For every child aged 12-16 in secondary school, uniformity in the learning process is mandatory. Higher education can be obtained at a college (hogescholen), a university or an open university (evening or part-time). The country has 13 universities (the oldest university in the Netherlands is Leiden, founded in 1575) and an Open University for Adults. Higher education is usually a six-year course of study. ## Economy The Netherlands is a developed industrial country with highly productive agriculture adapted to export. Foreign capital, foreign trade, and sea transport play an important role in the economy. Oil and natural gas (about 90 billion m3 per year) are produced. Leading industries: oil refining (production of organic chemical products), petrochemicals, machine building, ships and aircraft, gas and chemical industry equipment, pharmaceuticals, metallurgy and metalworking, electrical engineering (Netherlands - worldwide video and one of the largest exporters of sound equipment), producing delicacies. Processing of diamonds and precious stones is considered to be a well-developed industry. Breeding of beef and dairy cattle is dominant in agriculture. The Netherlands is one of the largest exporters of milk and dairy products in the world (the Netherlands accounts for 1/5 of the world's exports of butter; 1/2 of condensed milk; 1/4 of dry milk; 1/4 of cheese). It also exports large quantities of pork, poultry, eggs, tobacco, liquor and beer. In the greenhouse, the cultivation of vegetables and fruits (it occupies one of the first places in the world in terms of the volume of greenhouses), flowers and flower tubers (more than 2 billion tulip tubers are sold abroad per year), mushrooms is well developed. The main agricultural crops are wheat, potatoes, and sugar beets. Fishing and foreign tourism also bring significant benefits to the treasury. The annual amount of national gross product per capita is equal to 18,560 US dollars. The main trading partners are the EU countries. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7964

Turkmen carpet

Turkmen carpet is a type of thick carpet. For the first time in 1869, the relic of Turkmen masters was put on display in St. Petersburg and won a competition. Since then, the European public will be aware of Turkmen carpet weavers. At the big exhibition in Paris in 1937, the Turkmen thick carpet received a gold medal. Nowadays, wherever there is an ethnographic exhibition, the works of Turkmen women are displayed there and compete. After gaining independence, the state association "Turkimenkhaly" was established instead of the former "Turkmenkover" company. Now its products are exported to many countries of the world. Among them, the USA, Italy, Great Britain, Germany, Switzerland, Russia, Turkey, etc. there are countries. On March 20, 1993, the Turkmen carpet museum was opened in Turkmenistan. It contains excellent examples of Turkmen carpets from the 13th century. In 1996, an international scientific and practical symposium dedicated to the art of carpet weaving was held in Ashgabat. Turkmen carpet is given the international standard TDS 52-97. In 2002, the Turkmen carpet received a gold award at the "Century Period of Quality" exhibition held in Geneva. The largest carpet woven in Soviet times is called "Spirit of Turkmen". It was built in 1942, the area is 193.5 square meters. During the years of independence, Turkmen carpet weavers, who received strong support from the government, raised their art to a new qualitative level. In 1996, a carpet named "Turkimenbashi" with an area of 266 square meters was woven, and the carpet woven in 2001 for the 10th anniversary of the country's independence was included in the Guinness Book of Records. The area of this carpet is 301 square meters, its height is 14 meters, and its weight is 1 ton, 200 kg. Since 1992, the last Sunday of Makthymkuly month has been celebrated as "Day of the Turkmen carpet".

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7966

Official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan

According to the Law "On Holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan", national holidays, state holidays, professional and other holidays are celebrated in the Republic of Kazakhstan. * National holidays are holidays established in the Republic of Kazakhstan in honor of the events of special historical importance, which significantly contributed to the development of Kazakhstan's statehood. During the celebration of national holidays, official events are held in the central and local state bodies. * State holidays are holidays dedicated to events of social and political significance, as well as traditionally celebrated by citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Official events may be held during the celebration of public holidays. * Professional and other holidays are holidays that are not given the status of national and state holidays and are celebrated by certain categories of citizens. The list of national and state holidays is determined by the Law "On Holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan", the dates of professional holidays are determined by the order of the Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the People. List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: \< > List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7965

Ашхабад

Ashgabat (Turkish: Aşgabat) is a city in Turkmenistan, the capital of the country since October 1924. It is located at the foot of Kopetdak mountain, the population is 941,221 people. "White marble capital" - this is how Turkmen glorify their capital. It is located on the edge of the Ahal Valley and the Karakum Desert at the foot of Kopetdak Mountain, at an altitude of 214-240 m above sea level. ## Name The name Ashgabat comes from the Arabic word "ashq" (Arabic: عشق‎ - love) and the Persian word "abad" (Persian: اباد‎ - abode) . ## History In ancient times, Ashgabat was a small settlement in place of the city. Since it is located along the Great Silk Road, it has been considered an important settlement since ancient times. The city was captured by Russian colonists (January 18, 1881) during the Akhalteke campaign led by M.D. Skobelev and turned into a military fortress. In 1885, it became the center of the Caspian region, an administrative part of Russia created in the region of Turkmenistan. As a result of the construction of the Ghashikabat-Caspian railway in 1885 and the Ghashikabat-Tashkent railway in 1899, Ghashikabat became one of the largest trade centers in Central Asia. On July 9, 1919, Turkestan became the center of the AKSR. In 1919-1927, the city was named "Poltoratsk" after the labor commissar of the Turkestan AKSR, P. G. Poltoratsky, who died in the battle with the White Guards. In 1927, the historical-national name was given again. In the 1920s-1980s, the city became the largest industrial center in Turkmenistan, and the production of products increased by almost 100 percent compared to the indicators of 1913. Metalworking and machine-building, electrotechnical, building materials production, glassmaking, fabric weaving, food industry facilities, power stations were built. In particular, the products of carpet weaving enterprises in the city are known all over the world. In 1969, the Bairamali-Gashikabat-Bezmein gas pipeline was put into operation. Gashikabat experienced several earthquakes (1893, 1895, 1929). The city, which was completely destroyed by the earthquake on October 6, 1948, was rebuilt. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Government House and the public library were built, combining modern architecture with an oriental style. Gashikabat is one of the cultural and scientific centers of the Republic. There are general and special secondary schools, higher educational institutions, research institutions of the Academy of Sciences. Opera and ballet theater named after Makthymoly, drama, puppet theaters, museums, newspaper and magazine editorial offices work. ## Climate * Average annual temperature is +16.7C°. * Average annual wind speed — 1.6 m/s. * Average annual air humidity — 56%. ## Twin Cities * USA, Albuquerque * Turkey, Ankara ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7967

Holidays of Turkmenistan

Holidays of Turkmenistan — There are 23 national holidays in Turkmenistan. Including: * February 19 — National flag and birthday of Turkmenbashi; * May 18 — Revival and unity; * June 21 — the first presidential election; * October 6 — Remembrance of the victims; * December 12 is called the Day of Neutrality. 3 days off every year for Eid al-Adha. Turkmen horses, carpets, Makthymkuly poetry, etc. holidays are widely celebrated even if they are not holidays.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7975

Anthem of Iceland

Anthem of Iceland — (Isl. Lofsöngur — Anthem; (Isl. Ó Guð vors lands — God of our country!) is the national anthem of the Republic of Iceland. The anthem has three chapters, but only the first chapter is usually performed \< > Lyrics: Matthías Jochumsson;Song: Sveinbjörn Sveinbjörnsson. ## External links * The Icelandic National Anthem * A simple but accurate MIDI transcription of the official version Archived April 15, 2017.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7968

Anthem of Turkmenistan

The National Anthem of Turkmenistan or the National Anthem of Independent, Neutral Turkmenistan (Turk. Гаразысь, Bitarap Türkmenistan türkmen gimni, [ɢɑɾɑʃˈθɯð bitɑˈɾɑp tʏɾkmɛnɪθtɑˈnɯɴ dœβˈlɛt ɟimˈnɪ]) is one of the national symbols and anthem of Turkmenistan. The words of the version adopted in 1996 were written by the first president Saparmurat Niyazov and the music by composer Vali Mukhatov. In 2006, the wording of the anthem was changed and it was adopted again. ## History Until 1996, the anthem of the Turkmen SSR was used in independent Turkmenistan. In 2006, several repetitions of the verse and chorus "Great work of Turkmenbashi [the nickname of the first president Saparmurat Niyazov]" were removed and the anthem was adopted again. ## Text ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8042

Anthem of Azerbaijan

March of Azerbaijan (Azərbaycan marşı) is the national anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Anthem 1919 written in 1920 Adopted as the national anthem of the People's Republic of Azerbaijan. 1992 It was re-adopted as the anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan. Words: Ahmet Javad (Əhməd Cavad) Song: Uzeyir Hacıbəyov (Üzeyir Hacıbəyov) ## Text ## Listen \ <> ## See more * Listen to the National Anthem of the Republic of Azerbaijan, Music Section of Azerbaijan International * Azerbaican Milli Himni

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7969

Earthquake in Ashgabat

The Ashgabat earthquake was an earthquake that occurred in Ashgabat on October 6, 1948. On October 6, 1948, at twelve minutes past one o'clock, when all the people were fast asleep, an earthquake of magnitude 9 occurred in Ashgabat. That earthquake, which lasted only 15-20 seconds, killed 160,000 people at the same time. 98% of city buildings were badly damaged. More than 200 industrial centers were razed to the ground. All the sleeping people were buried by the fallen buildings. The earthquake was so powerful that, according to the witnesses, the railway train and the locomotive were blown to pieces. In 1998, the 50th anniversary of the Ashgabat earthquake was widely celebrated. In the same year, a sculptor named Babasary Annamuratov created a sculptural composition called "Earthquake". It depicts a globe "on the horn of a blue bull". It seems as if the golden child in the mother's arms is about to fly into the future when it explodes and the dark forces decide. So, that boy was followed by a giant monument of the president made of gold and silver. The final moment of the composition ends with a giant statue of Turkmenbashi standing in front of him. The height of the hand-cast "blue bull" is 15 m, while the statue of the president standing in front of it is 5 times taller. Among the "Red Days" in Turkmenistan is the "Day of Remembrance of the Victims". ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7963

Akal-teke horse

Akalteke horse (Turkic: Ahal-teke aty) is a stallion of the Turkmen people. Turkmens are rightly proud of it. Goose-necked, reed-eared, and fat-free bulls are a symbol of elegance and nobility. The place of origin is the Ahal Shurat of Turkmenistan and the Ferghana Valley of Uzbekistan [source?]. Akhalteke is slender, fast (speed 1 min. 06 sec. for 1000 meters, 2 min. 22 sec. for 2000 meters), it is resistant to riding in hot areas, but it cannot bear the cold and being grazed in winter. Height to peak. 154 — 157 cm, height 154 — 158 cm, chest girth 167 — 173 cm, shin girth 18-19 cm. The legs are long and thin, sinewy, the skin is thin, the color is shiny, the head is light, the neck is long, the legs are beautiful. Sometimes the goat's nostrils are affected. Associations and societies of Akhalteke horse fans work in many European countries. Arab, purebred English, Karabak, etc. from Akhalteke breed. horse breeds are obtained. In Kazakhstan, horses are bred in state farms "Lugovoi" of Zhambyl region, "Degeres" of Almaty region, "Aktas" of Turkestan region (absent district). ## History There are many people who argue that this breed originated very early. However, scientists of the Soviet era date it to 1220-40. It has been proven that it was formed in Turkmen tribes migrating along the shores of the Caspian Sea. Among them, in the goat family - the goat, in the Jaumit family - the Jaumit family was formed. Thus, the general name of the stallions was first "teke-jaumit". Later, the Turkmens came and settled in the Akal oasis. From this moment, purebred horses were called "akalteke". The English thoroughbred riding horse is derived from this breed. In the 19th century, when the government is not its own, it is a slave of a foreign country. At the end of the century, as a result of mass transportation, the quantity and quality of khakatke seeds began to decline. Then the wise elders, who were caught by stallions that were not mixed with other horses' blood, went from village to village and distributed the seeds of the horse. The names of their stallions Boinou, Melekush, Beknazar-kara, Beknazar-ala are also mentioned with special respect in the history of modern Khakateke. ## Day of Turkmen racehorses is celebrated every year on the last Sunday of April since 1992 by the Decree of the President of Turkmenistan. On this day, international congresses and conferences dedicated to the history of racehorses, as well as training, treatment and maintenance events for horses will be held in Ashgabat. In April 1991, by the Decree of Saparmurat Niyazov, the state association "Turkmenatary" was established in order to prevent the threat of extinction of the Khakateke breed. At the same time, under his organization, the International Horse Factory Association was established. ## Breeding Don horse, Karabayr, Karabakh, Orlov horses, etc., born in the territory of the USSR. originates from this place. All Europeans use this Turkmen horse to breed their horses. Now they do not sell kakatoke abroad. Work on increasing its number as much as possible has been started in horse farms. Turkmens respect him so much that they even put a picture of someone named Yanardak on the state coat of arms. ## Interesting data In addition to its natural beauty, the horse is extremely durable. In 1935, 30 young Turkmen traveled on horseback from Ashgabat to Moscow to draw the world's attention to his endurance and special qualities. This was one of the special measures spread at the level of the USSR at that time. All the boys who took part in the march were awarded medals and each was given a rifle as a gift. ## External links * Federation of Equestrian Sports of Kazakhstan: equestrian sport in Kazakhstan (link not available) — Akhaltekin breed (Russian) * Akhalteke farms in Kazakhstan (link not available ) (Russian) * Akhal Teke Horses Archived September 7, 2008. — history (English) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7962

Akhalteke horse

Akalteke horse (Turkic: Ahal-teke aty) is a stallion of the Turkmen people. Turkmens are rightly proud of it. Goose-necked, reed-eared, and fat-free bulls are a symbol of elegance and nobility. The place of origin is the Ahal Shurat of Turkmenistan and the Ferghana Valley of Uzbekistan [source?]. Akhalteke is slender, fast (speed 1 min. 06 sec. for 1000 meters, 2 min. 22 sec. for 2000 meters), it is resistant to riding in hot areas, but it cannot bear the cold and being grazed in winter. Height to peak. 154 — 157 cm, height 154 — 158 cm, chest girth 167 — 173 cm, shin girth 18-19 cm. The legs are long and thin, sinewy, the skin is thin, the color is shiny, the head is light, the neck is long, the legs are beautiful. Sometimes the goat's nostrils are affected. Associations and societies of Akhalteke horse fans work in many European countries. Arab, purebred English, Karabak, etc. from Akhalteke breed. horse breeds are obtained. In Kazakhstan, horses are bred in state farms "Lugovoi" of Zhambyl region, "Degeres" of Almaty region, "Aktas" of Turkestan region (absent district). ## History There are many people who argue that this breed originated very early. However, scientists of the Soviet era date it to 1220-40. It has been proven that it was formed in Turkmen tribes migrating along the shores of the Caspian Sea. Among them, in the goat family - the goat, in the Jaumit family - the Jaumit family was formed. Thus, the general name of the stallions was first "teke-jaumit". Later, the Turkmens came and settled in the Akal oasis. From this moment, purebred horses were called "akalteke". The English thoroughbred riding horse is derived from this breed. In the 19th century, when the government is not its own, it is a slave of a foreign country. At the end of the century, as a result of mass transportation, the quantity and quality of khakatke seeds began to decline. Then the wise elders, who were caught by stallions that were not mixed with other horses' blood, went from village to village and distributed the seeds of the horse. The names of their stallions Boinou, Melekush, Beknazar-kara, Beknazar-ala are also mentioned with special respect in the history of modern Khakateke. ## Day of Turkmen racehorses is celebrated every year on the last Sunday of April since 1992 by the Decree of the President of Turkmenistan. On this day, international congresses and conferences dedicated to the history of racehorses, as well as training, treatment and maintenance events for horses will be held in Ashgabat. In April 1991, by the Decree of Saparmurat Niyazov, the state association "Turkmenatary" was established in order to prevent the threat of extinction of the Khakateke breed. At the same time, under his organization, the International Horse Factory Association was established. ## Breeding Don horse, Karabayr, Karabakh, Orlov horses, etc., born in the territory of the USSR. originates from this place. All Europeans use this Turkmen horse to breed their horses. Now they do not sell kakatoke abroad. Work on increasing its number as much as possible has been started in horse farms. Turkmens respect him so much that they even put a picture of someone named Yanardak on the state coat of arms. ## Interesting data In addition to its natural beauty, the horse is extremely durable. In 1935, 30 young Turkmen traveled on horseback from Ashgabat to Moscow to draw the world's attention to his endurance and special qualities. This was one of the special measures spread at the level of the USSR at that time. All the boys who took part in the march were awarded medals and each was given a rifle as a gift. ## External links * Federation of Equestrian Sports of Kazakhstan: equestrian sport in Kazakhstan (link not available) — Akhaltekin breed (Russian) * Akhalteke farms in Kazakhstan (link not available ) (Russian) * Akhal Teke Horses Archived September 7, 2008. — history (English) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7937

Armed Forces of Kazakhstan

Armed Forces of Kazakhstan — the military structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan includes military management bodies, types of Armed Forces, special forces, rear, military educational institutions and scientific institutions. In wartime, in addition to the types of troops under the Ministry of Defense, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, border services of the National Security Committee and other troops, republican "Ulan", civil and territorial defense management and creation bodies are included. ## Obligations According to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Defense and Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan", Chapter 5, Clause 18: Armed Forces to repel aggression, territorial integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan and is devoted to armed defense of sovereignty, guarding and protecting state and military objects, airspace security, as well as performing tasks in accordance with international agreements approved by the Republic of Kazakhstan, according to Article 4 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On the Defense and Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan": The Armed Forces, other troops and military units perform tasks in the field of defense in accordance with the Military Doctrine and the plan for the use of the Armed Forces. ### In peacetime The Armed Forces of the Republic are assigned the following main tasks in peacetime: to suppress and repel conflicts within the country, any illegal display of armed force within the state border or territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * guarding the airspace, as well as closing the strategically important regions of the state border; * guarding important military facilities; * readiness for bold action to stabilize the situation in any region of the country; * participation in negotiations and other operations in accordance with international obligations. The Armed Forces carry out these duties in close cooperation with other armies and military structures of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same time, the border service of the National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan is responsible for guarding and protecting the state border on land, sea, lakes and other water bodies, as well as participating in the fight against terrorism (terror), arms and drug trafficking. ## Military doctrine The geopolitical situation of Kazakhstan is undergoing major changes (extremism, escalation of military conflicts near the border, emergence of new nuclear states, etc.). * On March 21, 2007, by Decree No. 299 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the new Military Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan represents the system of basic views on ensuring the military security of the state, preventing wars and armed conflicts, developing and using the Armed Forces, other troops and military equipment. doctrine was established. The military doctrine specifies the main provisions of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the requirements of the decrees of the Head of State, the development strategy of Kazakhstan until 2030, the National Security Strategy, legislative and other normative legal acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as international treaties to which Kazakhstan is a party. The military doctrine is of a defensive nature, it defines the commitment of the Republic of Kazakhstan to peace, taking into account the fight against asymmetric threats: terrorism, extremism, drug trafficking, illegal distribution of weapons, illegal migration , specifies conditions and new directions for the development of other troops and military equipment. * The implementation of the rules of the military doctrine will be ensured due to the further improvement of the military management system, the implementation of a complex of interconnected political, diplomatic, economic, social, informational, legal, military and other measures aimed at ensuring the military security of Kazakhstan . ## Regional Commands Regional Commands of the Ground Forces were established in 2003. ### "Astana" regional command "Astana" regional command is located on the administrative border of Akmola, Karaganda, Kostanay and North Kazakhstan regions. The command headquarters is located in Karaganda. The composition of the regional command includes the central subordinate units and the military units located within the territorial division, except for the troops of the Air Defense Forces. "Astana" regional command is a reserve of the Supreme Commander-in-Chief of the Armed Forces. "Astana" SC includes: * 7th separate mechanized brigade (7th zhmekhbr or 31775 a/b) — Karaganda * reconnaissance regiment with a special purpose (22750 a /b) — Aktas e.m. * 401st gun artillery brigade (401st zabr or 06708 b/b) — Priozersk (Almaty region, Unghirtas etc. placed in a new location) * 402nd rocket artillery brigade (402nd reabr) — Priozersk * 403rd tank destroyer artillery brigade (403rd tbabr or 70417 b/b) — Priozersk * Training center for military training and military application of junior reserve specialists (b/b 36352) — Spassk * Training Center for Missile Troops and Artillery (14805 b/b) — Priozersk ### "Eastern" Regional Command "Eastern" Regional Command Administration of East Kazakhstan and Pavlodar regions located on the borders. The command headquarters is located in Semey. The regional command includes military units located within the territorial division, with the exception of units and troops of the Air Defense Forces under central control. "Eastern" SC includes: * 3rd Private Guards Mechanized Brigade (3rd zhgmekhbr or 40398 b/b) — Usharal; * 4th mechanized brigade (4-zhmekhbr or 27943 b/b) — Ust-Kamenogorsk; * 8th private mechanized brigade (30217 b/b) — Semipalatinsk; * 11th tank brigade (11th tbr or 10810 b/b) — Ayagoz; * 34th Artillery Brigade (34th April or 10181 b/b) — Usharal; * 101-missile brigade (101-rbr or 36803 b/b) — Semipalatinsk; * 102nd rocket artillery brigade (402nd reabr or 16752 b/b) — Semipalatinsk; * 103rd gun artillery brigade (103-zabr or 28738 b/b) — Semipalatinsk; private reconnaissance regiment (44736 b/b) — Semipalatinsk; * personal communication brigade (44793 b/b) — Semipalatinsk. ### "Batys" regional command "Batys" regional command is located on the administrative borders of West Kazakhstan, Aktobe, Atyrau and Mangistau regions. The command headquarters is located in Atyrau. The regional command includes military units located within the territorial division, with the exception of units and troops of the Air Defense Forces under central control. The main task of the regional command is to ensure that the state border, territorial integrity, sovereignty and economic interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan are not encroached on in the Kazakhstani sector of the Caspian Sea. "Batys" SC includes: * 100th artillery brigade (100th abr or 30238 b/b) — Aktobe; * separate motorized rifle battalion (66597 b/b) — Aktobe; * 390th separate guard marine infantry brigade (390th zhtjabr or 25744 b/b) — Aktau (in 2009 it was relocated from Atyrau); * private intelligence regiment (41433 b/b) — Atyrau; * separate motorized rifle battalion (99116 b/b) — Beyneu e.m., Mangystau region. ### "Southern" regional command "Southern" regional command is located on the administrative borders of Almaty, Zhambyl, Turkestan and Kyzylorda regions. The command headquarters is located in Taraz. The regional command includes military units located within the territorial division, with the exception of units and troops of the Air Defense Forces under central control. The main task of the "Southern" regional command is to ensure security in the south-eastern borders of the country. "Ontustik" SC includes: * 5th mountain infantry brigade (5th tabr or 85395 a/b) — Taraz; separate motorized rifle battalion (42062 a/b) — Lugovoi a. private tank battalion — Lugovoi a. private reconnaissance battalion (03811 b/b) — Lugovoi a. private motorized rifle battalion (11971 b/b) — Merki a. * separate motorized rifle battalion (42062 b/b) — Lugovoi a. * separate tank battalion — Lugovoi a. * separate intelligence battalion (03811 b/b) — Lugovoi a. * separate motorized rifle battalion (11971 b/b) — Merki a. * 6th separate mechanized brigade (7th zhmehbr or 35748 a/b) — Shymkent; * private horse mountain-saddle regiment (91678 b/b) — Baurzhan Momyshuly a. * 40th military base Gvardeisky village; 12th mechanized brigade (12th mechbr or 21450 a/b) 54th Guards Artillery Brigade (54th gv.abr or 82796 a/b) 23rd engineering and sapper brigade (23rd isbr or 75263 a/b) Karasai Batyr Ground Forces training center (KA OO or 30212 a/b) * 12th mechanized brigade (12th mechbr or 21450 a/b ) * 54th Guards Artillery Brigade (54th gv.abr or 82796 b/b) 23rd engineering and sapper brigade (23rd isbr or 75263 a/b) * Karasai Batyr Ground Forces training center (KA OO or 30212 a/b) * 221st personal communications brigade ( 221st zhbr or 28903 b/b) — Taraz; * 232nd engineering and sapper brigade (232nd isbr or 58012 b/b) — Kapchagai. ## Current Weapons ### Ground Forces Increase the number of combat support units and purchase modern weapons and military equipment. 10 logistics bases and 9 intelligence polices were created, including 99 specialized companies. The following modern weapons were purchased for 3 billion tenge: * New tools for detecting biological substances * KPO-1M sampling kits * A set of portable spectrometers, etc. \< > ## Artillery Towed artillery * * Mobile guns * * Mounted artillery Tactical missile complexes ### Air defense forces Air defense forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan were established on June 1, 1998. Objectives: * Provide air defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Protect state, military and administrative facilities from air attack * Provide aviation assistance to other structures of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan \< > ## Leadership * Alibek Khamituly Kasymov (1992 — 1995) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Nikolai Dmitrievich Tolmachev (1995 — 1996) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Alikhan Birimzhanuly Zharbolov (1996 — 1997) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Bakytzhan Ertayuly Ertaev (1997 — 2000) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Malik Mukhamedjanuly Saparov (2001 — 2003) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Bolat Kerimzhanuly Darbekov (2003 — 2007) — Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee of the Ministry of Defense; * Mukhtar Kapashuly Altynbaev (2007 — 2010) — Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee of the Ministry of Defense; * Saken Adilkhanuly Zhasuzakov (2010 — 2016) — Chairman of the Committee of Chiefs of Staff of the Ministry of Defense, since 2013 — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Murat Zhalelovich Maykeev (2016 — 2019) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Murat Karibayuly Bektanov (2019 — 2021) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Marat Rakhimuly Kusayinov (2021 — 2024) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces; * Sultan Burkitbayuly Kamaletdinov (since 2024) — Chief of the General Staff of the Armed Forces. ## See more * Military titles in the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan ## Sources ## External links \< > * Armed Forces Archived 27 May 2008. * Photogallery of Kazakh army * Kazakh armored forces parade (video) Archived August 11, 2023. * Military drill in Kazakhstan (video) * Biz Türküz (Turkish union) * Kazakhstan army (video) * Kazakh - Turkish Brothers Storm * Kazakh army (!NO PASARAN! ) * Kazakhstan Special Forces & Republic Guard (video) * Kazakhstan Special Forces (video) Archived June 3, 2010. * Kazakh army, navy & air forces (video) Archived June 1, 2010. * Kazakh Airborne (video)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8045

Independence march

Independence March (trans. İstiklâl Marşı) is the national anthem of the Turkish Republic and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 1923 October 29, 1921, two years before the declaration of the Republic of Turkey. received on March 12. Words: Mehmet Akif Ersoy (Mehmet Akif Ersoy, 1922), Song: Osman Zeki Üngör (Osman Zeki Üngör, 1924). ## English translation ## Listen ## External links * Notes: for guitar: [1]; original in PDF format: [2] * Vocal of "İstiklâl Marşı" in Ogg Vorbis Archived July 23, 2011. * History of Turkish national anthem Archived 26 March 2005.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7914

Кот-д-Ивуар

The Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, Ivory Coast until 1986 (French: République de Côte d'Ivoire [ʁepyˈblik də kot diˈvwaʀ]) is a country in West Africa. It is bordered by the Republic of Liberia and Guinea in the west, Mali in the north, Burkina Faso in the upper part, and Ghana in the east. He was in the colony of France. The Gulf of Guinea washes the south. The capital is Yamoussoukro. It consists of 24 departments, that is, administrative units. The official name is written and pronounced in French. ## State structure According to state structure, Ivory Coast is a republic. The current constitution was adopted in 1960. The head of state and government is the president, who is elected for 5 years on the basis of universal and snap elections. According to the constitution, the president is given wide rights. He has the right to appoint and dismiss ministers, high-ranking officials and is the commander of the armed forces. With the Council of Ministers, the president does not report to the parliament. The supreme legislative body — the unicameral People's Assembly (85 deputies) is elected for 5 years. All citizens over the age of 21 have the right to vote. According to the judicial reforms of 1961 and 1964, the customary courts were abolished and the appellate and first-instance court systems were established. The Supreme Court has the right of constitutional review. ### List of presidents ## Population People belonging to the Guinean language group in the south and center: Anya, Baule, Kru (1 million about), the lagoon tribes, the Gur group (Senufo, Lobi, Kulango) in the north and northeast, and the peoples belonging to the Mande language family (Malinke, Bambara, Dan, Kweni) in the northwest and center. Apart from them, Hausa, Fulbe and about 40 thousand Europeans (mainly French) live there. The official language is French. Average annual population growth is 2.3%. Working population (according to 1964) 1850 thousand, including (in %): * in forestry and fishing — 86.4%, * in trade — 6.8% , * in transport and communication — 2.3%, * in places of subsistence — 2.2%, * in industry — 1.0%, * in construction — 0.9%, * in various industries — 0.4%. In the central part of the country and in the region of Abidjan, the population is often (from 20-30 people per 1 km²), in the south-west, north-west, and northeast parts it is sparsely (from 5 people per 1 km²). The population of the city is 18%. ### Religion Most of the population (about 65%) follow the local traditional religion, 23% (Malinke, Bambara, etc.) Islam, 12% About 100,000 follow the Christian religion. ## History ### Ancient Cote d'Ivoire The ancient history of Cote d'Ivoire is poorly studied. In the Middle Ages, crafts and trade developed here. Founded in the 11th century, the city of Kong was one of the largest centers of caravan trade in West Africa until the end of the 19th century. As early as the 15th century, early feudal state associations existed on the land of Cote d'Ivoire. In the 18th and 19th centuries, the most developed large nations in the northern and eastern regions became separate states. And the peoples who lived in the western regions still lived in tribal structure. ### Cote d'Ivoire in the French Colony At the end of the 15th century, the Portuguese and other Europeans came to Cote d'Ivoire and started buying slaves. At the same time, Europeans were engaged in obtaining ivory and other valuable items. At the beginning of the 18th century, the French built a port in Asiny and a factory in Grand Bassam. In 1842-43, France occupied Grand Bassam and Asiny, and then other settlements on the coast. In 1893, the colony of Cote d'Ivoire was established (the territories previously occupied by the French were included in the colony of Senegal). In 1895, Cote d'Ivoire was subordinated to the French Governor-General in West Africa, and in 1904-1958 it was part of French West Africa. The people of Cote d'Ivoire bravely defended their independence. At the end of the 19th century, there were intense battles in the northern and eastern regions. Even at the beginning of the 20th century, the armed uprising did not stop. In 1915, the French, who were superior in strength, occupied the entire country. During the central rule, the economy of Côte d'Ivoire was under the control of French capital, and the local population was heavily exploited. 330,000 hectares of land seized from the previous owners were transferred to planters in Europe. Diamond, gold, manganese extraction and wood processing were controlled by French entrepreneurs. A lot of export crops (coffee, cocoa, bananas, etc.) were grown in Abidjan. ### National liberation movement After the Second World War, the national liberation movement grew in the country. In 1946, the Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire was founded (as a branch of the African Democratic Union). In 1950-51, there were large-scale uprisings against the tyranny of the colonial authorities, and the French government gave concessions to the local forces. In 1957, the Territorial Assembly of Côte d'Ivoire was elected by universal suffrage and began to form a government council. As a result of the referendum on September 28, 1958, Cote d'Ivoire received the status of a state included in the French Union. A government was formed from the leaders of the Democratic Party, led by Félix Houfouet-Boigny. In 1959, Cote d'Ivoire Haute Volta, Dahomey, Niger formed a mutual economic and political union called the Council of Accord (in 1966 Togo joined it). ### Republic of Cote d'Ivoire As the national liberation movement continued to grow in African countries, on July 11, 1960, the French government reached an agreement with the government of Houfouet-Boigny, and the same year On April 7, Cote d'Ivoire was declared an independent state. In September, he was admitted to the UN. In November of the same year, a new constitution was adopted. In the elections of the National Assembly (November 27, 1960), the Democratic Party won, and its leader Houfoue-Boigny became the president of the republic. In April 1961, Côte d'Ivoire signed a solidarity treaty with France, along with other members of the Pact (except Upper Volta) signed a defense agreement with France. The government of Ufoue-Boigny supports private entrepreneurship, opens the way for large inflow of foreign capital from Western countries. In 1963-64, a fierce political struggle took place within the ruling party. Due to the revelation of conspiracies against the government, a number of ministers and other prominent figures were brought to court. The power of the President became stronger. Diplomatic relations between the USSR and Côte d'Ivoire were established in 1967 and were broken by the Ivorian government in 1969. ## Geography ### Cities According to the World Gazetteer website, Côte d'Ivoire has 66 cities with more than 12 thousand inhabitants there is Largest cities: * Abidjan — 4,351,086 inhabitants (2012) * Bouake — 694,841 inhabitants (2012) * Daloa — 261,789 inhabitants (2012) * Yamoussoukro — 259,373 inhabitants (2012) * Korogo — 225,547 inhabitants (2012) ### Territorial-administrative division Côte d'Ivoire into 19 regions divided, including 81 departments and 2 regions. Cote d'Ivoire is located in the equatorial and sub-equatorial belt, inland to the Niger River basin. The coast of the Gulf of Guinea is slightly indented, the western coast is steep and rocky, and the eastern coast is flat and sandy. The south is a hilly plain, the north is a plateau (height 500 — 800 m), the western part is occupied by Mount Nimba (1752 m). The territory is formed from the Cambrian rocks of the African platform (granite in the west and north, crystalline schist in the east). There are diamond, manganese, gold, bauxite, iron ore, tin, and columbite deposits. ### Rivers The largest rivers in the country: * Cavalli * Sassandra * Bandama * Comoe But not one of these is navigable, because of the numerous shoals and the low water level during the summer drought season. ### Fauna and Flora The natural landscape of Côte d'Ivoire has changed a lot recently. In the past, the main landscape was made up of dense forests. Compared to the figures of 1920, in 2007, the volume of forest massifs decreased twice, that is, by 6,000,000 hectares. Currently, forests cover one third of the country's territory. On the other hand, the local fauna is diverse. Many vertebrates, invertebrates, aquatic animals and parasites are common in savannas and forests. Among the mammals, the two biological species of elephants and marsupials are the largest. Giant wild boar, antelopes and marmots, many species of monkeys, rodents and predators (lions, leopards, mongooses), hundreds of species of birds, reptiles and insects - this is not a complete list of the fauna of Côte d'Ivoire. Unfortunately, the representatives of the fauna of Cote d'Ivoire are decreasing day by day and are being added to the lists of endangered species. ### Environmental protection Environmental protection is one of the main tasks of the Ministry of Côte d'Ivoire. The Ministry of Environment, Urban Safety and Sustainable Development, ensures the improvement of environmental management policies and protected areas. The ministry has taken over the protection of entire forests and some rare or endangered animals. Increasing the population of endangered animals (rhinoceros) according to the plan. Another long-standing problem of the management is the sale of animals, according to estimates, in 2002, 1554 kg of ivory was sold in Abidjan. Protected Areas Côte d'Ivoire has one of the most developed systems of national parks in West Africa. In 2008, eight national parks entered the permanent system, fifteen botanical reserves, including about 300 nature reserves, were opened. There are 4 sites of Côte d'Ivoire on the UNESCO World Heritage List (as of 2012). 3 objects were added to this list according to natural criteria, and 1 - according to historical criteria: * Mount Nimba Nature Reserve - entered the list in 1981, 1982 * Thai National Park - in 1982 * Komoe national park — in 1983 * Grand Bassam — in 2012 * UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Côte d'Ivoire * * * ### Climate Climate of Abidjan (southern region): Climate of Bouake (central region): Climate of Odienne (northwest region): Climate is equatorial in the south , humid, elsewhere subequatorial. In the south, the average temperature of the hottest months (December — April) is 27 — 28°C, in the cold months (July — September) 23 — 24°C; 30° C (April) and 25° C (June — September) in the north. The amount of annual precipitation is 1300 — 2300 mm (in the coastal plain), 1100 — 1800 mm (in the north). The surface water network is frequent, but the rivers are small. Evergreen equatorial forest grows on red-yellow laterite soil in the south, and wooded savannah in the north. ## Economy Cote d'Ivoire is an agrarian country. Industry is well developed. The economy is dominated by foreign (mainly French) capital. Main advantages: * agriculture is qualitatively developed: an important producer of cocoa (first in the world) and coffee (third in the world). * Has a relatively good infrastructure. * Growing oil and gas industry, significant foreign investments. Disadvantages: * instability. * Lack of educational investments. * Cocoa and coffee are dependent and slave labor. On average, in recent years, the state economy has been showing steady economic growth of 2.5 - 3% per year (including inflation, and in 2009, Côte d'Ivoire's GDP per capita was 1.7 thousand US dollars, which is significantly higher than in Black Africa ( 15th place in the region) is very high by standards. 42% of the population (in 2006) lives in poverty In most farms, the use of seasonal labor is preserved. The cultivation of export crops (coffee, cocoa, pineapple) is of great importance. The main food crops are cassava, yams, bananas, taro (in the south), rice (in the west), maize, millet, groundnuts (in the north). ### Industry In 2009, farmers earned $2.53 billion from cocoa and coffee exports. At the beginning of 1968, there were 284 industrial sites in the country. 26 thousand people worked there (1967). Total industrial output in 1967 60 billion, 1968 It was equal to 70 billion African francs. Among the total value of industrial output (%): the share of food and tobacco 26, energy 15, woodworking 14, textile weaving 11, metalworking 8, chemicals, oil 13, building materials 4, mining 3, other industries 6. Diamonds (in 1974, 279 thousand tons), manganese ore (51.5 thousand tons) is produced. 1973 796 million kWh of electricity was received. There are 2 thermal power stations (Ayame I, Ayame II, total capacity of 50 thousand kW) and thermal power plant (Abidjan, capacity of 32 thousand kW, 1969). There are 65 sawmills; 1972 392 thousand m³ of boards were produced, about 50% of which are exported to Europe and neighboring countries. In 2012, 10,000 farmers benefited from $105 million in cocoa exports. Automobile assembly, oil extraction, cement factories, textile factory (Bwakede), etc. b. there are light and food establishments. ### Foreign trade Export — 8.7 billion dollars. In 2009 - cocoa, coffee, forests, oil, cotton, bananas, pineapples, fish. The main customers are the Netherlands 13.9%, France 10.8%, USA 7.8%, Germany 7.2%, Nigeria 7%, Ghana 5.6%. Import — 6.5 billion dollars. (2009) — oil production, sales. The main suppliers are Nigeria 20.8%, France 14.2%, China 7.2%, Thailand 5.1%. ### Tourism Favorable climate, diversity of flora and fauna, beautiful sandy beaches of the Gulf of Guinea and unique culture of the indigenous people: the country has a whole set of conditions necessary for the development of tourism. Active development of the tourism industry began in 1970 and will continue until 1980 under a special program (22% of investment is foreign investment). By the end of 1980, more than 170 hotels were built, and eight tourism zones were defined on its territory. Most of the tourists come from France. Passports are required to visit Ivory Coast. A visa is not required for stays of less than 91 days, but a vaccination certificate is required for all foreign tourists. In 2002, the US State Department estimated that living in Abidjan cost $160 a day, and living in Yamoussoukro costs about $98. Nowadays, the number of people who visit Ivory Coast for its unique architecture, delicious food and beautiful vacation spots is increasing day by day. ### Trade Unions General Union of Workers of Côte d'Ivoire (fr. Union générale des travailleurs de Côte d'Ivoire, UGTCI). It was founded in 1962 and has 100,000 members. Secretary General - Niamkei Adiko (fr. Adiko Niamkey) ## Politics ### Political organizations Time of creation of the multiparty system: 2000 There were 90 political parties and associations. The most prominent among them was the Ivorian Popular Front, IHF (Fr. Front populaire ivoirien, FPI). The ruling party. It was established in France in 1983 and became official in 1990. Chairman - N'Gessan Affi (fr. Affi N'Gessan), general secretary - Sylvain Miaka Oureto (fr. Sylvain Miaka Oureto); Democratic Party of Côte d'Ivoire, KIDP (fr. Parti démocratigue de la Côte d'Ivoire, PDCI). The party was founded in 1946 under the name African Democratic Union (ADU). Leaders - Bedie Henri Konan (fr. Henri Konan Bedié); Ivorian Workers' Party, IEP (fr. Parti ivoirien des travailleurs, PIT). The party of Social Democrats was legalized in 1990. Secretary General - Wodié Francis (Srancis Wodié); United Republicans, OR (fr. Rassemblement des républicais). The party was founded in 1994 as a result of the collapse of the KIDP. Influential in northern Muslim areas. The leader is Ouattara Alassane Dramme (fr. Alassane Dramme Ouattara), the general secretary is Diabate Henriette Dagba (fr. Henriette Dagba Diabaté). ## Media French-language media: daily newspapers "Ivoir-soir" (fr. Ivoir-soir - "Ivory-evening") and "Voice" ( fr. La Voie - "The Road"), weekly newspapers "Le Bélier - "Aries", "Le Démocrate - "Democrat", "Nouvel horizon" (New Horizon) and "Young Democrat" (Le Jeune démocrate - "Young Democrat"), weekly "Abidjan set jour" (Abidjan 7 jours - "Abidjan in one week"), monthly newspaper "Alif" (Alif - "Alif"), etc. . Government information agency - "Publishing Agency of Cote d'Ivoire". It was established in 1961. The government agency "Ivorian Radio and Television" was established in 1963. The Publishing Agency of Côte d'Ivoire and the Ivorian Radio and Television are based in Abidjan. There are 9000 web applications. ## Transport Highways * total — 80,000 km, including * with solid surface — 6,500 km * without solid surface — 73,500 km Railways * total — 660 km Airports * total — 35 with a hard face — 7 * without a hard face — 28 ## Education The share of the population with education, i.e. literate — 60% men, 38% women (2000 data according to). The population speaks French, 6 out of 10 children do not go to school. Most of the secondary school students are men. The first European-style schools were opened by the French in the 19th century. During the colonial rule, 90% of the population was illiterate. Since the independence of Côte d'Ivoire in 1960, the government has given great importance to education. In 1960, 12.6% of the state budget, and 24% in 1969, was allocated to public education. Most of the schools are under the government. Private schools are mostly only in Catholic missions. Primary schools are 6 years old, admission is from 6 years old. Secondary schools (lyceum, classical and modern colleges) are 7-year, 2-cycle (4 and 3-year). In the 1968/69 school year, there were 431 thousand students in primary schools and more than 46 thousand students in secondary schools. Vocational training is carried out in 4- and 7-year technical lyceums based on primary school. Primary school teachers are trained by secondary school-based pedagogical schools, and secondary school teachers are trained by a higher pedagogical school opened in 1961. In 1964, a university was opened in Abidjan. In the academic year 1968/69, 2169 students studied at the university. There is an ethnographic museum in Abidjan. ## Healthcare Ivory Coast has a large healthcare infrastructure compared to other West African countries. However, only two of the nineteen administrative centers have university hospitals of major national significance. They are: Abidjan (Hospitals in Kokody, Treichville and Yopugone) and Vallue-de-Bandama in Bouake. The remaining areas are provided with small hospitals and medical centers. In addition to these, there are military hospitals that train specialists in Bouake and Abidjan. Here, Manikro (Bouake) and Daloa train special workers to treat leprosy, which is common in the regions, and there is a Bingerville Psychiatric Hospital. In addition to these large medical centers, there are many small and private medical facilities. Although the situation is good compared to other West African countries, the overall health sector in the country is not very developed. For example, until today there is one specialist doctor for 9908 people, one nurse for 2416 people, and one midwife for 2118 women of childbearing potential. According to 2010 estimates, Côte d'Ivoire has the 27th highest maternal mortality rate in the world. Population — 21.1 million (2010 data). Annual growth — 2.1%; Birth rate — 32 per 1000 people; Death — 11 per 1000 people; Death of babies - 118 out of 1000 will die. In Côte d'Ivoire there are 12 doctors per 100,000 people. About a quarter of the population lives below the international poverty line of $1.25 a day. About 36% of women suffer from genital diseases. Average life expectancy — 41 years for men, 47 years for women (2004); AIDS patients make up 3.9% (2007). 3.20% of people aged 19-45 have this disease. Such an indicator takes the 19th place in the world. ## Culture ### Architecture Traditional houses have different architectural forms: * In the south- rectangular or square and made of wood. * It is rectangular in the center made of clay or with rounded edges. * It is rectangular in the east, the roof is flat. * In the west, it is rounded or straw-shaped. The exterior of the houses is often covered in yellow, red and black colors and geometric figures, birds, real and mystical animals. Modern cities have become luxury hotels and supermarkets made of reinforced concrete structures and glass. ### Music For musical instruments: balaphones, tamtams, guitars, xylophones, rattles, horns, original harps and lutes and flutes. ### Dance Cote d'Ivoire is also widely known for its amazing dance. The clothes they wear while dancing are eye-catching. The dances are not alike. Compiled with a variety of difficult moves and acrobatic tricks. ### Cinematography was developed in the 1960s. The first film "In the Battle of Solitude" was shot by director T. Basori in 1963. In 1974, the community of cinematographers was established. In 1993, the Ivorian director Adama Ruamba made a film called "In the name of Jesus". In 2001, the famous Ivorian director Roger Gnoana M'Bala made a film called Adanggaman. ### Food The pride of the Ivorian people is their national cuisine. Being under French rule for a long time, they left their mark on their traditional cuisine. This gave the food an amazing taste. But the food of the local population cannot leave indifferent even a real food connoisseur. Foods like Ateke, Keji, Fufu are delicious. ## Sports Many types of sports are practiced. There are various practice golf courses in Abidjan, Yamoussoukro and San Pedro. The waters of the sea and small capes allow you to practice sports to a sufficient extent. For example sport fishing as well as diving and spearfishing, surfing, sailing, windsurfing, canoeing or beach volleyball. There are also extreme sports such as horse riding and motor sports, as well as moto-cross. Handball, basketball, volleyball, rugby, athletics and tennis are practiced in Côte d'Ivoire. ### Olympic Games ### Football However, football is considered the king of sports in Côte d'Ivoire. It is a type of game that appeals to a large crowd. This popular sport is widespread in the deep parts of the country. Even each city and district organizes its own Maracana (Côte d'Ivoire's Maracana was the African Cup of Nations champion in 2012 and 2013). Participated in the World Football Championship 2 times. Ivory Coast National Football Team Ivory Coast National Football Team represents the country in international matches and football tournaments. The main governing body of football in the country is controlled by the Confederation of African Football. African Cup of Nations Ivory Coast national team won the African Cup of Nations 2 times. First in 1992, then in 2015, he became the winner of the Africa Cup of Nations. Yaya Toure, one of the most popular players in the Manchester City team, participated and provided significant support to his team. ## Foreign Relations ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8047

Anthem of Turkey

Independence March (trans. İstiklâl Marşı) is the national anthem of the Turkish Republic and the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus. 1923 October 29, 1921, two years before the declaration of the Republic of Turkey. received on March 12. Words: Mehmet Akif Ersoy (Mehmet Akif Ersoy, 1922), Song: Osman Zeki Üngör (Osman Zeki Üngör, 1924). ## English translation ## Listen ## External links * Notes: for guitar: [1]; original in PDF format: [2] * Vocal of "İstiklâl Marşı" in Ogg Vorbis Archived July 23, 2011. * History of Turkish national anthem Archived 26 March 2005.