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https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8208

3

This article is about the year. See also: number 3. 3 years — begins on the third day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, i.e. Wednesday. Not a leap year. This is the 3rd year of our era, the 3rd year of the 1st millennium, the 3rd year of the 1st century, the 3rd year of the 1st decade of the 1st century, the 3rd year of 0 years. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: 3 year olds ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 3 years ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8209

4

Year 4 begins on Thursday, the fourth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is the 4th year of our era, the 4th year of the 1st millennium, the 4th year of the 1st century, the 4th year of the 1st decade of the 1st century, the 4th year of 0 years. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: 4 year olds ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 4 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8210

5

Year 5 begins on the sixth day of the week, i.e. Saturday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is the 5th year of our era, the 5th year of the 1st millennium, the 5th year of the 1st century, the 5th year of the 1st decade of the 1st century, the 5th year of 0 years. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: 5 year olds ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 5 years ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8215

10

10 years — begins on the fifth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Friday. Not a leap year. This is the 10th year of our era, the 10th year of the 1st millennium, the 10th year of the 1st century, the 10th year of the 1st decade of the 0th century, the 1st year of 10 years. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: Born in 10 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 10 years ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8241

1931

The year 1931 begins on the fourth day of the week on the Gregorian calendar, that is, Thursday. Not a leap year. This is 1931 of our era, 931 of the II millennium, 31 of the 20th century, 1 of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 2 of the 1930s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July ### August ### September ### October \< > ### November ### December ### No specific dates * Allison Fred 1931 . proved that deuterium exists. * Francis William 1931 discovered the uranium=238 isotope. * Wilson Alan Harris divided crystals into metals, semiconductors and dielectrics based on the understanding of the zonal structure of the electronic spectrum. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1931 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1931 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8214

9

Year 9 begins on Thursday, the fourth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is the 9th year of our era, the 9th year of the 1st millennium, the 9th year of the 1st century, the 9th year of the 1st decade of the 1st century, the 9th year of 0 years. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: 9 year olds ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 9 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8213

8

Year 8 begins on Tuesday, the second day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is the 8th year of our era, the 8th year of the 1st millennium, the 8th year of the 1st century, the 8th year of the 1st decade of the 1st century, the 8th year of 0 years. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: 8 year olds ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 8 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8211

6

Year 6 begins on Sunday, the last day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is the 6th year of our era, the 6th year of the 1st millennium, the 6th year of the 1st century, the 6th year of the 1st decade of the 1st century, the 6th year of 0 years. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: 6 year olds ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in year 6 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8242

1932

The year 1932 begins on Friday, the fifth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is 1932 of our era, 932 of the 2nd millennium, 32 of the 20th century, 2nd of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 3rd year of the 1930s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March * March 10 - regional division was introduced in the Kazakh ASSR. Aktobe, Almaty, East Kazakhstan, West Kazakhstan, Karaganda and South Kazakhstan regions were created. ### April * April 10 - Paul von Hindenburg won the election of the head of the Weimar Republic. ### May ### June ### July ### August \ <> ### September * September - a new state - Saudi Arabia - appeared in the Middle East. ### October ### November ### December ### Actual dates no * In the year of Great Naubet. * positron is the first antiparticle, which was discovered in 1932. American physicist Carl Anderson (1905-1991) discovered the composition of cosmic rays. * Allison Fred 1932 proved that astatine exists. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1932 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1932 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8243

1933

1933 begins on Sunday, the last day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1933 of our era, 933 of the 2nd millennium, 33rd of the 20th century, 3rd year of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 4th year of the 1930s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July ### August ### September ### October \< > ### November ### December ## Births See also: Category:Births in 1933 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1933 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8245

1935

The year 1935 begins on the second day of the week, that is, Tuesday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1935 of our era, 935 of the II millennium, 35 of the 20th century, 5 of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 6 of the 1930s. ## Events * January 1st - Received titles and introduced surnames in Turkey. * February 10 - the Israeli city of Nagaria was founded. * March 1 - The Saar region is returned to German rule. * March 16 - Adolf Hitler announced the adoption of the "Armed Forces Law" (German: "Gesetz über den Aufbau der Wehrmacht"). * May 15 - the first stations of the Moscow metro were opened. * July 5 - "National Labor Relations Act" was adopted in the USA. * September 15 - Nuremberg racial laws were adopted in Germany. * December 9 - Student "December 9 Movement" against Japan took place in China. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1935 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1935 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8244

1934

1934 - the first day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, begins on Monday. Not a leap year. This is 1934 of our era, 934 of the II millennium, 34 of the 20th century, 4 of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 5 of the 1930s. ## Events ### January * January 15 - Kazakh State University (KazMU) was opened. ### February ### March * March 12 - Konstantin Pyatks staged a coup and seized power in Estonia. ### April * April 11 - German Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler met with army commanders on a German cruiser. * April 16 - the title of Hero of the Soviet Union was created in the USSR. ### May ### June * June 24 - the capital of the Ukrainian SSR was transferred from Kharkov to Kiev. ### July ### August * August 2 - death of Paul von Hindenburg. Reich Chancellor Adolf Hitler assumed the role of Reich President. ### September * September 18 - USSR entered the League of Nations. ### October ### November ### December ### Actual dates no * K. I. Satpaev Kazakh National Technical University was opened. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1934 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1934 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8247

1937

1937 begins on Friday, the fifth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1937 of our era, 937 of the II millennium, 37 of the 20th century, 7 of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 8 of the 1930s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July * July 7 - invasion of China by Japanese troops. ### August * August 10 - Canon company was founded. * August 21 - about 172,000 Koreans were deported to Central Asia. * August 22 - a non-aggression pact was signed between China and the USSR. USSR sent military aid to China to fight against Japan. ### September * September 27 - Alikhan Bukeikhanov was shot. ### October ### November * November 18 - Italy joins the Anti-Comintern Pact between Germany and Japan. ### December * December 5 - The Japanese captured the Chinese capital Nanjing. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1937 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1937 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8248

1938

The year 1938 begins on the sixth day of the week, that is, Saturday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1938 of our era, 938 of the II millennium, 38 of the 20th century, 8 of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 9 of the 1930s. ## Events ### January ### February * February 12 - Adolf Hitler sent an ultimatum to Austrian Federal Chancellor Kurt Schuschnigg, demanding that the NSDAP be granted freedom of action in Austria and that its representatives be included in the country's Government. ### March * March 1 - Samsung company was founded. * March 11 - the Wehrmacht crossed the Austrian border. The beginning of the Anschluss. * March 17 - the USSR protested against the Anschluss of Austria. ### April ### May ### June ### July \ <> * July 29 - the beginning of the battles at Lake Hassan. ### August * August 6 - Battles at Lake Hassan end. ### September ### October * October - Germany occupied the Sudeten region of Czechoslovakia. * The Japanese captured Guangzhou. * October 2 - Poland occupied the Teshin region of Czechoslovakia. ### November ### December ### No exact dates ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1938 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1938 \< > ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8249

1939

1939 begins on Sunday, the last day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1939 of our era, 939 of the II millennium, 39 of the 20th century, 9 of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 10 of the 1930s. ## Events ### January * January 13 - The Kingdom of Hungary joins the Anti-Comintern. ### February ### March ### April * April 1 - Spanish caudillo Francisco Franco declares the end of the civil war. The US recognized Franco's government. * April 7 - Italy invades Albania. ### May * May 11 - the beginning of the battles between the USSR and Japan at Khalkhin-Gol. * May 22 - the German and Italian foreign ministries signed the Pact of Steel in Berlin. ### June ### July ### August * August 23 - Red Army and Mongolia troops attacked in Khalkhin-gol. * August 31 - staged attack on the German radio station in Gleiwitz. It was considered as a pretext for the Wehrmacht to attack Poland. ### September * September 1 - German attack on Poland. The beginning of World War II. * September 2 - Spain and Ireland remain neutral in World War II. * September 6 - Romania declared its neutrality in the war. * September 10 - Canada declares war on Germany. * September 15 - after the battles in Khalkhin-gol, a truce was signed between the USSR and Japan. * September 28 - Wehrmacht troops captured the capital of Poland. ### October ### November * November 26 - the reason for declaring war on Finland was announced by the USSR about the provocation of the Finnish border guards near the village of Mainila. ### December * December 14 - USSR expelled from League of Nations for attacking Finland. * December 26 - the earthquake in Erzincan, Turkey killed about 39 thousand people. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1939 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1939 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8251

1921

The year 1921 begins on the sixth day of the week, that is, Saturday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1921 of our era, 921 of the 2nd millennium, 21st of the 20th century, 1st year of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 2nd year of the 1920s. ## Events ### January ### February * February 12 - Bolsheviks invaded the Democratic Republic of Georgia. * February 25 - The Red Army entered Tbilisi, the capital of Georgia, and declared the Soviet Republic of Georgia. ### March * March 17 - the Red Army suppressed the Kronstadt uprising, part of the sailors fled to Finland. * March 18 - The Second Riga Peace Treaty ended the Polish-Soviet war. * March 20 - Upper Silesia votes to rejoin Germany. ### April ### May * May 23 - July 16 - the Leipzig trial on war crimes was held in Germany. ### June * June 3 - the death penalty was abolished in Sweden. ### July ### August ### September ### October \ <> ### November ### December ## Births See also: Category: 1921 births ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1921 ## See also \< > ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8250

1920

1920 begins on Thursday, the fourth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is the 1920th year of our era, the 920th year of the II millennium, the 20th year of the XXth century, the 10th year of the 2nd decade of the 19th century, the 1st year of the 1920s. ## Events ## Births See also: Category:Births in 1920 ## Deaths See also: Category:Deaths in 1920 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8254

1924

The year 1924 begins on the second day of the week, that is, Tuesday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is 1924 of our era, 924 of the 2nd millennium, 24th of the 20th century, 4th year of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 5th year of the 1920s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July ### August ### September ### October \< > ### November ### December ## Births See also: Category: Born in 1924 * August 1 - George Sharpak, Ukrainian physicist, 1992 Nobel Prize laureate. ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1924 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8252

1922

1922 begins on Sunday, the last day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1922 of our era, 922 of the 2nd millennium, 22nd of the 20th century, 2nd year of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 3rd year of the 1920s. ## Events * 1922 Francis William was awarded the Nobel Prize ## Births See also: Category: 1922 births ## Deaths \< > See also: Category:Deaths in 1922 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8255

1925

1925 begins on Thursday, the fourth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1925 of our era, 925 of the II millennium, 25 of the 20th century, 5 of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 6 of the 1920s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July ### August * August 20 - the first subway was opened in the city of Rome. ### September ### October ### November ### December \ <> ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1925 ## Deaths See also: Category:1925 who died in ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8257

1927

The year 1927 begins on the sixth day of the week, that is, Saturday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1927 of our era, 927 of the II millennium, 27 of the 20th century, 7 of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 8 of the 1920s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July ### August ### September ### October \< > ### November ### December ### There are no specific dates * Wolfke Meczysław V. Together with Keezom, he discovered that liquid helium separates into two types: helium I and helium II. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1927 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1927 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8256

1926

1926 begins on Friday, the fifth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1926 of our era, 926 of the II millennium, 26 of the 20th century, 6 of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 7 of the 1920s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July ### August ### September ### October \< > ### November ### December ### No exact dates * Busch Hans magnetic field discovered the focusing effect and created an electronic magnetic lens. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1926 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1926 who happened * August 1 - Jan Kasprowicz, Polish poet, playwright, translator ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8258

1928

1928 begins on Sunday, the last day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is 1928 of our era, 928 of the II millennium, 28 of the 20th century, 8 of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 9 of the 1920s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July ### August ### September ### October \< > ### November ### December ### There are no exact dates * 1928 English theoretical physicist Paul * Dirac (1902 - 1984) formulated the quantum relativistic equation of electron motion (Dirac's equations), from which it was known that the electron has a spin. * 1928 Soviet physicist Yakov Frenkel (1894 - 1952) and German theoretical physicist Werner Heisenberg (1901 - 1976) showed that ferromagnetism is based on quantum alternating interaction * Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abay, the first university in Kazakhstan, was established ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1928 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1928 \ <> ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8260

Mansurov

* Taiyr Aimukhameduly Mansurov * Fuat Shakiruly Mansurov

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8261

1910

The year 1910 begins on the sixth day of the week, that is, Saturday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1910 of our era, 910 of the 2nd millennium, 10th year of the 20th century, 10th year of the 1st decade of the 19th century, 1st year of the 1910s. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1910 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1910 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8262

1911

1911 begins on Sunday, the last day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1911 of our era, 911 of the 2nd millennium, 11th year of the 20th century, 1st year of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 2nd year of the 1910s. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1911 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1911 * August 1 - Konrad Duden, German philologist, compiler of the dictionary of the German language ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8264

1913

The year 1913 begins on the third day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, i.e. Wednesday. Not a leap year. This is 1913 of our era, 913 of the 2nd millennium, 13th year of the 20th century, 3rd year of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 4th year of the 1910s. ## Events ### January * January 3 - First Balkan War: Greece at Chios in the eastern Aegean ending the occupation of the island, the last Ottoman forces on the island surrendered. * January 23 - Enver Pasha came to power. ### February * February 1 - after the reconstruction of the New York Central Station, the largest railway station in the world was opened. * February 3 - The Sixteenth Amendment to the US Constitution is ratified, allowing the federal government to impose and collect income taxes on all sources of income. * February 13 - Tubten Gyatso, the 13th Dalai Lama, declared Tibet's independence from the Qing Dynasty. * February 23 - Joseph Stalin was arrested by the Russian secret police in Petrograd and exiled to Siberia. * "Quantization" of rays revealed that the internal movements also change only in leaps and bounds [1913 Danish physicist Niels Bohr (1885 – 1962)]. During this period, the English physicist Ernest Rutherford (1871 - 1937) experimentally proved the existence of the atomic nucleus based on the data obtained as a result of the study of the phenomenon of scattering of alpha particles. * Nils Hendrin David 1913 M. Rutherford proposed his hydrogen-like atomic theory based on the model of the Rutherford atom based on Planck's idea of quantization of energy. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1913 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1913 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8265

1914

1914 begins on Thursday, the fourth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1914 of our era, 914 of the II millennium, 14 of the 20th century, 4 of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 5 of the 1910s. ## Events * July 23 - Due to the assassination of Franz Ferdinand, Austria-Hungary sent an ultimatum to Serbia. * July 28 - Austria-Hungary declares war on Serbia, beginning of World War I. * August 1 - Germany declared war on Russia. * August 3 - Germany declares war on France. * August 23 - Japan declares war on Germany. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1914 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1914 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8267

1916

The year 1916 begins on the sixth day of the week, that is, Saturday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is 1916 of our era, 916 of the II millennium, 16 of the 20th century, 6 of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 7 of the 1910s. ## Events * 1916 Einstein formulated the general theory of relativity, a physical theory of space, time and gravity. This theory was the beginning of a new phase of the theory of gravity. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1916 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1916 those who were ## See more 1916 (poem) ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8268

1917

The year 1917 begins on Monday, the first day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1917 of our era, 917 of the II millennium, 17 of the 20th century, 7 of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 8 of the 1910s. ## Events ### January * January 16 - Danish West Indies to US 25 sold for a million dollars. ### February * February 1 - The German Empire declared unlimited submarine warfare on the Entente. ### Nauryz * March 8 - the February democratic revolution began in the Russian Empire. * March 12 - Russian Duma announced the Provisional Government. After 4 months it was disbanded. ### April * April 6 - US President Woodrow Wilson declared war on the German Empire, using the "Zimmerman cable" as an excuse. * April 10 - Bulgaria declared war on Germany. * April 16 - Vladimir Lenin returned to Petrograd from Zurich. ### May * May 3 - the beginning of the uprising of the French army. * May 9 - Nicaragua declares war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. * May 15 - there was a big fire in Barnaul. About 60 quarters were destroyed by its fire. * May 21 - More than 300 acres (73 quarters) are destroyed in a large fire in Atlanta, USA. * May 27 - More than 30,000 French soldiers refuse to go to the trenches at Missy-au-Bois. ### June * June 1 - French infantry captures Missy-au-Bois and a military government declares war. Soon they were overwhelmed by other troops of the French army. * June 5 - conscription begins in the United States. * June 7 - At the Battle of Messina, British troops detonate 24 ammonal mines under German positions, killing 10,000 people in the most deliberate non-nuclear man-made explosion in history. * June 13 - The first major German bombing of London kills 162 and injures 432. ### July * July 1 - Russian general Brusilov initially moves towards Lemberg and begins Kerensky's major offensive in Galicia. * July 2 - Greece joins the war on the side of the Entente * July 8-13 - British troops fail to retake Ramadi from the Ottoman Empire, most of the casualties among the British are due to the extreme heat. * July 16-17 - Russian troops mutinied, withdrew from the Austrian front and retreated to Ukraine, their commanders shot hundreds of people during the retreat. * July 22 - Germany declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. * July 20-28 - Austrian and German troops repulsed Russian troops in Galicia. * July 31 - Allied offensive operations began in Flanders. ### August * August 3 - the All-Kazakh Congress was opened in Orinbor, where the Kazakh National Alash Party was formed. * August 10 - a general strike began in Spain, which was suppressed after 3 days, 70 people were killed, hundreds were injured, and 2000 people were arrested. * August 14 - the Republic of China declared war on Germany and Austria-Hungary. August 29 - The Canadian House of Commons passes the Military Service Act, which gives the Government of Canada the right to conscription of men. ### September * September 14 - Provisional government declared Russia a republic. ### October * October 26 - Brazil declares war on Germany. ### November * November 7 - the October Revolution took place, the II All-Russian Congress of Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies was opened. The provisional government was dissolved. * November 27 - at the 4th emergency all-Muslim congress held in Kokan, the establishment of Turkestan autonomy was announced, led by the Turkestan Provisional Council headed by Mukhamedzhan Tynyshpaev. ### December * December 6 - The Finnish Senate officially declared the country's independence from Russia. ### There are no exact dates * Charles Glover Nobel Prize winner (1917). * 1917 On the basis of A. Einstein's quantum theory of involuntary radiation, a new field of radiophysics, quantum electronics, appeared in the 50s of the 20th century. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1917 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1917 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8272

1901

The year 1901 begins on the second day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Tuesday. Not a leap year. This is 1901 of our era, 901 of the 2nd millennium, 1st year of the 20th century, 1st year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 2nd year of the 1900s. ## Events * January 1 - Act to federate Britain's six Australian colonies comes into force. Establishment of the Commonwealth of Australia with the status of a dominion of the British Empire. * January 10 - oil fields were opened in the state of Texas (USA). * March 4 - William McKinley takes office for the second term as US President. Theodore Roosevelt was announced as Vice President. * April 1 - Turkish ship "Aslana" fell into traps in the Red Sea; 180 people became victims of the tragedy * September 7 - the final protocol of 11 powers was adopted as a result of suppressing the Ihetuan rebellion in China. * November 18 - signing of the Hay-Pauncefoot Treaty between the United States and Great Britain, according to which the United States received the right to build the Panama Canal. * Van-Hoff Jacob Hendrick became the first winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1901 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1901 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8275

1904

The year 1904 begins on the fifth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Friday. Leap year. This is 1904 of our era, 904 of the 2nd millennium, 4th year of the 20th century, 4th year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 5th year of the 1900s. ## Events * Charles Glover 1904 experimentally discovered the polarization of X-rays for the first time, this experiment proved that X-rays have wave properties. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1904 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1904 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8273

1902

The year 1902 begins on the third day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Wednesday. Not a leap year. This is 1902 of our era, 902 of the 2nd millennium, 2nd year of the 20th century, 2nd year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 3rd year of the 1900s. ## Events * August 2 - FC Porto is founded in Portugal ## Births See more : Category: Births in 1902 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1902 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8274

1903

1903 begins on Thursday, the fourth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1903 of our era, 903 of the 2nd millennium, 3rd year of the 20th century, 3rd year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 4th year of the 1900s. ## Events * Birkeland Christian 1903 proposed a way to extract nitrogen from the air. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1903 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1903 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8277

1906

The year 1906 begins on Monday, the first day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1906 of our era, 906 of the 2nd millennium, 6th year of the 20th century, 6th year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 7th year of the 1900s. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1906 ## Deaths See also: Category:Deaths in 1906 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8280

1909

1909 begins on Friday, the fifth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1909 of our era, 909 of the 2nd millennium, 9th year of the 20th century, 9th year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 10th year of the 1900s. ## Events * The city of Tel Aviv was founded. * January 1 - the first pension was paid in Great Britain. * March 4 - William Taft was elected president of the United States instead of Theodore Roosevelt. * April 27 - Sultan Abdulhamit II of the Ottoman Empire was dismissed for his participation in the organization of the counter-revolutionary revolution by the Young Turks. His brother Mehmed V ascended the throne. * July 16 - Audi company was founded. * July 25 - Louis Bleriot made his first flight across the English Channel. * December 23 - Albert I, nephew of the deceased King Leopold II, ascended the throne of Belgium. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1909 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1909 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8271

1900

The year 1900 begins on Monday, the first day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1900 of our era, 900 of the II millennium, 100 of the 19th century, 10 of the 10th decade of the 19th century, 1 of the 1900s. ## Events ### January * January 2 - US Secretary of State John Hay to promote American trade with China publishes a targeted open door policy. * January 5 - Johns Hopkins University employee Henry A. Rowland published a theory about the cause of magnetism in the earth. * January 9 - "Lazio" club was founded in Rome. * January 27 - Foreign diplomats in Beijing demanded the suppression of the Boxing Rebellion, the Qing Dynasty. ### February * February 5 - Great Britain and the United States signed an agreement to build a ship canal through Nicaragua. * February 8 - British troops defeated the Boers in Ladysmith, South Africa. * February 17 - British troops defeated the Boers in the Battle of Paardeberg. * February 27 - Germany's most successful football club Bayern was founded. ### March * March 5 - Two US Navy cruisers move to Central America to defend American interests in the dispute between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. * March 14 - Hugo de Vries rediscovered Mendel's laws of heredity. * The Gold Standard Act was ratified, according to which the currency of the United States moved to the gold standard. * March 27 - The arrival of Russian naval forces in Korea worried the Japanese Imperial Government. ### April * April 4 - Queen Victoria makes a rare visit to Dublin. * April 14 - the world exhibition Exposition Universelle opened in Paris. * April 22 - French troops establish their dominance in Chad. ### May * May 14 - the opening of the second Olympic Games held in Paris in 1900. * May 21 - Russia invaded Manchuria. * May 31 - peacekeepers from various European countries arrive in China and join the Japanese army. ### June * June 14 - The Reichstag approves Germany's Second Naval Law, allowing for the expansion of the Imperial German Navy. * June 17 - Eight-Nation Alliance Naval forces capture Taku Forts at the mouth of the Hai River in China. * June 20 - Chinese rebels gather about 20,000 people near Beijing and kill hundreds of European citizens, including the German ambassador. * June 25 - Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu discovered the Dunhuang Manuscripts, a storehouse of ancient texts of great historical and religious significance, in the Mogao Caves in Dunhuang, China, which had been sealed since the beginning of the 11th century. ### July * July 2 - The first airship flight in the Ferdinand Zeppelin LZ 1 airship is made over Lake Constance near Friedrichshafen, Germany. * July 25 - the first Pan-African conference was held in London. * July 29 - Italian king Umberto I was killed by an anarchist. ### August * August - the first Michelin guide was published in France. * August 14 - An international contingent of troops under British command invades Beijing and frees European hostages. August 27 - the first intercity bus services began in England. ### September * September 8 - The Galveston Hurricane of 1900 kills an estimated 6,000-12,000 people. * September 12 - Admiral Fredrik von Otter was appointed Prime Minister of Sweden. * September 17 - Philippine forces led by Juan Kyles under Colonel Benjamin F. Defeated American forces led by Cheetham. ### October * October 9 - Cook Islands became the territory of Great Britain. * October 19 - German theoretical physicist Max Planck (1858 - 1947) warned that the atom does not emit electromagnetic energy continuously, as in the previous view, and predicted that the atom distributes that energy in a certain amount by quantum. * October 25 - Great Britain annexed the Transvaal. ### November * November 6 - Republican US President William McKinley is re-elected president, defeating Democratic opponent William Jennings Bryan in a rematch. * November 29 - Herbert Kitchener succeeds Frederick Roberts as Commander-in-Chief of British Forces in South Africa. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1900 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1900 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8285

1919

The year 1919 begins on the third day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Wednesday. Not a leap year. This is 1919 of our era, 919 of the II millennium, 19 of the 20th century, 9 of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 10 of the 1910s. ## Events * January 5 - "Spartakist uprising" began in Berlin. * February 6 - The Weimar Constituent Assembly was held in Germany, where the right-wing Social Democrats won. * March 6 - the law on the creation of a temporary Reichswehr was adopted in Germany. * April 1 - British troops leave Soviet Central Asia, leaving their garrisons in Krasnovodsk. * August 6 - the fall of the Hungarian Soviet Republic. * 1919 Rutherford, continuing the experiments conducted on the scattering of alpha particles, carried out the conversion of a nitrogen nucleus into an oxygen nucleus. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1919 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1919 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8259

1929

The year 1929 begins on the second day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Tuesday. Not a leap year. This is 1929 of our era, 929 of the II millennium, 29 of the 20th century, 9 of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 10 of the 1920s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March ### April ### May ### June \ <> ### July ### August ### September ### October \< > ### November ### December ## Births See also: Category: Born in 1929 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1929 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8253

1923

1923 - the first day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Monday. Not a leap year. This is 1923 of our era, 923 of the 2nd millennium, 23rd of the 20th century, 3rd year of the 3rd decade of the 20th century, 4th year of the 1920s. ## Events * March 3 - The world's first news weekly - "The Times" goes on sale. * April 4 - Warner Bros. Hollywood film studio was established. * April 23 - negotiations resumed at the Lausanne Conference. * June 19 - remnants of Pepelyaev's white troops surrendered on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. The civil war in Russia is definitely over. * July 6 - the first coat of arms of the USSR was approved. * July 16 - the last small skirmishes of the civil war in Russia. * August 2 - US President Warren Harding died. * October 16 - Walt Disney Productions was founded. * October 23 - the Hamburg uprising began in Germany. * October 29 - The Republic of Turkey was announced. * November 8-9 - NSDAP Beer Revolution took place in Munich with the aim of overthrowing the Bavarian government. ## Births See more: Category: 1923 births ## Deaths See more : Category:Deaths in 1923 ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8246

1936

The year 1936 begins on the third day of the week on the Gregorian calendar, i.e. Wednesday. Leap year. This is 1936 of our era, 936 of the II millennium, 36 of the 20th century, 6 of the 4th decade of the 20th century, 7 of the 1930s. ## Events ### January ### February ### March * March 4 - "Hindenburg" airship made its first flight. * March 7 - Nazi Germany unilaterally violated the Locarno agreements of 1925. German troops occupied the demilitarized Rhineland, flagrantly violating the terms of the Treaty of Versailles. * March 29 - 99% of the vote for the official Nazi Party candidates in the parliamentary elections in Nazi Germany. ### April ### May * May 5 - Italian troops capture Addis Ababa, the capital of Ethiopia, followed by the Second Italo-Ethiopian War finished. ### June ### July ### August * August 1 - Olympic Games in Berlin opening. ### September ### October ### November * November 18 - Germany and Italy in Spain recognized the Francoist government. ### December * December 5 - the Kazakh SSR was removed from the Russian SFSR and it was given the status of an allied republic called the Kazakh SSR. * December 11 - abdication of the British king Edward VIII. His younger brother, George VI, ascended the throne. ### No exact dates * In 1936, Anderson Carl Daywood (1905 – 1991) was awarded the Nobel Prize ## Births See more : Category: Births in 1936 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1936 ## See again ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8276

1905

1905 begins on Sunday, the last day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1905 of our era, 905 of the 2nd millennium, 5th year of the 20th century, 5th year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 6th year of the 1900s. ## Events ### January * January 1 - the first zinc in Russia was obtained at the Alagir plant in Vladikavkaz. * January 2 - the end of the defense of Port Arthur, the fortress was handed over to the Japanese side by the decision of Commandant Stessel. * January 17 - a strike began in factories and mechanical workshops in Baku. Suspended on February 2. * January 22 - "Bloody Sunday", the beginning of the First Russian Revolution. * January 25 — a general strike began in Riga. ### February * February 2 - In St. Petersburg, the Egyptian bridge over the Fontanka collapsed when a Guards cavalry squadron was crossing it. * February 8 - strikes began in Baku, Elizavetpol and other cities on the territory of present-day Azerbaijan. * February 17 - Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich was killed in Moscow by the socialist-revolutionary Ivan Kalyaev. * February 19 — three-day interethnic clashes began in Baku. ### March * March 4 - Theodore Roosevelt is sworn in for a second term in the United States. * March 10 - "Chelsea" football club was founded. * March 21 - An Anglo-Afghan treaty was concluded in Kabul, according to which Amir Habibullah Khan was obliged to fulfill the agreements made by his father, Amir Abdurrahman. ### April ### May * May 27-28 — Battle of Tsushima between the Russian and Japanese squadrons, complete defeat of the 2nd Pacific Squadron of Russia . * May 15 - Las Vegas, Nevada, USA is founded. * May 23 — a four-day political strike of Baku workers began. ### June * June 7 — Norway ends its separate union with Sweden and declares itself an independent state. * June 16 — implementation of a peaceful march of workers during the strike on the Talka River in Ivanovo-Voznesensk. * June 27 - Uprising of Potemkin sailors. ### July * July 5 - Australian Prime Minister George Reid resigned. Protectionist Alfred Deakin returns to power. * July 8 — the end of the uprising on the Potemkin flight. The mutinous sailors from Constanta surrendered the warship to the Romanian authorities and went ashore as political emigrants themselves. * July 9 — general strike in Latvia. * July 21 - a ten-day strike by sailors of the Caspian merchant fleet and ship repair workshop workers began. * July 29 — Agreement between the USA and Japan (Taft-Katsura Agreement). * July 30 — a ten-day strike began in oil fields and mechanical workshops of Baku. ### August * August 6 - Courland province declares martial law. * August 13 — a referendum in Norway on ending the union with Sweden. An absolute majority voted to dissolve the union. * August 6 — Manifesto of August 6, 1905 on convening the Duma as a legislative-consultative representative body (Bulygin Duma) of the Russian Empire. Discriminatory terms of creation of the Duma caused public protest; Duma elections were not held according to the project provided for in the manifesto. August 27 — the 5th university charter, which restored the university's autonomy. * August 31 - negotiations between Norway and Sweden on ending the Swedish-Norwegian union began in Karlstad, Sweden. ### September * September 5 — the Portsmouth Treaty with Japan, the end of the Russo-Japanese War. * September 7 - Vigilantes storm the Riga Central Prison and release executed members of the Latvian Social Democratic Labor Party. * September 12 - Russian professor V. Manteufel performed the first surgical operation to remove a bullet from the heart. * September 23 - Negotiations between Norway and Sweden to end the Swedish-Norwegian union in Karlstad, Sweden ended with the ratification of the Karlstad Treaty. * Mass political strike in Budapest. ### October * October 7 - the beginning of a general political strike in Russia, even the State Bank and ministries went on strike. * October 9 — Norway's Storting approves the Karlstad Treaties, breaking the Swedish-Norwegian union. * October 12 — a general strike began in Latvia. * October 13 — The Swedish Riksdag approves the Karlstad Agreements, breaking the Swedish-Norwegian union. * October 14 — The Federation of International Aeronautics (FAI) is founded at a conference later known as the First FAI General Conference. * October 19 — for the first time in Russia, a unified government - Council of Ministers headed by S. Yu. Witte was established. * October 26 Petrograd Council of Workers' Deputies was established. The Karlstad Agreements were made to break the Swedish-Norwegian union, which determined the independence of Norway and the integrity of its territory. * The Petrograd Council of Workers' Deputies was established. * The Karlstad Agreements were created to break the Swedish-Norwegian union that defined Norway's independence and territorial integrity. * October 28 — a two-week strike of Transcaucasian railwaymen began. * October 29, the Ainalym-Baikal railway was put into regular use. Hendrik Witboy, the leader of the rebellion of the Herero and Nama tribes, died in German South-West Africa, near Falgras, and then the unorganized resistance in the colony continued until 1907. * Round-Baikal railway was put into regular use. * In German South-West Africa, near Falgras, the leader of the rebellion of the Herero and Nama tribes, Hendrik Witboy, died, after which disorganized resistance in the colony continued until 1907. * October 30, the tsarist manifesto was published, which introduced civil liberties, expanded representation in the Duma and declared it a legislative body, for the first time in Russia, monarchical power was limited in favor of subjects. Demonstration of soldiers and sailors in Vladivostok. The next day, an uprising began in the city. * a tsarist manifesto was published, which introduced civil liberties, expanded representation in the Duma and declared it a legislative body, for the first time in Russia, monarchical power was limited in favor of subjects * Demonstration of soldiers and sailors in Vladivostok. The next day, an uprising began in the city. ### November * November 3 — a political amnesty was announced in Russia. * November 4 - the decree on the autonomy of Finland was issued. * On November 6, the Union of the Russian People was established. Martial law was declared in Primorye and Vladivostok. * The Union of the Russian People was established. * Primorye and Vladivostok declared martial law. * November 8 - Nikolay Korotkov at a conference held at the Military Medical Academy discovered the sound method of measuring blood pressure, which is still used all over the world. November 16 - from January 1, 1907, a royal manifesto was published on the halving of compensation payments for land and the complete cessation of their collection. * November 17 — Japan's treaty on protectorate over Korea was signed. Power in Korea passed to the Japanese Resident-General. ### December * December 4 — Moscow Council of Workers' Deputies was established. * December 6, the Republic of Krasnoyarsk was proclaimed. The Executive Committee of the lower ranks of the Vladivostok garrison was elected in Vladivostok. * Republic of Krasnoyarsk was declared. * The Executive Committee of the lower ranks of the Vladivostok garrison was elected in Vladivostok. * December 7 - Edward Zirm successfully transplanted a human cornea. * December 8 — the Council of Workers' Deputies was established in Baku. * December 23 - January 8, 1906 - general political strike of Transcaucasian railway workers. * December 25 — demonstration and rally of soldiers of the Baku garrison. * December 27 - January 4, 1906 - general political strike in factories and fields of Baku. ### There are no exact dates * 1905 A. Einstein, developing M. Planck's hypothesis, predicted that electromagnetic energy is eclipsed by quantum. * 1905 theoretical physicist Albert Einstein formulated a new theory of space and time, special theory of relativity. * The first Australasian tennis championship was held in Melbourne, which was later called the Australian Open. * Sun Yat-sen founded the Revolutionary Allied League (Tungmenhui) in Japan. * S.I. The debut of Maslyukov (1891-1947), a Russian circus and stage artist. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1905 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1905 have been ## See more ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8263

1912

The year 1912 begins on Monday, the first day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is 1912 of our era, 912 of the 2nd millennium, 12th year of the 20th century, 2nd year of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 3rd year of the 1910s. ## Events * 1912 German physicist Max Laue (1879 – 1960) discovered the diffraction of X-rays in crystals ## Births See also: Category: Born in 1912 ## Deaths See also: Category:Deaths in 1912 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8337

Hu Jintau

Hu Jintao, Hu Jintao (born on December 21, 1942, Anhui Province, Zhishi City) is a political figure, the President of the People's Republic of China from 2003 to 2013. Graduated from Tsinghua University in Beijing (1964). 1964 — 68 engaged in scientific work at this university. 1968 — 82 Worked in responsible positions in the Ministry of Water Supply and Electric Power, in the Construction Committee of Gansu Province. 1982 — 88 Secretary, 1st Secretary of the Chinese Communist Youth Union, Chairman of the All-State Youth Union, Secretary of the Party Committee of Guizhou Province, 1988-92. He served as the secretary of the Tibet Autonomous District Party Committee. Member of the Standing Committee of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, Secretary of the Central Secretariat (1992 — 2002), Rector of the Central Party School (1993 — 2002), Deputy Chairman of the People's Republic of China (1998 — 2002), Deputy Chairman of the Central Military Council of the People's Republic of China and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China (1999 — 2002). ) was. Hu Jintao has been the General Secretary of the CPC Central Committee since 2002, the Chairman of the People's Republic of China since 2003, the Chairman of the Central Military Council of the CPC Central Committee since 2004, and the Chairman of the Central Military Council of the People's Republic of China since 2005. He is pursuing the policy of creating a harmonious society in China based on the development of the political orientation of the leaders before him. As the head of state, he visited Kazakhstan several times on official visits. On October 22, 2022, at an extraordinary meeting of the Communist Party, he was forcibly removed from the hall without reason, and then all data was deleted from the PRC Internet. ## Sources ## External links * Hu Jintao Archived 22 August 2006. (ChinaVitae.com) * Hu Jintao calls for upholding Marxism Archived June 7, 2004. (Xinhua) * China's leader shows his stripes — January 2005 BBC article arguing that Hu is more hardline than he initially appeared * Requiem for Reform? Archived from the original on October 11, 2008. Zhao Ziyang's vision of political change in China dims as Hu Jintao hardens the Party line (Time Asia) * China's Hu: well liked, little known, from the Christian Science Monitor, by Robert Marquand, April 19, 2006 * Hu Jintao's political philosophies and policies Archived March 25, 2009. by Dr. Robert Lawrence Kuhn

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8375

Salkam Dzhangir

Salkam Zhangir Khan (1610-1652) was the Kazakh Khan who ruled in 1643-1652, the son of Esim Khan. He ascended the khan throne after the death of Yesim Khan. Jangir Khan was a short but full-bodied man. That is why the people called him "Salkam Dzhangir". During his reign, the Dzungar-Oirats, led by Batyr Kontayshi, became stronger. They continuously attacked the Kazakh Khanate. ## Biography The years of Jangir Khan's reign correspond to the period of continuous campaigns of Dzungar feudal lords to conquer the Kazakh lands. According to some information, Zhangir Khan's horde was located near Turkestan. Dzhangir Khan signed an alliance agreement with Bukhara Khanate and fought against Dzonghar invaders. At the same time, he sought to establish such relations with the Kyrgyz. All this was born from the purpose of defense against Dzonghar attack. It was during this period that armed conflicts between the Kazakh Khanate and the Oirat Dzungars became more frequent. Leaders of both sides fought for convenient places to move and trade centers along the Syrdarya River. According to the historical data of that period, there were three major battles between the Kazakhs and the Oirat Dzonghars during the reign of Zhangir Khan: * The first battle - in 1635 * The second battle - in 1643-1644 * The third battle - in 1652 In the battle of 1635, the Kazakh army was opposed by a strong army led by Batyr Kontayshi. There is no information about the exact results of this battle, but there are reports that Jangir Khan was captured during the battle and escaped after some time. Since then, Jangir Khan has been constantly attacking the Dzhungars. The second major battle began in the winter of 1643 with the attack of Batyr Kontaysh on the Kazakh lands. The Dzungars conquered a large part of the Zhetysu region and captured about ten thousand people. Salkam Jangir Khan marched along the Orbulak River with 600 soldiers to repel the Dzonghars. The famous battle of Orbulak takes place here. Jalangtos Bahadur, the ruler of Samarkand, comes to help Jangir Khan with 20,000 soldiers. Thanks to the help of Jalangtos Bahadur's hand, Jangir Khan wins this battle. Hero lander will be forced to retreat. The defeated Dzhongars lost about ten thousand people in this battle. According to the preserved historical data, in this battle, Jangir Khan was able to show great leadership skills and military skills. Jangir Khan made some efforts to get help from the Mughal side in the fight against the Dzungars. He sent ambassadors twice to establish good neighborly relations with them. This diplomatic task was entrusted to the sons of Jangir Khan, Tauke and Apak sultans. Dzungars, who were not completely defeated in the battle of 1643-1644, began to carefully prepare for the future war. After the defeat in 1643-1644, the Dzungar governor united his scattered possessions and bought weapons and ammunition from Russian cities in Siberia. In 1652, in the third major battle between the Kazakhs and the Dzungars, the Kazakh troops were defeated, and the son of Dzhangir Khan Ochiritsu Tsetsenu Khan was killed by Galdaman Noyon. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8349

Russian Empire

The Russian Empire (pre-reform Russian. Российская империя; also Всея Руси империя) is the last state in which the Russian monarchy was established. It is a transcontinental state located in Eastern Europe and Central and Northern Asia, and is still considered the third largest state (after the British Empire and the Mongol Empire). The Russian Empire was founded on October 22, 1721, and collapsed on September 14, 1917, after the establishment of a provisional government and the proclamation of the Republic due to the February Revolution of 1917. It was created as a result of the colonial policy of the Russian state. Peter I declared Russia an empire in 1721. In the 18th-19th centuries, the Baltic region, Ukraine, Belarus, the eastern part of Poland, Bessarabia, the North Caucasus, Finland, the Outer Caucasus, and the territories of Central Asia were forcibly included in the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire began to colonize the Kazakh lands from the 2nd quarter of the 18th century. By the end of the 19th century, the territory of the Russian Empire was 22.4 million km², the population was 128.2 million according to the 1897 census. (43% of them were Russians). In the 20th century, the Russian Empire consisted of 81 provinces and 20 regions. A number of gubernias and regions were merged into general governorships. The Khanates of Bukhara and Khiva were vassals of the Russian Empire. In 1914, the Urankai region became a protectorate of the Russian Empire. The Russian Empire was a monarchical state, ruled by the Romanov dynasty. The state language was Russian, and the religion was the Orthodox branch of Christianity. The tsarist government paid special attention to the spiritual colonization and baptism of non-Russian peoples in the Russian Empire. As a result of the February Revolution, the Russian Empire fell and was replaced by the Provisional Government of Russia. ## Economy * * * *

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8266

1915

1915 begins on Friday, the fifth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1915 of our era, 915 of the II millennium, 15 of the 20th century, 5 of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 6 of the 1910s. ## Events * January 18 - The Great Japanese Empire made "twenty one demands" on China. * April 22 - The German command for the first time in history used chlorine gas on British positions under Ypres. * September 5 - Nicholas II received the title of Supreme Commander. * Baymukhamet Koschegulov's candy-ginger factory company is awarded the honorary title "Supplier of His Majesty's Court". ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1915 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1915 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8299

Balasaguni, Yusup

Yusup Balasaguni, Yusip Khas Khajib Balasaguni (1020) - poet, thinker, scientist, statesman. ## Biography Few details about his life have been preserved. He made a great contribution to the development of philosophy, mathematics, medicine, astronomy, astrology, art, literature, linguistics, and other fields of science. Yusup Balasaguni's name remained in the history of world literature and culture through the saga "Kutadgu Bilik" ("Blessed Shaft"). Yusup Balasaguni finished writing this epic in 462 Hijra and 1070 AD. The epic is dedicated to Suleiman Arslan Khan (908-955), the founder of the Karakhan dynasty (942-1210), the "Khan of Khans". For this reason, the khan, by his decree, gave Yusip Balasaguni the position of "khas hajib" - "chief vizier" or "great adviser". There are three versions of the saga that have come down to us. The first one was copied in 1439 in the city of Herat in ancient Uyghur script (now it is stored in the Royal Library in Vienna), and the second one was copied in Egypt in the first half of the 14th century in Arabic script (in the collection of the Khediven Library in Cairo). And the third version, found in the city of Namangan, was written on paper with Arabic letters in the 12th century. This manuscript is kept in the collection of the Institute of Oriental Studies in Tashkent. Scientists have created a complete science-based text of the "Blessed shaft" saga, collecting the unique characteristics of each of these three copies. The Hungarian scientist Herman Vambery (1832-1913) translated several chapters of "Blessed Qualification" into German and published it as a separate book in 1870 in Innsbruck. Russian scientist V. V. Radlov (1837-1918) worked for twenty years (1890-1910). In 1942-43, Turkish scientists published all three versions of the "Blessed Qualifier" in three volumes from Istanbul. The epic "Kutty Bilik" was written in the language of the Turks of the Karakhan dynasty, which was understood by the entire Turkic world in the Middle Ages. Karimov translated it into Uzbek (1971), N. Grebnev (1971) and S. Ivanov to the Russian language (1983), A. Egeubaev translated it into the Kazakh language (1986), and a group of translators translated it into the Uyghur language (1984). In a certain sense, the saga "Kutty Bilik" served as the Constitution of the country. The main idea of the saga is based on four principles. The first is to have a fair law that creates a black feather for the proper administration of the state. The author shows the sun-born king as a symbolic image of justice. The second is the desire to have wealth in the country. The issue of gardening and wealth is included in the poem through the image of Aitol, the king's vizier. ## Kutty Bilik saga "Kutty Bilik" saga was written in the language of the Turks of the Karakhan dynasty, which was understood by the entire Turkic world in the Middle Ages. Yusup Balasagun "Blessed Qualified" started in Balasagun in 1069-1070 and completed it in Kashkar within eighteen months. It was K. Karimov to the Uzbek language (1971), N. Grebnev (1971) and S. Ivanov to the Russian language (1983), A. Egeubaev translated it into the Kazakh language (1986), and a group of translators translated it into the Uyghur language (Beijing, 1984). The dynasty ruled by the Karakhan family was longed for. Once upon a time, the "Happy shaft" saga was called differently in different countries of the East. In one country, it is known as "Ainaq ul-mamlakat" ("State order"), in another - "Panunaman muluk" ("Admonition to governors"), in the third - as "Adab ul-muluk" ("Politeness of governors"). All these titles confirm that the epic "Kutty Bilik" is mainly a work on the issue of state management. The main idea of the saga is based on four principles. The first is to have a fair law that creates a black feather for the proper administration of the state. The author shows King Kuntu as a symbolic image of justice. The second is the desire for prosperity, i.e. prosperity for the country. The issue of gardening and wealth is included in the poem through the image of Aitol, the king's vizier. The third is intelligence. The socio-social role of intelligence is sung in the image of Ugdulmish, the vizier's son. The fourth is the satisfaction issue. This issue is discussed in the saga through the image of Ordgurmish, a relative of the vizier. The combination characteristic of medieval Eastern thinkers - the combined use of knowledge with artistic and scientific methods is reflected in the harmony of artistic, intellectual, scholarly, philosophical qualities and the unity of scientific wisdom in the teachings of Yusup Balasaguni. Drinking from the nourishing spring of Turkish culture and enriched by the powerful influence of Muslim civilization, the thinker strives to understand the place and function of man in society in his work, his high philosophy in the ideal society. describes his ideals. In Yusup Balasaguni's "Blessed Knowledge" the meaning of life is considered and the values of universal spiritual wealth - ideals, religion, ethics, art and wisdom - are differentiated. Yusup Balasaguni bases the way to the truth on the principle of harmony between man and the world, the great universe and the microcosm. Based on the ancient philosophical understanding of the four forces - fire, water, air, earth, the thinker believes that the world is created from the combination of these four. Another such quatrain is in Yusup Balasaguni's thoughts about society, i.e. society in modern understanding. in his philosophy, it is depicted as justice, happiness, reason and contentment, and it is summed up in the four characters of "Blessed Qualifier". The idea of the integrity and adequacy of the universe and the microcosm can be seen throughout the worldview of Yusup Balasaguni. The scholar, who also believed that this false world could be corrected with the speed of his mind, dreamed of creating a just human society on the basis of world harmony. That is why he attached great importance to science and education. Yusup Balasaguni believes that the transition of common sense to knowledge as a result of knowledge is the realization of human potential. The scientist opposes the idea that knowledge is innate and believes that it can be achieved as a result of rational actions. Only a person who drinks a lot of knowledge can achieve a lot. According to him, education is wisdom, health and fulfillment of soul. According to Yusup Balasaguni, the measure of perfection in the structure of society is society. It becomes noticeable only when the order is broken. At that time, new ideals and slogans will appear and gain the support of the people. He believed that the perfection of the social structure is determined by the freedom and independence of the individual. In his social philosophy, Yusup Balasaguni examines the foundations of perfection in society and its practical manifestations in close connection. He knows that perfection in knowledge is a shaft, and its manifestation in practice is ukush. Yusup Balasaguni focused on intelligence in his work. In "Blessed knowledge" he first of all thinks about wisdom, that is, theoretical intelligence in the modern understanding, the nature of wisdom, its characteristics, innate abilities and the role of a person in the accumulation of subsequent knowledge, the pursuit of truth in the process of knowledge, etc. considers the issues. Ghulama wrote his work in the channel of Eastern Perepatism, under the powerful influence of Sufism. He knows that the function of thinking is unique to humans and is not found in animals. If the feeling is deceptive, then it cannot be fully trusted, and the mind, intelligence always serves a person, it is not false. The main idea of "Blessed Qualification" is the human development and personality improvement, thereby making the state and society powerful, strong and happy. A person who has embarked on the path of personal perfection is a noble soul who has come as close as possible to his qualities, form and basis. The saga reminds the reader that one can achieve good fortune and happiness only by ennobling one's morals. The principle of "keeping yourself" and "not forgetting yourself" in it is aimed at improving human character and personality. The poet is deeply worried about transitory life and death. In his opinion, the most painful regret is the result of being led by worldly interests and fleshly desires in a measured life and not being able to maintain moral purity, so a person should not forget the transience of life along with his personality. Apart from this, the works of Yusup Balasaguni are characterized by the desire for virtue and arrogance, love of God in Sufi knowledge, and the desire to delve deeply into the world and human secrets. "Kutty Bilik" epic consists of 6520 verses (two-line poem). Therefore, there are 13040 verses in the saga. All this is divided into 85 chapters. The introduction of the saga is written in black words, and the main parts are written in a shortened form of the Aruz verse called mutakarib. The plot line of the epic "Kutty Bilik" mainly consists of conversations, questions and answers, and letters written to each other by the main characters of the work. The four main characters, depicted as symbolic manifestations of four different virtues, talk about the pressing problems of society. In such an interview, they didactically-philosophically talk about what kind of governors the country should be, the need for education, manners and education. speaks from the point of view. For example, the poet sings about various types of manners and concludes that the most important of them is language manners. The author of the saga "Blessed Shaft" very skillfully uses artistic tools such as metaphor, allegory, hyperbole, allusion, allusion. The saga has a special literary, linguistic, and historical scientific value. This saga describes the medieval lifestyle, beliefs, customs, speech, language, etc. of the tribes that formed the ethnic composition of the Kazakh people. b. It is a very necessary and valuable heritage to study. "Blessed Shaft" saga was dedicated to Kara Bohrakhan by Tabgash from the Karakhan dynasty. For this, the poet was given the title of Khas Hajib (palace minister). In 1891-1900, V. V. Radlov revealed to the world of science. 1896 K. Kerimov translated into Uzbek. In 1971 N. Grebnev made a free translation under the name "The Science of Happiness". In 1983 S. N. Ivanov presented it to Russian readers under the name "Blagodatnoe znanie". And in 1986, this epic poet A. Egeubaev translated into Kazakh. The poem "Blessed Shaft" is an encyclopedic work. It is not difficult to understand that the author was guided by political music in writing it. He tried to teach the Karakhan dynasty how to manage highly developed areas like Mauerannakhr and East Turkestan. Of course, the work is not only a political treatise, but also covers the fields of science and culture of the Middle Ages. Issues related to human destiny, meaning of life, place and role in the world are also considered. At the same time, we know that Balasagun had a philosophical, shamanistic, Islamic worldview. Communicating philosophy through poetry was a medieval oriental trend. Another aspect is the various pre-Islamic beliefs. Shamanic concepts are visible in the work. Islamic ideology also plays a significant role. In this regard, A. N. Romanov and S. N. Ivanov evaluates: "Yusip Balasagun's poem "Blessed shaft" is the first, oldest, and so far the only work written in Turkish on the basis of Muslim ideology, as a preacher of this ideology." The book contains proverbs, sayings, regular phrases that show the life of nomads and the art of hunting ## Precept of thought This is what Balasagun said about good and bad we cannot fail to quote one thought: "If those who are kind are strong, and those who are cruel are weak, we would not be troubled by heavy thoughts. If justice were the law in the world, we would not be dissatisfied with the cruelty of our fate." ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8279

1908

The year 1908 begins on the third day of the week, i.e., Wednesday, according to the Gregorian calendar. Leap year. This is 1908 of our era, 908 of the 2nd millennium, 8th year of the 20th century, 8th year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 9th year of the 1900s. ## Events * 1908 Dutch physicist Geike Kamerling-Onnes (1853 - 1926) liquefied helium gas. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1908 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1908 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8278

1907

The year 1907 begins on the second day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Tuesday. Not a leap year. This is 1907 of our era, 907 of the 2nd millennium, 7th year of the 20th century, 7th year of the 1st decade of the 20th century, 8th year of the 1900s. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1907 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1907 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8300

Serik Sultangazyuly Bilalov

Serik Sultangazyuly Bilalov (April 5, 1958, North Kazakhstan region, Bulaev district, Sarytomar village) is a Kazakh politician, akim of North Kazakhstan in 2007-2013 and a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan (March 15, 2013). ## Biography * Graduated from Tselinograd Agricultural Institute (1983). * Graduated from Almaty Institute of Economics and Statistics (1998), zoo engineer, economist. * Labor service in 1974. He started as a livestock sanatorium of the state farm named after "Molodogvardeitsev" of the Vozvyshenka district of the North Kazakhstan region. * Beskol district worked as a zootechnician of "Andreevsky" branch. * Worked as a chief zootechnician in the districts of the North Kazakhstan region * Director of the district "Aralagash" of the Soviet district. * 1992 He worked as the chief zootechnician and then the president of "Beskol Poultry Factory". * 1999 akim of Bulaev (now Magzhan Zhumabayev) district of the North Kazakhstan region. * Akim of Esil district * Akim of Kyzylzhar district. * 2007 Akim of Kyzylzhar district of North Kazakhstan region until April * 2007 Since April, he has held the position of deputy akim of the North Kazakhstan region. * 2007 From October 9 to January 22, 2013 - akim of the North Kazakhstan region. * March 15, 2013 - was elected as a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8313

Mustafa Kamal

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (trans. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk), Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, Gazi Mustafa Kemal in 1921–1934 (1881, Thessaloniki - November 10, 1938, Istanbul) - Ottoman and Turkish statesman, political figure and military commander, Turkey founder and reformer, its first president. He was one of the persons who changed Turkey into a secular, industrialized country. His ideology was secularism, nationalism, and was called Kemalism. Mustafa Kemal proved himself as a very talented commander during the victorious war of the Ottoman Turks - the Gallipoli operation. Later, he gained fame during the First World War, distinguished by his particularly successful military operations on the Anatolian and Palestinian fronts. After the Ottoman Empire lost the war and the Entente made plans to dismember the country, Mustafa Kemal started the Turkish National Movement. It was followed by the Turkish War of Independence. After organizing a provisional government in Ankara, he turned back the troops sent by the Entente states and prevailed over them. He swept away the remnants of the Ottoman Empire and established a secular Republic of Turkey. After the return of foreign interventionist forces, Mustafa Kemal began reforms aimed at making deep changes in the political, economic and cultural aspects of Turkish life. The main directions of those reforms are described in Kemal's political ideology. According to Atatürk's vision, the state of Turkey should be established as a modern, democratic and secular state. He established free primary school education and opened thousands of new schools. He created a Latin-based Turkish alphabet to replace the old Arabic script. For the first time in a Muslim country, Turkish women were granted equal civil rights with men - the right to vote - a modern reform not seen even in many Western countries. According to document No. 1580 of April 3, 1930, women were able to vote in elections, and in 1934 they had the same right to vote as men. By creating a political power based on the Turks, he laid the foundation for the creation of a rooted, united Turkish nation. Turkicization of place names and even human names began. The name "Atatürk", which means "Father of the Turks", was given to Kemal by the Turkish Parliament in 1934. Died on November 10, 1938 at the age of 57 in Dolambahçe Palace. In his place, Prime Minister Mustafa Ismet Ina took the position of president. Ataturk Mausoleum was opened in 1953. The mausoleum is surrounded by a park called Peace Park in honor of his famous speech "Peace at Home and World". In 1981, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Atatürk's birth, the UN and UNESCO honored Atatürk, declared the "Year of Atatürk" in the world, adopted a resolution on the centenary of Atatürk, describing Atatürk as "the leader of the struggle against colonialism and imperialism" and " He was recognized as a preacher of the mutual understanding of mankind and the great solidarity of nations in the world and devoted his whole life to human harmony and prosperity. In honor of Atatürk, many monuments have been opened in Turkey and in the countries of the world. Former Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos nominated Atatürk for the 1934 Nobel Prize. ## Biography ### Family and childhood Mustafa Kemal was born in the city of Salanik in the Ottoman Empire. His full name at birth is Ali Rizauly Mustafa. His father is Ali Riza Efendi, an Albanian, his mother is Zubeide. A sword was placed on the cradle of father Mustafa with the superstition that my son should be a hero. The exact date of birth of Mustafa Kemal is not known. This is because two different calendars were used in the Ottoman Empire: Hijri and Rumi. The year of his birth was recorded as 1296, but it was not mentioned in which calendar. The year 1296 corresponds to the years 1880–1881 of the current common calendar. According to Mustafa Kemal himself, his mother told him that he was born in the spring, and according to his sister Makbule Atadan, their mother told him that Mustafa was born at night when there was a winter storm. Following the recommendation of historian Reshit Saffet Atabinen, Atatürk himself adopted May 19, the date of the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence, as his birthday. Studied at military schools in Salanik and Manastyr. In 1895, he entered the Ottoman Military Academy in Manastyr. Mustafa Kemal is married to Latifa Ushaklygil. She divorced after 3 years of marriage. Atatürk adopted seven daughters and one son. In his spare time, he enjoyed reading, horse riding, playing chess and swimming. He was especially fond of dancing; He was fond of waltz and folk "Zeybek" dance style. Mustafa Kemal wrote many books and kept a personal diary. ### Military service The initial period, 1905-1914 years Mustafa Kemal graduated from the military school in 1905 with the rank of lieutenant and joined the 5th Infantry Division in Damascus sent to the army. There he became a member of the secret revolutionary society of reformist officers called Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Freedom") and became an opponent of the autocratic rule of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II. In 1907, he received the rank of captain and was sent to the 3rd army in Manastyr. During this period, he joined the Committee of Unity and Progress (BPK), also known as the Young Turks. In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid II and came to power. Mustafa Kemal became one of the top military leaders. As one of the earliest members of the BPC, he also took part in the 1908 revolution. But in later years, the leaders of the BPC began to oppose the policy, and sometimes even criticized it. Moreover, Mustafa Kemal's relations with Enver Pasha also worsened. Finally, Mustafa Kemal was removed from power after Enver Pasha took the highest military post in 1913. In 1910, Atatürk participated in the Picardy military maneuvers in France. In 1911, he served in the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Istanbul. In the same year 1911, he was sent to Trablusgarb region (in the territory of the present-day Libya) to organize resistance to Italian troops. After the successful defense of the city of Tobruk, on March 6, 1912, he was appointed the commander of the army in Derne. Mustafa Kemal returned to Istanbul in October 1912, after the beginning of the Balkan Wars. In the First Balkan War, he fought with the Bulgarian army at Gallipoli and Bolair on the coast of Thrace. During the Second Balkan War, he played an important role in the return of Edirne and Didymoteiho. In 1913, he was sent to Sofia, where he was appointed as a military attache. The reason for this was that Anwar Pasha considered Mustafa Kemal as his rival and was afraid of his growing political influence in Istanbul. In March 1914, while in Sofia, he received the military rank of lieutenant colonel. World War I During his service in Sofia, Mustafa Kemal began to strongly criticize Turkey's participation in the war as an ally of Germany. On July 6, 1914, he wrote a letter to the Ministry of War in Istanbul suggesting that, in the event of war, Turkey should follow a policy of neutrality and later enter the war against Germany. However, Minister of War Enver Pasha saw the alliance with Germany as the right thing to do, and a secret agreement was made between the two governments to create an alliance. As a result, the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War as an ally of Germany. Battle of Gallipoli, 1915–1916 German Marshal Otto Leemann von Sanders was appointed to command the 5th Army for the defense of the Dardanelles. Mustafa Kemal was tasked with organizing and leading the 19th division included in the 5th army. And on January 8, 1915, the British War Council launched a military operation to "capture the Gallipoli Peninsula with cannon fire and capture Istanbul." British warships failed to carry out the task of attacking Istanbul by breaking through the defenses along the coast of the Dardanelles. That is why the British launched a landing operation to support the movements of the fleet. This operation took place from April 25, 1915 to January 9, 1916. The division under the command of Mustafa Kemal, stationed at Gallipoli, clashed face-to-face with the Entente troops who were trying to occupy the peninsula. On April 15, 1915, Australian and New Zealand troops (ANZAC) landed on the coast at Anzac Cove and began to invade inland. But soon they were attacked by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal met the enemy troops on the hills, stopped them and recaptured the heights. Thanks to his military leadership, the ANZAC troops were stopped and the military objectives envisaged in the landings were not achieved. Before the clash of the two armies, Mustafa Kemal gave the following order to his soldiers: By nightfall, the losses of the ANZAC troops had reached 2000, and they were no longer driven into the sea, but began to fight only to stay on the coast. During the next two weeks, the Entente troops were stranded on the coast and lost a third of their army. Mustafa Kemal received the military rank of colonel after stopping the enemy army in the battle of Chunuk Bair in the initial stage of the operation. The second phase of the Gallipoli operation began on August 6. At that time, the commander Mustafa Kemal often served only 300 meters from the front line. During this operation, he led the Turkish troops in battles such as Chunuk Bair, Yusufchuk Tepe, and Sary Bair. This operation ended in a heavy defeat for the Entente troops, who had been defending against the Turks for ten months of the Gallipoli operation. Finally, the leaders of the Entente decided to stop the operation and withdraw the troops. The fact that they were able to leave safely was the greatest achievement and success for them. The head of the 5th Army, Otto Leemann von Sanders, and several other Turkish commanders, who fought on the side of the Ottoman Empire, achieved great success and stood out. However, Mustafa Kemal gained great fame by showing that he was an exceptionally good military commander. He earned the respect of his former opponents for his bravery and victory during the battle. The name of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk will be mentioned with great respect in the ANZAC troops memorial parade held in Canberra, Australia. The following words from his speech in honor of the thousands of fallen Turkish and ANZAC soldiers are engraved on the Anzac Valley Monument: Caucasus Campaign of 1916-1917 Mustafa Kemal - when appointed to a new position, the Ottoman army continued to advance he was facing the Russian army under the command of General Tovmas Nazarbekyan, the army of Armenian volunteers under the command of Andranik Toros Ozanyan, and the armed groups of Armenian citizens. After Van's resistance, the Provisional Government of Armenia was established under the leadership of Aram Manukyan. The power of the Armenian government had expanded somewhat since its first appearance on the shores of Lake Van. Battle of Bitlis and Battle of Mush had already started. When Kemal arrived, he saw a chaotic situation. Even in the most pleasant periods of the year, the weather there was harsh. The lines of communication and supply of the army were under attack by the insurgents. Hundreds of thousands of refugees, most of them Kurds who fought with Armenian forces, were fleeing the advancing Russian troops. The main goal before Mustafa Kemal was to establish order among the chaotic crowd and reduce their suffering so that the army under his command could perform their duties properly. The devastating attack of the Russian troops reached the Anatolian cities of Erzurum, Bitlis and Mush. On August 7, Mustafa Kemal deployed his groups and launched a counterattack. He was able to raise the morale of his army, which had been defeated earlier. Thanks to that, in just five days, two of his divisions captured the strategically important cities of Bitlis and Mush, confusing the plans of the Russian command. Emil Lengiel wrote about it: "He again showed that the Turk can be a brave warrior if he is properly led, and the Turks themselves drew attention to the exceptionally gifted leadership of their commander named Kemal." However, Izzet Pasha, who commanded other parts of the front, could not properly contribute to this successful counterattack. In September, Mustafa Kemal was forced to retreat from the city of Mush due to the attack of the Russian army and Armenian volunteer units. Despite several defeats, Mustafa Kemal succeeded once. [9] Its main strategic goal was to keep the enemy's army out of the mountainous region. His achievements were recognized in the same year when he was awarded the Golden Sword of the Order of Merit medal. On March 7, 1917, Mustafa Kemal was removed from the command of the 16th Corps and appointed as the commander of the entire 2nd Army. In the meantime, the October Revolution of 1917 began, and the Russian army disintegrated. Mustafa Kemal was assigned to another place at that time and he left the region After the battle of Gallipoli, Mustafa Kemal first served in Edirne until January 14, 1916. Then he was sent to the Caucasus campaign. On April 1, he received the military post of brigadier general. Many historians believe that Anwar Pasha deliberately hindered the growth of his military position. Sinai and Palestine Campaign of 1917–1918 His command of the Second Army was suspended as he was sent to the Sinai-Palestine Campaign. He was assigned to command the Seventh Army. After a short visit to the headquarters of the 7th Army, he returned to Constantinople on October 7. He joined Crown Prince Mehmet Vahdettin VI (later Sultan Mehmed VI) during his visit to Germany. During this trip, he fell ill and stayed in Vienna for treatment. He returned to Aleppo on August 28, 1918 and resumed command of the Seventh Army. His headquarters were located in Nablus and Gallipoli in Palestine. As in Gallipoli, he was under the command of General Lyman von Sanders, his headquarters were in Nazareth. Mustafa Kemal once again studied Syria carefully and was at the forefront. He concluded that Syria was in bad shape (500,000 Syrians starved to death between 1915 and 1917). There was no Ottoman civilian governor or commander. There was a lot of British propaganda and there were British secret agents everywhere. The local population hated the Ottoman government and looked forward to the speedy arrival of British troops. The enemy was stronger in terms of strength and equipment. To describe the desperate situation, he said, "we are like cotton strings stretched across their path." Mustafa Kemal also had to deal with the Arab revolt organized by Great Britain, which prompted the local Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule. Lyman von Sanders was defeated at the Battle of Megiddo, leaving behind 75,000 prisoners of war on the first day alone. Now there was nothing between General Allenby's forces and Mustafa Kemal's Seventh Army. Mustafa Kemal, finding that he lacked the men to oppose the British forces, retreated towards Jordan to form a stronger defensive line. In a couple of days, the total number of deserters reached 300 thousand. Mustafa Kemal's war changed radically from a fight against the Allies to a fight against the disintegration of his own forces. ## Glorification of Atatürk The system established by Atatürk long ago in Turkey followed the ideology of glorification of his image. And in November 2013, the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül, made changes to the state badges, images and coat of arms, and removed the image of Atatürk, the first president of the Republic of Turkey, from the new medals and orders. Instead, the images of the crescent moon and stars are marked on state badges. Also, on October 8, the authorities stopped taking the oath of students. Before that, every Monday for almost 80 years, schoolchildren lined up and swore to "work hard to achieve their goals" in front of the bronze statue of Atatürk. Thus, the internal ideology of Turkey is changing and its rejection of Atatürk's ideology continues. ### His monument in Astana ## Proverbs Every time a Turkish child gets to know his ancestors, he will do great things only by himself gains strength. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8309

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (trans. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk), Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, Gazi Mustafa Kemal in 1921–1934 (1881, Thessaloniki - November 10, 1938, Istanbul) - Ottoman and Turkish statesman, political figure and military commander, Turkey founder and reformer, its first president. He was one of the persons who changed Turkey into a secular, industrialized country. His ideology was secularism, nationalism, and was called Kemalism. Mustafa Kemal proved himself as a very talented commander during the victorious war of the Ottoman Turks - the Gallipoli operation. Later, he gained fame during the First World War, distinguished by his particularly successful military operations on the Anatolian and Palestinian fronts. After the Ottoman Empire lost the war and the Entente made plans to dismember the country, Mustafa Kemal started the Turkish National Movement. It was followed by the Turkish War of Independence. After organizing a provisional government in Ankara, he turned back the troops sent by the Entente states and prevailed over them. He swept away the remnants of the Ottoman Empire and established a secular Republic of Turkey. After the return of foreign interventionist forces, Mustafa Kemal began reforms aimed at making deep changes in the political, economic and cultural aspects of Turkish life. The main directions of those reforms are described in Kemal's political ideology. According to Atatürk's vision, the state of Turkey should be established as a modern, democratic and secular state. He established free primary school education and opened thousands of new schools. He created a Latin-based Turkish alphabet to replace the old Arabic script. For the first time in a Muslim country, Turkish women were granted equal civil rights with men - the right to vote - a modern reform not seen even in many Western countries. According to document No. 1580 of April 3, 1930, women were able to vote in elections, and in 1934 they had the same right to vote as men. By creating a political power based on the Turks, he laid the foundation for the creation of a rooted, united Turkish nation. Turkicization of place names and even human names began. The name "Atatürk", which means "Father of the Turks", was given to Kemal by the Turkish Parliament in 1934. Died on November 10, 1938 at the age of 57 in Dolambahçe Palace. In his place, Prime Minister Mustafa Ismet Ina took the position of president. Ataturk Mausoleum was opened in 1953. The mausoleum is surrounded by a park called Peace Park in honor of his famous speech "Peace at Home and World". In 1981, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Atatürk's birth, the UN and UNESCO honored Atatürk, declared the "Year of Atatürk" in the world, adopted a resolution on the centenary of Atatürk, describing Atatürk as "the leader of the struggle against colonialism and imperialism" and " He was recognized as a preacher of the mutual understanding of mankind and the great solidarity of nations in the world and devoted his whole life to human harmony and prosperity. In honor of Atatürk, many monuments have been opened in Turkey and in the countries of the world. Former Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos nominated Atatürk for the 1934 Nobel Prize. ## Biography ### Family and childhood Mustafa Kemal was born in the city of Salanik in the Ottoman Empire. His full name at birth is Ali Rizauly Mustafa. His father is Ali Riza Efendi, an Albanian, his mother is Zubeide. A sword was placed on the cradle of father Mustafa with the superstition that my son should be a hero. The exact date of birth of Mustafa Kemal is not known. This is because two different calendars were used in the Ottoman Empire: Hijri and Rumi. The year of his birth was recorded as 1296, but it was not mentioned in which calendar. The year 1296 corresponds to the years 1880–1881 of the current common calendar. According to Mustafa Kemal himself, his mother told him that he was born in the spring, and according to his sister Makbule Atadan, their mother told him that Mustafa was born at night when there was a winter storm. Following the recommendation of historian Reshit Saffet Atabinen, Atatürk himself adopted May 19, the date of the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence, as his birthday. Studied at military schools in Salanik and Manastyr. In 1895, he entered the Ottoman Military Academy in Manastyr. Mustafa Kemal is married to Latifa Ushaklygil. She divorced after 3 years of marriage. Atatürk adopted seven daughters and one son. In his spare time, he enjoyed reading, horse riding, playing chess and swimming. He was especially fond of dancing; He was fond of waltz and folk "Zeybek" dance style. Mustafa Kemal wrote many books and kept a personal diary. ### Military service The initial period, 1905-1914 years Mustafa Kemal graduated from the military school in 1905 with the rank of lieutenant and joined the 5th Infantry Division in Damascus sent to the army. There he became a member of the secret revolutionary society of reformist officers called Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Freedom") and became an opponent of the autocratic rule of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II. In 1907, he received the rank of captain and was sent to the 3rd army in Manastyr. During this period, he joined the Committee of Unity and Progress (BPK), also known as the Young Turks. In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid II and came to power. Mustafa Kemal became one of the top military leaders. As one of the earliest members of the BPC, he also took part in the 1908 revolution. But in later years, the leaders of the BPC began to oppose the policy, and sometimes even criticized it. Moreover, Mustafa Kemal's relations with Enver Pasha also worsened. Finally, Mustafa Kemal was removed from power after Enver Pasha took the highest military post in 1913. In 1910, Atatürk participated in the Picardy military maneuvers in France. In 1911, he served in the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Istanbul. In the same year 1911, he was sent to Trablusgarb region (in the territory of the present-day Libya) to organize resistance to Italian troops. After the successful defense of the city of Tobruk, on March 6, 1912, he was appointed the commander of the army in Derne. Mustafa Kemal returned to Istanbul in October 1912, after the beginning of the Balkan Wars. In the First Balkan War, he fought with the Bulgarian army at Gallipoli and Bolair on the coast of Thrace. During the Second Balkan War, he played an important role in the return of Edirne and Didymoteiho. In 1913, he was sent to Sofia, where he was appointed as a military attache. The reason for this was that Anwar Pasha considered Mustafa Kemal as his rival and was afraid of his growing political influence in Istanbul. In March 1914, while in Sofia, he received the military rank of lieutenant colonel. World War I During his service in Sofia, Mustafa Kemal began to strongly criticize Turkey's participation in the war as an ally of Germany. On July 6, 1914, he wrote a letter to the Ministry of War in Istanbul suggesting that, in the event of war, Turkey should follow a policy of neutrality and later enter the war against Germany. However, Minister of War Enver Pasha saw the alliance with Germany as the right thing to do, and a secret agreement was made between the two governments to create an alliance. As a result, the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War as an ally of Germany. Battle of Gallipoli, 1915–1916 German Marshal Otto Leemann von Sanders was appointed to command the 5th Army for the defense of the Dardanelles. Mustafa Kemal was tasked with organizing and leading the 19th division included in the 5th army. And on January 8, 1915, the British War Council launched a military operation to "capture the Gallipoli Peninsula with cannon fire and capture Istanbul." British warships failed to carry out the task of attacking Istanbul by breaking through the defenses along the coast of the Dardanelles. That is why the British launched a landing operation to support the movements of the fleet. This operation took place from April 25, 1915 to January 9, 1916. The division under the command of Mustafa Kemal, stationed at Gallipoli, clashed face-to-face with the Entente troops who were trying to occupy the peninsula. On April 15, 1915, Australian and New Zealand troops (ANZAC) landed on the coast at Anzac Cove and began to invade inland. But soon they were attacked by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal met the enemy troops on the hills, stopped them and recaptured the heights. Thanks to his military leadership, the ANZAC troops were stopped and the military objectives envisaged in the landings were not achieved. Before the clash of the two armies, Mustafa Kemal gave the following order to his soldiers: By nightfall, the losses of the ANZAC troops had reached 2000, and they were no longer driven into the sea, but began to fight only to stay on the coast. During the next two weeks, the Entente troops were stranded on the coast and lost a third of their army. Mustafa Kemal received the military rank of colonel after stopping the enemy army in the battle of Chunuk Bair in the initial stage of the operation. The second phase of the Gallipoli operation began on August 6. At that time, the commander Mustafa Kemal often served only 300 meters from the front line. During this operation, he led the Turkish troops in battles such as Chunuk Bair, Yusufchuk Tepe, and Sary Bair. This operation ended in a heavy defeat for the Entente troops, who had been defending against the Turks for ten months of the Gallipoli operation. Finally, the leaders of the Entente decided to stop the operation and withdraw the troops. The fact that they were able to leave safely was the greatest achievement and success for them. The head of the 5th Army, Otto Leemann von Sanders, and several other Turkish commanders, who fought on the side of the Ottoman Empire, achieved great success and stood out. However, Mustafa Kemal gained great fame by showing that he was an exceptionally good military commander. He earned the respect of his former opponents for his bravery and victory during the battle. The name of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk will be mentioned with great respect in the ANZAC troops memorial parade held in Canberra, Australia. The following words from his speech in honor of the thousands of fallen Turkish and ANZAC soldiers are engraved on the Anzac Valley Monument: Caucasus Campaign of 1916-1917 Mustafa Kemal - when appointed to a new position, the Ottoman army continued to advance he was facing the Russian army under the command of General Tovmas Nazarbekyan, the army of Armenian volunteers under the command of Andranik Toros Ozanyan, and the armed groups of Armenian citizens. After Van's resistance, the Provisional Government of Armenia was established under the leadership of Aram Manukyan. The power of the Armenian government had expanded somewhat since its first appearance on the shores of Lake Van. Battle of Bitlis and Battle of Mush had already started. When Kemal arrived, he saw a chaotic situation. Even in the most pleasant periods of the year, the weather there was harsh. The lines of communication and supply of the army were under attack by the insurgents. Hundreds of thousands of refugees, most of them Kurds who fought with Armenian forces, were fleeing the advancing Russian troops. The main goal before Mustafa Kemal was to establish order among the chaotic crowd and reduce their suffering so that the army under his command could perform their duties properly. The devastating attack of the Russian troops reached the Anatolian cities of Erzurum, Bitlis and Mush. On August 7, Mustafa Kemal deployed his groups and launched a counterattack. He was able to raise the morale of his army, which had been defeated earlier. Thanks to that, in just five days, two of his divisions captured the strategically important cities of Bitlis and Mush, confusing the plans of the Russian command. Emil Lengiel wrote about it: "He again showed that the Turk can be a brave warrior if he is properly led, and the Turks themselves drew attention to the exceptionally gifted leadership of their commander named Kemal." However, Izzet Pasha, who commanded other parts of the front, could not properly contribute to this successful counterattack. In September, Mustafa Kemal was forced to retreat from the city of Mush due to the attack of the Russian army and Armenian volunteer units. Despite several defeats, Mustafa Kemal succeeded once. [9] Its main strategic goal was to keep the enemy's army out of the mountainous region. His achievements were recognized in the same year when he was awarded the Golden Sword of the Order of Merit medal. On March 7, 1917, Mustafa Kemal was removed from the command of the 16th Corps and appointed as the commander of the entire 2nd Army. In the meantime, the October Revolution of 1917 began, and the Russian army disintegrated. Mustafa Kemal was assigned to another place at that time and he left the region After the battle of Gallipoli, Mustafa Kemal first served in Edirne until January 14, 1916. Then he was sent to the Caucasus campaign. On April 1, he received the military post of brigadier general. Many historians believe that Anwar Pasha deliberately hindered the growth of his military position. Sinai and Palestine Campaign of 1917–1918 His command of the Second Army was suspended as he was sent to the Sinai-Palestine Campaign. He was assigned to command the Seventh Army. After a short visit to the headquarters of the 7th Army, he returned to Constantinople on October 7. He joined Crown Prince Mehmet Vahdettin VI (later Sultan Mehmed VI) during his visit to Germany. During this trip, he fell ill and stayed in Vienna for treatment. He returned to Aleppo on August 28, 1918 and resumed command of the Seventh Army. His headquarters were located in Nablus and Gallipoli in Palestine. As in Gallipoli, he was under the command of General Lyman von Sanders, his headquarters were in Nazareth. Mustafa Kemal once again studied Syria carefully and was at the forefront. He concluded that Syria was in bad shape (500,000 Syrians starved to death between 1915 and 1917). There was no Ottoman civilian governor or commander. There was a lot of British propaganda and there were British secret agents everywhere. The local population hated the Ottoman government and looked forward to the speedy arrival of British troops. The enemy was stronger in terms of strength and equipment. To describe the desperate situation, he said, "we are like cotton strings stretched across their path." Mustafa Kemal also had to deal with the Arab revolt organized by Great Britain, which prompted the local Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule. Lyman von Sanders was defeated at the Battle of Megiddo, leaving behind 75,000 prisoners of war on the first day alone. Now there was nothing between General Allenby's forces and Mustafa Kemal's Seventh Army. Mustafa Kemal, finding that he lacked the men to oppose the British forces, retreated towards Jordan to form a stronger defensive line. In a couple of days, the total number of deserters reached 300 thousand. Mustafa Kemal's war changed radically from a fight against the Allies to a fight against the disintegration of his own forces. ## Glorification of Atatürk The system established by Atatürk long ago in Turkey followed the ideology of glorification of his image. And in November 2013, the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül, made changes to the state badges, images and coat of arms, and removed the image of Atatürk, the first president of the Republic of Turkey, from the new medals and orders. Instead, the images of the crescent moon and stars are marked on state badges. Also, on October 8, the authorities stopped taking the oath of students. Before that, every Monday for almost 80 years, schoolchildren lined up and swore to "work hard to achieve their goals" in front of the bronze statue of Atatürk. Thus, the internal ideology of Turkey is changing and its rejection of Atatürk's ideology continues. ### His monument in Astana ## Proverbs Every time a Turkish child gets to know his ancestors, he will do great things only by himself gains strength. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8289

11

Year 11 begins on Saturday, the sixth day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is the 11th year of our era, the 11th year of the 1st millennium, the 11th year of the 1st century, the 1st year of the 2nd decade of the 1st century, the 2nd year of 10 years. ## Events ## Births See also: Category: Born in 11 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 11 ## See also ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8383

Bokei province

Bokei Governorate (1917–1925) — replaced the former Bokei Horde in the Russian Republic in 1917. Administrative-territorial structure established on July 1. The center is the city of Orda. 1925 Bokei Governorate was dissolved and included in the Ural Governorate of the Kazakh SSR. Territories that were part of the gubernia in 1917 are now * Zhanibek, Kaztalovka, Zhanakala, Bokei horde districts of West Kazakhstan region, * Zhanibek, * Kaztalovka, * Zhanakala, * Bokei Horde districts, * Makhambet, Kurmangazy districts of Atyrau region, * Makhambet, * Kurmangazy districts, neighboring Russia * Pallasovka district of Volgograd region, * Part of Pallasovka district, * Astrakhan region Kumozek, Volodar, Karabayli districts entered. * Kumuzek, * Volodar, * A part of Karabaily districts entered. ## History The place where the first Kazan revolution took place in Kazakhstan was Orda. In 1918, the first Kazakh cavalry regiment was formed in Orde. In 1918, the first Komsomol branch was established. ## Culture In 1918, the first Soviet printing house was opened, where "The Right Way", "Kirgizskaya Pravda", etc. Newspapers and magazines are published. In these periods, a lot of attention is paid to cultural life. "Zhiger" youth organization was created, Russian, Tatar, Kazakh troupes, well-known musician M. An orchestra of national instruments will be formed under the organization of Bukeikhanov. Famous dramatist I. Mendikhanov's plays are presented to the audience. ## Interesting facts 1983 In the spring, there was a preparatory period in Guryev, Volgograd, and Astarkhan regions. According to the project of the Politburo, the regions inhabited by Kazakhs (the lands of the former Bokei Horde/Bokei Governorate) were transferred from Russia to Kazakhstan and re-established the region. The future name of the region was decided in two ways: either Bokei region or Kurmangazy region. The center is the village of Ganyushkino (raised to the city level). The project has not been implemented despite the strong objections of a number of local leaders of Russia. ## Sources ## See also * Bokei Horda * Orda district

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8312

Ататүрік

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (trans. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk), Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, Gazi Mustafa Kemal in 1921–1934 (1881, Thessaloniki - November 10, 1938, Istanbul) - Ottoman and Turkish statesman, political figure and military commander, Turkey founder and reformer, its first president. He was one of the persons who changed Turkey into a secular, industrialized country. His ideology was secularism, nationalism, and was called Kemalism. Mustafa Kemal proved himself as a very talented commander during the victorious war of the Ottoman Turks - the Gallipoli operation. Later, he gained fame during the First World War, distinguished by his particularly successful military operations on the Anatolian and Palestinian fronts. After the Ottoman Empire lost the war and the Entente made plans to dismember the country, Mustafa Kemal started the Turkish National Movement. It was followed by the Turkish War of Independence. After organizing a provisional government in Ankara, he turned back the troops sent by the Entente states and prevailed over them. He swept away the remnants of the Ottoman Empire and established a secular Republic of Turkey. After the return of foreign interventionist forces, Mustafa Kemal began reforms aimed at making deep changes in the political, economic and cultural aspects of Turkish life. The main directions of those reforms are described in Kemal's political ideology. According to Atatürk's vision, the state of Turkey should be established as a modern, democratic and secular state. He established free primary school education and opened thousands of new schools. He created a Latin-based Turkish alphabet to replace the old Arabic script. For the first time in a Muslim country, Turkish women were granted equal civil rights with men - the right to vote - a modern reform not seen even in many Western countries. According to document No. 1580 of April 3, 1930, women were able to vote in elections, and in 1934 they had the same right to vote as men. By creating a political power based on the Turks, he laid the foundation for the creation of a rooted, united Turkish nation. Turkicization of place names and even human names began. The name "Atatürk", which means "Father of the Turks", was given to Kemal by the Turkish Parliament in 1934. Died on November 10, 1938 at the age of 57 in Dolambahçe Palace. In his place, Prime Minister Mustafa Ismet Ina took the position of president. Ataturk Mausoleum was opened in 1953. The mausoleum is surrounded by a park called Peace Park in honor of his famous speech "Peace at Home and World". In 1981, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Atatürk's birth, the UN and UNESCO honored Atatürk, declared the "Year of Atatürk" in the world, adopted a resolution on the centenary of Atatürk, describing Atatürk as "the leader of the struggle against colonialism and imperialism" and " He was recognized as a preacher of the mutual understanding of mankind and the great solidarity of nations in the world and devoted his whole life to human harmony and prosperity. In honor of Atatürk, many monuments have been opened in Turkey and in the countries of the world. Former Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos nominated Atatürk for the 1934 Nobel Prize. ## Biography ### Family and childhood Mustafa Kemal was born in the city of Salanik in the Ottoman Empire. His full name at birth is Ali Rizauly Mustafa. His father is Ali Riza Efendi, an Albanian, his mother is Zubeide. A sword was placed on the cradle of father Mustafa with the superstition that my son should be a hero. The exact date of birth of Mustafa Kemal is not known. This is because two different calendars were used in the Ottoman Empire: Hijri and Rumi. The year of his birth was recorded as 1296, but it was not mentioned in which calendar. The year 1296 corresponds to the years 1880–1881 of the current common calendar. According to Mustafa Kemal himself, his mother told him that he was born in the spring, and according to his sister Makbule Atadan, their mother told him that Mustafa was born at night when there was a winter storm. Following the recommendation of historian Reshit Saffet Atabinen, Atatürk himself adopted May 19, the date of the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence, as his birthday. Studied at military schools in Salanik and Manastyr. In 1895, he entered the Ottoman Military Academy in Manastyr. Mustafa Kemal is married to Latifa Ushaklygil. She divorced after 3 years of marriage. Atatürk adopted seven daughters and one son. In his spare time, he enjoyed reading, horse riding, playing chess and swimming. He was especially fond of dancing; He was fond of waltz and folk "Zeybek" dance style. Mustafa Kemal wrote many books and kept a personal diary. ### Military service The initial period, 1905-1914 years Mustafa Kemal graduated from the military school in 1905 with the rank of lieutenant and joined the 5th Infantry Division in Damascus sent to the army. There he became a member of the secret revolutionary society of reformist officers called Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Freedom") and became an opponent of the autocratic rule of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II. In 1907, he received the rank of captain and was sent to the 3rd army in Manastyr. During this period, he joined the Committee of Unity and Progress (BPK), also known as the Young Turks. In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid II and came to power. Mustafa Kemal became one of the top military leaders. As one of the earliest members of the BPC, he also took part in the 1908 revolution. But in later years, the leaders of the BPC began to oppose the policy, and sometimes even criticized it. Moreover, Mustafa Kemal's relations with Enver Pasha also worsened. Finally, Mustafa Kemal was removed from power after Enver Pasha took the highest military post in 1913. In 1910, Atatürk participated in the Picardy military maneuvers in France. In 1911, he served in the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Istanbul. In the same year 1911, he was sent to Trablusgarb region (in the territory of the present-day Libya) to organize resistance to Italian troops. After the successful defense of the city of Tobruk, on March 6, 1912, he was appointed the commander of the army in Derne. Mustafa Kemal returned to Istanbul in October 1912, after the beginning of the Balkan Wars. In the First Balkan War, he fought with the Bulgarian army at Gallipoli and Bolair on the coast of Thrace. During the Second Balkan War, he played an important role in the return of Edirne and Didymoteiho. In 1913, he was sent to Sofia, where he was appointed as a military attache. The reason for this was that Anwar Pasha considered Mustafa Kemal as his rival and was afraid of his growing political influence in Istanbul. In March 1914, while in Sofia, he received the military rank of lieutenant colonel. World War I During his service in Sofia, Mustafa Kemal began to strongly criticize Turkey's participation in the war as an ally of Germany. On July 6, 1914, he wrote a letter to the Ministry of War in Istanbul suggesting that, in the event of war, Turkey should follow a policy of neutrality and later enter the war against Germany. However, Minister of War Enver Pasha saw the alliance with Germany as the right thing to do, and a secret agreement was made between the two governments to create an alliance. As a result, the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War as an ally of Germany. Battle of Gallipoli, 1915–1916 German Marshal Otto Leemann von Sanders was appointed to command the 5th Army for the defense of the Dardanelles. Mustafa Kemal was tasked with organizing and leading the 19th division included in the 5th army. And on January 8, 1915, the British War Council launched a military operation to "capture the Gallipoli Peninsula with cannon fire and capture Istanbul." British warships failed to carry out the task of attacking Istanbul by breaking through the defenses along the coast of the Dardanelles. That is why the British launched a landing operation to support the movements of the fleet. This operation took place from April 25, 1915 to January 9, 1916. The division under the command of Mustafa Kemal, stationed at Gallipoli, clashed face-to-face with the Entente troops who were trying to occupy the peninsula. On April 15, 1915, Australian and New Zealand troops (ANZAC) landed on the coast at Anzac Cove and began to invade inland. But soon they were attacked by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal met the enemy troops on the hills, stopped them and recaptured the heights. Thanks to his military leadership, the ANZAC troops were stopped and the military objectives envisaged in the landings were not achieved. Before the clash of the two armies, Mustafa Kemal gave the following order to his soldiers: By nightfall, the losses of the ANZAC troops had reached 2000, and they were no longer driven into the sea, but began to fight only to stay on the coast. During the next two weeks, the Entente troops were stranded on the coast and lost a third of their army. Mustafa Kemal received the military rank of colonel after stopping the enemy army in the battle of Chunuk Bair in the initial stage of the operation. The second phase of the Gallipoli operation began on August 6. At that time, the commander Mustafa Kemal often served only 300 meters from the front line. During this operation, he led the Turkish troops in battles such as Chunuk Bair, Yusufchuk Tepe, and Sary Bair. This operation ended in a heavy defeat for the Entente troops, who had been defending against the Turks for ten months of the Gallipoli operation. Finally, the leaders of the Entente decided to stop the operation and withdraw the troops. The fact that they were able to leave safely was the greatest achievement and success for them. The head of the 5th Army, Otto Leemann von Sanders, and several other Turkish commanders, who fought on the side of the Ottoman Empire, achieved great success and stood out. However, Mustafa Kemal gained great fame by showing that he was an exceptionally good military commander. He earned the respect of his former opponents for his bravery and victory during the battle. The name of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk will be mentioned with great respect in the ANZAC troops memorial parade held in Canberra, Australia. The following words from his speech in honor of the thousands of fallen Turkish and ANZAC soldiers are engraved on the Anzac Valley Monument: Caucasus Campaign of 1916-1917 Mustafa Kemal - when appointed to a new position, the Ottoman army continued to advance he was facing the Russian army under the command of General Tovmas Nazarbekyan, the army of Armenian volunteers under the command of Andranik Toros Ozanyan, and the armed groups of Armenian citizens. After Van's resistance, the Provisional Government of Armenia was established under the leadership of Aram Manukyan. The power of the Armenian government had expanded somewhat since its first appearance on the shores of Lake Van. Battle of Bitlis and Battle of Mush had already started. When Kemal arrived, he saw a chaotic situation. Even in the most pleasant periods of the year, the weather there was harsh. The lines of communication and supply of the army were under attack by the insurgents. Hundreds of thousands of refugees, most of them Kurds who fought with Armenian forces, were fleeing the advancing Russian troops. The main goal before Mustafa Kemal was to establish order among the chaotic crowd and reduce their suffering so that the army under his command could perform their duties properly. The devastating attack of the Russian troops reached the Anatolian cities of Erzurum, Bitlis and Mush. On August 7, Mustafa Kemal deployed his groups and launched a counterattack. He was able to raise the morale of his army, which had been defeated earlier. Thanks to that, in just five days, two of his divisions captured the strategically important cities of Bitlis and Mush, confusing the plans of the Russian command. Emil Lengiel wrote about it: "He again showed that the Turk can be a brave warrior if he is properly led, and the Turks themselves drew attention to the exceptionally gifted leadership of their commander named Kemal." However, Izzet Pasha, who commanded other parts of the front, could not properly contribute to this successful counterattack. In September, Mustafa Kemal was forced to retreat from the city of Mush due to the attack of the Russian army and Armenian volunteer units. Despite several defeats, Mustafa Kemal succeeded once. [9] Its main strategic goal was to keep the enemy's army out of the mountainous region. His achievements were recognized in the same year when he was awarded the Golden Sword of the Order of Merit medal. On March 7, 1917, Mustafa Kemal was removed from the command of the 16th Corps and appointed as the commander of the entire 2nd Army. In the meantime, the October Revolution of 1917 began, and the Russian army disintegrated. Mustafa Kemal was assigned to another place at that time and he left the region After the battle of Gallipoli, Mustafa Kemal first served in Edirne until January 14, 1916. Then he was sent to the Caucasus campaign. On April 1, he received the military post of brigadier general. Many historians believe that Anwar Pasha deliberately hindered the growth of his military position. Sinai and Palestine Campaign of 1917–1918 His command of the Second Army was suspended as he was sent to the Sinai-Palestine Campaign. He was assigned to command the Seventh Army. After a short visit to the headquarters of the 7th Army, he returned to Constantinople on October 7. He joined Crown Prince Mehmet Vahdettin VI (later Sultan Mehmed VI) during his visit to Germany. During this trip, he fell ill and stayed in Vienna for treatment. He returned to Aleppo on August 28, 1918 and resumed command of the Seventh Army. His headquarters were located in Nablus and Gallipoli in Palestine. As in Gallipoli, he was under the command of General Lyman von Sanders, his headquarters were in Nazareth. Mustafa Kemal once again studied Syria carefully and was at the forefront. He concluded that Syria was in bad shape (500,000 Syrians starved to death between 1915 and 1917). There was no Ottoman civilian governor or commander. There was a lot of British propaganda and there were British secret agents everywhere. The local population hated the Ottoman government and looked forward to the speedy arrival of British troops. The enemy was stronger in terms of strength and equipment. To describe the desperate situation, he said, "we are like cotton strings stretched across their path." Mustafa Kemal also had to deal with the Arab revolt organized by Great Britain, which prompted the local Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule. Lyman von Sanders was defeated at the Battle of Megiddo, leaving behind 75,000 prisoners of war on the first day alone. Now there was nothing between General Allenby's forces and Mustafa Kemal's Seventh Army. Mustafa Kemal, finding that he lacked the men to oppose the British forces, retreated towards Jordan to form a stronger defensive line. In a couple of days, the total number of deserters reached 300 thousand. Mustafa Kemal's war changed radically from a fight against the Allies to a fight against the disintegration of his own forces. ## Glorification of Atatürk The system established by Atatürk long ago in Turkey followed the ideology of glorification of his image. And in November 2013, the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül, made changes to the state badges, images and coat of arms, and removed the image of Atatürk, the first president of the Republic of Turkey, from the new medals and orders. Instead, the images of the crescent moon and stars are marked on state badges. Also, on October 8, the authorities stopped taking the oath of students. Before that, every Monday for almost 80 years, schoolchildren lined up and swore to "work hard to achieve their goals" in front of the bronze statue of Atatürk. Thus, the internal ideology of Turkey is changing and its rejection of Atatürk's ideology continues. ### His monument in Astana ## Proverbs Every time a Turkish child gets to know his ancestors, he will do great things only by himself gains strength. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8338

Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact

The Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact (official name: Non-Aggression Pact between Germany and the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, also known as the "Hitler-Stalin Pact") is a ten-year agreement. The agreement was signed on August 23, 1939 by Foreign Minister Joachim von Ribbentrop from the German side and People's Commissar of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov from the Soviet side. The signing ceremony was attended by Joseph Stalin and German Ambassador Count von der Schulenburg. The agreement was related to the Berlin Treaty of 1926 and the Rapallo Treaty. The agreement guaranteed the neutrality of the Soviet Union in the event of German disagreements with Poland and the Western powers. According to the agreement, the Soviet Union had the opportunity to regain the territories of Tsarist Russia lost during the First World War without opposition from Germany. According to an additional secret protocol to the agreement, the two countries divided Central Europe into their areas of interest. The countries of Finland, Estonia, Latvia, and the part of Poland east of the Narew, Vistula, and San rivers were included in the zone of Soviet interests. No such clear line of demarcation has been drawn across Southeast Europe. The Soviet Union declared its interest in Bessarabia, a region of lesser importance to Germany. On June 22, 1941, the agreement was canceled by the German attack on the Soviet Union. ## Background Hitler set himself the goal of weakening the close ties of the countries to the east of Germany with France. According to his plan, these countries should again be dependent on Germany and oppose the Soviet Union, as in the Brest-Litovsk Peace Treaty of 1918. But despite the German-Polish non-aggression pact of 1934 and German offers to Romania in 1936, this policy failed. In October 1938, Hitler offered to expand eastward together with Poland, promising to give Poland most of the Ukraine. But Poland rejected this offer. Therefore, Hitler had only one option left. It is to use military force to deprive the Western powers of their will to intervene, and to separate the countries of Eastern Europe into the zone of German and Soviet interests. After Germany violated the Munich agreements of 1938 on March 15, 1939 and completely occupied Czechoslovakia, it was clear that the appeasement policy of Britain and France had completely collapsed. Hitler also accepted the tolerance of Britain and France, which showed that he continued to violate the terms of the Treaty of Versailles, as a sign of their weakness. While British Prime Minister Chamberlain was willing to comply with Hitler's demands regarding the nations, he saw Germany's massive eastward expansion as a threat to the balance of power that underpinned Britain's position as a great power. Chamberlain's guarantee of Polish independence on March 31, 1939 showed that Great Britain was most interested in an independent Poland. At the same time, the British government began to see the impossibility of effective action against Hitler in Europe without the Soviet Union. These three powers, Great Britain, Germany and the Soviet Union, had a strategic position in Central-Eastern Europe, and all three wanted to be out of danger. The Soviet Union, trying to avoid the threat from Germany, took the first step and formed an alliance with Great Britain on April 18, 1938. put forward the proposal. According to the agreement, the two countries were to help each other in case of an attack, and to provide assistance to the Baltic states, Finland and Poland. ### Negotiations on the Tripartite Union Negotiations between Great Britain, France and the Soviet Union took place in conditions of mutual distrust from the very beginning. Chamberlain did not fully trust the Soviet Union and estimated the strength of the Red Army as very low. The Soviet Union, on the other hand, was skeptical that the Western countries would fulfill their obligations. Moreover, the negotiations moved very slowly due to the fear of falling under the influence of the Soviet Union. Negotiations, which began on August 11, 1939, soon reached a deadlock. In particular, the Polish government was strongly opposed to giving the Soviet army the right to pass through Poland. Those in Warsaw absolutely refused to accept the Soviet Union's demand for the right to enter Polish territory without any prior announcement, even in the absence of a German attack. On August 21, the negotiations were first postponed, and after the signing of the German-Soviet non-aggression pact on August 23, it became clear to everyone that the negotiations had failed on August 27. ### German-Soviet negotiations At the same time as negotiations with Great Britain and France, the Soviet government was also conducting negotiations with the German Empire. The course of German-Soviet negotiations was more successful and faster. In mid-June 1939, Georgy Astakhov, counselor of the Soviet embassy in Berlin, announced in a conversation with the Bulgarian ambassador Parvan Dragonov: "If Germany declares that it will not attack the Soviet Union, or signs a non-aggression pact with it, then the Soviet Union The Union will cease to conclude an agreement with England." Germany did not ignore this information of Dragonov. On July 26, the embassy counselor Karl Schnurre told the Soviet embassy counselor Astakhov that the Germans are ready to give any guarantees. After discussions on various issues, on August 17, Ambassador Schulenburg brought a note to Foreign Minister Molotov suggesting that they were ready to sign a non-aggression pact and that a protocol on the sharing of areas of interest should be made as a confidential annex to it. On August 19, German-Soviet economic negotiations, which have been held in Berlin for several months, ended with an agreement. According to those agreements, Germany gave a loan of 200 million reichsmarks to the Soviet Union for 7 years, and in return, the Soviet Union was to sell raw materials to Germany for 180 million reichsmarks within two years. On the same day, Molotov informed Berlin that he was ready to host Soviet Foreign Minister Ribbentrop on August 26 and 27 for the formalization of a non-aggression pact. On August 21, Schulenburg presented Molotov with Hitler's personal message to Stalin. In his message, Hitler announced that Ribbentrop could come to Moscow within the next two days to finalize the agreement and finalize it. To this, Stalin scheduled the arrival of Ribbentrop on August 23. Thus, the German-Soviet non-aggression pact was signed in Moscow on August 23, 1939 by Ribbentrop and Molotov. ## Contents of the agreement According to the agreement, the contracting parties were not only to refrain from attacking each other, but also to maintain neutrality in the event of war with a third party. The secret additional protocol described the division of North-East and South-East European countries into interest zones, which should lead to "territorial-political reorganization" of Eastern Europe. Four points of the additional protocol proposed the following changes: * The zone of interest for the Baltic states (to which Finland was included and Lithuania was not included) was to pass along the northern border of Lithuania. That is, Latvia, Estonia and Finland were designated as a zone of interests of the Soviet Union, and Lithuania as a zone of interests of Germany. * Poland was to be divided into two parts along the Narew, Vistula and San rivers. The two parties agreed that the question of whether "the preservation of an independent Polish state is in the interests of both sides, and what the borders of such a state should be" should be determined in the course of future political changes. * After the Soviet Union expressed its interest in the Bessarabia region (today part of Moldova and Ukraine), the German government itself declared that it had "absolutely no interest in these regions". * Both contracting parties were obliged to keep the additional protocol in complete secrecy. On September 1, 1939, the German Wehrmacht attacked Poland and quickly defeated it, and on September 17, 1939, Soviet troops occupied eastern Poland, and on September 28, 1939, both sides signed the German-Soviet Agreement on Borders and Friendship and shared the territory of the former Polish state. ## Purpose of the Pact ### Germany This pact allowed Hitler to conquer western Poland. Hitler's goal in conquering western Poland was to attack the Soviet Union with the aim of destroying a political ideology that seemed dangerous and was trying to control the whole world. The second goal is to realize his dream of living space. This master plan was based on Hitler's assumption that even if Poland was attacked, neither the Western countries nor the Soviet Union would take any action. Excerpt from Hitler's instructions to the General Staff of the Wehrmacht: "The strengthening of the "Western Wall" in the western regions of the country should not be implemented. There will be no war with the West over the Polish question and there cannot be. "Continuing talk of such a non-existent situation threatens privacy and thus political negotiations." Britain's ultimatum to Germany made Hitler's "master plan" useless, because Germany's material and human resources were completely insufficient to wage a pan-European war. Failure to comply with Britain's ultimatum led Germany to great victories at first, but it later led to an attack on the Soviet Union, which ultimately led to total collapse and disaster. ### Soviet Union For the Soviet Union, on the one hand, this pact made it impossible for the Western countries to form an alliance against it, and on the other hand, it prevented the threat of Germany and Japan attacking the Soviet Union from two sides. prevented. The pact with Hitler allowed Stalin to re-annex the former territories of Tsarist Russia (Finland, the Baltics, eastern Poland, Bukovina, Bessarabia) and complete the rearmament of the Red Army in anticipation of the inevitable German invasion anyway. ### Poland The Polish government left the country on September 17, 1939, the day Soviet troops invaded Poland, and went into exile abroad to continue the war against Germany. The head of the Polish government-in-exile, General Władysław Sikorski, organized several divisions from Polish refugees abroad and incorporated them into the British army. Several other Polish military formations of 25,000 men were organized on the Soviet side and, as a result of the Sikorsky-Maisky Treaty, were combined with other Polish military formations to form the 2nd Polish Corps of the British Army. The demand of the Polish government-in-exile that Poland should be restored within its old borders was supported by the British government, but it was strongly opposed by the Soviet government. As soon as the Katyn massacre became known, Sikorski began reconstructing the chain of events that led to the murder of several thousand Polish officers who became Soviet prisoners of war in 1939, and the Soviet government severed diplomatic relations with him. On July 6, 1945, Great Britain, at the instigation of the United States, complied with the demands of the Soviet Union and denied recognition of its government-in-exile in London. ## Results ### Germany When the threat of a military alliance between France, Great Britain and the Soviet Union, that is, Germany being encircled on all sides, was eliminated , Hitler was able to attack Poland without fear of direct intervention from the Western Allies. But since those two countries did not refuse to fulfill their obligations to Poland, the most important thing for Germany was the neutrality of the Soviet Union in order to receive the materials necessary for the war. Moreover, the Soviet Union was ready to cooperate as a trading partner and a transit country supplying important raw materials. As a result of several economic agreements, agreements were made on the type and quantity of goods to be delivered. While what Germany could offer was mainly technology and various machinery, the Soviet Union was able to provide grain, non-ferrous metals, and petroleum products that were vital to Germany's war economy. ### Soviet Union 1939 after Germany repeatedly demanded the introduction of military force from the Soviet side so that the Polish army could not retreat to the areas designated as the area of Soviet interests in the additional protocol and regroup their forces there. On September 17, hastily organized groups of two western military districts crossed the Soviet-Polish border. Faced with weak opposition from the Polish troops, they occupied the areas inhabited mainly by Ukrainians and Belarusians. The Soviet Union explained that its move was made to protect the "fraternal Slavic peoples" who made up the majority in eastern Poland after the dissolution of the Polish state. Within a few weeks, elections were organized, and those regions were included in the Belorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR. In September, non-aggression pacts were also made with Estonia and Latvia. In the process, the governments of these countries were put under great pressure to allow the establishment of Soviet military bases on their lands. Later, Lithuania also joined. The Vilna region, which was supposed to be under German control, was given to Lithuania. In October 1939, the Soviet Union tried to force Finland to sign a similar agreement, but the Finnish government refused, leading to the Soviet-Finnish War in November 1939, which erupted into the Winter War. As a result of the war, Finland lost some land and had to accept the establishment of a Soviet military base on the Hanko Peninsula, but retained its independence. Because of the policy of aggression, the League of Nations excluded the Soviet Union from its membership. After the French campaign of the German army, on June 26, 1940, the Soviet Union returned Bessarabia, which was seized by Romania during the First World War, as well as the northern part of Bukovina to the Soviet Union. These regions were included in the Ukrainian SSR. Just before that, Soviet troops invaded Lithuania (June 15), Estonia (June 17), Latvia (June 17) and after parliamentary elections were held, they were accepted as allied republics of the Soviet Union. After the agreement, the Soviet Union He ended relations with the government-in-exile of Czechoslovakia and established diplomatic relations with the Slovak Republic. In May 1941, the Soviet government suspended official recognition of the governments-in-exile of Belgium, Norway, and the Netherlands on the grounds that they did not have jurisdiction over their countries. Soon after, he cut ties with the governments of Yugoslavia and Greece for similar reasons. ### Poland ### Baltic States ### Western Allies ### Japan ## Repeal in 1989 The existence of additional protocols to the Soviet-German non-aggression pact was denied by the Soviet Union for 50 years. Only in 1989, when Mikhail Gorbachev appointed his close associate Alexander Yakovlev as the head of the special investigative commission, this "secret" protocol became public. On December 24, 1989, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR by a majority vote canceled the Soviet-German non-aggression pact and its additional protocol. Historians are still unable to come to a consensus on the historical significance of the Soviet-German non-aggression pact and its additional protocols. Some historians, including Viktor Suvorov, believe that this agreement triggered the outbreak of World War II. Most historians agree that this treaty gave the Soviet Union two years of peace. ## Comments ## Reference ## Text of the Agreement 23.8 .1939 German-Soviet Agreement on Mutual Non-Aggression and Secret Protocol Thereto Seeking to strengthen the cause of peace between Germany and the U.S.S.R., based on the articles of the Treaty of Neutrality concluded between Germany and the U.S.S.R. in April 1926, the German Imperial Government and The Government of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics has reached the following agreement: Article 1 The two contracting parties, whether alone or together with other states, shall refrain from using force against each other, from acts of aggression. undertakes to refrain from visiting and attacking. Article 2 In the event that one of the Contracting Parties is subjected to a military attack by a third country, the other Contracting Party shall not provide any support to this third country. Article 3 The governments of the two Contracting Parties shall henceforth keep in constant communication with the aim of informing and consulting each other on issues related to common interests. Article 4 Neither Contracting Party shall participate in a group of countries directed against the other Party directly or otherwise. Article 5 Article 6 Article 7 [Secret Additional Protocol] ## External links * Der deutsch-sowjetische Nichtangriffsvertrag mit geheimem Zusatzprotokoll (German) — You can read the full text of the agreement at this link.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8377

Bokei Khanate

The Inner Kazakh Horde or Bokei Horde) is a historical state established in 1801 between the Volga and Zhayik rivers as a vassal of the Russian Empire. The Bokei Horde is a state structure mastered by the Kazakhs and the last generations of Genghis Khan in the world. ## Name The khanate was named after Sultan Bokei Nuralyuly. ## Geography The Bokei Horde is located between the Volga and Zhayyk. Samar province in the north, Ural region in the east, Caspian sea in the south, Tsarev, Yenotayev and Krasnoyar districts of Astrakhan province in the west. Land area — 92,144.5 km2 19th century. at the end of Astrakhan - 77,624 km2. Most of the steppes in the Orda region consist of sandy and clay soils. The upland areas are hilly, the lowlands have grasslands, but in some places there is sandy sand. In the north (Targyn, Tal, Kamys-Samar, Kalmak) there is a steppe with black soil, in the south mostly sand. In the south, among the sand dunes, there are lowlands where wheatgrass (Triticum cristatum) grows. Nothing grows on the hills, and when they approach the sea, they become flat and turn into marshes. In the southwest, the Bear Hills begin to appear. In the north of the Horde, there are single plagues, and sometimes they are grouped together, usually one of them is larger. The circle diameter of the largest ones reaches 30 m. Excavations have proven that these were tombs, including the discovery of human remains, and some of them contained brickwork with jeweled stones. Khan Zhangir received scientists and researchers who came to the Bokei Horde with special respect. G.S. who was in this region. Karelin, V.I. Dahl, et al. He wrote down his gratitude for the hospitality of the khan's house in his memoirs. Besides these, there were more than 100 Russian and foreign researchers in the Bokei Horde. 1842 At the request of Zhangir, a well-known cartographer, a member of the Russian Geographical Society, Ya.V. Khanykov makes a territorial map of Bokei Horde. ### Administrative division ## Population There were 5,000 families from Kishi Yuz in the Khanate, in the 19th century. 50 years 300 thousand people lived in Bokei Horde (50 thousand families). ## History Small Hundred is the region that owns the most land among the three Hundred. It covers the valley from Zhayik and Tobyl to the lower reaches of Syrdarya (850,000 km). It borders Khiva, Kokan khanates, Turkmen, Karakalpak estates in the south, Astrakhan, Saratov and Orinbor gubernias of Russia in the north, Great and Middle Hundred lands in the east. At the beginning of the 19th century, a number of villages of Kishi Yuz covered the lower reaches of the Zhayik and Volga rivers, which were part of the Russian Empire. They later formed the Bokei Horde or the Inner Horde (according to their geographical location). On March 11, 1801, the emigration of Kishi Hundred Kazakhs was legalized by the Decree of Emperor Paul I. According to the report of 1803, they had a large number of livestock (70 thousand camels, 30 thousand horses, 250 thousand cattle, more than 1 million sheep). slowed down and considered it as the main direction in his colonization policy. Bokey Nuralyuly (1804 - 1845) - one of the strong sultans of Kishi Yuz. He began to get involved in the political struggle at the end of the 18th century. He quarreled with his own brother Karatai, and later quarreled with Aishuak Khan. At the beginning of the 19th century, he became the chairman of the Khan's council, but his arrogance did not allow him to be submissive, he was favorable to the Russian government. Zhangir showed his desire for education from a young age. He was brought up in the house of the governor of Astrakhan. He knew Persian, Russian and Arabic languages. He took care of the trade. As a well-known figure in the country of Russia, he gained prestige and power. ### Khandyk In 1801, Sultan Bokei, the second son of Nuraly Khan, sent a request to the Russian king asking for permission to move to his homeland between the Volga and Zhayik rivers. In 1801, Russian Emperor Pavel I accepted the request of Bokei Sultan. On March 11, he issued the following rescript (decree): I gratefully accept the son of Bokei Sultan Nuraly Khan, the chairman of the Khan Council of the Kyrgyz-Kaysak Little Horde, I allow him to move wherever he wants and wear a black ribbon around his neck as a sign of my mercy. I will award a gold medal with my picture. In the autumn of that year, Bokei Sultan moved to the interior of Zhaiyk with 5 thousand smoke villages belonging to him. This is how the foundation of the region called Inner Kazakh or Bokei Horde was laid in history. 1806 On May 19, by a special decree of the Royal Government, the territory of the khanate is divided into 6500 thousand desiatinas. The decree reads as follows: Kazakhs under Bokei Sultan are allowed to move from the Bolshoi and Kishi rivers to the Bogda mountains, from there through Shapshashi to Dudatsky or Telepnyov batagas and to the sea. On July 17, 1808, the Bokei khanate was approved as subordinate to the military governor of Astrakhan and the Orinbor border commission. In 1812, by a special decree of Tsar Alexander I, Bokei Sultan was appointed Khan of the Inner Kazakh Horde. The election of a khan is held in a grove near the city of Urals, where a goat is carried on a white felt. May 21, 1815 Bokei Khan dies. Since the heir to the throne Zhangir is young, Sultan Shygai Nuralyuly temporarily sits on the throne of Khan as regent. 1823 In 1824, Zhangir Bokeiuli Khan was recognized as the heir to the throne. On June 22, a white felt is raised in the "Khan grove" and a khan is elected. The period of Jangir Khan's reign left a significant mark in the history of the Bokei Khanate. Zhangir, first of all, became an example of a comfortable and efficient life for Kazakhs, and in 1827 They build the Khan Palace in the place called Zhaskus of the Naryn Sands. Bi-sultans, following the example of Jangir, built houses, and then the common people built houses, and the Khan's estate became a center of political and economic importance. An important event in the history of the Bokei Horde is 1836-1838 led by Isatai Taimanuly and Makhambet Otemisuly. popular uprising. Bul was an uprising of the people who rose up against the tsarist administration and the khan-sultans for their freedom. On August 11, 1845, the great reformer, the great reformer of the Kazakh steppe, Khan Zhangir Bokeiuli, who started the political, cultural and economic development of the Bokei Horde, introduced many changes in the administration of this region, died. After the death of Khan Zhangir, the khan again moved to Saip-Kerei to Zhangir's son, who was studying in the Pajdar corps. When he was given the title of Khan, his last name was changed to Chingis Khan, like other children of Jangir Bokeiuli. 1847 Saip-Kerey Khan dies, the khanate structure in the Bokei Horde is abolished, and a new administration - the Provisional Council - is established. The Russian Empire, shocked by the large Isatai-Mahambet and Kenesary uprisings at that time, annexes the Bokei Horde. ### Provisional Council Provisional Council 1847-1917. between, a written procedure was introduced in the center and local areas. At the same time, a strict system of taxing the population was implemented for the benefit of the Horde treasury. 1860 Bokei Horde is divided into 7 administrative parts. They are: Targyn, Kalmak, Naryn, Kamys-Samar, Talov districts and I, II Sea coast districts. Each administrative division is headed by governors. 1862 A library will be opened at the Khan Stavka. O. in the library fund. Balzac, U. Shakespeare's, W-M. Hugo, T. Shevchenko had books, as well as Russian publications. "Treasury" institution, a place for regulating and storing money capital, was established in 1867 due to the development of trade in the Khan fair. opened and operates as a bank. 1869 A team of fire fighters consisting of 5 people and a mobile train will be formed. 1870 Weather monitoring instruments are imported from Russia and a meteorological station is operating. 1832 State protection of the Orda forest, which was planted at the beginning of Jangir, in 1890. will be taken from. 1908 Nurseries are created near the Orda forestry institution, and research work is carried out. As a result, Naryn pine is born. 1908 The first anti-plague station in the Kazakh steppe will be built. At this station, Deputy Commissioner of Public Health M. Shombalov, doctors specializing in the treatment of plague I.A. Deminsky, A. Mikhailov, later Doctor of Medicine N. Dobrokhotova worked. 1911 One of the swallows of the Kazakh publishing house is the famous poet G. It will be published in Orda under the organization of Karash. 1917 The lands of the Bokei Horde entered the newly formed Bokei province. ## Political structure The country was ruled by Khan. During the reign of Jangir-Kerey Khan, the Khan's rule was close to absolutist. However, in 1828 On April 1, 12 dance councils were organized near Khan. The judges (deputies) present at the first convocation were: Mupat Idaboluly from Sherkesh, Shombal Niyazuly from Nogai-Kazakh, Konash Sopakuly from Baybakti, Shora Kedeuly from Maskar, Batke Kudaibergenuly from Berish, Altai Dosmukhameduly from Alasha, Koshetur Mapakuly from Jappa, Zhantore Abudal from Issyk. from Adai - Baitu Tomenbayuly, from Kyzylkurt - Duantai Aituganuly, from Esentemir - Tatan Sakenbayuly, from Taz - Kudaishukir Bazayuly, from Yetiru (from Tabyn, Tama, Kerderi clans) - Kendirbai Irysbayuly and from Kete - Bos Bozdayuly. The institution of khan rule in the Bokei Khanate lasted 45 years, including the period of rule of two khans, Bokei Khan and his son Jangir Khan. Supervision of the Inner Horde was carried out by the military governor of Orinbor and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire. ## Economy The Bokei Khanate was a supplier of livestock, meat, and wool for Russia. The development of money-commodity relations in the khanate contributed to the change of the social and economic structure of the society, to the elimination of the remnants of the clan-communal economy. Khan Zhangir not only increased the number of livestock in the Bokei Horde, but also attached great importance to the breeding of its breeds, especially horses. Horse exhibitions and horse competitions are organized in the Khan stake, in the Russian cities of Orsk and Elista. 1840 At the invitation of Jangir, veterinarian K.P. Oldekop is coming. The first veterinary department in Kazakh territory was opened here, the first vaccinations against livestock diseases, experimental research work were undertaken. 1841 A post-telegraph connection will be established between the Khan stake and the town of Cherny Yar. ## Culture and society In 1828, Dzhangir organized a chamber of weapons by collecting royal and dynastic valuables, horse harnesses, military weapons in one room of his house. This was the first museum opened in Kazakh territory. 1841 On December 6, the first Kazakh-Russian school in the history of Kazakhstan was opened in Naryn Kum. Many people whose names are known to the country have received their education from this school. One of them is Mukhamedsalyk Babazhanov, a scientist-ethnographer of Kazakh origin. His researches on Kazakhs, publications on their historical heritage were highly appreciated, and in 1862 he was awarded the silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society. More than a hundred scientists-researchers, more than twenty academicians, such as Asan Taimanov, graduated from Zhangir school. 1844 Vacant places were taken for Kazakh youth to study in higher educational institutions of Russia. At the same time, a pharmacy and treatment center serving the nomadic and semi-nomadic Kazakh population, as well as a weapons museum with rare exhibits, were opened. Kurmangazy and Dauletkerey, prominent composers from the Bokei Khanate, played a huge role in the history of culture and social thought of Kazakhstan. ## Social field From the first years of the establishment of the Bokei Khanate, the khan distributed suitable pastures to his relatives and nobles in the khanate. Because the khans of Bokei - the Inner Horde realized that they could not hold the throne for long. Zhangir paid great attention to the health of his people. 1825 S. A Kazakh named Zhanibekov is sent to study to learn how to carry out vaccination against smallpox. 1826 Vaccinations against smallpox have been carried out in Orda since. 1832 At the invitation of Jangir Khan, doctor A.A. Sergachev is coming. Later in 1839 the first pharmacy opens. During these periods V.F. Yevlanov, Puporev, etc. b. doctors work. 1852 A 16-bed public hospital will be opened in Orda. This hospital has been preserved to this day and is serving the people without problems. 1832 khan Zhangir organizes a fair in order to improve the social condition of the people, develop and launch trade. The fair is held in spring and autumn, and includes the Russian cities of Sarytau, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, etc. merchants came from the provinces. 1846 3883 people participated in the spring fair, 1851 turnover amounted to 1.5 million silver coins. In 1835, in order for the Kazakhs of Dzhangir Bokei not to lose their religion, but to preserve it. built a mosque with a unique architectural model in the yard of his house. It was called "Khan mosque" in the country. ## Sources ## See also * Bokei province ## External links * Bilyal Aspandiyarov. Education Bukeevskoi Horde and its liquidation Archived January 26, 2005. * Zimanov S.Z. Russia and the Bukeev Khanate Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8339

Ottoman Empire

The Ottoman Empire (Ottoman: دولت علیه عسمانیه‎ - Devlet-i Âliyye-i Osmâniyye, Great Ottoman State) is a medieval multinational state located on the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa. The state spread over three continents (Europe, Asia, Africa) in the 15th-17th centuries and ruled most of South-East Europe, the Middle East and North Africa; covering the region from the Atlantic coast of Morocco in the west to the coast of the Persian Gulf in the east, from Ukraine in the north to Somalia in the south. This country has been at the center of relations between the West and the East for six centuries. At the height of its power, the Ottoman state consisted of 42 provinces, and the principalities of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Transylvania, which were subordinate to it, paid tribute to the Ottoman state. The Ottoman state, which made the city of Constantiniye (Ottoman: كستانطينيه‎ - Konstantîniyye), known today as Istanbul (Turkish: İstanbul), as its capital, can in many ways be called the Islamic successor of the previous Mediterranean civilizations, namely the Roman Empire and the Eastern Roman Empire. The Ottomans also saw themselves as the successors of the ancient Roman and Islamic culture, that is, as the rulers of the "universal state" through the "unification of cultures". ## History ### Establishment (1299-1402) The ancestors of the Ottomans come from the Oghuz tribe. This tribe escaped the Mongol invasion in the 13th century and moved to Anatolia. The leaders of the tribe are in the service of Khorezmshah Jalaladdin Mangiberdi (1199-1231), who is gathering an army here. Later, a part of the tribe led by Ertugril Bey (1198-1281) moved to the Anatolian Seljuk State. Alaeddin Keykubat I (1192-1237), the Seljuk sultan at that time, presented Ertugrul with the city of Sogit in Anatolia. Ertugrul's son Osman I (1258-1324) founded the Ottoman Empire in this city in 1299. Orkhan (1288-1362) completely conquers western Anatolia. Murat I (1326-1389), like his father and grandfather, conquered large parts of Anatolia. Using these achievements, he declared himself "sultan" in 1383. On June 15, 1389, he was killed by the Serbian sergeant Miloš Obilić (ser. Miloš Обилић) in the battle on the Kosovo plain. Bayazit I (1357-1402) massacred many Serbs in revenge for the death of his father by the Serbs in the battle of Kosovo field. After the victory in Serbia, he continues his colonization in Anatolia: he captures Aydın, Saruhan, Hermiyan, Menteşe, Hamit and Karaman beys. In this way, Bayazit I quickly doubled his Ottoman possessions (he was nicknamed "Swift" (trans. Yıldırım) because of his quick conquest of lands and quick decisions). But he lost these possessions as quickly as he seized them. The reason for this is the fact that Amir Temir was a contemporary of Bayazit I, and most importantly, Bayazit I indulged in tyranny. Bayazit I wrote oppressive words in many letters to Amir Temir and underestimated him. In response, Amir Temir conquered the territories occupied by the Ottomans and gave them independence again. And the decisive battle between the Amir and the Sultan will take place in Ankara. In the battle, Amir defeats Sultan and arrests him. Sultan died in prison on July 20, 1402. ### Inter-Sultanism (1402-1413) After the death of Bayazit I, Amir Temir would not have a common ruler in the ruined Ottoman state. Three sons of Bayezid I proclaimed themselves sultans: Isa in Bursa, Suleiman in Edirne, and Mehmet in Western Anatolia. This situation led to inter-sultanism. In 1405-1406, Mehmet defeated Isa and occupied Bursa. Later, in 1411, Musa, the middle son of Bayazit I, defeated his brother Suleiman and proclaimed himself Sultan in Rumelia. The decisive battle between the two surviving brothers took place in 1413. Mehmet won that battle, and the defeated Musa fled to Wallachia and died there. ### Prosperity (1413-1453) Mehmet I (1387-1421) became the winner of the inter-sultanism and declared himself the sultan of the entire Ottoman state. He recaptured all the Beyliks in Anatolia (except Karaman). Thus, the Ottoman state begins to recover. Mehmet I died on May 26, 1421. Murat II (1404-1451) besieged Constantinople in 1422. But at that time, the Ottomans did not have a navy or artillery. Despite this, they attacked Byzantium and lost many soldiers. In addition, the Beyliks in Anatolia start new rebellions. Therefore, Murat II stops the siege of Constantinople. After suppressing the rebellions, he made several expeditions to the Balkans. In the Balkans they achieve some victories. Khoja Murat died in Edirne on February 3, 1451. His son will be a follower of the famous military leader and politician Mehmet II. ### Development (1453-1579) Mehmet II (1432-1481) in 1453, at the age of 21, conquered Constantinople, the capital of the Eastern Roman Empire, and completely destroyed the state. The sultan did not limit himself to Constantinople, but began to conquer other parts of Europe. It even reaches the Italian city of Otranto. But his age and health prevented many of his plans. He died in Gebza in 1481. Salim I (1467-1520) destroyed the Mamluks state in Egypt in 1517. In the same year, the sultan received the title of "caliph". Now this title will be the title of the next Ottoman sultans. During his reign of only 8 years (1512-1520), Salim I conquered Kurdistan, Sham, Algeria, Egypt, Mecca and Medina. Suleiman I (1494-1566) in 1526, in the Battle of Mohács, with his 55-60 thousand army, completely defeated the 38-41 thousand army of Czechs, Magyars and Poles within two hours. During the war, King Lajos II of Hungary drowned in a swamp and died. As a result of the war, the prestige of the Ottomans in Europe increased. During his 42-year reign (1520-1566), Suleiman I conquered Bosnia and Herzegovina, Slavonia, Hungary, Moldova, Iraq, Bahrain, Libya, and Tunisia. During the reign of Suleiman I, the power of the Ottomans reached its peak. Adil Suleiman died on September 7, 1566 during the siege of Sigetvar. After a few weeks, he will be buried in the cemetery near the Suleimeniye Mosque. After the death of Suleiman I, his only surviving son Salim II (1524-1574) ascended the throne. During his reign, women in the palace had a great influence on Ottoman politics. The most prominent among them was Haseki Nurbanu Sultan, the Sultan's wife. Thus began the era called "Katyndar Sultanate" (1566-1656). During this period, the Ottoman state began to weaken and fall into crisis. Sary Salim died on December 21, 1574 in Topkapi Palace. However, in reality, during the reign of Salim II, the most influential person in the country was Sadragzam Sokolly Mehmet Pasha (1506-1579). The development of the country during the rule of Salim II was due to this secret. After the death of Salim II, he was a Sadragzam for another 5 years. Sadragzam's death on October 11, 1579 marked the beginning of the years of stagnation. ### Stagnation (1579-1699) Sultan Turkhan Kadisha, who saw the weakening of the Ottoman state due to many uprisings and rebellions, appointed Koprulli Mehmet Pasha (1575-1661) to his son Sultan Mehmet IV. recommends appointment. This was the reason for the political achievements of Koprul Mehmet Pasha. Thus, on September 15, 1656, Mehmet Pasha of Koprul was appointed as the Sadragzam. This event was the beginning of the "Bridge Age" (1656-1710). Before his appointment, Mehmet Pasha of Koprul made several conditions to the sultan: * Sadragzam's decision will not be reconsidered; * Sadragzam appoints, awards and dismisses officials at will; * Sadragzam himself makes the decision regarding the complaints without consulting the sultan; * Nobody gets involved in politics in the palace. During his 5-year reign (1656-1661), Mehmet Pasha of Koprul conducted a successful war against Venice in the lands of Crete and Sanakkale, conquered the islands of Lemnos and Tenedos, suppressed the rebellion of Qazizadaly, a heretic, Transylvania, Abaza Hasan Pasha, under his command politicians and collected military commanders, and permanently abolished the tradition of "buying a position". After the death of Koprul Mehmet Pasha, his descendants continued his policies. During the reign of the Kopruls, there was stability in the domestic and foreign policies of the Ottoman state, and the prestige of the authorities began to rise again. ### Weakness (1699-1792) On January 26, 1699, the Treaty of Karlovci was concluded. According to this treaty, Morea and Dalmatia went to Venice, Hungary and Transylvania to Austria, and Podolia to Poland. This event was the beginning of the era of weakening of the country. Azov was transferred to Russia under the Treaty of Constantin, signed on July 14, 1700. The years 1718-1730 are famous in Ottoman history under the name "Lala Era". Under the leadership of Sultan Ahmet III and Sadragzam Naushaharly Damat Ibrahim Pasha, large events were organized with the aim of developing science, art, culture and economy in the country. Scientist Ibrahim Mutefferika opened the first Ottoman typography. However, despite such reforms, the Ottoman people, especially the clergy and the new companions, did not like the Sadragzam policy. As a result of Patron Khalil revolution, Sadragzam Ibrahim Pasha was executed on October 1, 1730, and Sultan Ahmet III was deposed the next day. ### Decay (1792-1922) On November 3, 1839, Sultan Abdulmajit I (1823-1861) "Letter" (Osm. issued a decree Hatt-ı Şerif-î). Its author was Sadragzam Khoja Mustafa Rashit Pasha. The difference between this decree and previous decrees is that it is not a military, but a social and economic change. In the decree, there were updates on publicizing court sessions, correct payment of taxes, determining the cost of land and sea troops, and so on. But "Sharip Khat" was not implemented due to the resistance of judges who did not want any changes at that time to the renewal, the medieval views of the Ottoman society, corruption and other reasons. Mehmet VI (1861-1926) abdicated in 1922 and fled the country forever. ## Form of government The state organization of the Ottoman Empire was very simple. His main areas were military and civil administration. The highest position in the country was the sultan. The civil system is based on administrative units based on regional features. The Turks used a system where the state controlled the clergy (as in the Byzantine Empire). Certain pre-Islamic traditions of the Turks, preserved after the introduction of administrative and judicial systems from Muslim Iran, remained important in the administrative framework of the Ottoman Empire. The main task of the state was to protect and expand the empire, as well as to ensure security and balance within the country in order to maintain power. No dynasty in the Muslim world was as powerful as the Ottoman dynasty. The Ottoman family was of Turkic origin. Eleven times the Ottoman sultan was overthrown by enemies as an enemy of the people. In the history of the Ottoman Empire, there were only 2 attempts to overthrow the Ottoman dynasty, both of which failed, which testified to the power of the Ottoman Turks. The high position of the Caliphate in Islam led by the Sultan allowed the Turks to establish the Ottoman Caliphate. The Ottoman sultan (or padishah, "king of kings") was the sole ruler of the empire, and although he did not always exercise absolute control, he was a personification of state power. The new sultan was always one of the sons of the previous sultan. The powerful education system of the palace school was aimed at eliminating unlikely heirs and supporting the ruling heir elite. The palace schools where future civil servants studied were not isolated. Muslims studied in the madrasa (Ottoman. Medrese), where scientists and government officials taught. Material support was provided by waqfs, which allowed the children of poor families to receive higher education, and Christians studied in Enderun, which annually accepted 3,000 Christian sons from 8 to 12 years of age from the inhabitants of Rumelia and / or the Balkan countries (devshirme). Although the Sultan was the supreme monarch, the state and executive power were entrusted to politicians. There was a political struggle between councilors and ministers in the self-governing body (divan, renamed Porto in the 17th century). Even during Beylik's time, the divan consisted of elders. Later, army officers and local experts (such as religious and political figures) entered the divan instead of elders. Since 1320, the grand vizier performed some of the duties of the sultan. The Grand Vizier was completely independent of the Sultan, he could dispose of the Sultan's hereditary property in any way, dismiss anyone, and control all spheres. From the end of the 16th century, the sultan ceased to participate in the political life of the state, and the grand vizier became the de facto ruler of the Ottoman Empire. Throughout the history of the Ottoman Empire, there were many cases when the rulers of the vassal principalities of the Ottoman Empire did not coordinate their actions with the Sultan, and even acted against him. After the Young Turk Revolution, the Ottoman Empire became a constitutional monarchy. The Sultan no longer had executive power. A parliament was formed with delegates from all provinces. They established the Imperial Government (Ottoman Empire). The rapidly developing empire was led by dedicated, experienced people (Albanians, Faniariots, Armenians, Serbs, Hungarians and others). Christians, Muslims and Jews completely changed the system of government in the Ottoman Empire. The Ottoman Empire had an eclectic government that even influenced diplomatic correspondence with other powers. At first, correspondence was conducted in Greek. All Ottoman sultans had 35 personal signs - the tugras that they signed. Engraved with the Sultan's seal, they contain the names of the Sultan and his father, as well as proverbs and prayers. The first throne was the throne of Orkhan I. Lurid tugra, depicted in a traditional style, became the basis of Ottoman calligraphy. ## Young Turks At the end of the 19th century, a new wave of modernization was manifested in the form of the national movement of the Turks. The national movement of the Turks began in the 1950s and 1960s. At the initial stage of the movement, the character of increase prevailed. Members of the "New Ottomans" organization and a number of intellectual groups, led by the well-known educator and writer Namyk Kemel, made a great contribution to the development of the Turkish language and its rise to the status of a literary language, and to the work of education. The representatives of the current wave of the reform movement sought measures to preserve the integrity of the empire. In 1889, the "Unity and Rise" (Osm. İttihâd ve Terakkî) party was founded in Istanbul. Departments and provinces of this organization were also established abroad. The immediate goal of the organization was to create a constitutional state. It was planned to carry out reform measures, raise the economy of the country, and comprehensively renew the society. The representatives of this movement were called Young Turks (Jön Türkler). At the beginning of the 20th century, when the international situation of the Ottoman state worsened and the state was on the verge of collapse, the Young Turks intensified their activities. In July 1908, after the policy of Western powers to separate Macedonia from the Ottoman state, units of the Turkish army revolted against the weakness of the sultan's government. This was the beginning of the Young Turks revolution. Army units from other regions also joined the side of the Young Turks. Fearing the pressure of the Young Turks, the Sultan agreed on July 2, 1908 to restore the 1876 constitution and convene a parliament. The Young Turks, who won a majority of seats in the new parliament and relied on the army, effectively established their own rule in the country. In 1909, the Young Turks overthrew Abdulhamit II. Mehmet V was elected as the new sultan. As a result of the Young Turk revolution of 1908, the form of power of the Ottoman state changed from absolute monarchy to constitutional monarchy. The Young Turks who came to the government could not find a way to solve the problems. The transition to constitutional power created a new wave of national liberation movement in the country's outskirts. The Young Turks, who could not get along with the leaders of the national liberation movement, use the power they have and move to the policy of using force. In 1908, Austria-Hungary annexed Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1911, Italy occupied the Ottoman possessions in Libya. Taking advantage of the failures of the Ottoman government, the opponents of the Young Turks removed them from the government. But the new government is powerless to save the state. In 1912, during the First Balkan War, Bulgaria, Greece, Romania, and Serbia occupied all the European possessions of the Ottoman Sultanate. Only Istanbul and some nearby areas remain. The Young Turks, who wanted to take advantage of the failure of this government, staged a coup in 1913 under the leadership of Anuar Bey, who participated in the 1908 uprising. The Young Turks, who regained government power, could not stop the collapse of the state. The Ottoman Sultanate, which relied on Germany in foreign policy, was on the side of the Triple Alliance in the First World War. ## Administrative division of the Ottoman Empire The administrative division of the Ottoman Empire was based on the military administration that controlled the subjects of the state. There were vassal and tribute-paying states outside this system. ## Ottoman tugra Tugra (type: Tuğra) is a husnikhat seal or signature used in official documents and letters of the Ottoman sultans. The name of the sultan, his father's name and title are shown in the tugra. ## Diwan Although the sultan is the supreme ruler in the state, the executive power in the state is entrusted to viziers (Ottoman Vezir). Their daily workplaces were considered "Diwan" (Osm. Dîvân-ı Hümâyun). The head of the Diwan and the second person after the sultan was Sadrazam (Osm. Sadrazam). But since 1320, Sadragzams began to fulfill some duties of sultans. Sadragzams were completely independent from the sultans: they could manage the sultan's hereditary property at will, and had the right to dismiss any vizier or pasha in the state. ## See also * Ottoman flag * List of Ottoman sultans * Ottoman Turkish language * Ottoman-Turkish encyclopedic dictionary * Ottoman dynasty * Genealogy of the Ottoman dynasty * Pasha * Tugra ## Sources ## Links ## # In English * Ottoman State: Timeline * Ottoman State: Eternal Country Archived 25 October 2009. * Ottoman junction * Ottoman Empire - a map of Europe in 1600 and a geographical view of the Ottoman state at that time. * History of Turkish Empire — a chronicle of the history of the Ottoman state. * Civilizations of the world: Ottomans - the management system of the Ottoman state. * The capitals of the Ottoman state * Turkish oral literature * Information about the Ottomans * Forced deportations of peoples in early Ottoman historyPDF(566 KiB) — covers the period 1300-1600 # ## In Turkish * Encyclopedic information about the Ottoman state * Information about Ottoman flags Archived February 14, 2008. * Information about the Ottoman state

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8412

Day of state symbols of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The 4th day of June 1992 is a special day in the history of the Republic of Kazakhstan. This day will forever be remembered as the day when the state symbols of our country - Flag, Emblem, Anthem - were born. Flag of Kazakhstan The national flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a rectangular blue cloth with a rising sun in the middle and a soaring eagle below it. At the base of the flag there is a vertical strip with a national pattern. The image of the sun, eagle, eagle and pattern is golden. The ratio of the width and length of the flag is 1:2. The National flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan and its image, regardless of size, must exactly match the color and graphic images of the national flag standard of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is kept in the Residence of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Coat of arms of Kazakhstan The national coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan depicts a house (the upper dome-like part of a yurt) against a blue background. At the bottom of the coat of arms is the inscription "Kazakhstan". The image of the copy of the State Coat of Arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, regardless of size, must exactly match the color or black-and-white image of the Standard Coat of Arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is kept in the Residence of the President of Kazakhstan.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8378

Inner Horde

The Inner Kazakh Horde or Bokei Horde) is a historical state established in 1801 between the Volga and Zhayik rivers as a vassal of the Russian Empire. The Bokei Horde is a state structure mastered by the Kazakhs and the last generations of Genghis Khan in the world. ## Name The khanate was named after Sultan Bokei Nuralyuly. ## Geography The Bokei Horde is located between the Volga and Zhayyk. Samar province in the north, Ural region in the east, Caspian sea in the south, Tsarev, Yenotayev and Krasnoyar districts of Astrakhan province in the west. Land area — 92,144.5 km2 19th century. at the end of Astrakhan - 77,624 km2. Most of the steppes in the Orda region consist of sandy and clay soils. The upland areas are hilly, the lowlands have grasslands, but in some places there is sandy sand. In the north (Targyn, Tal, Kamys-Samar, Kalmak) there is a steppe with black soil, in the south mostly sand. In the south, among the sand dunes, there are lowlands where wheatgrass (Triticum cristatum) grows. Nothing grows on the hills, and when they approach the sea, they become flat and turn into marshes. In the southwest, the Bear Hills begin to appear. In the north of the Horde, there are single plagues, and sometimes they are grouped together, usually one of them is larger. The circle diameter of the largest ones reaches 30 m. Excavations have proven that these were tombs, including the discovery of human remains, and some of them contained brickwork with jeweled stones. Khan Zhangir received scientists and researchers who came to the Bokei Horde with special respect. G.S. who was in this region. Karelin, V.I. Dahl, et al. He wrote down his gratitude for the hospitality of the khan's house in his memoirs. Besides these, there were more than 100 Russian and foreign researchers in the Bokei Horde. 1842 At the request of Zhangir, a well-known cartographer, a member of the Russian Geographical Society, Ya.V. Khanykov makes a territorial map of Bokei Horde. ### Administrative division ## Population There were 5,000 families from Kishi Yuz in the Khanate, in the 19th century. 50 years 300 thousand people lived in Bokei Horde (50 thousand families). ## History Small Hundred is the region that owns the most land among the three Hundred. It covers the valley from Zhayik and Tobyl to the lower reaches of Syrdarya (850,000 km). It borders Khiva, Kokan khanates, Turkmen, Karakalpak estates in the south, Astrakhan, Saratov and Orinbor gubernias of Russia in the north, Great and Middle Hundred lands in the east. At the beginning of the 19th century, a number of villages of Kishi Yuz covered the lower reaches of the Zhayik and Volga rivers, which were part of the Russian Empire. They later formed the Bokei Horde or the Inner Horde (according to their geographical location). On March 11, 1801, the emigration of Kishi Hundred Kazakhs was legalized by the Decree of Emperor Paul I. According to the report of 1803, they had a large number of livestock (70 thousand camels, 30 thousand horses, 250 thousand cattle, more than 1 million sheep). slowed down and considered it as the main direction in his colonization policy. Bokey Nuralyuly (1804 - 1845) - one of the strong sultans of Kishi Yuz. He began to get involved in the political struggle at the end of the 18th century. He quarreled with his own brother Karatai, and later quarreled with Aishuak Khan. At the beginning of the 19th century, he became the chairman of the Khan's council, but his arrogance did not allow him to be submissive, he was favorable to the Russian government. Zhangir showed his desire for education from a young age. He was brought up in the house of the governor of Astrakhan. He knew Persian, Russian and Arabic languages. He took care of the trade. As a well-known figure in the country of Russia, he gained prestige and power. ### Khandyk In 1801, Sultan Bokei, the second son of Nuraly Khan, sent a request to the Russian king asking for permission to move to his homeland between the Volga and Zhayik rivers. In 1801, Russian Emperor Pavel I accepted the request of Bokei Sultan. On March 11, he issued the following rescript (decree): I gratefully accept the son of Bokei Sultan Nuraly Khan, the chairman of the Khan Council of the Kyrgyz-Kaysak Little Horde, I allow him to move wherever he wants and wear a black ribbon around his neck as a sign of my mercy. I will award a gold medal with my picture. In the autumn of that year, Bokei Sultan moved to the interior of Zhaiyk with 5 thousand smoke villages belonging to him. This is how the foundation of the region called Inner Kazakh or Bokei Horde was laid in history. 1806 On May 19, by a special decree of the Royal Government, the territory of the khanate is divided into 6500 thousand desiatinas. The decree reads as follows: Kazakhs under Bokei Sultan are allowed to move from the Bolshoi and Kishi rivers to the Bogda mountains, from there through Shapshashi to Dudatsky or Telepnyov batagas and to the sea. On July 17, 1808, the Bokei khanate was approved as subordinate to the military governor of Astrakhan and the Orinbor border commission. In 1812, by a special decree of Tsar Alexander I, Bokei Sultan was appointed Khan of the Inner Kazakh Horde. The election of a khan is held in a grove near the city of Urals, where a goat is carried on a white felt. May 21, 1815 Bokei Khan dies. Since the heir to the throne Zhangir is young, Sultan Shygai Nuralyuly temporarily sits on the throne of Khan as regent. 1823 In 1824, Zhangir Bokeiuli Khan was recognized as the heir to the throne. On June 22, a white felt is raised in the "Khan grove" and a khan is elected. The period of Jangir Khan's reign left a significant mark in the history of the Bokei Khanate. Zhangir, first of all, became an example of a comfortable and efficient life for Kazakhs, and in 1827 They build the Khan Palace in the place called Zhaskus of the Naryn Sands. Bi-sultans, following the example of Jangir, built houses, and then the common people built houses, and the Khan's estate became a center of political and economic importance. An important event in the history of the Bokei Horde is 1836-1838 led by Isatai Taimanuly and Makhambet Otemisuly. popular uprising. Bul was an uprising of the people who rose up against the tsarist administration and the khan-sultans for their freedom. On August 11, 1845, the great reformer, the great reformer of the Kazakh steppe, Khan Zhangir Bokeiuli, who started the political, cultural and economic development of the Bokei Horde, introduced many changes in the administration of this region, died. After the death of Khan Zhangir, the khan again moved to Saip-Kerei to Zhangir's son, who was studying in the Pajdar corps. When he was given the title of Khan, his last name was changed to Chingis Khan, like other children of Jangir Bokeiuli. 1847 Saip-Kerey Khan dies, the khanate structure in the Bokei Horde is abolished, and a new administration - the Provisional Council - is established. The Russian Empire, shocked by the large Isatai-Mahambet and Kenesary uprisings at that time, annexes the Bokei Horde. ### Provisional Council Provisional Council 1847-1917. between, a written procedure was introduced in the center and local areas. At the same time, a strict system of taxing the population was implemented for the benefit of the Horde treasury. 1860 Bokei Horde is divided into 7 administrative parts. They are: Targyn, Kalmak, Naryn, Kamys-Samar, Talov districts and I, II Sea coast districts. Each administrative division is headed by governors. 1862 A library will be opened at the Khan Stavka. O. in the library fund. Balzac, U. Shakespeare's, W-M. Hugo, T. Shevchenko had books, as well as Russian publications. "Treasury" institution, a place for regulating and storing money capital, was established in 1867 due to the development of trade in the Khan fair. opened and operates as a bank. 1869 A team of fire fighters consisting of 5 people and a mobile train will be formed. 1870 Weather monitoring instruments are imported from Russia and a meteorological station is operating. 1832 State protection of the Orda forest, which was planted at the beginning of Jangir, in 1890. will be taken from. 1908 Nurseries are created near the Orda forestry institution, and research work is carried out. As a result, Naryn pine is born. 1908 The first anti-plague station in the Kazakh steppe will be built. At this station, Deputy Commissioner of Public Health M. Shombalov, doctors specializing in the treatment of plague I.A. Deminsky, A. Mikhailov, later Doctor of Medicine N. Dobrokhotova worked. 1911 One of the swallows of the Kazakh publishing house is the famous poet G. It will be published in Orda under the organization of Karash. 1917 The lands of the Bokei Horde entered the newly formed Bokei province. ## Political structure The country was ruled by Khan. During the reign of Jangir-Kerey Khan, the Khan's rule was close to absolutist. However, in 1828 On April 1, 12 dance councils were organized near Khan. The judges (deputies) present at the first convocation were: Mupat Idaboluly from Sherkesh, Shombal Niyazuly from Nogai-Kazakh, Konash Sopakuly from Baybakti, Shora Kedeuly from Maskar, Batke Kudaibergenuly from Berish, Altai Dosmukhameduly from Alasha, Koshetur Mapakuly from Jappa, Zhantore Abudal from Issyk. from Adai - Baitu Tomenbayuly, from Kyzylkurt - Duantai Aituganuly, from Esentemir - Tatan Sakenbayuly, from Taz - Kudaishukir Bazayuly, from Yetiru (from Tabyn, Tama, Kerderi clans) - Kendirbai Irysbayuly and from Kete - Bos Bozdayuly. The institution of khan rule in the Bokei Khanate lasted 45 years, including the period of rule of two khans, Bokei Khan and his son Jangir Khan. Supervision of the Inner Horde was carried out by the military governor of Orinbor and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire. ## Economy The Bokei Khanate was a supplier of livestock, meat, and wool for Russia. The development of money-commodity relations in the khanate contributed to the change of the social and economic structure of the society, to the elimination of the remnants of the clan-communal economy. Khan Zhangir not only increased the number of livestock in the Bokei Horde, but also attached great importance to the breeding of its breeds, especially horses. Horse exhibitions and horse competitions are organized in the Khan stake, in the Russian cities of Orsk and Elista. 1840 At the invitation of Jangir, veterinarian K.P. Oldekop is coming. The first veterinary department in Kazakh territory was opened here, the first vaccinations against livestock diseases, experimental research work were undertaken. 1841 A post-telegraph connection will be established between the Khan stake and the town of Cherny Yar. ## Culture and society In 1828, Dzhangir organized a chamber of weapons by collecting royal and dynastic valuables, horse harnesses, military weapons in one room of his house. This was the first museum opened in Kazakh territory. 1841 On December 6, the first Kazakh-Russian school in the history of Kazakhstan was opened in Naryn Kum. Many people whose names are known to the country have received their education from this school. One of them is Mukhamedsalyk Babazhanov, a scientist-ethnographer of Kazakh origin. His researches on Kazakhs, publications on their historical heritage were highly appreciated, and in 1862 he was awarded the silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society. More than a hundred scientists-researchers, more than twenty academicians, such as Asan Taimanov, graduated from Zhangir school. 1844 Vacant places were taken for Kazakh youth to study in higher educational institutions of Russia. At the same time, a pharmacy and treatment center serving the nomadic and semi-nomadic Kazakh population, as well as a weapons museum with rare exhibits, were opened. Kurmangazy and Dauletkerey, prominent composers from the Bokei Khanate, played a huge role in the history of culture and social thought of Kazakhstan. ## Social field From the first years of the establishment of the Bokei Khanate, the khan distributed suitable pastures to his relatives and nobles in the khanate. Because the khans of Bokei - the Inner Horde realized that they could not hold the throne for long. Zhangir paid great attention to the health of his people. 1825 S. A Kazakh named Zhanibekov is sent to study to learn how to carry out vaccination against smallpox. 1826 Vaccinations against smallpox have been carried out in Orda since. 1832 At the invitation of Jangir Khan, doctor A.A. Sergachev is coming. Later in 1839 the first pharmacy opens. During these periods V.F. Yevlanov, Puporev, etc. b. doctors work. 1852 A 16-bed public hospital will be opened in Orda. This hospital has been preserved to this day and is serving the people without problems. 1832 khan Zhangir organizes a fair in order to improve the social condition of the people, develop and launch trade. The fair is held in spring and autumn, and includes the Russian cities of Sarytau, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, etc. merchants came from the provinces. 1846 3883 people participated in the spring fair, 1851 turnover amounted to 1.5 million silver coins. In 1835, in order for the Kazakhs of Dzhangir Bokei not to lose their religion, but to preserve it. built a mosque with a unique architectural model in the yard of his house. It was called "Khan mosque" in the country. ## Sources ## See also * Bokei province ## External links * Bilyal Aspandiyarov. Education Bukeevskoi Horde and its liquidation Archived January 26, 2005. * Zimanov S.Z. Russia and the Bukeev Khanate Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8386

Pavel Yakovlevich Saltsman

Pavel Yakovlevich Zaltsman (January 2, 1912, Kishinev, Bessarab province - December 20, 1985, Almaty) is a Soviet era artist, painter, writer. A representative of the so-called analytical art, P.N. Filonov's student, sometimes called "the last Philonist". Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR. ## Biography Pavel Salzman was born in Chisinau (now Chisinau) in the family of a royal officer. He spent his childhood in that city, after the end of the Civil War he moved with his family to Rybnitsa, then he lived in Odessa and died in 1925. Lived in Leningrad. ### Leningrad period Studied at the decorator department of the First State Studio of Arts in Leningrad, and also graduated from the State Institute of Art History. 1920 He started working as an illustrator in the magazines "Rezets", "Perelom", "Stroika", "Yuny Proletariy" published in Leningrad. 1929 P.N. 1930, he met Filonov and became a follower. Began to participate in the group "School of Analytical Art Masters" and at the same time became a member of LOSKH (Leningrad branch of the Union of Artists of the USSR). 1930 Salzman, together with other students of Filonov, prepared an illustration for the Finnish traditional epic "Kalevala" (1932), at which time he showed a special tendency to create portraits. 1931 A.A. He began working at the Lenfilm film studio under the direction of Arapov, as an artist-director he participated in several films: Vasiliev brothers' (Private Business, 1932), Ilya Trauberg (Personal Case, 1934), Eduard Johanson (On Vacation, 1936) and Alexander Ivanov. ("On the border", 1938). ### Almaty period Having suffered the consequences of the Leningrad blockade, in 1943 Moved to Kazakhstan for evacuation. It was placed in the TsOKS (United Central Film Studio) in Almaty during the war. After the end of the Great Patriotic War, he stayed in Almaty and worked for many years as an artist-composer at the Kazakhfilm film studio (in 1955, he was the chief artist of the studio). Shaken was the director-stager of a number of Aymanov's films: "Ak Atirgul" (1943), "Field Girl" (1954), "The Saga of Love" (1954) and "Junk" (1963); Yefim Aron's "Golden Trumpet" (1948) and "Botagoz" (1958); Pavel Bogolyubov's "Boy and Girl" (1955) etc. 1948 Since then he has been teaching art history in Almaty: art school, Academy of Architecture, Pedagogical Institute, Faculty of Philology of the Kazakh University and script course of the Kazakh Film Studio. Salzman's last work after the war focused on two themes: painting collections reminiscent of the Jewish settlements in Bessarabia and painting portraits based on his contemporary Kazakh influence. ## Family Niece of P. Ya. Zaltzman (daughter of older sister Nina Yakovlevna Lebedeva) - Tatiana Borisovna Struve (1922-2005) and her husband, archpriest and doctor Pyotr Alekseevich Struve (1925-1968, grandson of PB Struve) was a member of the resistance movement in France. ## Heritage of artistic creativity Salzman's paintings and drawings are in the Russian State Museum, Tretyakov Warehouse, A.S. The State Museum of Fine Arts named after Pushkin is kept in Oymish Cabinet, Museum of Art of Eastern Peoples, Kazakh State Museum of Arts and private collections. ## Literary creativity Poems and short stories were written in 1930. He started in Leningrad under the influence of the Oberiutts. But the literary heritage was published in the press of Israel (where Salzman's family moved) and Russia. "Madame F" written in the Almaty period. a book of selected stories and stories and poems, 2003. It appeared in Moscow "Lira" press. ### Books * Kalevala (illustrations by Salzman et al.). Academia: Leningrad, 1933. * Album (edited by Bayan Karibaivna Barmankulova). Art: Almaty, 1983. * Personal exhibition inventory. Karaganda, 1983. * Album (edited by Bayan Barmankulova). Karaganda, 1989. * Pawel Zaltsman. Katalog der Ausstellung im Maison des Vaches: IZBA Verlag: Blankenheim, 1998. * "Madame F." Lira: Moscow, 2003. ## Sources ## External links * Composition and painting P.Ya. Zaltsman (Russian) * Analysis of the creative heritage of Pavla Zaltsman Archived 19 October 2007. (Russian)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8379

Internal Kazakh Horde

The Inner Kazakh Horde or Bokei Horde) is a historical state established in 1801 between the Volga and Zhayik rivers as a vassal of the Russian Empire. The Bokei Horde is a state structure mastered by the Kazakhs and the last generations of Genghis Khan in the world. ## Name The khanate was named after Sultan Bokei Nuralyuly. ## Geography The Bokei Horde is located between the Volga and Zhayyk. Samar province in the north, Ural region in the east, Caspian sea in the south, Tsarev, Yenotayev and Krasnoyar districts of Astrakhan province in the west. Land area — 92,144.5 km2 19th century. at the end of Astrakhan - 77,624 km2. Most of the steppes in the Orda region consist of sandy and clay soils. The upland areas are hilly, the lowlands have grasslands, but in some places there is sandy sand. In the north (Targyn, Tal, Kamys-Samar, Kalmak) there is a steppe with black soil, in the south mostly sand. In the south, among the sand dunes, there are lowlands where wheatgrass (Triticum cristatum) grows. Nothing grows on the hills, and when they approach the sea, they become flat and turn into marshes. In the southwest, the Bear Hills begin to appear. In the north of the Horde, there are single plagues, and sometimes they are grouped together, usually one of them is larger. The circle diameter of the largest ones reaches 30 m. Excavations have proven that these were tombs, including the discovery of human remains, and some of them contained brickwork with jeweled stones. Khan Zhangir received scientists and researchers who came to the Bokei Horde with special respect. G.S. who was in this region. Karelin, V.I. Dahl, et al. He wrote down his gratitude for the hospitality of the khan's house in his memoirs. Besides these, there were more than 100 Russian and foreign researchers in the Bokei Horde. 1842 At the request of Zhangir, a well-known cartographer, a member of the Russian Geographical Society, Ya.V. Khanykov makes a territorial map of Bokei Horde. ### Administrative division ## Population There were 5,000 families from Kishi Yuz in the Khanate, in the 19th century. 50 years 300 thousand people lived in Bokei Horde (50 thousand families). ## History Small Hundred is the region that owns the most land among the three Hundred. It covers the valley from Zhayik and Tobyl to the lower reaches of Syrdarya (850,000 km). It borders Khiva, Kokan khanates, Turkmen, Karakalpak estates in the south, Astrakhan, Saratov and Orinbor gubernias of Russia in the north, Great and Middle Hundred lands in the east. At the beginning of the 19th century, a number of villages of Kishi Yuz covered the lower reaches of the Zhayik and Volga rivers, which were part of the Russian Empire. They later formed the Bokei Horde or the Inner Horde (according to their geographical location). On March 11, 1801, the emigration of Kishi Hundred Kazakhs was legalized by the Decree of Emperor Paul I. According to the report of 1803, they had a large number of livestock (70 thousand camels, 30 thousand horses, 250 thousand cattle, more than 1 million sheep). slowed down and considered it as the main direction in his colonization policy. Bokey Nuralyuly (1804 - 1845) - one of the strong sultans of Kishi Yuz. He began to get involved in the political struggle at the end of the 18th century. He quarreled with his own brother Karatai, and later quarreled with Aishuak Khan. At the beginning of the 19th century, he became the chairman of the Khan's council, but his arrogance did not allow him to be submissive, he was favorable to the Russian government. Zhangir showed his desire for education from a young age. He was brought up in the house of the governor of Astrakhan. He knew Persian, Russian and Arabic languages. He took care of the trade. As a well-known figure in the country of Russia, he gained prestige and power. ### Khandyk In 1801, Sultan Bokei, the second son of Nuraly Khan, sent a request to the Russian king asking for permission to move to his homeland between the Volga and Zhayik rivers. In 1801, Russian Emperor Pavel I accepted the request of Bokei Sultan. On March 11, he issued the following rescript (decree): I gratefully accept the son of Bokei Sultan Nuraly Khan, the chairman of the Khan Council of the Kyrgyz-Kaysak Little Horde, I allow him to move wherever he wants and wear a black ribbon around his neck as a sign of my mercy. I will award a gold medal with my picture. In the autumn of that year, Bokei Sultan moved to the interior of Zhaiyk with 5 thousand smoke villages belonging to him. This is how the foundation of the region called Inner Kazakh or Bokei Horde was laid in history. 1806 On May 19, by a special decree of the Royal Government, the territory of the khanate is divided into 6500 thousand desiatinas. The decree reads as follows: Kazakhs under Bokei Sultan are allowed to move from the Bolshoi and Kishi rivers to the Bogda mountains, from there through Shapshashi to Dudatsky or Telepnyov batagas and to the sea. On July 17, 1808, the Bokei khanate was approved as subordinate to the military governor of Astrakhan and the Orinbor border commission. In 1812, by a special decree of Tsar Alexander I, Bokei Sultan was appointed Khan of the Inner Kazakh Horde. The election of a khan is held in a grove near the city of Urals, where a goat is carried on a white felt. May 21, 1815 Bokei Khan dies. Since the heir to the throne Zhangir is young, Sultan Shygai Nuralyuly temporarily sits on the throne of Khan as regent. 1823 In 1824, Zhangir Bokeiuli Khan was recognized as the heir to the throne. On June 22, a white felt is raised in the "Khan grove" and a khan is elected. The period of Jangir Khan's reign left a significant mark in the history of the Bokei Khanate. Zhangir, first of all, became an example of a comfortable and efficient life for Kazakhs, and in 1827 They build the Khan Palace in the place called Zhaskus of the Naryn Sands. Bi-sultans, following the example of Jangir, built houses, and then the common people built houses, and the Khan's estate became a center of political and economic importance. An important event in the history of the Bokei Horde is 1836-1838 led by Isatai Taimanuly and Makhambet Otemisuly. popular uprising. Bul was an uprising of the people who rose up against the tsarist administration and the khan-sultans for their freedom. On August 11, 1845, the great reformer, the great reformer of the Kazakh steppe, Khan Zhangir Bokeiuli, who started the political, cultural and economic development of the Bokei Horde, introduced many changes in the administration of this region, died. After the death of Khan Zhangir, the khan again moved to Saip-Kerei to Zhangir's son, who was studying in the Pajdar corps. When he was given the title of Khan, his last name was changed to Chingis Khan, like other children of Jangir Bokeiuli. 1847 Saip-Kerey Khan dies, the khanate structure in the Bokei Horde is abolished, and a new administration - the Provisional Council - is established. The Russian Empire, shocked by the large Isatai-Mahambet and Kenesary uprisings at that time, annexes the Bokei Horde. ### Provisional Council Provisional Council 1847-1917. between, a written procedure was introduced in the center and local areas. At the same time, a strict system of taxing the population was implemented for the benefit of the Horde treasury. 1860 Bokei Horde is divided into 7 administrative parts. They are: Targyn, Kalmak, Naryn, Kamys-Samar, Talov districts and I, II Sea coast districts. Each administrative division is headed by governors. 1862 A library will be opened at the Khan Stavka. O. in the library fund. Balzac, U. Shakespeare's, W-M. Hugo, T. Shevchenko had books, as well as Russian publications. "Treasury" institution, a place for regulating and storing money capital, was established in 1867 due to the development of trade in the Khan fair. opened and operates as a bank. 1869 A team of fire fighters consisting of 5 people and a mobile train will be formed. 1870 Weather monitoring instruments are imported from Russia and a meteorological station is operating. 1832 State protection of the Orda forest, which was planted at the beginning of Jangir, in 1890. will be taken from. 1908 Nurseries are created near the Orda forestry institution, and research work is carried out. As a result, Naryn pine is born. 1908 The first anti-plague station in the Kazakh steppe will be built. At this station, Deputy Commissioner of Public Health M. Shombalov, doctors specializing in the treatment of plague I.A. Deminsky, A. Mikhailov, later Doctor of Medicine N. Dobrokhotova worked. 1911 One of the swallows of the Kazakh publishing house is the famous poet G. It will be published in Orda under the organization of Karash. 1917 The lands of the Bokei Horde entered the newly formed Bokei province. ## Political structure The country was ruled by Khan. During the reign of Jangir-Kerey Khan, the Khan's rule was close to absolutist. However, in 1828 On April 1, 12 dance councils were organized near Khan. The judges (deputies) present at the first convocation were: Mupat Idaboluly from Sherkesh, Shombal Niyazuly from Nogai-Kazakh, Konash Sopakuly from Baybakti, Shora Kedeuly from Maskar, Batke Kudaibergenuly from Berish, Altai Dosmukhameduly from Alasha, Koshetur Mapakuly from Jappa, Zhantore Abudal from Issyk. from Adai - Baitu Tomenbayuly, from Kyzylkurt - Duantai Aituganuly, from Esentemir - Tatan Sakenbayuly, from Taz - Kudaishukir Bazayuly, from Yetiru (from Tabyn, Tama, Kerderi clans) - Kendirbai Irysbayuly and from Kete - Bos Bozdayuly. The institution of khan rule in the Bokei Khanate lasted 45 years, including the period of rule of two khans, Bokei Khan and his son Jangir Khan. Supervision of the Inner Horde was carried out by the military governor of Orinbor and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Russian Empire. ## Economy The Bokei Khanate was a supplier of livestock, meat, and wool for Russia. The development of money-commodity relations in the khanate contributed to the change of the social and economic structure of the society, to the elimination of the remnants of the clan-communal economy. Khan Zhangir not only increased the number of livestock in the Bokei Horde, but also attached great importance to the breeding of its breeds, especially horses. Horse exhibitions and horse competitions are organized in the Khan stake, in the Russian cities of Orsk and Elista. 1840 At the invitation of Jangir, veterinarian K.P. Oldekop is coming. The first veterinary department in Kazakh territory was opened here, the first vaccinations against livestock diseases, experimental research work were undertaken. 1841 A post-telegraph connection will be established between the Khan stake and the town of Cherny Yar. ## Culture and society In 1828, Dzhangir organized a chamber of weapons by collecting royal and dynastic valuables, horse harnesses, military weapons in one room of his house. This was the first museum opened in Kazakh territory. 1841 On December 6, the first Kazakh-Russian school in the history of Kazakhstan was opened in Naryn Kum. Many people whose names are known to the country have received their education from this school. One of them is Mukhamedsalyk Babazhanov, a scientist-ethnographer of Kazakh origin. His researches on Kazakhs, publications on their historical heritage were highly appreciated, and in 1862 he was awarded the silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society. More than a hundred scientists-researchers, more than twenty academicians, such as Asan Taimanov, graduated from Zhangir school. 1844 Vacant places were taken for Kazakh youth to study in higher educational institutions of Russia. At the same time, a pharmacy and treatment center serving the nomadic and semi-nomadic Kazakh population, as well as a weapons museum with rare exhibits, were opened. Kurmangazy and Dauletkerey, prominent composers from the Bokei Khanate, played a huge role in the history of culture and social thought of Kazakhstan. ## Social field From the first years of the establishment of the Bokei Khanate, the khan distributed suitable pastures to his relatives and nobles in the khanate. Because the khans of Bokei - the Inner Horde realized that they could not hold the throne for long. Zhangir paid great attention to the health of his people. 1825 S. A Kazakh named Zhanibekov is sent to study to learn how to carry out vaccination against smallpox. 1826 Vaccinations against smallpox have been carried out in Orda since. 1832 At the invitation of Jangir Khan, doctor A.A. Sergachev is coming. Later in 1839 the first pharmacy opens. During these periods V.F. Yevlanov, Puporev, etc. b. doctors work. 1852 A 16-bed public hospital will be opened in Orda. This hospital has been preserved to this day and is serving the people without problems. 1832 khan Zhangir organizes a fair in order to improve the social condition of the people, develop and launch trade. The fair is held in spring and autumn, and includes the Russian cities of Sarytau, Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod, etc. merchants came from the provinces. 1846 3883 people participated in the spring fair, 1851 turnover amounted to 1.5 million silver coins. In 1835, in order for the Kazakhs of Dzhangir Bokei not to lose their religion, but to preserve it. built a mosque with a unique architectural model in the yard of his house. It was called "Khan mosque" in the country. ## Sources ## See also * Bokei province ## External links * Bilyal Aspandiyarov. Education Bukeevskoi Horde and its liquidation Archived January 26, 2005. * Zimanov S.Z. Russia and the Bukeev Khanate Archived from the original on July 22, 2011.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8269

1918

1918 begins on Tuesday, the second day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar. Not a leap year. This is 1918 of our era, 918 of the II millennium, 18 of the 20th century, 8 of the 2nd decade of the 20th century, 9 of the 1910s. ## Events * January 8 - Woodrow Wilson presented the "Fourteen Points" peace treaty ending World War I to the US Congress. * January 21 - Soviet power was established in Aktobe. * January 22 - declaration of complete independence of the People's Republic of Ukraine. * January 28-February 3 - Anti-war strikes took place in Berlin and other German cities. * February 5 - under the leadership of Baltykhoja Sultanov, the militia of Osh region and Osh city of Kyrgyzstan was formed. * German Field Marshal August Von Mackensen issued an ultimatum to Romania demanding to start peace negotiations. * February 12 - Turkish army entered the Caucasus. * February 16 - Lithuanian Taribas in Vilnius adopted the act of independence of Lithuania. * February 18 - The Central Powers launched a large-scale offensive operation on the eastern front. * February 24 - Declaration of Independence of Estonia was published. * March 1 - German-Ukrainian troops liberated Kiev from the Bolsheviks. * March 2 - an uprising began in Almaty and ended with the establishment of Soviet power there. * March 3 - the Soviet government established a separate peace with the German Empire, Austria-Hungary, the Ottoman Empire and Bulgaria in Brest-Litovsk. * March 6 - the first landing of the Entente landed in Murmansk with the consent of the local council. Soon, the allied forces began to move south. * March 10 - The Soviet government leaves Petrograd * March 14 - The Red Guard captures Ekaterinodar. * April 5 - German offensive on the Western Front in the Amiens area. * May 1 - German troops entered Sevastopol. * May 17 - after the Chelyabinsk incident, the uprising of the Czechoslovak corps began. * July 18 - a counteroffensive of French troops on the Western Front in the Villers-Cotre district began. * July 25 - the Baku Council wrote a request for the introduction of British troops to Azerbaijan. * October 30 - Revolution took place in Austria. * An armistice was signed between Turkey and the Entente countries in the port of Mudros. * November 1 - People's Republic of Western Ukraine was announced in Lviv. * November 3 - an armistice was signed in Padua between Austria-Hungary and the Entente countries. * Rebellion of sailors at Kiel. The beginning of the revolution in Germany. * November 9 - November revolution in Germany. * November 28 - The deposed German Emperor Wilhelm II abdicated. * December 22 - Bolshevik uprising in Ombi took place. * December 31 - German troops left Vilnius. * Weiss Pierre Ernest G. Together with Picard, he discovered the magnetocaloric effect. ## Births See also: Category: Births in 1918 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in 1918 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8413

Aisha Garifovyna Galymbayeva

Aisha Garifkyny Galymbayeva (December 29, 1917, Almaty region, Enbekshikazak district, Yesik city - April 21, 2008, Almaty) - Kazakh painter and film artist, People's Artist of Kazakhstan (1967), Honored Artist of Kazakhstan (1961), among Kazakh girls the first artist to appear. ## Biography * 1943 Graduated from Almaty art school. * 1949 Graduated from the Faculty of Fashion Art of the Moscow All-Union Institute of Cinematographers. ## Creativity In his works, the artistic image of Kazakh women is depicted talented and delicate. In any work of the artist, you can see the special love for the art of his people. The works of Chigyrmachyk: * "The Legend of Love" (1954) * "Riding Girl" (1955) * Sketch for the films "It Happened in Shugyla" (1955) started making. First paintings: * "Weavers" (1951) * "Portrait of G. Razieva" (1952) * "Self-portrait" (1956) * "People's talents " (1957) * "Portrait of People's Worker B. Basenova" (1958) * "Table" (1959). In the 60s of the 20th century, he created a collection of paintings for the film series "Abai's Song" ("Court of Judges, "Wedding", "Wedding", "Aitys", "Meeting", etc.). worked fruitfully in various genres. The 60s and 70s were the period of maturity of the artist * "Zhailau Sokpagi" * "Kobyz" * "Yellow Apple" * "Red Aport", etc. landscapes and still lifes included in the golden fund of Kazakh art: * "Batyr Ana" ( 1966) * "Songs of Kazakhstan" (1962) * "Ancient ceramics" (1966) * "Kostanai. Pyramids of 238 grains of gold" (1971) * Triptych "Peace" (1975) * "Gift of the Earth" (1978) * "Blessing" (1980), wrote other works. \< > Galymbayeva's new artistic pursuits in creating decorative-monumental compositions are clearly visible in the following works: * "We are proud of our time" (1965) * "A Cup of Kymyz" (1967; State Prize of Kazakhstan, 1972) ; In the genre of portraits: * "Portrait of my son" (1964) * "Portrait of writer Garifovna Mustafin" (1965) * "Portrait of K. Bayseyitova" (1974) * "Art researcher G. Portrait of Sarikulova" (1975) * "Portrait of actress S. Maikanova in the role of Sh. Ualikhanov's mother" (1976) * "Portrait of actress H. Bokeeva in the role of Aigerim in the play "Abai" (1976) * " The works of the Ural bride" (1978), etc. are among the best works of domestic artists in this genre. The delicate lyricism characteristic of the artist's works is his * "Red roses" in the 90s of the 20th century. It is clearly visible in "Fruits and Flowers" works. Authors of the album "Kazakh national clothes" (1958, 1976). He lectured at Almaty Art School and KazPI. ## Awards * Medal "For Merit" (1959). * Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1961). * People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1967). * Laureate of the State Prize of the Kazakh SSR named after Shokan Ualikhanov (1972). * Awarded the Order of the Red Banner of Labor and the Order of "Badge of Honor". * Order of Reason (2007). ## Sources ## Links * "Brush" - Aisha Galymbayeva on YouTube * Aisha Galymbayeva - cinematographer and national costume connoisseur Archived 26 in November 2021.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8416

Abdirashit Aronuly Sydykhanov

Abdirashit Aronuly Sydykhanov - (12.8.1937, Kulagin village, Guryev region) - artist, Honored Artist of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (1990). ## Works As a composer-artist, "Karash-Karash" (1967), "Kulager" (1972), "One image that did not meet" (1976), "Ornek" ” (1979), “Zhusan” (1986), took part in the filming of other feature films. It is "1916 year" (1969, "Voice of Poets", "Strikemen", "Defeated"), triptychs "Mangistau oilmen" (1970), "Meeting" (1982), panel "Poem about Kazakhstan" (1974); "Self-Portrait" (1970), "Song of the Crows" (1982), "Shepherd of Crows" (1987), "Earth Cradle" (1997), "Mountain Breast" (2000), "Atyrau Evening" (2002) , "The Great Poet Makhambet", "Eternal Melody" (both 2003), etc. The best works of Sydykhanov in the field of visual arts were exhibited in Poland, Bulgaria (1979), Russia (Moscow, 1987). ## Awards In the 1980s, the artist changed the style of his descriptive language and received high praise from the audience and critics: "Girl in a Tunic" (1981, State Theater, Moscow), "Ak bulak " (1986), "Milking a beautiful baby" (1987, Kasteev State Medical University, Almaty), as well as "The dog that ate its puppies" (1988, Kasteev State Medical University), were published and exhibited at the Biennale of the Republics of the Caspian Coast held in Baku. was awarded with a gold medal. In 1986 Sh. Awarded the title of Laureate of the Ualikhanov State Prize. In 1990, he was awarded the title of Meritorious Art of the Republic of Kazakhstan. He was an honorary recipient of the Order of Honor, a laureate of the "Tarlan" award. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8417

Shayakhmetov Kamil Makhmuduli

Shayakhmetov Kamil Makhmutuly (b. 1928) is an artist. Works in the field of installation painting and genre painting. People's artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan, honored artist. Shayakhmetov painted "Bala Abai in the Russian School" (1969, canvas, oil painting), "Portrait of Young Abai" (1971, canvas, oil painting), "Death of Kodar" (1977, canvas, oil painting, three of them from the fund of the Abai State Conservation Museum). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8384

Bokei Horda district

Bokei Horda district is an administrative division in the west of West Kazakhstan region. ## Geographical location, topography It borders Zhanibek and Kaztalov districts in the north, Zhanakala districts in the east, Kurmangazy district of Atyrau region in the south, and Russia in the west. The terrain of the region is flat. The region is located in the Caspian basin, a significant part of which is below sea level. Most of the territory is covered by Naryn sands. The highest point is Kishi Bohda Mountain, located in the southwestern part, 37.5 m above sea level. The stock of natural building materials has been studied in depth. ## Climate, flora and fauna Climate is continental, frosty winter, moderately hot summer. The average temperature in January is -12-14°С, in July it is 24-25°С. Average annual precipitation is 250-300 mm. Ashchyozek river flows through the district. Lakes: Aralsor, Borkol and others. The soil is light chestnut, sandy. Fenugreek, wormwood, green peas, sedge and others grow. From animals, wolf, fox, hare, antelope, wild boar, skunk; ducks, geese and other birds make nests from birds. The district is located in a semi-desert natural zone. In addition, a characteristic feature of the region is the presence of forests on sandy massifs, part of the forested areas are natural forests, and part is planted forest. As of January 1, 2019, the area of the state forest fund is 16,405 ha, including 5,027 ha of forest. The population is mainly engaged in animal husbandry. Bokei Ordasy district is one of the best developed districts of cattle breeding in the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Name Ishki Kazakh Horda (Bokei Horda) was established as a vassal of the Russian Empire in the Volga and Zhayik regions in 1801-1845. The Bokei Horde is a state structure mastered by the Kazakhs and the last generations of Genghis Khan in the world. For the first time in the history of Kazakhstan, a school, a fair, and a treasury were opened in Bokei Horde. In 1845, the khanate was abolished and it became part of the Astrakhan province. In 1917, it was established as Bokei province. During the civil war, on December 1, 1918, the first Soviet Union was established in the West Kazakhstan region. ↵Due to the policy of the Soviet Union, the governorate was included in the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) AKSR, In 1925, Bokei Governorate was dissolved and included in the Ural Governorate. Many areas of the province were included in the territory of Astrakhan, Volgograd regions of the Russian Federation and Atyrau regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the same year, Bokei was established as a district. In 1928, the name of Bokei district was changed to Orda district of the Ural region. Since then, the name Bokei Horde has been abolished. The year 2001 brought two equal joys for the people of Orda. One of them is the 10th anniversary of Independence, and the other is the 200th anniversary of the Horde. By the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 10.03.2000, the name of Bokei Ordasy district was returned. In 2012, the 40th anniversary of the separation of Bokei Ordasy district from the neighboring Zhanibek district and its reorganization into a district was celebrated. ## History of the region Bokei Horda region is a region with a rich history and beautiful nature, located in the western part of the vast Kazakh steppe. The history of the wonderful region, which was the center of culture, art, and education in the 19th century, has deep roots. In 1801, Bokei Sultan, the second son of Nuraly Khan, sent a request to the Russian king asking for permission to move and settle in his homeland between the Volga and Zhayik rivers. The Russian Emperor Paul I accepted the request of Bokei Sultan and on March 11, 1801, "I gratefully accept the son of Bokei Sultan Nuraly Khan, the chairman of the Khan Council of the Kyrgyz - Kaisak Kishi Horde, I allow him to move wherever he wants, and as a sign of my mercy, he wears his own black ribbon around his neck. issue a decree-rescript "I will award a gold medal with my picture". In the fall of the same year, Bokei Sultan moved to the interior of Zhaiyk with 5,000 smoke villages belonging to him. This is how the foundation of the region called Inner Kazakh or Bokei Horde was laid in history. On May 19, 1806, by a special decree of the Royal Government, the territory of the khanate was divided into 6500 thousand desiatins. The decree states: "Kazakhs under Bokei Sultan are allowed to move from the Big and Small Rivers to the Bogda Mountains, from there through Chapchachi to the Dudatsk or Telepnev vatagas and to the sea." On July 17, 1808, the Bokei khanate was approved as subordinate to the military governor of Astrakhan and the Orinbor border commission. In 1812, by a special decree of Tsar Alexander I, Bokei Sultan was appointed Khan of the Inner Kazakh Horde. The election of a khan is held in a grove near the city of Urals, where a goat is carried on a white felt. Bokei Khan died on May 21, 1815. Since the heir to the throne, Zhangir, is young, the son of Sultan Shygay Nuraly Khan temporarily takes the khan throne. In 1823, Zhangir Bokeiuli Khan was recognized as the heir to the throne, and on June 22, 1824, he ascended the white felt in the "Khan grove" and was elected khan. The foundation of the Inner Horde was solidified, and the internal social and economic situation was formed and strengthened during the period of 1823-1845 under the leadership of Jangir Khan. Dzhangir, who is open-eyed, open-minded, fluent in Russian, Tatar, Arabic, and Persian languages, was awarded with many awards of the Russian government, was awarded the title of Cavalier of the Order of St. Anna of the 1st degree decorated with a golden crown, and was the first Kazakh khan to be promoted to the rank of major general. In the fall of 1824, Zhangir married Fatima, the daughter of mufti of Orinbor, Mukhamedzhan Huseynov. Fatima had a European education, mastered languages, was close to dance and music. In 1826, Khan Zhangir and his wife Princess Fatima were invited to the enthronement ceremony of Russian Tsar Nicholas I. At the ceremony held in Moscow, the Russian intelligentsia, Tsar Nicholas himself, who invited Fatima to dance, were impressed by Fatima's knowledge and culture, as well as her speaking and dancing in Russian. In 1827, Zhangir Khan presented a yurt made with special skill to the king. In 1829, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna Fatima presented Princess Fatima with a gold tiara, comb and earrings decorated with Brazilian topazes. First of all, Zhangir set an example of a comfortable and efficient life for the Kazakhs, and in 1827 he built the Khan palace in the place called Zhaskus of the Naryn sands. The sultans followed the example of Jangir, and then the common people built houses, and the Khan's place became a center of political and economic importance. In 1828, in one room of his house, he collected dynastic valuables, horse harnesses, military weapons and organized an armory. This was the first museum opened in Kazakh territory. Zhangir paid great attention to the health of his people. In 1825, a Kazakh named S. Zhanibekov was sent to study to learn how to carry out vaccination against smallpox. Since 1826, vaccination against smallpox has been carried out in the Horde. In 1832, at the invitation of Zhangir Khan, doctor A.A. Sergachev came to the Khan's residence. Later, in 1839, the first pharmacy was opened. During these periods, V.F. Evlanov, Puporev, etc. were in the Horde. b. doctors work. In 1852, a public hospital with 16 beds was opened in Orda. This hospital has been preserved to this day and is serving the people without problems. In 1832, Khan Zhangir organized a fair in order to improve the social condition of the people, to develop and launch trade. The fair is held in spring and autumn, and includes Russian cities such as Saratov, Moscow, Novgorod, etc. merchants came from the provinces. In 1846, 3,883 people participated in the spring fair, and in 1851, the turnover amounted to 1.5 million silver coins. In 1835, in 1835, a mosque with a unique architectural model was built in the courtyard of his house so that the Kazakhs of Zhangir Bokei would not lose their religion. In the country it was called "Khan mosque". Khan Zhangir not only increased the number of livestock in the Bokei Horde, but also attached great importance to the breeding of its breeds, especially horses. Horse exhibitions and horse competitions are organized in the Khan stake, in the Russian cities of Orsk and Elista. An important event in the history of the Bokei Horde is the popular uprising of 1836-1838 led by I. Taimanuly and M. Otemisuly. Bul was an uprising of the people who rose up against the tsarist administration and the khan-sultans for their freedom. In 1840, the veterinarian K. P. Oldekop came to Orda at the invitation of Zhangir. The first veterinary department in Kazakhstan was opened here, and the first vaccinations against livestock diseases, experiments and research were carried out. Realizing that the country's future lies in education, Jangir opened the first Kazakh-Russian school in the Kazakh steppe on December 6, 1841. Many people whose names are known to the country have received their education from this school. One of them is Mukhamedsalyk Babazhanov, a Kazakh scientist and ethnographer. His researches on the Kazakhs, publications on their historical heritage were highly appreciated, and in 1862 he was awarded the silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society. More than a hundred scientists-researchers, more than twenty academicians, such as Asan Taimanov, graduated from Zhangir school. At one time, Zhangir himself donated important manuscripts written in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages to the library of Kazan University. In 1844, the scientific council of the university elected Dzhangir as an "honorary member of Kazan University" in recognition of his work in spreading enlightenment. Zhangir bought Russian publications, newspapers and magazines, various books, and accumulated a rich library fund. In his personal library at home, there were publications "Severnaya bechela", "Otechestvennye zapiski", "Sovremennik", "Architecture of the XIX century" by Shinkel, "Dead Souls" by Gogol. Khan Zhangir received scientists and researchers who came to Bokei Horde with special respect. G.S. Karelin, V.I. Dal, etc., who were in this region. He wrote down his gratitude for the hospitality of the khan's house in his memoirs. In addition to these, there were more than 100 Russian and foreign researchers in Bokei Horde. In 1842, at the request of Zhangir, a well-known cartographer, a member of the Russian Geographical Society, Y. V. Khanykov made a territorial map of the Bokei Horde. At that time, the khanate included Zhanibek, Kaztalovka, Zhangala, Orda districts of the modern West Kazakhstan region, Makhambet, Kurmangazy districts of Atyrau region, Pallasovka district of neighboring Russia's Volgograd region, part of Kumozek, Volodar, Karabaily districts of Astrakhan region. In 1841, a post-telegraph connection was established between the Khan stake and the town of Cherny Yar. On August 11, 1845, Khan Zhangir Bokeiuli, a great reformer and great reformer of the Kazakh steppe, who started the political, cultural and economic development of the Bokei Horde, introduced many changes in the management of this region, died. After the death of Khan Dzhangir, the khanate structure of the Bokei Horde was abolished and a new administration - the Provisional Council - was established. The Provisional Council ruled from 1845 to 1917. In 1860, Bokei Horde is divided into 7 administrative parts. They are: Targyn, Kalmak, Naryn, Kamys - Samar, Talov districts and I, II Sea coast districts. Each administrative unit is headed by a mayor - governors. In 1862, a library was opened in Khan Stavka. The library stock had books by O. Balzac, U. Shakespeare, G. Hugo, T. Shevchenko, as well as Russian publications. In connection with the development of trade in the Khan fair, the "Treasury" institution, a place for regulating and storing money capital, was opened in 1867 and serves as a bank. In 1869, a team of firemen consisting of 5 people and a mobile train was formed. In 1870, weather monitoring devices were brought from Russia and a meteorological station was established. State protection of the Orda forest, which was planted by Jangir in 1832, has been undertaken since 1890. In 1908, nurseries were created near the Orda forestry institution, and research work was carried out. As a result - Naryn pine is born. In 1908, the first anti-plague station in the Kazakh steppe was built. Deputy Commissioner of Public Health M. Shombalov, doctors specializing in plague treatment I. A. Deminsky, A. Mihailov, and later Doctor of Medicine N. Dobrokhotova worked at this station. In 1911, "Kazakhstan" newspaper, one of the giants of Kazakh publishing, was published in Orda under the organization of the famous poet G. Karash. Orda was the place where the first Great Kazan revolution took place in Kazakhstan. In 1918, the first Komsomol branch was established. In 1918, the first Soviet printing house was opened, where "The Right Way", "Kirgizskaya Pravda", etc. Newspapers and magazines are published. In 1918, the First Kazakh Cavalry Regiment was formed in the Horde. During these periods, a lot of attention is paid to cultural life. "Zhiger" youth organization was established, Russian, Tatar, Kazakh troupes, and a national instrument orchestra organized by the well-known musician M. Bokeikhanov. The plays of the well-known playwright I. Mendikhanov were presented to the audience. Currently, Bokei Ordasy district is one of the most economically developed districts. The head of state, the first and ex-president of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev visited Bokei Ordasy district twice on an official visit. It turned out that the leaders of Kazakhstan did not visit any of the districts of the West Kazakhstan region. ### Great Patriotic War 1941-45 During the Great Patriotic War, Orda district was the only district in Kazakhstan that was put under a state of war. More than 2,000 citizens of Orda went to defend their homeland. Akmediyar Kusayinov, Temir Masin and Manshuk Mametov, one of our heroic daughters, were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In addition, Shakir Zheksenbayev, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, a native of the Orda region, the first military general of the Soviet army of Kazakhstan. In the post-war period, 25 Hordeans who worked hard to raise and strengthen the country's economy were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the highest award of the Soviet Union. ### Kapustin Yar training ground The sad page of Horde history is the Kapustin Yar training ground. In 1948, underground and surface tests are conducted in the area of the district, which was given to the landfill. In 1952, 19 collective farms of the district were forcibly moved to other districts. In May 1990 T. "Naryn" public movement is created under Makhimov's leadership. ## Culture Horde is the home of talented great people. Famous Kazakh musicians Kurmangazy, Dina, Seitek, Nausha, dombra players Zh. Temiraliev, E. Kaziev, People's Artist, actress Kh. Bukeeva, the first Kazakh conductor Sh. Kazhigaliyev, folk composers B. Zhumaniyazov, M. Sagatov, advanced employees of the medical field A. Gerasimov, Kh. Bukeikhanov, the best of education G. Zaripov, M. Kulbatskaya, Orda Museum organizer A. Tazhetdinov, experts in agriculture K. Mendaliyev, R. Egizbaev, poets T. Zharokov, S. Daumov, K. Zhumagaliyev, etc. came out. ## Population Number of inhabitants - 15,222 (2019). National composition: Kazakhs - 99.23%, others - 0.77%. At the beginning of 2020, the population was 15,026 people (7,692 men and 7,334 women). ## Rural districts 20 settlements are combined into 7 rural districts: ## Large settlements ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8418

Moldakhmet Syzdykuly Kenbaev

Moldakhmet Syzdykuly Kenbaev (July 25, 1925, Sartol village, Amangeldi district, Kostanay region - May 18, 1993, Almaty) is one of the first Kazakh professional artists, painter, teacher, People's Artist of Kazakhstan (1985; Honored Artist of Kazakhstan since 1963. \< > Biography * He was brought up in an orphanage in Almaty (1948) * He graduated from the Moscow Art Institute (1956). 1956 - Chairman of the Art Fund of Kazakhstan His work begins in the 1950s. The artist's name became widely known from his first works. (1961), etc. His works developed the art of national painting. Landscape paintings: * "Environment of Almaty" (1958) * "At the beginning of Suat" * "In winter" (1966) * "On the slopes" (1967) \ <> * "Morning in the Meadow" (1975) * "Buryat Woman" (1956) * "Portrait of a Female Artist" (1957) * "Mukhtar Auezov" (1977) * "al -Farabi" (1980), etc. portraits Monumental works of art * "Almaty" and "Kazakhstan" hotels in Almaty * Wedding Palace * Metallurgists' Palace in Donetsk * Facades and interiors of "Kazakhstan" cinema in Moscow mosaic panels, etc. remained in the history of national art. ## Achievements Kenbayev's works are distinguished by a mutual harmony of deep lyricism and epic breadth, monumentality. He won the 1st prize in the 1959 republican competition for his true portrayal of Kurmangazy. Many of his works are kept in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow, the State Museum of Oriental Art, and the Central Art Gallery of Kazakhstan. ## Pedagogical activity * Almaty art school, 1959-65; * Kazakh National Technical University 1965-79. * Professor since 1978; * Almaty Academy of Architecture and Construction * since 1980 he was the head of the art department) was also engaged. ## Awards Awarded with the Order of Honor and medals. ## Sources ## Links * Kenbaev space - "Egemen Kazakhstan" * "Brush" - Moldakhmet Kenbaev on YouTube

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8385

Orda district

Bokei Horda district is an administrative division in the west of West Kazakhstan region. ## Geographical location, topography It borders Zhanibek and Kaztalov districts in the north, Zhanakala districts in the east, Kurmangazy district of Atyrau region in the south, and Russia in the west. The terrain of the region is flat. The region is located in the Caspian basin, a significant part of which is below sea level. Most of the territory is covered by Naryn sands. The highest point is Kishi Bohda Mountain, located in the southwestern part, 37.5 m above sea level. The stock of natural building materials has been studied in depth. ## Climate, flora and fauna Climate is continental, frosty winter, moderately hot summer. The average temperature in January is -12-14°С, in July it is 24-25°С. Average annual precipitation is 250-300 mm. Ashchyozek river flows through the district. Lakes: Aralsor, Borkol and others. The soil is light chestnut, sandy. Fenugreek, wormwood, green peas, sedge and others grow. From animals, wolf, fox, hare, antelope, wild boar, skunk; ducks, geese and other birds make nests from birds. The district is located in a semi-desert natural zone. In addition, a characteristic feature of the region is the presence of forests on sandy massifs, part of the forested areas are natural forests, and part is planted forest. As of January 1, 2019, the area of the state forest fund is 16,405 ha, including 5,027 ha of forest. The population is mainly engaged in animal husbandry. Bokei Ordasy district is one of the best developed districts of cattle breeding in the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Name Ishki Kazakh Horda (Bokei Horda) was established as a vassal of the Russian Empire in the Volga and Zhayik regions in 1801-1845. The Bokei Horde is a state structure mastered by the Kazakhs and the last generations of Genghis Khan in the world. For the first time in the history of Kazakhstan, a school, a fair, and a treasury were opened in Bokei Horde. In 1845, the khanate was abolished and it became part of the Astrakhan province. In 1917, it was established as Bokei province. During the civil war, on December 1, 1918, the first Soviet Union was established in the West Kazakhstan region. ↵Due to the policy of the Soviet Union, the governorate was included in the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) AKSR, In 1925, Bokei Governorate was dissolved and included in the Ural Governorate. Many areas of the province were included in the territory of Astrakhan, Volgograd regions of the Russian Federation and Atyrau regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In the same year, Bokei was established as a district. In 1928, the name of Bokei district was changed to Orda district of the Ural region. Since then, the name Bokei Horde has been abolished. The year 2001 brought two equal joys for the people of Orda. One of them is the 10th anniversary of Independence, and the other is the 200th anniversary of the Horde. By the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated 10.03.2000, the name of Bokei Ordasy district was returned. In 2012, the 40th anniversary of the separation of Bokei Ordasy district from the neighboring Zhanibek district and its reorganization into a district was celebrated. ## History of the region Bokei Horda region is a region with a rich history and beautiful nature, located in the western part of the vast Kazakh steppe. The history of the wonderful region, which was the center of culture, art, and education in the 19th century, has deep roots. In 1801, Bokei Sultan, the second son of Nuraly Khan, sent a request to the Russian king asking for permission to move and settle in his homeland between the Volga and Zhayik rivers. The Russian Emperor Paul I accepted the request of Bokei Sultan and on March 11, 1801, "I gratefully accept the son of Bokei Sultan Nuraly Khan, the chairman of the Khan Council of the Kyrgyz - Kaisak Kishi Horde, I allow him to move wherever he wants, and as a sign of my mercy, he wears his own black ribbon around his neck. issue a decree-rescript "I will award a gold medal with my picture". In the fall of the same year, Bokei Sultan moved to the interior of Zhaiyk with 5,000 smoke villages belonging to him. This is how the foundation of the region called Inner Kazakh or Bokei Horde was laid in history. On May 19, 1806, by a special decree of the Royal Government, the territory of the khanate was divided into 6500 thousand desiatins. The decree states: "Kazakhs under Bokei Sultan are allowed to move from the Big and Small Rivers to the Bogda Mountains, from there through Chapchachi to the Dudatsk or Telepnev vatagas and to the sea." On July 17, 1808, the Bokei khanate was approved as subordinate to the military governor of Astrakhan and the Orinbor border commission. In 1812, by a special decree of Tsar Alexander I, Bokei Sultan was appointed Khan of the Inner Kazakh Horde. The election of a khan is held in a grove near the city of Urals, where a goat is carried on a white felt. Bokei Khan died on May 21, 1815. Since the heir to the throne, Zhangir, is young, the son of Sultan Shygay Nuraly Khan temporarily takes the khan throne. In 1823, Zhangir Bokeiuli Khan was recognized as the heir to the throne, and on June 22, 1824, he ascended the white felt in the "Khan grove" and was elected khan. The foundation of the Inner Horde was solidified, and the internal social and economic situation was formed and strengthened during the period of 1823-1845 under the leadership of Jangir Khan. Dzhangir, who is open-eyed, open-minded, fluent in Russian, Tatar, Arabic, and Persian languages, was awarded with many awards of the Russian government, was awarded the title of Cavalier of the Order of St. Anna of the 1st degree decorated with a golden crown, and was the first Kazakh khan to be promoted to the rank of major general. In the fall of 1824, Zhangir married Fatima, the daughter of mufti of Orinbor, Mukhamedzhan Huseynov. Fatima had a European education, mastered languages, was close to dance and music. In 1826, Khan Zhangir and his wife Princess Fatima were invited to the enthronement ceremony of Russian Tsar Nicholas I. At the ceremony held in Moscow, the Russian intelligentsia, Tsar Nicholas himself, who invited Fatima to dance, were impressed by Fatima's knowledge and culture, as well as her speaking and dancing in Russian. In 1827, Zhangir Khan presented a yurt made with special skill to the king. In 1829, Empress Alexandra Fedorovna Fatima presented Princess Fatima with a gold tiara, comb and earrings decorated with Brazilian topazes. First of all, Zhangir set an example of a comfortable and efficient life for the Kazakhs, and in 1827 he built the Khan palace in the place called Zhaskus of the Naryn sands. The sultans followed the example of Jangir, and then the common people built houses, and the Khan's place became a center of political and economic importance. In 1828, in one room of his house, he collected dynastic valuables, horse harnesses, military weapons and organized an armory. This was the first museum opened in Kazakh territory. Zhangir paid great attention to the health of his people. In 1825, a Kazakh named S. Zhanibekov was sent to study to learn how to carry out vaccination against smallpox. Since 1826, vaccination against smallpox has been carried out in the Horde. In 1832, at the invitation of Zhangir Khan, doctor A.A. Sergachev came to the Khan's residence. Later, in 1839, the first pharmacy was opened. During these periods, V.F. Evlanov, Puporev, etc. were in the Horde. b. doctors work. In 1852, a public hospital with 16 beds was opened in Orda. This hospital has been preserved to this day and is serving the people without problems. In 1832, Khan Zhangir organized a fair in order to improve the social condition of the people, to develop and launch trade. The fair is held in spring and autumn, and includes Russian cities such as Saratov, Moscow, Novgorod, etc. merchants came from the provinces. In 1846, 3,883 people participated in the spring fair, and in 1851, the turnover amounted to 1.5 million silver coins. In 1835, in 1835, a mosque with a unique architectural model was built in the courtyard of his house so that the Kazakhs of Zhangir Bokei would not lose their religion. In the country it was called "Khan mosque". Khan Zhangir not only increased the number of livestock in the Bokei Horde, but also attached great importance to the breeding of its breeds, especially horses. Horse exhibitions and horse competitions are organized in the Khan stake, in the Russian cities of Orsk and Elista. An important event in the history of the Bokei Horde is the popular uprising of 1836-1838 led by I. Taimanuly and M. Otemisuly. Bul was an uprising of the people who rose up against the tsarist administration and the khan-sultans for their freedom. In 1840, the veterinarian K. P. Oldekop came to Orda at the invitation of Zhangir. The first veterinary department in Kazakhstan was opened here, and the first vaccinations against livestock diseases, experiments and research were carried out. Realizing that the country's future lies in education, Jangir opened the first Kazakh-Russian school in the Kazakh steppe on December 6, 1841. Many people whose names are known to the country have received their education from this school. One of them is Mukhamedsalyk Babazhanov, a Kazakh scientist and ethnographer. His researches on the Kazakhs, publications on their historical heritage were highly appreciated, and in 1862 he was awarded the silver medal of the Russian Geographical Society. More than a hundred scientists-researchers, more than twenty academicians, such as Asan Taimanov, graduated from Zhangir school. At one time, Zhangir himself donated important manuscripts written in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages to the library of Kazan University. In 1844, the scientific council of the university elected Dzhangir as an "honorary member of Kazan University" in recognition of his work in spreading enlightenment. Zhangir bought Russian publications, newspapers and magazines, various books, and accumulated a rich library fund. In his personal library at home, there were publications "Severnaya bechela", "Otechestvennye zapiski", "Sovremennik", "Architecture of the XIX century" by Shinkel, "Dead Souls" by Gogol. Khan Zhangir received scientists and researchers who came to Bokei Horde with special respect. G.S. Karelin, V.I. Dal, etc., who were in this region. He wrote down his gratitude for the hospitality of the khan's house in his memoirs. In addition to these, there were more than 100 Russian and foreign researchers in Bokei Horde. In 1842, at the request of Zhangir, a well-known cartographer, a member of the Russian Geographical Society, Y. V. Khanykov made a territorial map of the Bokei Horde. At that time, the khanate included Zhanibek, Kaztalovka, Zhangala, Orda districts of the modern West Kazakhstan region, Makhambet, Kurmangazy districts of Atyrau region, Pallasovka district of neighboring Russia's Volgograd region, part of Kumozek, Volodar, Karabaily districts of Astrakhan region. In 1841, a post-telegraph connection was established between the Khan stake and the town of Cherny Yar. On August 11, 1845, Khan Zhangir Bokeiuli, a great reformer and great reformer of the Kazakh steppe, who started the political, cultural and economic development of the Bokei Horde, introduced many changes in the management of this region, died. After the death of Khan Dzhangir, the khanate structure of the Bokei Horde was abolished and a new administration - the Provisional Council - was established. The Provisional Council ruled from 1845 to 1917. In 1860, Bokei Horde is divided into 7 administrative parts. They are: Targyn, Kalmak, Naryn, Kamys - Samar, Talov districts and I, II Sea coast districts. Each administrative unit is headed by a mayor - governors. In 1862, a library was opened in Khan Stavka. The library stock had books by O. Balzac, U. Shakespeare, G. Hugo, T. Shevchenko, as well as Russian publications. In connection with the development of trade in the Khan fair, the "Treasury" institution, a place for regulating and storing money capital, was opened in 1867 and serves as a bank. In 1869, a team of firemen consisting of 5 people and a mobile train was formed. In 1870, weather monitoring devices were brought from Russia and a meteorological station was established. State protection of the Orda forest, which was planted by Jangir in 1832, has been undertaken since 1890. In 1908, nurseries were created near the Orda forestry institution, and research work was carried out. As a result - Naryn pine is born. In 1908, the first anti-plague station in the Kazakh steppe was built. Deputy Commissioner of Public Health M. Shombalov, doctors specializing in plague treatment I. A. Deminsky, A. Mihailov, and later Doctor of Medicine N. Dobrokhotova worked at this station. In 1911, "Kazakhstan" newspaper, one of the giants of Kazakh publishing, was published in Orda under the organization of the famous poet G. Karash. Orda was the place where the first Great Kazan revolution took place in Kazakhstan. In 1918, the first Komsomol branch was established. In 1918, the first Soviet printing house was opened, where "The Right Way", "Kirgizskaya Pravda", etc. Newspapers and magazines are published. In 1918, the First Kazakh Cavalry Regiment was formed in the Horde. During these periods, a lot of attention is paid to cultural life. "Zhiger" youth organization was established, Russian, Tatar, Kazakh troupes, and a national instrument orchestra organized by the well-known musician M. Bokeikhanov. The plays of the well-known playwright I. Mendikhanov were presented to the audience. Currently, Bokei Ordasy district is one of the most economically developed districts. The head of state, the first and ex-president of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev visited Bokei Ordasy district twice on an official visit. It turned out that the leaders of Kazakhstan did not visit any of the districts of the West Kazakhstan region. ### Great Patriotic War 1941-45 During the Great Patriotic War, Orda district was the only district in Kazakhstan that was put under a state of war. More than 2,000 citizens of Orda went to defend their homeland. Akmediyar Kusayinov, Temir Masin and Manshuk Mametov, one of our heroic daughters, were awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. In addition, Shakir Zheksenbayev, a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, a native of the Orda region, the first military general of the Soviet army of Kazakhstan. In the post-war period, 25 Hordeans who worked hard to raise and strengthen the country's economy were awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor, the highest award of the Soviet Union. ### Kapustin Yar training ground The sad page of Horde history is the Kapustin Yar training ground. In 1948, underground and surface tests are conducted in the area of the district, which was given to the landfill. In 1952, 19 collective farms of the district were forcibly moved to other districts. In May 1990 T. "Naryn" public movement is created under Makhimov's leadership. ## Culture Horde is the home of talented great people. Famous Kazakh musicians Kurmangazy, Dina, Seitek, Nausha, dombra players Zh. Temiraliev, E. Kaziev, People's Artist, actress Kh. Bukeeva, the first Kazakh conductor Sh. Kazhigaliyev, folk composers B. Zhumaniyazov, M. Sagatov, advanced employees of the medical field A. Gerasimov, Kh. Bukeikhanov, the best of education G. Zaripov, M. Kulbatskaya, Orda Museum organizer A. Tazhetdinov, experts in agriculture K. Mendaliyev, R. Egizbaev, poets T. Zharokov, S. Daumov, K. Zhumagaliyev, etc. came out. ## Population Number of inhabitants - 15,222 (2019). National composition: Kazakhs - 99.23%, others - 0.77%. At the beginning of 2020, the population was 15,026 people (7,692 men and 7,334 women). ## Rural districts 20 settlements are combined into 7 rural districts: ## Large settlements ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8403

Superstar KZ

-{SuperStar KZ}- is a reality show based on the popular British show Pop Idol. Every Saturday at 18:50 is a reality show on the Eurasia First channel. This competition-show was organized to identify young singers in Kazakhstan. Voting by SMS or phone every Saturday from 22:40, and the results from 22:30 to 23:00. SuperStar KZ is the second purchased license project in Kazakhstan television. SuperStar KZ is presented in Russian, and the songs are in Russian, Kazakh and English. ## -{SuperStar KZ}-. The first season The first season ran under "Full License" and lasted nine months. The project consisted of hearings in 16 cities: Astana, Taraz, Aktau, Semey, Pavlodar, Atyrau, Shymkent, Kyzylorda, Taldykorgan, Karaganda, Kokshetau, Aktobe and Almaty, as a result, the jury heard 5563 people. The second stage — Elimination, lasted 3 days from August 27 in Almaty. According to this competition, 50 out of 100 people will be selected. The third stage is called "Work Shop". It ran for five weeks from November 1 to 30, 2003. Every week, 10 contestants come to Almaty for vocal, choreography and style lessons, and every Saturday, viewers can see what they have learned on the live broadcast. Only two out of every ten. 10 people in the final. But the organizers held it on December 13. "Lucky Ticket" 8 participants were given the opportunity to reach the finals. The selection of 8 participants took place as follows: the members of the jury each named one participant without agreement. The two participants were selected by the jury through discussion among themselves. A series of final concerts followed. There, one participant from the 12 finalists left the project every week. The theme of each concert: * Top 12: Foreign hits. * Top 11: * Top 10: * Top 9: * Top 8: Kazakhstan hits. * Top 7: San Remo 80's Disco Hits. * Top 6: Hits of the Soviet period. * Top 5: Foreign current hits * Top 4: Love songs. * Top 3: current hits of Russia. * Top 2: Grand Final In the Grand Final, the number of phone calls and SMS reached 622394. 295,807 votes were given to Kim Roman, and 326,587 votes to Almas Kishkenbaet. The difference was only five percent. -{SuperStar KZ}- Sponsors of the first season were Kazkommertsbank and the chain of Elektronika Olemi stores. ### Hosts * Serik Akishev * Irina Kordyukova ### Jury * Batyrkhan Shukenov - singer and musician * Roman Raifeld - music critic * Arman Murzagaliev - violinist * Laila Sultanovna - TV and radio editor. ## -{SuperStar KZ}-. Second season SuperStar KZ. The second season. Hearings were held in the cities of Taraz, Kyzylorda, Atyrau, Aktobe, Almaty, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Pavlodar, Karaganda and the final destination, Astana, from July 23 to 30, 2004. The premiere of the second season of SuperStar KZ took place on September 25, 2004 on the First Eurasia Channel. On November 6, 2004, the "Workshop" period was held. During five weeks, out of the contestants that the audience immediately liked after watching the contestants live, only two contestants who got the most votes of the audience made it to the finals. They are Alisher Karimov from Taraz and Kairat Tyuntekov from Shymkent. The 19-year-old Kairat Tyuntekov won the competition after performing 3 identical songs. The sponsors of the second season of {SuperStar KZ} are Kazkommertsbank and LG. ### Drivers * Eric Solo * Ulpan Kuraisova ### Jury * Dariga Nazarbayeva - President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev's daughter * Almas Amirseitov - president of Premier Records KZ * Oleg Markov - chief producer * Diana Snegina - DJ on "Europa Plus Kazakhstan" radio ## -{SuperStar KZ} -. Season Three Auditions for the third season took place between November 2 and October 7, 2005. 12,000 people were heard from the following cities: * Almaty: October 7, October 8, November 1, November 2 * Aktau: October 10, October 11 * Aktobe: October 13, October 14 \< > * Pavlodar: October 15, October 16 * Kostanay: October 18, October 19 * Karaganda: October 20, October 21 * Astana: October 22, October 23 * Ust-Kamenogorsk: October 24 , October 25 * Shymkent: October 27, October 28 The premiere of the third season of SuperStar KZ took place on November 26, 2005 on the First Eurasia Channel. On November 7, 2006, the jury selected 40 leaders from 143 candidates for the title of SuperStar KZ 3 who came to the "True Choice" Almaty tournament. As usual, the participants were divided into 5 groups of 8 people, and their musical talents were evaluated every Saturday. ### The first group (January 7, 2006) * Adilzhan Umarov — Lyubit Tebya by Santos and Yulia Nachalova * Ayan Birbayev — Aisulu by Bangor * Daniyar Otegen — I Believe I Can Fly by R. Kelly * Ekaterina Revanova (Karagandy) — Landysh Serebristy by * Marzhan Makishev — Lebedinaya Vernost by Yevgeny Martanov * Meruert Musrali - * Nurzhan Kermenbaev - * Zarina Yeleusizov — All At Once by Whitney Houston Second group (January 14, 2006) * Aliya Abilkayrova (from Almaty) — Je T'Aime by Lara Fabian * Altynai Sapargaliyeva (Zhanaozen) — The Voice Within by Christina Aguilera * Arstan Myrzagereev (Karagandy) — Gde Je Ty? by K-7 * Dauren Orazbekov (Karagandy) — Noch Podruga by A-Studio * Gulmira Irzhanova (Kostanay) — Underneath Your Clothes by Shakira * Gulmira Zakiryanova (Kostanay) — Omir-Ozen by Altinay Zhorabayeva * Sarman Tulebayev (Karagandy) — Belle Vyacheslav Balashov (Uskemen) — Unusual Eyes by Rashid Beibutov lodar) — Alatau by * Irina Pisareva (Pavlodar) — Vishe Oblakov by Slivki * Karlygash Tastambekova (Almaty) - * Marat Orazbaev (Zhanauzen) — Razluka by 101 * Meruert) — Niyazveeva Nothing by Whitney Houston * Nailya Zaitova (Almaty) — Beautiful by Christina Aguilera * Rinat Maltsagov (Pavlodara) — A little sorry by Philip Kirkorov Daria Akparova (Karaganda) — I Will Survive by Gloria Gaynor * Dinara Koskeldieva (Almaty) — Hero by Mariah Carey * Erlan Alimov (Kostanaya) — Ty Made From Fire by Vadim Usbolatna Almaty) — Wall by Larisa Dolina * Timur Kalekperov (Uskemen) — How Beautiful You Are Today by Valeriy Meladze * Vladimir Kim (Karaganda) — Eternal Love by Andre Makarskiy —Meyzhgan Beyna * Nami Zima by Dilnaz Akhmadieva * Zhanara Khamitova (Karaganda) - Besenshi top (2006 4 akpan) * Anastasia Usova (Aktube) — Adagio Istan by\ Lara Fabian ) — Jamaica by Robertino Loreti * Asem Tasbulatova (Shymkent) — Zhalt Etip Ötken by Asem * Evgeny Gartung (from Rudny) — Tequila-love by Valery Meladze * Irina Iskel Kononova) — (Uskem Kononova) Good (I Got You) by James Brown * Marat Nigmanov (Astana) — Serenade 2000 by Bravo * Timur Akhmetzhanov (Aktube) — Insatiable by Darren Hayes * Vera Kan (Almaty) — Hero Not Mine Romana by Yulia Nachalova Bakytty ticket (2006 18 akpan) * Anastasia Usova — Bakyt Kushagynda by Shamshi Kaldayakova * Ayan Birbaev — As Long As You Love Me Daniyar by Backstreet Boys Otegen - * Daria Akparova - * Erlan Alimov — Heart, Tell by Ivan Breusov * Gulmira Irzhanova — Don't Speak by No Doubt * Marat Orazbaev — I-Eto You by Murat Nasyrov * Marzhan Makisheva — Karma by Alicia Keys * Mnash Zhanbolatova - * Nailya Zaitova - * Sarman Tulebaev — Voice by Aleksandr Panayotov * Vera Kahn — Sometimes by Aleksandr Panayotov > ### Top 12/Takyryptar * Top 12: concert dedicated to Tomas N'Evergreenge * Top 11: Network hits * Top 10: Council<> *Top film festivals 9: Latin American hits * Top 8: Kazakh hits * Top 7: Fast hits * Top 6: My Idol * Top 5: 70s hits * Top 4: Zhanna myzhyldyk hits * Top 3: Love Songs * Top 2: Grand Final ### ZhūrgіzuŖler Sabina Sayakova * Alan Cherkasov ### Jury * Nagima Eskalieva — People's Artist * Lyudmila Kim — VJ * Kairat Kulbayev — Vice of HiT TV channel -president * Igor Syrtsov - general director of KTK TV channel ## -{SuperStar KZ}-. The fourth season Final season held in the first half of 2007. Auditions of the fourth season were held between January 30 and February 14 in the following cities: * Atyrau: January 30 Philharmonic in Zhantorin Atan * Ural: January 30 Central Palace of Youth Culture * Karaganda: February 1 Karaganda City Circus * Aktobe: February 2 Zhubanov Regional Philharmonic * Pavlodar: February 2 "Bayanaul" cultural and entertainment center * Astana: February 5, February 6 sports complex "Alatau" * Shymkent: 6 February, February 7 "Dostyk" hotel complex * Taraz: February 8 "Balashogun" cultural center * Ust-Kamenogorsk: February 9 "Bolshevik" entertainment center * Almaty: February 13, February 14 "Da freak » night club The premiere of the fourth season of SuperStar KZ was on February 17, 2007 on the First Eurasian Channel. In the fourth season, the selection of ten finalists was carried out as follows: 12 girls appeared in the first week, and 12 boys in the next week. Out of these, 8 boys and girls will come out. Then 4 contestants out of 8 and 8 finalists. Also, a lucky ticket that allows two participants to reach the finals. ### The first group. (Girls. March 14, 2007) * Daria Akparova - I understood * Ardak Zinali - Native Earth * Mariam Dumanova' - Kolybelnaya * Aida Zhakupova - Pod espanskim nebom \ <> * Banu Lehaveva — Ake Turaly Zhai * Stepanida Basyuk — Eş lyublu * Elena Psaryova — This love * Guzel Lukhmanova — Little Prince * Gulim Aitkazina — Lebedinaya vernost * Ainur Nazarbekova — Men Zhaily * Zarina Kurmanbayeva — Ya tova * Albina Oganesyan — Ostanus ### The second group. (Guys. March 31, 2007) * Oleg Karezin — Zhan Syrym * Daulet Suleymenov — Since U've Been Gone * Talgat Kenzhebulatov — Razluka * Anatoly Tsoi — Lady Dozhdya * Daulet Bolatbaev — Kakhaz Keme * Vladimir Kim — Ya Ne mogu bez tebya * Nurlan Tolepbergenov — Suygenym * Igor Tukhvatov — Nevomzho zvojmo * Oleg Nikitin — Cosa Sei * Azamat Bersembayev — Because I love you * Rustem Nurgaliyev — Ya etu zhizn tebe otdam * Adilzhan Umarov — Kto-to prostit ### 8 — 4. (Girls. 2007 April 7) * Aida Zhakupova - My angel * Gulim Aitkazina - My guardian angel * Mariam Dumanova - My soul * Albina Oganesyan - Zima * Elena Psaryova - Mother soul * Daria Akparova — Because You * Stepanida Basyuk — The year of Makhabat * Aynur Nazarbekova — Ne smotri ### 8 — 4. (Guys. April 14, 2007) \< > Igor Tukhvatov — You are made of fire * Vladimir Kim — Even if you leave * Adylzhan Umarov — Sex bomb * Oleg Nikitin — Opera No. 2 * Oleg Karezin — I'm with you mind * Daulet Bolatbaev — My story * Anatoly Tsoi — Mama * Talgat Kenzhebulatov — Stand for me Oleg Karezin and Daulet Bolatbaev are ready for the final. On May 30, 2007 SuperStar KZ 4 champion Oleg Karezin (59%)! 2nd place Adylzhan Umarov (41%). ### Zhūrgіzushіler * Irina Kordyukova * Adil Liyan ### Juryler * Nagima Eskalieva — People's Artist * Taras Boychenko - * Serik Akishev — TV tournament ## Statistics is a matter ### My mouse grows #> \< # Fourth mouse ## Link * SuperStar KZ Posted on November 21, — Official website * [1] Village of May 18, — Production studio SuperStar KZ season 1 4. * [2] — Zhemmpaz fourth season

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8422

Alimbai Kaltayuly Bapanov

Alimbai Kaltayuly Bapanov (1953, Kyzylorda region) is an artist. ## Biography * Docent of the Department of "Painting" ## Creativity * His work is presented in a solo exhibition at the "Shezhire" gallery in Almaty offered. * The author of works exhibited in the banquet hall of Almaty (in 2001), Lausanne (Switzerland in 2002), Directorate of Exhibitions in Almaty (in 2003). Latest works: * "Saryarka" (2004) * "Zherzhannaty" (2006, wool, hand knitting) * "Nomadic garden" (2006) * felt clothing collection (2008) * "Amazing the Blue" (2007) * "Night Sniper" (2007) * "Weaving of Fate" (2007) * "A Woman with a Tradition" (2007) * "Dance of the Centuries" (2009) * "Blue Wolf (Wolf Mother)" (2010). ## Popularity Bapanovs are widely known outside of Kazakhstan. Members of the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan were educated at basic schools such as Stroganovka (Moscow Higher Art School) and Surikov Art School. Today, their works are preserved in all state and private collections of the country. Felt products made by Saul are a unique Kazakh industry. Hand-made products are highly valued in Germany, Switzerland, and Japan. In addition, Kazakh felt masters have strong competitors from the neighboring country of Kyrgyzstan. ## Family * Father - Bapanov Kaltai. His mother is Nazipa Kosayakova. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8423

Paid by Sabituly Dosmagambetov

Tolegen Sabituly Dosmagambetov (1940-2001) is the founder of national sculptural art, a single period of Kazakh culture. He was born in 1940 in Murtyk district, Ualikhanov district, North Kazakhstan region. Graduated from Almaty School of Art (1959), Leningrad Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture (1965). After graduation, he became a member of the Soviet Union, and at the age of 35 he became a laureate of the Republic's State Prize and an honored figure of Kazakhstan's art. His works depicting the heroic history of the Kazakh people are located in every city of the republic. They are monuments and busts of Akan Seri, Shokan Ualikhanov, Saken Seifullin, Ilyas Zhansugirov, Akhmet Baitursynovy, Mukhtar Auezov, Amangeldi Imanov, Alibi Zhankeldin, Ghani Muratbaev, Kanysh Satbaev, Dinmukhamed Akhmetovich Konaev. Portraits of Nursultan Nazarbayev, Olzhas Suleymenov, Bibigul Tolegenova, Anuar Alimzhanov, Toktar Aubakirov and their great contemporaries were created by his pen. Many recent works of Tolegen Dosmagambetov depicted the appearance of Astana, the new capital of Kazakhstan. It is a statue of a leopard installed on a bridge over the river Esil. Another statue is dedicated to the legend of a wolf that saved a child's life. This statue is located in the center of Astana. Tolegen Dosmagambetov himself says: ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8382

Целиноград

Astana is the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It has the status of the capital since December 10, 1997. The status of a millionaire city was achieved in June 2017, when the population reached 1,002,874 people. Astana is located in the north of the country on the banks of the Esil River. Administratively, the city is divided into 5 districts. The proposal to transfer the capital of Kazakhstan from Almaty to Akmola was presented by President Nursultan Nazarbayev. The Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan made a decision on the replacement on July 6, 1994. The official transfer of central state bodies to Akmola began on December 10, 1997. By the President's Decree of May 6, 1998, the name of Akmola was changed to Astana. The international presentation of the new capital was held on June 10, 1998. The city consists of five administrative units - "Almaty", "Saryarka", "Esil", "Baikonur" and "Nura" districts. Esil and Nura districts were created in the following years according to the dynamics of the city's development. ## Geography As of January 1, 2023, the population of the city is 1,354,435 people, which is the second indicator in Kazakhstan after Almaty. The city is located in the north of the central part of Kazakhstan in the Akmola region, on the riverine plain in the basin of the Esil River. The territory of the city is 797.33 km² (after the addition of 87.19 km² of Akmola region without settlements to the city on February 7, 2017). The city is located on a steppe plain. The relief of the occupied territory is low terraces. Chestnut soil dominates. The geology of the city is undivided Paleozoic sediments in the northern part, and mid-Quaternary sediments in the southern and western parts. Most of the city lies on sedimentary rock, mainly sandy loam. The city of Astana is located on the banks of the Esil River. The city is divided into two parts - the right bank and the left bank. The hydrographic network of the city is represented not only by the Yesil River, but also by the Sarybulak and Akbulak rivers, which are right streams of the Yesil River. There are many fresh and salt lakes within a 25-30 km radius of the city. ## History Astana originates from a fortress founded by Russian troops in 1830 on the banks of the Esil River. In 1862, Akmolinsk received the status of a city. In 1962, the city was named Tselinograd. In 1997, the President of independent Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev decided to move the capital from Almaty to Akmola by decree. On May 6, 1998, the name of the new capital was changed to Astana. On June 10, 1998, the international presentation of Astana, the new capital of Kazakhstan, was held. In 1998, according to the decision of UNESCO, Astana was awarded the title of "City of Peace" and awarded with a medal. This title is given to the young cities of the planet, which have achieved the most impressive and powerful growth in socio-economic, political and cultural development, establishment of stable inter-ethnic relations in a short period of time. In this competition held in Brazil, Astana surpassed twelve cities from different countries of the world in all dimensions. The city of Astana is located in the territory of Akmola region and borders three districts of this region (Tselinograd, Shortandy and Arshaly). The growth of the city divided the territory of Tselinograd district of Akmola region into two parts. Until February 7, 2018, in addition to the city (69,822 ha), the territory of Astana included 2 forestry plots (in the east, a state forest reserve with an area of 459 ha, in the north, a cottage in the Koyandy reservoir (with 12 cottage communities). According to the State Land Cadastre, the territory of this massif is 900 ha, of Astana 850 ha according to the master plan, and 733 ha according to the balance of the city territory (Government Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 131 of March 16, 2018). sites (without residents), including a 7,300 ha site near the international airport, a national pantheon (959 ha) in the south of the city, and a city cemetery (460 ha) in the northwest were added. On March 16, 2018, Almaty and Baikonur district was created from the parts of Saryarka district. On March 20, 2019, the second president of Kazakhstan, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, renamed the city Nur-Sultan in honor of ex-president Nursultan Nazarbayev. On September 17, 2022, the name of Astana was returned by the decree of President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. ## Leaders ## Population The number of urban residents on January 1, 2020 was 1,136,008 people. The official report of KazStat registered 972,672 residents in the capital on January 1, 2017, 1,002,874 residents on June 1, 2017, and 1,136,008 residents on January 1, 2020, according to the new methodology of the report. According to the 2009 census, only 36% of the city's residents were born and raised in Astana. The foundation of the city was formed by migrants from other regions of Kazakhstan, namely 19.4% - residents of Akmola region, 7.4% - residents of Turkestan region, 6.3% - residents of Karaganda and Kostanay regions. According to KazStat data of October 1, 2016, the number of working-age residents of the city (women aged 16-58, men aged 16-63) is 478,432, including 21,000 unemployed and 92,000 people not entering the labor force. The average age of marriage is 27.5 years for men and 25.3 years for women. The population of Astana increased by 169.2 thousand people compared to 2000, and at the beginning of 2006 it was 550.2 thousand people. According to information on March 1, 2013, the population was 783,471 people. In terms of population, it is the 2nd place in Kazakhstan, after the city of Almaty. A positive factor in the natural movement of the population of Astana is the increase in the level of birth and marriage. In 2005, 8,800 children were born in the city, which is 4,300 more than those born in 2000. In 2005, the birth rate was 6.3 per 1,000 inhabitants, and the death rate was 6.7. The growth of the city's population is mainly supported by the flow of migration. A significant increase in the balance of migration (over 50,000) was observed in 2000-2001. The number of arrivals exceeded the departures mainly due to the migration of citizens within the republic. However, in recent years it has been relatively stabilized (in 2002 - 6.8 thousand, in 2003 - 6.8 thousand). — 5.4 thousand, 2004. — 14.2 thousand, 2005. — 15.7 thousand people). During this period, natural population growth increased from 1513 people in 2000 to 5.2 people in 2005. ### Demographic dynamics Another millionaire city after Almaty is registered in Kazakhstan. According to the indicators of 2009, the migration balance of the city of Astana was 31,908 people — this is the highest indicator in the republic. The dynamics of the population of Astana is given below. ### Agglomeration UZMI "Astanagenplan" created the project "Interregional Scheme of Territorial Development of Astana Agglomeration". With this document adopted in November 2015, 127 settlements of Arshaly, Tselinograd and Shortandy districts of Akmola region with a total area of 21.75 thousand km², as well as four districts of Akkol region (Uryupin rural district, Enbekshi district, Council rural district, Akkol city administration), the boundaries of the Astana agglomeration were determined. 196,000 people live within the boundaries of the suburbs, and 814,000 people live in the city of Astana. The population density of the suburbs of Astana was 9 people/km² (the average population density of all Kazakhstan is about 7 people per 1 km²). With the agglomeration development project, the population of the agglomeration is expected to grow to 1.2 million people in 2020, and to more than 1.5 million people by 2030. ## Nature and climate The climate of the city is very continental. Summer is hot and dry, and winter is cold and long. The average annual temperature is 3.1 °C. Annual rainfall is 300 mm. Although the average summer temperature is around 20°C, the maximum temperature can reach 40°C due to the hot air masses of Central Asia. Summer is warm but short. And the average winter temperature is about -15 °C, sometimes it can reach -50 °C due to the Siberian frosts reaching the city. The snow cover is thick and winter lasts 4-5 months. Astana is considered the coldest capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar. The total amount of precipitation is about 300-350 mm per year. Most of the precipitation falls in spring and summer. In winter, precipitation is low and the amount of snow is average. Air humidity is low, the average annual indicator is about 60%. Humidity is often low in winter. Wind speed in Astana often changes, but the average speed is around 4-6 m/s. In winter, there can be strong winds and blizzards, which makes the cold feel intense. Due to the fact that the city is located in the middle of the desert, which is prone to drought and strong winds, which is not very suitable for people, a large-scale project is being implemented to equip the city with a green belt - trees and other green spaces. ## Economy The economy of Astana is made up of trade, transport and communications, and construction. In terms of contribution to the total output of the trade sector of the economy of Kazakhstan, the city of Astana ranks second after the city of Almaty among the regions and cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The combined regional output of the cities of Astana and Almaty makes up more than half of the total trade of Kazakhstan. In terms of retail turnover, Astana is second in the country. The city of Astana is the leader in the republic in terms of construction growth. In 2009, 1/5 of the residential houses put into operation in Kazakhstan came to the city of Astana. Astana has been a leader in the exploitation of residential buildings for more than five years. Industrial production is mostly concentrated in building materials, food and beverages, and machinery. In Kazakhstan, the city of Astana is a leader in the production of metal construction materials, ready-to-use concrete and construction products made of concrete. Also, the city's share in the production of construction metal structures, radiators and central heating boilers and installations is relatively high. In order to mobilize investors and develop new competitive production, the city operates a special economic zone called "Astana - a new city". The advantages of the SEZ are the presence of a special legal regime that provides for tax and customs benefits. Various projects are being implemented in the territory of SEZ. In particular, the development of the city is aimed at developed industrial sectors with a high share of innovative products in the total volume of production (production of construction materials, food processing, etc.), small businesses that provide the majority of the total regional product of the city, and developed aimed at creating a competitive economy focused on the tourism sector. In 2009, manufacturing enterprises produced products in the amount of 77.25 billion tenge - this is 81% of the total volume of manufacturing products. The processing industry has the largest share in: * Production of non-metallic products, construction materials (30.3%), * Production of food products, including beverages (20.1%), meat processing, oil factory, milk factory, mills; * Manufacture of metal products (16.2 %), "Metalist", pumps, cast iron; * Machine building (15.6%), car repair, pumps and other enterprises; * Less than 1% textile and garment industry, woodworking and manufacture of wood products. The average monthly salary in the city of Astana is 308,135 on average, excluding small enterprises engaged in entrepreneurial activities. 688 people out of 1 thousand people. Internet access is available from home. The unemployment rate in the IV quarter of 2019 is 4.4%. Growth rate of the economy by sectors (from January 2020 to January 2019): industry (100.4%). construction (130.7), transport (110.6), agriculture (98.5), trade (101.4), communication (115.8). ## Transport The city of Astana is located at the intersection of railways connecting the cities of Petropavlovsk — Karaganda — Balkash and Barnaul — Pavlodar — Astana — Kartali — Magnitogorsk and has a railway station. The head office of the national railway company "Kazakhstan Temir Zhol" is located in the city. In 2017, a new railway station named "Nurly Zhol" was built in the south-eastern part of the city near Millennium Alley. A terminal for freight cars will be built in the industrial part of the city in the TPP-3 district. A major intersection of highways: A-1 Astana — Petropavl and M-36 Chelyabinsk — Almaty highways pass through the city. At the end of 2019, the ring road around the city of Astana was completely opened. City transport is represented by buses (92 routes, 871 units), including 15 electric buses (should have 100 units by the end of 2020). The total length of the network of city routes (2004) is 1,720 km, the annual passenger flow is 115 million. person, ticket price is 90 tenge (cashless payment or SMS) or 180 tenge (cash payment). Trolley traffic was opened in 1983 (3 routes, but since 2006 one route with a contact line of 51.7 km has been left). In 2008, the only trolleybus park was closed by the decision of the state commission. "Astana Bike" has been operating in Astana since 2014. In 2017, the system consisted of 40 stations and 1,000 bicycles. Registration in the system for one season costs 5000 tenge + deposit for RFID card. The first half hour of bicycle rental is free, after that - 100 tenge. After renting a bike for 3 hours, the system automatically informs you that you need to return the bike. Rental for the 4th hour and beyond costs 1,000 tenge. The city has Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport, which can receive all types of aircraft. The airport is located 16 kilometers from the city. After the reconstruction in 2017, the capacity of the airport reached 8.2 million passengers per year. The total volume of the new passenger terminal is 47,000 square meters. The throughput capacity of the cargo terminal of Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev airport is 15 thousand tons per year. There is a plan to build a new international airport located 30-35 km from Astana. Two options are being considered: Shortany district center on the Kokshetau highway and Osakarovka village on the Karaganda highway. At the same time, it is proposed that the existing international airport will continue to receive domestic flights, and the new airport will receive international routes. Since 2008, boat trips along the Yesil River have been organized within the city limits. A special institution "Esil-Astana" was established by the city administration within the framework of the "Ship Passing Esil" program. The first ship passed in 2008. ## Culture In the city, there is the Akmola Regional Philharmonic, museums (the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Museum of History and Local History, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Saken Seifullin Museum), theaters (National Museum named after K. Baiseitova opera and ballet theater, Kazakh music-drama theater named after K. Kuanishbayev, State Academic Russian Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky, National Space Center, Future Energy Museum "Nur Alem", libraries Hall, the Youth Palace and the Baiterek monument are considered to be the main symbols of the city. On July 6, 2000, the Fountain of Life was built. It is a symbolic building The opening of the square was dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the first president of Kazakhstan. The IV Delphi Games of the CIS countries were held in Astana on October 24-30, 2006. The event was jointly organized by the National Delphi Committee of Kazakhstan implemented. * From September 24 to 29, 2012, the VII Delphi Games of CIS youth took place in Astana. More than a thousand artists from 16 countries took part in the games: Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Romania, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine. ### Landmarks of the city * Baiterek is the main symbol and landmark of Astana. It was built on the initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The architect of the project is Akmyrza Rustembekov. * Kazakh Country is a monument on Independence Square in Astana. The 91-meter stele is decorated with the bird Samruk - the king of birds, the protector of the people. The second most important monument of Kazakhstan, Baiterek (translated as "Brother of Life") is attributed to the mythological image of Samruk. * Nur Zhol Boulevard (formerly Su-zasyl Boulevard) is a pedestrian zone with an alley of singing fountains. * "Akorda" is the residence of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Palace of Independence is a building for holding diplomatic and other international events; in addition, the building has a large layout plan of Astana with existing and future facilities. * The Palace of Peace and Accord is a congress hall for summits and congresses of representatives of traditional Kazakh and world religions. Architect Norman Foster. * "Kazakhstan" — Central concert hall. * "Shabyt" — Kazakh National Art University. * "Youth" — Palace of students and youth creativity. * "Khan Shatyr" is the largest shopping and entertainment center (considered the largest tent in the world). Architect Foster, Norman. * "Ethnovillage" national cultural complex is a unique cultural and tourist image project of EXPO-2017. * Gate "Eternal Country" is an architectural structure built on the idea of Nursultan Nazarbayev on the occasion of the anniversary of the Independence of Kazakhstan. * National Space Center. * Future energy museum "Nur Alem" EXPO 2017 - spherical building "Nur Alem". Height — 100 meters, diameter — 80 meters. Nur Alem is considered to be the tallest spherical building in the world after the 30-meter diameter Eriksson-Globe Arena in Stockholm. ### Theaters, concert halls and museums Astana city has 27 libraries, 8 state museums with 68,514 excursions (415,500 people visited in 2011), 10 recreation centers with 99 events and There are amusement parks (1,492.2 thousand people visited in 2011), 6 cinemas. * "Kazakhstan" Central Concert Hall is a unique complex of the young capital for organizing events of various levels: concerts of world and domestic stars, festive and official meetings, exhibitions, conferences, presentations. Architect Manfredi Nicoletti. * Astana circus is an entertainment institution of Astana city. One of the 3 main circuses in Kazakhstan; one of the newest circuses on the territory of the former USSR and one of two unique buildings in the form of a "flying saucer" (the first is a circus in Kazan). * K. The National Opera and Ballet Theater named after Baiseitova is the youngest musical theater in the country, which understands the classical heritage and realizes the spiritual needs of the modern Kazakhstani society, as well as the continuation of the Kazakh and world musical traditions. Astana Opera is a theater founded on the initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first president of Kazakhstan. The theater building, built in 2013, was recognized as an architectural monument of national importance. * Kazakh music-drama theater named after K. Kuanishbaev. * State Academic Russian Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky. * The National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest museum in Central Asia. The museum was established by the order of the first president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, within the framework of the "Cultural Heritage" program. * Museum of Modern Art. * The Presidential Culture Center was founded by the President N. Nazarbayev. The peculiarity of the research and cultural-educational complex is that it includes a museum, a library, and a concert hall. * Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan * ALGIERS (Akmola camp of women traitors to the motherland) is the largest women's camp of the Soviet Union, one of the three islands of the Gulag archipelago. * Atameken is an ethno-memorial complex of nature, architecture and life on the enlarged map of Kazakhstan. ### Buildings * KTZ Tower is a building of the Kazakhstan Railway, one of the tallest buildings in the city. * Transport Tower is the building of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, one of the tallest buildings in the city. * "Northern Shugyla" is a residential complex with three high-rise buildings. * "Triumph Astana" is a high-rise residential complex. * "Duman" entertainment center - there is an aquarium, a 5D cinema, a dinosaur park and others. * Caravan is a shopping and entertainment center. * MEGA Silkway is a shopping and entertainment center. ### Sports buildings * Sports complex "Astana Arena" — 30 thousand seats. * Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Central Stadium — 12,350 seats. * "Alau" ice rink - 8 thousand seats. * "Saryarka" (bicycle track) - 8 thousand seats. * Sports Palace "Kazakhstan" — 5,532 seats, about 1,000 standing places. * "Barys Arena" multifunctional ice palace - 12 thousand seats. ## Administrative division Astana city is divided into Saryarka, Almaty, Baikonur, Esil, Nura and Sarayshik districts. ## Water supply The city of Astana is located in an arid region, the main water supply consists of rivers and underground water sources. The Esil River, which originates from the springs of the Niyaz Mountains and is filled with winter snow and summer rainwater, is the main water artery of the city. Two small rivers, Sarybulak and Akbulak, flow from the point where Esil flows through the city. The city is surrounded by small rivers and lakes around 25-30 km. Some of them are fresh, some are hard water. The main ones: Sasykkol, Zholaman, Tyshkankol, Tanakol, Zhyltyrkol, Tazkol, Kaynarly, Tagankol, Maybalyk, Buzkyti, Jalanash, Shenet, Aganas, etc. The length of the channel of the Esil River is 562 km, the catchment area is 48,100 square km. Its length passing through Kazakhstan is 1,100 km, and its total length is 2,450 km. Esil flows into the Irtysh River, which flows through the Tyumen and Ombi regions of Russia. Esil accelerates its flow when it is filled with spring snow water. Mostly it flowed slowly. Since it is the main river that supplies the city with water, a channel was built from the "Irtys-Karagandy" canal to Esil. As the flow was slow, his feet were deep. Its catchment area within the city is 7,400 square km, to which the catchment area of the Vyacheslav dam is 5,310 square km. The Moyildi, Tentek, Karasu, Sarybulak, Akbulak rivers flow into Esil, and at the same time, it is connected with the Maibalik river through a water distribution channel. The river is inhabited by white bream, bream, bream, carp, pike, pike, and perch. The part of the city that has been inhabited for a long time is located in the foothills to the north of the Yesil River, on the right bank, to the south of the railway line. The main part of the city territory is connected to the Akbulak and Sarybulak branches of Esil. There are three large dams in the Yesil river basin: * Vyacheslav (use volume — 375.4 million cubic meters) * Sergeev (use volume — 635.0 million cubic meters) \ <> * Petropavl (usage volume — 16.1 million cubic meters) The first two are designed to regulate water accumulation for a long time, and also work in a complex direction and supply water to the city of Astana and rural settlements through 3 groups of water pipelines. The territory of the Petropavl Dam is small, and it is intended for only partial regulation of seasonal water collection. The main source of the city's domestic drinking water supply is the Vyacheslav Dam, its annual water yield is 67.2 million cubic meters (project capacity is 410.9 million cubic meters). Sarybulak flows from north to south through the western part of the city. About 8.5 km of its valley (width 20-50 m) includes the interval from Kishch combine to OMC. The 5.8-km part of the river passes through the region of the city where private houses and high-rise buildings are built. The section passing along the industrial buildings is 3.3 km (from the culvert of CHP-1 to the railroad crossing), and further 2.5 km passes through the silty region and continues to Esil at a distance of 1.8 from Tilendiev avenue. Not to mention the mouth of the spring, the channel passing through the city is flooded, reeds have grown, and some parts are broken. Akbulak passes through the south-eastern part of the city, water collects at its base only during June, the point of water collection is in the vicinity of CHP 2. The embankment of Akbulak from Abylai Khan Avenue to the Esil River has been restored and landscaped. Another way to provide the city with domestic drinking water is to use underground water sources. It is carried out by searching for new underground water sources and evaluating the possibilities of already known water sources in terms of new requirements. Such underground water sources include: Akmola water source mine (it consists of the northwest ridge (5-15 km to the north of the city) and the eastern ridge (close to the base of the city, partially to the Esil river valley), Esil water source mine (south of the city 0, 5-10.0 km); Rozhdenstvenskiy water source mine (the reserve of underground water in the alluvial sedimentary crust of the Nura River is 36.2 thousand cubic meters per day). ## Sister cities Astana has 20 sister cities. ## Information about Astana * Astana is the closest to the North Pole among Asian capitals. * Astana is the second coldest capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. ## See more * Astana cycling club * List of streets of Astana ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8424

Agymsaly Duzelkhanuly Duzelkhanov

Agymsaly Duzelkhanuly Duzelkhanov (born on August 19, 1951 in Kazaly, Kyzylorda region) is an artist. Honored Worker of Kazakhstan (1996). Winner of the State Prize of Kazakhstan (2003). Professor of the Kazakh National Academy of Arts. Excellence in Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Read more * Agymsaly Duzelkhanuly was born on August 19, 1951 in Kazaly, Kyzylorda region. * Graduated from Almaty art school in 1976. * In 1982, he graduated from the Moscow Art Institute. ## Creativity * Works in the genres of applied graphics, posters, book design, painting, portraits. * Decorated more than 200 books on historical, folklore and children's topics, more than 50 posters on social and historical topics. * "Tomiris", "Sakhtars", "Ayman-Sholpan", "Kyz Zhibek", etc. lithographs "Altyn Sarbaz", "Turkistan", "Ordabasy", "Korogly", "Oghiz Khan", etc. the author of works in the genre of painting. Also, he has a series of portraits such as "Abylai Khan", "Abilkhair Khan", "Aiteke Bi", "Kazybek Bi", "Tole Bi", "Korkyt". The national money of Kazakhstan is one of the tenge decorations. He was the director-artist of the puppet cartoon "Lost Sleep". * His works are exhibited in art museums of Kazakhstan and abroad. Works in the field of book and installation graphics. A. Duzelkhanov B. "Abai" poster-calendar for 1990, created jointly with Yesmakhanov, was published in 1989 by "Oner" publishing house. published. He was awarded a special diploma at the international competition held in Tashkent. ## Awards * On December 9, 1996, he was awarded the honorary title "Honored Worker of Kazakhstan". * Excellence in Education of Kazakhstan in 1996 (title); * In 2002, the state prize of Kazakhstan was awarded. * In 2013, he was awarded the medal "20 years to the National Tenge of Kazakhstan" * In 2016, he was awarded the Order of Honor. ## Personal qualities * Military rank - reserve sergeant. * Religious attitude - "I treat religion with respect." * His ideal as a political figure is N.A. Nazarbayev. * Prediction of the future of Kazakhstan - "Prosperity". * Hobby is reading. * The literature he loves to read is a historical topic. ## Personal life * Married. Spouse - Kasteeva Gulnaziya Abilkhanovna (born in 1955), T. Teacher of the Kazakh National Academy of Arts named after Zhurgenov. * Sons - Jomart (born in 1976), Miras (born in 1985). Grandchildren - Amina (born in 2000), Armanzhan (born in 2002). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8414

Evgeniy Matveevich Sidorkin

Yevgeny Matveevich Sidorkin (May 7, 1930, Kirov region - September 30, 1982, Almaty) is an artist, Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR. ## Biography * After graduating from Repin Institute of Architecture, Sculpture and Painting in 1957 * comes to Kazakhstan. Wife - Gulfairus Ismayilova ## Main works: * linocut "Elder" (1959), series of autolithographs on the theme of Kazakh folk tales * "Cheers" (1959) * M. Illustrated series for Auezov's novel "Abay Zholy" (1960) * "Kazakh epic" (1962) * "Kazakh national games" (1964) * Series for literature "Reading Saken Seifullin" (1965) and etc. * The album "My Kazakhstan" published by the republican "Uner" publishing house during his lifetime is the last album of the artist. * * * ## Awards > * Sh. Laureate of the Ualikhanov State Prize. * Many of the paintings of Kylkilam participated in international exhibitions in cities such as Moscow, Leipzig, Krakow, Venice, Budapest and won prizes. * Kazakhstani art of harpsichord has received high awards (including gold medals in Leipzig and Krakow), participation in prestigious exhibitions is not only a factor in demonstrating its world-class skills, but also contributed to the promotion of Kazakhstan to the world. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8389

Ақмолы

Astana is the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It has the status of the capital since December 10, 1997. The status of a millionaire city was achieved in June 2017, when the population reached 1,002,874 people. Astana is located in the north of the country on the banks of the Esil River. Administratively, the city is divided into 5 districts. The proposal to transfer the capital of Kazakhstan from Almaty to Akmola was presented by President Nursultan Nazarbayev. The Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan made a decision on the replacement on July 6, 1994. The official transfer of central state bodies to Akmola began on December 10, 1997. By the President's Decree of May 6, 1998, the name of Akmola was changed to Astana. The international presentation of the new capital was held on June 10, 1998. The city consists of five administrative units - "Almaty", "Saryarka", "Esil", "Baikonur" and "Nura" districts. Esil and Nura districts were created in the following years according to the dynamics of the city's development. ## Geography As of January 1, 2023, the population of the city is 1,354,435 people, which is the second indicator in Kazakhstan after Almaty. The city is located in the north of the central part of Kazakhstan in the Akmola region, on the riverine plain in the basin of the Esil River. The territory of the city is 797.33 km² (after the addition of 87.19 km² of Akmola region without settlements to the city on February 7, 2017). The city is located on a steppe plain. The relief of the occupied territory is low terraces. Chestnut soil dominates. The geology of the city is undivided Paleozoic sediments in the northern part, and mid-Quaternary sediments in the southern and western parts. Most of the city lies on sedimentary rock, mainly sandy loam. The city of Astana is located on the banks of the Esil River. The city is divided into two parts - the right bank and the left bank. The hydrographic network of the city is represented not only by the Yesil River, but also by the Sarybulak and Akbulak rivers, which are right streams of the Yesil River. There are many fresh and salt lakes within a 25-30 km radius of the city. ## History Astana originates from a fortress founded by Russian troops in 1830 on the banks of the Esil River. In 1862, Akmolinsk received the status of a city. In 1962, the city was named Tselinograd. In 1997, the President of independent Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev decided to move the capital from Almaty to Akmola by decree. On May 6, 1998, the name of the new capital was changed to Astana. On June 10, 1998, the international presentation of Astana, the new capital of Kazakhstan, was held. In 1998, according to the decision of UNESCO, Astana was awarded the title of "City of Peace" and awarded with a medal. This title is given to the young cities of the planet, which have achieved the most impressive and powerful growth in socio-economic, political and cultural development, establishment of stable inter-ethnic relations in a short period of time. In this competition held in Brazil, Astana surpassed twelve cities from different countries of the world in all dimensions. The city of Astana is located in the territory of Akmola region and borders three districts of this region (Tselinograd, Shortandy and Arshaly). The growth of the city divided the territory of Tselinograd district of Akmola region into two parts. Until February 7, 2018, in addition to the city (69,822 ha), the territory of Astana included 2 forestry plots (in the east, a state forest reserve with an area of 459 ha, in the north, a cottage in the Koyandy reservoir (with 12 cottage communities). According to the State Land Cadastre, the territory of this massif is 900 ha, of Astana 850 ha according to the master plan, and 733 ha according to the balance of the city territory (Government Decree of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 131 of March 16, 2018). sites (without residents), including a 7,300 ha site near the international airport, a national pantheon (959 ha) in the south of the city, and a city cemetery (460 ha) in the northwest were added. On March 16, 2018, Almaty and Baikonur district was created from the parts of Saryarka district. On March 20, 2019, the second president of Kazakhstan, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, renamed the city Nur-Sultan in honor of ex-president Nursultan Nazarbayev. On September 17, 2022, the name of Astana was returned by the decree of President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. ## Leaders ## Population The number of urban residents on January 1, 2020 was 1,136,008 people. The official report of KazStat registered 972,672 residents in the capital on January 1, 2017, 1,002,874 residents on June 1, 2017, and 1,136,008 residents on January 1, 2020, according to the new methodology of the report. According to the 2009 census, only 36% of the city's residents were born and raised in Astana. The foundation of the city was formed by migrants from other regions of Kazakhstan, namely 19.4% - residents of Akmola region, 7.4% - residents of Turkestan region, 6.3% - residents of Karaganda and Kostanay regions. According to KazStat data of October 1, 2016, the number of working-age residents of the city (women aged 16-58, men aged 16-63) is 478,432, including 21,000 unemployed and 92,000 people not entering the labor force. The average age of marriage is 27.5 years for men and 25.3 years for women. The population of Astana increased by 169.2 thousand people compared to 2000, and at the beginning of 2006 it was 550.2 thousand people. According to information on March 1, 2013, the population was 783,471 people. In terms of population, it is the 2nd place in Kazakhstan, after the city of Almaty. A positive factor in the natural movement of the population of Astana is the increase in the level of birth and marriage. In 2005, 8,800 children were born in the city, which is 4,300 more than those born in 2000. In 2005, the birth rate was 6.3 per 1,000 inhabitants, and the death rate was 6.7. The growth of the city's population is mainly supported by the flow of migration. A significant increase in the balance of migration (over 50,000) was observed in 2000-2001. The number of arrivals exceeded the departures mainly due to the migration of citizens within the republic. However, in recent years it has been relatively stabilized (in 2002 - 6.8 thousand, in 2003 - 6.8 thousand). — 5.4 thousand, 2004. — 14.2 thousand, 2005. — 15.7 thousand people). During this period, natural population growth increased from 1513 people in 2000 to 5.2 people in 2005. ### Demographic dynamics Another millionaire city after Almaty is registered in Kazakhstan. According to the indicators of 2009, the migration balance of the city of Astana was 31,908 people — this is the highest indicator in the republic. The dynamics of the population of Astana is given below. ### Agglomeration UZMI "Astanagenplan" created the project "Interregional Scheme of Territorial Development of Astana Agglomeration". With this document adopted in November 2015, 127 settlements of Arshaly, Tselinograd and Shortandy districts of Akmola region with a total area of 21.75 thousand km², as well as four districts of Akkol region (Uryupin rural district, Enbekshi district, Council rural district, Akkol city administration), the boundaries of the Astana agglomeration were determined. 196,000 people live within the boundaries of the suburbs, and 814,000 people live in the city of Astana. The population density of the suburbs of Astana was 9 people/km² (the average population density of all Kazakhstan is about 7 people per 1 km²). With the agglomeration development project, the population of the agglomeration is expected to grow to 1.2 million people in 2020, and to more than 1.5 million people by 2030. ## Nature and climate The climate of the city is very continental. Summer is hot and dry, and winter is cold and long. The average annual temperature is 3.1 °C. Annual rainfall is 300 mm. Although the average summer temperature is around 20°C, the maximum temperature can reach 40°C due to the hot air masses of Central Asia. Summer is warm but short. And the average winter temperature is about -15 °C, sometimes it can reach -50 °C due to the Siberian frosts reaching the city. The snow cover is thick and winter lasts 4-5 months. Astana is considered the coldest capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar. The total amount of precipitation is about 300-350 mm per year. Most of the precipitation falls in spring and summer. In winter, precipitation is low and the amount of snow is average. Air humidity is low, the average annual indicator is about 60%. Humidity is often low in winter. Wind speed in Astana often changes, but the average speed is around 4-6 m/s. In winter, there can be strong winds and blizzards, which makes the cold feel intense. Due to the fact that the city is located in the middle of the desert, which is prone to drought and strong winds, which is not very suitable for people, a large-scale project is being implemented to equip the city with a green belt - trees and other green spaces. ## Economy The economy of Astana is made up of trade, transport and communications, and construction. In terms of contribution to the total output of the trade sector of the economy of Kazakhstan, the city of Astana ranks second after the city of Almaty among the regions and cities of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The combined regional output of the cities of Astana and Almaty makes up more than half of the total trade of Kazakhstan. In terms of retail turnover, Astana is second in the country. The city of Astana is the leader in the republic in terms of construction growth. In 2009, 1/5 of the residential houses put into operation in Kazakhstan came to the city of Astana. Astana has been a leader in the exploitation of residential buildings for more than five years. Industrial production is mostly concentrated in building materials, food and beverages, and machinery. In Kazakhstan, the city of Astana is a leader in the production of metal construction materials, ready-to-use concrete and construction products made of concrete. Also, the city's share in the production of construction metal structures, radiators and central heating boilers and installations is relatively high. In order to mobilize investors and develop new competitive production, the city operates a special economic zone called "Astana - a new city". The advantages of the SEZ are the presence of a special legal regime that provides for tax and customs benefits. Various projects are being implemented in the territory of SEZ. In particular, the development of the city is aimed at developed industrial sectors with a high share of innovative products in the total volume of production (production of construction materials, food processing, etc.), small businesses that provide the majority of the total regional product of the city, and developed aimed at creating a competitive economy focused on the tourism sector. In 2009, manufacturing enterprises produced products in the amount of 77.25 billion tenge - this is 81% of the total volume of manufacturing products. The processing industry has the largest share in: * Production of non-metallic products, construction materials (30.3%), * Production of food products, including beverages (20.1%), meat processing, oil factory, milk factory, mills; * Manufacture of metal products (16.2 %), "Metalist", pumps, cast iron; * Machine building (15.6%), car repair, pumps and other enterprises; * Less than 1% textile and garment industry, woodworking and manufacture of wood products. The average monthly salary in the city of Astana is 308,135 on average, excluding small enterprises engaged in entrepreneurial activities. 688 people out of 1 thousand people. Internet access is available from home. The unemployment rate in the IV quarter of 2019 is 4.4%. Growth rate of the economy by sectors (from January 2020 to January 2019): industry (100.4%). construction (130.7), transport (110.6), agriculture (98.5), trade (101.4), communication (115.8). ## Transport The city of Astana is located at the intersection of railways connecting the cities of Petropavlovsk — Karaganda — Balkash and Barnaul — Pavlodar — Astana — Kartali — Magnitogorsk and has a railway station. The head office of the national railway company "Kazakhstan Temir Zhol" is located in the city. In 2017, a new railway station named "Nurly Zhol" was built in the south-eastern part of the city near Millennium Alley. A terminal for freight cars will be built in the industrial part of the city in the TPP-3 district. A major intersection of highways: A-1 Astana — Petropavl and M-36 Chelyabinsk — Almaty highways pass through the city. At the end of 2019, the ring road around the city of Astana was completely opened. City transport is represented by buses (92 routes, 871 units), including 15 electric buses (should have 100 units by the end of 2020). The total length of the network of city routes (2004) is 1,720 km, the annual passenger flow is 115 million. person, ticket price is 90 tenge (cashless payment or SMS) or 180 tenge (cash payment). Trolley traffic was opened in 1983 (3 routes, but since 2006 one route with a contact line of 51.7 km has been left). In 2008, the only trolleybus park was closed by the decision of the state commission. "Astana Bike" has been operating in Astana since 2014. In 2017, the system consisted of 40 stations and 1,000 bicycles. Registration in the system for one season costs 5000 tenge + deposit for RFID card. The first half hour of bicycle rental is free, after that - 100 tenge. After renting a bike for 3 hours, the system automatically informs you that you need to return the bike. Rental for the 4th hour and beyond costs 1,000 tenge. The city has Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport, which can receive all types of aircraft. The airport is located 16 kilometers from the city. After the reconstruction in 2017, the capacity of the airport reached 8.2 million passengers per year. The total volume of the new passenger terminal is 47,000 square meters. The throughput capacity of the cargo terminal of Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev airport is 15 thousand tons per year. There is a plan to build a new international airport located 30-35 km from Astana. Two options are being considered: Shortany district center on the Kokshetau highway and Osakarovka village on the Karaganda highway. At the same time, it is proposed that the existing international airport will continue to receive domestic flights, and the new airport will receive international routes. Since 2008, boat trips along the Yesil River have been organized within the city limits. A special institution "Esil-Astana" was established by the city administration within the framework of the "Ship Passing Esil" program. The first ship passed in 2008. ## Culture In the city, there is the Akmola Regional Philharmonic, museums (the National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Museum of History and Local History, the Museum of Fine Arts, the Saken Seifullin Museum), theaters (National Museum named after K. Baiseitova opera and ballet theater, Kazakh music-drama theater named after K. Kuanishbayev, State Academic Russian Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky, National Space Center, Future Energy Museum "Nur Alem", libraries Hall, the Youth Palace and the Baiterek monument are considered to be the main symbols of the city. On July 6, 2000, the Fountain of Life was built. It is a symbolic building The opening of the square was dedicated to the 60th anniversary of the first president of Kazakhstan. The IV Delphi Games of the CIS countries were held in Astana on October 24-30, 2006. The event was jointly organized by the National Delphi Committee of Kazakhstan implemented. * From September 24 to 29, 2012, the VII Delphi Games of CIS youth took place in Astana. More than a thousand artists from 16 countries took part in the games: Austria, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Afghanistan, Belarus, Bulgaria, Georgia, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Romania, Tajikistan, Turkey, Ukraine. ### Landmarks of the city * Baiterek is the main symbol and landmark of Astana. It was built on the initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The architect of the project is Akmyrza Rustembekov. * Kazakh Country is a monument on Independence Square in Astana. The 91-meter stele is decorated with the bird Samruk - the king of birds, the protector of the people. The second most important monument of Kazakhstan, Baiterek (translated as "Brother of Life") is attributed to the mythological image of Samruk. * Nur Zhol Boulevard (formerly Su-zasyl Boulevard) is a pedestrian zone with an alley of singing fountains. * "Akorda" is the residence of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Palace of Independence is a building for holding diplomatic and other international events; in addition, the building has a large layout plan of Astana with existing and future facilities. * The Palace of Peace and Accord is a congress hall for summits and congresses of representatives of traditional Kazakh and world religions. Architect Norman Foster. * "Kazakhstan" — Central concert hall. * "Shabyt" — Kazakh National Art University. * "Youth" — Palace of students and youth creativity. * "Khan Shatyr" is the largest shopping and entertainment center (considered the largest tent in the world). Architect Foster, Norman. * "Ethnovillage" national cultural complex is a unique cultural and tourist image project of EXPO-2017. * Gate "Eternal Country" is an architectural structure built on the idea of Nursultan Nazarbayev on the occasion of the anniversary of the Independence of Kazakhstan. * National Space Center. * Future energy museum "Nur Alem" EXPO 2017 - spherical building "Nur Alem". Height — 100 meters, diameter — 80 meters. Nur Alem is considered to be the tallest spherical building in the world after the 30-meter diameter Eriksson-Globe Arena in Stockholm. ### Theaters, concert halls and museums Astana city has 27 libraries, 8 state museums with 68,514 excursions (415,500 people visited in 2011), 10 recreation centers with 99 events and There are amusement parks (1,492.2 thousand people visited in 2011), 6 cinemas. * "Kazakhstan" Central Concert Hall is a unique complex of the young capital for organizing events of various levels: concerts of world and domestic stars, festive and official meetings, exhibitions, conferences, presentations. Architect Manfredi Nicoletti. * Astana circus is an entertainment institution of Astana city. One of the 3 main circuses in Kazakhstan; one of the newest circuses on the territory of the former USSR and one of two unique buildings in the form of a "flying saucer" (the first is a circus in Kazan). * K. The National Opera and Ballet Theater named after Baiseitova is the youngest musical theater in the country, which understands the classical heritage and realizes the spiritual needs of the modern Kazakhstani society, as well as the continuation of the Kazakh and world musical traditions. Astana Opera is a theater founded on the initiative of Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first president of Kazakhstan. The theater building, built in 2013, was recognized as an architectural monument of national importance. * Kazakh music-drama theater named after K. Kuanishbaev. * State Academic Russian Drama Theater named after Maxim Gorky. * The National Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the largest museum in Central Asia. The museum was established by the order of the first president of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, within the framework of the "Cultural Heritage" program. * Museum of Modern Art. * The Presidential Culture Center was founded by the President N. Nazarbayev. The peculiarity of the research and cultural-educational complex is that it includes a museum, a library, and a concert hall. * Museum of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan * ALGIERS (Akmola camp of women traitors to the motherland) is the largest women's camp of the Soviet Union, one of the three islands of the Gulag archipelago. * Atameken is an ethno-memorial complex of nature, architecture and life on the enlarged map of Kazakhstan. ### Buildings * KTZ Tower is a building of the Kazakhstan Railway, one of the tallest buildings in the city. * Transport Tower is the building of the Ministry of Transport and Communications, one of the tallest buildings in the city. * "Northern Shugyla" is a residential complex with three high-rise buildings. * "Triumph Astana" is a high-rise residential complex. * "Duman" entertainment center - there is an aquarium, a 5D cinema, a dinosaur park and others. * Caravan is a shopping and entertainment center. * MEGA Silkway is a shopping and entertainment center. ### Sports buildings * Sports complex "Astana Arena" — 30 thousand seats. * Kazhimukan Munaitpasov Central Stadium — 12,350 seats. * "Alau" ice rink - 8 thousand seats. * "Saryarka" (bicycle track) - 8 thousand seats. * Sports Palace "Kazakhstan" — 5,532 seats, about 1,000 standing places. * "Barys Arena" multifunctional ice palace - 12 thousand seats. ## Administrative division Astana city is divided into Saryarka, Almaty, Baikonur, Esil, Nura and Sarayshik districts. ## Water supply The city of Astana is located in an arid region, the main water supply consists of rivers and underground water sources. The Esil River, which originates from the springs of the Niyaz Mountains and is filled with winter snow and summer rainwater, is the main water artery of the city. Two small rivers, Sarybulak and Akbulak, flow from the point where Esil flows through the city. The city is surrounded by small rivers and lakes around 25-30 km. Some of them are fresh, some are hard water. The main ones: Sasykkol, Zholaman, Tyshkankol, Tanakol, Zhyltyrkol, Tazkol, Kaynarly, Tagankol, Maybalyk, Buzkyti, Jalanash, Shenet, Aganas, etc. The length of the channel of the Esil River is 562 km, the catchment area is 48,100 square km. Its length passing through Kazakhstan is 1,100 km, and its total length is 2,450 km. Esil flows into the Irtysh River, which flows through the Tyumen and Ombi regions of Russia. Esil accelerates its flow when it is filled with spring snow water. Mostly it flowed slowly. Since it is the main river that supplies the city with water, a channel was built from the "Irtys-Karagandy" canal to Esil. As the flow was slow, his feet were deep. Its catchment area within the city is 7,400 square km, to which the catchment area of the Vyacheslav dam is 5,310 square km. The Moyildi, Tentek, Karasu, Sarybulak, Akbulak rivers flow into Esil, and at the same time, it is connected with the Maibalik river through a water distribution channel. The river is inhabited by white bream, bream, bream, carp, pike, pike, and perch. The part of the city that has been inhabited for a long time is located in the foothills to the north of the Yesil River, on the right bank, to the south of the railway line. The main part of the city territory is connected to the Akbulak and Sarybulak branches of Esil. There are three large dams in the Yesil river basin: * Vyacheslav (use volume — 375.4 million cubic meters) * Sergeev (use volume — 635.0 million cubic meters) \ <> * Petropavl (usage volume — 16.1 million cubic meters) The first two are designed to regulate water accumulation for a long time, and also work in a complex direction and supply water to the city of Astana and rural settlements through 3 groups of water pipelines. The territory of the Petropavl Dam is small, and it is intended for only partial regulation of seasonal water collection. The main source of the city's domestic drinking water supply is the Vyacheslav Dam, its annual water yield is 67.2 million cubic meters (project capacity is 410.9 million cubic meters). Sarybulak flows from north to south through the western part of the city. About 8.5 km of its valley (width 20-50 m) includes the interval from Kishch combine to OMC. The 5.8-km part of the river passes through the region of the city where private houses and high-rise buildings are built. The section passing along the industrial buildings is 3.3 km (from the culvert of CHP-1 to the railroad crossing), and further 2.5 km passes through the silty region and continues to Esil at a distance of 1.8 from Tilendiev avenue. Not to mention the mouth of the spring, the channel passing through the city is flooded, reeds have grown, and some parts are broken. Akbulak passes through the south-eastern part of the city, water collects at its base only during June, the point of water collection is in the vicinity of CHP 2. The embankment of Akbulak from Abylai Khan Avenue to the Esil River has been restored and landscaped. Another way to provide the city with domestic drinking water is to use underground water sources. It is carried out by searching for new underground water sources and evaluating the possibilities of already known water sources in terms of new requirements. Such underground water sources include: Akmola water source mine (it consists of the northwest ridge (5-15 km to the north of the city) and the eastern ridge (close to the base of the city, partially to the Esil river valley), Esil water source mine (south of the city 0, 5-10.0 km); Rozhdenstvenskiy water source mine (the reserve of underground water in the alluvial sedimentary crust of the Nura River is 36.2 thousand cubic meters per day). ## Sister cities Astana has 20 sister cities. ## Information about Astana * Astana is the closest to the North Pole among Asian capitals. * Astana is the second coldest capital in the world after Ulaanbaatar, the capital of Mongolia. ## See more * Astana cycling club * List of streets of Astana ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8419

Hakimzhan Ismakhanuly Nauryzbaev

Hakimzhan Yesimkhanuly Nauryzbai (August 27, 1925, former village 1, Mendikara district, Kostanay region, now Ulykol village - September 4, 2009, Almaty) - sculptor, People's Artist of Kazakhstan (1969), one of the founders of national professional sculpture art. ## Biography * Graduated from Kharkiv Art Institute (1951). * Lecturer at the Almaty School of Art (1951 - 1964; in 1952 organized the sculptors' circle here for the first time), senior teacher (1980-1985) * Senior at the Almaty Institute of Architecture and Construction (now the Kazakh Main Academy of Architecture and Construction) teacher (1982 - 1985) * Since 1985, he has been the head of the department at the Almaty Institute of Theater and Art (now the Kazakh National Academy of Arts), since 1993, he has been a professor. ## Works * "Abai" (1960, Almaty); * Abay 1965, Karaul village, Abay district, East Kazakhstan region) * "Shokan Ualikhanov" (1969, Almaty city; Kazakhstan State Prize, 1970; Diploma of the Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR, 1971). * "Zhambyl" (1963, Taraz city) * "Manshuk Mametova" (1988, Ural city) * Monument named "Ahmet Baitursynov and Mirzhakip Dulatov" (1990, Torgai village, Torgai district, Kostanay region) There are monuments. ### It is more than 200 different monuments: * "Amangeldi Imanov", 1960, in the center of Amangeldi district of Kostanai region)ъ ### Busts \ <> * "Kurmangazy", 1958; * "M. Khakimzhanova", 1961; * "S. Khojamkulov", 1962; * S. Seifullin", 1964; in the State Art Museum of Kazakhstan; * K. Satbaev, 1982, in the square named after Satbaev, Bayanaul district, Pavlodar region ### sculptural portraits * "Y. Zhakaev", in the Kyzylorda Regional History Museum; * "A. Zhubanov", in the Aktobe Regional History Museum; both in 1981) ### gravestones \< > * "T. Tajibaev * "Zh. Sain" * "D. Nurpeyisova" all three 1965; * "T. Zharokov", 1967; * Kh. Eszhanov", 1979; the first professional sculptor who made a great contribution to the development of sculpture art in Kazakhstan. Especially in depicting the statues of historical figures, Nauryzbai strove for artistic imagery, psychologically revealing the soul of his character. \ <> * "M. Auezov" * "S. Mukanov" (1965, in the art fund of the Kazakhstan Union of Artists) * "Young Zhambyl" (1960, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery) * "Portrait of Cholpan" (1965, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery) * Man of Social Labor K. Donenbaeva (1972) * "A.N. Syzganov" (1982, Director of the Art Exhibition of the Ministry of Culture of Kazakhstan) and other portraits. * Member of the Lenin Prize awarding committee (1961 - 1965) ## Awards * Honored collective farmer of Aldabergenov (1960, present Almaty region, Taldykorgan district) * Honored citizen of Uzynkol village (1995, Kostanay region) * Parasat * Labor Red Flag * October Revolution * Awarded with the Order of "Honour" and medals. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8436

Bakhyt Bapishev

Bakhyt Bapishev (March 27, 1958 in Almaty) is an artist. ## Biography * In 1979, he graduated from Almaty art school, lived in Moscow for several years. * Studied at AMTI in 1986-90. * In 1986, he went to "Schleswig-Goldstein" in the city of Hamburg on a scholarship of the Ministry of Culture. * In 1991-96, he was twice a scholarship holder of "Cite International des Arts" in Paris. * Won a gold medal in Tokyo in 1987. He has several gold medals and prizes from the mayors of various small French towns, as well as an award from the mayor of Paris. * In 1992, he entered the French Civilization course at Sorbonne University and graduated in 1993. Then he studied French literature at the same university. * Graduated from Metriz in 1997. He studied at the Master's degree at the University of Saint-Denis, Paris-8. Doctor of Classical Arts. * Presenting exhibitions since 1979. He lived and worked in Germany for the last six months. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8421

Kanapia Temirbolatovich Telzhanov

Kanafia Temirbolatuly Telzhanov (May 1, 1927, Ualikhanov district, East Kazakhstan region - September 30, 2013, Almaty) is a painter, one of the founders of the Kazakh monumental art, teacher, public figure, president of the Kazakh SSR (1963) and the USSR (1978). ) folk artist, corresponding member of the Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR (1967), honorary member of the International Higher School of Arts (1995) and academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2003). ## Biography He came from the Aksary section of the Tarishi clan of the Kerei tribe. * In 1937, Telzhanov was admitted to the Art School for Talented Youth at the Academy of Fine Arts of the USSR. * In 1941-44, he lived in the village of Rusanovo, Khalturin district, Kirov region, Russia with evacuation. * In 1947 he graduated from Almaty art school (teacher L.P. Leontiev). * In 1953, he graduated from the Painting Faculty of the Institute of Painting, Sculpture and Architecture of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) (in the workshop of academician M.I. Avilov). * In 1953 - 1958, he was a teacher at the Almaty theater and art school. * In 1964 - 1968, he was the chairman of the board of the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan, secretary and member of the board of the Union of Artists of the USSR (1964 - 1986). * In 1973 - 1986, he was the director of the Kazakh art gallery (now the State Art Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan). * Since 1978, he has been engaged in teaching at the Almaty State Theater and Art Institute: head of the departments of fine arts (1978 - 1993), then academic painting (1993 - 2000, at the Kazakh State Art Academy, since 2000 - at the Kazakh National Academy of Arts); Professor since 1981. ## Creativity * He was recognized by the Union through his first artistic small genre work - the painting "Jamal" (1955, Moscow, Tretyakov Gallery). * In 1967, the collection "People of Work" (Atameken, "Dombira Melodies", both 1958; "Kokpar", 1960; "Tynyshtyk" 1964; "Council", 1966) brought a significant turning point to Kazakh art. Awarded the State Prize of the SSR. * Triptychs "Kazakhstan in 1918" (1957), "On the Guard of the Revolution" (1980-81), "Bastau" (1967), "Kazan" (1970), "Bozaraldyk" (1972) of monumental canvases on the theme of the revolution. <> * author of works on domestic ("Building an Eagle", 1964; "Girl Chasing", 1966) * national ("Abylay", "For Freedom", 1990). * Telzhanov was one of the first painters to paint the horrors of another cult period ("Yide", 1965). * From Telzhanov's works "The First Time" (1954), "The Swallow" (1958), "In the Land of the Sun" (1960), "Victory" (1975, "On the Watch of the Revolution - 11" (1988), etc. sublime poetry full of lyricism is observed Along with monumental paintings, the artist created graphic works ("Venice" graphic collection, 1961). For his works in the military genre, in 1968, M.B. Received a silver medal named after Grekov. * Albums "Visual Art of Kazakhstan" (M., 1974; in Kazakh, Russian and English) and "State Art Museum of the Kazakh SSR" (A., 1981; in Kazakh, Russian, German, French and English) compiled and wrote the foreword. * Since 1949, Telzhanov's works have been exhibited at international art exhibitions in the former CIS countries (Hungary, (Hungary, Finland, GDR, India, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Yugoslavia, Poland, Belgium, Ceylon, Burma, Sweden, Denmark, Afghanistan, Mongolia, Canada, Mexico, etc. Telzhanov's paintings are exhibited in the museums of Kazakhstan (mainly in the State Art Museum in Almaty), Russia (in the Tretyakov Gallery in Moscow) and in private galleries abroad (USA, China, Japan, etc.). ) is kept. He was a member of the Committee on Awarding the Lenin Prize (1964 - 1968) * Member of the International Council of Museums (1982, Moscow). > ## Awards * Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1961) * People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1963) * People's Artist of the USSR (1978) * Sh. Ualikhanov USSR Prize (National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan) * Order of the Fatherland (2005) * Order of Reason (1998) * Order of the Red Banner * Order of Friendship of Peoples * Order of the Badge of Honor (1959). Silver medal named after Grekov (1968). ## Family Father T. Telzhanov is a well-known public figure. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8437

Bakytzhan Alimbayuly Abishev

Bakytzhan Alimbayuly Abishev (July 17, 1947, Aktobe - January 18, 2017, Almaty) — painter, sculptor. Member of the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan. ## Biography * After finishing the 10-year class of the Almaty secondary school and the Almaty Gogol Art School in 1969, he entered the Surikov Moscow State Art Institute. ## Creativity * 1971 It started with the "Library of Foreign Literature" exhibition of young artists in Moscow. Since then, he has been a regular participant of republican and all-Union exhibitions. * 1975 since, the figures of the republic: Jasybay, M. Videos of Auezov, Al-Farabi, Bersiev and others were filmed. * In addition, the author of monumental works in the republic: Tokash Bokin monument (Almaty city), participant in the project of monuments to the victims of the Great Patriotic War "Aliya Manshuk", "Kanysh Satpaev", "victims of the Afghan war" and others. * Tokash Bokin monument (Almaty city) * Dedicated to the victims of the Great Patriotic War * "Aliya * Manshuk" * "Kanysh Satpaev" * Dedicated to the "victims of the Afghan war" participant in the project of monuments, etc. * Al-FarabiMahambet Kulyash Bayseyitova in the alley of public figures in Almaty city Zhambyl monument in Almaty city Bukar Zhyrau monument Mashhur-Yusip Kopeev monument S. in Bayanaul village of Pavlodar region Toraygyrov monument Monument to Alia Moldagulova in Aktobe region. * Al-Farabi * Makhambet * Kulyash Bayseyitova * Zhambyl monument in Almaty city * Bukar Zhyrau monument * Mashhur-Yusip Kopeev monument * Bayanaul village in Pavlodar region S. Toraygyrov monument * Alia Moldagulova monument in Aktobe region. * In the museums of the cities of the republic, as well as in foreign countries, there are works of a machine type. * The work "Olympiadashil" is in the headquarters apartment museum of the Olympic Committee in Lausanne, Switzerland * "Kuyshi" is in a private collection in Germany * "Tomiris" is located in Moscow. * Some copies of his works are displayed in the residence of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Author of the state award of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Author of the symbols of the world spiritual harmony award of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Awards * Laureate of the Lenin Komsomol Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Winner of the international award named after Zhambyl. ## Family * Married. Wife - Shamshigul Myrzabekovyna Mendiyarova (born in 1947), Honored actress of M. Auezov State Academic Drama Theater. * Uly - Erkin (born in 1978); * daughter - Sandi (born in 1980). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8438

Nurlan Dalbay

Nurlan Dalbay (April 11, 1961, Almaty) is an artist. * In 1983, he graduated from the Almaty art school named after Gogol; * In 1989 E. He graduated from Repin Academy. * In 1990, he completed an internship at the Higher Art School in Dresden (Germany). * Member of the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan since 1993. ## Creativity * G. Ormanov (bust, 1984) * Independence Monument in Almaty (1998, together with other authors) * D. Nurpeyisova in Atyrau (1999) * Monument to Kenesary Khan in Astana (2001) * Abai in Ural (2002) * M. Makataev (2002) * A. Kasteev (2004) * Syrym Datuly * Monument to Talgat Bigeldinov in Astana (2021) ... etc. the author of monuments. He also works in the field of painting. In 1987, a personal exhibition was organized in Almaty. Participated in international exhibitions (Germany, 1996; Baku, 1999; London, 2000, etc.). Individual works in Kazakhstan, France, Turkey, Germany, Sweden, etc. from private collections. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8439

National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the national and largest book fund of Kazakhstan. It is located in Almaty. ## History On December 31, 1910, L. Verny city library named after Tolstoy was established. In 1920, Zhetysu regional public library was established on the basis of this library. Later, the name was changed to Almaty provincial library, regional library. By the Resolution of the Central Executive Committee of the Kazakh SSR "On Approval of the State Public Library of the Kazakh SSR" issued on March 12, 1931, the status of the State Public Library was granted. On the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the death of the Russian poet Pushkin in February 1937, the library was named after him. The library began to become the largest book collection in the Republic. Publications published all over the Soviet Union are kept here, and it became the main center of scientific-methodical and research work. The book stock was only 64 thousand in 1931, but in 1982 it exceeded 4 million copies. And the number of readers increased from 9 thousand in 1940 to 55 thousand in 1982. According to Resolution No. 775 of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR dated December 9, 1991, the State Library of the Kazakh SSR named after Pushkin was renamed the National Library of the Kazakh SSR. After gaining independence, it was named the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The library building was included in the state list of historical and cultural monuments on the basis of Resolution No. 8 of the Kazakh Council of Ministers dated January 26, 1982 and Articles 11 and 19 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Preservation and Use of Historical and Cultural Heritage". The library stock contains a universal collection of national literature in the languages of the world's peoples, amounting to 7 million storage units. The stock is replenished by 100,000 pieces every year. About 3 thousand readers come to the library every day. More than 2 million documents are provided to readers in 1 year. There are 15 reading rooms for readers, including 14 specialized ones. They can serve 1500 readers simultaneously. In the reading rooms, literature is provided from the main book storage and auxiliary funds, including rare books and manuscripts, maps, sheet music, sound recordings, and collections of electronic publications. associations and institutions were part of the Federation. (IFLA) and was a co-founder of the Eurasian Library Assembly (EKA). Tolerance, education, openness to dialogue are the founding ideas of the "Caravan-house on the Great Silk Road" project. Cultural centers of foreign countries of the Republic of Kazakhstan contribute to the preservation, strengthening and transmission of information, the revival of cultural traditions and real interaction of peoples, and through their activities implement the program "Caravan-house on the Great Silk Road". In the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan, there are Russian studies, Chinese, Pakistani, Turkish cultural centers, Centers for the study of India, Iranian and Central Asian peoples' culture. Readers are provided with information about the culture of different peoples through literature, Internet resources, CD and DVD materials, book and art exhibitions, meetings with cultural and scientific figures. In 2007, it was planned to open the American Cultural Center. In parallel initiatives, the Kazakhstan Cultural Center will be opened in one of the Chinese libraries. It was decided to open such a Center in the National Library of Kyrgyzstan (Bishkek) and the Central Asian States and Kazakhstan Resource Center in the Russian State Library (Moscow). ## Management The following list lists the directors who managed the library in chronological order: * Zhandosov Oraz Kyykymuly - the first director * Shmeleva E. N. * Dauletova N. K. * Roza Amangalyovna Berdigalieva (1987 - 2003) * Murat Mukhtaruly Auezov (2003 - 2007) * Isakhov Orynbasar (2007 - 2011) * Gulisa Kabarovna Balabekova (2011 - 2014) * Askar Alibek (2014 – 2016) * Seydumanov Zhanat Turaruly (2016 – 2019) * Ospanova Bakhytzhamal Kairbekovyna (since 2019) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8441

National Academic Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The National Academic Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AKRUAK) was established by Resolution No. 461 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 23, 2004. On June 10, 2004, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev and Moscow Mayor Yu. M. The ceremonial opening of the library was held with the participation of Luzhkov. On September 10, 2005, AKRUAK opened its doors to its readers. The new library is a modern 5-story building with a total area of 15,000 square meters. The new project of the Government of Kazakhstan aims to create an intellectual center equipped with new computer equipment for the development of new technologies in library work and the creation of a national electronic storage of information, along with a complex system of automation of library processes. Today, the National Academic Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan has created a base for electronic storage and a complex of servers, which allows to increase electronic resources from 50 terabytes to petabytes. The library is a leader in our republic in terms of the level of automation of library and bibliographic processes. The basic automated model of the "RABIS" information and bibliographic system in the AKRUAK base was officially approved and updated for the first time in Kazakhstan. This system works on a unique logical chain in the process of providing services to readers — from registration of readers, to their search and ordering of literature, to monitoring of book delivery. Today, more than 15 thousand readers use the library service. The book stock is about 380,000. Apart from books, the library receives more than 1500 domestic and foreign periodicals in Kazakh, Russian and other foreign languages. The library offers its users 15 full-text scientific databases and online catalogs of world giant information centers. Librarians of AKRUAK are well versed in the use of computer technologies, are also aware of scientific information in the flood of electrons, often use modern services such as remote databases, virtual reference service, electronic delivery of documents. Also, we are creating our own information database to provide services to residents who need professional information. AKRUAK is confidently undertaking the creation of a consulting center for the introduction of information and automation for the country's libraries, and is carrying out consulting, forecasting and analysis work in the field of introducing new technologies into the library processes of our republic. AKRUAC is the initiator and developer of the following giant information projects: "National Electronic Library of Kazakhstan" (KazNEC), "Remote Library Academy of Kazakhstan", "Unique information network of Kazakhstan libraries". AKRUAK specialists were actively involved in the development of the "Program for updating the libraries of Kazakhstan for 2007-2009". Development of international cooperation is one of the priority directions in the activities of AKRUAK. AKRUAC actively cooperates with the following international governmental, public, professional organizations: IFLA, UAE, MBIAC, UNESCO, French Alliance, Goethe Institute, World Development Bank, Asian Development Bank, UNDP, NATO and others. An Agreement on cooperation with the National Libraries of the CIS countries was concluded. In particular: Russia, Azerbaijan, Tajikistan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Belarus, Uzbekistan. Developed and implemented projects in cooperation with "Open Digital Library on Human Rights", "Public Legal Information Center", Indian Cultural Center, German Study Hall, Center for Information Development, NATO Library and other organizations. These cooperation agreements provide for the development of new projects that will give impetus to the further digitization of library services and information resources. The activity of AKRUAK was recognized at the international level and was included in the top ten best library stories in the world in the IFLA "Success stories of libraries Building the Information Society" special project, which aims to provide an understanding of the world's libraries that have made their own contribution to the formation of the information society. ## External links * National Academic Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived September 2, 2019.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8444

Central State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The State Central Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in Almaty. It is one of the oldest and largest museums in Central Asia. ## History In 1925, the Kazakh Regional Central Museum was established. In 1929, it was moved to the new capital city of Almaty, merged with the museum in Zhetisu province, and became a fundamental cultural center in the republic. Since 1944, it has been called by its current name. The new museum building in Almaty was built in 1985. Its collection contains more than 200,000 antiques that tell the secrets of the deep history of Kazakhstan from ancient times to the present day. Chronological part of the paleontology hall of the museum about the creation of the universe. 570 mln. A year ago, artifacts from the Cambrian period to the Holocene were displayed. They introduce animals, plants, fossilized remains of bones that lived in modern Kazakhstan. Rare exhibits in the archeology fund of the museum - the style of making bronze, silver, and gold products found in ancient tombs and tombs show the aesthetic taste of our ancestors in early times. The museum exhibits pottery found in 1939 from the Kargali settlement, located 50 km west of Almaty, on the slopes of the Ile Alatauy. When this "Kargaly Tomb" was excavated, it was dated BC. 2nd century - BC 370 beautiful ornaments were found buried with the body of a priestess who lived in the 1st century. Also, the museum has artifacts found in 1988 (250 km east of Almaty) from Zhalauly a in the Kegen valley, the indigenous place of the ancient Saks. B.C. in Kazakhstan preserved in the museum. Saka pots, a set of ritual dishes of the lifestyle of ancient nomads who lived in the 7th-3rd centuries, were considered the richest collection on the territory of the CIS. The archeological fund of the museum contains a lot of objects that give real information about the material culture of the ancient cities of Kazakhstan in the 11th-15th centuries, weapons of Turkish warriors, and foreign goods that arrived via the Great Silk Road. Ancient Turkic (5-8) stone statues, stones, monuments related to spirituality found in Kazakhstan. The collection is kept in the museum collection. Monuments of the material culture of our people, various economic and household items, ornaments, national clothes, dishes, carpets, alasha, syrmak, tuskiiz, etc., collected from different regions of Kazakhstan, are stored here. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, jewelry made of silver by Kazakh jewelers was collected. In the museum fund, there are agricultural items (torsyk, kezakap, mes, jaglan), horse harness (saddle, bridle, saddle, whip, whip), models of women's and men's shoes (boots, masi, kebis) from the ancient leather-working jewelers. there is Yurts and their equipment are displayed in the museum, as the yurt is a shelter for nomads. The museum fund contains pictures, data, manuscripts, Chagatai, ancient Turkic, Kazakh, Arabic, Persian, etc. related to the ancient history of Kazakhstan and the way of life of the peoples living in the country. There are many rare reference materials in languages. Ancient relics such as the Koran, hadith, and genealogy have been preserved. There are photographic documents related to prominent representatives of the Kazakh intelligentsia of the beginning of the 20th century. There are also works of brush masters of Kazakhstan. The museum fund is supplemented with artifacts related to the political and socio-economic life of independent Kazakhstan, models of national currency, new types of stamps, new materials related to cosmonauts and cosmology, and recent national handicrafts. ## Main goals * comprehensive collection, systematization, preservation, research and promotion of historical and cultural monuments. * material-technical, technological, organizational, financial, scientific-methodological support of the process of collecting, storing, studying and using the movable part of the national cultural treasure; ## Exhibits The museum has more than 21750 items, including * paleontology exhibit — 13090 items, * archeology — 16754 items, \< > * precious metals — 8,857 units, * clothes — 3,990 units, * numismatics — 58,373 units, * carpet and textile products — 1,500 units, * fine art and porcelain stock — 9,481 units , * weapons and horse harness — 1532 units, * stock of wood and skins — 2227 units, * stock of alloyed metals — 4359 units, * photo document stock — 9740 units. ## See more * Building of the Central State Museum ## Links * fine arts * clothing * Exhibit \ <> ## External links Central State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan (link not available) ## Sources ## Supplement

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8440

Murat Mukhtaruly Auezov

Murat Mukhtaruly Auezov (January 1, 1943, Merke village, Zhambyl region - June 14, 2024, Almaty) - statesman and public figure, cultural critic, candidate of philological sciences (1969), Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Kazakhstan to China (1992–1996), writer Son of Mukhtar Omarkhanuly Auezov. ## Biography Born on January 1, 1943, in the village of Merke in Zhambyl region, Kazakh writer Mukhtar Omarkhanuly Auezov and Fatima Gabitova were born. He comes from the Khoja clan. In 1949, his father Mukhtar took him to one of the two Kazakh schools in Almaty - boarding school No. 18 for boys and taught him. He studied at the Kazakh school for 3 years and transferred to the Russian language school No. 39. M.V. He graduated from the Institute of Oriental Languages of Moscow State University named after Lomonosov, majoring in "Chinese Philology". While studying in Moscow, on November 7, 1963, he founded the "Young Horse" organization. The organization aims to unite Kazakh students studying in Moscow and promote Kazakh culture, history, language, and literature. "Young horse" was the first display of national pride by the Kazakh youth after the cruel Stalin era. Under the influence of the organization, young people began to listen to Kazakh music, and the legendary "Gulder" and "Dos-Mukasan" ensembles were created. He defended his thesis for the degree of candidate of philological science on the theory of literature at the Institute of World Literature of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. was elected a full member of the Academy by the general meeting of the Kazakhstan Academy of Journalism on February 27, 2007 (diploma No. 44; February 27, 2007). On June 14, 2024, Auezov died in Almaty. The farewell ceremony was held on June 16, and he was buried in Almaty Central Cemetery, next to his father, Mukhtar Auezov. ## Position In 1963-1966, he led the organization "Young Horse". In 1965-1966, he worked as a researcher at the Institute of Asian and African Peoples of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. In 1970-1976, Murat Auezov led the group of aesthetics at the Institute of Philosophy and Law, which developed the collective monograph "Esthetics of Nomads" (1975). in 1977-1980, a literary consultant at the Union of Writers of Kazakhstan; in 1980-1982, head of the department in the Central Council of the Society for the Protection of Historical and Cultural Monuments of the Kazakh SSR; In 1982-1987, he worked as a chief editor and art director at the Kazakhfilm film studio. In 1988-1989, he headed the general committee of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan on artistic translation and literary relations. Vice-President of the International Anti-Nuclear Movement "Nevada-Semei" in 1989-1990; In 1990-1992, he was People's Deputy of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, member of the Presidium, chairman of the Committee on Foreign Relations and Interparliamentary Relations. In 1992-1995, he served as the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of Kazakhstan to the People's Republic of China. In 1995-1998, Murat Auezov was the head of the History and Culture Theory Department of the Scientific Center of Cultural Problems; He was the artistic director of "Mir" television and radio company in Kazakhstan. Chairman of the democratic party "Azamat" in 1996-1999; In 1998, the head of the Almaty regional information and social harmony department; In 1998-1999, the leading researcher of the Mukhtar Auezov museum-house; executive director of the "Soros-Kazakhstan" fund from December 1999, president of the fund from July 2002 to July 2003. In 2003-2007, he was appointed to the post of General Director of the National Library of the Republic of Kazakhstan. President of the "Planetary Eye" festival in Bishkek since 2003; since April 2005, the chairman of "Almaty Forum of Cultural Studies"; President of the Mukhtar Auezov Foundation since 2007. ### Membership * Member of the Union of Writers of Kazakhstan; * Member of the Union of Cinematographers of Kazakhstan; * Member of Kazakhstan PEN-Club; * Member of the National Assembly under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * Member of the public council of the state program "Cultural heritage"; * Member of the National Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan on UNESCO affairs; * Member of the non-governmental organization "Discussion on the Great Silk Road"; * Member of the public council under the Mazhilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan; ## Awards State awards * 2001 - "Honored figure of Kazakhstan" was awarded; * 2006 — "Kurmet" Order; * 2011 — "Parasat" Order; * 2022 (October 22) - 1st degree "Barys" order (awarded by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Akorda); * 2024 (April 18) - "Danaker" Order (Kyrgyzstan) - for strengthening friendship and cooperation between Kyrgyzstan and Kazakhstan International and public awards * 2003 - laureate of the "Tarlan" award (" For contribution to education" category); * 2005 — laureate of the "Altyn Asyk" award, special prize laureate of the "Altyn Adam-Chelovek goda" festival; * 2005 — laureate of the award in the nomination "Intelligence for the intelligentsia"; * 2005 — laureate of the "Golden Star-2005" award of the Academy of Journalism of Kazakhstan (in the nomination "Best author's program"); * UNESCO bronze medal - for contribution to research and revival of the Great Silk Road; Government medals * "10 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2005); * Medal "10 years to the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2006); * "10 years of Astana" medal (2008); * "10 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2011); * Medal "20 years to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2015); * Medal "20 years to the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" (2015); * "25 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2016); * "Astana 20 years" medal (2018); * Medal "25 years to the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" (2020); * "25 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2020); * "30 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2021); ## Creativity * The connecting thread of time. Monograph. Almaty, "The Writer" (1972); * Hippocrene Hozhdenie k kolodtsam vremen (1997). ## Family * Father — Mukhtar Omarkhanuly Auezov * Mother — Fatima Gabitova * Mugamila Mukhtarovna Auezova * Laila Mukhtarovna Auezova * Younger brother — Yernar Mukhtaruly Auezov * Son — Magzhan Muratavily Auezov * Daughter — Zifa-Alua Muratakvyna Auezova Wives: \< > * Khorlan Rahimbek (daughter — Zifa-Alua Muratovna Auezova) * Zauresh (son — Magzhan Muratuly Auezov) * Tamara ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8445

A. Art Museum named after Kasteev

The State Art Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after Abilkhan Kasteev - in 1976 T.G. It was built on the foundation of the Kazakh State Art Gallery named after Shevchenko (founded in 1935) and the Republican Museum of Applied Arts (founded in 1970). In January 1984, the museum was named after the People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR Abilkhan Kasteev. The 100th anniversary of Abilkhan Kasteev was widely celebrated in 2004 by the decision of UNESCO. On January 15, 2004, the grand opening of the anniversary exhibition of Abilkhan Kasteev took place. The exhibition included all works of the artist. In particular, more than 400 watercolor and painting works, photo documents, personal belongings of the artist, newsreels were displayed in four large halls of the museum. In addition, the artist's exhibition was held at the headquarters of UNESCO in Paris and in the regional centers of the republic. A. in Zharkent. Art museum named after Kasteev was opened in Chizhin village. Park named after Kasteev was opened. In January 2005, Abilkhan Kasteev was awarded by Almaty city mayor I. N. The monument was opened with the direct financial support of Tasmagambetov and the city administration. Today A. The Kasteev Museum of Fine Arts is the leading research and cultural-educational art museum in the country. The museum has 9 scientific centers, such as visual art of Kazakhstan, applied art of Kazakhstan, foreign classical art, foreign art of the new era, funds, restoration, exhibition and exposition, promotion and excursion service, information and publishing. The modern collection of the museum, with its high artistic level, is no different from many world collections. More than 22,500 paintings, graphics, architecture and priceless works of applied art of the peoples of Kazakhstan, Russia, Europe, America, Eastern countries in the very rich fund of the museum are works in the fund of the museum. MOE named after A. Kasteev carries out important activities in the preservation, research and promotion of world cultural heritage. The permanent exposition of the museum is based on the order of historical chronology, where the main development stages of world art can be observed through the exhibits that show the cultural wealth and uniqueness of each nation. Not only research and education activities are actively conducted in the museum, but also annual international and republican scientific conferences have become a trend. Exhibitions of Kazakhstani and foreign artists held in the museum attract the special interest of art lovers and guests of Almaty. The museum, on its part, is not only limited to collection, preservation, and organization of exhibitions, but also aims to carry out educational activities in order to promote the museum fund and introduce the population to art culture. The main types of work are: to actively attract visitors of different ages and social groups, to conduct thematic and overview tours in order to demonstrate the high artistic level of the museum fund; conducting lectures using rich illustrative materials. The Junior Art Academy works near the museum. Lectures on the history of fine and decorative arts are designed for 4-5 months. A. The Kasteev Museum is a member of the prestigious ICOM international association of museums under UNESCO. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8427

Alash autonomy

Alash Autonomy was a trans-Kazakh republic. Most of its territory is in Central Asia, and part of it is in Eastern Europe. It is a country that was part of the Russian Republic and then Soviet Russia. It was founded in 1917 by the Kazakh intellectuals of the Alash party and dissolved in 1920 when the work of the party was banned by the Soviet government. The goal of autonomy is to gain independence from Russia and create a nationalist-democratic state. The country is bordered by Russian territories from the north and west, Turkestan Autonomy from the south, and China from the east. ## Name The word "Alash" means relatives, brothers in Turkic languages. According to some data, Alash is considered a synonym of the Kazakh word. That is, the word Kazakh and the word Alash both mean a free, free person. Kadyrgali Jalayir used the word Alash to designate Kazakhs in his work. The government of Alash wanted to unite all the Turkic peoples of Central Asia and create an independent country in the future. Therefore, the Alash party wanted to achieve unity by creating a new nation for Turkic peoples rather than calling itself Kazakh. However, the party was never able to implement this idea and could not reach a common understanding with the intellectuals of other nations. Mustafa Shokai, who participated in the first all-Kazakh congress, in his memoirs, says that the representatives of the Uzbek and Tatar countries also participated in this meeting and expressed their warm interest. In the June 24 edition of the "Kazakh" newspaper, the Bureau of Organization of the First All-Kazakh Congress presented its conclusions to the national discussion regarding the issues of the order of the congress. Almost all of these issues, presented in the form of theses, were later included in the agenda of the First All-Kazakh Congress. ## History (1917-1920) — 20th century. Kazakh republican state that originally inhabited the territory of the present Republic of Kazakhstan. Alash autonomy — 1917 The national-territorial state of the Kazakh people was announced at the 2nd All-Kazakh Congress held in Orinbor on December 5-13. The Congress discussed the report of Khalel Gabbasov on the issue of Kazakh autonomy and adopted the following resolution: "Having examined Khalel's report on autonomy, considering that the Provisional Government was installed at the end of October, that there is no reliable and authoritative government in the Russian state ... and that this rebellion may happen to our Kazakh-Kyrgyz people. ... the congress makes a unanimous decision: * Bokei country, Ural, Torgai, Akmola, Semey, Zhetysu, Syrdarya regions, Kazakh uyezds in Fergana, Samarkand regions and Amu Darya division, lands of adjacent boles in Transcaspian region and Altai gubernia unified, fundamental - to create a national and local autonomy on its own, since the population is Kazakh-Kyrgyz, the population, lifestyle, and language are the same; * Let the underground water of the Kazakh autonomy and the underground mine be the property of Alash; ... The rights of the minority population living among the Kazakhs are balanced. All the nationalities included in the Alash autonomy have seats in all institutions according to their number ... A Temporary National Council should be established with the aim of protecting the Alash regions from current corruption. Let it be called "Alashorda". The body of Alashorda is 25, and 10 places are left for other nations among the Kazakhs. Alashorda's temporary residence is the city of Semey. Starting today, Alashorda will take over the power of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh people ("Saryarka" newspaper. Semipalatinsk, November 25, 1918). The congress elected the members of the National Council of the Alash Autonomous Region named Alashor (horde or government of Alash). Alikhan Bukeikhanov was elected as the chairman of the government of Alash Autonomous Region — Alashorda. The 2nd All-Kazakh Congress comprehensively analyzed the issue of creating militia units, determined their number in each region and district included in the Alash autonomy, determined ways to train them in the art of war and provide them with the necessary weapons and clothing. The necessary weapons and ammunition for the militia were to be purchased at the expense of the national fund of Alashorda. The purpose of the creation of the militia was determined by the congress as follows: "taking into account that today there is disorder, looting, killings in the country, in order to protect the Kazakhs from such violence ... the militia must begin to reform without stopping..." ("Saryarka". 1918 , January 25, 29). Thus, the congress unanimously supported the need to create Alash autonomy. Alimkhan Yermekov, the delegate of the 2nd All-Kazakh Congress, who was at the source of the origin of Alash autonomy, wrote passionately about it as follows: "On December 12, at 3 o'clock in the afternoon, Alash autonomy was born, and the azan was called and named. The White Horde was placed on the heads of six Alash children, and the Alash flag was raised. The Kazakh people, who settled and scattered in the big villages, became a village in itself. ("Yellow Back", 1918, January 22). National-terr. Kazakh autonomous. Although the delegates of the congress showed unanimity in the creation of the state, they allowed a split in the issue of officially announcing it (autonomy). This situation is meml. It was dangerous for the newly formed autonomy as a structure, because it would be difficult to convince the Kazakh people, other peoples living in the region, to recognize the government of Alashorda until the autonomy was officially announced. At the 2nd All-Kazakh Congress, there were heated discussions about the deadline for declaring autonomy. Based on these arguments, it is important to know the opinion of the non-Kazakh peoples (primarily Russians) who live in the region regarding the declaration of Kazakh autonomy and the right of those who live in the Turkestan region to declare the autonomy. There was a need to clearly solve the question of joining or not joining the Kazakhs. In this matter, two opposing directions have been formed. One direction was led by A. Bokeikhanov. Its supporters said that it is necessary to delay the declaration of autonomy until the will of the Russians living in Kazakhstan, who were not represented at the congress, is known. Representatives of the Ural region and Bokei Horde, led by Zh. Dosmukhamedov, considered it necessary to declare autonomy immediately. However, the supporters of A. Bokeikhanov and Zh. Dosmukhamedov, who put the national and public interest above personal political points, reached a common, compromise agreement on the deadline for declaring the autonomy of Alash. Mustafa Shokai, who at first advocated the inclusion of the entire Kazakh land into the autonomy of Turkestan ("Kokan"), but later rejected this opinion, played a positive role in bringing the views of the two sides closer together. The main articles of the compromise resolution adopted by the Congress were: * Within a month, Alashor will annex Turkestan Kazakhs to the whole of Alash, and whether or not it is annexed, it will be announced to the people after a month... * If after a month, the son of Alash (Kazakhs - K.N.) if not joined and the remaining Alashka (public - K.N.) if not, everyone will see his own day. * If Turkestan Kazakhs join us in a month, the right to declare autonomy should be given to Alashorda. The 2nd All-Kazakh Congress found it necessary to convene a congress of Kazakhs of the Syrdarya region to discuss the issue of joining the Alash autonomy of the Kazakhs living in the Turkestan region and decided to send Bakhytkerey Kulmanov, Mirzhakip Dulatov and Turagul Kunanbayev as their representatives. A. Bokeikhanov and M. Shokai signed a joint statement on this issue. The statement was published in "Kazakh" newspaper, December 18, 1917, issue 255. The Bolshevik Party and the Soviet government national-meml. if the principles of class classification are the basis for solving construction problems, the leaders of Alash, on the contrary, national unity, terr. chose the principles of integrity. A. Bokeikhanov of the 2nd All-Kazakh Congress of the Kazakh Autonomous National Terr. giving a political assessment to the decision to create a state, he later (February 11, 1919) declared: "These decisions of the Congress arose from the interests of preventing anarchy in the territory inhabited by Kazakhs, preventing the development of Bolshevism in the region... could not be implemented. Next was the fight against Bolshevism, the enemy of freedom." During the civil war, the Alashorda government was defeated in the struggle against the Soviet government led by the Bolsheviks. As a result, the victorious Soviet government forcibly removed the Alash autonomy and its government, Alashorda, from the scene of history. ## State symbols Semey newspaper "People's Will" (Russian: Narodnaya volya) had information about a white flag with a yurt in the middle: ... On June 5, 1918, a Kazakh detachment of 500 men entered the city of Alash. On June 6, a solemn meeting was held in the center of the hut. The regiment was armed and trained in military art, and had its own form of clothing, reminiscent of the national camisole with leather-stitched collars. A white flag with the image of a yurt was placed in the middle... In the early 1910s, Orientalist Barlybek Syrtanov developed the "Charter of the Kazakh Nation". Later it became the prototype of the Constitution of Alash Autonomy. One of its rules states: The Kazakh country has a flag. The flag consists of green, red and yellow horizontal stripes. In the upper corner there is a picture of a crescent moon and a star. Green color is a symbol of the country's loyalty to Islam, red color is a symbol of the blood shed during the defense of the country, yellow color is a symbol of the thick Kazakh steppe, freedom. The writer Sabit Mukanov, in the third part of his book "School of Life", talks about the green flag of the Alash regiment called Oyil. Mukanov, along with other young communists, tore this flag on stage during the Bolshevik Congress. In the 1970s, Professor Walter Trembitsky published an image of the flag of Alash Autonomy in the form of a red canvas with a golden crescent and a star. The sources he controlled are not clear. ## Members of the People's Council of Alashorda Government * Alikhan Nurmukhameduly Bukeikhan - judge * Barlybek Syrtanov - Naiman, Matai * Mukhametzhan Tynyshbayuly - Naiman, Sadir \< > * Jakyp Akbaev - Argyn, Karakesek * Otynshi Alzhanov - Naiman, Karakerey * Sadyk Ayukeuly Amanzholov - Kanly, Kara-Kangly * Akhmet Korganbekuly Birimzhanov - Argyn, Shakchak * Biahmet Shigedekuly Sarsenov - Naiman, Syban * Khalel Gabbasov - Tolengit Raimzhan Marsekov - Naiman, Teristanbaly * Jahansha Dosmukhamedov - Bayuly, Tana * Khalel Dosmukhamedov - Bayuly, Berish * Alimkhan Abeuuly Yermekov - Argyn, Karakesek * Baktykerey Akhmetuly Kulmanov - referee * Bazarbai Mametov - Naiman, Sadyr * Valikhan Tanashev - Bayuly, Sherkesh * Aidarkhan Turlybayev - Argyn, Karaul * Mustafa Shokai - Kypchak, Tory, Boshai ## Prominent members \ <> * Akbaev Zhakyp * Amanzholov Sadyk, * Omar Almasov * Baitursynuly Akhmet, * Bekimov Moldaniaz, * Birimzhanov Akhmet, * Bukeikhan Alikhan Nurmukhameduly \ <> * Boshtaev Mukish * Dosmukhamedov Jahansha, * Dosmukhamedov Khalel, * Yermekov Alimkhan, * Zhakipbaev Nusipbek, * Zhanaidarov Seiilbek Meiramuly, * Zhumabaev Magzhan Bekenuly, \ <> * Itbayev Erezhep * Kadyrbayev Seydazim * Kashkynbayev Isa * Kenzhin Aspandiyar * Mametov Bazarbai, * Omarov Eldes * Sarsenov Biahmet * Sabataev Sold, \ <> * Soltonoev Belek, * Tanashev Valithan, * Tiesov Eldes Omaruly, * Mukhametzhan Tynyshbayuly, * Turlybayev Aidarkhan, * Telzhan Shonanov, * Shokai Mustafa, \ <> * Khalel Gabbasov, * Baktykerey Kulmanov, * Otynsky Alzhanov. ## Creation of Alash Autonomy From December 5 to 13, 1917, the Second All-Kazakh Congress was held in Orinbor. The Alashorda government was formed at the congress. A. Bokeyhan was elected as its chairman. Alash autonomy was announced at this congress. The group led by A. Bokeykhan found it necessary to postpone the declaration of autonomy until the will of the Russians living in Kazakhstan is known. And the group led by H. Dosmukhameduly believed that autonomy should be declared immediately. In the end, both sides came to an agreement. As a result, 1 month was given to annex Turkestan Kazakh and declare autonomy. It was decided that autonomy would be announced even if the annexation process did not take place within a month. For this reason, B. Kulmanov, M. Dulatuly, T. Kunanbayuly were specially sent to the Syrdarya Congress convened on January 5, 1918 "to raise the issue of unification". At this gathering, after the natural debate, the students of Turkestan expressed their desire to join. However, in the stipulated month, the place of connection remained unchanged. Autonomy of Turkestan also stopped working. Kazakh figures did not gather again to declare autonomy. The resolution of the 2nd Congress remained in force, and now official papers were to be written as "Alash Autonomy". Even such a stamp foot has been preserved in documents in the archives. ## People Kazakhs ## History From December 5 to December 13, 1917, the Second All-Kazakh Congress was held in Orinbor published. ## See more * Alash Horde * Alash Party * Alikhan Nurmuhameduly Bukeikhan‎ * Second All-Kazakh Congress # # Films * 1990 — "Magzhan" Magzhan Zhumabaev director: K.Umarov Genre: "Documentary" Production: "Kazakhtelefilm" * 1993 — "Return of Mirzhakip" Mirzhakip Dulatuly director: K. Umarov Genre: "Documentary" Production: "Kazakhtelefilm" * 1994 - "A word about Alash" director: K. Umarov Genre: "Documentary" Production: " Kazakhtelefilm" * 2009 — "Alashorda" director: K. Umarov Genre: "Documentary" Production: "Kazakhfilm" named after Shaken Aymanov ## External links * DOCUMENTARY * ALASHOR Archived on August 1, 2015. * R.K. Nurmagambetova. Movement in Alash and Alash-Orda. Problems of historiography. 1920-1990 XX century. Archived February 23, 2007. (Russian) ## Sources ### Data Links

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8432

Mustafa Atatürk

Mustafa Kemal Atatürk (trans. Mustafa Kemal Atatürk), Mustafa Kemal Pasha until 1921, Gazi Mustafa Kemal in 1921–1934 (1881, Thessaloniki - November 10, 1938, Istanbul) - Ottoman and Turkish statesman, political figure and military commander, Turkey founder and reformer, its first president. He was one of the persons who changed Turkey into a secular, industrialized country. His ideology was secularism, nationalism, and was called Kemalism. Mustafa Kemal proved himself as a very talented commander during the victorious war of the Ottoman Turks - the Gallipoli operation. Later, he gained fame during the First World War, distinguished by his particularly successful military operations on the Anatolian and Palestinian fronts. After the Ottoman Empire lost the war and the Entente made plans to dismember the country, Mustafa Kemal started the Turkish National Movement. It was followed by the Turkish War of Independence. After organizing a provisional government in Ankara, he turned back the troops sent by the Entente states and prevailed over them. He swept away the remnants of the Ottoman Empire and established a secular Republic of Turkey. After the return of foreign interventionist forces, Mustafa Kemal began reforms aimed at making deep changes in the political, economic and cultural aspects of Turkish life. The main directions of those reforms are described in Kemal's political ideology. According to Atatürk's vision, the state of Turkey should be established as a modern, democratic and secular state. He established free primary school education and opened thousands of new schools. He created a Latin-based Turkish alphabet to replace the old Arabic script. For the first time in a Muslim country, Turkish women were granted equal civil rights with men - the right to vote - a modern reform not seen even in many Western countries. According to document No. 1580 of April 3, 1930, women were able to vote in elections, and in 1934 they had the same right to vote as men. By creating a political power based on the Turks, he laid the foundation for the creation of a rooted, united Turkish nation. Turkicization of place names and even human names began. The name "Atatürk", which means "Father of the Turks", was given to Kemal by the Turkish Parliament in 1934. Died on November 10, 1938 at the age of 57 in Dolambahçe Palace. In his place, Prime Minister Mustafa Ismet Ina took the position of president. Ataturk Mausoleum was opened in 1953. The mausoleum is surrounded by a park called Peace Park in honor of his famous speech "Peace at Home and World". In 1981, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Atatürk's birth, the UN and UNESCO honored Atatürk, declared the "Year of Atatürk" in the world, adopted a resolution on the centenary of Atatürk, describing Atatürk as "the leader of the struggle against colonialism and imperialism" and " He was recognized as a preacher of the mutual understanding of mankind and the great solidarity of nations in the world and devoted his whole life to human harmony and prosperity. In honor of Atatürk, many monuments have been opened in Turkey and in the countries of the world. Former Greek Prime Minister Eleftherios Venizelos nominated Atatürk for the 1934 Nobel Prize. ## Biography ### Family and childhood Mustafa Kemal was born in the city of Salanik in the Ottoman Empire. His full name at birth is Ali Rizauly Mustafa. His father is Ali Riza Efendi, an Albanian, his mother is Zubeide. A sword was placed on the cradle of father Mustafa with the superstition that my son should be a hero. The exact date of birth of Mustafa Kemal is not known. This is because two different calendars were used in the Ottoman Empire: Hijri and Rumi. The year of his birth was recorded as 1296, but it was not mentioned in which calendar. The year 1296 corresponds to the years 1880–1881 of the current common calendar. According to Mustafa Kemal himself, his mother told him that he was born in the spring, and according to his sister Makbule Atadan, their mother told him that Mustafa was born at night when there was a winter storm. Following the recommendation of historian Reshit Saffet Atabinen, Atatürk himself adopted May 19, the date of the beginning of the Turkish War of Independence, as his birthday. Studied at military schools in Salanik and Manastyr. In 1895, he entered the Ottoman Military Academy in Manastyr. Mustafa Kemal is married to Latifa Ushaklygil. She divorced after 3 years of marriage. Atatürk adopted seven daughters and one son. In his spare time, he enjoyed reading, horse riding, playing chess and swimming. He was especially fond of dancing; He was fond of waltz and folk "Zeybek" dance style. Mustafa Kemal wrote many books and kept a personal diary. ### Military service The initial period, 1905-1914 years Mustafa Kemal graduated from the military school in 1905 with the rank of lieutenant and joined the 5th Infantry Division in Damascus sent to the army. There he became a member of the secret revolutionary society of reformist officers called Vatan ve Hürriyet ("Motherland and Freedom") and became an opponent of the autocratic rule of the Ottoman Sultan Abdulhamid II. In 1907, he received the rank of captain and was sent to the 3rd army in Manastyr. During this period, he joined the Committee of Unity and Progress (BPK), also known as the Young Turks. In 1908, the Young Turks overthrew Sultan Abdulhamid II and came to power. Mustafa Kemal became one of the top military leaders. As one of the earliest members of the BPC, he also took part in the 1908 revolution. But in later years, the leaders of the BPC began to oppose the policy, and sometimes even criticized it. Moreover, Mustafa Kemal's relations with Enver Pasha also worsened. Finally, Mustafa Kemal was removed from power after Enver Pasha took the highest military post in 1913. In 1910, Atatürk participated in the Picardy military maneuvers in France. In 1911, he served in the Ministry of War (Harbiye Nezareti) in Istanbul. In the same year 1911, he was sent to Trablusgarb region (in the territory of the present-day Libya) to organize resistance to Italian troops. After the successful defense of the city of Tobruk, on March 6, 1912, he was appointed the commander of the army in Derne. Mustafa Kemal returned to Istanbul in October 1912, after the beginning of the Balkan Wars. In the First Balkan War, he fought with the Bulgarian army at Gallipoli and Bolair on the coast of Thrace. During the Second Balkan War, he played an important role in the return of Edirne and Didymoteiho. In 1913, he was sent to Sofia, where he was appointed as a military attache. The reason for this was that Anwar Pasha considered Mustafa Kemal as his rival and was afraid of his growing political influence in Istanbul. In March 1914, while in Sofia, he received the military rank of lieutenant colonel. World War I During his service in Sofia, Mustafa Kemal began to strongly criticize Turkey's participation in the war as an ally of Germany. On July 6, 1914, he wrote a letter to the Ministry of War in Istanbul suggesting that, in the event of war, Turkey should follow a policy of neutrality and later enter the war against Germany. However, Minister of War Enver Pasha saw the alliance with Germany as the right thing to do, and a secret agreement was made between the two governments to create an alliance. As a result, the Ottoman Empire entered the First World War as an ally of Germany. Battle of Gallipoli, 1915–1916 German Marshal Otto Leemann von Sanders was appointed to command the 5th Army for the defense of the Dardanelles. Mustafa Kemal was tasked with organizing and leading the 19th division included in the 5th army. And on January 8, 1915, the British War Council launched a military operation to "capture the Gallipoli Peninsula with cannon fire and capture Istanbul." British warships failed to carry out the task of attacking Istanbul by breaking through the defenses along the coast of the Dardanelles. That is why the British launched a landing operation to support the movements of the fleet. This operation took place from April 25, 1915 to January 9, 1916. The division under the command of Mustafa Kemal, stationed at Gallipoli, clashed face-to-face with the Entente troops who were trying to occupy the peninsula. On April 15, 1915, Australian and New Zealand troops (ANZAC) landed on the coast at Anzac Cove and began to invade inland. But soon they were attacked by the Turkish army under the command of Mustafa Kemal. Mustafa Kemal met the enemy troops on the hills, stopped them and recaptured the heights. Thanks to his military leadership, the ANZAC troops were stopped and the military objectives envisaged in the landings were not achieved. Before the clash of the two armies, Mustafa Kemal gave the following order to his soldiers: By nightfall, the losses of the ANZAC troops had reached 2000, and they were no longer driven into the sea, but began to fight only to stay on the coast. During the next two weeks, the Entente troops were stranded on the coast and lost a third of their army. Mustafa Kemal received the military rank of colonel after stopping the enemy army in the battle of Chunuk Bair in the initial stage of the operation. The second phase of the Gallipoli operation began on August 6. At that time, the commander Mustafa Kemal often served only 300 meters from the front line. During this operation, he led the Turkish troops in battles such as Chunuk Bair, Yusufchuk Tepe, and Sary Bair. This operation ended in a heavy defeat for the Entente troops, who had been defending against the Turks for ten months of the Gallipoli operation. Finally, the leaders of the Entente decided to stop the operation and withdraw the troops. The fact that they were able to leave safely was the greatest achievement and success for them. The head of the 5th Army, Otto Leemann von Sanders, and several other Turkish commanders, who fought on the side of the Ottoman Empire, achieved great success and stood out. However, Mustafa Kemal gained great fame by showing that he was an exceptionally good military commander. He earned the respect of his former opponents for his bravery and victory during the battle. The name of Mustafa Kemal Atatürk will be mentioned with great respect in the ANZAC troops memorial parade held in Canberra, Australia. The following words from his speech in honor of the thousands of fallen Turkish and ANZAC soldiers are engraved on the Anzac Valley Monument: Caucasus Campaign of 1916-1917 Mustafa Kemal - when appointed to a new position, the Ottoman army continued to advance he was facing the Russian army under the command of General Tovmas Nazarbekyan, the army of Armenian volunteers under the command of Andranik Toros Ozanyan, and the armed groups of Armenian citizens. After Van's resistance, the Provisional Government of Armenia was established under the leadership of Aram Manukyan. The power of the Armenian government had expanded somewhat since its first appearance on the shores of Lake Van. Battle of Bitlis and Battle of Mush had already started. When Kemal arrived, he saw a chaotic situation. Even in the most pleasant periods of the year, the weather there was harsh. The lines of communication and supply of the army were under attack by the insurgents. Hundreds of thousands of refugees, most of them Kurds who fought with Armenian forces, were fleeing the advancing Russian troops. The main goal before Mustafa Kemal was to establish order among the chaotic crowd and reduce their suffering so that the army under his command could perform their duties properly. The devastating attack of the Russian troops reached the Anatolian cities of Erzurum, Bitlis and Mush. On August 7, Mustafa Kemal deployed his groups and launched a counterattack. He was able to raise the morale of his army, which had been defeated earlier. Thanks to that, in just five days, two of his divisions captured the strategically important cities of Bitlis and Mush, confusing the plans of the Russian command. Emil Lengiel wrote about it: "He again showed that the Turk can be a brave warrior if he is properly led, and the Turks themselves drew attention to the exceptionally gifted leadership of their commander named Kemal." However, Izzet Pasha, who commanded other parts of the front, could not properly contribute to this successful counterattack. In September, Mustafa Kemal was forced to retreat from the city of Mush due to the attack of the Russian army and Armenian volunteer units. Despite several defeats, Mustafa Kemal succeeded once. [9] Its main strategic goal was to keep the enemy's army out of the mountainous region. His achievements were recognized in the same year when he was awarded the Golden Sword of the Order of Merit medal. On March 7, 1917, Mustafa Kemal was removed from the command of the 16th Corps and appointed as the commander of the entire 2nd Army. In the meantime, the October Revolution of 1917 began, and the Russian army disintegrated. Mustafa Kemal was assigned to another place at that time and he left the region After the battle of Gallipoli, Mustafa Kemal first served in Edirne until January 14, 1916. Then he was sent to the Caucasus campaign. On April 1, he received the military post of brigadier general. Many historians believe that Anwar Pasha deliberately hindered the growth of his military position. Sinai and Palestine Campaign of 1917–1918 His command of the Second Army was suspended as he was sent to the Sinai-Palestine Campaign. He was assigned to command the Seventh Army. After a short visit to the headquarters of the 7th Army, he returned to Constantinople on October 7. He joined Crown Prince Mehmet Vahdettin VI (later Sultan Mehmed VI) during his visit to Germany. During this trip, he fell ill and stayed in Vienna for treatment. He returned to Aleppo on August 28, 1918 and resumed command of the Seventh Army. His headquarters were located in Nablus and Gallipoli in Palestine. As in Gallipoli, he was under the command of General Lyman von Sanders, his headquarters were in Nazareth. Mustafa Kemal once again studied Syria carefully and was at the forefront. He concluded that Syria was in bad shape (500,000 Syrians starved to death between 1915 and 1917). There was no Ottoman civilian governor or commander. There was a lot of British propaganda and there were British secret agents everywhere. The local population hated the Ottoman government and looked forward to the speedy arrival of British troops. The enemy was stronger in terms of strength and equipment. To describe the desperate situation, he said, "we are like cotton strings stretched across their path." Mustafa Kemal also had to deal with the Arab revolt organized by Great Britain, which prompted the local Arabs to revolt against Turkish rule. Lyman von Sanders was defeated at the Battle of Megiddo, leaving behind 75,000 prisoners of war on the first day alone. Now there was nothing between General Allenby's forces and Mustafa Kemal's Seventh Army. Mustafa Kemal, finding that he lacked the men to oppose the British forces, retreated towards Jordan to form a stronger defensive line. In a couple of days, the total number of deserters reached 300 thousand. Mustafa Kemal's war changed radically from a fight against the Allies to a fight against the disintegration of his own forces. ## Glorification of Atatürk The system established by Atatürk long ago in Turkey followed the ideology of glorification of his image. And in November 2013, the President of Turkey, Abdullah Gül, made changes to the state badges, images and coat of arms, and removed the image of Atatürk, the first president of the Republic of Turkey, from the new medals and orders. Instead, the images of the crescent moon and stars are marked on state badges. Also, on October 8, the authorities stopped taking the oath of students. Before that, every Monday for almost 80 years, schoolchildren lined up and swore to "work hard to achieve their goals" in front of the bronze statue of Atatürk. Thus, the internal ideology of Turkey is changing and its rejection of Atatürk's ideology continues. ### His monument in Astana ## Proverbs Every time a Turkish child gets to know his ancestors, he will do great things only by himself gains strength. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8451

Ancient monuments of Taraz

"Monuments of Ancient Taraz" is a state historical and cultural reserve-museum established in accordance with the Resolution No. 256 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated March 24, 1998. The museum building is located in the building of the architectural monument built in 1900 under state protection, Hasan Bekturganov Street, No. 3, Taraz city (former Officers' House). The state historical and cultural museum-reserve "Monuments of Ancient Taraz" of the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a legal entity in the organizational and legal form of the state enterprise under the right of operational management of the republican state treasury enterprise (hereinafter - the Enterprise). In accordance with the order of the Minister of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 14, 2020 No. 88 on the approval of the state list of historical and cultural monuments of republican significance, 30 (thirty), including 5 (five) monuments of republican significance, located in the territory of Zhambyl region, are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List study, protection and preservation of historical and cultural monuments, creating artistic and scientific expositions based on original museum collections and distributing them to the public. As a result of the intensive work of the museum, ICOM received the title "Museum of the Year" in 2015 by the decision of the International Union of Museums. List of monuments of republican significance belonging to the State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Monuments of Ancient Taraz" of the Culture Committee of the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8435

Andrey Noda

Noda Andrey - * Born in 1962 in Almaty. * In 1988 T. After graduating from Zhurgenov State Technical University, he went to Karaganda on a mission, during this time he participated in international, foreign, all-Union, and republican exhibitions, as well as organized 20 individual exhibitions. * During his 17-year active creative life, he created more than a thousand works in the field of painting, illustration, drawing, ceramics and "contemporary art". He published poems in periodicals. * Worked in the USA in 1998-99. * Since 2000, he has been working in his own studio in the valley of the Talgar River. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8443

State Museum of Gold and Precious Metals of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The State Museum of Gold and Precious Metals of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located in the Palace of Peace and Accord in Astana. The main purpose is to collect, collect, systematize, preserve and study historical and cultural monuments, as well as to develop jewelry, applied art and smithy skills; The number of exhibits in the main stock is 5782 units, including the main stock — 1720 units, the "Golden Man of the Door" collection — 4061 units, the auxiliary stock — 43 units, including — in the exposition — 426 units, traveling exhibitions — 3289 unit.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8453

Ordabasy Nature Reserve

Historical and cultural national reserve "Ordabasy" is located in Badam station, Ordabasy village, Ordabasy district, Turkestan region. * The main purpose of the activity of the state institution is to preserve historical and cultural archaeological and architectural monuments. * The main direction of the organization's activity is the identification, protection, study, conservation, restoration and use of the national cultural treasure on the territory of the organization. * "Ordabasy" National Historical and Cultural Reserve covers an area of 1134 hectares. There are 10 monuments of historical and cultural significance on the territory of the reserve-museum. There are a total of 1376 units in the reserves and expositions of the reserve-museum, including the main fund - 41 units, the auxiliary fund - 1335 units.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8442

Library for blind and visually impaired citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan

Republican library for blind and visually impaired citizens - The history of the system of special libraries begins with the Order No. 29 of the Ministry of Culture of the Kazakh SSR "On opening special libraries for blind and visually impaired citizens in the republic" dated February 12, 1969. According to the order of the Ministry of Culture of the Kazakh SSR, in 1969, 14 special libraries were opened on the territory of the republic, including Almaty City Library No. 22. On the basis of this library, in 1971, on the recommendation of the Ministry of Culture of the Kazakh SSR and the Central Board of the Kazakh Society of the Blind, on January 27, by Decree No. 50 of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, the "Republican Library for Blind and Visually Impaired Citizens" was established. Alexander Filipovich Sapelkin, the founder of the system of special libraries, the first director of the Republican Library for Blind and Visually Impaired Citizens (ZNKAARK), a meritorious cultural worker, works fruitfully in the republican library today, is a teacher who cares for young librarians who are just starting their careers. . In 1971, 18 people worked in the library staff (14 of them were librarians). The book fund has 18,500 copies and provided library services to 1,300 readers. The library consisted of only three sections. Today, 41 people work in the library staff, including 26 librarians, 23 with higher library education. The book collection consists of more than 223 thousand different publications, the number of readers exceeds 3 thousand, the number of visitors is 26,700. \< > The library has 8 departments, 8 library points, home service and interlibrary subscriptions. There are about 30 students serving at home. There, library services are provided not only to visually impaired people, but also to other groups of disabled people. In addition to traditional departments, the library has a sound studio, a publishing department that produces dot-embossed literature in small editions, and a computer class for training visually impaired people using special computer programs. The participants of the course are blind students, young job seekers and blind professionals in various fields, as well as parents and family members of blind youth. All disabled users have the opportunity to work with the Internet, open electronic sites and get acquainted with the flow of information free of charge. There is a rehabilitation office for teaching visually impaired citizens to read and write in Braille, world history of Kazakhstan, teaching foreign languages, providing psychological, legal, and psychotherapeutic advice to families with disabled people. The library is equipped with new technical equipment in accordance with the requirements of today's time, therefore it is a center for training blind people in new information technologies, improving their professional specialty, and mastering a new specialty. In addition, all groups of disabled people can get information equally and quickly. The library is located in a typical building, one of the many cultural places in the city, and ramps are provided to access the library for disabled people of other groups. Since 2004, the library has been headed by Balgozhina Gulbarshin Rakhymberlyovna. The republican library for blind and partially sighted citizens participates in the process of organizing activities for rehabilitation, socialization, education, and recreation of all groups of disabled people. It is a center of professional education of specialists of coordination-methodical and special libraries for libraries for blind and visually impaired citizens of the republic. Since 2005, it is one of the training base places for other library specialists in Almaty, due to the improvement of their qualifications. In order to coordinate the services of special libraries, to create a system universal information space, to provide the information-library needs of blind and visually impaired citizens, work is underway to create an Internet portal of special libraries for blind and visually impaired citizens, as well as the library's own website there is Since 2005, the newspaper "RBNSG-Vesti" has been published in two fonts for blind and visually impaired citizens. Since 2007, funds have been allocated from the state budget and entered into the Kazakhstan press catalog. Thanks to the sponsorship of the "Jurist" company, readers have the opportunity to use the legal reference system "Jurist". The database of this program is constantly updated and supplemented. Automation of library processes is constantly being improved. The creation of the automated information system-special library of the Republic of Kazakhstan (AAZ-KRAK) program can be a proof of this. The developers have a copyright certificate for the program. ZNKAARK has the right to teach, distribute and install the program for sale, as well as make changes, additions and improve the program during its use. This program is aimed at automating library processes, taking into account the features of the book collection of special libraries: dot-embossed, sound, flat - printed literature. Articles are published in three languages: (Kazakh, Russian, English). The application of the program is the automation of the workplace. Creation of inventory books for all types of publications, entry of accounting books, types of document write-offs, periodicals, book stock accounting data, subscription, typhology, processes of facilitating work with library users and creation of electronic catalog. Currently, the library uses various information carriers: flat print, dot-embossed and audio literature, as well as dot-embossed tools, video materials, CDs. Almost all of these publications are listed in the electronic database. Inventory books, all types of publications (catalogs, card files are kept simultaneously in card and electronic form). With the support of the international "Force" fund, the library is carrying out the installation of a special computer program that allows to produce information written in braille in the Kazakh language for the blind. The library works fruitfully in close contact with state and public structures, non-governmental organizations of the disabled, as well as with the Kazakh society of the blind. They are: "Shirak" disabled women, associations of disabled people of all groups of Almaty city, "Bakytty uzmolynymen", "Komektes", Asian social associations for disabled people's rights "Zhan", "SATR", Almaty city N. Boarding school for blind and visually impaired children named after Ostrovsky, "Yurinfo" company, mass media.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8456

Historical and cultural state reserve-museum of ancient Taraz monuments

"Monuments of Ancient Taraz" is a state historical and cultural reserve-museum established in accordance with the Resolution No. 256 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated March 24, 1998. The museum building is located in the building of the architectural monument built in 1900 under state protection, Hasan Bekturganov Street, No. 3, Taraz city (former Officers' House). The state historical and cultural museum-reserve "Monuments of Ancient Taraz" of the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a legal entity in the organizational and legal form of the state enterprise under the right of operational management of the republican state treasury enterprise (hereinafter - the Enterprise). In accordance with the order of the Minister of Culture and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 14, 2020 No. 88 on the approval of the state list of historical and cultural monuments of republican significance, 30 (thirty), including 5 (five) monuments of republican significance, located in the territory of Zhambyl region, are included in the UNESCO World Heritage List study, protection and preservation of historical and cultural monuments, creating artistic and scientific expositions based on original museum collections and distributing them to the public. As a result of the intensive work of the museum, ICOM received the title "Museum of the Year" in 2015 by the decision of the International Union of Museums. List of monuments of republican significance belonging to the State Historical and Cultural Museum-Reserve "Monuments of Ancient Taraz" of the Culture Committee of the Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan:

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8336

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin

Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin (Russian: Владимир Владимирович Путин; October 7, 1952, Leningrad) is a Russian politician and the current President of Russia. Putin has served continuously as president or prime minister since 1999: prime minister from 1999–2000 and 2008–2012, president from 2000–2008 and since 2012. He is the longest-serving Russian or Soviet leader since Joseph Stalin. Putin worked for 16 years as a foreign intelligence officer of the USSR's Ministry of Internal Affairs, became a lieutenant colonel, and after his resignation in 1991 began his political career in St. Petersburg. In 1996, he moved to Moscow to join the administration of President Boris Yeltsin. He served as director of the Federal Security Service (FSB), secretary of the Security Council of Russia, and was appointed prime minister in August 1999. After Yeltsin's resignation, Putin assumed the presidency and was officially elected President within four months. Later, he was re-elected in 2004. Unable to serve two consecutive presidential terms due to constitutional restrictions, Putin served as prime minister from 2008 to 2012 under the presidency of Dmitry Medvedev. He returned to the presidency after a disputed 2012 election. After a referendum in April 2021, he signed several constitutional amendments and approved changes that would allow him to run for two more re-elections, extending his presidency until 2036. During the first years of Putin's presidency, Russia's economy grew by an average of seven percent a year, driven by economic reforms and a fivefold increase in oil and gas prices. In addition, Putin won the Second Chechen War and restored federal authority in the region. As prime minister under President Dmitry Medvedev, Putin oversaw the war with Georgia and reform of the army and police. In 2014, Putin's leadership annexed Ukraine's Crimean region, which was not recognized by most of the international community and imposed sanctions on Russia, leading to a financial crisis in the country. He also ordered military intervention in Syria in support of his ally Bashar al-Assad during the Syrian Civil War, resulting in permanent naval bases in the Eastern Mediterranean. During his fourth presidential term, in February 2022, Russia invaded Ukraine. This case was criticized by the international community and extended sanctions were imposed. In September 2022, he conscripted the people into the army and forcibly annexed four regions of Ukraine to Russia. In March 2023, the International Criminal Court (ICC) issued an arrest warrant for Putin for war crimes. In the 2023 season, he survived the Wagner Group Rebellion. In March 2024, he was re-elected for another term. During Putin's rule, Russia's political system turned into an authoritarian dictatorship. His rule is characterized by widespread corruption and human rights abuses, repression of political opposition, censorship of independent media in Russia, and a lack of free and fair elections. ## Family Vladimir Putin was born on October 7, 1952, in the city of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and was the youngest of three children. Parents: Vladimir Spiridonovich Putin (1911–1999) and Maria Ivanovna Putina (née Shelomova; 1911–1998). Grandfather Spyridon Putin (1879–1965) was the personal chef of Vladimir Lenin and Joseph Stalin. Two of Putin's brothers died before Putin was born: Albert, born in 1930, died as an infant, and Viktor, born in 1940, died of diphtheria in 1942 during the Nazi German siege of Leningrad in World War II. Putin's mother was a factory worker, while his father was a soldier in the Soviet Navy and served in the submarine fleet in the early 1930s. During the initial period of Nazi Germany's invasion of the Soviet Union, his father served in a fighter battalion of the NKVD. Later, he was transferred to the regular army, and in 1942 he was seriously injured. Putin's great-aunt was killed by German invaders in the Tver region in 1941, and several uncles went missing in action during the Great Patriotic War. ## Education On September 1, 1960, Putin began studying at school #193 in Leningrad. In 1968, he studied at school No. 281 (a special school with a chemical orientation based on a technological institute). Out of 45 students in his class, he was one of the only students who was not part of Young Pioneers. At the age of 12, he started practicing sambo and judo. In his free time, he liked to read the works of Karl Marx, Friedrich Engels, and Vladimir Lenin. At school No. 281, Putin studied German and English. In 1970, Putin studied law at Andrei Zhdanov Leningrad State University (now St. Petersburg State University) and graduated in 1975. His diploma work was on the topic of "Most Favored Nation Procedure in International Law". During his studies, Putin applied to join the CPSU and remained a member of the party until its dissolution in 1991. In addition, there Putin met Anatoly Sobchak, an assistant professor who taught economic law. Sobchak later became one of the authors of the Russian Constitution. While Putin was influential in Sobchak's career in St. Petersburg, Sobchak helped Putin's career in Moscow. In 1997, he became a candidate of economic sciences at St. Petersburg Mining University. The topic of his dissertation was "Strategic planning of expansion of the mineral and raw material base of the region in the conditions of formation of market relations". His supervisor was Vladimir Litvinenko, and Litvinenko later managed Putin's 2000 and 2004 election campaigns in St. Petersburg. In 2005, Clifford Gaddy and Igor Danchenko, members of the Brookings Institution in Washington, accused Putin of plagiarism, saying that Putin had copied or slightly modified passages from a 1978 article by professors William King and David Cleland "Strategic Planning and Policy." ## Career of the USSR MSC In 1975, Putin became a member of the MSC of the USSR and began his studies at the 401st MSC school in Okhta, Leningrad. After 1977, he worked as a counterintelligence (counterintelligence) in the investigation department of the Directorate of the Leningrad and Leningrad region of the Ministry of Defense of the USSR. In 1984, he was sent to study at the Kyzyltuli Institute named after Yury Andropov in Moscow. Many sources say that Putin was sent to New Zealand by the MCC, which has been confirmed by New Zealand witnesses and government records. This has not yet been confirmed by the Russian security services. Former Waitakere mayor Bob Harvey and former prime minister David Longhi said Putin served in Wellington and Auckland. It is believed that he secretly worked as a Baťa shoe salesman in central Wellington for a while. In 1985-1990, he worked as a translator in Dresden, East Germany. Stationed in Dresden, Putin worked as a liaison officer for the KGB's Stasi secret police and rose to the rank of lieutenant colonel. According to the official website of the Kremlin, the communist regime of East Germany awarded Putin with a bronze medal "for service to the National People's Army". Putin has said publicly that he is happy with his work in Dresden, and has talked about the 1989 clash with anti-communist demonstrators who tried to occupy Stasi buildings in the city. According to Putin's official biography, during the fall of the Berlin Wall, which began on November 9, 1989, he saved the files of the Soviet Cultural Center (Dostyk House) and the MKK Villa in Dresden for the official authorities of the future unified Germany, fearing that they would be destroyed by the demonstrators. Then, within hours, he burned only the files of the MCC and saved the archives of the Soviet Cultural Center for the German authorities. During this burning, nothing is said about which documents were saved and which were not. After the collapse of the communist East German government, Putin was forced to withdraw from active service in the SDF due to suspicions about his loyalty to the government during the Dresden and earlier demonstrations, but the SDF and the Soviet Army were still active in eastern Germany. He returned to Leningrad in early 1990 as a member of the "active reserves", where he worked for about three months in the international relations section of Leningrad State University, reporting to vice-rector Yuriy Molchanov while preparing his doctoral dissertation. ## Political career ### 1990–1996: administration of St. Petersburg In May 1990, Putin appointed Leningrad Mayor Anatoly Sobchak as the International Affairs was appointed as a consultant. In an interview with Oliver Stone in 2017, Putin said that he was forced to resign from the post of the MPC in protest against the failed coup against Mikhail Gorbachev in 1991. On June 28, 1991, he became the head of the Foreign Relations Committee of the mayor's office, in which position he was responsible for promoting international relations and foreign investments and registering business entities. Within a year, Putin was investigated by the city legislative council headed by Marina Salye. He concluded that he had allowed $93 million worth of metals to be exported in exchange for reduced prices and foreign food aid that never came. Putin continued to chair the Foreign Relations Committee until 1996, despite investigators recommending his removal from office. In March 1994, Putin was appointed the first deputy chairman of the government of St. Petersburg. In May 1995, he founded the St. Petersburg branch of the liberal "Our Home is Russia" government political party, founded by Prime Minister Viktor Chernomyrdin. In 1995, he managed the parliamentary election campaign of this party, and from 1995 to June 1997, he was the head of its branch in St. Petersburg. ### 1996–1999: the beginning of his career in Moscow In June 1996, Sobchak lost re-election in St. Petersburg, and his campaign manager, Putin, resigned from the city administration. He moved to Moscow and was appointed deputy head of the Presidential Property Management Department headed by Pavel Borodin. He held this position until March 1997. He was responsible for the foreign property of the state and organized the transfer of the assets of the former Soviet Union and the CPSU to the Russian Federation. On March 29, 1997, Russian President Boris Yeltsin appointed Putin as Deputy Head of the Presidential Administration, a position he held until May 1998, and was the head of the General Control Department of the Presidential Property Management Department (until June 1998). His predecessor in this position was Alexei Kudrin, and his successor was Nikolai Patrushev; these two figures later became prominent politicians and associates of Putin. On April 3, 1997, Putin received the title of State Counselor of the Russian Federation, 1st class; it is the highest federal service title in the country. On May 25, 1998, Putin was appointed the first deputy head of the presidential administration for regions. On July 15, he was appointed head of the commission for preparation of agreements on the delimitation of regional powers and head of the federal center under the president, instead of Sergey Shahray. After Putin's appointment, the commission did not sign any agreement on delimitation, while 46 agreements were signed during Shahray's leadership of the commission. Later, after becoming president, Putin canceled all 46 agreements. On July 25, 1998, Yeltsin appointed Putin as director of the Federal Security Service (FSB), the main intelligence and security organization of the Russian Federation and the successor to the FSB. In 1999, Putin described communism as "a blind alley away from the mainstream of civilization." ### 1999: First Prime Minister On August 9, 1999, Putin was appointed one of the three First Deputy Prime Ministers, and later that day President Yeltsin appointed him Prime Minister of the Government of the Russian Federation. appointed acting executive. In addition, Yeltsin declared that he would like to see Putin as his successor. On that day, Putin agreed to run for the presidency. On August 16, 233 deputies of the State Duma voted in favor of him (84 against, 17 abstentions) and approved his appointment as prime minister. At the time of his appointment, few expected the largely unknown Putin to serve longer than previous prime ministers. He was initially seen as Yeltsin's loyal "right-hand man"; Like Boris Yeltsin's other prime ministers, Putin did not choose the ministers himself, his cabinet was appointed by the presidential administration. Yeltsin's main opponents fought hard to prevent Putin from succeeding the ailing president. After the September 1999 Russian apartment bombings and the mujahideen attack in Dagestan, Putin's disciplined image and relentless approach to the Second Chechen War soon boosted his popularity and allowed him to overtake his rivals. Although not officially affiliated with any party, Putin supported the newly formed Unity Party, which won the second largest number of votes (23.3%) in the December 1999 Duma elections, and the party in turn supported Putin. ### 1999–2000: Acting President On December 31, 1999, Yeltsin unexpectedly announced his resignation as president, and according to the Russian Constitution, Putin became acting President of the Russian Federation. As soon as he assumed this role, Putin made a New Year's message to the nation and left for a previously planned meeting with Russian troops in Chechnya. The first decree signed by Putin as president on December 31, 1999 was "On guarantees for the former president of the Russian Federation and members of his family." This ensured that "corruption charges against the outgoing President and his relatives" were not prosecuted. This decision was made in connection with the Mabetex bribery case involving members of Yeltsin's family. As his opponents prepared for the June 2000 elections, Yeltsin's resignation led to the postponement of the presidential election to March 26, 2000; Putin won the election with 53% of the votes in the first round. ### 2000–2004: First presidential term Vladimir Putin was inaugurated on May 7, 2000. He appointed the Minister of Finance Mikhail Kasyanov as the Prime Minister. The first major blow to Putin's popularity came in August 2000, when he was criticized for his poor response to the Kursk submarine disaster. This criticism mainly stems from the fact that Putin took too long to visit the scene. It is known that Putin was on vacation in Sochi on the day of the accident; He was informed about the accident the next day, but the public learned about it only on August 18. Putin arrived at the scene just after the end of his vacation. From 2000 to 2004, Putin won the power struggle with the Russian oligarchs, achieved a "grand bargain" with them, and began to restore the impoverished state of the country. The deal allowed Putin's government to retain most of its powers while gaining real support from the oligarchs and being able to negotiate with them. In October 2002, a hostage crisis took place in the Moscow theater. Many in the Russian press and international media predicted that the death of 130 hostages in a rescue operation by special forces during the crisis would severely damage President Putin's popularity. However, shortly after the end of the siege, the Russian president achieved a record popular approval rating — 83% of Russians said they were satisfied with the work of Putin and his entourage. In 2003, a referendum was held in Chechnya on the adoption of a new constitution of the region; according to official data, the majority of the population wanted the region to become an autonomous republic within Russia. ### 2004–2008: Second presidential term On March 14, 2004, Putin was re-elected president with 71% of the vote. The terrorist act in Beslan took place on September 1-3, 2004; as a result, more than 330 people, including 186 children, died. The nearly 10 years after the collapse of the Soviet Union and before Putin's rule were turbulent in Russia. In a 2005 Kremlin speech, Putin described the collapse of the Soviet Union as "the greatest geopolitical catastrophe of the 20th century." The continued prosecution of Mikhail Khodorkovsky, Russia's richest man at the time, president of Yukos oil and gas company, for fraud and tax evasion, was seen by the international press as retaliation for Khodorkovsky's donations to liberal and communist opponents of the Kremlin. Khodorkovsky was arrested, Yukos went bankrupt, the company's assets were auctioned at prices below their market value, and the largest share was bought by the state company Rosneft. The fate of Yukos was seen as a sign of Russia's broader shift towards a system of state capitalism. On October 7, 2006, Anna Politkovskaya, a journalist who exposed corruption in the Russian army and its behavior in Chechnya, was shot dead in the lobby of her apartment on Putin's birthday. Politkovskaya's death sparked international criticism, with Putin accused of failing to protect the country's newly independent media. Putin himself said that his death caused more problems for the government than his critical writings. In January 2007, Putin met with German Chancellor Angela Merkel at his residence in Sochi; this meeting took place two weeks after Russia stopped supplying oil to Germany. Putin brought his black labrador, Connie, to Merkel, who has a phobia of dogs and seemed uncomfortable around the dog, and added, "I'm sure the dog will behave," resulting in a stir among the German press corps. After the incident, Putin said he didn't know Merkel was afraid of dogs. "I understand why he did it, just to prove his masculinity," Merkel later told a group of reporters. He is afraid of his weakness. There is nothing in Russia, neither successful politics nor economy. That's all they have," he said. At the beginning of 2007, the "March of Dissenters" organized by the opposition group "Other Russia" led by former chess champion Garry Kasparov and National-Bolshevik leader Eduard Limonov was held. After warnings, demonstrations in several Russian cities were met with police action and around 150 people were arrested. On April 4, 2008, Putin invited George U. To Bush and other delegates of the conference: "We consider the emergence of a powerful military bloc on our borders as a direct threat to the security of our nation. "The process that is not directed against Russia is not enough," he said. ### 2008–2012: Second Prime Minister According to the Constitution, Putin cannot be elected for three consecutive presidential terms. First Deputy Prime Minister Dmitry Medvedev was elected as his successor. On May 8, 2008, just one day after handing over the presidency to Medvedev, Putin retained his political dominance and was appointed as the Prime Minister of Russia. Putin said that overcoming the consequences of the global economic crisis was one of the two main achievements of his second prime ministership. The second was the stabilization of Russia's population in 2008–2011 after a long demographic decline that began in the 1990s. It was during this prime ministership that the Russian-Ukrainian gas dispute of 2009 took place, and according to Andriy Kobolev, who was the adviser to the CEO of the Ukrainian company Naftogaz, Putin took over Gazprom. At a German exhibition in 2010, Putin said that if Germany did not want Russian natural gas and nuclear power, it would burn wood for heat and enter Siberia for that wood. At the "United Russia" congress held in Moscow on September 24, 2011, Medvedev officially offered Putin to participate in the 2012 presidential election, which Putin accepted. Given the near-dominance of United Russia in Russian politics, many analysts believed that Putin's third term was almost guaranteed. The move is believed to be aimed at Medvedev's aim to become prime minister at the end of his presidential term, running on the United Russia ticket in December's parliamentary elections. After parliamentary elections on December 4, 2011, tens of thousands of Russians protested against vote counting errors, the largest protests under Putin's rule. Protesters criticized Putin and "United Russia" and demanded the return of the election results. Those protests caused fear that there will be a color revolution in the society. Putin is also believed to have organized several paramilitary groups loyal to himself and the United Russia party between 2005 and 2012. ### 2012–2018: Third presidential term On September 24, 2011, in a speech at the United Russia party congress, Medvedev announced that he would nominate Putin as the party's presidential candidate. On March 4, 2012, Putin won the first round of that year's Russian presidential election with 63.6% of the vote, despite widespread allegations of vote-rigging. The opposition accused Putin and the United Russia party of fraud. Despite publicized efforts to make the election more transparent, including the use of webcams at polling stations, the Russian opposition and international observers from the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe said the vote was marred by procedural irregularities. Anti-Putin protests took place during and after the presidential campaign. The most notorious protest was the performance of Pussy Riot on February 21 and the subsequent trial. An estimated 8,000–20,000 protesters gathered in Moscow on May 6, and clashes with police left eighty people injured and 450 arrested, with another 120 arrested the following day. A counter-protest by Putin supporters culminated in an estimated 130,000 gathering at Luzhniki Stadium, Russia's largest stadium. Some of the participants said they paid to come, others were brought by their bosses, and the rest said they thought they would come to the festival instead. On May 7, 2012, Putin's presidency was inaugurated in the Kremlin. On his first day as president, Putin issued 14 presidential decrees, sometimes referred to by the media as the "May decrees," including a lengthy decree that contained far-reaching goals for Russia's economy. Other decrees covered education, housing, skilled labor training, relations with the European Union, the defense industry, international relations, and other policy areas covered in Putin's campaign manifestos. In 2012 and 2013, Putin and the United Russia party supported strict anti-LGBT legislation in St. Petersburg, Arkhangelsk, and New Siberia; In June 2013, the State Duma passed a law against "homosexual propaganda" (banning symbols such as the rainbow flag, as well as published works containing homosexual content). In June 2013, Putin participated in a televised rally of the All-Russian People's Front, where he was elected as the head of this movement, which was founded in 2011. According to journalist Steve Rosenberg, the movement aims to "reconnect the Kremlin with the Russian people" and, if necessary, replace the increasingly popular United Russia party, which is now pro-Putin. Annexation of Crimea See also: Russian-Ukrainian war and war in Donbas In February 2014, Russia made several military attacks on the territory of Ukraine. After the resignation of Ukrainian President Viktor Yanukovych as a result of the Euromaidan protests, Russian soldiers without badges took control of Ukrainian strategic positions and infrastructure on the territory of Crimea. Then Russia annexed Crimea and Sevastopol and held a referendum there, according to the official results of which the Crimeans voted to join the Russian Federation. As a result, demonstrations by pro-Russian groups in Ukraine's Donbass region against the Ukrainian Rada's legislative efforts turned into a confrontational Russo-Ukrainian war between the Ukrainian government and the Russian-backed separatist forces of the self-proclaimed Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. In November 2014, the Ukrainian military reported intensive movement of troops and equipment from Russia to the separatist-controlled areas in eastern Ukraine. The Associated Press reported that 80 unmarked military vehicles were driving through rebel-held areas. The Special Monitoring Mission of the OSCE observed convoys of heavy weapons and unmarked tanks in the territory controlled by the DRC. In October 2015, The Washington Post reported that Russia has deployed some of its elite units from Ukraine to Syria in recent weeks to support Syrian President Bashar al-Assad. In December of the same year, Putin admitted that the Russian military was in Ukraine. Intervention in Syria See also: Syrian Civil War On September 30, 2015, following a formal request by the Syrian government for military assistance against rebel and jihadist groups, President Putin announced Russia's involvement in the Syrian civil war. allowed to intervene. On March 14, 2016, after Putin declared that the Russian military's mission in Syria was "largely accomplished" and ordered the withdrawal of the "main part" of Russian forces from Syria, the remaining Russian forces continued to actively support the Syrian government. Meddling in the 2016 US Election In January 2017, the US intelligence community expressed high credence to the theory that Putin personally launched a campaign to influence the 2016 US election, which the community believes the Russians discredit Hillary Clinton and undermined the election campaign and thereby helped Donald Trump become president. In December 2016, Trump denied Russian meddling in the US election. Putin himself denied meddling in the elections in December 2016, March, June, and July 2017. Putin later said that hacking was "theoretically possible" and could have been carried out by "patriotic" Russian hackers, while in other cases "not even Russians, but Ukrainians, Tatars or Jews with Russian citizenship" could be responsible. . There are also speculations that Putin wanted to influence the 2020 US elections. ### 2018–2024: Fourth Presidential Term Putin was re-elected for a fourth term in the 2018 election, winning over 76% of the total vote. His term began on May 7, 2018. On May 15, Putin took part in the opening of the highway section of the Crimean Bridge. On May 25, he said he would not run for president in 2024 due to restrictions in the Russian Constitution. In 2020, a vote on amendments to the Constitution was held in Russia. After they came into force, Putin received the right to participate as a candidate in the next presidential election and announced his candidacy for the presidency in 2024. The COVID-19 pandemic On March 15, 2020, Putin ordered the creation of a working group of the State Council to combat the spread of the coronavirus. Putin appointed Moscow Mayor Sergei Sobyanin as the head of the group. On March 22, 2020, after a telephone conversation with Italian Prime Minister Giuseppe Conte, Putin arranged for the Russian Army to send military doctors, special disinfection vehicles and other medical equipment to Italy, which has been hit hardest by the COVID-19 pandemic. Putin started working remotely from his office in Novo-Ogaryovo. According to press secretary Dmitry Peskov, Putin has been tested for coronavirus every day and his health is not in danger. On March 25, in a televised address to the nation, President Putin announced that the constitutional referendum scheduled for April 22 would be postponed due to the coronavirus. He announced that next week would be a national paid holiday and asked Russians to stay home. In June 2021, Putin said he was fully vaccinated against the disease with the Sputnik V vaccine, saying vaccination should be voluntary and making it mandatory in some professions would slow the spread of COVID-19. Constitutional Referendum On July 3, 2020, Putin signed a decree amending the Russian Constitution to allow for two additional six-year terms. These amendments became effective on July 4, 2020. On July 11, in the Khabarovsk region of the Far East of Russia, protests started in support of the arrested governor of the region, Sergei Furgal. On December 22, 2020, Putin signed a bill granting lifetime immunity from prosecution to former presidents of Russia. Russia-Ukraine crisis of 2021-2022 In July 2021, Putin published an essay "on the historical unity of Russians and Ukrainians", in which he described Belarusians, Ukrainians and Russians as part of the Russian world in one All-Russian nation said that it should be and said that it is "one people". The essay denies the existence of Ukraine as an independent country. On November 30, 2021, Putin announced that Ukraine's entry into NATO would be a "red line" issue (ie "unacceptable") for Russia. The Kremlin has repeatedly denied that it planned to invade Ukraine. On February 21, 2022, Putin signed a decree recognizing two self-declared separatist republics in Donbass (Luhansk and Donetsk People's Republics) as independent states and made an appeal regarding the events in Ukraine. Full-scale invasion of Ukraine (2022–) On February 24, Putin announced a "special military operation" in Ukraine in a televised speech, and Russian troops entered the country on a large scale. Putin, who gave the reason for "denazification," said it was an operation to protect people in the predominantly Russian-speaking region of Donbas, which has faced eight years of "humiliation and genocide" from Ukraine. Minutes after the speech, Putin launched a war against the country with a plan to overthrow the elected government in Ukraine under the pretext that "it was run by fascists." Russia's invasion drew international criticism. There have been widespread international sanctions against Russia, including several against Putin himself. People have called for Putin to be tried for war crimes because of his invasion of Ukraine. On March 4, Putin signed a bill that would make it punishable by up to 15 years in prison for publishing "obvious false information" about the Russian military and its operations, prompting some Russian media outlets to stop reporting on Ukraine. On March 7, the Kremlin demanded Ukraine's neutrality, recognition of Crimea as Russian territory, and recognition of the self-proclaimed republics of Donetsk and Luhansk as independent states as conditions for ending the invasion. After its invasion of Ukraine in 2022, Russia's long-term demographic crisis deepened due to emigration, declining birthrates and war casualties. On September 21, Putin announced a partial mobilization of the country after Ukraine's successful counteroffensive in Kharkov and the announcement of referendums on the annexation of Russian-occupied Ukrainian regions. On September 30, Putin signed a decree on the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Zaporozhye and Kherson regions to the Russian Federation. Annexations are not recognized by the international community and are illegal under international law. On November 11 of the same year, Ukraine liberated Kherson. In December 2022, he said that the war against Ukraine could be a "long process". Since February 2022, hundreds of thousands of people have died in the Russian-Ukrainian war. On March 20-22, 2023, Chinese President Xi Jinping visited Russia and met Vladimir Putin officially and informally. It was Vladimir Putin's first international meeting since receiving an arrest warrant. In May 2023, the Republic of South Africa announced that it would grant Vladimir Putin diplomatic immunity to attend the 15th BRICS Summit in Johannesburg, despite an arrest warrant. In July 2023, OAU President Cyril Ramaphosa announced that Putin would not attend the summit "by mutual agreement" and would send Foreign Minister Sergei Lavrov instead. On July 27-28, Putin held a Russia-Africa summit in St. Petersburg, which was attended by 45 delegations from various African countries. As of August 2023, the total number of Russian and Ukrainian soldiers killed or wounded during the Russian invasion of Ukraine was approximately 500,000. Putin opposed the 2023 Hamas attack on Israel that triggered the Israel-Hamas war and said that Israel has the right to defend itself, however, Putin also criticized Israel's response, saying that Israel had no right to encircle the Gaza Strip in the same way that Nazi Germany surrounded Leningrad. Putin suggested that Russia could mediate the conflict. Putin called the war a result of the US's failed foreign policy in the Middle East and expressed concern about the suffering of Palestinian children in the Gaza Strip. ICC Arrest Warrant On March 17, 2023, the International Criminal Court issued an arrest warrant for Putin, accusing Putin of illegally deporting children from Ukraine to Russia during Russia's invasion of Ukraine, and was held criminally liable. The ISS also issued an arrest warrant for Maria Lvova-Belova, the Commissioner for Children's Rights in the Office of the President of Russia. Putin and Putin were charged with the war crime of ...illegal deportation of people (children) and illegal importation of people (children) from the occupied regions of Ukraine to the Russian Federation,... . Russia said the deportations were humanitarian efforts aimed at protecting orphans and other children abandoned in conflict zones. Rebellion of the Wagner group See also: Air crash in Tver region (2023) On the night of June 24, 2023, the Russian paramilitary group of the Wagner JK planned to rebel against the Russian government. The uprising comes amid rising tensions between Wagner's boss, Yevgeny Prigozhin, and the Russian Ministry of Defense. Prigozhin said that the rebellion was launched in response to the ministry's attack on his forces. He denied the government's reasons for invading Ukraine, blamed Defense Minister Sergei Shoigu for the country's military shortcomings, and suggested the war was launched in the interests of Russian oligarchs. Prigozhin's troops captured Rostov-on-Don and one of the military headquarters in southern Russia, formed a convoy and headed for Moscow. After negotiations with Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, Prigozhin agreed to suspend the operation and began to leave Rostov-on-Don in the evening of June 24. On August 23, 2023, exactly two months after the uprising, Prigozhin was killed along with nine others when his business plane crashed in the Tver region, north of Moscow. Western media reported that the accident may have been caused by an explosion on board and suspected that the Russian government was involved in the accident. ### 2024–: Fifth presidential term Putin won the 2024 election with 88.48% of the total vote. International observers recognized these elections as undemocratic. Elections were also held in Ukraine, which was occupied by Russia. On March 22, 2024, a terrorist attack occurred at Crocus City Hall, resulting in 144 deaths. It was the deadliest terrorist attack on Russian soil since the Beslan school siege in 2004. On May 7, 2024, the fifth inauguration of Putin took place in Moscow. According to experts, the replacement of Sergei Shoigu as the Minister of Defense with Andrei Belousov means that Putin wants to turn the Russian economy into a war economy and is "preparing for years of war". On August 2, 2024, Putin repatriated assassin and FSB officer Vadim Krasikov and spies Artyom Dultsev and Anna Dultseva, as well as others in a prisoner swap with Western countries. As part of the deal, Putin pardoned American journalist Evan Gershkovich, opposition figures Vladimir Kara-Murza and Ilya Yashin, and others. ## Domestic Policy Putin's domestic policy, especially at the beginning of his first presidency, focused on creating a vertical power structure. On May 13, 2000, he issued a decree dividing Russia's 89 federal subjects into seven administrative federal districts and appointed a responsible representative for each of those districts. According to Stephen White, a professor at the University of Virginia, under Putin's leadership, Russia has made it clear that it does not intend to create a "second edition" of the American or British political system, but rather to create a system closer to Russia's own traditions and conditions. Some commentators have described Putin's administration as a "sovereign democracy". According to the proponents of this description (especially Vladislav Surkov), the government's actions and policies should first of all have the support of the people in Russia itself and should not be modeled or influenced by foreign countries. In the post-2012 period, there have been mass protests against voter fraud, censorship, and stricter laws on freedom of assembly. According to a law proposed by Putin in July 2000 and supported by Parliament, Putin has the right to dismiss the heads of 89 federal subjects. Until 2004, these local leaders (commonly referred to as "governors") were all directly elected by popular vote, then their candidacies were approved by a presidential proposal and a decision by regional legislatures. Putin saw this as a necessary step to stem separatist tendencies and get rid of governors linked to organized crime. These and other government actions under Putin's presidency have been criticized as anti-democratic by many independent Russian media and Western commentators. During Putin's first term in power, Putin railed against some Yeltsin-era business oligarchs as well as his own political opponents, resulting in the exile or imprisonment of people such as Boris Berezovsky, Vladimir Gusinsky, and Mikhail Khodorkovsky; Other oligarchs, such as Roman Abramovich and Arkady Rotenberg, remained friends and allies of Putin. ### Economy Speaking about Putin's economic policy, Russian economist Sergei Guriev divided it into four distinct periods: the "reform" years of his first term (1999–2003); the years of "statism" of the second term (first half of 2004-2008); world economic crisis and recovery from it (second half of 2008-2013); and the Russo-Ukrainian war, Russia's disengagement from the global economy, and stagnation (2014–). ### Human Rights "Destructive Legislation" by Hugh Williamson, UK Director of HRW Europe and Central Asia, New York-based NGO Human Rights Watch In his report entitled Laws of Attrition, Putin said that since his re-election as president in May 2012, he has started to investigate non-governmental organizations, harass and intimidate political activists and restrict critics. These new laws often include the "foreign agents" law. In 2020, Putin signed a law recognizing individuals and organizations that receive funding from abroad as "foreign agents". The law is an expansion of the "foreign agent" legislation passed in 2012. As of June 2020, according to the Memorial Human Rights Center, there are 380 political prisoners in Russia, including 63 for their direct or indirect political activities (including Alexei Navalny) and 245 for their involvement in one of the banned Muslim organizations in Russia brought to justice. 78 people on the list, i.e. more than 20% of the total number, are residents of Crimea. In December 2022, it was revealed that more than 4,000 people were prosecuted under Russia's war censorship laws for criticizing the war in Ukraine. ### Media Scott Gelbach, a political science professor at the University of Wisconsin-Madison, said that since 1999, Putin has systematically punished journalists who challenge his official views. "The crackdown that followed Putin's return to the Kremlin in 2012 included the liberal media, which until then had been relatively independent," says Maria Lipman, an American writer in Foreign Affairs. "Reporters Without Borders" organization ranked Russia 148th in the 2013 list of 179 countries in terms of press freedom. He specifically criticized Russia for its crackdown on political opposition and its failure to persistently prosecute and prosecute the perpetrators of the murders of journalists. About two-thirds of Russians use television as their main source of daily news. ## Foreign Policy In general, Putin's rule has been tense with the West. Leonid Bershidsky, analyzing Putin's interview with the Financial Times, concluded: "Putin is not a nationalist or a racist, he is an imperialist of the old Soviet school [and] he is known to continue to work with gays." ### Asia India remains the largest customer of Russian military equipment and the two countries have historically strong strategic and diplomatic ties. In October 2022, Putin described India and China as "close allies and partners". Under Putin, Russia had positive relations with the Asian states of the SCO and BRICS, which included China, India, Pakistan, and the post-Soviet states of Central Asia. ### Post-Soviet space See also: Commonwealth of Independent States Under Putin, the Kremlin says Russia has a sphere of influence and "preferential interests" over other post-Soviet states. Russians often refer to the post-Soviet space, which does not include Russia, as the "near abroad" (Russian: Ближнее зарубежье). A series of color revolutions in the post-Soviet states in the 2000s, namely the Rose Revolution in Georgia in 2003, the Orange Revolution in Ukraine in 2004, and the Tulip Revolution in Kyrgyzstan in 2005, led to tensions in the relations between these countries and Russia. In December 2004, Putin criticized the Rose and Orange revolutions, saying, "If you have revolutions on a regular basis, you risk plunging the post-Soviet space into endless conflict." In 2008, Putin was reported to have said at a NATO-Russia summit that Russia might try to annex eastern Ukraine and Crimea if Ukraine joins NATO. At the summit, he told US President George Bush, "Ukraine is not even a state!" and the following year Putin called Ukraine "Little Russia". After the Revolution of Honor in March 2014, the Russian Federation annexed Crimea. According to Putin, this was done because "Crimea has always been and will remain an integral part of Russia." After Russia annexed Crimea, he said, it included "regions in the historical south of Russia" of Ukraine, "created at the behest of the Bolsheviks." He said that the revolution was organized by the Western world to weaken Russia. "Our colleagues in the West crossed the border. They showed themselves to be rude, irresponsible and unprofessional," he said, adding that those who came to power in Ukraine are "nationalists, neo-Nazis, Russophobes and anti-Semites." In August 2008, Georgian President Mikheil Saakashvili tried to regain control of the South Ossetian region. However, Georgian military forces were soon defeated in the 2008 South Ossetian War, after which regular Russian forces entered South Ossetia and then other parts of Georgia, opening a second front with Abkhazian forces in another Georgian separatist province of Abkhazia. Despite existing or former tensions between Russia and most of the post-Soviet states, Putin pursues a policy of Eurasian integration. Putin supported the idea of creating the Eurasian Union in 2011. On November 18, 2011, the presidents of Belarus, Kazakhstan and Russia signed an agreement setting the goal of establishing the Eurasian Union by 2015. The Eurasian Union was established on January 1, 2015. Under Putin, Russia's relations with Uzbekistan, the second largest post-Soviet republic after Ukraine, have strengthened. Uzbekistan under Islam Karimov was moving away from Yeltsin's Russia; however, significant improvement in relations between the two countries was seen in Putin's visit to Tashkent in May 2000. In another meeting in 2014, Russia agreed to repay Uzbekistan's debt. In August 2014, while praising Nursultan Nazarbayev and his presidency, Putin made a very controversial statement that "Kazakhs never had a state before and he [Nazarbayev] created it." However, despite these disputes, diplomatic relations between the two countries have not deteriorated. It is also known that Nazarbayev himself expressed the idea that "Kazakhs did not have sovereignty before the collapse of the USSR." ### USA, Western Europe and NATO Under Putin, Russia's relations with NATO and the USA went through several stages. He was cautious about the relationship when he first became president, but after the 2001 terrorist attack in New York, he supported the US in the war on terror and the opportunity for a new partnership between the two countries appeared. Since 2003, Putin has distanced himself from the West every year since Russia's Iraq war, and relations have steadily deteriorated. According to Russian studies scholar Stephen Cohen, the US mainstream media and the White House itself have been against Putin. In an interview with Michael Stürmer, Putin said there were three issues of concern to Russia and Eastern Europe: the status of Kosovo, the Treaty on Conventional Armed Forces in Europe, and America's plan to build anti-missile defense sites in Poland and the Czech Republic, suggesting that the three were connected. When Kosovo declared its independence in 2008, Putin opposed it and its recognition. In March 2014, Putin used Kosovo's declaration of independence as a basis for recognizing the independence of Crimea. After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks in the United States, Putin maintained good relations with US President George W. Bush and many Western European leaders. His "cooler" and "businesslike" relationship with German Chancellor Angela Merkel is largely due to Merkel's upbringing in the former East Germany, where Putin was stationed as a KGB agent. Putin had a very warm relationship with Italian Prime Minister Silvio Berlusconi; the two leaders continued to hold bilateral meetings even after Berlusconi's resignation in November 2011. At Berlusconi's funeral in 2023, Putin said that he was "a dear person to me and a true friend." NATO's intervention in Libya in 2011 prompted several world leaders, including Putin, to say that the 1973 UN Security Council resolution was "flawed and flawed." A summit scheduled for late 2013 was canceled by the United States for the first time since 1960, and Russian-American relations further deteriorated. The reason for America's refusal from the summit is that Russia gave temporary asylum to Edward Snowden, who disclosed American secret information. Due to the annexation of Crimea in 2014, Russia's membership in the G8 was temporarily suspended. In one of his speeches, Putin strongly criticized the USA for destabilizing the world order. On November 9, 2016, Putin congratulated Donald Trump on his election as the 45th president of the United States. With the election of Trump, relations between the two countries have improved. A February 2017 Gallup poll found that 22% of Americans have a favorable opinion of Putin, the highest since 2003. Russia's invasion of Ukraine and the election of Joe Biden as the US president have worsened relations between the two countries again. On March 25, 2023, President Putin announced the deployment of tactical nuclear weapons in Belarus. It was announced that the weapons would be under Russian control. President Putin told the Russian TV channel: "There is nothing special here either. First of all, the United States has been doing this for decades. They have already placed their tactical nuclear weapons on the territory of their allies." Relations between Russia and Great Britain also deteriorated in 2003 when Great Britain granted political asylum to Putin's former patron, oligarch Boris Berezovsky. This deterioration has been exacerbated by allegations that the British engaged in espionage and made secret payments to pro-democracy and human rights groups. A 2022 UK poll found Putin to be the least popular of foreign leaders, with 8% of British respondents having a favorable opinion. ### Middle East and Africa On October 16, 2007, Putin traveled to Iran to attend the Caspian Summit in Tehran, where he met with Iranian President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. It was the first visit by a Soviet or Russian leader to Iran since Joseph Stalin attended the Tehran Conference in 1943, and was a landmark event in Iran-Russia relations. At a press conference after the summit, Putin said "all our (Caspian) states have the right to develop their nuclear programs for peaceful purposes without any restrictions." From 2000 to 2010, Russia sold nearly $1.5 billion worth of arms to Syria, making Damascus Russia's seventh largest client. During the Syrian civil war, Russia threatened to veto any sanctions against the Syrian government and continued to supply weapons to its government. In 2017, Putin sent a Russian private military company to support the Tuadera regime in the Central African Republic's Civil War, in return for a permanent military presence. The first Russia-Africa summit was jointly organized by Putin and Egyptian President Abdul-Fattah Khalil al-Sisi in Sochi, Russia, in October 2019. The meeting was attended by 43 heads of state and government from African countries. On October 22, 2021, Putin spoke about the "unique connection" between Russia and Israel during his meeting with Israeli Prime Minister Naftali Bennett. ## Public reputation ### Public opinion statistics Director of the Levada Center, drawing conclusions from the results of Russian polls in 2015 or comparing them with polls in democratic states claimed to be unimportant because there is no real political competition in Russia, unlike in democracies Russian voters are given no choice but to be in power, and public opinion is shaped by the state media. In a June 2007 public opinion poll, Putin's approval rating was 81%, the second highest for a world leader that year. In January 2013, amid the 2011–2013 Russian protests, Putin's approval rating dropped to 62%, his lowest since 2000. Putin's approval rating reached 87% in August 2014, following EU and US sanctions against Russian officials over the crisis in Ukraine. In February 2015, according to an internal poll, Putin was recognized as the most popular politician in the world. Putin is also very popular in some non-Western countries, for example in 2017 he had an approval rating of 89% in Vietnam. Observers say there is a generational struggle among Russians to support Putin's rule, with younger Russians opposed to Putin and older Russians more likely to support the government because of state media. In December 2020, only 20% of Russians aged 18–24 supported Putin. At the end of February 2022, a poll conducted by the independent research group Russian Field showed that 59% of the population supports a "special military operation" in Ukraine. According to the survey, only 29% of 18-24 year olds supported a "special military operation". Two polls in late February and mid-March 2022 showed that Russians supported a "special military operation". Radio Liberty received the results. 71 percent of Russians polled said they support a "special military operation" in Ukraine. In March 2022, 97% of Ukrainians said they had an unfavorable view of Putin, and 98% of Ukrainians, including 82% of ethnic Russians living in Ukraine, said they did not believe that any part of Ukraine was a legitimate part of Russia. In a poll published in Russia on March 30, Putin's approval rating rose to 83% from 71% in February. However, experts cautioned that the figures may not accurately reflect public sentiment, as the public tends to rally around leaders during times of war and may mask the true opinions of others. A poll by the independent organization Levada, conducted on June 22-28, 2023, showed that 42% of respondents would vote for Putin in the 2024 presidential election. A November 2023 poll of public opinion by the VCIOM state institution showed that 37.3% of respondents would vote for Putin. According to the VCIOM survey conducted in early March 2024, 56.2 percent of respondents will vote for Putin. ### Cult of personality Putin's cult of personality is based on his public image of an open, athletic, strong guy. He demonstrates his physical abilities and participates in unusual or dangerous activities such as extreme sports and interacting with wild animals. According to Wired, he "deliberately made himself look like a superhero." In 2007, the Komsomolskaya Pravda tabloid published a large photograph of a shirtless Putin vacationing in the Siberian mountains under the headline "Be like Putin." The Kremlin itself has denied any personal cult around the head of state. ## Evaluation Evaluation of Putin's behavior as a leader has been changing during his long presidency. He has been criticized for turning Russia towards autocracy and weakening the system of representative government favored by Boris Yeltsin. Russian dissidents and Western leaders often describe him as a "dictator." Others gave a favorable assessment of its impact on Russia. Putin was described as a "dictator" by political rival Garry Kasparov in 2015 and "the king of corruption" by opposition activist and blogger Alexei Navalny in 2016. Former US Secretary of State Hillary Clinton described him as a "thug", while the 14th Dalai Lama described him as "self-centered". In 2015, opposition politician Boris Nemtsov said that "Putin is turning Russia into a "raw material colony" of China." Soviet dissident Valeria Novodvorskaya described Putin as a "politically inept, Stalinist man, vengeful and cruel" and called the government a "regime of Chekists". Many Russians praise Putin for restoring Russia's fortunes. Former Soviet leader Mikhail Gorbachev acknowledged that democratic procedures and media freedom had been curtailed during Putin's presidency, saying Putin had brought Russia out of disintegration at the end of the Yeltsin years and that Russians "must not forget that Putin saved Russia." Ramzan Kadyrov, the leader of the Chechen Republic and a supporter of Putin, claimed that until 2011, Putin saved both the Chechen people and Russia. In 2018, following the jailing of anti-corruption blogger and activist Alexei Navalny, Forbes wrote: "Putin's behavior is that of a dictator... As a leader with little public support, he has used force and ever-worsening repression." can remain in power only through In November 2021, The Economist also noted that Putin had "moved from autocracy to dictatorship". ### After Russia's invasion of Ukraine US President Joe Biden called Putin a war criminal and a "murderous dictator" after Russia's invasion of Ukraine saw civilian casualties mount. Ukraine's representative at the United Nations Serhiy Kislytsia compared Putin to Adolf Hitler. Latvian Prime Minister Krišjanis Karinš also compared the Russian leader to Hitler, calling him "a deranged autocrat who has brought misery to millions of people." On December 31, 2022, President Putin delivered a New Year's address to a group of soldiers and other members of the Russian Armed Forces. The question arose whether these are real soldiers or actors. The BBC used facial recognition to identify at least five people in the New Year's address who were not members of the military, but allies or employees of Putin. It was revealed that the blonde woman standing behind Putin is Larisa Sergukhina, a deputy of the "United Russia" party in the regional parliament for the Novgorod region. Sergukhina has previously appeared as a soldier, a sailor and a member of a church congregation in other previous public speeches by President Putin. ## Personal life ### Family On July 28, 1983, Putin married Lyudmila Shkrebneva, and they lived together in East Germany from 1985 to 1990. stood. They have two daughters, Maria Putina, born on April 28, 1985 in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and Ekaterina Putina, born on August 31, 1986 in Dresden. A Project investigation published in November 2020 revealed that Putin has another daughter, Elizaveta (born March 2003), also known as Luiza Rozova, with Svetlana Krivonogih. In April 2008, "Moscow Correspondent" reported that Putin divorced Lyudmila and married Alina Kabaeva, a former rhythmic gymnast and Russian politician, Olympic gold medalist. The story was denied and the paper was closed soon after. Putin and Lyudmila continued to appear in public as a married couple, and the state of Putin's relationship with Kabaeva was the subject of speculation. Vladimir and Lyudmila Putin announced their intention to divorce on June 6, 2013, and on April 1, 2014, the Kremlin officially confirmed their divorce. According to reports, Kabaeva gave birth to a daughter with Putin in 2015, a report denied by official sources. It was also reported that Kabaeva gave birth to twin sons from Putin in 2019. However, in 2022, the Swiss media reported that Kabaeva gave birth to a boy in both cases, citing the couple's Swiss gynecologist. ### Wealth Official data released during the 2007 legislative elections put Putin's wealth at around 3.7 million rubles ($280,000) in bank accounts, a personal 77.4 square meters in St. Petersburg ( 833 square feet) apartment and other assets. Putin's income in 2006 was 2 million rubles (about $152,000). In 2012, Putin reported an income of 3.6 million rubles ($270,000). Putin has been photographed wearing several expensive wristwatches worth a total of $700,000, roughly six times his annual salary. Putin has been known to sometimes give away watches valued at thousands of dollars, such as in 2009 when he gave a Siberian boy he met on vacation a watch identified as a Blancpain and a similar watch to a factory worker the same year. According to Russian opposition politicians and journalists, Putin secretly amassed a multi-billion-dollar fortune through successive acquisitions of shares in a number of Russian companies. According to one editorial in The Washington Post, "While Putin does not technically own these 43 planes, he can use them as he sees fit as the sole political power in Russia." RIA Novosti journalist "Western intelligence agencies...couldn't find anything." These conflicting opinions were analyzed by Polygraph.info, which reviewed and compared a number of reports by Western (Anders Oslund's estimate of $100-160 billion) and Russian (Stanislav Belkovsky's estimate of $40 billion), UBB (2007 estimate of $40 billion) and as a result, made the following conclusion: According to the information released by the Panama Papers, close trusted associates of Putin own offshore companies with a total value of 2 billion US dollars. A significant part of the money trail leads to Putin's closest friend Sergei Roldugin. Although not a musician and a businessman in his own words, he has assets estimated at $100 million or more. It is believed that he was chosen for this role because of his low profile. There are speculations that Putin actually owns the funds and that Roldugin is merely acting as a proxy. Garry Kasparov said that "[Putin] probably controls more money than any other person in human history." ### Residences Official Government Residence As president and prime minister, Putin lived in numerous official residences across the country. These residences include: Moscow Kremlin, Novo-Ogaryovo in Moscow region, Gorki-9 near Moscow, Bocharov Ruchei in Sochi, Dolgie Borodi in Novgorod region and Riviera in Sochi. In August 2012, Putin's critics listed the ownership of 20 villas and palaces, nine of which were built during Putin's 12 years in power. Personal residences Soon after Putin returned from KGB service in Dresden, East Germany, he built a dacha in Solovievka, on the eastern shore of Lake Komsomolskoye in the Karelian Neck, Priozersk District, Leningrad Oblast, near St. Petersburg. After the dacha burned down in 1996, Putin built a new house similar to the original and was joined by seven friends, who built country houses nearby. In 1996, the group officially registered their fraternity as a cooperative society, naming it Ozero ("Lake") and turning it into a gated community. Near the village of Praskoveivka on the Black Sea, a huge mansion is being built, worth 1 billion US dollars and dubbed "Putin's Palace". In 2012, Putin's former business partner Sergei Kolesnikov told BBC Newsnight that he had been tasked with overseeing the construction of the palace by Deputy Prime Minister Igor Sechin. He also said the mansion, which was built on government land and has three helipads, is also guarded by state-funded and uniformed officials from the Kremlin's official security service and is for Putin's personal use. After the arrest of Alexei Navalny on January 19, 2021, a video investigation was released of him and the Anti-Corruption Foundation (FBC) accusing Putin of using fraudulently obtained funds to build a house for himself; in the video, he called the establishment of this residence "the biggest bribe in the world". During the investigation, Navalny said the estate was 39 times bigger than Monaco and cost more than 100 billion rubles ($1.35 billion) to build. He also showed a drone aerial photograph of the plot and a detailed plan of the palace provided by the contractor, according to Navalny, which he compared to photographs of the palace's interior that went viral in 2011. The video also revealed a corruption scheme involving Putin's entourage that allowed Putin to hide billions of dollars to build real estate. ### Religion Putin's religion is Russian Orthodox Christian. His mother attended the Russian Orthodox Church, while his father was an atheist. Although his mother did not keep icons at home, he went to church regularly, despite the persecution of his religion by the government of that time. His mother secretly baptized him as a baby and took him to church regularly. According to Putin, his "religious awakening" began after a serious car accident involving his wife in 1993 and the burning of his dacha in August 1996. Before his official visit to Israel, Putin's mother gave him a cross and told him to bless it. Putin says: "I did what he told me, and then I put the cross around my neck. I have never taken it off since." The authenticity of his religiosity was denied by his former adviser, Sergei Pugachev. ### Sports Putin watches football and supports Zenit St. Petersburg football club. He is also interested in ice hockey and field hockey. Putin has been practicing judo since childhood, and at the age of fourteen he started practicing sambo. He won competitions in both sports in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). He was awarded an eighth degree black belt in 2012, becoming the first Russian to achieve this status. He was awarded an eighth degree black belt in karate in 2014. Lawfare magazine editor Benjamin Wittes, a taekwondo and aikido black belt, questioned Putin's martial arts prowess, saying there was no video evidence of Putin showing any noteworthy judo skills. In March 2022, Putin was suspended from all positions in the International Judo Federation (IJF) due to Russia's war in Ukraine. ## Awards and Degrees Since 2001, at least fifteen countries have awarded civilian honors to Vladimir Putin. Putin has been awarded honorary doctorates and other awards by organizations around the world, but some of them have been revoked because of the war in Ukraine. ### State awards USSR and Russia Foreign Unrecognized or partially recognized countries ### Religious awards * 1st degree Order "For Merit to the Ummah" (?, KTSMSK) * 1st degree Order of Saint Vladimir (February 8, 2002, OPSH) * " Order of St. Boris the Tsar" (March 3, 2003, BPSH) * Order of Sheikh Al-Islam (February 21, 2006, Administration of Caucasian Muslims) - recognition of the high role of Russia in establishing relations between representatives of different religions, different confessions, the high role of Russia recognition, promotion of dialogue between cultures and Kungei was awarded in recognition of the strengthening of stability in the Caucasus region * Order of Glory and Honor (2007, OPSH) - for his invaluable contribution to the strengthening of Russian statehood and the spiritual and moral revival of Russian society * 1st degree Sergius Order of Radonezh (OPSH) * Order of St. Savva 1st degree (2011, SPSH) * Order of St. Great Martyr and Healer Panteleimon 1st degree (2016, Panteleimon Monastery (Athos)) # ## Social awards * Order of the Commonwealth (March 25, 2002, Interparliamentary Assembly of the CIS) - for active participation in the activities of the Interparliamentary Assembly and its bodies, contribution to strengthening friendship between the peoples of the Commonwealth member states * Honor of the Commonwealth of Independent States medal (October 7, 2002) - for the great contribution to the strengthening and development of the Commonwealth of Independent States, friendship, good neighborliness, mutual understanding and mutually beneficial cooperation between the states participating in the Commonwealth of Independent States * Medal "Salvation" (2005, Federation of Jewish Communities of Russia ) * Jubilee medal of the Commonwealth of Independent States (February 22, 2008) - for a great personal contribution to the strengthening of cooperation and friendship between the states and peoples of the Commonwealth of Independent States, mutual understanding and trust between the leaders of the CIS member states * "Dagestan honor and pride - the Order of the Golden Eagle (October 7, 2022, "Defender of the Fatherland" Union of Public Associations of Dagestan and the Public Fund for Patriotic Education of Youth of Dagestan) ### Academic titles Russia * Honorary member of the Russian Academy of Arts S. M. Honorary Doctor of the Kirov Military Medical Academy (January 15, 2000) * Honorary Doctor of the Law Faculty of St. Petersburg State University and Member of the Scientific Council (2000) * Honorary Professor of the St. Petersburg University of Humanitarian Unions (October 7, 2008) Abroad * Honorary Doctor of Law of the Turkmen State University named after Makthymkuly (May 19, 2000, Turkmenistan) * Honorary Doctor of Jawaharlal Nehru University (October 2, 2000, India) * Honorary Doctor of Baku Slavic University Doctor (January 10, 2001, Azerbaijan) * Honorary Doctor of Yerevan State University (May 25, 2001, Armenia) * Honorary Doctor of Belgrade University (March 15, 2011, Serbia) * Honorary Doctor of Tsinghua University (April 26 2019, China) ### Honored Citizens Russia * Honored Citizen of Kazan (August 4, 2005) - for his great contribution to the economic, social, and spiritual development of the city \ <> * Honorary citizen of St. Petersburg (2006) * Honorary citizen of Astrakhan (2008) * Honorary citizen of Sortavala (2010) Disputed regions * Honorary citizen of the Republic of Crimea * Honorary Citizen of Sevastopol Abroad * Honorary Citizen of Vrbas (Serbia) * Honorary Citizen of Loznica (Serbia) * Honorary Citizen of Raška (Serbia) * Honorary Citizen of Apatin (Serbia ) * Honorary Citizen of Pojarevac (Serbia) * Honorary Citizen of Sombor (2007, Serbia) * Honorary Citizen of Kosovo and Metohija (2011, Serbia) ### Sports Awards \< > * Judo and Sambo Master of Sports of the USSR * Honored Sambo Coach of Russia (June 5, 1998) * Kyokushinkai 5th Dan (April 29, 2001) * Kyokushinkai 7th Dan (13 December 2009) * Kyokushinkai 8th Dan (November 21, 2014) * Goju-ryu 9th Dan (July 22, 2010) ### Awards * 2001 — laureate of the Peter the Great national award * 2002 — laureate of the award "For special service in strengthening the unity of the Orthodox peoples" * 2002 — laureate of the award "For openness to the press" of the Moscow Union of Journalists * December 19, 2007 — "Time 2007 Man of the Year * September 3, 2008 - Vanity Fair magazine took first place in the rating of "The Most Influential People in the World" * 2011 - the Chinese Confucius Peace Prize * World Russian People's Council Award \< > Anti-prizes * 2007 - "Closed shell" - German anti-prize "for destroying independent journalism", the first foreign political figure to be awarded an anti-prize * 2014 - "2014 Corruptor of the Year" (OCCRP) * September 2020 - Schnobel Prize in Medicine "for showing that politicians have more influence over life and death than scientists and doctors during the COVID-19 pandemic." Together with him, the President of Turkmenistan Kurbankuly Berdimuhamedov, the President of the United States Donald Trump, the President of Belarus Alexander Lukashenko, the President of Brazil Jair Bolsonaro, the Prime Minister of Great Britain Boris Johnson, the President of Turkey Recep Tayyip Erdogan and the President of Mexico Andres Manuel Lopez Obrador were awarded this prize. 2021 - Listed as "Enemies of Press Freedom" by "Reporters Without Borders". * 2022 - received the title of "bastard of the year" according to Politico magazine. ### Returned awards * German Quadriga award (July 9, 2011). On July 16 of the same year, the Organizing Committee withdrew the award. Criticism of a number of members of the organizing committee and representatives of the media was the reason for returning the decision. * Golden Olympic Order (2001). Returned in 2022 due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. * Taekwondo 9th winner (2013). In 2022, it was lost due to Russia's invasion of Ukraine. * Order of the International Swimming Federation (October 9, 2014). Returned in 2022. * Saxon "Order of Gratitude" in the field of politics (German: Dankesorden; January 16, 2009, Saxony) - for the return of three paintings to the Old Masters Gallery in Dresden, for efforts in Russian-Saxon cultural exchange and future relations between Germany and Russia. for his contribution to the development of relations. In 2022, the Russian invasion of Ukraine was repelled. * The winner of the 8th judo competition of the International Judo Federation (October 10, 2012) was returned in 2022. * Honorary Doctor of the University of Athens (2001, Greece) * Honorary Doctor of the University of Peloponnese (2018, Greece) ## Additional Information ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8461

Ordabasy historical and cultural national reserve

Historical and cultural national reserve "Ordabasy" is located in Badam station, Ordabasy village, Ordabasy district, Turkestan region. * The main purpose of the activity of the state institution is to preserve historical and cultural archaeological and architectural monuments. * The main direction of the organization's activity is the identification, protection, study, conservation, restoration and use of the national cultural treasure on the territory of the organization. * "Ordabasy" National Historical and Cultural Reserve covers an area of 1134 hectares. There are 10 monuments of historical and cultural significance on the territory of the reserve-museum. There are a total of 1376 units in the reserves and expositions of the reserve-museum, including the main fund - 41 units, the auxiliary fund - 1335 units.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8447

Presidential Culture Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan

The Presidential Culture Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan is one of the scientific, cultural and educational institutions in Astana. President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. According to the proposal of Nazarbayev, "in order to increase the cultural and spiritual image of the new capital, to familiarize the general public with the historical heritage of the people of Kazakhstan, its achievements in the field of world culture and art (Decree of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 1620 dated October 27, 2000) "State Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan" and "S. "Republican Public Library" was established by the merger of two republican institutions. The Presidential Culture Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan is located at the intersection of Respublika Avenue and A. Baraev Street The total area of the center is 20315.0 square kilometers. This is one of the skyscrapers in the architecture of the Republic of Kazakhstan > The axial center of the whole architectural composition is a 5-story museum with a radius of 19.5 m, supported by a 16-meter dome, which gives the building a Turkish character. The top of the dome is at the level of the floor of the first floor. The museum is divided into five floors of the building: * On the 1st floor - "State attributes and symbols of the Republic of Kazakhstan" * On the 2nd floor - "Archaeology" gallery * On the 3rd floor - "History " gallery * on the 4th floor - "Egemen Kazakhstan" * on the 5th floor - "Fine Art" gallery The Presidential Culture Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a special center that has the following structural departments: * Museum of the history of the statehood of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Scientific library * Scientific Center for the study of the history of the Institute of Statehood and Presidency of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Concert Hall — Theater of National Traditions * Publishing House of "Museums of Kazakhstan" magazine Presidential Culture Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the only cultural and educational institution in Kazakhstan, where: * history of the Kazakh people and spirit will be promoted * the historical events of the formation of the Kazakh statehood will be determined, the facts and references of the modern history of the emergence and prosperity of the institution of the presidency of the Republic of Kazakhstan will be determined. * Very valuable information and collections of the retro-history of the formation of the Kazakh ethnos as a great nation of the vast Eurasian steppe will be displayed. * First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Through the documents and historical materials of Nazarbayev's multifaceted and fruitful work, the unity of multi-ethnic and multi-confessional Kazakh people, inter-ethnic harmony, peace and tolerance are objectified in the civil society. The Presidential Culture Center of the Republic of Kazakhstan refers to the historical peak, traditional and humanist values of the Kazakh people through its diverse and diverse creativity and is ready to realize all its goals and cooperate with all organizations and institutions, funds and agencies working in this field.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8449

Hazrat Sultan

Hazrat Sultan is the noble name of the saint who made efforts to spread the religion of Islam and laid the foundation for the establishment of Sufism among the Turkic peoples. Real name - Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. He was born around 1103 in the city of Sairam, OKO, and died in 1228 in Yasi (city of Turkestan). The grave of his father, Shaik Ibrahim, is in Sairam district of OKO. And the seventh grandfather, Ishak bap, came from Sham to Tabriz, and from there to Urgenish, Sayram, for the purpose of spreading religion. Poet, outstanding preacher of Islam Khoja Ahmet Yasawi left the world when he was fifty-two years old and dedicated his whole being and soul to Haq. When he reached the age of sixty-three, i.e., the prophet's age, he built a mosque under the ground and went into exile. His wonderful work, Diwani Hikmet (Book of Wisdom), which explained the meaning of the Quran and the Sharia in Turkish, became the golden handle of Islam. On September 30, 1978, by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, it was opened as the "Museum of the Republican Ahmet Yasawi Architectural Complex" on the basis of the Khoja Ahmet mausoleum, and according to the decision No. 265 of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, on August 28, 1989, "Aziret Sultan" state historical and cultural museum It was rebuilt as a reserve museum. The mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, built in the museum-reserve dedicated to this man, is a historical monument included in the World Heritage List (UNESCO) in Kazakhstan (June 2003). Koryk Museum is located in the city of Turkestan, along the ancient Great Silk Road, along the current Shymkent-Kyzylorda highway, at the intersection of Tauke Khan Avenue and Almaty Square. The reserve museum contains more than 100 historical, cultural and archaeological monuments. Their total protection area covers 529.4 hectares. And the protected area of the historical center of the city, where the mausoleum is located, is 88.7 hectares. 8 historical monuments located in this region are museumized and serve the people. They are: * Khoja Ahmet Yasawi mausoleum museum. XIX century. The exposition area is 654.98 square meters. * Kyluet underground mosque museum. XII century. 702 square meters. * Juma Mosque Museum. 19th century 603.6 square meters. * East Bath Museum. 11th century 130 square meters. * Turkestan History Museum. 19th century 1050 square meters. * Museum of Archeology and Ethnography. 19th century 140 square meters. * Museum of the mausoleum of Rabia Sultan Begim. XX century 62 square meters. * Turkestan Street Museum. 19th century 452 square meters. The total exposition area of museums is 3794.52 square meters. After the death of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, who became the Sultan of Saints, in the second half of the 12th century, a small two-room mausoleum was built at his grave. The present large mausoleum is a work of fine architecture of the 14th century. in the end, it was built by the order of Amir Temir. The building will be built under the leadership of Maulen Ubaidullah Sadir, the chief carpenter. There is no architectural work in Central Asia that can equal the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. Its external height is 41 meters. Length 65, width 46.5 meters. The thickness of the external walls is 2 meters, the walls of the boiler room are 3 meters. There are 35 rooms in total. The diameter of the dome of the central hall is 18.3 meters. Taikazan was cast in 1239 in the city of Karnak, which is 25 kilometers away, Abdilaziz Sharafutdinuly Tabrizi. A cauldron weighing 2 tons can hold 3,000 liters of water. From the 16th century, khans, princes, famous people were buried near the mausoleum. Their burial ceremony was accompanied by the construction of individual mausoleums - tombs and religious buildings. For the first time, attention was paid to the repair of the mausoleum "Aziret Sultan" in 1872. Those works were aimed at cleaning the garbage around the mausoleum. Since then, the mausoleum has been repaired and restored in several stages. In 1966, by the decision of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, a republican research and repair workshop was opened under the Ministry of Culture, and in 1972, a special repair and restoration workshop was opened in the city of Turkestan. After the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi was opened as a museum, the "Eastern bath" in the complex was restored. The bath, which was in continuous operation until 1975, ceased its main function as a historical and cultural monument, and was turned into a museum in 1979. In 1980, the fortress wall and the gate of the fortress, which were restored, had to be rebuilt on the basis of the previously preserved pictures and drawings. And the building of Juma Mosque, built in 1878, was preserved in its original state and restored. XIV century Shildekhana, which is a monument, was partially restored and conserved. In 1979, the medieval architectural monument "East Bath" around the mausoleum was turned into a museum in order to preserve the ancient monument. In 1982, a museum called "Archaeological Achievements" was organized on the site of the 19th century monument "Zuma Mosque". In 1996, a historical place associated with the life of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, an underground place, a Sufi center of the 12th-19th centuries. The monumental "Kyluet" mosque was opened as a museum with the help of the museum staff. The building where the "History of Turkistan" museum is located was built in the 19th century and used as a military barracks. In Soviet times, it served as a sewing and textile factory. The architectural monument built in the 19th century was taken over by the state, repairs were carried out, and in 2000, the "History of Turkistan" museum was opened and put into operation on the eve of the 1500th anniversary of the historical city. In the museum, you can get complete information about the past and present of the historical and spiritual city. The museum exposition consists of eight large sections. The goal of the museum staff is to transform the ancient city into a "city of museums, a spiritual center". When the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev was in the city of Turkestan, he said that "the spiritual center of Kazakhstan is Turkestan". That is why "Aziret Sultan" nature reserve museum has a special place in the spiritual development of our people. The museum has the following structural departments. * Research department. * Scientific library * Department of scientific fund * Department of protection of historical and cultural monuments In the future, it is planned to expand these departments and open new areas of scientific research. They are: department of archeology-monuments research, department of ethnography and ethnology, department of history of religion, department of cultural mass and propaganda, department of exposition and exhibitions, tourism and service works. The reserve museum "Aziret Sultan" is a spiritual center of special importance in Kazakhstan. Here: * the history and spirit of the Kazakh people are promoted the spirits of Kazakh khans who ruled the country and heroes who defended the country, dancers and orators are worshiped as the eternal abodes * the legacy of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, who educated our people to faith, morality, and honesty, is promoted State Historical and Cultural Reserve Museum "Aziret Sultan" It is ready to realize all its goals and work in cooperation with all organizations and institutions, funds and agencies serving in this field, through its comprehensive creativity and promotion of spiritual values. "Azirat Sultan" state historical and cultural reserve-museum is located in the city of Turkestan, Turkestan region. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=8472

Cheng Hye

Zheng He (Chinese: 鄭和; 1371-1435) was a legendary admiral of the Ming Empire from the Hui people, traveler, diplomat, and commander of the fleet.