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Словакия

Slovakia (Slovak: Slovensko), official name - Slovak Republic (Slovak: Slovenská republika) is a country in Central Europe. The population is 5,443,120 people (December 2017), the territory is 48,845 km². It ranks 112th in the world in terms of population and 127th in terms of territory. The capital is Bratislava. The state language is Slovak. Unitary state, parliamentary republic. As of September 2020, Zuzana Čaputova holds the presidency and Igor Matović is the prime minister. It is divided into 8 edges. is located in the center of Europe. Landlocked country. It has a land border with the Czech Republic, Austria, Poland, Hungary, and Ukraine. The majority of believers (about 70% of the population) are Catholic. Slovakia is a member of NATO and the EU. An industrial country with a rapidly developing economy. In 2011, GDP amounted to 127.111 billion US dollars (about 23,384 dollars per capita). The currency is the euro. The country's independence was announced on January 1, 1993. Throughout history, the country's territory has been part of many powers and state structures, from the state of Samo in the 7th century to Czechoslovakia in the 20th century. During the Second World War, Slovakia was a dependent state of the Third Reich, and in 1945 it again became part of Czechoslovakia. ## Etymology The first written mention of Slovakia dates back to 1586. The name comes from the Czech word Slováky; earlier German forms were Windischen landen and Windenland (15th century). The name Slovensko (1791) comes from the old ethnonym of the Slovaks - Sloven, which can trace its origin back to the 15th century. The original meaning was geographical (not political), as Slovakia was part of the multi-ethnic Kingdom of Hungary and did not form a separate administrative unit during this period. ## History Slavs settled the territory of Slovakia in the VI century, during the Great Migration. In the 7th century, Slovakia was part of the center of the Samo state; later the principality of Nitra was located in its territory. The Slavic state, known as Great Moravia, arrived in the 9th century with the arrival of Cyril and Methodius and the expansion of the rule of Prince Svyatopolk I. Slovakia eventually became part of the Kingdom of Hungary in the 11th and 14th centuries, and then part of Austria-Hungary until its collapse in 1918. In the same year, Slovakia united with the Czech Republic and Carpathian Rus to form the state of Czechoslovakia. In 1919, during the campaign of the Hungarian Red Army in the north, the Slovak Soviet Republic was established for a while in a part of the Slovak territory. Due to the collapse of Czechoslovakia after the Munich Agreement in 1938, Slovakia became an independent republic controlled by Nazi Germany. On August 29, 1944, the Slovak national uprising began, which was suppressed two months later. After the Second World War, Czechoslovakia was restored, joined the Warsaw Pact Organization (WPO), and from 1945 became part of the Eastern Bloc. At the same time, Slovakia retained the national self-government bodies that appeared during the war in Slovakia - the Slovak National Council and local national committees, while the Czechs did not have such bodies (the so-called asymmetrical nation-state structure). Then, in October 1968, the Constitutional Law on the Federation was adopted, which came into force on January 1, 1969, according to which the Czechoslovak Socialist Republic (Czechoslovak Socialist Republic—officially Czechoslovakia since 1960) was divided into the USSR and the Yugoslavian Socialist Federal Republic Republic), as well as two republics included in the federation - the Czech and Slovak Socialist Republics. The end of socialist Czechoslovakia during the peaceful Velvet Revolution in 1989 also meant the end of Czechoslovakia as a single state and led to the creation of the Czech and Slovak Federal Republic in March 1990, and then, from January 1, 1993, into two separate states—Slovakia and the Czech Republic ( "the decay of velvet"). Slovakia became a member of NATO on March 29, 2004, the European Union on May 1, 2004, the Schengen area on December 21, 2007, and the Eurozone on January 1, 2009. Elections to the National Council of the Slovak Republic on March 6, 2016 showed the following results: ## Physical and geographical characteristics Slovakia is bounded by the Western Carpathian mountain range from the north and northeast surrounds. They reach the highest heights, the High Tatras, where the highest point of the country is located - Gerlakhovsky-Shtit peak (2655 m), Krivan and Dumbier peaks, whose height exceeds 1850 m, the south of the Carpathians, the heights prevail, the Danube is divided by fertile valleys into which many rivers flow. The largest of them are Vag, Nitra and Gron. Although approximately 80% of Slovakia's territory lies at an altitude of 750 m above sea level, the country has a fertile Middle Danube Basin, located near the Danube in the Bratislava and Komarno regions, which is considered the granary of the Danube. ### Water Resources The Danube River forms the southwestern border of the country. It is fed by many Carpathian rivers flowing to the south. Among the tributaries of the Danube, the largest are the Vag, Nitra and Gron. In the east, Carpathian rivers such as Laborets, Torisa and Ondava belong to the basin of the Tissa River, the largest tributary of the Danube. ### Climate The climate of Slovakia is distinctly continental. Winters are cold and dry; summers are warm and humid. A large amount of precipitation falls on the mountains. Annual precipitation exceeds 1000 mm in the mountains, and less than 500 mm in the plains. Average January temperature in Bratislava is −1 °C, July + 21 °C. In the mountains, winter is cold and summer is cold. ### Flora and fauna Forests occupy about 40% of the country's territory. The southern slopes of the mountain are covered with broad-leaved (shamshat and oak) or mixed forests, and the northern slopes are covered with coniferous forests, consisting mainly of spruce and cypress. The country is dominated by broad-leaved species (53%), primarily beech (31%) and oak (10%), while spruce (29%) and spruce (9%) are common among conifers. There are alpine meadows at higher altitudes in mountainous areas. Deer, lynx, wolves and bears, and foxes, squirrels, squirrels are found in mountain forests of Slovakia. ### National parks National parks are part of the system of specially protected natural areas and sites managed by the Ministry of Environmental Protection. From 1949 to 2002, nine national parks were created: * Velka Fatra, * Mala Fatra, * Muranska Planina, * Low Tatras, * Pieniny, * Poloniny, * Slovak Karst, * Slovak Paradise, * Tatras. ## Economy Slovakia is a developed industrial and agricultural country. Relatively developed multi-branch agriculture is based on modern material and technical base and infrastructure. In 2017, the average salary was 925 euros per month. The average salary in the Bratislava region in 2017 was 1527 euros per month. As of February 2018, the unemployment rate was 5.88%. As of January 1, 2019, the minimum wage is 520 euros (gross) and 430.35 euros (net). The Keitz index (the ratio between the minimum and average wages in the country) is about 47% in Slovakia (average 1,106 euros and minimum 520 euros) as of 2019. As of January 1, 2020, the minimum wage is 580 euros (gross) and 476.74 euros (net). From January 1, 2021, the minimum wage will be 623 euros (gross) and 508.44 euros (net). Keitz index is estimated to be 57%. Since the meeting of representatives of the Economic and Social Council of the Slovak Republic in 2021 did not produce an agreement on the minimum wage for 2022. The formula is applied according to the current Minimum Wage Law. Its amount corresponds to 57 percent of the average monthly salary in the country two years ago (Keitz index). From January 1, 2022, the minimum wage will be 646 euros (gross) and 525.66 euros (net). From January 1, 2023, the minimum wage will be 700 euros (gross) and 568.97 euros (net). Advantages: increased production, especially in the Bratislava region. ### Tourism Slovakia has significant tourism potential. Its nature, mountains, caves, ski resorts, castles and towns attract many tourists. Around 1.6 million tourists visited the country in 2006, with Bratislava and the High Tatras being the most popular destinations. The majority of tourists were from the Czech Republic (26%), followed by Poland (15%) and Germany (11%). Many citizens of our country travel abroad. For example, in 2012, the outbound tourist flow was 3017 thousand people ### Automobile industry In the early 1990s, when Czechoslovakia disintegrated, there was no automobile production on the territory of Slovakia. In Bratislava, there was only the Bratislava Automobile Plant, which produced parts for Czech Skoda cars. In the late 1990s and early 2000s, large foreign TNCs began to build car factories in the country thanks to the investment policy. Factories were built by Volkswagen in Bratislava (on the premises of the Bratislava Automobile Plant), Peugeot in Trnava and Kia Motors in Zilina. According to OICA, 182,000 cars were produced in Slovakia in 2000. In 2005, 218 thousand cars were produced in Slovakia. By 2010, when factories were operating at full capacity, car production increased to 557,000 units. Slovakia was the world leader in car production per capita, with a population of 5.4 million, in 2011, about 640,000 cars were produced, most of which were exported to other European countries (the share of cars in the country's exports exceeded 25%) ### Foreign trade The republic's foreign trade is aimed at EU countries. Main export trade partners in 2017: Germany 20.7%, Czech Republic 11.6%, Poland 7.7%, France 6.3%, Italy 6.1%, Great Britain 6%, Hungary 6%, Austria 6%; the total volume of exports was 80.57 billion dollars, and the main positions were vehicles and spare parts 27%, equipment and electrical goods 20%, metallurgical machines, furnaces and similar equipment 12%, iron and steel 4%. Main import trade partners in 2017: Germany 19.1%, Czech Republic 16.3%, Austria 10.3%, Poland 6.5%, Hungary 6.4%, South Korea 4.5%, Russia 4.5%; total import amounted to 77.96 billion dollars, and the main positions were machinery and equipment 20%, vehicles and storage products 14%, energy equipment 12%, fuel 9%. ## Armed Forces Slovak Armed Forces consist of ground and air forces, air defense forces, border forces and civil defense forces. The army has 14,000 soldiers and officers. In 2004, Slovakia became a member of NATO. On August 1, 2005, general military conscription was abolished and the transition to a professional army took place. Slovakia participates in UN peacekeeping missions in Afghanistan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Kosovo and Metohija. ## Population The population is 5.5 million people. Fairly evenly distributed throughout the area. The population density is higher in the southwest, because the topography of this region is more suitable for agriculture. ### Peoples of Slovakia The majority of Slovaks are ethnic Slovaks (85.8% according to the 2001 census). Magyars are the largest national minority (9.7%), living mainly in the southern and eastern regions of the country. Other ethnic groups include Gypsies, Czechs, Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, Moravians, Poles, and Italians. ### Religion In general, Slovakia is a very religious country, especially compared to the neighboring Czech Republic. The Slovak constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Most Slovak citizens (69%) are Catholic; the second largest groups are Protestants (11%, Lutherans (mainly Slovaks) and Reformed (mainly Magyars)), Greek Catholics (4%) and Orthodox (1%). ### Languages ​​ The official state language is Slovak, which belongs to the group of Slavic languages. Hungarian is used equally in the south of Slovakia, under Slovak law it can be used as an official language together with Slovak in areas where Slovak Hungarians make up more than 21.7% of the population. Slovak is the mother tongue of the majority of the population of Slovakia: 78.6% of the population (4,240,453 people) according to the 2011 census. 9.4% of the population (508,714 people) called the Hungarian language their mother tongue. Gypsies are the birthplace of 2.3% of the population (122,518 people). Other languages scored less than 1%. ## Public holidays January 1 - the day of the establishment of the Slovak Republic, May 8 - the day of victory over Nazism, July 5 - St. day of co-ambassadors brothers Cyril and Methodius, August 29 - Slovak National Uprising Day, September 1 - Slovak Republic Constitution Day, November 17 - Day of Struggle against Totalitarianism \< > December 25 - Christmas, In the spring, Easter was declared a public holiday, the date of which is set annually according to Catholic traditions. ## Mineral resources Oil, natural gas and lignite used for economic needs are obtained in Slovakia. Oil covers 1% of domestic energy needs, gas - 3%, and lignite - about 80%. The rest is covered by imports from the Czech Republic. The country has reserves of uranium, coal and shale gas, but currently they are not exploited because they are expensive. The country has large reserves of non-metallic materials. In particular, magnesite is actively produced, it is exported and accounts for about 6% of world production. In the past, significant amounts of gold, silver, etc. were mined in Slovakia. Currently, precious metals are produced in small quantities in Khodrusha-Khomre region. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4883

Order of the Motherland

The Order of "Motherland" is an award of the Republic of Kazakhstan. 1993 was established. ## Read more Established in 1993 by the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. With this order, citizens develop the economy, social sphere, science and culture; special work in government, law enforcement and military service, development of democracy and social progress is awarded. The coat of arms is embossed in the center of the circular order, and below it is covered with a pattern similar to the rays of the sun and a circle alluding to a wheat ear covered in a circle. Below the image of the coat of arms is the inscription "Motherland". Citizens with this order: * in state and public service; * in the development of economy, social sphere, science and culture; * exceptional work in government, law enforcement and military service, in the development of democracy and social process is awarded. ## Gallery * * * * * * ## See also * State awards of Kazakhstan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7646

Гвинея

Guinea, the Republic of Guinea (fr. République de Guinée) is a country located in West Africa. The land area is 246 thousand km². The population is 7.4 million. (1995). Main population: Fulbe, Malinke, Susu, Kissi, Kpelle, etc. The capital is Conakry. The official language is French. 70% of the population are Muslims, 25% are pagans, and the rest are Christians. Gauss is a republic. ## Government The country is headed by the president. The legislative body is a unicameral parliament. ## Geography Gauss land is located entirely in the sub-equatorial belt. There are many low and medium mountain plateaus. Land of bauxite, diamonds, gold, etc. rich in minerals. The climate is equatorial, monsoonal. Average annual temperature is between 20 — 25°C. The average amount of precipitation is 1200 — 2000 mm. The land is fertile. Evergreen forests and savannah plants grow. ## History Archaeological excavations prove that people have been living in this region since very early times. But the history until the middle of the 19th century is little studied. In the Middle Ages, some areas were part of the states of Ghana and Mali. From the 16th century, nomadic Fulba tribes who converted to Islam created the military-religious state of Futa-Jallon and subjugated the neighboring pagans. From the middle of the 15th century, the Portuguese came to the coast of Gauss and began to transport gold, ivory, precious wood and slaves to Europe and later to America. In the 16th and 18th centuries, they tried to establish their own power by taking advantage of the divisions between local tribes. 1865 — 76 the French built several forts in this region and expelled England and Germany from the country. They started growing coffee, bananas, pineapples and cotton in the most fertile areas of the country. The first production facilities (in the field of mining) began to appear only in 1930. In a referendum held on September 28, 1958, the people of Gauss rejected the French constitution and voted for the country's independence. On October 2 of the same year, Gauss was declared an independent state. Under the leadership of the Democratic Party of Guinea and its leader Sékou Touré, land, factories, foreign companies and banking systems were nationalized. 1984 without bloodshed A revolution took place and the previous constitution was annulled. The state monopoly was limited, and conditions were created for the entry of foreign capital into the country. 1991 A new constitution was adopted in the general national referendum, and a presidential administration and a unicameral parliament were introduced in the country. Measures to democratize society are being implemented. The basis of the economy is the mining industry (bauxite, gold, diamonds), precious trees, etc. accounts for 96% of exports (1995). 2/3 of the world's bauxite reserves are concentrated here. 70% of the population works in agriculture (cotton, tobacco, coffee, bananas, rice, livestock, etc.). However, due to the scarcity of food products, they are imported. Main trade partners: France, Italy, Japan. Gauss is a member of the UN, African Union, Organization of the Islamic Confederation, etc. member of international and regional organizations. Guinea has vast mineral, hydropower and agricultural resources, but remains an economically underdeveloped country. since the 1950s. The Soviet Union provided economic assistance to Guinea. With its help, a complex of bauxite production and many industrial facilities were created, railways and highways were reconstructed, the capital's university, airport, central stadium, hotel, and radio station were built. Guinea has deposits of bauxite (about half of the world's reserves), iron ore, diamonds, gold and uranium. GDP per capita (in 2009) - 1 thousand dollars (212th place in the world). Below the poverty line - 47% of the population (2006). Agriculture employs more than 75% of workers (24% of GDP). Rice, coffee, pineapples, peaches, nectarines, mangoes, citrus fruits, tapioca, bananas, potatoes, tomatoes, cucumbers, peppers, figs and other vegetables and fruits are grown. Cattle, sheep and goats are bred. Industry (38% of GDP) - production of bauxite, gold, diamonds, iron ore, processing of agricultural products. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1670

Turkestan region

Turkestan region (1932-1962, South Kazakhstan region in 1992-2018 and Shymkent region in 1962-1992) is a region in the south of Kazakhstan. It was founded on March 10, 1932. In 2018, the administrative center was transferred from Shymkent to Turkestan; Shymkent received the status of a city of republican significance and was removed from the South Kazakhstan region. The area is 117.3 thousand km². Population 2,000,000 (2018). The center is the city of Turkestan. It borders Ulytau in the north, Zhambyl in the east, Kyzylorda in the west, and the Republic of Uzbekistan in the south. The region includes 14 administrative districts, 4 city administrations, 7 cities (except Shymkent), 13 settlements, 171 rural districts, and 932 villages. ## Nature The topography of Turkestan region is mostly flat (average height 200-500 m). In the north are the southwest of the stony-clay Betpakdala desert, the Ashkykol depression, the Togyzkentau ridge, the lower reaches of the Shu river, and the western part of the Moyinkum sandy valley. The central part of the region is divided in two by the Karatau ridge from the northwest to the southeast. Its highest point is Mount Bessaz (Thousand) (2176 m). The Boralday ridge (1400-1600 m) is located in the southeast of Karatau. The southeast of the region is covered by the Western Tien-Shan ranges (Ogem ridge), Karzhantau (2800-2900 m), Kazygurt mountain (1700 m), the western ranges of Talas Alatau - Kishi Aksu (2577 m), Alatau (3137 m) mountains. includes The highest point of the region is Sairam peak (4299 m). In the southwest, Kyzylkum sand, Karakat mountain (388 m), in the south Shardara field, Yzakudyk sand, Kaunbai molda (321 m), Beltau (592 m) ridges, Myrzashol occupies the far south. ## Geology and mineral resources Most of the territory of the region is part of the Turan[ plate. The geological structure is mainly made of Cambrian, Devonian, coal rocks (shale, sandstone, limestone), the mountainous part is made of lower Paleozoic rocks (sandstone, granite, conglomerate, depressions between ridges are filled with red Devonian sediments). Polymetal, lignite, iron, uranium ore, phosphorite, vermiculite, talc, barite, gypsum, refractory clay, limestone, granite, marble, quartz, etc. Mineral resources have been explored. In Karatau, Ashchysay, Myrgalymsay, Baizhansay lead-zinc mines have been operating since the 40-40s of the 20th century. It ranks first in the republic in terms of reserves of uranium ores, third in terms of reserves of phosphorite and iron deposits. ## Climate The climate of the region is continental. Winter is short, mild, snow cover is thin and unstable. The annual average temperature of January is -7 - 9°C in the north, -2 - 4°C in the south. Summers are long, hot, dry and legendary. The annual average temperature of July is 25-29°C. The average annual amount of precipitation is 100-150 mm in the desert region, 300-500 mm in front of the mountains, 800 mm in the highlands. ## Hydrography Rivers are unevenly distributed on the territory of the region. The Syrdarya river flows from the south to the north-west of Turkestan region. Arys (378 km), Keles (241 km), Kurkeles (98 km) rivers flow into Syrdarya. In the densely populated southeast, the tributaries of the Arys River: Badam, Sayramsu, Aksu, Zhabagily, Mashat, Dauylbaba, Boraldai rivers are of great economic importance. Bogen, Shayan, Arystandy, Shylbyr, Bayildir, Koksarai, etc., starting from the Karatau ridge. rivers supply water to the center of the region. The noise is low. There is little water in the stream, only when the snow melts in the spring, the water becomes abundant and it irrigates the farms of Sozak district. Shardara (area 400 km², water volume 5200 million m³), Bogen (water volume 377 million m³), Badam (water volume 61.5 million m³), etc. dams are built. Main canals were built from Arys River to Arys-Turkistan, Dostyk (formerly named after Kirov) from Syrdarya in Uzbekistan, Kyzylkum main canals in Shardara district. Lakes of the region are mostly shallow and salty, filled with water in spring and dry up in summer. Large lakes: Akzhaikyn (48.2 km²), Kyzylkol (17.5 km²), besides Kaldykol, Shuynekkol, Tuzdykdume, etc. there are small lakes. There is a lot of underground water. ## Soil, flora and fauna In the flat part of the region, the soil cover is gray, saline gray, pale gray, sandy, sandy soil. At the foot of the mountain there are meadows and red-brown soil of the mountain. The plant cover is mainly typical of the desert belt. Sekseul, zhantak, zusan, khureuy, erekgyn, shi, jantak, male grass; Syrdarya, in the valleys of the Shu River, berry, ginger, willow; fescue-wort meadows grow at the foot of the mountain, fruit trees, juniper trees, and alpine meadows grow in the mountains. Animals include wolves, foxes, hares, roe deer, roe deer, wild boars, brown bears, leopards, martens, badgers, and reptiles in desert regions. There are many species of birds such as vultures, partridges, eagles, sparrows, and sparrows. Aksu-Zhabagyly State Nature Reserve was organized (1926) in Tolebi, Tulkibas districts to preserve natural flora and fauna. ## Population 15% of the republic's population lives in Turkestan region (2011). The average population density is 18.6 people per 1 km². The highest birth rate (22.6 babies per 1000 people) and the highest rate of natural population growth (more than 32.5 thousand people) were reached in the republic. The majority of the population of the region is Kazakhs (70.24%), besides Uzbeks (17.1%), Russians (7.2%), Tatars (1.2%), Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, Turks, etc. representatives of nationalities live. Residents often settled in Maktaaral, Shardara, Sayram, Saryagash districts. 47% of residents of the region live in cities, 53% in villages. Population of Turkestan region ## Administrative division There are 14 districts and 3 cities in the administrative-territorial division. ## Agriculture Turkestan region is a region in the republic where all branches of industry and agriculture are developed and labor resources are sufficient. Regional enterprises produce 5.9% of all industrial products in Kazakhstan. 98.6% of transformers, 70.1% of pharmaceuticals, 51.5% of mineral and carbonated waters, 38.9% of motor oil, gasoline, 23.6% of refined lead, 23.6% of beer, 19.7% of cement, excavator, cotton fiber, almost all cotton oil are produced in Turkestan region. The region is a major producer of leather raw materials, fruit, vegetables, grapes, garden, pasta products. ## Industry The industrial opportunities of the region are mainly oil refining and metallurgical enterprises. Non-ferrous metallurgy, mechanical engineering, chemistry, oil refining, food industry are developing well, especially in the cities of Shymkent and Kentau. There are 147 large and medium-sized enterprises in the industry of the region. Large enterprises in the field of petrochemical industry: "PetroKazakhstanOil Products" JSC (oil processing) and "IntercomShina" JSC (tyre production). The main enterprise in the metallurgical industry "Yuzhpolimetall" JSC (lead, zinc, etc. products); leading enterprises in the engineering industry: JSC "Kardanval" (produces cardan shafts for cars and tractors), JSC "Yuzhmash-K" (production of workshop-pressing machines and spare parts), JSC "Excavator", JSC "Kentau transformer plant", " JSC Turkestan-Nasos; "Shymkentsement" JSC from the construction industry; from the chemical industry - "Khimpharm" JSC (production of medicinal products); from light industry "Voshod" JSC, "Elastic" JSC, "Adal" LLP, etc. is working. The leading enterprises in the field of food industry are "Shymkent-may", "Kainar", "Shymkent Syro", "Bakhus-Deronsek" JSCs, "Aray", "Amangeldi" LLPs, etc. constitutes "Asem-ay" and "Alex" LLPs are engaged in the production of mineral water from Saryagash. Tobacco products are produced by JSC "Central Asia". ## Agriculture The area of land suitable for agriculture in the region is 10.3 million ha, including 0.8 million ha of arable land. 63.3 thousand peasant (farmer) farms, 956 private enterprises, 6 JSCs, and 608 LLPs work in agriculture. They are generally resp. provides 12.2% of agricultural production. The main branch of agriculture is the growing and production of strategically important cotton. Its cultivated area reached 170 thousand ha (30% of cultivated area). 19 cotton factories with an annual capacity of 650 thousand tons are engaged in the processing of raw cotton. They are located in the Maktaaral, Saryagash, Shardara districts of the region and on the territory of the Turkestan City Administration. At the end of 2003, the regional administration started the construction of cotton spinning factories. Average annual yield of crops: wheat - 400 thousand tons, rice - 10 thousand tons, cotton - 360 thousand tons, vegetables - 400 thousand tons, garden products - 291 thousand tons, potatoes - 115 thousand tons. 2004 number of livestock: cattle - 603 thousand, sheep and goats - 3 million, horses - 119 thousand, camels - 14 thousand, poultry - 1.8 million, pigs - 22 thousand. ## Transport The share of railway transport dominates the sustainable development of the region's economy. Important railway branches: Orynbor - Tashkent, Turkestan - Siberian railway. The total length of the railway exceeds 443 km. The total length of the highway is 5,200 km, of which more than 800 km are republican, 4,470 km are local roads. Major highways in the region: Almaty - Tashkent, Shymkent - Kyzylorda, Shymkent - Zhuantobe. Shymkent Airport JSC is suitable for international direct and transit flights in the air transport system. The Bukhara-Symkent-Almaty gas pipeline and the Omby-Pavlodar-Symkent oil pipeline pass through the region. ## Education, healthcare, culture and cultural heritage There are 1007 general education schools, 22 vocational-technical schools, 36 colleges, 115 preschool institutions in the region (2004 ). South Kazakhstan State University named after M. Auezov, South Kazakhstan State Medical Academy, named after M. Saparbayev. The South Kazakhstan Humanitarian Institute, the International Kazakh-Turkish University named after Kozha Ahmet Iasaui and several non-state higher education institutions provide education to students. There are 931 state medical organizations in the region, including 542 paramedics and midwives, 131 family outpatient clinics, 60 rural field hospitals, 12 central district and 5 district hospitals, and a sanitary-epidemiological station. "Veterans House" was opened for the elderly, and "Tau Samali" educational and recreational center for children. "Saryagash" health resort, "Arman" sanatorium, "Mankent" sanatorium-prophylactic, etc., were opened on the territory of the region based on the well-known Saryagash mineral water. There are health centers "Shymgan", "Densaulyk", "Meirim". There are 365 libraries, 9 museums, 6 cinemas, 6 theaters (3 dramas, 2 clay, 1 puppet), zoos, 366 cultural and recreational facilities, 2865 sports and recreation facilities. Regional newspapers "South Kazakhstan", "Yuzhny Kazakhstan", "Zhanubiy Kazakhstan" are published in Kazakh, Russian and Uzbek languages. There were ancient cities (Isfijab, Iasy, Sauran, Otyrar, etc.) and mounds along the territory of the region. 802 historical and cultural monuments, including 582 archaeological, 42 historical, 11 monumental art monuments; The world-famous mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is located in the city of Turkestan. Baidibek ata mausoleum, Domalak ana mausoleum, Karabatyr mausoleum (Baydibek district), Arystan bab mausoleum (Otyrar district), Bab ata dome, Karabura saint mausoleum (Sozak district), Karashash ana dome, Ibrahim ata dome, Kazhimukan Munaytpasuly's mausoleum and museum (Ordabasy area). ## Economy of Turkestan region 293.9 billion tenge were invested in the development of the economy of the region, which increased by 6.2 percent compared to the corresponding period of the previous year. The main investments were made by small enterprises, their volume amounted to 144.4 billion tenge, which increased by 23.4 percent compared to the same period last year. ### Labor resources Turkestan region has many production and economic opportunities. Their basis is huge natural resources and sufficient labor resources. The region ranks first in Kazakhstan in terms of uranium reserves, and third in terms of phosphorites and iron ore. ### Mineral balance fund In general, according to the balance fund of solid minerals and estimated resources, the subsoil wealth of the region is estimated at 240 billion US dollars. Among them: bauxite, iron ore, uranium, lead and zinc, and coal take an important place. ### Deposits To replace the resources necessary for the development of discovered deposits and geological exploration objects to industrial grade, for their development, about 2.0 billion US dollars are needed. First of all, the following deposits should be developed:- Uranium deposits in Shu-Sarysu and Syrdarya valleys (Zhalpak and Myngkudyk);- Gold deposit in Kumisti mining area;- Vanadium deposit in Zhabagily;- Lead, zinc, tungsten deposit in Ugem ridge;- Pridrozhny and central hydrocarbon field. ### Large enterprises Cotton, leather raw materials, vegetable oil, fruits, vegetables, grapes, horticulture, pasta, tobacco, beer and other soft drinks the largest enterprises that produce and deliver their products are located in this region. At the same time, lead, cement, oil products, sulfuric acid, slate, auto tractor tires, excavators, transformers, oil switches, socks-sleepers, sewing products, furniture are produced in the region. ### Automobile industry The region has a total length of 445 kilometers of railways in two directions, 5.3 thousand kilometers of motor roads, including 5.1 thousand kilometers of hard surfaced roads there is Civil aviation operates in 27,000-meter long air strips. The regional center is located at the intersection of the international Orynbor-Tashkent and Tuskistan-Siberia railway junctions. In addition, Tashkent-Shymkent-Taraz-Almaty and Tashkent-Shymkent-Turkistan-Samara highways pass through the territory of the region. ## Business sector of Turkestan region "Entrepreneurs Service Center" provided assistance to 33825 entrepreneurs, took 10147 entrepreneurs through adaptation courses, processed 2359 permit documents through "1 Window", 2178 projects contributed to its financing. ### Achievements On July 1 of the current year, the number of active small and medium business entities reached 114.7 thousand. At the same time, an "entrepreneurial school" was opened in Shymkent to support entrepreneurs. In the current year, the construction of entrepreneurship schools has started in all districts and cities according to a typical project. ### New projects Since the beginning of the year, 93 projects worth 50.7 billion tenge have been approved within the framework of the "Business Roadmap - 2020" program (in 2013 - 82 projects, 24.2 billion tenge )(in 5 years 2009-2010 - 4095 projects, 6737 jobs were opened). Among them: - 57 projects worth 21.7 billion tenge to subsidize the interest rate of loans; - 7 projects with a total cost of 293.7 million tenge by partially guaranteeing loans; - 21 projects worth 28.7 billion tenge to provide the necessary infrastructure ;- 35.9 million tenge grant under "grant financing" was allocated to 8 projects. During the reporting period, 776 projects were financed by "Maxisum" for 2.4 billion tenge, and 578 permanent jobs were created. More than 90 percent of projects are in rural areas (in 5 years 2009-2013 - 8673 projects, 27915 jobs were opened). ### Transfer of foreign technologies The scope of work of "Shymkent Innovation" LLP, which was established to transfer foreign technologies and attract investment, is increasing. As a result of establishing business relations with Asian countries (Malaysia, Indonesia and South Korea) and Turkey, 19 high-tech projects in the fields of engineering, pharmaceuticals, agriculture, food production, construction, industry and tourism have been implemented in the region. A contract was signed. At the expense of these projects, more than 400 million US dollars are expected to be invested in the region. More than 10 diplomatic missions and representatives of foreign companies were received in the region (Malaysia, USA, Italy, Bulgaria, Turkey, South Korea, Indonesia, Russia, Austria, etc.). In January-May 2014, the volume of foreign trade was 1.5 billion US dollars, including: export - 869.9 million US dollars, import - 638.0 million US dollars. ## Greenhouse farming of Turkestan region Greenhouse size increased from 126 hectares to 900 hectares in 5 years (7 times). Its share in the republic is 87%. ### Features Turkestan region has taken an undisputed leadership position in the development of greenhouse farming in the country. According to the data of the Agricultural Department of the Republic of Kazakhstan, 85 percent of the areas allocated for year-round vegetable production in the Republic of Kazakhstan belong to the Republic of Kazakhstan. ### Drip irrigation method The drip irrigation method has increased from 2.1 thousand hectares to 33 thousand hectares in 5 years (16 times). Its share in the republic is 83%. In order to fully provide the people of the republic with fruit products and grapes, the introduction of advanced technologies, including the planting of orchards, is being intensively carried out in the region. In this direction, the "Comprehensive plan of 2014-2016 measures for intensive development of horticulture and viticulture" was approved in the region. ### Growing trees in the greenhouse 1 million tree seedlings were planted on 1564 hectares of green belt of Shymkent city. 8 water wells have been activated, and construction of 2 more water wells has been started. Today, the tree saplings of elm, maple, sycamore, almond, apricot, and apple are growing here, improving the ecological situation of the city, whose population is increasing day by day. ## Sources ## External link * Turkestan region Archived March 9, 2017. c Open Directory Project (ODP)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6224

Prices

Prices are the purchase and sale price of shares, bonds, and other securities. The rate of paper money indicates its character in terms of gold currency or other countries' currencies. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1837

Plural

plural conjunction is an addition that gives a plural meaning to a connected sense. Six variants of the plural are used depending on the sound harmony: -s, -s, -s, -s, -s, -s (cities, institutions, scientists, ezens, horses, herbs ). There are also two different morphological forms that can be combined to express the plural concept. One of its forms -yz (-iz, -z) is found in a few words in our modern language as a slang left over from the past. For example, in the plural form of the word "I", the -z form of the pronoun "we" has become an inseparable part of the word. The second form -k, -k in "walked-k", "said-k", "got-k", "got-k" are also early plural suffixes. In addition to the plural meaning, the plural means such a variety of concepts. * A set of homogeneous things, a certain group of people (schools, houses, young people); * Substantives adjectives and nouns (good, smart, educated); * Attached to a noun and an adverb of time, it means to predict, estimate, estimate (the age is in the thirties, three o'clock, last year); * Means the universality of something, the number of people who own it (your single daughter, your father-son, your school). The plural is attached only to the last member of the singular. Plural meaning There are also words without lexis, morphology, and syntactical methods without the involvement of the plural (straight, flour, worm-ant, culture, feudalism, mind, friendship, child-child, old-young, comrade-jora, tableware). The concept of plurality has many points that can be understood from the phrase. For example, since it already expresses the concept of plurality: all, many, how many, each, several, various, number, few, as well as plural nouns, the plural is not needed: 5 people, all people, many people. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5176

Исатай

Isatai Taimanuly (1791–1838) is a political leader, brave commander, national hero of the popular uprising in Western Kazakhstan in 1836–1838. The youngest is from the Berish clan of Bayuly. Descendant of Agatai batyr, who became famous during the Dzungar invasion. ## Biography People's batyr I. Taimanuly was born in 1791 in the place "Taiman Zhal" in Taisoygan kum, Kyzylkoga district, present-day Atyrau region. Isatai's mother is from the Tagashi branch of the Esentemir clan. The name of I. Taimanuly's fourth grandfather Agatai (Taiman-Begalin - Bokai-Agatai) became the motto of the Berish clan for his bravery in the war against the Kalmyks. Isatai's father, Taiman's younger brother, who influenced and cared for him in his youth, is Jabal Begaliuly. In 1808, the village of Begali, led by Jabal, passed through Zhayik near the Baksai fortress and came under the control of Bokei Khan. Khan appoints Jabal, who is literate in Russian, has knowledge of politics, and is well-respected among the people, as a foreman in the village of Berish. After Jabal's death, Khan Bokei made a proposal to the Orinbor Border Commission on March 12, 1812, asking to replace him with I. Taimanul as a foreman. In November 1813, the Border Commission confirmed Bokei Khan's proposal and sent the documents to the military governor. On November 12, 1814, Governor General G. S. Volkonsky signed a document on approving Isatai as a senior. ## Activities Isatai, who got involved in the affairs of the country early, was greatly helped by his brother-in-law Zhabai Begalin. He studied Russian, was quite literate, and served as a captain. After his death, Isatai, who was brought up by Bokei Khan Zhabai, was appointed as the chief, and he was approved by the Orinbor Border Commission. Those around the khan, who could not see that his reputation was increasing day by day, slandered the khan in order to discredit him. As a result, he was imprisoned for 4-5 years, one for robbing senior officer Utemis Kulmaniyazov, and the other for murder. If he gets away with money from the first one, then he escapes from the second one while driving to Orinbor with a convoy. Khan Bokei gives Isatai the islands of Karakamys, Kuygin, Koldenen, Baisary, Kemeli on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea. In this way, Isatai, who is generous from his age, eloquent, straight-faced, stubborn, black-haired, fair-minded, at the age of 21, heads the country as the head of the Berish clan, and becomes one of the most influential people in the Horde. On the Khan's instructions, he met the Bukhara ambassador on his way to Petersburg in Sarayshik and accompanied him to Astrakhan. The head of the Orinbor border commission will be with General Gens during his visit to the Inner Horde. However, there are more and more people who can't see Isaiah, who is the head, even if they are young. I. Taimanuly was imprisoned in the Sarayshik prison in 1818 due to their slander. Berish's dancer Yuzbatyr frees him from prison by giving 20,000 soms. In 1824, Isatai was again arrested and imprisoned in Orinbor prison, claiming to defend the needs of the black people in the Inner Horde and to expose the injustice and violence of sultans and princes. But the charges against him were not proved and he was released. I. Taimanuly opposes the tyranny of Khan Zhangir, who implements the colonial interests of the royal government in the Inner Horde, against the people from the very beginning. The ordinary people, who have suffered from Khan, his father-in-law Karaulkoja, sultans and judges, gradually begin to gather around Isatai. The command of the khan does not go to his subordinates, and Jangir still does not come to Isatai batyr. The khan's circle consists mainly of princes, judges, masters, mullahs and a small number of people who follow them. ## Isatai's disagreement with Jangir Khan Isatai's disagreement with Jangir Khan further intensified in the mid-30s of the 19th century. The reason for it was that in June 1833, Jangir Khan handed over 5 islands with abundant water to his father-in-law Karaulkozha Babazhanov on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, which had previously been ruled by I. Taimanuly, and left Isatai with his country, which was unsuitable for farming, with little water and grass, covered with sand. He would transfer it to Myntobe. A group of senior officers led by I. Taimanuly wrote many complaints to the Orynbor Border Commission and even to the governor himself about the oppression of Jangir Khan and other feudal lords on the people. But no conclusion can be drawn from it. ## The People's Liberation Uprising in the Bokei Khanate in 1836-1837 The common people, depressed by various taxes, deprived of grazing land, completely exhausted by the two-sided oppression of Cossack troops and local feudal lords take up arms and start a rebellion. It was a people's liberation uprising in 1836-1837 led by hero Isatai Taimanuly of Bokei Khanate or Ishki Horde. The driving force of the uprising was mainly Kazakh peasants. Its purpose was to limit the tyranny of Jangir Khan to the people, to improve the conditions of the peasants, to remove Karaulkoja and Balky Kudaibergenov from power, and to reach a certain agreement on the land issue. Isatai Taimanuly was the commander and leader of this uprising, and "Mahambet was a hero, a singer of the uprising who alarmed the people and raised the spirit of the uprising" (M. Kozybaev). In general, it is known from history that Makhambet was the right-hand man of Isatai Batyr as a tribune, singer-poet during the entire national liberation uprising of 1836-1838. ## The beginning of the uprising The beginning of the uprising was on March 24, 1836, when Karaulkozha Babazhanov led 800 men and besieged the village of I. Taimanuly near Manash settlement. However, Karaulkoja's group was unable to attack the Isatais who opposed them with 200 soldiers and had to return later. The inability of Karaulkozha to do anything to the Isatais, who was accustomed to doing what he wanted to the country under his command, spread to the entire Bokei Khanate. Peasants, angry with the ruling class, began to gather around Isatai Batyr. In late June and early July 1836, I. A small group headed by Taimanuly leaves from Tasoba to Zhaskus to convey the people's demands to the Khan. Hearing the news of the coming of the Isatais, Jangir Khan asked the military governor of Astrakhan to send an army to protect the Horde, and at the same time, in order to gain time, he sent his confidant to them to find out the demands of the Isatais. The Isatais handed over to him K. Babazhanov, B. Kudaibergenov from their posts and other demands written by Isatai's eldest son Zhakiya and returned later. In the summer of 1837, the rebellion started by Isatai Batyr spread throughout the Bokei Khanate. All those dissatisfied with Jangir Khan and his entourage gather around Isatai. The young men will be provided with horses, food, and weapons. Thus, I. Taimanuly becomes the head of a civil and military organization based on a certain order. This must have been the period when Sultan M. Shokin wrote to the khan, "The raised peasants do not obey anyone, they are a republic in themselves." On September 16, 1837, more than 200 soldiers led by Isatai Batyr attacked the village of Karaulkozha Babazhanov, who was hated by the people. Livestock and property taken from it will be distributed to farmers. On October 17, 1837, the rebels attacked the villages of Balky Kudaibergenov and Sultan M. Shokin, and gradually approached the khanate - Zhaskus. Zhangir Khan, aware of the fact that I. Taimanuly is leading a big hand and is coming to Zhaskus, immediately writes a letter to the military governors of Orynbor and Astrakhan, asking them to protect him. Troops armed with cannons led by lieutenant colonel Aliyev from Astrakhan, and lieutenant colonel Geke from Orinbor will go to defend the Khan Horde. Meanwhile, Isatai Batyr surrounded the khan's horde with more than 2000 hands, for some time he negotiated unsuccessfully with the khan's ambassadors, and then with Geke's ambassadors. At the end of November 1837, echoes of the peasant movement in Bokei Khanate, a small part of vast Kazakhstan, reached the capital of Russia - St. Petersburg. The emperor demands severe punishment of the "rebels" led by I. Taimanuly. The serious, cautious, restrained Isatai does not accept the proposal of Makhambet, Ubi, Segizseri and other heroes to "slaughter the khan's horde". This is because Isatai Batyr, who took into account the fact that even when the army was attacked, the royal government would not lead them peacefully, because the royal government and its punishing troops were behind Jangir Khan, and that he did not have enough strength to fight against those troops, Isatai Batyr tried to fulfill the people's demands from the khan, on the one hand, by admonition, and on the other hand, through negotiation. . If we take into account that in the 80s and 90s of the 18th century, during the rebellion led by Syrym Datuly, even though Nuraly Khan was expelled from the Khanate and Esim Khan was killed, the rebels could not achieve their ultimate goal, we must emphasize that this decision of Isatai Batyr is a great visionary in the way of preserving the integrity of the country and the people. The fact that the royal government sent an army to save Dzhangir when the rebels surrounded the khan's horde shows the correctness of Isatai Batyr's decision. And Isatai's reason for negotiating with lieutenant colonel Geke should be that he wanted to pass the time and pass to the east bank of the Zhaiyk River, Kishi Yuz, without fighting with the superior Russian army. ## Decisive battle The decisive battle between the tsarist army summoned by Khan Zhangir and 500 selected soldiers of Isatai Batyr will take place on November 15, 1837 in Tastobe. No matter how bravely the insurgents fight, the fate of the battle will be decided by the cannons. The insurgents, unable to withstand the exploding bullets and fire of the cannons, are forced to retreat. In this battle, Isatai's wife Mylkym and son Akai were killed. About 60 people are killed on the side of the rebels in the battle in Tastobe. Isatai Batyr was shot in the right hand and his horse was wounded. Even lieutenant colonel Geke was amazed at the bravery of the rebels in this battle. He wrote to the military governor in Orinbor that "the fact that the Isatais went to an attack against the cannon with excessive bravery, in order to protect themselves and their families, shows that they are so angry." 500 silver coins will be placed on the head of Isatai, who was not caught in Tastobe, and whoever caught him alive. "The person who killed him will be given half of that money," it is announced. If the leaders of the peasant war, such as S. Razin and E. Pugachev, were handed over to the royal authorities by their "comrades" during the difficult period, no one would hand Isatai over to the executioners, no matter how much money was put on his head. On the contrary, the people provided him and his soldiers with necessary food and transport. Even in the last moments of fighting on foot when his horse was wounded, his comrades tried not to leave Isatai in the hands of the enemy. Realizing that there is no way to unite the rebels scattered in the Inner Horde, I. Taimanuly, together with a group of his comrades, escaped from the executioners and waited for Zhaiyk to freeze in order to go to Kishi Zhuz. On the morning of December 12-13, 1837, with the help of his old friend Kurak Mayabasov, I. 38 people, led by Taimanuly, took advantage of the blizzard and went to the eastern side of Zhaiyk - Kishi zhuz, a little below the village of Sarytogai in the present-day Makhambet district. With the help of darkness and blizzard, they divided into three groups and headed towards Taisoygan, misleading Cossacks and Baimaganbet sultan's men who were chasing after them. Unfortunately, not long after, on December 14 and 24 - Isatai's wife Nesibeli, sister-in-law Baglan, children Zhakiya and Dinbayan (Dumbayan), only 12 people fell into the hands of the persecutors. A small group led by I. Taimanuly, who had passed to the younger age, began to organize a liberation struggle against the colonial policy of the tsarist government and the oppression of the common people by the local feudal lords led by Sultan Baimaganbet Aishuakuly. Isatai Batyr and poet Makhambet visited the entire Kishi-Zuz, explaining to the peasants the colonial policy of the royal government and the tyranny of their tyrants, the khans and sultans, to the people, and called them to take up arms and fight for their freedom. With that purpose, Isatai went to Mangystau with Makhambet and agreed to join forces with its ruler K. Yesimov. At the same time, Khiva Khan Kaiypkali promised Yesimov 20,000 troops to repel the tsar's troops. We notice that Isatai Batyr was a skilled diplomat who united the heads of countries during the organization of the small-scale uprising. For example, there was a long-standing conflict between the scholars, who were the main focus of the uprising, and the people of Mangistau. Due to the presence of the Adai soldiers participating in the uprising, Isatai reconciles and reconciles the Adai people and the Adai people. There has been a long-standing disagreement between the Adai people of Mangistau and the Turkmen. Isatai negotiates with the Turkmen in order to secure the rear of the Adai, who started a liberation uprising against the colonial policy of Russia, and reconciles the Adai and the Turkmen. Soldiers led by hero Zholaman Tylenshiev and Yusup Kulanov join the rebels led by I. Taimanuly. About 3,000 people from the Adai, Sherkesh, Taz, Shomekei, Tabyn, Kete clans gather at the shrine of Isatai and K. Yesimov. The royal government, under the leadership of I. Taimanuly, is afraid of the further escalation of popular protest in the western part of Kishi-zuz, and takes care of suppressing it. If not, this uprising could have turned into a national-liberation uprising led by Kenesary Kasymov, which was approaching Kishi-zhu, and turned into a people's-liberation war against the colonial oppression of the tsarist government. If the story unfolded in the same way, then the completion of the colonization of Kazakhstan by the Russian Empire in the 60s of the 19th century would have become a terrible situation. Taking this into account, the Governor-General of Orinbor, at the beginning of July 1838, sent the troops armed with cannons under the command of lieutenant colonel Geke against the Isatais. At the same time, Baimaganbet Aishuakov led a group of troops from the Gorsk fortress. Two groups of executioners will meet on July 10 near the Bolshoi Kobda River. ## The death of Isatai Naive Isatai batyr, who believed in the words of a deceiver named Balta, who was deliberately sent by Sultan Baimaganbet, took 500 soldiers with him, tried to attack the village of Sultan B. Aishuakov, and separated from the main group. . On July 12, 1838, a group of Isatais, unaware of the arrival of the punishing troops, attacked the combined army of Geke and Baimaganbet sultans on the banks of the Akbulak river. Rebels led by Isatai Batyr show great courage in a battle unequaled in terms of military strength. However, here, as in Tastobe, the fate of the battle is decided by cannons. Cavalrymen run away from the places where the cannon fire hit. Isatai's horse was also shot, and he fought with the Cossacks on foot. Even though Makhambet and Ubi show their horses to Isatai, "I'd rather die than ride a horse and become a laughingstock of the country, save my children and escape yourselves," he sends them forward. Both Isatai Batyr and his 16-year-old son Ospan were killed in a fierce battle on the banks of the Akbulak River. The 14-year-old son of Isatai, who was at the beginning of this battle, escapes with Makhambet thanks to the swiftness of his horse under Dosmaganbet. Isatai accidentally drops his dagger. The head of the Russian-Cossack army cuts off Isatai's head with the same dagger. Not satisfied, he fired two shots at him. After the death of Isatai Batyr in the battle on July 12, the uprising did not develop further, and the soldiers scattered everywhere. K. Yesimov is afraid of punishment and flees to Khiva. ## The uprising was defeated Thus, the hero Isatai Taimanuly, who shook the entire Kishi-hundred field, which exceeded the rebellion in the Bokei Khanate in terms of territory and number of soldiers, covering a short period of less than 6 months. People's liberation uprising will be defeated. It could not have been otherwise at that time. The rebels were opposed by the khanate and sultans, well-armed and specially trained troops of the royal government. The insurgents did not manage to make contact with the national liberation movement in other regions of Kazakhstan, including K. Kasymuly. The condition of the rebels was also very bad. One of the reasons for the defeat was the lack of planning of a specific program and the lack of organization. Although the rebellion led by I. Taimanuly was defeated, it left a deep mark on the subsequent development of the western part of Kazakhstan within the Russian Empire. Henceforth, a certain limit was set on increasing the amount of the tax from year to year; the tsarist government had to deal with the heads of Kazakh villages who supported the uprising; The destruction of the khanate in the Inner Horde accelerated. ## About Isatai The leader of the uprising, Isatai Taimanuly, showed great courage despite many difficult and dangerous events that happened to him, and fought with his enemies until the end of his life. Only Isatai "took many before death" (Kh. Dosmukhamedov). "In a very quiet world," wrote the Russian journalist N. Savichev, "sometimes you see a meteor that shines, flashes, scatters fire around and amazes people in the pitch-black sky." Isatai is a brave hero who has a bright image like this meteor, a noble, deep mind, who cares about the people. The name of the leader of the Kazakh poor, I. Taimanuly, is forever remembered by the people. In the Kobda district of Aktobe region, there is a monument to Isatai Batyr and his son Ospan. There is also a monument to Isatai Batyr in the center of Atyrau region. Batyr's memorial plaque was placed on the place called "Taiman Zhal" in the village of Atyrau, and a memorial museum of Batyr was opened in the village of Isatai. In September 1991, the 200th anniversary of the birth of I. Taimanuly was celebrated in the republic. On the occasion of this anniversary, scientific and theoretical conferences were held in the cities of Almaty and Atyrau "Kazakhfilm" film studio He made a documentary film "Isatai's Aktaban-ai". Celebrating the 200th anniversary of the national hero I. Taimanuly was an event that testifies to the loyalty of the modern generation to the tradition of heroic ancestors. If so, the heroism of Isatai Taimanov is forever remembered by the Kazakh people. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4318

Bashkir language

Bashkir language (Başkort tele /bɑʃqɵrt tɨlɨ/) is the official language of the Republic of Bashkortostan. The national language of the Bashkir people. It belongs to the Kypchak-Bulgar group of Turkic languages. Bashkir language is the mother tongue of Bashkirs. There are 1.2 million Bashkir language speakers in the world. Among them are 977,484 Bashkirs, 131,950 Tatars, 20,258 Russians, 6,276 Chuvash, 3,211 Mari, 1,935 Kazakhs, 1,630 Udmurts, 1,279 Uzbeks, and 8,367 representatives of other nationalities. Bashkir language is spoken by 1,379,000 people (2002). The status of the Bashkir language was discussed for the first time at the III All-Bashkir Conference held in Orinbor on December 8-20, 1917. The Bashkir language was declared an official language in January 1918 in drafts of the Regulation on the Autonomous Administration of Lesser Bashkiria and the Regulation on the Autonomy of Lesser Bashkiria. According to these documents, the use of the Bashkir Bashkir language in state authorities and administrative bodies was considered. With the establishment of the Soviet government, the question of the status of the Bashkir language in the region was considered several times, and a draft of the general rules for the introduction of the Bashkir language as a state language on the territory of Bashkiria was drawn up. On June 1-4, 1921, the Second All-Bashkurtian Council of the II Soviets declared the Bashkir language as the state language and introduced compulsory education. Features in the morphology of : the auxiliary verb edi is used in the form of a needle: finally, the definite past tense affix ``he would have gone'' is used in the form of -ny after the negative affix -zy: I found it <<I didn't find it >> \ <> ## Alphabet ## Classificatory pronouns ## See also * Bashkir Wikipedia

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5860

Алжир

Algeria (Arabic: الجزائر‎ al-Jazir), the full name of the People's Democratic Republic of Algeria (Arabic: الجمهرويه الجزائرية دمكراعي شبابي‎‎ al-Jumhuriya al-Jazairiya al-Dimukratiya al-Shaabiyya) is a North African country located on the western coast of the Mediterranean Sea. It is one of the largest countries in Africa in terms of land area. It borders Morocco, Western Sahara in the west, Nigeria in the south, Libya and Tunisia in the east. The land area is 2,381,740 km² (2nd largest on the continent). The population is 34 million. human (2018). Most of the population is Algerian - 14.8 million people (98.4% of the total population). 99% of the population are Sunni Muslims. The official language is Arabic. Major cities and ports: Algiers, Oran, Constantine, Annaba, Bedjana. The capital city of Algiers is divided into 15 administrative regions. ## Nature The Mediterranean Sea occupies the northern coast of Algeria, the Algerian Sahara occupies the central part, and the Tamezruft Desert occupies the southern part. Depending on the topography, it is divided into Coastal Atlas (2310 m), Sahara Atlas (2330 m), and the Ahaggar mountain range in the southeast. Mineral resources produce oil, natural gas, iron, lead, zinc, phosphorite, mercury. Main river: Shelif (700 km). There are many salt lakes (Shott-ash-Shergi, Shott-al-Hodna, etc.) Evergreen forests grow on the mountain slopes of the Mediterranean, and desert and desert plants grow in the rest of the delta. ## Climate Subtropical climate is formed on the sea coast. The average temperature in January is 5-120C, in July it is 250C, and in the desert region of the center and south it reaches 350C. The amount of precipitation does not exceed 100-200 mm in the south and 500-1200 mm in the north. ## History The first people lived in Algeria 400-500 thousand years ago. BC In the 12th century, the first Phoenician settlements appeared in Algeria, and trade and urban life developed. The most famous of them was Carthage, BC. In the 3rd century, it was defeated in many years of wars with Rome, with the aim of establishing dominance in the Mediterranean region. At that time, tribal unions were formed in Algeria (massils, mazazils, etc.). Based on them BC. At the end of the 3rd century, the state of Numidia was founded. BC In 46, Numidia became subject to Rome. B.C. In the 5th century, Algeria was conquered by the Vandals. Byzantine rule was established in the 6th century. In the 7th century, this region passed into the hands of the Arabs. In the middle of the 14th century, Algeria passed into the hands of the Ottoman sultans. In 1711, local military-feudal groups fought to take over the country's power. In the 18th century, Algeria was divided into several estates. France took advantage of it and occupied Algeria in 1830. The struggle of the Algerian people led by Amir Abdu-l-Qadir against the colonialists lasted until 1881. During the First World War, the national liberation movement gained ground again. Professional and political organizations were established in the country. The struggle for the independence of the country did not stop even in the years after the Second World War. In March 1954, the "Revolutionary Unity and Action Committee" was established in Algeria. At the end of that year, it was declared the "Algerian National Liberation Front" (NAM) and organized an armed uprising on November 1. NAM was supported by the main political, social groups, and the masses. To suppress the uprising, about 1 million French troops took control of the settlements. 1.5 million during the 8-year war. people died, 2 million. people were imprisoned and refugees increased. Although the Gaullist government was forced to recognize the independence of Algeria in 1959, it continued the war until the spring of 1962. Finally, on March 18, 1962, they signed an agreement on ending the war, agreed to resolve the issue of self-government of Algeria through a referendum, and develop economic and cultural ties between the two countries. As a result of the referendum held at the beginning of July of the same year, Ben Bella, who headed the political bureau of NAM, won the majority of votes. On July 5, 1962, Algeria was declared a People's Democratic Republic. In independent Algeria, natural resources, industry, transport and banks were nationalized, and in a short period of time modern industry was founded. 1965 As a result of the military coup on June 19, the government Minister of Defense Kh. The revolution led by Boumedienne passed into Soviet hands. Along with social problems, the one-party order in the political system (dominance of NAM) caused dissatisfaction in public life. In 1989, a new constitution was adopted and a law was promulgated to open the way for political associations and political parties. Soon many parties came to life, their number exceeded 60. At the beginning of 1992, President S. Bendjedid resigned, and power passed to the Supreme State Council. In January 1994, the Council appointed Lavigne Zerval as the country's president. He won the presidential election on November 16, 1995. Ahmed Uyahya was appointed as the head of government (1996, January). The new leadership of Algeria is taking measures aimed at the formation of stable state institutions in the country in the context of a difficult internal political situation. In the constitution adopted in 1989 (compared to the Basic Law in 1976), the articles on establishing socialism in the country, the leading role of the party, and the priority development of state property were removed. In 1992, the work of the Islamic Salvation Party was banned, and bold measures against terrorist activities are being implemented. ## Economy In terms of agricultural development, Algeria is considered to be the second largest agrarian country on the African continent. Planting of citrus fruits and vegetable products along the coast along with grain and viticulture has become widespread. Animal husbandry flourished in mountainous and desert regions of the country. Processing of agricultural products (winemaking, canning, tobacco, flour milling) is developed in cities. The share of industry in the country's economy is increasing. Its leading industry is production of oil (in 1995 — 35 million tons) and natural gas (163 billion cubic meters). There is a metallurgical plant, tractor and diesel engine manufacturing plant. Oil and natural gas reserves of world significance have been explored in the territory of Algeria. Algeria's current share in the structure of trade on the African continent is about 9%, while its share in the world's gross domestic product is 0.46% (1995). Exports — 10,240 mln. dollars, import - 10250 mln. is a dollar. From the beginning of the 80s, the Algerian leadership began to carry out reforms aimed at moving the economy to the channel of the market economy. ### Indicators According to the 2015 estimate, GDP growth was 3% (2014 — 3.8%, 2013 — 2.8%). GDP per capita in 2015 was $14.4 thousand, unemployment rate decreased from 24% to 11% in 2003-2015. Inflation in 2015 - 5.1%. In 2015, the volume of exports was $36.3 billion, imports were $53.65 billion, and the state budget deficit in 2015 was 11.2% of GDP. ### Membership in international economic organizations Algeria is a member of OPEC, WTO (observer), African Union. In September 2005, it received the status of an associate member of the European Union. ### Oil and gas industries In the early 2010s, Algeria ranked fifth in the world in terms of natural gas reserves and became the second world exporter of this type of raw material, giving first place to Russia. The main player in this market is the state-owned oil and gas company Sonatrach, which accounts for 30% of the country's GDP. In 1964, the first liquefaction and gas export plant based on Shell technology was built in Algeria. Then, from 1970 to 1980, two more plants were put into operation. All of them are located on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea and their capacity is 20.6 million tons of liquefied natural gas (LNG). The main consumers are EU countries, the largest of which is Italy (21 billion cubic meters of gas per year by April 2022), as well as France, which delivered 6.27 billion cubic meters of LNG in 2010. Today, Algeria is the largest LNG producer in Africa and its share in the world LNG market is 8% Algeria ranks 16th in the world by oil reserves. ### Energy According to UNSD (The United Nations Statistics Division) - UNdata and EES EAEC, at the end of 2019 Algeria's energy sector is characterized by the following key indicators. Production of organic fuel - 257869 thousand. Total supply - 139949 thousand. 23,561 thousand tenge, or 16.8% of the total supply, were spent on changing power stations and heating installations. The installed capacity of power plants is 21,653 MW net, including: organic fuel-burning thermal power plants (CHP) - 96.8%, renewable energy sources (RES) - 3.2%. Electricity production-gross - 81533 million kW∙h, including: TPP - 99.0%, CHP-1.0%. Final consumption of electricity - 62184 million kW * h, including: industry - 35.3%, transport - 2.0%, household consumers - 42.7%, agriculture, forestry and fishing - 2.1%, other customers - 18.0%. Energy efficiency indicators: showering in 2019. ### Agriculture Agriculture accounts for about 8% of GDP. Cultivation of wheat, oats, as well as fruits, in particular citrus fruits and vegetables, is developed. The country's agro-industrial complex cannot meet its demand, as a result of which Algeria is forced to import food. ### Sea fishing Catching more than 20 thousand tons of fish and seafood per year. Sardines, mackerels and even sprats are caught in Algerian waters. Fresh fish is exported to France, dried and canned - to Spain, Italy and other European countries. ## Armed Forces The main event of August 2004 was the resignation of the Chief of Staff of the Algerian National People's Army, Corps General Mohamed Lamari. The President, Commander-in-Chief and Minister of Defense Abdelaziz Bouteflika has appointed Major General Salah Ahmed Gaid, previously the commander of the Algerian Ground Forces, to the post. Major General Ahsen Tafer was appointed to the position of the commander of the Ground Forces. Major General Ahmed Senhaji became the Secretary General of the Algerian Ministry of Defense. Commander of the 4th Military District (Wargla, Southwest) Major General Saheb Majeed, Commander of the 6th Military District (Tamanrasset, Extreme South) Major General Ben Ali Benali, Air Force Commander Major General Mohammed Benslimani, Commander of the Navy, Major General Mohammed Tahar Yala, Commander of the Gendarmerie, retained his posts. Major General Smain Lamari, General Mohammed Shibani, Director of Military Academy in Shershelli. ### Armed Forces composition Ground troops - Russia delivered 185 T-90S tanks, three S-300PMU-2 anti-aircraft missile systems and "Karapas-S1" ZRPK. In 2011-2012, Algeria turned to Germany and ordered the first batch of tpz 1 Fuchs armored personnel carriers in the amount of 54 units out of the planned 1,200 armored personnel carriers. Navy - Russia delivered two diesel submarines of project 636. Three F-22A frigates have been ordered in China. In 2011-2012, Algeria ordered two MEKO-A200 frigates from Germany. Air Force - Russia delivered 44 multi-purpose Su-30mka fighters to Algeria. ## Literature and art The literature of the Algerian people is developed in Arabic, Kabyle, and French languages. His lofty civic pathos corresponds to the spirit of the people who aspired to get rid of the colonial yoke. Folk poets (maddakhs) called for armed struggle for freedom (Abdu-l-Qadir, Said Abdullah, Muhammad Belkair, etc.). At the beginning of the 20th century, a movement to renew Arab culture began. Patriotic lyrics spread. (Muhammad al-Id, Muhammad al-Lakhani). The leading theme of the poetry of the Algerian people in the 50s and 60s was the struggle for national liberation (Abu-l-Kasym Saadalla Mufdi Zakaria). In prose, it was especially evident in the stories of al-Pahir Wattar, Fadil Masudi. Ahmed Rida-Huhu, who founded the narrative genre in Arabic-language Algerian literature, was also the author of the first national novel in Arabic ("The Girl from Mecca", 1947). French-language Algerian literature began to develop in the 1940s and 1950s. Poets and writers such as Zhan Amrush, Ait Jafer, Mustafa Lashraf depicted the awakening of national consciousness in their works. Muhammad Dib ("Algeria" trilogy), Mulud Feraun ("Poor Boy" novel), Mulud Mammeri ("While Justice Sleeps"), etc. realistic works of writers were published. Asiya Dzhebar, ]]Marguerite Gaos]] raised the issue of women's spiritual maturity and emotional education. Legend and history, myth and reality found a different combination and expression in the works of Yasin Kateb (dramatic tetralogy "Circle of Punishment", novel "Nejma"). In the literature of the 60s and 90s, Mulud Ashur, Jamal Amrani, Mustafa Tumi, Nabil Fares, Aisha Lemsin, Mustaf Khashan, Dib, Haji Ali, Tidafi, etc. works take a prominent place. Algeria is rich in architectural monuments. In the 10th-13th centuries, significant architectural buildings (the Great Mosque of Tlemcen, 12th century, Sidi Mosque-Madrasa, Mustafa Pasha Palace, Bordeaux Villa, etc.) were built in the cities of Algiers, Tlemcen, and later Constantine. The French, who occupied the country in 1830, tried to make the new construction of Algeria similar to Paris. There is a national dance ensemble, a conservatory of music and artistic education, and a national music institute. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7025

English language

English language (English, English language) is a language belonging to the West Germanic group of the Indo-European language family. English is considered an ancient language, it is the language of the Anglo-Saxons who occupied the territory of the British Isles long ago, but it was also influenced by the languages of the conquered Celts. ## Usage English is an international language (de facto - lingua franca). It is the most widely spoken language in the world and the second most used as a mother tongue by population after Chinese and Spanish. English is considered the mother tongue in Great Britain, United States, New Zealand, Australia and other countries. In addition, it is considered an official language in many countries. ## Distribution English is one of the six languages of the United Nations. English is the most widely spoken language in the world. Belongs to West Germanic languages of Indo-European languages. English is inflectional in structure. It is the official language of Great Britain, USA, Australia, New Zealand. One of the official bilingual languages in Canada (along with French), Ireland (along with Irish). It is the main of the six official languages adopted by the UN. More than 400 million people speak this language, which is spread over six continents. ## Training of specialists in Kazakhstan Since the 50s of the 20th century, the English language has been taught in the Kazakh State University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan, in other higher and secondary educational institutions. , specialists are trained. It is included in school programs as a separate subject. ## History The origin of the English language is the language of the English, Saxon, Jute tribes who migrated from the mainland to the British Isles in the 5th-6th centuries and the native Celtic (British) tribes of the island. is considered. The history of the development of the English language is divided into three periods: the Old English (7th-11th century), the Middle (12th-15th century) and the New (since the 15th century). ## Inscription Written monuments in English are known from the 7th-8th centuries. At that time, the English used the runic script and wrote on stone, wood, and bone. In the 6th-7th centuries, due to the spread of Christianity among the English, the runic script was not used, and the Latin alphabet was used. The English further developed the Latin alphabet and added the letters W, J and V to it. In 1066, England was conquered by the Normans, and the language was French, and English was kept as the spoken language of the common people. In 1476, English book printing began in England. This situation formed the written English language based on the London dialect. The English script is the script of the English language, which belongs to the Germanic language group. A.j. appeared in the form of runic writing of the ancient Germanic (Yut, Saxon, English) tribes. In the V-VII centuries, Latin and runic characters were mixed. ## English-Kazakh transcription ### By letters ### By phonemes \ <> ## Dialects English is divided into two types: British and American. British English is divided into Scottish, Northern, Western, Eastern and Southern dialects. In the 7th-11th centuries, the Anglo-Saxon language had 4 dialects: Northumbrian, Mercian, Wessex and Kentish. The main features of the English language: a) in the phonetic system, most of the sounds are either long or short. Due to this, the meaning of the word in English may change; b) morphol. difference in the field: all endings of adjectives and nouns, that is, adverbs, as well as most of the affixes of nouns and verbs, have undergone historical changes on this day. Therefore, in the English language new persons, forms (morphemes) appeared, such as prepositions, articles, and auxiliary verbs that connect words. There are differences in English spelling and pronunciation. According to orthographic rules, the changes of sounds in past and present English are strictly observed in writing. ## English alphabet The English alphabet consists of 26 letters: ## Main countries that speak English English is spoken by many used in countries. Among them are the main countries: * Great Britain * USA * Australia * New Zealand * Canada * Ireland ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3443

Беріш

Berish is one of the 18 clans descended from the Alshin tribe. It descends from the association of Bayuly clans of the Alshin tribe. ## History Berish is the tribe with the largest number of people in the Bayuly of Kishi Yuz. According to B. Keppe (1851), the Berish clan comprised 3,600 families in the Bokei Horde alone. (Each family has about 5 people) On average, the number of people there reached 18,000. The first mention of this clan is made in 1748 by Tevkelev in his works entitled "Kishi Yuz Kazakhs' clan-tribal structure". Similarly, the Berish clan was mentioned in the report given by the official Larionov in 1829, and in the list of clans written by Levshin. The Berish clan is divided into 9 divisions: Zhayik, Esenkul, Karatokai, Kulkesh, Begis, Esen, Zhanbyrshi, Sebek, Beskaska. According to the genealogy, it is part of the Bayuly association in Kishi-zuz. It is distributed to Esenkul, Karatokai, Zhayik, Zhanbyrshi, Sebek, Begis, Esen, Kulkesh grandfathers. The history of the ancestors of the Berish tribal association begins further. For example, the most fundamental clan of the Berish tribe is Zhayik. He either gave his name to the Zhaiyk river, or took his name from the Zhaiyk river. As for the Zhaiyk river, it was Known since the 2nd century. * The Berish ethnonym is also found in the 10th-century Persian work "Hudud al-Alem" by an unknown author. It says, "Merke is a settlement, where the Kara people live, and traders visit it. Three Karly tribes settled between these two settlements, their names are Bistan, Khaim, Birish. * Academician A. In his book "Kazakh Songs-Legends", Margulan shows that in the 10th century, the Khazar khanate was formed mainly from two tribes: one - Khazarogly, the other - Berishogly. * And in the Russian chronicles of the 11th-12th centuries, it is mentioned that among the Polovtsians (Kipchaks) there were descendants of Burshevich. * Arab and Persian travelers identified them as Burjoghly. Burchevicher was one of the largest hordes in the South Russian steppe and was actively involved in all political events between the Rus-Kipchak steppe. At that time, the khan of Berishtar was the famous commander Bonyak. The location of the Horde is the left mouth of the Dnieper River. The data show that during the 10th-11th centuries, the Berysh constantly moved to the West and reached the Dnieper. The Berish Horde on the Dnieper was under Nogai, the leader of the Golden Horde, in the period 1245-1300. After the death of Nogai in 1300, his people, who began to leave the Golden Horde, were moved to the Volga-Zhayik region by the decree of the Khan. Berishter was also part of the Nogaily family. After the disintegration of Nogaily, between the 16th and 18th centuries, Berishter mixed with the Kishizhuz community and inhabited the lands from Bukhara to Mughalzhar mountain in the Negev. In the 30s of the 17th century, they fought against the Torgaut Kalmyks who invaded Volga-Zhaik. Eset Batyr did not pass Kalmyk from Mughalzhar. Along with Eset, heroes of the nation, Agatai, who defended the country, Zhaubasar, Esbolai, Itemgen, Kara, Sarjala batyr, Kulbarak, Isatai and Makhambet, as well as Eset Karauly, Murat Monkeuly, emerged from the Berish community. The motto of the Berish tribe is Agatai, the symbol is an arrow (<). ## People ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5032

Shigai Khan

Shygai Khan was the 9th Khan of the Kazakh Khanate (1580-1582). After the death of Khaqnazar Khan, Shygay, the son of Zhadik Sultan and grandson of Zhanibek Khan, became khan in 1580-1582. Although he was eighty years old at that time, he was a respected khan among the Kazakhs. Little information about his life has been preserved in history. Shygai Khan continued the direction taken by Khaqnazar Khan in the foreign policy of the Kazakh Khanate. He rationally used the conflicts between Shaibani's heirs to strengthen the Kazakh state. In 1582, Bukhara Khan Abdolla, Kazakh Khan Shygai and his son Tavekel joined forces with Sultan Baba and organized the Ulytau campaign against Tashkent ruler Baba Sultan. Baba Sultan was defeated and fled to Deshti-Kipchak steppe, Uzbek and Kazakh troops chased Baba Sultan to Sarysu and Ulytau. Shigai Khan died in that campaign. On his way back to Turkestan, Baba Sultan was killed by Tawakel Sultan and brought his head to Abdullah. Abdolla Khan, who was satisfied with the destruction of his enemy, offered the province of Afrikent in the Samarkand region to Tuvekel. After the death of Shygai Khan in 1582, his son Tavekel (1582-1598) took the throne. Family ### Children Sons * Seyitkul Sultan; mother - Bayim - Begim Khanim) * Ondan Sultan (1555-1585; mother - Bayim Begim Khanim) * Tavekel Khan (1562-1598; mother - Bylinm Begim Khanim) * Esim Khan ( 1565-1628; mother - Begum Khanym) * Sultan Shah-Muhammad (1569-??? ; mother - Khanym Dadym) * Ali Khan (?? ?-1600; mother - Khanym Dadym) \ <> * Sulum Sultan; mother - Khanym Dadym) * Sultan Ibrahim; mother — Khanym Dadym) Daughters * Khanym Suzge (??? — 1598; mother — Khanym Bayim-begim) * Khanym Altyn; mother - Mrs. Baim-begim) * Mrs. Sabyrbike; His mother is Bylin Begum Khanyim) The second wife of Shygai Khan was the most influential and favorite. In the future, the khans gave birth to Tawaekel and Esim and Sabyrbike Khan, the wife of Garab Batyr. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7555

Initiation

Initiation (lat. initiatio — to make a secret, to dedicate) is a system of universal customs widely found in traditional culture related to the coming of age of a boy and a girl. The goal of initiation is to prepare young people for family, social and industrial life. This process takes place in different tribes at different levels depending on their customs (circumcision, removal of ticks, tattooing, etc.). There were times when the consequences of any of these were complicated and painful. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1970

Talgat Amankeldiuly Musabaev

Talgat Amangeldiuly Musabaev (January 7, 1951, Zhambyl district, Almaty region) - Soviet and Kazakhstan cosmonaut, political figure, People's Hero, Hero of the Russian Federation, doctor of technical sciences (2008), aviation lieutenant general (2007), Minister of Investments and Development Chairman of the Aerospace Committee. ## Short biography Born from the Shapyrasht clan. * 1951 Born on January 7 in the village of Kargali, Zhambyl district, Almaty region. * 1974 — Graduated from Riga Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers, engineer. * 1974 from April 1 — As before, another engineer at the airline company. * 1975-84 — in the political-educational service at airline companies. * 1984 — Graduated from Almaty Air Club. * 1986 — completed pilot training and received a civil aviation pilot's certificate. * 1987-1990 worked as a pilot, aircraft commander in civil aviation. * 1991 is preparing to fly into space. In the Air Force. The co-cosmonaut was reportedly a member of the second crew. * 2000 defended the candidate's thesis of technical sciences. * 2001-05 At the Russian Space Agency. * 2005 General director of "Baiterek" joint-stock company (Kazakhstan-Russia joint venture). * 2007 February — director of the Kazakhstan Aerospace Agency. * 2007 since April 11 - Chairman of the National Space Agency of Kazakhstan. * 2014 Since August 13, he has been a freelance adviser to the Head of Government on issues of civil aviation and space activities. * 2014 Chairman of the Aerospace Committee of the Ministry of Investments and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan from August 21. ## Flight into space * 1994 during the 1st space flight (Soyuz TM-19) spent 126 days in space. * 1998 during the 2nd space flight (Soyuz TM-27) he spent 208 days in space. In the Guinness Book of Records, it is recorded that he went into space 5 times in one month, or a total of 30 hours and 8 minutes. During the flight, the American cosmonaut L. Eyarts with Russian cosmonaut (Shuvash ethnic) Nikolay Budarin. Together with Russian cosmonauts Nikolay Baturin and Yuri Baturin upon landing. * 2001 during the 3rd space flight (Soyuz TM-32) he spent 8 days in space. ## Military title Military title - reserve major general of the Air Force of the Russian Federation, lieutenant general of aviation of the Republic of Kazakhstan (since 2007). ## Hobbies Hobbies - playing piano, guitar, singing. ## Awards Republic of Kazakhstan: * "People's Hero" title (1995) * "Cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan" title (1995) * Order "Fatherland" (1998) * Order "Barys" 1st class * Medal "Astana" (1999) Russian Federation: * "Druzhba narodov " Order (1991) * Title "Hero of the Russian Federation" (1994) * "Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation" (1994) * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 3rd degree (1998) \ <> * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 2nd degree Republic of Austria: * Order of the Republic of Austria United States of America: * NASA Space Medal (1998) ## Marital Status * Widow — Musabaeva (Latsis) Victoria Voldemarovna, born in 1952. born, dentist. * Son — Daniyar Talgatuly Musabayev, born in 1975. born, military officer of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan. * Daughter — Musabaeva Kamila Talgatkyna, 1981. born ## Sources ## External links * Official site Archived 5 February 2007. (Russian) Musabayev's official site * Cosmonautics Day Archived March 5, 2016. * Talgat Musabayev was appointed as the chairman of the new committee (link not available)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4554

Akhmetzhan Smagulovich Yesimov

Akhmetzhan Smagululy Yesimov (December 15, 1950, Kaskeleng district, Almaty region) is the chairman of the board of the NC "Astana EXPO-2017", doctor of economic sciences. ## Biography Born from the Shapyrasht clan. Graduated from the Mechanical Faculty of the Kazakh Agricultural Institute in 1974 with the specialty "Mechanization of agricultural production processes". Graduated from the social and political faculty of the Russian Academy of Social Sciences in 1991, majoring in "Theory of Socio-Political Relations". From September 1968 - sports methodologist of "Dostyk" branch of Kaskeleng district of Almaty region. Since 1969 - a student of the Kazakh Institute of Agriculture. From September 1974 - mechanical engineer of "Lenin" factory, Kaskeleng district, Almaty region. since December 1977 - chairman of the workers' committee of the Kazakh potato and vegetable research institute ("May 1" village, Kaskeleng district, Almaty region). Since January 1979 - the instructor of the organizational department of the Kaskeleng District Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. From August 1979 - Party Committee Secretary of "Lenin" office. Since March 1982 - the instructor of the agricultural department of the Almaty regional committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. Since May 1983 - director of "Lenin" office. Since August 1985, the chairman of the Kaskeleng district executive committee of Almaty region. Since July 1986 - the first secretary of the Shelek District Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan of the Almaty region. Since January 1988 - the first deputy chairman of the Almaty regional executive committee, the chairman of the regional agricultural industry committee. since December 1988 - secretary of the Almaty regional committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. Since 1990 - the first deputy chairman of Memagroprom of the KazKSR. since 1992 - the head of Almaty regional administration. Since 1994 - Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 1996 - State Secretary of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 1996 - First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Chairman of the State Financial Investments Committee. Since 1998 - head of the Presidential Administration of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 1998 - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Benelux countries. Since 2001 - Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 2002 - Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Minister of Agriculture. Since 2004 - Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since January 2006 - Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. since 2008 - mayor of Almaty. since August 9, 2015, the chairman of the board of NC "Astana EXPO-2017". On December 23, 2017, he was appointed as the Chairman of the Board of JSC "Samruk-Kazyna". On April 21, 2021, the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was appointed as an assistant to the President. ## Activities as Minister of Agriculture A. During Yesimov's tenure as Minister of Agriculture, Kazakhstan took the first place in the world in terms of flour exports. ## Activities as the mayor of Almaty A. Yesimov began his work as a mayor by solving the problem of defrauded construction shareholders. At that time, there were 125 residential complexes in the city whose construction was suspended. In 2011, the 7 Asian Winter Games were successfully held in Almaty, and sports infrastructure was created in the city to host them. In the same year, the Almaty subway was opened. In addition, in less than 5 years, 20 substations were built in the city, which helped to solve the energy problem. initiated the creation of municipal public transport in 2011, gradually displacing private carriers from the market. He is one of the ideologists for the development of mountain-ski tourism in the Almaty region, which is considered a promising area of the economy. In 2008, Alatau district was created in the place of problematic villages connected to the city. Under the guise of the high standard of living in the city, Almaty has repeatedly raised the issue of increasing the salaries of doctors and teachers separately. On October 6, 2013, at the initiative of Akhmetzhan Yesimov and Olympic champion Alexander Vinokurov, the Almaty administration organized and successfully held the 1.2 category "Almaty Tour" professional bicycle rally within the framework of UCI for the first time in the history of Kazakhstan. The broadcast of the cycling race was carried out on the Eurosport TV channel. In 2014, under the leadership of Yesimov, the regional gross product of Almaty exceeded 8 trillion tenge for the first time in history. In that year, thousands of creative and talented teachers of the city received a one-time cash reward of 300,000 tenge. Almaty city. In the 29th special session of the Maslikhat, the eighth Nauryzbai district was created and the city area increased. At the end of 2014, the population of Nauryzbai district exceeded 180 thousand people. ## Activities of Akhmetzhan Yesimov as Chairman of the Board of the Joint Stock Company "National Company Astana EXPO - 2017" On August 9, 2015, by the decree of the Head of State, Akhmetzhan Yesimov "Astana EXPO - 2017" National Company" was appointed as the Chairman of the Board of the Joint Stock Company. On the same day, according to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, A.S. Yesimov was dismissed from the position of akim of the city of Almaty (he had been in this position since 2008). Before Akhmetzhan Yesimov, Astana Mayor Adilbek Zhaksybekov was the Chairman of the Board of the "Astana EXPO - 2017" National Company" Joint Stock Company. A. Jaksybekov was appointed to this position on June 11, 2015 by the order of the President after Talgan Ermegiyayev was arrested. After being appointed as the Chairman of the Management Board of Akhmetzhan Esimov, he immediately reduced the amount of expenses planned for the construction of the EXPO town by 78 billion tenge. Also, the company's top management was reduced by half. Later, Akhmetzhan Yesimov visited the regions and held meetings with local business representatives in order to attract domestic contractors. As a result, the share of Kazakh companies participating in the construction of the objects of the EXPO-2017 International Exhibition was 90%. The cost of construction of exhibition facilities decreased by 302 billion tenge from the budget. On April 21, 2017, the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev assessed the level of preparation of the exhibition. "Organization of the exhibition at a decent level shows another success of independent Kazakhstan from the world community", noted N. Nazarbayev. On February 23, 2017, the General Secretary of the Bureau of International Exhibitions, Vicente Lossertales, after inspecting the facilities of the "Astana EXPO-2017" exhibition, "EXPO-2017 It will be the best exhibition in the last 25 years," he said. In three months, from June 10 to September 9, about 4,000,000 people visited the EXPO-2017 international specialized exhibition. During EXPO-2017, 28 heads of state, 13 parliament speakers and general secretaries, 10 prime ministers 220 official events were organized with the participation of the minister, 26 deputy prime ministers, 70 ministers and 48 deputy ministers. 39 agreements were signed between the representatives of the business and scientific and educational spheres of Kazakhstan and the participating countries in the fields of energy, construction, and investment. At the EXPO-2017 exhibition, 193 "green" technologies were presented, many of which are being successfully implemented in Kazakhstan. 364 billion tenge were saved thanks to the optimization of the budget of "Astana EXPO-2017 NC" JSC, which is 44.6% less than the initial cost of the project. The exhibition had a significant multiplier effect on the economy of Kazakhstan. More than 1,400 small and medium-sized enterprises received orders for goods and services in the total amount of 640 billion tenge. More than 50,000 jobs were created. The demand for the services of tour operators has doubled. The number of business entities in Astana increased by 10%. The amount of taxes received from the service industry to the budget of the capital increased by 1.2 times. At the closing ceremony of EXPO 2017, the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, said, "The capital of Kazakhstan has attracted global attention and attracted the attention of the whole world. Astana won the title "City of the Future" by National Geographic magazine. In addition, according to the New York Times newspaper, Kazakhstan is included in the list of countries worth traveling to. In general, more than 6000 different events were held within the framework of the EXPO. Our country has strengthened its image as a rapidly developing state of the Eurasian region. The EXPO phenomenon contributed to effective and productive interaction of science, business and society," he said. EXPO-2017 was highly appreciated by foreign guests. EXPO-2017 heritage sites continue to serve as tourist attractions. ## Activities of Akhmetzhan Esimov as Chairman of the Board of JSC "Samruk-Kazyna" JSC On December 23, 2017, by the order of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, Akhmetzhan Esimov was appointed to JSC "Samruk-Kazyna" JSC was appointed as the chairman of the board. On January 11, 2018, by the decision of the Board of the Fund, the new instrument of "Samruk-Kazyna" National Welfare Fund" JSC was approved. According to the new structure, the number of managing directors was reduced from 10 to 5, the number of departments and structural units was reduced from 37 to 27, and the position of the deputy chairman of the board was introduced. On April 19, 2018, "Samruk-Kazyna" National Welfare Fund" A meeting of JSC management council was held. During the meeting, issues of adoption of the renewed development strategy of "Samruk-Kazyna" joint-stock company and the Fund transformation program were discussed. At the end of the meeting, the President of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev approved the updated development strategy of JSC "Samruk-Kazyna" for 2018-2028 and the program of transformation of the Fund. In April 2018, Akhmetzhan Yesimov presented the new personnel policy of the "Samruk-Kazyna" national welfare fund. . A. Yesimov said that the principles of continuity of appointment to the position of manager will be accepted. As a result, a qualified personnel reserve is formed among the company's employees. The Chairman of the Board also touched on the issue of mobilizing foreign specialists. "Samruk-Kazyna" does not completely reject the services of citizens from abroad, however, training of specialists to replace them is the main focus: priority is given to local citizens. On the instructions of Akhmetzhan Esimov, in February 2018, the Fund purchased in order to expand the competitive environment, improve the quality of goods and services, and reduce costs. introduced a number of changes to the acquisition mechanisms. The purchase was carried out through intra-holding cooperation, and the list of goods, works and services was reduced from 4500 to 424. During A. Yesimov's time, the Fund became the number one taxpayer in the country. In the 9th month of this year, the tax payments of the group of companies "Samruk-Kazyna" NAC" JSC amounted to 813 billion tenge, which is 102 billion tenge more than in the corresponding period of 2018. Under the leadership of A. Yesimov, the "Saryarka" gas pipeline was completed on time (link to the gas pipeline). The gas pipeline built within the framework of five social initiatives of the First President of Kazakhstan connected Central Kazakhstan and the capital of our country with the unified gas transmission network of the country. Kazatomprom JSC under the management of A. Yesimov became the first national company to successfully place its shares on the international stock exchange. The national company has successfully placed 15% shares worth 451 million dollars on the London Stock Exchange. The demand exceeded the supply by 1.7 times. On May 1, 2019, the first low-cost airline Fly Arystan in Kazakhstan was launched. In 2019, 63 of the 68 social infrastructure facilities restored by the fund were put into operation in the city of Arys. The remaining 5 restored facilities will be handed over in September and October. Among them are emergency medical and stomatological units, a train station, a sports school for children and teenagers, and a kindergarten. The fund repaired 16 schools, 36 kindergartens, 8 healthcare facilities, 4 sports facilities, a college, the railway station, the Alley of Fame and social facilities that were destroyed in the central square. among the top 30 funds. ## Awards * "Mark of Honor" (1982) * "Parasat" (2002) * "Fatherland" (2007) orders. * "Kazakhstan's Labor Man" (2017) ## Additional information * Military rank - colonel. * Hobbies - sports, literature, foreign languages, music. * His favorite literature is Eastern philosophical literature, classics. * Married. Has 2 daughters. * Doctor of Economic Sciences (1999). * Author of the books "Agro-industrial complex of Kazakhstan in new conditions" (1991), "Prospects of the development of the republican agricultural industry and its forecast" (1991). * He knows Kazakh, Russian and English languages. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5889

Prime Minister of Kazakhstan

The Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the head of the government of Kazakhstan. The prime minister's powers include managing the system of executive bodies and guiding their activities. The Prime Minister is responsible to the President throughout his term of office, and in cases provided by the Constitution, to the Parliament. ## History The position of Prime Minister was replaced by the position of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers according to the Law adopted on November 20, 1990. Uzakbay Karamanov was the first prime minister of the Kazakh SSR, while Sergey Tereshchenko was the last prime minister of the Kazakh SSR and the first prime minister of independent Kazakhstan. ## Powers The Prime Minister organizes government activities, directs them and is personally responsible for their work, signs government decrees, on the main directions of government activities and its most important reports to the president on all decisions and performs other functions related to the organization and management of government activities. Members of the government have autonomy in making decisions within their competence, and are individually responsible to the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan for the work of state bodies subordinate to them. The Prime Minister can issue orders that are binding on the entire territory of the Republic. The government will terminate its authority before the newly elected President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Prime Minister of the Republic raises a question of confidence in the Government before the newly elected Majilis of the Parliament. If the Majilis expresses confidence, the Government will continue to perform its duties, unless the President of the Republic makes a different decision. The Majilis of the Parliament or the Parliament shall notify the President of the Republic that the Government will resign if the Parliament expresses no confidence in the Government. The President of the Republic considers the issue of acceptance or rejection of resignation within ten days. The President of the Republic, on his own initiative, has the right to make a decision to terminate the authority of the Government and dismiss any of its members. The dismissal of the Prime Minister means that the authority of the entire Government is suspended. ## List of heads of government of Kazakhstan Below is the list of heads of government of Kazakhstan since 1917. ### Alash Autonomy (1917–1920) ### Soviet Kazakhstan (1919–1991) ### Republic of Kazakhstan (1991–) Prime Ministers Acting Prime Minister ## See also * Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan \ <> ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5329

Presidential Orchestra of Kazakhstan

The Presidential Orchestra of the Republican Guard of the Republic of Kazakhstan was established in accordance with the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to provide the musical part of protocol, diplomatic, State and other ceremonial events in the country (with legal force: "On the Republican Guard" in 1992). It began its creative career as the brass band of the Republican Guard, and today the Presidential Orchestra is a cooperative creative collective that covers all genres of world music culture, including the musical works of classical, academic and contemporary composers. M.Nukeev, A., who won the main prize of many competitions as part of the People's Ensemble in the Orchestra. Ahmadiev, M. Talented drummers like Maldybayev entered. At the same time, talented artist A. Efremenko performs in all genres using the bayan instrument and has been popular with the public. The dance ensemble has included various national dances of many peoples of the world in its repertoire. At the same time, individual singers in the orchestra are showing the rich culture of multinational Kazakhstan to the public. Honored artists of the Republic of Kazakhstan - M. Chalabayev, Zh. Bakhtaeva, in addition to this, the artists of the duet "Saz Otau" and A. Balazhanova, D. Singers like Tanatarov are raising the reputation of the orchestra. Since 2003, the Presidential Orchestra has been organizing its creative evenings for the public. A large art group actively participates in important cultural events in the life of our republic and the new capital. The President's orchestra is led by a unique musician, expert in the field of music, Rustem Beisenuly Kulshebaev.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2208

DMoz

Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors. List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed. ## External links * Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016. * Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project * Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project * Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project * Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7599

Abdullah ibn Hussein II

Abdullah II ibn al-Hussein al-Hashimi (Arabic: عبد الله الثاني بن الحسين‎) is the king of Jordan. was born on January 30, 1962. King Abdullah II ascended the throne in February 1999 after the death of his father, King Hussein, who ruled Jordan for 47 years. After receiving his primary education at the Islamic College in Amman, Abdallah studied at St. Edmund's School in England and entered the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst (Great Britain) in 1980. And in 1981, he received the military rank of lieutenant. From this moment his military career begins. Educated in England and the USA, he served in the Jordanian Armed Forces. Abdullah II was proclaimed heir to the throne by Royal Decree on January 24, 1999. He is married, has two sons and two daughters. Abdalla visited Second Kazakhstan twice. ## External links * Successful interview

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5116

Қарабура

Oral legends have come down to our times more than written data about Saint Karabura. Legends are not about the saint's lifetime, but about the miracles that happened several centuries after his death. Perhaps this is the effect of being immersed in atheism for almost a quarter of a century, perhaps the legends of the past were more important than in the past. Miracles of the saint are mentioned in the 20th century. The indisputable truth about the saint is that he is a real historical figure. That is, the environment and time of his life are known, even if it is approximate. According to many researchers, Saint Karabura is a contemporary of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. Researcher S. Tabirizuly presents a lot of legendary and historiographical data about Saint Karabura in his work "Saint Karabura". When summarizing them, the following conclusion comes out: * "Saint Karabura is a contemporary of Arystanbab and Khoja Ahmet Yasawi; that is, a historical person who lived at the end of the 11th century and the first half of the 12th century. * Saint Karabura may be the Karakhanid ruler Hasan (Harun) Bogra Khan. * It can be concluded that Saint Karabura was like a holy saint, one of the founders of Sufism, or a statesman (Amir Temir) who selflessly helped the development of this doctrine; * The name of the Tama tribe, which turned the name of Karabura into a slogan, is a changed form of the name of the "Yagma" tribe in the Karakhandar state; Zharylkasyn Boranbai, who researched about our ancestor Saint, makes the following conclusions and predictions in his book "Karabura": * Saint Karabura is a descendant of Ibrahim ibn Nasir, one of the rulers of the West Karakhan state; * Saint Karabura is a contemporary of Khoja Ahmet, he was the person who washed the body of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, shrouded him, and carried out the funeral ceremony; * The word "Karabura" is derived from the word "Kara Bohra", and this concept is the generation of the rulers of the Karakhan state; * The name of the Karabura saint is Aktan soph; The well-known writer Abish Kekilbayev expressed his thoughts on this issue. He makes the following conclusions in his article entitled "Eldik en erlik kiyesi" after comprehensively considering the issue: * "Karabura is a slogan left over from the time when the tamas converted to the Muslim religion and were part of the Karakhan state"; * Karabura lived in X-XI centuries; The legend that Karabura was a contemporary of Saint Yasawi includes the legend "About the burial of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi by Saint Karabura". In the 80s of the 20th century, R.M. Mustafina recorded the document and published it in his monograph. It says: "In South Kazakhstan, there is a dome of Saint Karabura, more precisely, Saint Bura Khan." According to Shirakshchi and a person who knows a lot about the ancient history of the local region, the real name of the Karabura saint is Burkhanadzar. He was the companion of the famous Karakhan who founded the Karakhan dynasty, was the first to convert to Islam and was buried in the city of Auli-Ata (Zhambyl). Tore-Khan is the son of Aktan Sufi, his grave is in Kyzylorda region... The popularity of Bura-Khan is due to the spread of the legend about his burial of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. According to legend, Khoja Ahmet Yasawi warned before his death that a person riding a black camel would come and bury him. Except for that person, no one had the right to touch the saint's body. It will be exactly as the saint said. Shortly after the death of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, a man wearing a white cloak, riding on a camel without spots, and holding a jar hanging on his side, with water for washing the body, comes. He conducts a funeral and performs other rituals. After completing everything, the new person heads south from Turkestan. During this time, he does not eat or drink anything. He came to a village and died there. Bura Khan is buried at the place of his death and a dome is erected over his head. People who do not know who the new person is call him "Karabura". The one riding under the stranger was a black bull. The name of the saint appears from these words. R.M. According to the second information recorded by Mustafina, "Saint Karabura originates from the Kazakh clan - Tama. It turns out that he brought a camel to Khoja Ahmet Yasawi in Turkestan to marry him. The horse he brought was big enough to carry ten camels. Because of that, he is known as Karabura saint. Another fact that shows the closeness and friendship of Saint Karabura and Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is the following legend. "By God's will, Ahmet will be given a white bura to perform the Friday prayer in Mecca. Seeing this, people will respect him more than before. A man who expressed his disbelief in these honors came to Ahmet and said: "You are deceiving people." Ahmet does not express any resentment and says: "If you want, let's go together to Mecca for Friday prayers." Khoja Ahmet is riding the man: "Close your eyes and don't look down." But when he opened his eyes impatiently, he rolled off the camel and fell down. At this time, a person riding a black bura will hang it and bring it safely to the ground. "He used to go to Makkah every Friday for prayers with Khoja Ahmet, and he was a kindred saint of Karabura." Historical legends say that our ancestor Saint Karabura had two daughters. It is known that the foundation of the Karakhan state was formed by Turkic-speaking Yagma and Shigyl tribes. The totems of the tribes were owned by the khans themselves. The totem of the Shigyls is a lion, and it is written as a lion in Central Asian literature. The totem of Yagma tribe is bura, which appears in literature as "bogra". These two names: "Arslan Khan" and "Bogra Khan" were added to their names by the rulers of the Karakhan state. Here, "Arslan Khan" means the Great Khan, and "Bogra Khan" means the younger Khan. "Tamgash Khan", "Tabgash Khan" - the dignitary of the rulers of the Karakhan state, the title of Khan of Khans. Ibrahim, the last khan of the Karakhan dynasty who ruled Samarkhan, minted tenge with this position," the encyclopedia writes. Here, our compound word "tabgash" is not derived from "yagm", it is a separate, independent word and has an independent meaning. The second thing we would like to add is that the titles "Bogra Khan" and "Tamgash Khan" were given only to the representatives of the Karakhan dynasty that occupied the throne, so we believe that it is illogical to connect the name of the Karabura saint in question with the title "Bogra Khan" and to look for it from this word, and it is in the list of the dynasty in the Western Karakhanid state. After Ibrahim Khan, the title "Bogra Khan" is not used as a title for anyone. If you look into the political history of Central Asia in the 11th-12th centuries, we will make sure that the times of our ancestors Khoja Ahmet Yasawi and Karabura were turbulent and turbulent years. The first half and the middle of the 12th century is the conscious life of Saints Yasawi and Karabura. In these years, the following major political events took place: * Beginning of 1130-40 years - the capture of Mauerannakhr from the Karakhan dynasty by the Karakhitans and the Karakhan dynasty's political conquest of the Karakhanid Gurkhans. to be dependent; * Battle of Katuan in 1141 - the beginning of the weakening of the Seljuk state, which had political dominance over Mauerannahr; * 1150s - the beginning of strengthening of Khorezm and its wars with the Seljuk state on the way to independence; * 1160s - intervention of Khorezm in the case of Mauerennahr; * individual battles and battles in the 30s-60s of the 12th century; Now let's talk about the year of our grandfather's birth. In the materials collected by J. Muratbaev, it is said that Karabura saint is 10 years younger than Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. Apart from the information obtained from this one country, there is no information about the year our ancestor was born. That is why we, Karabura, take this data as a basis for determining the year of birth of Saint Karabura. Most of the modern researchers point to 1094 as the birth year of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. We also approve of this and believe that the year of birth of our saint Karabura is 1104. When talking about the formation of the religious attitude and spiritual direction of Saint Karabura, it is worth noting that separate and partial data connect his origin with Nur-ata or Nuratau, a holy place in today's Uzbekistan. Our brother Kondybai Serikbol, a researcher from Mankhistau, who conducted research on Ata Nur and expressed his own, independent point of view, wrote a voluminous 4-volume work under the name "Argykazakh Mythology", wrote: Nuratau Ridge and its surroundings in the territory, near today's Nauai city (70-80 km). This mountain range separates the territory of the ancient Sogdy and Bukhar Jazira (Zarafshan) from the hot sands of Kyzylkum, while the steppe and sands of Kyzylkum stretch to the north and northeast of the mountain to the Syrdarya valley. There is a town of the same name on the territory of this mountain, today's Nur (Nur-ata) is a city located in the far north of Bukhar region. It is also mentioned in folk literature that the father of saint Karabura was a religious man, studied in Nurata mosque, later opened a mosque and taught young children, and was one of the promoters of Islam in that region. The fact that Abdi Tama, the father of the Karabura saint, was a religiously literate person and built a mosque in the legendary materials proves our thoughts. If we assume that the Tamas came to Nurata in the late 10th - early 11th century, 3-4 or 4-5 ancestors were transferred until 1104, when Saint Karabura was born. Adjacent to large religious centers such as Bukhara and Samarkand, influence of state leaders on the spread of Islam led to the rapid adoption of Islam by the Turkic-speaking tribes in the Nurata region. The conclusion that can be drawn from this is that before the birth of Saint Karabura, Islam became the core and basis of their spiritual life. Saint Karabura is considered to continue this tradition and path. Secondly, the fact that the Nurata region is considered a holy place and there are many graves of saints in that region, and the constant number of pilgrims, probably influenced the closeness of the Karabura saint to Islam from a young age. The closeness of these legends to the historical truth prompts us to pay special attention to them. Although it is not possible to say exactly how the youth of the saint Karabura passed, there is reason to believe that he was educated in the mosque of his father, Abdi Tama. After that, it is quite natural for the saint to continue his education in Bukhara. In 1159, after Khoja Ahmet Yasawi arrived in the city of Yasi, he continued his course in this region. Representatives of the nomadic Kypchak tribes came to his school, became murids and began to follow the Sufi path. And his companions, followers, and disciples were sent to preach Islam in the cities along the lower reaches of the Syr River and adjacent settlements in South Kazakhstan. Saint Karabura comes to Sozak, a medieval city in the northernmost part of South Kazakhstan. At that time, Sozak was a city owned by Kipchaks in a broad sense. Since most of the Tama tribes lived in this region, Karabura converted to Islam thanks to Saint Karabura. Perhaps, the leaders of the Tama tribes living in Sozak and its region invited Saint Karabura. That part is not completely clear to us. However, the last years of Karabura saint's life will be spent in Sozak region. Saint Karabura, who made a big change in the spiritual life of the tribes in the region and opened their eyes to Islam, becomes a very respected person for the local tribes. Today, among all the Kazakh clans, only the Tama tribe made the Karabura saint their motto. Even during his lifetime, our grandfather Karabura, who surprised and bewitched the people with his justice, clairvoyance, foresight, and miraculous actions, is known as a saint by the people. The spirit of our grandfather is so strong that even though 1000 years have passed since his death, the residents of the local Sozak region worship him as if they were a saint they met only yesterday. It is not known exactly in which year our grandfather died. According to legends, our ancestor died after 1166, according to the fact that he himself carried out the funeral of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. If we consider that it took 70-80 years, it can be said that our ancestor traveled to that world between 1174-1184. After the death of Karabura, the local people respected him very much and buried him in the city of Sozak. The saint's resting place has become one of the places of worship for the local residents, and it has become a place where people who suffer from various diseases and suffering in their souls spend the night. As for Karabura's family. His father is Ibrahim Abdi Tama. Ibrahim was the chief mufti of Karakhan. And Karabura's grandfather is Kauis, one of the viziers of the Western Karakhan Khanate. And his son is Saint Torekhan. Qaraburah is a descendant of Ibrahim ibn Nasir. Descendants of Karabura are called "forty heroes of Crimea". Bek was Beklerbek in the Mongol Empire. Karadon Batyr is a hero who defeated Kalmak Khan. There was a khan (ruler) in the land of the Kazan Khanate. His son - Zhubanysh, Zhubanysh defeated the Kalmyk Khan. His son Suyinish batyr — Er Begis — Er Kogis — Tama batyr — Tana batyr — Mr. Narik — Er Shora batyr — Burakhan. ## Image Gallery * * * * * ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3519

Kazakhs

Kazakhs are a Turkic-speaking ethnic group and nation inhabiting Central Eurasia. It was formed as a result of the intermingling of many ethnic groups and ethnic groups inhabiting the Deshti-Kipchak steppe. They became known as Kazakhs with the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate. In terms of linguistic structure, it belongs to the Northwest Kipchak group of Turkic-speaking peoples. He speaks Kazakh. Kazakhs jointly settled the lands of Mongolia (Bayan-Olgey region), China (Ile Kazakh Autonomous Region), Russia, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, neighboring Kazakhstan. At the beginning of 2023, the number of Kazakhs in the country is 13.9 million. was a person. ## Autoethnonym The ethnonym "Kazakh" refers to this nomadic people in the 15th century, the tribes led by Zhanibek and Kerei sultans moved from the banks of the Syrdarya to West Zhetysu (Zhetysu) at the end of the 50s of the 15th century. It settled down when it migrated to the Shu river basin. They began to call themselves "Kazakh" (Kazakh), "Kazakh" in Russian. There are different versions of the origin of the word "Kazakh": the word "Kazakh" is translated from the ancient Turkic language as "free", "willful", "divided people", "brave, freedom-loving people", "brave warriors". ## Ethnonym According to scientists, "sak", "kas-pi", "kas", "kaz", "khaz", "az", "ka- names of clans such as "Sak" are derived roots of the ethnonym "Kazakh". Academician N. According to Marra and the Czech scientist B. Grozny, the name "Kazakh" comes from the words "kasak" and "piece". Academician A. Margulan, historian M. Akhinzhanov, writer S. Mukanov, Russian scientists support this opinion. A. Margulan refers to the existence of "Kazar-Ug" tribes in Kishi Yuz in his works. Summing up the opinions of scientists and researchers about the origin of the word "Kazakh", two conclusions can be drawn: * The word "Kazakh" comes from the combination of the names "kas" and "sak"; * The word "Kazakh" means "volunteer". ## Ethnogenesis The formation of the Kazakh people, like other peoples, covers a long time. Its first period dates back to the time of Aryans and Turks. The next period was gradually spread by Turkification, which became stronger with the arrival of the Huns. Turki, Western Turki, Turkesh tribes that lived under the Khagans made a great contribution to the formation of the ethnic community in this region. In the period before the establishment of the states of Genghis's descendants, the states before the West Turkic Khaganate, which took place in the Kazakh steppe, intensified Turkification even more than before. Kypchak period, which made a significant contribution to the formation of the Kazakh people. From the 3rd century to the 13th century, the Kipchak ethnos lived in five different stages of ethnic development, from a tribe in Inner Asia to the end of the formation of the Kazakh people in the Kazakh steppe. Although the rule of the white bones was established in the Zhoshi, Shagatai, and Ugedei tribes that appeared in the Kazakh steppe, they were gradually Turkified and even adopted the language of the local people. A common economy, language, and culture were formed on the basis of three types of economy of the tribes and clans living in the same region. Necessarily, these preconditions accelerated the unification of clans with regionally shared tribes. The combination of traditional economy, nomadic and semi-nomadic animal husbandry, and sedentary agriculture, which began to revive after the Mongol invasion, contributed to the creation of the Kazakh people. As a result of the intensification of migration process due to various political conditions, which have been living in the Kazakh steppe for a long time, they were grouped into settled tribes, and in the future they received the common ethnic name "Kazakh". ## Endoethnonyms In Russian - "Kazakhi"; in Kyrgyz - "Kazakhs"; in Uzbek - "Qozoqlar"; in Turkmen - "Gazaklar"; in Tatar - "Cossacks"; in Yakut - "Kazakhs"; in Uighur - "Kazakh nation"; in the Karakalpak language - "Kazaqlar"; In the Crimean Tatar language - "Qazahlar"; In the Karachay-Balkard language - "Kazakhlyla"; in Azerbaijani - "Qazaxlar"; in Kalmyk - "Hasgud"; in Buryat language - "Khasagud"; in Mongolian - "Kazakh"; in Chinese - "哈薩克族"; in English - "Kazakhs"; in Tajik - "Kazok". ## Kazakh ancestors Sakas, Huns and Turks are the early ancestors of the Kazakh people. They lived in the same territory in different periods, exchanging places. Our ancestors were horsemen and soldiers. The history and culture of the Turko-Kazakhs, which continues with the nomads, is 4000-6000 years old. According to ethnographer J. Babalakov, in 1986. A picture of a man holding a drum and a group of people standing behind him was found carved on a stone in the vicinity of Karakastek village of Almaty region. European and Russian scientists have studied the stone picture (petroglyph) and proved that it was carved 6,000 years ago, that is, the Kazakh dombra appeared 6,000 years ago. at the bottom there are remains of the capital of the northern Huns called "Blue Kot". Chinese scientists thoroughly studied it and proved that this city was built 2500 years ago, and they say that the Huns are the direct ancestors of the Turks. It is known that the Southern Huns lived in Zhetysu at the same time, and that the Uysin of the modern Kazakhs are descended from them. ## Clan-tribal structure of the Kazakh people The Kazakh people consists of three basic groups. Starting from Abulkhair, the Kazakhs spread to three hundred. They are: * Great face - Akarys * Middle face - Zhanarys * Small face - Bekarys The clan had its own migratory territory, tribal symbol, common motto. The Council of Judges played a major role in the management of Kazakh lands, large tribes and clans. Local government was carried out by chiefs and clan elders. State affairs were decided at the assembly, people's meetings, where the representatives of all three hundred authorities gathered. Matters within the country - land disputes between clans, tribes, hundreds, widows' disputes, large hostage disputes - were resolved in large tables with the heads of three hundreds. Every face of the Kazakh people consists of large tribes (we call an ethnic structure that is larger than a clan, a union of several clans, a tribe). The names of most tribes in Kazakh society are well known. For example, Uysin and Kanlyi were mentioned in historical data 2300 years ago, while Naiman, Kerey, Jalayir, Kypchak, etc. It is known that the tribes appeared later, 1200 years ago. Some of these Kazakh tribes are also found in other related peoples. For example, Kipchaks, Kunurats, Naimans, Kanlys are related to Uzbeks, Bashkirs, Nogais, Tatars, Magyars (Hungarians), etc. in the composition of peoples. The true blood kinship system usually starts with 7 ancestors and goes up to 15-20 ancestors. Usually, such a kinship system is called a clan. Up to 7 ancestors are considered close relatives within the clan. ## Race Belongs to the Turanian-South Siberian race, occupying a transitional place between the Europoid race and the Mongoloid race (Mongoloid features predominate). In addition, unlike Kyrgyz and Uzbeks, the Kazakh people do not have a uniform standard of appearance. There are Caucasian peoples here, and there are people of Mongolian origin as well. ## History ### Kazakh Khanate Creation and strengthening of the Kazakh Khanate (XV-XVI centuries) Kazakh The emergence of the khanate is a legal phenomenon arising from socio-economic and ethnic-political processes that took place in Kazakhstan between the 14th and 15th centuries. The development of productive forces, the increase in the economic power of the nomadic aristocracy, the desire for independence of feudal groups, the escalation of the conflict between the Abulkhair Khanate and Mogulstan, and the acceleration of social conflicts led to the collapse of these states in the second half of the 15th century. Especially the great khanate of Abulkhair (1428-1468) Joshi-Shayban Daulet-Shaykh Oglan was very bad. Its territory covered the land from Zhaiyk in the west, to Lake Balkash in the east, from the lower part of Syr and the Aral region in the south, to the middle course of Tobyl and Irtys in the north. There was no state subordinated to one center. It was divided into many parts. At their head were the descendants of Genghis dynasty, rulers of nomadic tribes. During the reign of Abulkhair, the people were tired of mutual strife and war. In the 1930s, he defeated Mahmut Khojakhan, a descendant of Shayban, along the Tobyl River. He defeated Mahmutha and Akhmetha (Toka Temir breed) of the Joshi family in the field along the Syr River. In 1446, Abulkhair captured the cities of Syganak, Sozak, Akkorgan, Ozgent, Arkuk from the descendants of Temir and the descendants of the Khans of the White Horde along the Syr and Karatau slopes. In 1457, Uz-Temir was defeated by the Oirats (who were looking for pasture land) in the Turkestan region. A disgraceful treaty was concluded, and the Oirats went to their lands through Shu. And Abulkhair begins to establish strict discipline measures in his son. This increased the hatred of the masses. As a result, half of the population would move from Eastern Desh Kypchak to Turkestan valleys and from the Karatau foothills to the western region of Zhetysu. It was led by Zhanibek Sultan and Kerey Sultan. The nomadic masses of Deshti Kypchak and Zhetysu moved away from the hands of khans and feudal lords as a protest against the increase of feudal exploitation and wars. Thus, in the 50s-70s of the 15th century, i.e. in 1459, he moved from the Abulkhair khanate to the west of Zhetisu to the estate of Esenbuga Khan, to the plains of the Shu and Talas rivers. One of the reasons for their migration was the step and activities of Kerey Khan and Janibek Khan from the Chinggis dynasty to create an independent state of the newly formed Kazakh people, to ensure its independent political and economic development. Zhetysu clans and tribes became the center of the state union. Their number reached 200 thousand people. The Mongol Khan wanted to use Esenbuga to protect his northern border, as well as to protect his western border from the raids of Yunus, who was supported by his brother Timurid Abu Said. Zhanibek is the son of Barak Khan, who built the first house of the Kazakh Khanate, and Kerey is the son of his brother Bolat Khan. It is a natural phenomenon that his own son and grandson will continue the struggle for independent Kazakh statehood, which began with Barak. Mirza Muhamed Haidar Dulati attributes the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate to 870 A.H. (1465-1466). Kerey was declared the first Kazakh khan (1458-1473). After that, Zhanibek was elected as the Kazakh khan (in 1473-1480). Among them, the people of Zhetysu contributed to the strengthening of mutual solidarity due to the intensification of the conflict after the death of the Mughal Khan Esenbu in 1462. Immigrants from the Khanate of Abulkhair strengthened the Kazakh Khanate of Janibek and Kerey. Zhanibek and Kerey, who had already gathered military strength and had a strong defense in Zhetysu, joined the struggle of the sultans from the Joshi dynasty to rule over Eastern Desh Kypchak. This struggle flared up again in 1468 after the death of Abulkhair. The main enemies of the Kazakh khans were the heirs of Abulkhair, his son Shaykh Haidar and his grandsons Muhammed Shaiban and Mahmud Sultan. The Syr region and Karatau were the closest to the properties of the Kazakh khans in West Zhetysu. Janibek and Kerei khans tried to establish their rights to the cities along the Syr, which were important centers of trade and economic relations and strong fortresses. Also, the lands of the lower and central mouths of the Syr were winter pastures for Kazakh nomadic tribes. In the 70s, there were big battles at the foot of Sauran, Sozak. Asyn (Turkistan) and Syganak were occupied either by Kazakh khans or by Muhammed Shaibani. In one of these battles, Muryndyk, the son of Kerei, was a prominent commander. He became a khan from 1480. As a result, the borders of the Kazakh Khanate continued to expand in the 15th century in the 70s. The wars between the Shaibani family for the cities of South Kazakhstan did not continue even during the reign of Belubyduk Khan (1480-1511), who ruled the Kazakh Khanate after Zhanibek Khan. Relying on their possessions in Western Zhetysu and the cities they looked after themselves in the south (Sozakh, Syganak, Sauran), the first Kazakh khans defeated all the khans who claimed the power in Deshti Kypchak and increased their possessions. The establishment of the power of the Kazakh khans in Deshti Kypchak forced Muhammad Shaibani to leave for Mauerennahr with some of the tribes in Deshti Kypchak. Here he took advantage of the rivalry between the Temir dynasty and seized power. Thus, the reasons for the creation of the Kazakh khanate were political and ethnic processes. Its main stage is when Kerei and Zhanibek, together with their subordinates, left Abilkhair, the leader of the nomadic Uzbeks, and moved to the west of Mongolia. The important event here is that the supporters of Kerei and Zhanibek were called Uzbek-Kazakhs, and later only Kazakhs. After the death of Abulkhair, Kerei and Zhanibek came to the Uzbek dynasty and took over the government. The new state union began to be called Kazakhstan. Kazakh Khanate under Kasym Khan 16-17 centuries. Kazakh khanate strengthened and its borders increased significantly. The political and economic situation of the Kazakh khanate strengthened during the reign of Kassym Khan (1511-1523), son of Janibek, who quickly implemented the process of "unification of the land". During the years of his rule, the current settlement of the Kazakh people was formed. A number of cities were added, and in the north, the territory of the Kazakhs under Kasym Khan exceeded Ulytau. In the southeast, most of Zhetysu (Shu, Talas, Karatal, Ile regions) looked after him. During the reign of Kasym Khan, trade and diplomatic relations were established with Central Asia, the Volga River, and Siberia. There was contact with the Russian state. It was the Muscovite state during the reign of Great Prince Vasiliy III (1505-1533). Western Europe also recognized the Kazakh Khanate at this time. Kazakh laws were created on the basis of the rules of custom called "Kasym Khan's Kaska Zholy". However, during the reign of Kasym Khan, the Kazakh Khanate was not a state subordinated to one center. It was noticed immediately after Kasym's death. Mutual quarrels and a fight for the throne began. An alliance of Mughal and Uzbek khans was formed against the Kazakh rulers. Mamash, the son and successor of Kasym Khan, was killed during the conflict. Kasym Khan's nephew Tahir (1523-1532) became Khan. He did not have exceptional diplomatic or military abilities. Military conflicts with Mangit and Mongol khans began. These wars were not successful for the Kazakhs. The Kazakh Khanate lost part of its land in the south and northwest, and its influence remained only in Zhetysu. During the reign of Tahir Khan's younger brother Buydash (1533-1534), feudal conflicts and wars did not stop. Kazakh Khanate under Khaqnazar Khan 16th century. 2 years Kasym Khan's son Aknazar (1538-1580) contributed to the consolidation of the weakened khanate. Having successfully used the discord in the Nogai Horde, he annexed the land on the left side of the Zhayik River. During his reign, a rational struggle was waged against Mughal Khan Abd-Rashid, who wanted to conquer Zhetysu and Tien-Shan. Aknazar subjugated the cities along the Syr (Sauran, Turkestan) by supporting the Uzbek Khan Abdullah in the mutual conflict. Afraid of his association with Abdullah, the prince of Tashkent, Baba Sultan, poisoned Akhnazar with the help of the dead. During the reign of Tawaekel Khan, the heir of the Kazakh Khanate Akhnazar was the son of Zhadik and the grandson of Zhanibek Khan, the old Shygai (1580-1582). He came to Bukhar Khan Abdolla in his fight against Baba Sultan together with his son Tavekel (Khan 1586-1598). Abdolla gave Shigai the city of Khujand and joined him in the Ulytau campaign against Baba Sultan. Shygay died in this campaign. The ownership of the Kazakh Khanate will now be transferred to Tawaekel. Kazakh Khanate under Esim Khan Tavekel Khan fought to enter the trade centers of Central Asia. In 1583, he violated the agreement made earlier with Bukhara, took the cities along the Syr, and handed over cities such as Tashkent, Andijan, Aksi, Samarkand to the Kazakh Khanate. Tavekel Khan was wounded and died during the siege of Bukhara city. After that, Esim Khan Shygayuly (1598-1628) ruled the khanate. In 1598, he signed a peace treaty with Bukhara, according to which the cities along the Syr and Tashkent, which the Uzbeks had previously seized, were assigned to the Kazakh Khanate. Thus, the one and a half century long struggle for the cities along the Syr River and for the expansion of the territory of South Kazakhstan has slowed down a bit. Esim Khan pursued the policy of appeasing the country. Therefore, it is blood for blood, payment of price, taking hostages, selling slaves, alms, collection of fines, fines, etc. preached. The people called the laws of Yesim Khan "the old way built by Yesim Khan!". Mutual political relations of Kazakhs In the 16th century, the Kazakh Khanate bordered the Siberian Khanate (centered in Tumen) established in the north. In 1563, the Shaibani dynasty After many years of struggle between the Taibugi clan, the Shaibani dynasty passed into the hands of the Khanate of Siberia It became known that the Siberian khanate was in contact with Kazakhstan in 1552. In 1581, Yermak's campaign to Siberia began He did not succeed in 1584. However, in 1598, the Kazakh khanate was in bad shape occupied part of it and subjugated the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz who were moving in this region. When the Bukhara troops took Tashkent and began to displace the Kazakhs, one of the Kazakh khans, Dzhangir, persuaded the Bukar emir to form a military alliance to fight against the Dzhungars. In 1652, during the campaign against the Dzonghars, Dzhangir. died. 17th century In the 1990s, the Dzungars' attacks on the Kazakh lands slowed down. At that time, the strengthening of the Kazakh khanate, the union between the Kyrgyz and the Kazakhs, and the addition of the Karakalpaks to it were going strong. Kazakh Khanate under Tauke Khan 1680 Jangir's son Tauke (1680-1718) became khan. During his reign, the "Seven Statutes" were compiled. The seven statutes are the nomadic rule of law. The content of its main articles: taking blood for blood, that is, if someone is killed, paying him the price of a man (1000 sheep for a man, 500 for a woman); theft, robbery, violence are punishable by death, the punishment can be reduced by paying the price of the man; in case of damage to the body, the corresponding value is paid (thumb 100 sheep, palm 20 sheep); if a woman kills her lips, she will be sentenced to death (if her brothers forgive her, she will be freed only by paying the price, if a double wife commits such a crime, she will be released from punishment); the cost of the judge and master is paid 7 times more than in November; if a husband kills his wife, the wife pays the price. Political and social period of the Kazakh Khanate Feudal exploitation introduced many types of taxes. Zakat was collected from the herdsman and alms from the farmer. The highest rulers were khans. They came only from the Genghis family. Feudal contractual land ownership, permanent forms of land ownership were formed, especially in the southern regions of Kazakhstan, in the region of cities along the Syr. They had such types as soyirgal, ikta, milk, and waqf. The owners of the gift land, who received the right of tarkhan from the Khan, collected taxes for their own benefit from the farmers and artisans living there. The division of the Kazakh society into social-class groups was based on the social origin rather than the state of well-being. The high aristocratic group consisted of Genghis families, khans, sultans, Oghlans, nobles, and lords. And other people, regardless of their well-being, were classified as black bones. * Culture of the Kazakh Khanate: The greatest figures of Kazakh poetry are Shalkiiz (15th century), Dospambet (16th century), Zhiembet (17th century). Kazakh heroes' songs are based on historical events. For example: Kobylandy, Er Targyn, Alpamys, Er Sayin, Kambar batyr sagas. Islam spread completely. The Arabic alphabet was used. In the 18th century, Kazakhs lived in three hundred groups. Each face had its own Khan. Abilkhayr with a small face, Sameke (Shahmuhamed) with a medium face, Zolbarys with a large face, Tauke was the Khan of the Great Horde who made the city of Turkestan the capital. Neighbors decided to use the lack of a centralized state in the Kazakh land to their advantage. Bashkirs and Kalmyks from the Volga River, with the support of Zhayik Cossacks from the southwest, relentlessly attacked Kishi Yuzh. The Siberian Cossacks from the north did not give rest. The Bukhara and Khiva khanates in Central Asia also came from the Kazakh land. They were the Dzhungars who surpassed them all. * Struggle of the Kazakh people against the Oirats: At the end of the 16th century, the Oirats (Kalmaks) consisted of four tribal associations. They were the Torgauts occupying the region east of Tarbagatai, the Derbets who settled in the upper reaches of the Irtys, the Khoshauts near the modern city of Dikhua, and the Shoros above the Ile River. The struggle for grazing land between Kazakhs and Oirats began in the 15th century. 16th century in the end, a small part of the Oirats surrendered to the Kazakh Khan Tawakel. 1635 The Dzungar Khanate was founded by Khontayshi Batur. Kazakh-Dzungar relations became tense during the rule of Batur Khontayshi (1634-1654). After him, the Dzungar khans (Senge, Kaldan) tried to turn South Kazakhstan, the cities along important trade routes, towards them. * Struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungars: When Tauke died in 1718, Bolat Khan succeeded him. During his time, the Kalmyks march to the Kazakh land intensified. Swedish artillery sergeant Johann Gustav Renat had a strong influence on the success of these campaigns. In 1709, Renat was captured by the Russians at the foot of Poltava and was driven to the city of Tobyl, where he was captured by the Kalmyks in 1715 near the town of Kereku as part of Buchholz's expedition along the Irtysh. It was in the hands of the Kalmyks until 1733. He teaches the Kalmyks how to cast cannons, build a printing press, and cast letters. Dzungars with comprehensive military training in 1710-1711. invaded the Kazakh land and waged war. In the summer of 1717, they defeated 30 thousand troops of Kazakhs on the banks of the Ayakoz river. The following year, the Dzungars massacred the Kazakhs again along the Bogen, Shayan, and Arys rivers. * Aktaban shubyrindy, Alkakol sulama: In the early spring of 1723, the Dzungars came to the Kazakh land to fight again. This battle, led by a Kalmyk named Shuna Dabo, was to go in two directions. The first route was to cross Karatau and reach the Shu and Talas rivers, the second route was to attack the Kazakhs and reach the Shyrshik River. To implement this plan, the troops were divided into seven groups, one of which was grouped along four rivers that flow into Lake Balkash at the foot of Zhetysu Alatau. Another group of 70,000 people led by the great commander of Kalmak, Amursana, settled along the Ile River, on the northern bank of the Kegen River, on the slopes of Mount Ketpen, on the southeastern side of the Naryn River. The Kazakhs who were left without mercy were killed mercilessly. The Dzungars massacred Zhetisu, the Great Hundred and reached the lands of the Great Hundred and the Small Hundred. The people rushed to the Afghan side. Kazakhs of Uly Yuz and Orta Yuz rushed to Samarkand and Khodzt. A small number of Kazakhs flocked to Khiwa and Bukhara. Some of the refugees gathered near Alakol on the left side of Syr. The people called this period "Aktaban Shubyrundy, Alkakol Sulama". The song "Elim-ay" was born. The people finally understood the need to unite. In 1728, the Kishi hundred units led by Abulkhair, Tailak Batyr, and Saurik Batyr attacked the Kalmyks at the place called "Black Cow" on the banks of the Bulanty River in the south-eastern part of Yrgyz province. In the spring of 1730, another war broke out near Lake Balkhash. Kazakh troops, such as Bogenbay, Kabanbay, Nauryzbay, etc., mercilessly attacked the Dzhungars. This place was later called "Anyarakay". From the beginning of Shuno Dabo, the Kalmans were forced to flee to the east along the Ile River. In order to successfully end the war for the liberation of the Kazakh land, the troops of the Three Hundred gathered in Ordabasy, near Shymkent. Abulkhayr and Bogenbai were elected commanders. Bolat Khan, the owner of Bolshoi Orda, the son of Tauke Khan, died at this point. The fight for the throne began. Bolat Khan's younger brother, Khan of Orta Yuz, Sameke (Shahmuhamed) was a candidate for the throne. Also, Khan Kishi Yuz, who showed great bravery in killing the Kalmyks, was deposed from the throne in Abulkhair. However, Bolat's third son, Abul Mambet, was elected as the elder khan. Abulkhair was dissatisfied with this and took his army from the front line. Sameke also took his army along Shu to Betpakdala. The front against the Dzungars began to weaken. Khan of Uly Yuz, Zholbarys, was forced to go to war with the Dzonghars. At this point, the disunity of the feudal lord increased within each hundred. Batyr and Nuraly (Abilkhair's son) ruled the country independently. In the same way, Kushik and Barak sultans had their own estates in Orta Yuzd. The relations of the Kazakh Khanate with Bukhara and Khiva were also bad. Along the Volga River, Kalmyks and Bashkirs attacked the land of the Little Hundred and created a constant threat. Kazakh khanate under Abylai Khan On August 20, 1742, negotiations were held in the city of Or with the participation of representatives of Russia, Dzungar and Karakalpak, Kazakhs of the Small, Middle and Great Hundred. There, the representative of Russia was going to speak about the conflict between the Kazakhs and the Dzhungars. But the Dzonghars did not listen to him. They kept 20,000 troops near Russian fortresses and Kazakh settlements and did not bother the Kazakhs. Now the Kazakhs had to rely only on their own strength. Abylai Khan made great efforts to establish this idea. Born in 1711, Abylai Valiuli's original name was Abilmansur. He was orphaned at a young age. In 1731, he stood out in the battle with the Dzonghars. Khan of Jungaria, Kaldan Seren, died in 1745, and his heirs contested the throne. At this time, the Qin Empire began to touch him. Abylai used this opportunity. He began to liberate the cities along the Syrian border. In this campaign, he divided the Kazakh troops into three groups. His first group was led by Kanzhigaly Bogenbay and Umbetei Zhyrau. 10,000 troops led by Bogenbai were supposed to go to the northern side of Turkestan and touch the fortress of Sozak. The second hand was led by Zhanibek Batyr. Tatikara valley was added to it. They went to Syr's lower brother. The third main hand was led by Abylai himself. The participants of the march moved along Shieli, Zhanakorgan to the southwestern part of Turkestan. Kabanbay, Bayan, Syrymbet, Malaysary, Zhelkildek, Zhanuzak were in this group. Tseven Dorji, the middle son of Kaldan Seren, who led the Dzungar army, also divided his army into three. He directed his main force towards Abylai. He had weapons and 15 cannons mounted on camels. Kazakh troops were armed with clubs, clubs, and bows. Tseven Dorji with his heavy hand came before Abylai's troops and fortified Zhanakorgan. Abylai entrusted Kabanbay to capture the Zhanakorgan fortress. Syrymbet was placed on the right wing, and Bayan was placed on the left wing of the army. Outside of them, Malaysary and Orazymbet gathered an army of heroes with three thousand arms. This war lasted two months. Kazakh troops cleared Zhanakorgan and Shymkent of the enemy. He reached Turkestan. Sozak and Sairam were liberated by the troops led by Bogenbai. Batyr Bayan went to Talas river. The troops of Zhanibek Batyr liberated the Karakalpak region and the Kalmyks retreated to the high quality of Syr. Exhausted, Tseven Dorji had to ask Abylai for peace. According to the agreement, the cities of Sozak, Sayram, Mankent, Shymkent were transferred to Abilmambet. The issue of Turkestan was to be resolved later. Abyloy considered his victories this time to be the beginning of the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate. The war of 1745 ended with this. In 1750, with the aim of completely clearing the Kazakh land from the Kalmyks, the Kazakh troops from Abylai attacked the enemy near the Dzhongar Gate. In 1755, the Dzhongars were divided into several small estates. After that, in 1758, the Dzungar state collapsed. 1758 The Qin Chinese conquered what is now Xin-Jian in East Turkestan. The western border of the Qin Empire bordered on Kazakh land. The Chinese did not give the Kazakhs a break by repeatedly attacking. Abylai sent people to Beijing to reach an agreement. So, he looked for ways to establish trade and economic relations with China. He also established relations with Russia. In 1771, after the death of Abil Mambet Khan, Abylai was elected Khan of Orta Yuz in Turkestan. A year later in 1772, the vice-chancellor M.L. By Vorontsov's decree, a wooden house was built for Abylay in Zhangiztobe near the Esil River. Abylai died in May 1780 in Tashkent at the age of 69. Wali was elected instead. As part of the Russian Empire In the difficult political and economic situation, the issue of joining Kazakhstan to Russia was put forward. The complexity of the foreign political situation of K forced Abilkhair Khan to accept the Russian protectorate in Kishi Yuz. 1734 A part of the Middle Hundred was annexed to Russia. In the second half of the 19th century, as a result of planned military-political measures of the Russian government, the incorporation of Kazakhstan into the empire was completed. In the later Middle Ages, several types of ownership were defined among Kazakhs: 1) ownership of livestock and livestock products in the individual family form; 2) community ownership of land or pastures; 3) ownership of water sources; 4) non-economic property in relation to the area where the group of herders under the control of the association of communities migrates, the social organization of Kazakhs is based on various types of interrelated relations between people (kinship-family, economic, military, cultural, ethnic, etc. ) was established. Through the administrative and political reforms of 1824, 1867-68, the Russian government destroyed the traditional system of governing Kazakhs. With the accession of Kazakhstan to Russia, favorable conditions for economic exchange and other relations between nations were created, and the basis for the expansion of capitalist production relations was laid. There were national liberation uprisings of the Kazakh people against the colonial policy of Russia. They are Syrym Datuly, Isatai Taimanuly, Kenesary Kasymuly, Zhankozha Nurmuhameduly, etc. managed. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the share of Kazakhs among the people engaged in agriculture in Kazakhstan reached 55.4%. The development of industry, the construction of railways, and the wide use of waterways laid the economic basis for the formation of Kazakh workers. Soviet era 1917 Before the October revolution, the main occupation of Kazakhs was cattle breeding in nomadic or semi-nomadic conditions, irrigated agriculture, hunting, fishing and handicrafts also took a place in the life of the people. Tribal-patriarchal relations have been dominant in the life of the society. The measures of collectivization and collectivization carried out by the Soviet government forced the Kazakhs in 1931-33. starved. 1929 — 31 There were 372 uprisings in Kazakhstan against the exaggerations of the policy of the Soviet government. Due to the suppression of the uprising by force, the Kazakhs were invaded. From the beginning of 1930 to the middle of 1931, 281,230 farms moved abroad from the territory of Kazakhstan. Most of them went to China, Iran, Afghanistan. The Kazakh ethnic group suffered a lot of losses in these years. 2 million due to famine and related epidemics. More than 200 thousand people were killed. This was 48% of all Kazakhs. Most of the approximately 410,000 Kazakhs who died during the Second World War were Kazakhs. Independence 1991 After the declaration of independence of the state on December 16, the Kazakh nation strengthened its unity for its common interests. The Kazakh language was the state language. The names of selected representatives of the Kazakh people, which were banned in the Soviet era, began to become the pride of our nation, historical toponymy was restored, and conditions were created for the flourishing of national culture. It was possible for compatriots living abroad to return to the country. ## Language The Kazakh language belongs to the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, including the Kypchak-Nogai branch, together with the Karakalpak, Nogai, and Nogai languages. In terms of similarity, it is close to the Kyrgyz, Tatar, Bashkir, Noval-Balkar, Kumyk, Karaim, and Crimean languages. The Kazakh language is also related to Russia, Uzbekistan, China, Mongolia, etc. Kazakh language is a rich language with its own literary, scientific and political writing norms. If the Kazakhs began their development as a people and a nation from the time of the ancient Turks, the history of their writing culture also begins from that era. Depending on the course of use of the language of the Turks at that time, linguists usually divide it into three periods: \ <> * a) the era when the Tukyu language was used (V-VIII); * b) the era when the ancient Uyghur language was used (VIII-IX); * b) the era when the ancient Kyrgyz language was used (X-XI). During these periods, monuments of the Orkhon-Yenisei script were written, samples of the ancient Uyghur script appeared, and a mixed literary language of the Oghs and Kypchaks began to be created. ## Script The Arabic script, which was used since the 10th-11th centuries, was used in the Turkic languages in the same way as it was used in the Arabs, without adapting to the peculiarities of the languages of the Turkic peoples. But despite that, it has been serving the cultural and spiritual development of the Turkic peoples, including the Kazakh people, for tens of centuries. The development of Kazakh grammar, its several changes, begins at the beginning of the 20th century. These changes can be divided into the following three periods: * The period of using Arabic graphics in accordance with the sound system of the language of the Turkic peoples; * Period of transition from Arabic script to writing based on Latin script; * Transition from Latin to Cyrillic script. In 1929, the Kazakh script finally moved from the Arabic alphabet to the Latin script, but the fate of the Latin alphabet did not last long. It was used from 1929 to 1940. After switching to the Cyrillic alphabet in 1940, it was heavily exposed to Russification, that is, the policy of Russification, and the Cyrillic alphabet was permanently established in Kazakhstan. Modern jazz based on the Cyrillic alphabet (official in Kazakhstan): Shsh Ş ъ Yy Іі ь Ee Yuyu Yaya Kazakh jazu based on Arabic jazu (widespread among the Kazakhs of the People's Republic of China): The Kazakhs accepted the Sunni branch of Islam. asterism it is a sign that the night is dark. The spread of Islam in the ancient Kazakh steppe was directed to the Kazakhs. At first, the young man stepped on the right side of the river. X ғ. Islam Zhetisu I became the main religion of the nomadic people of Syrdaria. X ғ. At the beginning of the 1960s, the Muslims were accepted by the Kalaush Satk, who was born in 960. He declared Islam the religion of the country. The existence of the rulers and zandilyks of the left-wing Karakhan state was based on Islam. Abu Hanifa did not agree with the Sunni movement in the dark, and the Kazakh tribes became angry with the customs of other peoples. Furthermore, the Kazakhs, in their turn, did not reject the Islamic religion of the Shari'ah, but again adopted the Shari'ah of the feudal government. Soytip, ek'i nanym ұzaq mezgil boyi byr-birine ziyan keltirmey, qatar omyr surdi. For this reason, the Kazakhs remembered that the Udet-Kurpy Kobe was their predecessor. The ancient ancestors of the Kazakhs, who had been living in the country since ancient times, were destroyed. In turn, the Arab missionaries did not destroy the language, customs, traditions, legal norms, and customs of the Kazakh tribes. Before the Kazakhs came to Islam, they tried to destroy the country. However, the Kazakhs did not accept the Kazakhs' traditional teachings of Islam. ## Types of costumes of the Kazakh people The basic costumes of the Kazakhs in the 18th-19th centuries it was a mirror. Sharuashylyk's kosymsha kosalky was a type of hunting and fishing. The fishing industry was essentially replaced by hunting. The rich people were also surprised by the hunt, but they did not cut the three branches, and the sayat was a source of pride. Syr, Ertis, Yedil, Zhaik siyakty ulken ozenderdin, Caspian, Aral Sea, Balkash, Alakol, Zaisan siyakty lakes in the fields of the Kazakhs erteden - ak balyty shypken. Livestock breeding was considered the basic livelihood of the nomadic Kazakh people. The use of nature by the Kazakh people for three thousand years has been the practice of cattle breeding. The cattle breeding of the Koshpeli was considered to be a mirror of the material of the pressure of the Kazakh people. According to the materials of the general census conducted by the Russian Empire in 1897 found in historians' records, about 80% of Kazakhs get their main food from animal husbandry products, and 18% are engaged in agriculture in addition to animal husbandry. On average, nomads traveled fifty-hundred kilometers per year, however, some tribes traveled up to one thousand-two thousand five hundred kilometers. Among them, the Aday, Shekti, Taban, and other clans of Kishi Yuz are mentioned. Each tribe had its own roads, and for this purpose, special wintering grounds and pastures with water sources were designated. According to historical sources, during the 19th and 20th centuries, horse breeding flourished in the northern region of Kazakhstan - Ombi, Petropavl, Kokshetau, Akmola, Kostanay districts. In each of these regions, the share of horses per head of livestock reached from 25 to 35%. And in the south-western and south-eastern regions of Kazakhstan - Mangyshlak, Zhaisang (Zaysan), Zharkent, Verny, Kapal and Guryev districts, sheep farming has developed, and the number of sheep in these regions has exceeded 70%. Camels were raised in the "dry", arid steppe areas of the south-west of Kazakhstan - Kazaly, Guryev, Yrgyz and Perovsk districts. Specifically, more than 9% of the total number of camels came to each of them. In the northern regions such as Aktobe, Kostanay, Petropavl, Ural and Pavlodar, more cattle are raised, making up 25%. Despite the fact that crop farming is second only to cattle breeding in the Kazakh way of life, agriculture in Kazakhstan had its own traditional way of development, and it developed mostly due to natural geographical conditions. Traces of the ancient irrigation system still found on the mountain slopes and on the shores of steppe rivers and lakes show that the Kazakh people have been engaged in irrigated agriculture since ancient times. The main tool of the farmers engaged in agriculture, especially irrigated agriculture, was a hoe, in addition to it, a spade and a plow were used. In regions close to Russian farmers, two-wheeled iron plows and wooden harrows were used. Farmers plowed the land with plows called earthen plows. In the Mangistau region it was called shokayagash, in Central Kazakhstan it was called imekagash, in Zhetysu it was called tisagash, in East Kazakhstan it was called koltis, in Shymkent uyezd it was called omash. In Kazakhstan's crop rotation system, the method of fertilizing the field was often used, that is, if millet was planted in the same place for several years in a row, when the fertility of the land began to decrease, the land was left empty for several years and the land was fertilized. Agricultural culture has not yet spread much in the territory of Kazakhstan. Its development was directly related to the natural resources of the environment in which Kazakhs live (barrenness of the soil and lack of water, low rainfall and drought), therefore, agriculture has always been considered as an additional source of livelihood in the Kazakh economy. Fishing - the fishing profession has also developed at a certain level among Kazakhs. At first, only the poor were busy with it, because the Kazakhs did not include fish in their diet. The growth of the Russian population in Kazakhstan and the expansion of trade and economic ties with Russia have increased the demand for fish and fish products. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 19th century, the fishing industry flourished on the shores of the Zhayik River and the Caspian Sea, in Shortan and Imany Tau lakes belonging to Shalkar and Kokshetau districts. At the same time, the region of East Kazakhstan began to play a significant role in the life of Kazakhs. Carp and sole fish were caught from Lake Balkhash and the Ile River, contributing to the development of fish production. As traditional fishing tools, Kazakhs used a hook, a three-pronged fork with teeth longer than the middle one on both sides, as well as a filter, and sometimes a hook with a boat pin attached to it in winter. Among them, one of the most common tools is a filter. It was made from a horse's tail. At the end of the 19th century, the fishing industry spread widely in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River and the Aral Sea basin. The construction of the Orinbor-Tashkent railway opened the way for the further development of the fishing industry in these regions. Hunting is one of the oldest professions in the Kazakh land. Archeological and paleozoological studies show that the hunting profession took a leading place in the economic life of the local people from the earliest times to the Bronze Age. In the first period, hunting birds and greyhounds were used for hunting, and later types of guns were used. The most common and popular form of hunting is bird hunting. In Central Asia and Kazakhstan, eagles and hawks were hunted with dozens of types of falcons, especially nesting hawks, vultures, and hawks. Greyhound hunting is one of the most beautiful types of hunting. Hunting with greyhounds and fox hunting was one of the most profitable and profitable professions of the last century. Hunting with weapons is not as widespread as other types of hunting such as trapping, snaring, and netting. Hunting has been one of the sources of livelihood for the common people since ancient times. Hunting of wild animals and birds was considered one of the professions necessary for housing and food, clothing and general life of Kazakhs. They ate the meat of deer, gazelle, roe deer, hare, pheasant, and wild birds, and used their skin and fur. ## Life of the Kazakh people Kazakhs spent their whole lives in motion and had to constantly reckon with new times. The main shelter was located at the beginning of winter. They settled here with their entire family, clan, and tribe, and then moved to pastures. He spent the warm season in the pastures and returned to winter in the sun. In order to move around like this throughout the year, they needed a convenient shelter that was easy to sew and pack. Such a shelter was a yurt. The history of origin The yurt, which appeared in the centuries before our era, is glorified by the Kazakh people as their sacred black house. Because the yurt was valued as a place of residence, blessed address, property, shelter, property, and pride of the Kazakh. Kazakhs engaged in animal husbandry used tools necessary for daily life: ropes for keeping horses, water troughs and troughs for watering cattle. Horses were prepared for presentation, and thick ropes and points were prepared for tying their foals. All these were made by herders from animal skins with their own hands. The necessary tools for farming were prepared in the agricultural territory of Kazakhstan. They are: toothpick, trowel, scythe, tree fork, rake, roller, hoes and shovels, etc. They were made by local blacksmiths. As the Kazakh people were mainly nomadic people engaged in animal husbandry, they were engaged in leather processing. Leather is a processed type of leather. Depending on the breed and care of the animal, the quality of the skin also varied. Handicrafts played an important role in the occupation of Kazakhs. Kazakhs made all the housing, clothes, food, equipment and tools necessary for their life with their own hands. Various types of handicrafts were developed: weaving, felting, wood, metal, leather, bone and horn processing. Women were engaged in weaving and felting. He prepared carpets, rugs, rugs, yurts, laces, ties and others. He made spoons, buttons, bed legs from bones, made boots by twisting tendons, carved and decorated various tools. The most skilled jewelers decorated with gold, silver and various precious stones, made men's shoes, stirrups, saddles, belts, saddle accessories, rings, bracelets, earrings, necklaces, shoes, pins, and fashionable jewelry. ### Places of residence, residence The ancient home of the nomadic Kazakh people was a village. That is, a village is a long-established community in traditional Kazakh society. The Kazakh village is located in the shape of a half circle or half moon. If we take the villages in the Kazakh steppe, each traditional Kazakh village consisted of clan members descended from one ancestor. In the village, marriage relations are generally prohibited. It was allowed to establish marriage relationships only with neighboring villages, i.e. with members of other clans. Such a marriage relationship brought the villages together and made them relatives. Various disputes and complex issues between villages were settled by the village dignitaries - elders and judges. Usually, there were 10-20 houses in Kazakh villages. Each village had a mobile school, a hired mullah (later a teacher), a carpet, a house, a shed, etc. there were artisans who were weavers, housekeepers, jewelers, blacksmiths. The traditional house of Kazakhs is a yurt. Even now, this type of shelter is not outdated, it is used by many farmers engaged in animal husbandry. A kiiz yu is a domestic house where the Kazakh people gather without a single nail and build it without a single nail, it is warm in winter, cool in summer, and it is convenient to move. The yurt is equipped with 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 10 wings for comfortable moving and 12, 14, 16 wings for luxury. According to the career of the owners of the cottages, they are called: Big house, Small house, Otau, Kishi otau. Due to the settlement at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, Kazakhs living in the Irtysh basin built their houses from available local materials: willow, reeds, grass, raw bricks and straw, as well as stone. In mountainous and forested areas, there were Russian-style wooden structures, as well as three- or two-room "basket houses". The houses of the poor were small, one-room, and had simple interior furniture. Houses of rich and wealthy Kazakhs had three (or more) rooms and were heated by two, sometimes even three stoves. Thus, by the beginning of the 20th century, Kazakhs moved to a sedentary or semi-sedentary lifestyle, and according to their wealth, they had houses with one or more rooms and permanent winter quarters. ### Traditional clothes National clothes of the Kazakh people have their own characteristics. Some of them have been preserved from ancient times and have undergone only minor changes, and some, unfortunately, have not been preserved at all. Kazakh clothes are primarily made of cotton, wool and felt materials. According to their nomadic way of life, many clothes were made of skins and leather-like materials, providing them with durable clothing suitable for protection from the harsh conditions of life in the field. Men's clothing consisted of a shirt or shirt and pants. Outside the shirt, woolen, velvet, kamka, shea velvet, silk sleeveless camisole and beshpents were worn. Their outer clothes were wide capes, and in winter they had a light hood. Dressed in various coats made of processed sheep or wolf and fox skins, and sometimes valuable animal skins (kamshat, sable). Kazakh women's clothing mainly consists of a dress, kimeshek, chavlak, saukele, flag, turban, kamzol, kazekey, kebis-masi, bra. National women's clothing included a kamzol or a long dress with a cape over it. In the cold season, women wore fox fur or sheep skin. The girls wore a double-skirted dress with fringed hems and sleeves, a waistcoat, decorated with metal studs, or a silver braided belt (in some places, a delicate belt). In the summer, they wore turbans or felt hats, and in the winter - various types of hats made of leather and wool (burek, timak, malakai, telpek). Married women wore a kimishek - a white cloth hat with a cutout for the face, covering the head, chest and back. Women (especially the elderly) used to tie a kind of scarf on the outside of the kimeshek. Girls' bereks were decorated with necklaces and feathers of an owl, a heron or a toad were placed on the top. Shoes are leather boots (boots, masi), leather shoes (sharik, kalysh, kebis). In winter, he wore felt stockings and boots with high boots. He used to wear cotton instead of galoshes. Its head is made of soft black leather, and its sole is made of high heels. It was decorated with carvings, and its beak was lined with silver and gold threads. ### Traditional dishes Some of the Kazakh national dishes are served at special times, and there are also special dishes for special guests. In this regard, every Kazakh meal is based on great education and respect. Meat food is of great importance in the formation of the Kazakh people. Due to nomadic animal husbandry, 80 percent of the Kazakh menu consists of meat, and due to well-developed agriculture in the southern regions, the rest consists of grain crops. Kazakhs made dishes from mutton and horse meat, beef was rarely used, because the cow was not well adapted to the nomadic tradition. Poultry meat is also rarely used. The main dish is horse meat. In front of the most honored guest, the Kazakh often draws a sheep's head to well-seen elders and respected old men who bless the meal. The rejected person first tastes the soft meat from the right side of the head, and distributes the rest to the guests in a certain order. This order is strictly observed when serving food to guests. At the same time, one of the most popular dishes is kurudok, which is made from the meat of freshly slaughtered animals, chopped into small pieces. Along with neck and breast meat, lung-liver, heart, and tail fat are added to it. There are many types of Kazakh dishes prepared from flour, pan bread - bread made from wheat flour, buchsak - a type of bread made from flour and fried in oil, pelek, kuymak, okozhappai - bread cooked in a pan, a pot and others. Kazakhs prepared various dishes from milk. Ayran is made from cow's milk, chubat from camel's milk, kumyz from mare's milk, worms, cheese, aklak, yogurt, cottage cheese, butter, cream. Worm is a long-term food made from animal milk. Cheese is a dairy product made from cow's, sheep's and goat's milk. Butter is obtained from the milk of cows, sheep and goats. Buttermilk is curdled milk. It can be kneaded from both skimmed and non-skimmed milk. ## Traditions of the Kazakh people Hospitality is one of the main traditions of Kazakhs, which has now become a national character. Hospitality, the main task in Kazakh society is to welcome the guest with open arms. The guest is the most important and most desirable person in the house. The customs and traditions of the Kazakh people include the period from the moment a child is born, to manhood, upbringing, marriage, marriage, death, as well as communal and social issues. Even though it is not written in any law or code, the people still follow the traditions. The traditions of the Kazakh people are divided into three big groups: traditions related to raising children, traditions of life, social and cultural traditions. Among them, child-rearing customs include julykhana, cradling, circumcision, and presentation of a child, which are performed from the moment the child is born. Traditional traditions include the Kazakh yurt, yurt furniture, national clothes and food, animal husbandry, mentoring in agricultural trades. Also, social and cultural traditions include: family relationships of villagers, national musical instruments, waiting for guests, and other ceremonies. Knowledge of seven ancestors is one of the best-preserved and ingrained traditions in Kazakh. Among them, not marrying a girl before seven years. The Kazakh explained the importance of this tradition by saying, "You are not enough if you don't know your seven ancestors." It is a long-standing legal rule not to marry a girl before the age of seven. This tradition is the greatest way to preserve the health of the generation, blood purity, nobility. Traditions and customs of the Kazakh people from time immemorial: * Traditions and customs associated with the presentation of gifts — Suinshi, riding a horse, putting on a cloak, Bes good, Baigazy. * Traditions and customs related to mutual aid — Asar, Zylu omni, Bel ocher. * Traditions related to waiting for a guest — Khokasya, Khokade, Erulik. * Traditions related to raising a child — Childekhana, Cradling, Naming, Circumcision, Presentation, Circumcision. * Traditions and customs related to marriage — Divinity, Tailing of a brother, Marriage of a girl, Marriage of a bride, Betashar. * Ancient customs of the Kazakh people - rolling to the place of birth, spitting in the mouth, riding on Ashamai, Bastangi. ## Culture Soviet ideology prevented a full-blooded objective study of the cultural-historical continuity of ancient super-ethnic tribes and Kazakhs. Only Russian and European scientists conducted research on issues of archeology, ethnography, anthropology with special tasks. This topic was a "closed" topic for Kazakh scientists. One of the most important problems in nomadism is its social structure, features of social collectivization, community integrity. As a result of mastering and understanding of time and space, nomads migrated, settled in favorable zones of nature, and were able to rationally use the features of culture and climate. Seasonal pastures have been used in Kazakhstan since ancient times. The forest-steppe valley on the slopes of Arka, which has more rainfall, and the mountainous region in the southeast, were primarily used by people as pastures, and the eastern and central regions as winter quarters. A culture developed harmoniously with space served as a link between man and nature, expressing a delicate harmony. The nomadic, semi-nomadic animal husbandry of the nomadic society had a decisive influence on their worldview. An integral part of nomadic culture was a system of worldviews based on the concepts of "world" and "man". ### Kazakh folklore The Kazakh people have a rich folklore that has been formed since ancient times. Among the various genres of national folklore, the most prominent field is epic works, including more than four hundred heroic songs. built on the idea of heroic work. The large and small attacks of internal and external enemies, the brave deeds of the heroes who stood out in the battle against them and protected the nation from the brutality of the enemy, were not forgotten by the people for a long time, and were included in legends and songs. Myths - in Kazakh folklore, myths are found not in their pure form, but as part of other genres, sometimes in the form of individual stories. Among the Kazakh myths, the works that tell the history of the formation of mountains and lakes on the earth, as well as explain the structure of the celestial world and talk about some properties of various animals and insects, are especially widespread. In order to understand the phenomena of nature, the lights in the sky, the ancient people created many myths about them, copied their life into them, and explained many things in terms of daily work and life, human qualities and relationships. The main characters of myths are the first ancestor, creative hero, totem-ancestor and shaman. Along with them, ancient spirit-owners: zelayak, koltausar, sakkulak, tausogar. Fairy tales — Fairy tales are closely related to ancient myths, stories, beliefs, used ancient mythology to perfection, mixed with imagination, and acquired a miraculous character. As a result, the characteristic poetics and aesthetics of this genre were formed, and the existence was depicted through them. Tales that reached Kazakh consist of several genres: animal tales, fantasy tales, heroic tales, narrative (novel) tales, satirical tales. All of them have common characteristics and each of them has its own characteristics Legends and eloquence - legends are divided into two types in terms of artistic character and relation to reality. One is historical legends (Chinghis Khan and Joshi, Aksak Temir and Edige, etc.), the other is local (toponymic) legends. The group of historical legends also includes eloquent words. Depending on their content and heroes, they are historical legends that tell about controversial events judged by judges who lived during and after the Kazakh Khanate. Song of heroes - this genre has a special place in Kazakh folklore. Because, first of all, the epos played a major role in the spiritual life of the people, especially in the art of speech; secondly, in the epic, the peculiarities of folklore appear more fully and clearly. It is in this genre that the Kazakh yurt has a lot of aesthetic and ethical ideas, worldviews, and dreams. In its further development, it went through the process of plot and biographical integration ("Alpamys batyr", "Kobylany batyr", "Kambar batyr" songs). The epos that emerged from the Golden Horde and Nogaily eras have been historically and genealogically recognized ("Krymnyn kyryk batyr", "Yer Kokshe", "Yer Kosai", "Yer Targyn", "Yedige" poems). Sagas - there are original Kazakh sagas: socio-love sagas and fairy tale sagas. Each sub-genre is characterized by features common to the entire saga, as well as features unique to it. It depends, in particular, on the main character, his actions, as well as the purpose and manner of telling the story. Aytys is a long-established genre in Kazakh oral literature. At the poets' debate, they recite the poem under their feet, and suddenly argue. There are many unexpected situations during the speech. Both poets draw the phenomena of life as a mystery in order to trap each other, to make each other stumble. Poets should be ready to answer and give arguments to all that. All this requires poets to be fluent in words, knowledgeable, ingenuity, and know the genealogy, history, geography, and ethnographic features of the country. Terme is often proverbial. The main purpose of such verses is to teach, so their content is related to the situation in life, often the behavior of a person, especially the family situation. In these works, various aspects of life are collected, sometimes they are compared, sometimes they are contrasted, and sometimes they are told side by side. Poems - poems have a special place in the life of the Kazakh community, that's why there are many types of them: lyrical poems, historical poems, black poems, proverbial poems, false poems, etc. They differ from each other in the manner of execution, relationship to reality, content and form. Proverbs are spoken about all spheres of Kazakh life. Especially for the former Kazakh community, they played the role of law to a certain extent. Judges often used proverbs and proverbs and relied on them when resolving disputes between countries. Also, since proverbs are based on life experience, they are also used for teaching purposes, and that is why they have a didactic, exemplary, and advisory quality. It seems to be a ready answer to various situations, problems and questions in life. ### Kazakh music Native music has developed together since the establishment of the Kazakh nation. Through music, customs and traditional customs passed from generation to generation and became the spiritual culture of our nomadic people. He was influenced by lullabies, marriage ceremony, wedding ceremony, etc. entertainment and music. In particular, musics with a complex form, born in the story line for a lyrical and social theme, required strong performance skills. Poets, singers, poets, singers, songwriters of the Kazakh people laid the foundations of musical culture. Young children learned and played with wind instruments made of clay. They listened to their mother's lullabies and the poems of their elders, formed their views on life, and entered the big life. After that, the young people improved their knowledge and skills of singing in various meetings by arguing, arguing, and singing black poems. Growing up, the song repertoire was supplemented with love songs, wedding songs, bride's parting song, and the sounds of instruments used by hunters when hunting, and when soldiers went on a campaign - alarm, storm horn, shindigul. In their songs, the elders sang about the unity of the country, the people's sorrows, traditions and arguments, and the victories and achievements of their clans. There are many kuya sagas that have survived as ancient examples of drum and flute clays. For example, "Swan", "Goose", "Nar", "Lame donkey", "Lame girl", "Jorga bear", and "Zarlau", "Orphan girl" full of sadness. In these states, the religion, traditions, joys and sorrows of the ancient nomads have been preserved for thousands of centuries and reached us. The names of Kenen Azirbayev are not only in the Kazakh, but also in the world music culture. ### Kazakh musical instruments Since ancient times, the Kazakh people could make sounds from stone, wood, iron, plants, clay, animal skin, bone, horn, gut, hair, and other materials. he could make simple musical instruments out of things. At first, singers and musicians from all over the country made and played the necessary instruments and showed their art to the country. Later, due to the geographical features of the Kazakh steppe, clay instruments began to enter into various types according to their Indian characteristics and form. We can find descriptions and pictures of ancient instruments from the legends, epics of our people, and from the works of travelers and scientists of the past centuries. In ancient times, musical instruments were used to inform people, hunters to frighten birds and beasts, witches used them to speak incantations, and to chant slogans during military campaigns. Today, our clay instruments of those ancient times have preserved their sound, but changed their function. If it was necessary in the early life, today it has found a place in the national folklore ensemble and orchestras. Depending on their function and playing features, clay instruments are grouped into the following five groups: * wind instruments - instruments whose sound is produced by blowing, clay instruments, double trumpets, reed trumpets, horn trumpets, flutes, slogans, trumpets; * stringed instruments - belonging to those whose sound is produced through the strings: yetigen, cherter, two- and three-reeded dombras, kylkobyz; * an instrument whose sound is produced through a thin wire - shankobyz; * percussion instruments - belong to those whose sound is produced by means of a string drawn to the instrument - dangira, huralpaz, shindigul, dayl, khepchik, chyng; * noisy instruments are several types of asatayak, a group of which sounds are made by chains and bells attached to the head of the instrument. ## Kazakh national games Kazakh national games are traditional forms of entertainment from ancient times. The history of the national games that have reached us today dates back to BC in Kazakhstan. It was formed in the 1st millennium. Togyzkumalak, doll, and asik games are widespread in Asian countries in tribal unions and primitive states. The basis and origin of national games originate from the nomadic traditional economic activities of our people. Most of them are based on animal husbandry, hunting, warfare. Entertainment is closely related to the Kazakh national identity, everyday life, and it is necessary to give a person physical education from an early age, to develop courage, dexterity, ingenuity, strength, endurance, etc. aimed at inculcating moral qualities. Kazakh national games are divided into five types. They are: games related to animals, related to animals, played with various objects, requiring intelligence, dexterity and flexibility, developed recently. * Games related to the game: elk and pike, hunters, hunters and hares, curse on the brick, two ears, wolf in the den. * Games related to animals: alarman (sheep wolf attack), asau blue, bora kotan, blue cow, sokirteke, camel and bota. Games played with different objects: stick running, sled, akpa, aksuky, sukhamshuk, alakushuk, altybakan, rope skipping, tug of war, tug of war, thin rope, hanging mastek, asik, attamak, heavy stick, statue, air stick, kite, belt beat , belt fight, loud, I'll tell you your name, smart guy, foot soldier, food, chasing guy, guy's game, guards, hang silver, defend the castle, November, kimak, chasing girl, lek (desert), toil, throw a scarf, hide a ring , magic wand, scarce, who's voice, walking stick, balance, ankle, capture, knotted scarf, turban, clicker, scarf * Games that require alertness, dexterity and flexibility: trick, trick, shoot, flip, climbing a pole, find an ax!, tussle, deer, deer, bull fight, pepper, we too..., hide and seek, foot race, kuppar, neighbor, wrestling, black man, who do you want? to count, to answer questions, to carry, to transport, to equalize, tympi, tippy-tippy, who is on top of my house?, chimbicke. * Recently developed games: letter selection, team, restaurant, number, password, mail, wireless phone, finding a match. Some of these games are considered sports and wedding games. ## See also * Kazakh (ethnonym) * Kazakh language * Kazakhs (abroad) * List of Kazakhs * Kazakh traditions \ <> ## Sources ## External links * Kazakh Language Courseware from University of Arizona Critical Languages Series Archived 10 April 2008. * Ethnographic map of Kazakhstan * Kazakhs in France - AKFT Archived March 16, 2010. * World Kazakh Association Archived December 5, 2006. * http://sana.gov.kz/showarticle.php?lang=eng&id=342 Archived September 28, 2007. * Massagan.com (The largest web site in Kazakh language) * Suhbat (Atameken Toby) * Secrets of the Dead: Amazon Warrior Women (PBS) * Turk monument of Uyuk-Turan mentioning the word "qazğaq" Archived February 5, 2006. * Kazakh people Archived March 8, 2022. * Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived September 29, 2011. * Society Archived March 7, 2017. — Open Directory Project (ODP) * World Kazakh Community Archived December 5, 2006. * Community of Kazakhs on the Facebook social network

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Web browser (English. web browser) — http://https on the Internet or any other networks Archived July 11, 2013. a program for viewing and editing websites, i.e. web pages (html, php, etc.). Some web browsers allow you to work with e-mail, FTP, newsgroups, and play multimedia content such as audio and video files on a web page. ## See more * Mozilla Firefox * Opera * Internet Explorer

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7578

Bakhyt Sagindykuly Ospanov

Bakhyt Sagindykuly Ospanov (September 1, 1947, Yntimaq village, Zhambyl district, Almaty region) — Candidate of Agricultural Sciences, Doctor of Economic Sciences (2003). ## Biography * After high school, he worked at a factory in the village of "Kargaly" (1965). * Graduated from the Kazakh Institute of Agriculture (1971). * Graduated from Almaty Higher Party School (1989). * 1971-1984: assistant foreman, senior agronomist, trade union chairman at the Kaskelen experimental farm of the Scientific Research Institute of Soil Science. Secretary of the Party Committee of the Kazakh Research Institute of Potato and Vegetable Farming. director of agriculture. * Assistant foreman, senior agronomist, chairman of the trade union at the Kaskeleng experimental farm of the Research Institute of Soil Science. * Secretary of the Party Committee of the Research Institute of Kazakh Potato and Vegetable Farming. * Director of the Pervomaisky experimental farm. * Director of field experimental farming of "Zhetisu" office. * Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Talgar District Council of People's Deputies of Almaty Region (1984–1986) * First Secretary of the Pariah Committee of Narynkol District (now Rayymbek) and Chairman of the District Executive Committee (1986–1990) * Almaty Regional Party Secretary of the Committee (1990–1991) * Deputy Chairman of the State Committee on Land Relations and Land Management of the Republic of Kazakhstan (06.1993-03.1997); * Chairman of the State Committee for Land Relations and Land Management of the Republic of Kazakhstan (03.1993–10.1997). * Chairman of the Agency for Land Resources Management of the Republic of Kazakhstan (10.1999-11.2007). * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Kyrgyz Republic (29.05.2008-07.2009). * Head of the representative office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan in Almaty (02.2010-08.2011) ## Other positions * Member of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1993-1997). * Deputy Chairman of the Interstate Council on Land Relations and Land Management (1995-2011). * Chairman of the International Council on Geodesy, Cartography, Cadastre and Remote Sensing of the CIS participating states (2004). ## Elected positions * Deputy of the Almaty regional, district Council of People's Deputies (1972, 1976) * Deputy of the 12th convocation of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1990). ## Awards * Order of "Honor" (2001) * Medal "Activity in Labor" for military cooperation of the Mongolian People's Khural * Medal "For defending the state border" \ <> * "10 years to the Constitution of Kazakhstan" medal * "10 years to the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal * Honored land developer * Honored citizen of Talgar district. * Honored citizen of Karasai district ## Scientific, literary works, publications There are a total of 105 works, the main of which are: * Ospanov B.S., Handelman M.O. etc. Land planning. Astana, 1999-10.0 p.l., 3.9 authors. * Ospanov B.S., Dyusembekov Z.D. Land resources and land reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan - Astana, 2001.-16.0 p.l., 7.5 authors. * Ospanov B.S., Dyusembekov Z.D. Strategy of land transformations at the turn of the XXI century - Astana. 2001.-9.4 p.l., 5.2 p.l. author's. Osanov B.S. Land reform of the Republic of Kazakhstan (theory, methods, practice).-M.: "Agroprogress", 2001.-11.1 p.l. * Osanov B.S. Paid land use and land market in Kazakhstan - Astana; "Bastau", 2002.-5.2 ill. * Osanov B.S., Dyusembekov Z.D. Land monitoring system in the Republic of Kazakhstan state and development prospects - Astana, 2001.-104s. * Osanov B.S. Land reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan. International agricultural journal.-1999.-5.2.-0.6 p.l. * Osanov K.S. Features of land relations transformations and land reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan at the turn of the 21st century. Collection Strategy of land transformations at the turn of the 21st century. - Astana, Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Land Management. 2001, pp.5-13. ## Әskeri kyzmet, askeri zhane arnayy ataktar, sonyptyk shender Reserve Colonel. ## Derekkozder

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5214

Yes

Eset: Person: * Eset Kokiuly, Tama Eset is a famous hero of the Kazakh people * Eset Kotibaruly is a hero, the leader of the national liberation uprising against Russia * Eset Karauly - Participant of the rebellion led by Isatai and Makhambet, batyr Locality: * Eset is a settlement in Beineu district of Mangistau region.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5981

UEFA

UEFA (Union of European Football Associations) is the administrative and management organization of European and some Asian football. It unites football associations of European countries. UEFA is the organizer of all European club and team competitions. UEFA is one of the 6 continental regions included in the FIFA collective and the richest. Almost all football players in the world play in this Europe, because it is these European teams that pay the highest wages. Especially in England, Spain, Italy, Germany, you can achieve a lot of success. And most of the strongest national teams of the world are in this UEFA. For example, 13 UEFA teams participated in the 2010 World Cup. UEFA was founded on June 15, 1954 in Basel, Switzerland. At first, 25 countries joined UEFA. Now its number has reached 55. Until 1959, the headquarters of UEFA was located in Paris, and moved to Bern. Nyon has been the headquarters of UEFA since 1995. Ebbe Schwartz was elected as the first president of UEFA. ## UEFA and Kazakhstan On April 25, 2002, Kazakhstan was accepted as the 52nd member of UEFA. The decision to admit the Football Federation of Kazakhstan into the Union of European Football Associations was approved at the UEFA Congress held in Stockholm. Since then, this day is celebrated as the day of football of Kazakhstan. ## UEFA Presidents ## Competitions ### Teams \< > * European Football Championship * European Youth Football Championship * UEFA Nations League * Finalissima * UEFA U-21 * European Football Championship (under-19) * European Football Championship (under 17) ### Girls * European Women's Football Championship * European Women's Football Championship (under 19 girls) * European Women's Futsal Championship * FIFA Women's World Cup * Women's Finalissima * UEFA Women's Nations League ### Club * UEFA Champions League * UEFA Europa League * UEFA Conference League * UEFA Super Cup * UEFA Champions League (Women) * Under20 Intercontinental * UEFA Youth League ### Futsal * UEFA Futsal Champions League * European Futsal Championship * European Futsal Youth Championship U-19 * UEFA Women's Futsal EURO * Futsal Finalissima * FIFA Futsal World Cup previous tournaments: * UEFA Cup Holders Cup * Intertoto Cup * UEFA Cup \< > ## UEFA members * UEFA RANKING AND COEFFICIENTS ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5369

Хакасия

Khakassia or the Republic of Khakas (lit. Khakas Republikazy) is a national-state structure within the Russian Federation. The land of Khakassia is located in the southern part of Eastern Siberia. ## Population and ethnic composition The land area is 61.9 thousand km², the population is 523.7 thousand people (2010). National composition: Russians — 428 thousand (81.7), Khakas — 64 thousand (11.9), Germans — 6 thousand (1.14), Ukrainians — 5 thousand (0.9), Tatars — 3 1 thousand (0.58%), Kyrgyz — 1.9 thousand (0.35%), Chuvash — 1.8 thousand (0.34%), etc. ## Basic information The capital is the city of Abakan. The official languages are Russian and Khakas. The main law is the constitution adopted under the guidance of the current Constitution of the Russian Federation. According to this document, Khakassia chose the "parliamentary-executive" form of government. The head of the executive power is the chairman elected by popular vote, who is accountable to the people through the parliament. ## Nature and climate The topography of Khakassia is mountainous (Kuznetsk Alatau and Abakan ridge, northern slope of Western Sayan, height 2930 m) and hilly plain (Minusa crater in the south, Chulym (Shulym) — includes the Yenisei pothole) is divided into The climate is strictly continental. The average temperature in January is -15, -20°С, in July it is 17 - 20°С. The average annual amount of precipitation is 300-700 mm in the steppe zone, up to 1500 mm in the mountain-taiga zone. Large rivers — Yenisei (with Abakan tributary), Chulym, Tom. There are many fresh (Kara, Fyrkal, Itkol) and salt (Bele, Shira) lakes. The soil is forest turf, purple, black. Forest covers 40% of its land. The territory is inhabited by many species of animals and birds (squirrels, squirrels, beavers, squirrels, white hares, wolves, foxes, bears, voles, deaf-eared sparrows, sparrows, etc.). There are several types of fish in the reservoirs (minch, pike, pike, pike, etc.). ## Mineral wealth Khakassia is called the "ruby land". There are 140 deposits here. Coal, iron ore, titanium, cobalt, lead, zinc, copper, uranium, gold and silver reserves are plentiful. Khakassia is the main producer of molybdenum and marble in Russia. ## History ### Ancient Khakassia The land of Khakassia has been inhabited by mankind since ancient times, from the Stone Age. There are many archaeological monuments that prove that they lived by hunting and fishing. BC At the end of the 2nd millennium, local residents were engaged in agriculture. BC At the end of the 4th and 3rd centuries, the local people began to use iron. According to a group of scientists, the Dinlins spoke the Ugric language. BC In the 2nd and 1st centuries, as a result of their assimilation with Turkic-speaking tribes, the Chyanguns or Yenisei (Yenesai) Kyrgyz appeared. The mixed tribes created a culture known in archeology as the Stone Culture. During this period they established contact with China. In the 6th - 10th centuries, a united ancient state of the Khakas ruled by the Kyrgyz was created (in Chinese sources, the word "Kyrgyz" is called "hyagas" - Khakas (see Kyrgyz Khaganate). They fought with the Orkhon Turks (555 - 754), the Uyghurs (745 - 840). In 924, the Kyrgyz conquered the Kyrgyz. Established trade relations with the Arabs. There are many written records that prove that the Khakas (Kyrgyz) state was overthrown by the Mongols in the 13th - 17th centuries The first Khakas (Kyrgyz) principalities were established in Tyva, Altynsary and Yezer. The Mongol and Dzungar khans did not give rest to the Cossacks, who began to master Siberia from the 17th century. etc. Tomsk, 1622 Meleck, 1628 Cities of Krasnoyar, 1641 Achinsk prison was built. The majority of the local population, under the pressure of the Russian colonialists and the Dzungars, migrated through the Altai mountains to the Tien-Shan region and joined the present-day Kyrgyz. The rest of the Khakas became a colony, and Russians began to settle en masse in desirable areas. The first mines and trading points were opened. The khakas were called "nomadic screws". ### Khakassia in the 20th century 1918-1923 after the February revolution of 1917. civil war was going on in the country. 1923 Khakas National District, November 14, 1925. Khakas district was established on May 25. 1930 On October 20, it became the "Khakas Autonomous Region" within the Krasnoyarsk Region of the RKFSR, and the center was the city of Abakan. 1920 — 30 years The repression that engulfed the Soviet Union also included Khakassia. during the Second World War, 57,311 people went to the front (every fifth inhabitant of the country), 18,830 of them died. After the war, industrial enterprises were established in the country, and in the 1970s and 1980s, the energy industry and non-ferrous metallurgy developed strongly. 1991 In July, by a special law of the Russian Federation, the sovereign Khakas Soviet Socialist Republic was established within Russia. 1992 In January, it became the Republic of Khakassia. The declaration on the main rights, powers and obligations of the republic was published. 1995 On May 25, the constitution of Khakassia was adopted. The Chairman of the Supreme Council of Khakassia and the Chairman of the Council of Ministers participate in the Federation Council of the Russian Federation on behalf of the legislative and executive authorities. The public organization "Chong Chobi" (People's Assembly) has a great reputation among the indigenous population. This organization advocates the ideal of preserving the ethnic group and language, developing the culture of the Khakas people, who have become a minority as a result of industrialization of the region. ## Administrative-territorial division Within the framework of the administrative-territorial structure, the Republic of Khakas includes the following administrative-territorial units: and 1 settlement council (centered in rural settlements of the same name: there are settlements, villages, settlements, aalakhs) 4 villages (settlement councils): * 83 rural councils and 1 settlement council (centered in rural settlements of the same name: settlements, villages, settlements , there are aalakhs) * 4 settlements (settlement councils): 100 municipal structures were created within the framework of the republic's municipal structure on the borders of the administrative-territorial units of Khakassia, including: * 5 urban areas * 8 municipal districts, 83 rural settlements (82 rural councils and 1 settlement council), 4 urban settlements * 83 rural settlements (82 rural councils and 1 settlement council), * 4 urban settlements ## # Districts and cities ## Agriculture Khakassia is an agrarian-industrial country. The main industries are mining, wood, construction materials, light, food production. Coal, iron ore, non-ferrous and rare metals (copper, molybdenum, lead, gold, etc.), gypsum, limestone, marble are produced. Due to the peculiarities of the formation of productive forces, although Khakassia's industry is uniformly developed, it is considered a region of raw material-resource nature. The industry of the republic was formed in the 70s and 80s of the 20th century. About 10 enterprises are part of Sayan territorial-industrial complex. Monocities appeared on the basis of most of these enterprises. The largest aluminum plant in Russia is located in Sayanogorsk, and the molybdenum plant is located in Sorsk. Mining and building materials industry, engineering industry, especially wagons, containers, and truck cranes are well developed. The Sayan-Shusha and Mainsk HPPs operate on the Yenisei River. 1.5 million used for agriculture. 600,000 ha (40%) of the land area is cultivated. It is mainly planted with grain crops - wheat, oats, millet, sorghum, as well as potatoes, vegetables, and fodder crops. Animal husbandry is specialized in the production of meat, milk and wool. Many reservoirs are used for commercial fish farming, sport and recreational fishing. "Lake Shira" resort and "Tumandy" sanatorium work for therapeutic purposes. The length of railways is 781 km. The length of the highway is 2498 km. Ships sail on the Yenisei and Abakan rivers. There are two airlines of international and federal level in the country - "Khakasia" and "Abakan-Avia". Tourism is well established. 1995 The government of Khakassia has decided to create a free economic zone "Khakasia" (28 km from the city of Abakan). Enterprises of this region began to produce polymer products, various plastics and polyethylene films using local raw materials. ## Culture Folklore works of various genres: mythical legends, fairy tales, heroic historical poems, etc., exist in the Khakas. well preserved. "Altyn Aryg", "Albynji", "Pora Ninji", etc. epic. epics describe the struggle of early Khakas tribes against foreign invaders. 1926 The writing alphabet of the Khakas was formed, and the first books - works of national literature - began to be published. V.A. Kobyakov (1906 — 1937) published the story "Aido" (1934), the first large-scale work in Khakas literature. 1949 The Khakas branch of the Union of Writers of the RKFSR was established. Traditional national residences of the Khakas were yurts, small log cabins, huts and cellars. That is why the art of wood carving and jewelry has been well developed among the people since early centuries. The music and song genres developed at the level of folk tradition until the beginning of the 20th century are related to the music culture of the Altai people and the Tyva people. The most common types of folk songs are tahpakh (rhyme) and song (song). Takhpah was created for the skill of extracting a poem from the mind, and the poem sign was created for a single text. Epic works ("Altyn Aryg", "Khan Margen", "Altyn Chus") were performed with special throat sounds (hai) accompanied by a stringed percussion instrument called "chathan". Ancient musical instruments: khomys (kobyz) (string - click), yik (string - rub). 1950 — 1960 khakas music has risen to the professional classical stage. 1970 The birth of the first national opera "Chanar Chus and Ah Chibek" was a significant event in the cultural life of the Khakas people. Also in 1931 as a mobile entertainment family. The established troupe became a professional theater (1939). Famous dramatists A. Topanov, M. Kokov, M. Kilchichakov, N. Domozhakov, G. Sarazhakov, S. Charkov, etc. made a great contribution to the development of national stage art. 1942 Topanov and N.M. Zingerovsky wrote the first khakas comedy "The Future Khorkhlo". The presence of Russian and foreign classics in the theater repertoire is a professional work of national actors. had a positive effect on growth. Nowadays, indigenous people are increasingly eager to realize themselves, to modernize their national culture and traditions. The Supreme Council of the Republic adopted the Law on Culture from the point of view of this interest and laid the legal basis for revival of national spirituality. Music faculties have been reopened in higher educational institutions, interregional and international. the channel of cultural contacts has been expanded. ## Sources "Kazakhstan": National encyclopedia / Chief editor A. Nysanbayev - Almaty "Kazakh encyclopedia" General editor, 1998 ISBN 5-89800-123-9, Volume IX ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7698

Korean literature in Kazakhstan

Korean literature in Kazakhstan is a part of general Korean literature and Kazakh literature. 1977. A section of Korean literature was opened in the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan. In their works, Korean writers skillfully combined the works of ancient national literature with modern traditions. One of their prominent representatives was the writer, poet Kim Dun (1900-1980). His poem "Aliya" dedicated to the Kazakh heroine A. Moldagulova (in Korean, 1969) and his novel "The Case of One Hundred and Fifty Thousand Won" depicting the struggle of Korean patriots were published. Since 1937, more than a hundred plays by Korean playwrights have been staged at the Republican Korean Theater. At the same time, "Karagoz" and "Kobylany" by Kazakh writers M. Auezov, "Kozy Korpesh — Bayan sulu" by G. Musirepov, O. Bodykov, K. Mukhamedzhanov, etc. were performed on the theater stage. plays were performed in Korean. The works of Korean writers in Kazakhstan were published as a collective collection under the names "Korey vesmeri" (1958), "Dala Thuzguldagi" (1973), "Syrdarya Ayunderi" (1975), "Sunflowers" (1982). Also, Kim Dunn's poetry books, Yeon Sennen's works, "Happy Motherland" (1988), "Flower, Field" (1988), Han Dinn's play collections (1988) by Korean writers were published in Korean.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4608

Kassym-Jomart Kemeluly Tokaev

Kassym-Jomart Kemeluly Tokaev (May 17, 1953, Almaty) is a Soviet and Kazakh politician, diplomat, the second President of Kazakhstan (2019–). Tokayev, in addition, is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan, the Chairman of the Security Council (since 2022) and the Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan since April 2021. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, leader of the Amanat Party (2022), two-term Chairman of the Senate (2013–2019, 2007–2011), Deputy Secretary General of the UN (2011–2013), two-time Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan (2002– 2007, 1994–1999) and once served as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (1999–2002). Stability has been maintained in the country, political change has taken place and new reforms have taken place, but despite this, Tokayev's leadership is criticized by foreign and local media sources as sometimes violating human rights and being authoritarian. A 2022 leak of confidential Credit Suisse data revealed that the Tokaev family has been managing a complex network of offshore assets since at least 1998. ## Family Kasym-Jomart Tokaev was born on May 17, 1953 in Almaty. Father Kemel Tokayuly Tokaev (1923-1986) is a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, Kazakh writer. At the age of 20, he was the commander of a company of machine guns during the liberation of Kiev. After the war, he became the first Kazakh detective genre writer. For many years, he was the editor of the "Herald" magazine of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. His mother, Turar Shabarbaeva (1931–2000), worked at the Almaty Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages. The family has one son and two daughters Karlyga (1956) and Karlygash (1960). Kassym-Jomart Tokaev was named by his parents in honor of his brother named Kassym Boltaev (Tokaev). Kasym went to war as part of the Red Army and was killed in the Battle of Rzhev. After the war, Kemel Tokayev was awarded a medal for his contribution to the Tyn development program. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev spent part of his childhood in the village of Kalpe, Karatal district of Zhetisu region. In 1970, he graduated from school No. 25 named after Ilyas Esenberlin in Almaty. The school teaches the French language in depth. In 1975, he graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, majoring in "International Relations". With the referral of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he completed a pre-diploma internship at the Embassy of the Soviet Union in the People's Republic of China, and then was sent to work at the Embassy of the Soviet Union in the Republic of Singapore. In 1979, he returned to the staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. In 1983-1984, he did an internship at the Beijing Institute of Linguistics. Between 1984 and 1985, he worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, and then was sent to the Embassy of the Soviet Union in the People's Republic of China. He worked there until 1991 in the positions of second secretary, first secretary and adviser. In 1989, during his visit to China, the General Secretary of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, acted as a translator during the talks with Deng Xiaoping. In 1992, he graduated from the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. In 1998, as a candidate of historical sciences, he defended his candidate's thesis on the topic "Asia-Pacific countries in Kazakhstan's foreign policy". And in 2001, as a doctor of political sciences, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the era of the new global order". ## Political activities ### Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (1992–1994) In March 1992, Kasym-Jomart Tokaev Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan appointed deputy minister. In 1993, he served as the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan. ### Minister of Foreign Affairs (1994–1999) On October 13, 1994, Tokayev was appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan. Deputy Prime Minister in the Government led by Nurlan Balgimbaev in March-October 1999. ### Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (1999–2002) In March 1999, Tokayev was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan. In October 1999, he was elected as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan with the support of the Parliament and the decree of the President. During his premiership, the country's GDP growth increased by 13.5% in 2001, while inflation decreased by 11.2%. On November 20, 2001, on the Khabar live broadcast, Tokayev announced that he would resign from the post of prime minister if President Nursultan Nazarbayev did not fire several government officials whom he called "intriguists". Deputy Prime Minister Oraz Zhandosov, Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the People Alikhan Baymenov, Akim of Pavlodar Region Galymzhan Zhakiyanov and Deputy Minister of Defense Zhannat Ertilesova were among the mentioned "non-professional" officials. Tokayev accused them of wanting to decentralize executive power and obstructing democratization. After Tokayev's speech, Nazarbayev dismissed 6 members of the government, including Zhandosov, Zhakiyanov and Yertilesova. ### Secretary of State (2002–2007) As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tokayev actively participated in the process of global nuclear non-proliferation. In 1995 and 2005, he attended the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conferences in New York. In 1996, he signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in New York, and in 2005, he signed the Central Asian Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty in Semipalatinsk. Tokayev was elected chairman of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and participated in 10 sessions of the United Nations General Assembly. ### Chairman of the Senate (2007–2011) In January 2007, Tokayev was elected the chairman of the Senate of the Parliament of Kazakhstan. In 2008, as the chairman of the Senate, he was elected the vice-president of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly. He was in this position until April 15, 2011. ### Deputy Secretary General of the UN In March 2011, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, the Deputy Secretary General of the UN, the General Director of the UN branch in Geneva, as well as the personal representative of the UN Secretary General at the Conference on Disarmament was appointed as a representative. He also held the position of Secretary General of the Conference on Disarmament. Tokaev has a doctorate in political science. He is the author of nine books and several articles on international relations. The Russian Biographical Institute awarded him the title of "2018 Person of the Year". ### Chairman of the Senate (2013–2019) On October 16, 2013, he was re-elected as the chairman of the Senate of Kazakhstan, senators unanimously voted for Tokayev's candidacy. During the 2016 protests on the land issue, Tokayev said that the solution to the land issue in the country should be looked at critically. ## Presidency (2019–) On March 19, 2019, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Abishuliy Nazarbayev announced that he will voluntarily terminate his powers. According to the Constitution, in this case, the role of the President is performed by the Chairman of the Senate. On March 20, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev was sworn in as acting president of Kazakhstan. After the inauguration, he proposed to change the name of the city of Astana to Nur-Sultan in honor of Nazarbayev. Parliament approved the new name of the city that day. On April 23, the Nur Otan party nominated K. Tokayev as a candidate for the extraordinary presidential election. The presidential election was held on June 9 of that year. He won 70.96% of the total votes in the presidential election. On June 12, he will officially take office as the newly elected President. Inauguration took place in the Palace of Independence of Nur-Sultan. Since April 2021, he has been the chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, and since January 2022, he has been the chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan. Meanwhile, Nur Otan was elected as the chairman of the party and announced that he would leave the party in April. In the first period, several socio-economic reforms were made, including raising teachers' wages, forgiving loans of socially vulnerable families, banning the death penalty, strengthening local self-government, and making changes to the laws on political parties and elections. In January 2022, mass protests were held in Kazakhstan. In the cities of Aktau and Zhanaozen, the local population protested the doubling of gas prices. Later, mining support started in other cities of Kazakhstan. The government headed by Askar Mamin resigned. Alikhan Smaililov was appointed as the Prime Minister of the new government. After the January incident, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced new changes and transformation. In his message to the people of Kazakhstan in March, he proposed changes to the Constitution in order to modernize and democratize the country's political system. In April, he proposed holding a national referendum on changes to the Constitution. 77.18% of citizens who participated in the referendum supported the changes. On June 8, the mentioned changes entered into force. These changes should lead to a change from a super-presidential system of government to a presidential system with a strong parliament. In his address to the people of Kazakhstan on September 1, 2022, he proposed holding extraordinary presidential elections despite the fact that the first 5-year presidential term will end in 2024. In addition, after the election, the president announced that he would introduce a proposal to extend the term of office from 5 to 7 years and to be elected for a single term. On September 2, a group of deputies called "New Kazakhstan" made a proposal to change the Constitution of the president's powers before the election and limit them to only one term. On September 13, the Constitutional Council approved the proposed changes. On September 16, the Parliament of Kazakhstan adopted a law on amendments to the Constitution. On September 21, 2022, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed a decree on holding extraordinary presidential elections on November 22, 2022. On October 6, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev was nominated as a candidate for the presidential election on behalf of the People's Coalition (which includes Amanat, Ak Zhol and the People's Party of Kazakhstan). won 81.31% of votes in the presidential election held on November 20. On November 26, he took office as the newly elected president. ### 2019 After the series of explosions in the city of Arys, which took place in June 2019 and became known as the Arys tragedy, Tokayev initiated a criminal case, instructed the Ministries of Internal Affairs and Defense to prevent possible explosions, and promised that the culprits would be brought to justice. On June 25, he went to the evacuation point of the city and met with the local population. Tokayev gave his first message to the people as president on September 2, 2019. In his speech, he paid some attention to the development of society and security, support of local businesses and the establishment of economic development in the country. In October 2019, it was revealed that all potential ministerial candidates, except for the Ministers of Defense, Interior and Foreign Affairs, would need to receive Nazarbayev's approval before being appointed. After the Bek Air plane crash of the same year, Tokayev declared December 28, 2019 as the National Day of Mourning and promised that all the culprits would be punished according to the law. ### 2020 After the inter-ethnic conflict in the village of Masanchi, which took place in February 2020, Tokayev dismissed the akim of Kordai district, the deputy akim of Zhambyl region, and the police chiefs of the region and district. He said that the inter-ethnic conflict between Kazakhs and Dungyns was caused by the conflict between "two criminal groups". In an interview with the Informburo agency, Tokayev spoke about the situation of Mukhtar Zhakishev: "This issue is only within the jurisdiction of the court. I know, of course, that Zhakishev has applied for early parole due to his health several times. The court session will be held on March 3. Let's wait for his decision, I have no doubt that it will be done fairly." On March 3, 2020, the Semipalatinsk City Court granted Zhakishev's request for parole. He was in prison for 14 years since 2009. On May 2, 2020, Nazarbayev's daughter, Dariga Nazarbayeva, was dismissed from the Senate and from the post of Senate chairman by decree. There have been some theories about the reason for this decision; some associate it with Tokayev's increasing political influence, while others say it stems from the conflict between the ruling elite. In his address to the people on September 1, Tokayev spoke about seven planned reforms. In addition, he spoke about optimizing the social system of Kazakhstan, increasing productivity and creating a green economy, equalizing the business environment, investing more in education and overseeing management. ### 2021 In the fall of 2020, Tokayev confirmed the date of the 2021 parliamentary elections. According to the President, "The Central Election Commission and the General Prosecutor's Office conduct regular monitoring to preserve the legality, transparency and fairness of elections." On the election day, Tokayev said that the government will be removed from office according to the law and will consult with the newly elected deputies and party leaders on the issue of appointing the prime minister and cabinet members. As a result of the election, the ruling Nur Otan party became the majority party again, and Askar Mamin was re-elected as the prime minister. The experts of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) said that "the election was held without any competition" and "all political parties continue to support the projects of the ruling party, voters have no political alternative to choose from." On April 28, 2021, Nazarbayev resigned as chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (APA). His successor was President Tokayev, whose candidacy for the presidency was supported by the majority of ANC members. Tokayev made Nazarbayev the Honorary Chairman of the Assembly for his "historic merit". On November 23, 2021, Nazarbayev's press secretary Aidos Ukibai announced that Nazarbayev would transfer the position of Nur Otan leader to Tokayev. ### 2022 After large protests in January 2022, Tokayev dismissed Askar Mamin and his government. Initially, in an attempt to calm the public during the protests, Tokayev planned to announce new reforms and introduced price controls on liquefied natural gas, diesel and gasoline, as well as other goods of social importance, but as the protests continued, Tokayev ordered the army to use force against the protesters and " ordered to shoot without warning. On January 11, Tokayev appointed Alikhan Smayilov as the Prime Minister. On March 16, 2022, Tokayev proposed the approval of constitutional reforms and the reduction of the powers of the president. According to him, it is better to move the country from the system of "super-presidential republic" to "presidential republic with powerful parliament". On April 26, he left the Amanat party. As a result of the June 5 referendum, the president was banned from being part of the party during his presidency. Kassym-Jomart Tokaev won the extraordinary presidential election held on November 20, 2022, having collected 81.31% of the total votes. On November 26, 2022, its second inauguration ceremony was held. ### 2023 After taking office, Tokayev announced that the Senate elections will be held in January 2023, noting that he sees these elections as a part of the "planned continuation of the process of political modernization". According to the conclusion, "part of the Senate's deputy corps will be updated based on the principles of competition and transparency." Local maslikhats elected 20 senators out of 130 candidates who announced their candidacy during the election (according to the Constitution, two deputies are elected to the senate from each oblast, republican city and capital). The remaining 10 candidates are nominated by the president, half of whom are nominated by the People's Assembly. On January 19, 2023, Tokayev signed a presidential decree on the official dissolution of the 7th convened Majilis and holding extraordinary parliamentary elections on March 19, 2023. It is believed that this day was chosen on purpose for the Nauryz holiday and the fourth anniversary of the resignation of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev. While signing the decree, Tokayev praised the work of Majilis deputies and said that they set an example of "high professionalism, responsibility towards citizens and true patriotism." He also said that early elections will be the last stage of the "modernization of state power institutions" in accordance with the formula "Strong President - Influential Parliament - Accountable Government". On March 27, the election results were officially announced, and it was revealed that Amanat was the party with the most mandates. Shortly after the election, the Second Alikhan Smayilov government began its work. On February 15, Tokayev signed a law abolishing many of Nursultan Nazarbayev's privileges, including lifetime financial support from the state, appeals to the people, and the right to consult officials, and stripped his close relatives of legal immunity. Soon, Nazarbayev was also deprived of the honorary title of President according to the law. Tokaev took part in the Victory Day parade held in Moscow on May 9. It was the second Victory Day parade since the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, but unlike the 2022 parade, this time the parade in Moscow was attended by several foreign leaders, including Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov, Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon, President of Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedov and President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev attended. In June 2023, a large fire started in Abay region as a result of lightning. On June 11, Tokayev flew to the region and declared a day of national mourning in the country. That evening, he awarded the Order of Honor to all those who died during fire fighting. The large-scale fire was completely extinguished at 13:00 on July 13. On November 3, 2023, the 2023 summit of the Organization of Turkic States was held in Astana, chaired by Tokayev. ### 2024 In March 2024, in Atyrau, in his speech before the National Assembly, Tokayev said that the design of the coat of arms of Kazakhstan will change and the new design will be selected through a competition. It was also said that the design of the coat of arms will be changed because it "resembles the coat of arms of the Soviet era" and is too "eclectic", "complicated". In addition, Tokayev criticized the religious dress, calling it "an open attack on traditional values." In June 2024, Tokayev announced that a referendum on the construction of a nuclear power plant in the country would be held in the fall of that year. The exact date of the referendum will be announced by the government itself. ### Political reforms In May 2022, Tokaev "On the procedure for organizing and holding peaceful meetings in the Republic of Kazakhstan", "On introducing changes and additions to the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "" He signed the laws "On Amendments and Supplements to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Political Parties", "On Elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan" and "On Amendments to the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan". In his address to the people, he said that "in order to create a modern state, Kazakhstan should create a multi-party system" and said that the ruling Nur Otan party should cooperate more with other parties. The idea of "a state that listens to the voice of the people" One of the important elements of Tokayev's state policy was to present the idea of "a state that listens to the voice of the people" (sometimes the listening state or the listening state), in which public administration " will adhere to the principle of "the state for the citizen, not the citizen for the state". Tokaev advocated political reforms that promote the concept of a state that listens to civil society. Tokayev also proposed holding direct elections of mayors of rural districts, settlements and villages in 2021 and signed the draft law on it in 2020. As a result of the 2021 parliamentary elections, only three of the 5 registered parties won a mandate in the Mazhilis. At the opening ceremony of the 7th Parliament, Tokayev suggested that the percentage barrier of 7% to 5% was lowered and the option "I'm against everything" was put back on the ballot. The parliament adopted these constitutional reforms proposed by Tokayev, and they entered into force on May 25, 2021. Creation of the National Constitution On June 14, 2022, Tokayev signed the law on the creation of the National Constitution. This body was the successor of the National Council of Public Trust. Death penalty In December 2019, Tokayev said that Kazakhstan will sign the second optional protocol of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. His speech was made after the discussion on human rights by the National Council of Public Trust. From there, Tokayev tasked the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the task of starting the process of accession to the Second Optional Protocol, which establishes measures to abolish the death penalty in the country. Representative of Kazakhstan to the United Nations Kairat Omarov signed the protocol. On January 2, 2021, Tokayev signed the legislation abolishing the death penalty. ### Economic reforms In the first months of his presidency, Tokayev stopped providing government assistance to banks and introduced a loan forgiveness system in order to reduce the burden on socially vulnerable groups of the population. In 2020, the salaries of teachers, doctors and social workers increased. During the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Tokayev instructed the government to create an anti-crisis plan that fulfills "all social obligations". In response, a series of packages aimed at easing the burden on the private sector through cheap credit, tax breaks, audit cuts and employment incentives have been unveiled. As the pandemic progressed, commodity inflation began to rise, leading to increased social and labor unrest, especially in western Kazakhstan. In response, Tokayev accused the government and the central bank of being too "incompetent", called on them to reduce the inflation rate, and noted the excess money supply in the state budget. In September 2021, the country's minimum wage was increased for the first time since 2018. COVID-19 pandemic Due to the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kazakhstan in March 2020, Tokayev introduced a state of emergency in the country on March 15. In his speech on national television, Tokayev noted that he had signed a special decree "On measures to ensure the stability of state work" and noted that the documents allow to increase the efficiency of the activities of state bodies, strengthen the vertical of power and make all the necessary decisions quickly. In order to stop the spread of the virus, Tokayev ordered to stop the events for Nauryz holiday and the military parade for Victory Day. As a proponent of the COVID-19 vaccination, Tokayev criticized the Ministry of Health and the entire government for the slow pace of vaccine introduction in the first months. In an effort to increase public confidence in the vaccine, Tokayev received a dose of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine produced in Kazakhstan in April 2021. According to the press secretary, Tokayev did not experience any side effects as a result. Education At the teachers' conference held in April 2019, Tokayev announced that the average salary of school teachers in Kazakhstan will double in four years. He also instructed the Ministry of Education and Science to develop and implement special programs to close the academic gap of children from low-income families and schools in disadvantaged areas, and emphasized the need to overcome the inequality in education, especially between rural and urban areas. Energy In April 2019, Tokayev expressed the need to install a nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan and stated that the country will face a shortage of electricity by 2030. In May 2021, Tokayev announced the Low Carbon Development Concept, a project that aims to reduce Kazakhstan's dependence on coal by 2035 by developing the country's energy balance. Ecology On June 17, 2019, Tokayev established the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources and appointed Magzum Myrzagaliyev as its first minister. The Ministry was given the authority to protect the environment, rational use of natural resources, geology and enrichment of the mineral-raw material base, as well as solid household waste, water and wastewater treatment, forestry supervision. On January 4, 2023, the ministry was disbanded and replaced by the Ministries of Industry and Infrastructure Development and Environment and Natural Resources. Tokayev said that he is worried about the polluted air of Almaty. In 2021, he instructed the government, the city administration and the Samruk-Energo company to implement the final decision to switch the Almaty-2 CHP to natural gas in order to limit harmful emissions from the plant. However, experts in 2022 proved that the air quality of Almaty is not improving. Health care On July 7, 2020, Tokayev signed the new code "On public health and health care system" and the law "On amendments and additions to certain legislative acts on health care issues", which strengthened the legal protection of medical workers, redefined the rights of citizens regarding vaccination. Also, the code restricted the use of e-cigarettes, prohibited the import, production and distribution of snus and other smokeless tobacco products, and introduced administrative liability for selling tobacco products to persons under the age of 21. ### Foreign policy Tokayev promised to continue the foreign policy started by his predecessor Nursultan Nazarbayev. This policy includes measures to attract foreign investments, conduct a multi-vector foreign policy and ensure security in the region. In the first month in power, he met with 4 heads of state, two of them he met abroad, and the other two were welcomed in Nur-Sultan. Russia See also: Kazakhstan-Russia relations According to political scientist Rico Isaacs, Tokayev's decision to replace Nazarbayev was made to prevent democratization in the country. According to Isaacs, the democratization of the country would harm Nazarbayev's legacy and the country's relations with Russia. Two weeks after taking office, on April 4, 2019, Tokayev made his first foreign visit to Moscow and met with Vladimir Putin. During the visit, Putin offered Tokayev Russian assistance in the construction of a proposed nuclear power plant in the country. In June 2019, Tokayev announced that the decision to build a nuclear power plant would be made by the will of the local people, "even through a referendum if necessary." By the end of 2020, Russian deputies Vyacheslav Nikonov and Yevgeny Fyodorov called the entire land of Kazakhstan a gift from the Soviet Union and concluded that Russia had leased this land. These findings provoked a reaction from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, which said that the relations between the two countries could be damaged due to these "provocative" attacks. In an interview with Egemen Kazakhstan, Tokayev said that "a few foreign citizens" want to "worse" the relations between the two countries and said that "no one has given this large land to Kazakhstan." After Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Tokayev said that Russia would not recognize the puppet states of Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. According to him, "we do not recognize Taiwan, Kosovo, South Ossetia, or Abkhazia. We will apply this principle to the quasi-state structure of Luhansk and Donetsk." Tokayev also noted that Kazakhstan will implement Western sanctions against Russia and that the country will "keep the restrictions imposed on Russia and Belarus." 2023 On May 9, he participated in the Victory Day parade in Moscow and met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. went on a state visit. There, he met with President Xi Jinping, during the meeting, both leaders agreed to establish a permanent comprehensive partnership. During his visit to Beijing University, he met with his former language teacher, Shiqin Tokayev He described him as "versatile, active, fast" and "one of the best students". Kazakhstan relations, Kazakhstan-Kyrgyz relations and Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan relations On April 14, 2019, Tokayev traveled to neighboring Uzbekistan and held talks with President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. This was the first meeting of the "second presidents". On May 16-17, Tokayev invited several heads of state, including Armen Sargsyan and Mamuka Bakhtadze, to the 12th Astana Economic Forum. Nursultan Nazarbayev was at the beginning of the summit. He also received the regional leaders of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Tajikistan, Armenia and Moldova for the summit of the Eurasian Economic Union and the High Eurasian Economic Council on May 29. During his visit to Kyrgyzstan at the end of 2019, he visited the museum-house of the Kyrgyz writer Chingis Aitmatov in Bishkek, met the late writer's wife, and recalled his first meeting with Aitmatov in Beijing in 1989. When the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War broke out, Tokayev demanded that Armenia withdraw its troops from the disputed region. Europe See also: Kazakhstan-European Union relations As the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tokayev visited Berlin, Germany on October 3-4, 2006 and spoke before the European Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee spoke. In his speech, Tokayev proposed Kazakhstan's candidacy to head the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in 2009. In his speech, he discussed the competition for energy sources between the European Union, China and India, saying that Kazakhstan is "one of the very few countries capable of increasing oil production, and thus Kazakhstan can become an important alternative energy supplier for the global and European markets." He also opposed the creation of the Transcapsian gas pipeline through Azerbaijan; EU officials wanted the implementation of this project due to the possibility of opposition from other countries bordering the Caspian Sea. Gernot Ehrler, the representative of the German Foreign Office, supported Kazakhstan's becoming president of the OSCE in 2009, while the Portuguese socialist MP Ana Gomes Tokayev said, "Minister, you are a candidate for the chairmanship of the OSCE. However, the OSCE said that your past elections did not meet the international standards of real elections. We heard that the political opposition in your country is being crushed. "We even hear that religious groups are being crushed." Although Tokayev said that the political opposition forces in Kazakhstan "cannot oppose the government" due to their weaknesses, Kazakhstanis need to be "educated" about democracy, [for them] this concept is foreign. According to Tokayev, the government will make religious tolerance a priority. He criticized the election report made by the OSCE for "technical difficulties" and "not doing it fairly" and called for "mutual understanding". He went on to say that he believed his government "can make a great contribution as a representative country located in Central Asia." On December 4, 2019, before his state visit to Germany, Tokayev gave an interview to the German Wave. There he called Germany "the most important European partner of Kazakhstan". In the same interview, he said that he does not consider the Russian Federation's annexation of Crimea to be an occupation, and at the same time said that he "believes in the wisdom of the Russian leadership." USA See also: US-Kazakhstan relations Tokayev with US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and US Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights Barry Lowenkron at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on September 25, 2006 met. According to Associated Press journalist Ann Gearan, according to some experts, despite the deterioration of the political situation in Kazakhstan, the US wants to improve its relations with Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's oil production has been predicted to increase significantly, and Kazakhstan has been described as "too authoritarian, too unstable, too poor" compared to other Central Asian countries. Before the meeting with Tokayev, Rice refused to answer the question "which comes first" during the negotiations, human rights or energy. After becoming president, Tokayev continued existing diplomatic relations with Kazakhstan's strategic allies, including the United States. On February 2, 2020, he met with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in Nur-Sultan, during the talks, the importance of improving relations between the two countries and strengthening trade, investment, IT technology, democratic values and the fight against terrorism was mentioned. According to some analysts, Pompeo's visit to Kazakhstan was designed to counter China's influence in the country, as Pompeo had previously met with ethnic Kazakh families who were victims of camps in Xinjiang and called on Tokayev to pressure China to persecute ethnic Uyghurs and Kazakhs. ## Political views Tokayev is described as a "moderate conservative" with experience in local and international power. However, in an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Tokayev described himself as a "reformer" and said that there will be no economic reforms without political reforms. According to The Diplomat, Tokayev's political capital did not exceed the support of Nazarbayev, which allowed him to gain support and trust from the business elite, civil servants and political institutions. For this reason, Tokaev has been described as a "political native of Nazarbayev" and his opponents and critics called him "furniture" (Russian: мебел), a derisive term first coined in 2019 by exiled Kazakh businessman Mukhtar Ablyazov. ### Corruption Tokayev described his attitude towards corruption, called it "direct damage to national security", and spoke about the major responsibility of governors in the fight against corruption. On November 28, 2019, a draft law was approved that obliges ministers and mayors who were members to resign if they are found guilty of corruption. ### Russian language As president, Tokayev called on the Kazakh public to learn the Kazakh language, calling it "the duty of every Kazakhstani". In addition, he believed that strengthening the role of the Kazakh language should not harm the Russian language, and said that if this issue is not considered properly, it can have "irreparable consequences", and noted the ethnic conflicts in Ukraine. On October 13, 2023, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev spoke about the "special role" of the Russian language in relations between the CIS countries. According to the press service of the President of Russia, Tokayev "suggested the creation of an international organization for the development of the Russian language." The official website of the President of Kazakhstan did not report this. On October 18, 2023, Tokayev approved the project of this international organization and called this decision a "historic decision". ## His life The wife of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (married 1980-2020, [source?] divorced) was Nadezhda Davydovna Tokaeva (born September 27, 1957). She is the former Honorary President of the Women's Guild of the United Nations Office in Geneva (2011–2012), the First Lady of Kazakhstan (2018–2020). A graduate of the Moscow Institute of History and Archives, a citizen of Russia. Tokaevs' son Timur Kemel (born in 1984) is one of the founders of the BESK Holding Company, Karaoba-2005 and Kazakhstan Tungsten & Molybdenum Company LLP, heads the charity foundation named after Kemel Tokaev. Graduate of Lehman College (Geneva, Switzerland), Webster University (Bellevue, Switzerland) and Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Candidate of political sciences (since 2009). His wife is Eldana Seitkaliovyna Shalabaeva (daughter of Batima Zavirbekova and Seitkali Shalabayev). Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's sister Karlyga Kemelovny Izbastina (Tokaeva; born September 19, 1956) is the director of Abi Petroleum Capital LLP. Her husband Temirtai Izbastin (born September 10, 1957) is the Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Bulgaria (2019–2022) and Head of the Diplomatic Mission (2009–2019). * Daughter Dana Temirtaikovna Medeuova (born in 1978) owns Dami Investment, Dami International, SD Property Investments in Bulgaria. * The eldest son (born in 1981) Kanysh Temirtaiuly Izbastin is the chairman of BRK-Leasing (2008–2012), KazExportGarant export credit insurance corporation (May–November 2012), KazAgroFinance (2015–2021). His wife Botagoz Kozykorpeshovna Karbuzova (born in 1982; daughter of Kozy-Korpesh Zhaparkhanuly Karbuzov) is the director of KENSE 99 LLP. Children: Sarah Aylen (2009), Sofia (2011), Salma (2013). The middle son, Mukhamed Temirtaiuly Izbastin (born in 1983) is the founder of TSM Group, manages a subsidiary of the charitable fund named after Kemel Tokaev. Among the 50 most influential entrepreneurs of 2022 according to the Kazakh Forbes magazine. * Younger son Beket Temirtaiuly Izbastin (born in 1984) is the general director of PSA. Another sister of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Karlygash Kemelovny Tokaeva (born in 1960) is a candidate of political sciences. They both have two other siblings; Wings and Happiness. Tokaev is a polyglot, speaks Kazakh, Russian, English, Chinese and French, and was president of the Kazakhstan Table Tennis Federation for 13 years. Tokayev said that he does not celebrate his birthday. This is due to the fact that there is no tradition of celebrating birthdays in the president's family. According to the Swiss Public Eye organization, in 2010, Tokayev's son Timur had a business in the field of oil and metal production. In December 2021, when Alexei Navalny's team investigated the Russian real estate register, it was discovered that data on the Russian property of Tokayev's relatives had been deleted from Rosreestr. ## Books * "United Nations Organization: half a century of service to the world" (1995), * "Foreign policy of Kazakhstan in the context of globalization" (2000), \< > * "Diplomatiya Respublika Kazakhstan" (2001) * "Slovo ob otse" (2005), * "Svet i ten" (2007), * "On delate istoriyo" (2010). ## Awards ## Honors * Full member of the World Academy of Humanities and Natural Sciences, member of the "Council of Wise Men" of the Munich Security Conference * Honorary Professor of Shenzhen University (China) * Honorary Professor and Honorary Doctor of the Russian MFA Diplomatic Academy, member of the Board of Trustees * Honorary President of the International Relations Council of Kazakhstan * Honorary Dean of the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations * The recipient of the "Academicus" diploma of the University of Geneva * S.N. Winner of the Roerich Memorial Medal. ## See also * Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * State structure of Kazakhstan; * The government of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is the Cabinet of Ministers headed by Tokayev, which was in office in 1999-2002. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6152

greenland (island)

Greenland is the largest island in the world. Its peculiarity is that it is almost completely under the ice (85%), so its mineral resources have not yet been fully explored. However, its shores are green throughout the summer, some plants on the island continue to bloom even at a temperature of -20 °C. If the Greenland ice sheet were to melt completely, the world sea level would rise by 7.4 meters. The ice of the island is always moving from the center to the edges, sometimes at a speed of 20 meters per day. And upon reaching the coast of the island, the huge ice breaks into mountains and falls into the ocean, their height is 100 m and length is up to a kilometer. The famous Titanic sank after hitting an iceberg from Greenland. Every year 10-15 thousand icebergs break away from Greenland. Greenland belongs to Denmark for the last three centuries, it is autonomous with its own government and parliament. Local residents are demanding independence, and in recent years they have only gained the right to self-government. Although the first inhabitants were Eskimos, Eric the Yellow is recognized as the first person to discover the island. He discovered Greenland in 982 when he was persecuted for killing people from Norway and Iceland, and he gave the name Greenland to the island. The island was colonized by Denmark in 1721. Local inhabitants are Inuit. The population is 56 thousand. Inuits are engaged in hunting and fishing. The Inuit do not want to be called Eskimos. Very good-natured, but likes to drink vodka. The sun rarely comes out on the island, but when it does, the sun is very hot. In this case, residents like to go outside to sunbathe in their underwear, if you don't notice, you can get sunburned in a short time on the island. They are exempt from Danish taxes, but Denmark controls all mineral resources of the island. That's why Greenland is called "green land" forever ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7376

ҚR

Kazakhstan ( Казахстан [qɑzɑqˈstɑn]), full name Republic of Kazakhstan ( Republic of Kazakhstan) is a country located in Eastern Europe and Central Asia. It stretches for 3,000 km from the lower reaches of the Volga River in the west, to the Altai Mountains in the east, from the West Siberian plain in the north, to the Kyzylkum desert and the Tien-Shan mountain system in the south for 1,600 km. Kazakhstan has access to the countries of Azerbaijan and Iran through the Caspian Lake, to the Sea of Azov and the Black Sea through the Volga River and the Volga-Don Canal. Kazakhstan is the largest among the states that do not have direct access to the ocean. Kazakhstan shares borders with five countries, including the world's longest land border with Russia in the north and west — 7,591 km. To the south: Turkmenistan — 426 km, Uzbekistan — 2354 km and Kyrgyzstan — 1241 km, and to the east: China — 1782 km. The total length of the land border is 13394 km. It is washed by the Caspian Lake (2000 km) in the west, and the Aral Sea in the southwest. The population of the country on March 1, 2024 is 20,075,271, which is the 64th place in the world. In terms of land area, it ranks 9th among the countries of the world (2,724,902 km²). The capital of the country is the city of Astana. The state language is Kazakh. The official language is Russian. The national composition of Kazakhstan is diverse. The majority of the population consists of resident Kazakhs, percentage share — 70.18%, Russians — 18.42%, Uzbeks — 3.29%, Ukrainians — 1.36%, Uighurs — 1.48%, Tatars — 1.06%. , other nations 5.38%. More than 75% of the population are Muslims, 21% are Orthodox Christians, and the rest are representatives of other religions. It is considered as a developing economy according to its economic indicators. Gross domestic product of the country GDP (nominal) = $205.539 billion (2018). The main direction of the economy is production of raw materials in the field of fuel and energy, agriculture (farming). The main currency of the country is tenge. on December 16, 1991, due to the collapse of the USSR, it declared its independence and was recognized as an independent state by the international community. Full member of the UN since March 2, 1992. It is also a member of several other international organizations such as the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Collective Security Treaty Organization, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, and the Eurasian Economic Community. ## Etymology The word Kazakhstan is composed of the words Kazakh and Stan, meaning Kazakh country. Recently, the names Kazakh country, Great Steppe country and Kazakhiya have been used among the people. ## History ### Ancient Kazakhstan The land of modern Kazakhstan was inhabited by the ancient human race about 1 million years ago. In the Bronze Age, the vast steppes of Siberia, the Zhaiyk region, Kazakhstan and Central Asia were inhabited by tribes related in terms of origin and historical destinies. These tribes have left a bright culture of their own. In science, this is called the Andron culture. During the Early Iron Age (the middle of the 1st millennium BC), tribal unions were formed in Kazakhstan. The tribes living in the southern, eastern and central regions of Kazakhstan are united in the Saka tribal union, and the tribes in the western and northern regions are united in the Sauromatian tribal union. In the 3rd century before our era, some tribes established their own state on the territory of Kazakhstan and entered into political relations with far and near countries. The first of them were Xiongnu (Huns). Researchers believe that the Huns are the ancestors of the Turks. When this union was led by Müde, the Huns became known to the whole world. The march of the Huns to the west triggered the "Great Migration of Peoples". Usuns (houses) who inherited the land of Sakas in ancient Tigrahauda in Zhetysu in 160 BC. created his own state in the Ile Valley. They bordered the state of Kanly. The states formed by these tribes established political, economic and cultural ties with countries such as China, Parthia, Rome and the Kushan Empire. ### Early Middle Ages Kazakhstan (Turkic era) Early Middle Ages states on the territory of Kazakhstan (VI-IX centuries) At the beginning of the VI century in today's Kazakh land There were very difficult turns. In the lands of Altai-Siberia, Mongolia, representatives of the dominant class of Turkic tribes united and formed an early feudal state called the Turkic Khaganate, which relied on military power. Their territory includes the territory of Central Asia, starting from East Korea. Kazakhstan was also part of this khanate. Written information about this state is known from the inscriptions of the Turkic tribes written in their own language on the tombstones of "Ulken kültegin", "Tonykok". Many valuable data can be obtained from the historical writings of Mahmud Kashkari and Rashid al-Din. Byzantine and Chinese historians also provide a lot of information. In the history of Kazakhstan, this period is known as the "Turkish era" (VI-XIII centuries). Several feudal states exercised their political-administrative power in the Kazakh territory during the specified period. Feudal relations began to be established in Kazakhstan from the 5th century after the first communal structure (German word feod- "land", al- "owner", i.e. gives the concept of the owner of the land). Among the medieval tribes, two main classes were formed: the feudal class and the peasant class. Feudals are the main owners of cattle and land. The establishment of feudal relations was faster in the south of Kazakhstan than in other regions. One of the main features of the history of Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages was the establishment of these feudal-patriarchal relations. See also: Turkic Khaganate, West Turkic Khaganate, Turgesh Khaganate and Karluk Khaganate ### Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages (Oghiz Era) Modern Kazakhstan in the Middle Ages Karakhan, Karakytai, Oghiz, and Kimak states lived on its land. ### Kazakhstan within the Russian Empire Russian colonization of Kazakhstan began in 1731 with the accession of Abulkhair the Younger Khan to Russia. This process lasted more than 130 years and was fully implemented by the middle of the 60s of the 19th century. In 1731-1860, Kazakhstan was subject to Russia, mostly verbally, but in practice, clan and tribal rulers conducted an independent policy. Although the tsarist government ruthlessly suppressed popular uprisings, it did not interfere in the country's internal affairs (judiciary system, inter-tribal issues). He strengthened his power by appointing salaries and various titles to influential people in the country, clan heads, and on the other hand, he made administrative reforms and punished those who did not obey. * 1822 "Charter about Siberian Kazakhs", 1824. The procedure for managing the Kazakh land was established by the documents "Charter on Orynbor Kazakhs". According to these laws, the Middle Hundred and Small Hundred Khanates were abolished. Instead of the khanate, a system of administrative management, like in Russia, was formed in the small hundred. And in Orta Hundred, the administrative position of "elder sultan" was introduced. Internal districts were created. Districts were divided into bolys, bolys into villages. * At the beginning of the 19th century, Khiva and Kokan khans established their control over South Kazakhstan. Kazakhs often rebelled against the rulers of Kokan and Khiva. The intensification of colonial oppression, seizing desirable lands and building fortresses led to the national liberation movement of the Kazakh people (1837–47) led by Kenesary Kasymuli. * In the 60s of the 19th century, the period of Kazakhstan's accession to Russia ended. * 1914 Russia's involvement in the First World War on August 1 was a severe blow to the people of Kazakhstan. * As a result of mass protests, there was an uprising in 1916. The beginning of the uprising was prompted by the Tsar's decree of June 25, 1916, to call men of the Kazakh and Turkestan regions, and partly of Siberia, between the ages of 19 and 43, to work at the front. The major foci of the uprising were in Zhetysu and Torgai. * 1917 The events of the February revolution, which overthrew the tsar, soon reached Kazakhstan. * 1917 On July 21-28, the 1st All-Kazakh Congress was held in Orinbor. Delegates are interested in national autonomy, land and water, etc. b. focused on solving problems, preparing for the Constituent Assembly and creating a Kazakh political party. Alikhan Bukeikhanov, Mukhamedzhan Tynyshbaev, Mirzhakip Dulatov, Akhmet Baitursynuly, Zhansha Dosmukhameduly, Khalel Dosmukhameduly, Magzhan Zhumabaev, etc. b. the figures created the Alash party against colonialism. They gathered around the slogan of liberating the Kazakh people from colonial oppression and began to create an independent, independent Kazakh democratic state in Alashorda. But soon Soviet power was established in the Kazakh lands as well as in the whole of Russia. ### Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic In 1917, Soviet power was established in Kazakhstan after the Bolshevik revolution. The First World War and the Civil War destroyed the entire country's economy. 1920-1921 almost half of the cattle were killed due to winter frostbite. In 1921, the summer was barren and famine broke out. Kazakhstan recovered only by the end of the 20s. Kazakhstan became an autonomous republic in 1920, and a union republic within the USSR in 1936. Taking into account the economic weakness of the region, the union government put forward the intensive development of Kazakhstan's economy, and in 1941, the volume of industrial production increased eight times compared to 1913. Thanks to the capabilities of the planned system of grouping resources for the implementation of large economic projects, Kazakhstan turned from a nomadic region into a large and industrial, agricultural and animal husbandry developed region with a high cultural level in the 1930s. Thousands of large industrial enterprises were established on the territory of Kazakhstan, tens of thousands of kilometers of railroads and highways were built. Kazakhstan was a major producer of various non-ferrous and ferrous metals, coal, oil, wheat, livestock products. In 1991, Kazakhstan accounted for 70 percent of the Union production of lead, zinc, titanium, magnesium, and tin, 90 percent of the production of phosphorus and chromium, and more than 60 percent of silver and molybdenum. Kazakhstan was a major producer of cereals. However, the Kazakh people will pay the price for the achievements in economic development. The method of "socialist industrialization" led to a tragic situation. As a result, the collectivization movement led to famine in the 1930s. A group of Kazakhs left for China and neighboring Central Asian countries. In 1931-1934, one and a half million people died from hunger and disease, which was 40 percent of the ethnic group. Kazakhstan was a unique republic with the smallest share of the main population on the territory of the former USSR; such a situation was not due to the loss of a large part of the population in the 30s, but hundreds of thousands of people from other regions of the USSR to the territory of Kazakhstan during the ineffective Bolshevik regime in 1937-1938. It was caused by resettlement by organization of concentration camps for victims of terror. In the period from 1935 to 1940, there was a lot of deportation of Poles from Western Ukraine, Belarus and Lithuania (about 120 thousand people). During the Second World War, Volga Germans, Chechens, Ingush and other nationalities from the Caucasus were forcibly relocated to Kazakhstan, and in the 50-60s. Millions of people from Russia, Ukraine, Belarus immigrated to our country due to development. As a result, in 1926, the share of all citizens in the republic was 57.1%, in 1939, this indicator decreased to 38%, and in 1959, it was equal to only 30%. Only in recent years, the specific weight of Kazakhs has reached 50%. On the eve of the 70-80s, the crisis in the economic and social-political life of the USSR also affected Kazakhstan. The strict planning system has stalled the country's economic development and social sphere. That is why the reconstruction policy received wide support from the people of Kazakhstan, who believe in transparency and democracy. However, the suppression of the democratic uprising of the youth in Almaty, which took place on December 17, 1986, once again showed the invalidity of the "social" system. ### Republic of Kazakhstan In the 1990s, on December 8, 1991, the heads of the RKFSR, Ukraine, and Belarus met in Minsk (Belovezh Agreement). The main issues discussed are the cancellation of the 1922 treaty on the creation of the USSR, the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States. Documents on these issues were signed at the meeting. The President of Kazakhstan N. A. Neither Nazarbayev nor the heads of other Central Asian republics were invited. On December 13, 1991, the leaders of Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, and Tajikistan met in Ashgabat. The leaders of the Central Asian states expressed their support for the decision of Minsk (Belovezh Agreement). On December 20, 1991, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, RKFSR, Ukraine, Belarus, Armenia, and Moldova met in Almaty. Georgia participated in it only in the observer report. On December 21, 1991, the leaders of these 11 republics signed an agreement on the dissolution of the USSR and the creation of the CIS. The republics freed from the grip of the Soviet system began to abandon the names "Soviet", "socialist". On December 10, 1991, at the session of the Supreme Council of the Republic, the name of the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic was changed to the Republic of Kazakhstan. One of the most important issues agreed upon during the Almaty meeting was the negotiation on joint measures related to nuclear weapons. It was signed by the leaders of Belarus, Kazakhstan, the Russian Federation and the Republic of Ukraine in the report of the state with nuclear weapons. According to the agreement of the states, the participants were supposed to jointly develop a policy on the nuclear issue and ensure the collective security of all republics that are part of the Commonwealth of Independent States. The August 1991 uprising, which accelerated the process of disintegration of the USSR, contributed to the declaration of independence by many republics by October 1991. On December 16, 1991, at the seventh session of the Supreme Council of the Republic, the Law "On State Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted. Kazakhstan declared its independence on this day. So, December 16, 1991 is the day of independence of the Republic. In the second millennium In the 10 years of the second millennium ## Geography The land area of the Republic of Kazakhstan is 2.7 million square kilometers. It is one of the largest states in the world in terms of land area. According to this indicator, it ranks 9th after Russia, Canada, China, USA, Brazil, Australia, India and Argentina. The republic is located in the center of the Eurasian continent, equidistant from all oceans. The republic stretches up to 3,000 km from the Volga River basin in the west to the peaks of the Altai Mountains in the east, and from the West Siberian plain (Northern Kazakhstan plain) in the north to the Kyzylkum desert and the Tien-Shan mountain system in the south, up to 1,600 km. The far northern point (55 26 N) corresponds to the central part of the Eastern European plain and the south of the British Isles, and the southern point (40 56 N) corresponds to the latitude of the countries outside the Caucasus and the Mediterranean region of Southern Europe. Kazakhstan is located in the middle and southern latitudes of the temperate zone. Depending on the geographical location, forest steppe, steppe, desert and desert zones are formed. The western edge of the country (46 27 latitude) is near the Yelton and Baskyngchak lakes, and the eastern point (87 20 latitude) is close to the source of the Buktyrma River. 10% of its territory is high mountain regions, the rest is lowlands, plains, plateaus, plateaus. The highest place in Kazakhstan is the Khantangiri peak (6995 m, 7010 m including the snow ring). It is located in the Tien-Shan mountain system. On the eastern coast of the Caspian Sea, the lowest place in the country, the Karakiya depression, is located 132 m below sea level. ## Administrative division The Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state. According to the administrative structure, it includes 17 regions, 89 cities, including 3 cities of republican importance (Astana, Almaty, Shymkent), 186 districts, 174 rural districts. ### Major cities * Cities of Kazakhstan * Districts of Kazakhstan ## Population ## State structure According to the Constitution adopted in the republican referendum on August 30, 1995, Kazakhstan established itself as a democratic, secular, legal and social state. The Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state with a presidential form of government. The highest representative body of the republic is the Parliament. He exercises the legislative power of the republic. The Parliament consists of two permanent Chambers: the Senate and the Mazhilis. To the Senate from each region and resp. two people are elected from 2 important cities. 15 deputies of the Senate are appointed by the President of the Republic for the term of office of the Parliament. Mazhilis consists of sixty-seven deputies elected by one-mandate territorial constituencies with an approximately equal number of voters, and 10 deputies elected by party lists, created taking into account the administrative-territorial division of the republic. The President forms the Government in accordance with the procedure established by the Constitution. Within ten days after the appointment, the Prime Minister submits a proposal to the President of the Republic on the structure and composition of the Government. The Constitutional Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan consists of seven members, whose mandate lasts for six years. The chairman of the Constitutional Council is appointed by the President of the Republic. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, justice is exercised only by the court. It is established by law of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Court and local courts of the republic. Local state management is carried out by local representation (maslikhat) and executive bodies (akimtik) responsible for the state of affairs in the respective territory. ## Nature ### The modern topography of Kazakhstan is formed after many long periods of paleogeographical development, due to the alternation of marine and continental conditions, constant changes in climate changes and tectonics. formed as a result of movements. Average of the Republic. There are no Varian (Hercynian) mountain systems in the part. As a result of intense continental deformation since the Paleozoic, the residual ridge turned into denudation plains and low mountains. Only Torgai Kolat and the south-eastern part of the republic were occupied by individual bays of Cenozoic moraine basins, and the entire southwestern part was occupied by the Cretaceous and Neogene sea. Mangistau Peninsula only in the Quaternary period Archived September 8, 2013. and the areas adjacent to it, the climate has turned into a dry plain. The formation process of the high mountain region formed in the Neogene-Quaternary period in the south-east of Kazakhstan continues to this day. It is evidenced by the movements and tremors of the earth's crust in this region. The mountainous region has been covered by ice 3 times in its natural history, as a result of which snow, glacial valleys and moraine rocks are exposed here. ### Kazakhstan occupies the south-eastern edge of the East European platform (Caspian Syneclise) and the western part of the Ural-Mongolian folded belt. The layered belt continues to the south-west of the Turan basin (plateau). * Paleozoic structures of Mughalzhar and Karatau (Mangistau) are exposed under the Mesocenezoic outcrop of the plate. In the mountainous part of Kazakhstan to the east of them, Ort. Paleozoic Massif of Kazakhstan — Saryarka, several fold systems and regions (Kazakhstan parts of Chinggis — Tarbagatai, Ob — Zaisan and Altai — Sayan fold regions), Solt. It is possible to distinguish the alpine belts of Tien-Shan and Zhetysu Alatau near the latitudinal direction. The Caspian Syneclise (basin) consists of sediments classified into three parts. Low. part is thick. Up to 13 km of ridges and valleys. and avg. from Paleozoic sandy-slate, clayey, carbonate-terrigenous layers, avg. part is from the salt series of the Kungur layer (about 5 km thick), there is no surface. It is composed of Permian-Mesozoic marine, continental sediments (4-6 km)... ### The climate of Kazakhstan is very continental. The continentality of the climate is reflected in its peculiarities. They include: a large difference between winter and summer temperatures, dryness of the air, uneven rainfall in many parts of the republic, long and frosty winter in the north, and short and mild winter in the south. According to the geographic latitude where Kazakhstan is located, the climate corresponds to the humid subtropical Mediterranean countries and the temperate continental central Europe. But because our country is located in the middle of the huge Eurasian continent, its climate is unique. Because they are thousands of kilometers away from the world's oceans, their climate mitigation effect is very small. Kazakhstan is located in the south of the temperate climate zone, so four seasons (summer, autumn, winter, spring) are clearly defined. Siberia gets very cold in winter. In summer, the effect of the warm and even hot air of Central Asia is noticeable. Temperature differences between seasons increase the continentality of the climate. Due to its geographical location (that is, its location too far from the oceans, the main source of atmospheric moisture) and topography, a dry continental climate has developed in the vast territory of Kazakhstan. Like any other territorial regions, the climate of the republic is influenced by a complex of radiation and circulation factors. Radiation Archived February 4, 2017. Over the territory of Kazakhstan, a high-pressure air circulation system (anticyclone) dominates throughout the winter, and a low-pressure (cyclone) atmospheric circulation system often forms in the summer. Anticyclonic weather prevails in most parts of the territory of the republic. Therefore, the duration of sunlight increases from 2000 to 3000 hours a year from north to south. 120 days a year in the north and 260 days in the south are continuously cloudless, and the number of cloudy days decreases from 60 days to 10 days (Balkash region). As a result of these, the amount of total radiation gradually increases from 4200 to 5500 MJ/m2 from left to right. In the same way, the amount of radiation absorbed due to the reflectivity of the surface (surface of the earth) increases steadily towards the south. In winter, when a permanent snow cover forms, the maximum level of reflectivity reaches 70-80%, and in summer it decreases to 20-30% in many places. The annual effective value of radiation varies from 1500 in the north to 2100 MJ/m2 in the south. Seasonal duration of negative radiation balance. 3.5 — 4.5 months in the south (November — March), 1 month in the south. ### The average annual volume of surface water resources of Kazakhstan is 100.5 km³; of which only 56.5 km³ is formed on the territory of the republic, the remaining volume consists of river waters coming from Central Asian states, the Russian Federation and the People's Republic of China. In terms of river water flow, Kazakhstan is one of the countries with the least amount of water on the planet. Necessary water consumption lake. It is 54.5 km³, the possibility of using it for agriculture at the average annual rate of water content does not exceed 46.0 km3. In the years of water scarcity, the lake is a source of water resources. Up to 58 km³, and the used water decreases to 26 km³, respectively. Fresh underground water reserves are 15.1 km³, with a utilization rate of 11.3% or 1.7 km³. A lake of returning waters. 4 km³, water returned to water sources does not exceed 2 km³, the rest of the flow content is dissipated or seeps into the ground. Runoff is the main source of pollution of natural waters and environment. ### Soil is one of the components of nature. The first soil in the earth's geological history. According to paleogeographical research, the first thin soil layer appeared 500 million years ago in the Cambrian era. At this time, vegetation has not yet formed. The science of soil science, which studies the soil cover, is a young science. It was founded in the 80s of the XIX century by the Russian scientist V. V. Dokuchaev - determined that the soil is a natural and historical body. Almost all soil types found in other countries are spread in Kazakhstan. There are taiga and tundra soil here, but there is no soil characteristic of the humid subtropical belt. ### Vegetation There are approximately 6,025 plant species in Kazakhstan, excluding introduced, cultivated and accidentally introduced species. 18 species of wild plants are cosmopolitan (grows on continents other than Antarctica), 285 are holarctic (grows in Eurasia and North America). Among them, 535 (about 11%) are found only in Kazakhstan (endemics). There are several botanical zones here. Mountain plants form their own altitude zones. Rivers, lakes, swamps, floodplains, meadows, ponds do not belong to any zone. Species of aquatic plants are few (63 hydrophilic species). They include half of all cosmopolitans (9 species, including grasses and rupias), 24 holarctic species (salvinia, tupunk, etc.). These are 52% of aquatic plants, that is, the oldest plants. It is the same from the paleobotanical point of view; The sedge family (with 21 species) existed 70-100 million years ago (in the Cretaceous period), salvinia, gerbera, and telorez 40-70 million years ago. Aquatic plants, belonging to the group of tropical, hydrophilic plants, flourished in Kazakhstan 25-40 million years ago (in the Oligocene). There are more than 450 types of swamp, river flood and pond plants. In meadows and sometimes swampy areas, there are more forage grasses such as wheatgrass, sedge, yarrow, meadow horsetail, meadow clover, meadow chickpea, common beechmania, reed, sedge, sedge. From their grouping, a meadow with different productivity is formed. Plant of the desert zone * Tree-shrubs occupying gray soil flat lands (South Kazakhstan) include pistachio and (the fruit is ordinary pistachio) Regel pear, mountain, tobyl, Karatau lepidolofa, prickly pear There are almonds (most of which are rare). The slopes of Talas Alatau, Karzhantau and Karatau are densely forested, dominated by yellow hawthorn and juniper. The barren thickets of sexeuil mainly consist of low (2-8m) leafless "undergrowth" - black sexeuil. Other edible plants (wort, sedge, ysen, sedge) are not few. * White wormwood, black wormwood, Turan wormwood are more common among the undergrown shrub plants in the desert with brown and gray-brown soil, and bayalish is more common in gypsum brown soil. There are also various ephemeroids (especially cypress and thick-stemmed sedge) and ephemerals. * Among the shrub plants in the sandy soil desert, there is a predominance of sedge, sand sedge, sedge, brush species, leafless sedge and hairy sedge. There are a lot of low shrub-like plants (wort, ysen) and perennial grasses (kaumerka). * In the desert where the undergrowth grows on brown soil, sarsazan, or b. vegetation dominates. * Field zone In the field zone, quail grass, red sedge, gray, fescue, Kyrgyz fescue, sedge fescue, sedge, and sedge grow. Relict plants are Siberian fescue, shiitake and many-rooted sedge. * Mountain vegetation The vegetation of Southern Altai, Sauyr, Dzhungar Alatau, Northern and Western Tien-Shan is divided into steppe, forest and alpine zones. The steppe belt in Southern Altai and Tarbagatai continues with the steppe zone, but the vegetation here is mixed with almond, larch, and alder. In the Dzungar Alatau and Tien-Shan (desert zone) fescue, gray meadow, wheat (hairy wheat), barley (barley with stubble) are grown here, rose hips, red cherry, etc. b. there are many plants. There are several types of forests in the mountains of Kazakhstan * spruce and pine forests (in Altai); * leafy (February); * larch (Altai and Dzungar Alatau); * spruce (Siberian spruce in Altai, Shrenk spruce in Dzungar Alatau and Tien-Shan); * apple tree (Dzungar Alatau and Tien-Shan); * apricot (North Tien-Shan); * foreign (Tian-Shan); * white birch (Tian-Shan). Due to the location of mountain forests in such a wide area, the presence of oak and elm forests in the west of the republic, and birch and pine forests in the north, the vegetation of forests and forest meadows exceeds 40% of all vegetation in Kazakhstan. Among them, there is 1 cosmopolitan (common oleander), more than 30 holarctic species - forest fern, feather fern, bearded fern, hops, sedge, and sedge. They are relics from the forests of ancient times. Such forest plants are characterized by rare relicts such as walnut, Semenov maple, Lepsi tape, Tien-Shan cycerbita, Semenov heather, as well as endemic species such as Kyrgyz birch, Bekara poplar, Musketov camel, thousand-horse razor-eared sedge, included in the "Red Book of Kazakhstan". . Alpine belts * Alpine meadows and small grass meadows are characteristic. The first of these is spread from the hairy hogweed, and in Altai from the Bellardi hogweed. The small grassy meadow contains krylov's fescue, Mongolian ptilagrostis, and alpine maralot, taran, yellow sedge, etc. among other grasses. b. there is * Subalpine meadows are formed in border areas with mountain ranges. In Tien-Shan, these are meadows made up of sedge, rock sedge, common sedge. There are also meadows consisting only of cat's tail. Usually, all these are fertile summer pastures, meadows. ### Animal world There are 172 species of mammals, 485 birds, 52 reptiles, 12 amphibians, and about 150 fish species in the vast land of Kazakhstan. There are even more invertebrates (insects, crustaceans, snails, worms, etc.). There are more than 30,000 species of insects alone. Such a large number of animal species depends on the geographical location of the republic, the development of the terrain and the long and complex history of the formation of animal species. Habitat of animals according to natural zones * Forest steppe zone. Elk, roe deer, white hare, gray mouse, water rat, wood vole, ptarmigan, white partridge, lake waterfowl - swan, goose, duck, seagull, starling, grebe inhabited the forest steppe zone in the north of Kazakhstan. From the Volga coast to the Altai mountain slopes, which stretches to the south, there are grasses and wormwood of the grain family, fescue-grown field shrew, field shrew, gray mouse, common gray mouse, field mouse, sarshunak (large, small, shrew), and birds - duadak, bezgeldek , kestrel, falcon, field trikushka, gray sparrows, eagle owls, field owls and meadow owls live here. Herds of antelope graze in these areas from spring to autumn, and they move to the desert region in winter. * Field zone. The eastern part of the forest in the valley of the Zhayik river is occupied by the western part of the steppe zone, moose and roe deer graze, European black mink, vole, and forest marten are also found here. Zhayik t. from amphibians. b. In the valleys of the rivers, there are frogs and wood frogs. There are a lot of buzzards, gray partridges, cranes, and gray grouse. In the middle part of the steppe zone with mountain ridges (Kokshe kryat) with dense pine trees, there are forest dwellers such as moose, roe deer, lynx, red woodpecker, white woodpecker, white woodpecker (in the thick forest along the Irtysh), ruffed grouse, black woodpecker, common woodpecker. In the east of the steppe zone, along with marmot, field mouse, and other animals such as field shrews, lynx, roe deer, and deer lived. * Desert zone. In the desert zone with different vegetation, there are several species of shrews (small, medium, yellow) and bipeds, gerbils and hares. White antelope and gazelle can be found here in abundance. In this zone, there are birds such as bower, shrike, ruffed grouse, grouse, etc. b. there is * Desert zone. In the desert zone, which covers the south of the republic up to the mountain slopes, there are several species of animals that live only here, and they go beyond the borders of the republic in the south. The plateau mouflon, which is found between Ustirt and Mangychilak rocks, where snow stops in winter and snow water collects in spring, feeds on succulent plants and is satisfied with brackish water. On the plateau there is a porcupine with a long needle, a lynx, a desert lynx - a karakal. Among the animals of the clay and gravel deserts, a representative of a special family, which is not found anywhere else in Kazakhstan, lives. It was found only in Betpakdala, in some areas on the northern shore of Lake Balkash, in Alakol and Zaisan potholes. The five-headed dwarf bison, found only in a few places near Northern Balkhash, is a unique animal. Among large animals, white antelope and gazelle winter in this desert. Among the birds, there are wagtails, wagtails, cranes, and plovers. Bare-footed raccoon, three-headed dwarf raccoon, sand mouse, thin-headed sardine, spotted ground squirrel, sand cat, etc. b. Adapted to live in sand. In the sands of Southern Balkhash, the typical species of this bee, the sparrow sparrow, the desert warbler live. In the Kumayt Desert, a number of species of lizards (white-headed, goats), snakes (bullet snakes, dragons, black rattlesnakes, etc.) and field turtles are distributed. Roe deer, wild boar, hare, pheasant etc. b. occurs. Balkhash, Sasykkol and others. Among the thick reeds on the shores of the lakes there are terns, plovers, egrets, coots, black herons, and seagulls. A very rare relic seagull, included in the "Kazakhstan Red Book", lives in the Alakol basin. * The animal world of the mountains surrounding the east and south of Kazakhstan is diverse. In the coniferous Altai forests, moose, deer, kudir, Siberian ptarmigan, arkar, Altai skunk, brown bear, sable, skunk, mink, leopard, squirrel, borscht, Altai marmot, black grouse, tundra partridge, white partridge, Altai elk, There are sparrows and sparrows. In the mountains extending south from the Zaisan pothole (Sauyr, Tarbagatai, Dzungar Alatauy) deer, roe deer, arka, Siberian ptarmigan, brown bear, lynx, leopard, long-tailed deer live. In Dzungar, Ile Alatau and Talas Alatau, instead of the blue marten, the red marten and the very rare Menabir marten have been introduced. In the south-eastern mountains of Kazakhstan, among the birds of prey, the osprey, tazkara, and eagle live. These places are also characterized by the Himalayan woodpecker, partridge, long-legged crow, common crow, red-tailed sparrow, juniper woodpecker, mountain sparrow, and bluebird. In the small rivers of Dzungar Alatau, the newt lives. ### Specially protected natural territories Specially protected natural territory is the land, water bodies and airspace sections above them with natural complexes and objects of the state nature reserve fund, which have a special protection regime. Specially protected territory - areas with valuable natural or man-made (valuable ecosystems, geysers, park monuments, engineering structures, etc.) territories, water areas. Such areas are protected not only by law, but also by special control and people. ### Natural resources Kazakhstan is one of the richest regions in the world in terms of mineral wealth reserves and diversity. Mineral reserves are an important guarantee of stable development and security of the national economy of Kazakhstan. The current state of the powerful mineral raw material base completely frees the republic from dependence on mineral resources of foreign countries, and it is the world of Kazakhstan. allowed the market to produce mineral resources and its processed products. Mineral resources are one of the main factors that determine the country's development strategy. In terms of importance, they are divided into three groups. The first group includes strategic mineral resources that provide the main financial income and have economic and political significance: oil, gas, coal, uranium, chromite deposits. The second group consists of important mineral resources that provide financial income and are the basis of Kazakhstan's industrial image: iron, manganese, copper, lead, zinc, aluminum and gold deposits. The third group includes deposits of tin, silver, phosphorus, barite, which are in high demand in domestic and foreign markets. Dozens of oil-gas and ore-producing enterprises operate on the basis of the explored reserves of mineral resources, which produce and process more than 70 different types of mineral raw materials. ## Political situation Kazakhstan - according to the Constitution adopted in the republican referendum on August 30, 1995 - establishes itself as a democratic, secular, legal and social state. The Republic of Kazakhstan is a unitary state with a presidential form of government. The highest representative body of the republic is the Parliament. It carries out the legislative activity of the republic. The Parliament consists of two permanent Chambers: the Senate and the Mazhilis. The Senate consists of two people from each region, city of republican significance and the capital of the Republic of Kazakhstan, deputies elected at the joint meeting of the region, city of republican significance and the capital of the Republic, respectively. 15 deputies of the Senate are appointed by the President of the Republic for the term of office of the Parliament. Mazhilis consists of 98 deputies elected on the basis of the party list on the basis of the degree of authority and the territory of a unified nationwide electoral district, and 9 deputies are elected by the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan. The President forms the Government with the proposal of the party that received the majority in the Majlis. Within ten days after the appointment of the Prime Minister of the Republic, the Prime Minister submits a proposal to the President of the Republic on the structure and composition of the Government. The Prime Minister issues orders that are binding on the entire territory of the Republic. The Constitutional Court of the Republic of Kazakhstan consists of eleven members, whose mandate lasts for eight years. The Chairman of the Constitutional Council is appointed by the President of the Republic. In the Republic of Kazakhstan, justice is exercised only by the court. The Supreme Court of the Republic and the local courts of the Republic established by law are the courts of the Republic. ### Local state administration and self-administration Local state administration is carried out by the local representation (maslikhat) and executive bodies (akimtik) responsible for the state of affairs in the respective territory. ### Foreign policy The foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan is distinguished by its activity, striving to maintain balance, pragmatism, efforts to conduct constructive dialogue and orientation to multilateral cooperation. In the international arena, our country, due to its historical, geopolitical and economic factors, has been conducting its foreign policy for many centuries based on the principle of international cooperation, reconciliation with neighboring states and respect for their regional unity. The fact that Kazakhstan is eager to establish equal and mutually beneficial relations with other countries is proven by the large number of foreign countries with which it has established diplomatic relations today. Since gaining independence in 1991, our republic has established diplomatic relations with 130 countries of the world. ### Concept of foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020-2030 On March 6, 2020, the concept of foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020-2030 was published. The document is based on the following priorities: - an open, predictable and consistent foreign policy of the country, which is progressive and maintains its continuity with the continuation of the foreign policy of the First President - the Head of State in the new stage of the country's development; - protection of human rights, development of humanitarian diplomacy and protection of the environment; - international promotion of economic interests in the arena, including implementation of state policy on attracting investments; - maintenance of international peace and security; - first of all, the main partners are Russia, China, the USA, Central Asian states and the countries of the European Union, and in terms of multilateral structures - the United Nations Development of regional and multilateral diplomacy, which means strengthening mutually beneficial relations with the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe, the Shanghai Cooperation Organization, the Commonwealth of Independent States and other organizations. ### Political reforms in Kazakhstan In June 2019, the National Council of Public Trust was established at the initiative of the President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev. Its main purpose is to develop proposals and recommendations on current issues of state policy based on discussions with the participation of the public, political parties, and representatives of civil society. In July 2019, the President of Kazakhstan announced the concept of "A state that listens to the voice of the people", which responds promptly and effectively to the constructive requests of citizens. At the same time, Kazakhstan will pass a law that will allow representatives of other parties to chair some parliamentary committees in order to encourage alternative views and opinions. The registration barrier for creating political parties will be reduced from 40 thousand to 20 thousand people. A new law on peaceful assemblies was adopted in Kazakhstan. The law provides for the introduction of a conceptual apparatus that allows for the formation of basic concepts and forms of peaceful assembly, such as a picket, demonstration, march, rally. The law regulates the status, rights and duties of organizers, participants of peaceful assemblies and journalists. In order to strengthen public security, President KK Tokayev also increased the punishment for crimes committed against a person. ### Society Kazakh technical specialists united in the Kazakh Engineers Association. ## Holidays and weekends ## Economy During the period of independence, 330 billion dollars of foreign investment was attracted to Kazakhstan from more than 120 countries of the world. In the World Bank's "Doing business in 2020" report, Kazakhstan took the 25th place in the world and was named the best country in the world for protecting the rights of minority investors. The GDP of Kazakhstan is 179.332 billion. is USD and the annual growth rate is equal to 4.5%. Kazakhstan's GDP per capita is 9,686 US dollars. After China and Qatar, Kazakhstan ranks third among the 25 most dynamic economies of the first decade of the 21st century. Kazakhstan's role in world trade and its central location on the new Silk Road allowed the country to open its markets to billions of people. Kazakhstan became a member of the World Trade Organization in 2015. The main indicator for determining the share of Kazakhstan's economy in the world economy is the country's share in international trade. Kazakhstan's foreign trade turnover is increasing year by year: in 1995 it was $9 billion, and in 2008 it was $109 billion. The main growth belongs to the oil production and metallurgy industry. Export is connected with the increase in the volume of manufactured products and the increase in prices. And the growth of imports increased as a result of the purchase of machines and equipment necessary for the production of products. In 2009, foreign trade turnover decreased by 34%, the main cause of which was the drop in oil and metal prices. However, since 2010, a rapid development was observed due to the re-increase in prices, as a result, the volume of export-import transactions reached $137 billion. formed. Export ($92 billion) was twice as much as import ($45 billion). 75% of exports are mineral resources, the largest part of which belongs to minerals such as oil, gas, coal, and uranium. The remaining 13% are metals and 3.4% are agricultural products (mainly wheat), 4.2% are products of the chemical industry. The main product is unprocessed natural minerals. Kazakhstan serves as a provider of natural resources in the world trade market. Kazakhstan joined the World Trade Organization in 2015. Became a member on June 22. * * ### External economy of Kazakhstan External economy of Kazakhstan includes economic, trade, currency, scientific-technical, cultural and other relations with the countries of the world sit down Subjects of this industry are legal entities or individuals of Kazakhstan or foreign countries registered in an independent country by type of ownership related to foreign economic activities. The main and important place in the field of foreign economy is trade. In recent years, the share of goods exported from Kazakhstan has tripled. It is caused by several factors. Favorable investment conditions have led to the direct inflow of significant foreign investments, the main part of which is spent on the country's oil production sector. Firstly, this, in turn, rapidly developed the production of oil and gas condensate. Secondly, the favorable conditions for the sale of hydrocarbon raw materials in the global commodity market created conditions for the growth of export potential. In the same way, the mining and metallurgy industry is connected with the increase in the share of Kazakhstan's total exports and services in the last positive year, its rapid development and volume compared to the development of world trade. The increase in the level of the dynamics of export of goods from Kazakhstan indicates its high and rapid development. On average, during ten years, the export of goods increased by four times, while the import increased by three and a half times. Compared to the world level, the macroeconomic size of our country is not high. Despite this, there is a huge potential for the future development of Kazakhstan's foreign economic sector. In particular, more than 500 deposits have been explored and all 1220 types of mineral raw materials have been identified. Of most of these, our country is in the first place in the world. Thus, Kazakhstan ranks first in the world in zinc, tungsten and barite reserves, second in silver lead and chromite reserves, third in copper, manganese, fluorite reserves, fourth in molybdenum reserves, and among the top ten countries in terms of gold reserves. In our country, iron ore is 8 percent of the world reserves, and uranium is 25 percent by design. Kazakhstan is among the ten countries in the world in terms of exploration of oil reserves. The global financial and economic stagnation had a negative impact on the foreign economic sphere of our republic. ## Energy ### Culture and society ### Education system \< > ### Mass media ### Social sphere ### Armed forces The military structure of the Republic of Kazakhstan includes military management bodies, Armed Types of forces, special forces, rear, military educational institutions and gil. includes institutions. During the war, in addition to the types of troops belonging to the Ministry of Defense, the internal troops of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, the border service of the National Security Agency and other troops, respectively. It includes "Ulan", civil and territorial defense management and creation bodies. The main goal of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan is to protect the country's sovereignty, territorial integrity, economy, state. to protect citizens and citizens from the threat of war, to prevent hostilities or military conflicts, to create favorable conditions for the stable development of Kazakhstan. The Armed Forces of the Republic are entrusted with the following main tasks in peacetime * providing military strength, combat training, control of governing bodies and troops in conflicts within the country, * Meml. of the Republic of Kazakhstan. to keep at a level capable of suppressing and repelling any illegal armed force within its borders or borders; * airspace security, as well as, meml. operative-strategist of the border. closure of important regions; * guarding important military facilities; * readiness for bold action to stabilize the situation in any region of the country; * participation in peacekeeping and other operations in accordance with international obligations. The Armed Forces carry out these tasks in close cooperation with other armies and military structures of the Republic of Kazakhstan. At the same time, the border service of the National Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan on land, sea, lakes and other water bodies. border guarding and protection, as well as participation in the fight against terrorism (terror), arms and drug trafficking. 2000 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In accordance with the resolution of November 23, 1579, the country's Eastern, Western, Eastern, Middle. military districts were established. Ont. The territory protected by the military district includes: Almaty, Zhambyl, South Kazakhstan, Kyzylorda regions. Average of the district. headquarters in Taraz. To the territory protected by the Eastern Military District: East. Includes Kazakhstan, Pavlodar regions. Average of the district. Headquarters in Semipalatinsk. Protected territory of the Western Military District: Aktobe, Atyrau, Bat. Includes Kazakhstan, Mangistau regions. Average of the district. headquarters in Aktobe. Other regions of Kazakhstan Avg. looks after the military district. Avg. The headquarters is in Karaganda. The geopolitical situation of Kazakhstan is undergoing major changes (extremism, escalation of military conflicts near the border, emergence of new nuclear states, etc.). In this regard, the military doctrine of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan, designed for the medium-term period (1999-2005), has only a defensive character. It is a comprehensive assessment of the military-political situation in the world and the region, the economy of the state. based on the possibilities of existence and material resources. The doctrine clarifies the main provisions of Kazakhstan's national security strategy and is aimed at organizing the country's defense in case of an attack, coordinating joint efforts with allied states to ensure collective military security. ## Interesting facts * More than 19 million people, approximately more than 130 ethnic groups, live in Kazakhstan. 48.71% of them are men, 51.29% are women. Kazakhstan ranks 64th in the world in terms of population. * The territory of Kazakhstan is located in Asia and Europe. The land area is 2.7 million square kilometers. It ranks 9th in the world. 3 Turkey, 5 France or 7 Japan would urinate on the territory of Kazakhstan. * Kazakhstan has two time zones, the climate is sharply continental. Air temperature ranges from -45 to +45 degrees. * Kazakhstan is one of the countries rich in natural resources. 99 out of 105 elements in Mendeleev's table were found in Kazakhstan. In terms of oil reserves, Kazakhstan is among the 20 leading countries in the world. It ranks 30th in terms of gas reserves, 15th in the world in terms of gold reserves, second after uranium. * Kazakhstan voluntarily gave up the world's fourth most powerful weapon and closed the world's largest nuclear test site. On August 29, 1991, the Semey nuclear test site was closed. * Astana is considered to be the youngest capital of the world. In 1998, UNESCO recognized the capital city as "City of Peace" and awarded it with a medal. At the world competition held in Brazil, Astana won the highest honor among 12 young cities around the world. And in 2012, the capital was awarded the status of "Cultural Capital of the CIS and the Turkic World". Since March 2019, the name of the city has been changed to Astana in honor of the First President. * The tallest chimney in the world is located in Kazakhstan (in the city of Ekibastuz). Its height is 420 meters. It is 100 meters higher than the Eiffel Tower. * Baikonur is the first and largest spaceport in the world. "Baikonur" cosmodrome was the first man to fly into space. It is located in the territory of Kazakhstan near the village of Toretam. Its size is 6717 square kilometers. * Medeu is the highest artificial ice rink in the world. 170 world records are set here. The name "Medeu" was given in honor of Medeu Pusyrmanuly, a public figure who lived at the end of the 19th century. * 3.8 million passenger cars are registered in Kazakhstan (as of October 1, 2021). * The largest theater in Central Asia is located in Kazakhstan. "Astana Opera" theater was built by experts from 33 countries in three years. * Kazakhstan is the homeland of tulips and apples. And the horse was domesticated for the first time (in the 4th millennium BC) in Kazakhstan. The native currency of Kazakhstan was recognized as the best paper money in the world three times in a row in 2011, 2012 and 2013. The first Kazakhstan coins were issued in London. * Since independence, more than 120 countries of the world have invested more than 370 billion dollars in Kazakhstan (according to 2022 data). * The longest land border in the world is the border between Kazakhstan and Russia (7591 kilometers). * Two monuments of Kazakhstan are among the world cultural heritage of UNESCO. They are Khoja Ahmet Yasawi mausoleum and Tambaly petroglyphs. ## Sources ## External links * Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived September 29, 2011. * Official website of the President * Official website of the Parliament Archived June 1, 2019. * Electronic Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Official website of the Government Archived on August 7, 2019. * Kazakhstan Archived March 9, 2017. Open Directory Project (ODP) * Online legislation of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Official statistics of Kazakhstan Archived 13 November 2013. * The first information portal of Kazakhstan

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6544

Abdominal pain

Belly wedding, Belly scattering is a national tradition. "Womb scattering" or "belly wedding" is an ancient tradition related to a woman with heavy legs. Our noble mothers, who know various traditions, have a lot to say. After the bride enters the house, the mother-in-law expects a lot from her. Therefore, the virtuous mother-in-law, who noticed that her legs were getting heavy, organized a small wedding ceremony called "Sprinkling the Belly". Its purpose is to celebrate joy and pay special attention to the care of a pregnant woman. First, it is the first wedding of the baby who will be born tomorrow, and on the other hand, it is a way to take care of the mother with heavy legs and make conditions for it. A smoky table is spread, the older women bless the young bride, and their friends and elders tell what they know, give advice, and cheer the bride up. Even after the birth of a child, some mothers lose their appetite and become hungry. It is called "itzherik". The mother-in-law also has to find the appetizing food. There is also a superstition that if the child does not bleed the next day, it is unlikely that the child will grow up fully. That's why the women who come to the wedding bring different dishes for the bride and taste them. There is also a lot of importance in the food you eat. It has even been scientifically proven that it is possible to predict who a child will be in the future. For example, if the mother is fond of vegetables, the child will be cheerful, adventurous and eager for life. If the lump is like coal, the child will be clumsy and inflexible for life. And if he only wants to eat food from someone's house, then the child will grow up to not live at home in the future, and will always disturb the life of the family. That's why those who come to the wedding try to please the woman with heavy legs. This is a great help to an Afghan mother-to-be who is curious about everything. Our people also say that "the seven who ate the food, the ones who did not eat the food." In this way, every meal meets the needs of mother and child. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5599

Cretaceous period

The Cretaceous period is the third of the three periods included in the Mesozoic era. 145.5 mln. 65.5 million, starting a year ago. ended a year ago. Cretaceous period near Dover, England. The White Cliffs are marked by the accumulation of chalk and the mass extinction of many vertebrates and invertebrates, including dinosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs, and plesiosaurs. According to the latest data, about 93 mln. years ago, the volcanic activity increased 300-500 times from the current level. Most of the volcanic activity occurred in the present-day Caribbean. A large amount of carbon dioxide entered the atmosphere, and the decrease in oxygen led to the massive destruction of single-celled foraminifera with a calcareous shell. Their leeches have matured into chalk. According to some geologists, 65.5 ± 0.3 million years ago, a large asteroid fell on the land of the present-day Mexican Sea, created a sea urchin and triggered volcanoes. As a result of this, Mesozoic insects died out and paved the way for the Cenozoic. This time and the related geological stage are called the Cretaceous-Tertiary boundary (KT boundary, where K is the abbreviation of the Cretaceous period, T is the Tertiary period, boundary is the limit). The Cretaceous period lasted 135 million years. began years ago and lasted 60-70 million years; consists of two parts (lower and upper), 13th century. During the Cretaceous period, the Andes, Verkhoyan-Chukot, and Cordillera mountains rose. The Okhota-Chukot volcanic belt was formed as a result of the volcanic process acting on the confluence of Verkhoyan-Chukot and East Asia through deep explosions. In Central and South-Eastern Asia, the geosynclinal situation ended, and the Mesozoic folded mountainous topography was formed, which has been preserved until modern times. During the Cretaceous period, the continents of Gondwana and Laurasia began to separate into separate continents. Ocean basins appeared. The regression that began at the end of the Jurassic and the beginning of the Cretaceous created continental conditions on the extent of Laurasia. And the last transgressions were very extensive and covered huge areas. For example, in Kazakhstan, the transgression covered the entire northern regions and reached the center. During the Cretaceous period, a continental situation arose in the region called "Central Kazakhstan Shield". At the beginning of the Cretaceous period, on its Paleozoic base, separate large flat uplifts - anteclises (Urals, Central Kazakhstan, Altai, Southern Tien-Shan) and flat depressions separating them - syneclises were formed. The bottom of Kyzylkum, Torgai, Sarysu and Irtys suburbs. part of it is continental, upwards is filled with marine sediments. A complete section of Cretaceous rocks has been preserved in the Caspian basin. Here there are marine sediments - carbonate layers, sandstone, clay, limestone, marl, phosphorite, among them there are layers of oil, gas, chalk, bauxite. In the arid (dry) regions of the continents, red sediments (mostly gypsum and salt layers) were formed, and in the humid (wet) regions, freshwater sediments were formed. In the elevated areas, erosion layers appeared, and iron and nickel deposits began to form. Cretaceous organic. ammonites, belemnites, sea urchins, golden ray corals, foraminifera belong to the world. During this period, mammals, especially large-bodied animals, began to develop rapidly. Giant lizards - mesosaurs, plesiosaurs, ichthyosaurs lived in the seas, on land - dinosaurs, snakes up to 14 m long, and birds of prey with sharp teeth with a wingspan of 8 m in the air. In the second half of the Cretaceous period, physical and geogr. Due to the sudden change in the situation, mass killing of large animals began. Its reason has not yet been fully revealed. Angiosperms (birch, maple, poplar, etc.) began to dominate the flora, flowering plants appeared. Geogr. of organic world groups of precipitation in the Cretaceous period. The climate zone, which affected its distribution, was well observed. Mediterranean, Boreal, Southern and Pacific paleogeographic regions are clearly separated. Large deposits of limestone, chalk, oil and gas, hard coal, phosphorite, bauxite are closely connected with the sediments of the Cretaceous period. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7190

Karasai batyr

Karasai Altynayuly (1598-1671) is a Kazakh hero, a famous commander, a very prominent historical figure whose name became the motto of the Shapyrashty clan. Karasai batyr was born in Karasaz at the foot of Suyktobe mountain, Zhambyl district of Almaty region, and died in the battle for Kokshetau in Arka. The soil was collected from the hill called Kulshinbai of the Ayrtau range in the Kokshetau basin. Beside him, his friend in a bloody shirt, Argyn Agyntay Batyr, was buried. Double Lion - a double-domed mausoleum was erected for the brave Karasai and the brave Agyntai Batyr and the soldiers who died in the bloody battle with them (1999). The origin of Karasai Batyr is a great hundred Shapyrash. According to the genealogy, Shapyrashti gave birth to Sham (Issyk), and three sons named Maldy, Zeldi, and Kaldy. Maldy gave birth to Ekey, Emil, and Emil gave birth to Zhayik and Eskoja. Eskoja gave birth to three sons named Alysay, Altynai, and Shuash. Karasai Batyr was born from Altynai's third wife. It should be mentioned that the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev, is a direct descendant of this Karasai batyr. In particular, Köshek was born from Karasai, Aydar from him, Myrzatai from him, Kenbaba from him, Edil from him, Sapakai from him, Nazarbay from him, Abish from him, Nursultan from him. ## The war against the Dzungars The bloody war between the Kazakhs and the Dzungars, which lasted for two centuries during the time of Karasai Batyr, started to flare up and escalated, and gradually the tactics of the two nomadic countries It was the time when my strategy began to be criticized. At that time, it had been two centuries since the Kazakh people became an independent country, established a unified ethnic consciousness. Perhaps because of this, Karasai Altynaiuly was one of the heroes who bravely rode to the edge of the country, against the wind, in the face of the enemy, for the first time in order to protect the country and land, when the fire broke out between Kazakh and Dzhungar. Historian VV Velyaminov-Zernov writes that the Kazakh-Dzungar war intensified already in the 16th century. And the English merchant A. Jenkinson set out to go to China in 1557, but he wrote that he could not go to China because there was a bloody war between the Kazakhs and Dzhungars for Tashkent. Therefore, when Karasai Batyr rode his horse and stood in the ranks of soldiers, the methods of warfare and defense methods between the two nomadic countries had already been hardened and became tense to the point of not dying. From this point of view, the mission of forming and establishing the national patriotism and heroism of the Kazakh people for the first time was written on the foreheads of Karasai heroes. Karasai batyr, born in Zhetysu, ordered soil from Ayrtau of Arka, Bayan batyr, born in Kyzylzhar, died in the river, Kabanbai batyr, born in Volga, was killed in the battle along Sarysu in Arka, Malaysary of Ereimentau died on the slopes of Alatau. it was the most impressive evidence that the fatherland within the framework of that state acquired a single sacred character in the minds of citizens. In this case, we have to come to the conclusion that the main reason why the most sacred feelings of patriotism, such as patriotism, did not wash away in the painful life of the Kazakh people in the following centuries, is the strong foundation of epic feats and patriotism established in the time of the same Karasais. The dreams of smart khans like Esim and Zhangir were realized by directly relying on the heroes of the clan and tribe like Karasai. It is clear from history that there were three famous wars between the Kazakhs and Dzungars during the 17th century, that is, when Karasai Batyr was on horseback. The first of these is the Siberian-Tobyl war that took place in 1635. About this war I.E. Fischer wrote in his work "History of Siberia". In historical data, it is said that during this period, Jalayir and Shapyrashty clans lived along Tobyl. There is no doubt that Karasai Batyr participated in the Siberian-Tobyl war. The second war took place in 1643. This is a devastating war in which the famous Zhangir Sultan (who had not yet ascended the throne) with 600 self-sacrificing soldiers opposed the 50 thousand troops of Dzhungar, and the brave Jalangtos Batyr came to his aid with 20 thousand troops. Russian historians from N.M. Karamzin to I.Ya. Before Zlatkin, he writes exhaustively and mentions it as a rare event in the history of war in general (Levshin A.I. Description of the Kyrgyz-Kaysakskih ili Kyrgyz-Kaysakchikh ord i steppei. Part 2. SPb., 1832. 59-6. ). In the oral history of the field (DAT), that is, in the genealogical data, it is said that Karasai batyr from Shapyrash took part in this war with 600 hands and showed devastating bravery. The famous Zhairau Suyinbay said: "He rode on a horse for the people of Karasai, He could not bear the cruelty," , or: "He was chased away from that chase, from Shu, Kalmak fled his son, He left his cattle. He couldn't afford to look after his wife. He came and polluted the land, -" is said about the bravery of Karasai Batyr in this war. In 1652, the third fierce war between the Kazakhs and Dzungars took place in the XVII century. In this war, 17-year-old Kaldan Seren killed Dzhongir Khan in a fight. In this case, instead of saying "the story of history", we remember a saying that can be called "the legitimacy of history", the son of Kaldan Seren, Sharysh, was killed in a duel by the 17-year-old Sultan Abylai (not a khan at that time) in the Battle of Anrykay. In the war of 1652, Karasai Batyr was generally recognized as one of the commanders of the Kazakh army for his intelligence, ingenuity and perseverance. According to the ancient order of the Sahara, the name of the leader and heroes who led the country was usually followed by the name of the clan and appeared in the slogan. There is a procedure for giving land names to such big people. In this case, the name of Karasai batyr became the name of the clan and appeared in the slogan, giving several place names, first of all, it is a testimony to the leadership of the leader who was able to combine the care of the basic clan with the interests of the country. The book on the history and economy of Zhetysu by the well-known researcher PP Rumyantsev was published in 1913 in St. Petersburg. In this book called "Materials of Semirechenskoy oblasti" it is written: "The people of Batyr Kastek region are the descendants of Karasai Batyr, who came from the Shapyrashti clan. Now the Karasai clan settles the land of Akmola region. Karasai's grave is in the Ayyrtau region of Kokshetau district." It is surprising that the awards and respect of the Kazakh people to the historical figures are so rich. He was not glorified by perishable livestock and perishable world, but if a man worthy of his country was born, his name would be given to the entire clan and the sacred homeland. It should mean that if our land is intact and our country is safe, the names of the brave men will not be forgotten. History itself proves that Karasai Batyr is a child of the Kazakh people who deserves such status. Karasai Altynayuly is a hero who took part in the liberation war against the Dzhongar invasion in Zhetysu. He was born and raised on the slopes of Alatau. From the Eskoja clan of the Ulyhuz Shapyrasht tribe. Karasai batyr broke through the enemy lines and planted his flag on the top of the Karaktobe mountain in the battles along the Kargaly, Uzynagash, Kastek, Jirenaigyr, Yrgayty rivers, Karakiya, Aktasty, Saryjazik, Suyktobe mountains. In the summer of 1629, when Shapyrashti came to Zhaiyk with tired hands and was lying in the pastures of Asy (Almaty region) to catch his breath, the Oirats' attack through Ile in November with the aim of taking away booty made Karasai ride a horse. Karasai gathered two thousand hands in the battle that started at the foot of Karasai, and in the valley where Karasai village now stands, the Oirat Thais crushed Banjur with stones. Kalmaks, many of whom were killed in hand-to-hand combat, fled to Sogeti, not wanting to cross Ile again. Finally, when the enemy's nose rested on Mount Toraigyr, there were no hooves left to attack the head of Banjur. He caught the last two Kalmyks on the banks of Bayynkol, put them on black donkeys and drove them to the village of Kalmyk. The place where the battle took place (village) was called Karasai. There was also a fight at the lake Sopy-Sati. In the past, his grandfather fought Shapyrashti, and a branch of the stream named after him is still called Karasai. In 1635, the Oirat-Kalmak state was established. The Dzungar Khanate, located in the middle of China and the Kazakh and Kyrgyz lands, thought of expanding its territory, and instead of the mountainous and rocky region, it focused on the plain region. Soon, 50 thousand armed men invaded the Kazakh and Kyrgyz lands. One of the first battles will take place in this Talas region. In this war, the Uzbek hand was led by Aldyshukir, together with the Kazakh and Kyrgyz troops, attacked the enemy from ambush. The unity of the three fraternal nations did not break even in the war that took place in the Uzbek territory, near Sayram, the southern region of the Kazakh steppe. The Dzungar heroes Narynkol and Bayynkol, Kastek and Kaskeleng, who conquered Zhetisu, were so intoxicated by the continuous victory that they crossed Alatau and spread their arms over the Kyrgyz land. In the battle in Issykkol region, the Kyrgyz people could not withstand the enemy. Then, as the saying goes, "If a Kyrgyz child cries on the mountain, a Kazakh mother-in-law's breast aches in the mind", Shapyrashti, a Kazakh, fought in the Karasai Batyr Shu plain with five thousand troops to save the brotherly country from the imminent disaster. Karasai himself cuts off the right hand of the kalmak's knight with a sword in a fight. Based on this, the Kazakh and Kyrgyz troops called ghosts and showed remarkable feats on the battlefield. In 1664, Karasai took part in the battle for the last time at the age of sixty-six. From Arkos Angkoi (currently Dzungar Gate), two thousand torguuts attacked Naimandar and Zhalayr, Karasai and Agyntai again entered the battle and chased the enemy. In this battle, Karasai Batyr was seriously wounded and left the ranks. Agyntay Batyr is also injured in the leg and becomes lame. Since Karasai Batyr was no longer fit for aggressive and forceful actions, he began to govern the country. He was in the diplomatic work between the two peoples and interfered with the authorities. Karasai went to negotiate with Russia in 1669. He set out on this journey with hope and returned disappointed with the governors of the Russian tsar. Karasai batyr and a small face - Zhetisu-Tama-Tugynai, Naiman-Matai Keden-bi negotiated and tried to get weapons and cannons, but the Russians put their necks in their necks as if tomorrow these weapons will not be a problem for us and send the Kazakh ambassadors away empty-handed. During these years, the Kazakh land was at least somewhat calmer, it became a time when the coast was pastured and wintered. Karasai Batyr moves with his children to the land of his friend Agyntai. He lived there for about a year and died in August of 1671 at the age of seventy-three. His remains were buried in Arka, Ayyrtau. Karasai Batyr had six children, they are: Auez, Utep, Koshek, Turkpen, Erken, Torken. The last two children have no descendants. But both of them died when they grew up and became citizens. A twin son born to his father when he was fifty years old died one day after going to Arka. The death of two identical sons hastened the death of the father. Karasai Batyr, who saw many deaths and held many corpses in his hands, was very sad for his two children, saying: "I have not seen death, but if I say I have seen everything, then I have not seen much yet." Karasai returned before the age of two sons. After giving the year of Kazakh Karasai batyr, Agyntai batyr also died. He was also buried in the grave where Karasai Batyr was placed. In this way, the name of Kazakh Karasai Batyr, whose bravery and fame is great, has been used as a slogan from generation to generation for centuries Karasai Batyr once tried his four sons. Four sons named Auez, Turkpen, Utep, and Koshek were old enough to ride horses and attack the enemy. On one of the frosty evenings, Kantar gave four drinks to four of them and said: "You are the descendants of heroes! Go to the edge of that horse, wrap yourself in the drink and spend the night. The cold snow and yellow frost will open your breast palaces and carry your strength, and the black earth will give you virtue." he stays with the horsemen. In the morning, when the frost has reached its peak, my children come out to check how they are doing. As he approached the four of them, Auez was lying awake without sleep. "Auez, you will not leave the country for a long time, but you will live in the middle of the country," said his heroic father. He opened the door wide open with Turk, his chest was raised like a beauty, his hair was puffed up, and his hands were thrown to both sides. he came back and dressed and was sleeping. Many brave heroes will come out of you, you will multiply like a black forest, and you will protect your country in the end, - he said. Utep was sleeping with his fists clenched. Seeing that the younger Koshek was wrapped in alcohol, his head was bent inside, and he was sleeping soundly: "Koshek does not disturb the nest, you are rich, your work is rich, you are true to your words, and your fame will be the sun and the moon," said Karasai Batyr to Koshek. ## Sources "Kazakh Encyclopedia", Volume 9

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3743

Синтаксис

Syntax (gr. σύνταξις - formation, order, procedure) is the science of phrases and sentences. According to the skill of speaking, words are connected with each other in a certain system. Those phrases and sentences have their own systems and laws. Syntax studies the rules of speech formation. The syntax of the Kazakh language is studied as a grammatical science in two areas: the syntax of the phrase, the syntax of the sentence. The latter is divided into simple sentence syntax and compound sentence syntax. * Syntactic connection is a manifestation of forms that connect words from the semantic and formal aspects through different grammatical methods, and make up a phrase, a system of sentences. Words are mainly syntactically connected by subordination and equal relations. Two types of syntactic connection are formed: Synthetic connection is the connection of words to each other through additions: I didn't notice at my age, meeting in life, speaking with understanding. Synthetic communication is carried out through continuous communication. Analytical communication is the communication of words without additions, place order, intonation to the same degree: iron stove, wooden shovel, this village. Analytical communication is carried out through communication. * Synthetic connection is the connection of words to each other through additions: I didn't notice at my age, meeting in life, speaking with understanding. Synthetic communication is carried out by continuous communication. * Analytical connection - equal connection of words without additions, place order, intonation: iron stove, wooden spade, this village. Analytical communication is carried out through communication. * Non-syntactic categories are linguistic categories that do not depend on other forms in the sentence in terms of their form, that is, the subordination of one word to other words in the sentence is not observed. This includes, for example, adjective forms, verb forms, and the plural form of nouns. The phenomenon opposite to syntactic categories. * Syntactic categories are linguistic categories that express the subordination of one word or form to another word or form in a sentence. For example: adverbial endings of nouns, syntactic Person category, types of communication, etc. The opposite phenomenon of non-syntactic categories. * Syntactic relations are relations between components of syntactic structures (phrases, sentences). Syntactic relations are based on categorical-semantic, grammatical properties of components. The most common types of syntactic relations are predicative, attributive/attributive, object, elaboration, etc. b. depending on the relationship. * Syntactic structure is a set of joint syntactic language tools based on certain grammatical signs. The syntactic structure is different depending on the nature of the function. For example: the syntactic structure of a phrase is made up of noun or verb phrases in different ways, while the syntactic structure of a simple sentence is made up of individual words and syntagmatic groups, predicate, determinative or partitive, adverbial, prepositional, etc. b. seen in structures. * Syntactic meaning is the internal content of syntactic categories and tools. It arises from the interrelationship and communication of language tools in sentences and phrases. For example: predicate (narrative) meaning, primary (independent object) meaning, complementary (dependent object) meaning, determinative (dependent sign of an object) meaning, pysyktauvisht (sign of a sign) meaning, etc. b. looks like. * Syntax analysis — analysis of sentences according to types, phrases, parts of sentences. ## See also: Mixed connection * Paradigm * Syntagmatics * Paradigmatics * Lexicon * Morphology * Spelling ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7419

Nurgali Saduakasuly Ashim

Nurgali Saduakasuly Ashim (October 10, 1959, Shymkent) is a deputy of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Candidate of Economic Sciences. ## Short biography * Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Economics and Statistics (1981) with the specialty of engineer-mathematics. * Graduated from postgraduate studies at the Moscow Institute of Economics and Statistics. * Junior researcher of the research institute under the Memhospary of the KazSSR (1981), head of the department (1987); * Senior lecturer of the Republican Institute for Retraining of Personnel of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR * Senior lecturer of the Kazakh Institute of Chemistry and Technology (1990). * Adviser to the akim of the Turkestan region * Deputy akim of the South Kazakhstan region — served as the chairman of the Committee on Territorial State Property of South Kazakhstan (1992). * Deputy Akim of the South Kazakhstan region (1993) * Head of the South Kazakhstan regional office of the National Bank (1996) * Vice Minister of Economy and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1997) * Deputy chairman of the board of closed joint-stock company "TuranAlem Bank" (1997) * Deputy governor of Kostanay region (1998) * Governor of Kostanay (1998). * Vice-President for Commerce and Marketing of JSC "Kaztransgaz" (2000) * General Director of JSC "Intergas CentraI Asia" (2000) * JSC "Kaztransgaz" President (2001). * Prior to his appointment, he served as the First Vice Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2007 until August - akim of West Kazakhstan region. * 2007 August 28 - Akim of Turkestan region. * 2009-2012 - Minister of Environmental Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since January 2012, the fifth elected deputy of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Member of the People's Democratic Party "Nur Otan", elected on the party list. ## Awards * Order of "Honor" (2005) * "10 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2001) * "For contribution to national security" ( 2005) medal. ## Family Married. Has 2 daughters and a son. ## Sources ## External links * Composition and structure of Majilis, ASHIM Nurgali Saduakasuly

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5786

ҚФФ

Kazakhstan Football Federation (KFF, English: Kazakhstan Football Federation) is a state organization that organizes football matches and championships in Kazakhstan. It organizes competitions such as the Kazakhstan Premier League and the Kazakhstan Cup, as well as the games of the Kazakhstan National Football Team. ## Former names * Football Association of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1992–2000) * Football Union of Kazakhstan (2000–2007) * Football Federation of Kazakhstan (2007 -until now) ## History Kazakhstan Football Federation (KFF) was established in 1992 with the reorganization of the Football Association of the Kazakh SSR (established in 1989). In the same year (1992), KFF became an associate member of FIFA and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) (or in 1993). Its creation was the beginning of the organization of Kazakh football according to international standards. KFF has become the largest sports federation of the country, football in Kazakhstan has been evaluated as the "king of sports" and has taken the first place in the choice of sports fans. In 1992, the federation held various professional competitions, such as the National Football League Championship and the Kazakhstan Cup. Being an associate member, the KFF was not allowed to participate in official international competitions for national teams, so in mid-to-late 1992 and April 1994, it participated in regional competitions with the Central Asian countries of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. In 1994, KFF was finally accepted as a full member of FIFA and AFC. The decision to enter the AFC was made after the vote. The first match of the national team against a team outside Central Asia was held in December 1995. In the same year, Oleg Litvinenko, who represented Kazakhstan, was recognized as the best player of Asia in October. In 2000, KFF became a candidate for UEFA and was granted full membership at the UEFA Congress held in Stockholm, Sweden on April 25, 2002. ## See more * Football in Kazakhstan * Kazakhstan Futsal Association ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7299

moon (satellite)

The moon (lat. luna) is a natural satellite of the Earth, the closest celestial body to the Earth that does not emit light from itself. It orbits the Earth in an elliptical orbit (at a speed of 1.02 km/s). The average distance between the Earth and the Moon is 384,500 km. ## Description of the Moon as a celestial body ### General indicators * Its mass is equal to 1/81 of the weight of the Earth, i.e. 7.35* 1022 kg. * The density is 3344 kg/m3 * The diameter of the moon is 3476 km (about 4 times less than the diameter of the Earth), that is, the radius is 1738 km. * The moon does not have its own atmosphere. Its surface temperature ranges from −173 °C to 127 °C. A 60–120 km thick feldspar ridge-like shell of the Moon rests on top of the silicate mantle. Basalt lavas cover 17% of the Moon's surface. It is possible to have a small iron core with a radius of 300-400 (2-3% of the Moon's volume). * The acceleration of gravity on the surface of the moon is 1.62 m/sec2. The distance of the Moon from the Earth increases from 356,400 km (perigee) to 406,800 km (apogee), and the average distance is 384,401 km. According to this deviation, the apparent angular diameters of the Moon vary from 33' 32" to 29' 20". ### Orbit The angle between the plane of the Moon's orbit and the plane of the Earth's movement around the Sun is about 50. Due to the fact that the moon moves 13 degrees eastward in an elliptical orbit in one day, its appearance from the Earth changes. Accordingly, the phase of the Moon changes. The time between two equal phases of the Moon is 29.53 days (synodic month), and its time to make one orbit around the Earth relative to the stars is 27.32 days (sidereal month or sidereal month). Since the period of the Moon's rotation about its axis is the same as the period of its revolution around the Earth, the half-sphere is visible, covering 59%. The remaining 41% cannot be seen. For this reason, the reverse side was specially photographed and mapped by spacecraft. ### Phases of the Moon Phase of the Moon is the different shape of the part of the Moon visible from the Earth. Due to the different positions of the sun's light on the sun and the moon, the new moon looks like a sickle. The New Moon moves east of the Sun and gradually begins to fill. In 2 weeks, it turns into a full moon. But it will not stay in this position. Moves to the next new phase. The side of the moon where the sun is setting is bright. ### Status on the Moon's surface Only 7% of the Sun's light that falls on the Moon's surface is reflected back. During the 354-hour day of the moon, its surface heats up to 130oC, in the middle of the same night, it cools down to 170oC, and before dawn - to 200oC. Due to the lack of an atmosphere, the warming and cooling of the Moon's surface changes rapidly depending on the angle of the Sun's rays. Spots on the surface of the Moon can be seen with the naked eye. They are conventionally called "seas", "oceans", "lakes", "bays". Mountain ranges, cracks, channels, peaks, valleys and yurt-shaped objects, ring-shaped mountains called "craters", "circus", long ridges and mountain chains (Alps, Apennines, etc.) p.) is observed. The diameters of the craters, mainly caused by the impact of celestial stones, range from a few km to 400 km. The diameter of cirques is about 200-250 km, and the height of the surrounding mountain ranges is 3-7 km. The moon's surface is covered with large and small rocks, sand and loose soil. These stones are bent by the sun's rays. As a result of the study of materials brought from the Moon by spaceships, it was found that there is no even the wildest form of life there. The chemical composition of lunar material is different from that of Earth. Elements such as chromium, titanium, and zirconium are abundant in lunar rock, and elements such as gold, silver, and platinum are rare. Unknown minerals consisting mainly of a mixture of iron, titanium and zirconium were found there. Moon rocks were formed 3.6-4.6 billion years ago. This is about the same time as the creation of the solar system. The Moon may have formed independently from the material left over from the planets. Later, the Earth must have taken him as a companion. These data prove that the opinion that the Moon was separated from the Earth in the past, and the Pacific Ocean was its place, is wrong. ### Chemical composition of lunar rocks The lunar soil is strongly defined in land and sea regions. AMS "Luna-20" received the soil from the terrestrial area, and "Luna-16" received it from the sea.. ### Structure of the moon Moon — differentiated body: lunar crust, mantle and core. The radius of the inner core is 240 km, there is a lot of iron in this layer. The diameter of the outer core is 300-330 km, it is made of liquid iron. The radius of the post-nuclear layer is 480-500 km, this layer is partially molten. The radius of the lunar crust is ~ 50 km. ## Eclipse An eclipse occurs due to one celestial body blocking another body or the shadow of a celestial body that does not emit light falling on such a second body. For example, a solar eclipse occurs when the Moon crosses it, a lunar eclipse occurs when the Earth's shadow falls on it, a planetary eclipse occurs when they enter the planet's shadow, and a binary eclipse occurs when they cross each other. ### Solar eclipse The Moon casts a conical shadow in space formed by the external contact of the Sun and the Moon, the top of which is 368-380 thousand km from the center of the Moon. Therefore, the conical shadow reaches the Earth at a distance of 363-406 km from the Moon. The diameter of the moon's shadow falling on the Earth is 270 km. This is the largest area of total solar eclipse. In this region, the Moon completely eclipses the Sun. The angular diameter of the Moon observed in the region beyond the cone apex is smaller than the diameter of the Sun, and the Moon passes through the center of the Sun's disc, leaving a bright ring at its edge. This is called an annular solar eclipse. ### Lunar eclipse Premature lunar eclipse begins when the Moon enters the Earth's shadow and lasts 3.75 hours. In the middle of this time, the Moon will be completely eclipsed, and it will last for 1.75 hours. During a total eclipse, the surface of the Moon darkens due to the fact that a small amount of sunlight reflected from the Earth's atmosphere falls on the surface of the Moon. A solar eclipse occurs only during a new moon, and a lunar eclipse occurs only during a full moon (but not every time, but only when the Sun and Moon are very close to the nodes of the lunar orbit, where the visible path of the Sun and Moon on the celestial sphere intersect). ## Exploration of the Moon Luna, Probe, Ranger, Surveyor, Lunar Orbiter and manned interplanetary automatic spacecraft Apollo studies were conducted. The first man stepped on the surface of the moon on July 21, 1969 (N. Armstrong, United States of America). In 1969-1972, 12 astronauts conducted research on the moon. Ida 1969 — 1972 12 astronauts conducted scientific research. A trip to the moon is a trip of a group of people who carried out a flight to the moon with the serial "Apollo" spaceships. Three astronauts participated in each trip, two of them landed on the Moon in a special cabin, and one remained in the main body in orbit and flew around. "Apollo-8" ship with astronauts on board in 1968. On December 24, an artificial satellite of the Moon was put into orbit. In order to choose a landing place, the surface of the Moon was photographed closely, a television report was made, re-entry from the orbit of an artificial satellite of the Moon to the Earth, flight on the Earth-Moon path, and reentry into the atmosphere at the second cosmic speed were carried out. The flight lasted 6 days, 3 hours, 42 minutes. 1969 Astronauts with the Apollo-10 spacecraft launched on May 18 entered the lunar cabin, made 4 rounds at an altitude of 12.8 km above the satellite, and safely returned to Earth. The flight lasted 8 days 3 minutes 23 seconds. 1969 On July 16, at 13 hours and 32 minutes Greenwich time, the "Apollo-11" spacecraft left for the Moon. After the lunar cabin separated from the main body, descent began in automatic mode. When he was about to land, Armstrong noticed in time that the cabin encountered a pothole full of rocks up to 3 m in volume, changed the automatic mode and took control and landed the lunar cabin 330 m away from the pothole. 1969 On July 20, at 20:17:42 GMT, the bottom of the ship hit the Pacific Ocean. 1969 On July 21, at 2 hours 56 minutes 20 seconds, Armstrong set foot on the Moon for the first time in human history. "This is a simple step for man, but a giant leap for humanity," he began his first emotional speech. Astronauts learned to walk on the Moon, installed a number of scientific instruments, collected a 22 kg sample of lunar rock and photographed it. They made a television connection with Earth from the Moon and left medals with the images of the five deceased cosmonauts (Yuri Gagarin, Vladimir Komarov, Virgil Grissom, Edward White, Roger Chaffee). Outside, Armstrong was 2 hours 31 minutes 40 seconds, Edwin Aldrin 2 hours 15 minutes. Aldrin was the first to return to the lunar cabin, followed ten minutes later by Armstrong. 1969 On July 24, the ship returned to Earth. The flight lasted 8 days 3 hours 18 minutes 35 seconds. The mission of the astronauts of the Apollo 12 spacecraft was to explore the Moon, to install scientific instruments on the surface of the Moon that receive current from an isotope generator, to bring to Earth samples of lunar rocks and some parts of the Surveyor-3 automatic spacecraft, which had been there since April 20, 1967. . After landing, the astronauts worked at a distance of 450 m from the ship. The flight lasted 10 days 4 hours 36 minutes 25 seconds. "Apollo-13" was 330 thousand km away from the Earth and 91 thousand km away from the Moon, the can containing oxygen for the battery of oxygen-hydrogen fuel cells exploded and the main part of the ship was left without electricity. Two astronauts went to the lunar cabin, the third was in the crew compartment. The hatches between the two were left open so that oxygen could flow from the lunar cabin to the crew compartment. The spacecraft flew around the Moon in an elliptical geocentric orbit with a large eccentricity and returned to Earth. The flight lasted 5 days 22 hours 54 minutes 41 seconds. The landing area of Apollo 14 was around the Fra Mauro crater, where Apollo 13 failed. In addition to the usual tasks, the astronauts were asked to study the local magnetic field with the help of a small magnetometer, radiosonde the surface of the Moon from the main part in the orbit of the artificial moon, carry out technological experiments on the flight path between the Earth and the Moon, in order to record seismological vibrations with the seismometer installed by the astronauts of the "Apollo-12" spacecraft. It is planned to launch the final stage of the Saturn-5 rocket launcher from orbit to the surface of the Moon. After landing, the astronauts went outside twice, the first time was 4 hours 48 minutes, the second time was 4 hours 35 minutes, and they managed to get away from the ship up to 1.2 km. Due to the roughness of the research area, the astronauts had to carry the 9 kg two-wheeled cart with the magnetometer by their own hands. Launching from the moon and returning to the Earth was carried out according to a pre-made state program. The flight lasted 9 days 1 minute 57 seconds. "Apollo-15", "Apollo-16" and "Apollo-17" spaceships have a complex of instruments for studying the Moon from the orbit of an artificial satellite, an autonomous artificial satellite of the Moon that flies separately from the ship, and astronauts drive in the lunar cabin. "Rover" was the lunar electric car. Two astronauts exited the spacecraft three times after the Apollo 15 spacecraft landed with its lunar cabin separated from its main body. The first lasted 6 hours 33 minutes, the second 7 hours 12 minutes, the third 4 hours 50 minutes. Astronauts carried out research with the lunar electric vehicle, which traveled 27.2 km, collected lunar rocks, dug several holes 2.7 m deep to collect rock samples and install instruments to measure heat flow from the lunar crust. The return from the Moon to the Earth went according to the main program. The flight lasted 12 days 7 hours 11 minutes 53 seconds. Some technological and biological experiments were new tasks assigned to the Apollo 16 astronauts. After landing, the astronauts left the spacecraft three times: 7 hours 11 minutes, 7 hours 23 minutes and 5 hours 40 minutes. They conducted research 5 km from the ship. Ai electric car reached a speed of up to 17 km per hour in remote areas. They traveled 27.1 km and dug shafts 3 m deep. The moment of takeoff was captured on television by a TV camera installed on the lunar electric car. The return to Earth went smoothly. The flight lasted 11 days 1 hour 51 minutes 5 seconds. After the Apollo-17 spacecraft's lunar cabin separated from the main body and landed on the lunar surface, the commander and the lunar cabin pilot ejected from the spacecraft three times at 7 hours 12 minutes, 7 hours 37 minutes and 7 hours 15 minutes. At a distance of 7 km from the lunar cabin, the astronauts traveled 35.7 km with the lunar electric car and conducted scientific research. In hot places, the electric car Ai reached a speed of up to 18 km per hour. They dug shafts 3 m deep and collected samples of moon rocks. The return to the ground took place according to the main program. The trip to the Moon was canceled after the Apollo 17 spacecraft. Solar_eclipse_1999_4_NR.jpgSTEREO-B_solar_eclipse.jpg ## Lunar orientation. Different from other lamps, the Moon can be seen by us both during the day and at night. The same phase of the moon repeats every 29.5 days: from new moon to new moon, or from full moon to full moon, 29.5 days pass. After that, the Moon changes its position in the sky and is at different distances from the Sun. The crest of the new moon faces the sunset and is visible in the evening, and the crest of the old, nearing end of the moon faces the sunrise and appears mixed with the dawn. The full moon is opposite the Sun in the celestial sphere, at true noon it is in the meridian plane and points south. At this time, the Moon and the Sun will rise, the Sun will rise and set, and it will be in the sky all night. The moon will be in the quarter of Aries, 7-8 new, at a distance of -0 degrees from the Sun, and will culminate at 6-7 in the evening. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6205

Науру

The Republic of Nauru (na. -{Ripublik Naoero}-) is a dwarf state located on the coral island of the same name in the western part of the Pacific Ocean. Area — 21.3 km²; population — 10,261 people (2015). Independence was declared in 1968. The island of Nauru is located 42 km south of the equator. The nearest island, Banaba, is 288 km to the east and belongs to the Republic of Kiribati. Nauru is the smallest independent republic on Earth, the smallest island nation, the smallest nation outside of Europe, and the only nation in the world without an official capital (the unofficial capital of the country is the city of Yaren, where the country's parliament and airport are located). The state is part of the Commonwealth of Nations. On September 14, 1999, the Republic of Nauru joined the UN. Nauru is a member of the Secretariat of the Pacific Community and the Pacific Islands Forum. ## Name The origin of the word "Nauru" is not exactly known. Nauruans used to call the island "Naoero", as it is now. Paul Hambruch, a German professor who visited the island in 1909-1910, gave the following explanations for the etymology of this word: in his opinion, the word "Naoero" is a contraction of the phrase "a-nuau-aa-ororo" (currently written as "A nuaw ea arourõ") and Nauru translated as "I'm going to the seashore". But Alois Kaiser, a German Catholic missionary who lived on the island of Nauru for more than 30 years and studied the Nauruan language many times, did not approve of this interpretation, because according to the local dialect, after the words "seaside" used with the verb of motion, he should have used the reference word "rodu", which translates as "down". . The Nauruans themselves understand the word "seashore" as the deepest and hollowest place on the island. They use this word for both land and sea. The island has other names: until 1888, English colonists called Nauru "Pleasant Island". The Germans gave it the names "Nawodo" or "Onawero". In order for Europeans to pronounce the name of the country correctly, the subsequent spelling of the word "Nauru" was changed to "Naoero". ## History About 3 thousand years ago Nauru was inhabited by Micronesians and Polynesians. According to one of the versions, the first people who came to the island of Nauru were settlers from the Bismarck island and representatives of the pre-oceanic people before the disintegration of the Melanesians, Micronesians and Polynesians. Traditionally, the islanders considered their origin from the mother's side. Before the arrival of Europeans, the population of the island of Nauru consisted of 12 tribes. English captain John Fearn, who was the first European to set sail from New Zealand to China, discovered it on November 8, 1798 and gave the island the name "Pleasant Island", which was used frequently for 90 years. The main agricultural crops are coconut palm and pandanus. The Nauruans fished on the reef with canoes and specially trained birds (large frigates). At the same time, they were able to persuade the chanos fish (lat. Chanos chanos) in Lake Buada as a source of additional food. Only men were engaged in fishing. The chronology shown below only includes historical events after the European discovery of the island of Nauru. ## Physical and geographical characteristics ### General geography The island of Nauru is located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, about 42 km from the equator. The nearest island, Banaba (Oshen), is located 288 km to the east and belongs to the Republic of Kiribati. The area of the Special Coastal Economic Zone (SEZ) is 308,480 km², of which 570 km² belong to territorial waters. Nauru Island is a raised coral atoll on top of a volcanic cone. The island is oval in shape, the coast from the east side is low - Anibar Bay is located there. The territory of the island is 21.3 km², the length is 6 km, the width is 4 km. The length of the coastline is about 18 km. Its highest point — 65 meters (according to other data, 61-71 meters) — is located within the borders of Ivo and Buada counties. At a distance of about 1 km from the coast, the depth of the ocean is more than 1000 meters. This is due to the location of the cliff that reaches the bottom of the ocean. The surface of the island is a narrow coastal plain with a width of 100-300 meters, in the center of Nauru it is surrounded by a limestone plateau up to 30 meters high. Previously, the surface was covered with a thick layer of phosphorites (nauruite). This layer is believed to be the excrement of seabirds. The island is covered with a narrow coral reef (about 120-300 meters wide). 16 canals have been dug in the reef, allowing small boats to approach the island directly. ### Geology In the interior of the island there are large limestone teeth and pyramids left over from phosphorite ore mining. The height of these structures in some places exceeds 10 meters, and the quarry itself is like a huge labyrinth with many pits and depressions. A narrow-gauge railway was built specifically to facilitate the delivery of mined phosphorites to the island's port. As a result of the lack of soil cover in the area of limestone piles, rainwater does not remain on the surface of the earth, but is completely absorbed into the mountain rock. Geographers, geomorphologists and geologists thoroughly studied the topography, soil and geological structure of the island and reconstructed the geological history of Nauru based on the obtained data. ### Climate The climate in Nauru is equatorial-monsoon, hot and humid. The average temperature is about +27.5 °C. The temperature varies between +26 °C and +35 °C during the day, and +22 °C and +28 °C at night. The daytime temperature can reach +38‑41 °C. Average annual precipitation is 2060 mm. Sometimes there are drought years, and in some years the amount of precipitation reaches up to 4500 mm. Such significant fluctuations are explained by the El Niño phenomenon. The rainy season lasts from November to February. From March to October, northeasterly winds prevail. Every year, about 30 million m³ of water falls on the island, despite the fact that there is almost no surface current. The government of Nauru is concerned about global warming, the island is threatened by rising sea levels. Therefore, the republic is trying to attract the attention of the world community, first of all, through the UN. ### Flora and Fauna Due to the island's small area and its isolation from the continental mainland and large toparals, only 60 species of native vascular plants grow on Nauru, none of which are endemic. Severe devastation after World War II, coconut palm monoculture and phosphorite mining caused most of Nauru's vegetation cover to disappear, but 63% of its area has now been restored. Coconut palms, pandanus, ficuses, spices and other leafy plants grow on the island. In addition, various types of shrub formations are widespread. Plants and trees grow very thickly in the coastal area and around Buada Lake. In the interior of Nauru, buritarak trees grow, as well as cherry, almond and mango trees. At the base of the island's lowlands are rich in scrub plants, and in the hilly areas woody plants grow thickly. The fauna of Nauru is poor. All mammals were introduced by humans: small rats, cats, dogs and pigs, as well as chickens. Reptiles are represented by lizards. Ornitofauna is richer — 6 species in total (mudeaters, grebes, petrels, frigatebirds, grebes). Nauru is home to only one species of songbird — the Nauru hawk, an island endemic. The island is rich in insects and other invertebrates. The waters around the island are home to various sharks, sea urchins, molluscs, crabs and other poisonous marine animals. ## Population ### Number According to the 2011 census, the population of the Republic of Nauru was 10,084 people, including men — 5,105 , and women — 4979 people Population density — 473.43 people km². In addition, on the territory of the island there is a camp for refugees who tried to enter Australia illegally. By the end of July 2016, there were 442 people living in the camp, including 338 men, 55 women and 49 children; Most of the refugees are from Afghanistan, Iran and Iraq. In 1968, when independence was declared, the population was 3 thousand people. Birth rate in Nauru is 24.47 per 1000 inhabitants, death rate is 6.65 per 1000 inhabitants, natural population growth is 1.781%. The infant mortality rate in 2007 was 9.6 deaths per 1,000 births. In 2007, the share of children under the age of 15 was 37.8% (3813 people), the number of adults aged 15 to 60 — 59.3% (5983 people), over 60 — 2.9% (287 person). Average life expectancy for men in 2011 was 65 years, and for women - 75 years. The island has no official capital and cities. The president's residence is located in Meneng County, while government offices and parliament are located in Yaren County. All the inhabitants of the island live along the seashore or around Lake Buada. ### Ethnic composition About 91% of the population of Nauru (9031 people) are the indigenous population of the republic - Nauruans. Of the total population of Nauru, Pacific Islanders (mainly Fijians and Tungarians) make up 4%, Europeans — 1.6% (161 people), Chinese — 1.5% (151 people). The share of citizens of foreign countries among residents is high. On the basis of the language, the Naurians are classified as a group of Micronesian peoples, but not only Micronesians, but also Polynesians and Melanesians were involved in the formation of this ethnos. ### Languages Nauruans speak Nauru, a Micronesian language. Until 1968, the Republic of Nauru was a joint property of Australia, Great Britain and New Zealand, so English, along with Nauru, is the official language. The Nauru script is based on the Latin alphabet and consists of 17 letters. Later, due to the significant influence of other languages, primarily German, Tok-Pisin, and Kiribati, the alphabet expanded to 28 letters. Catholic missionary Alois Kaiser, who wrote a textbook in Nauru, made a great contribution to the study of this Micronesian language, as well as Philip Delaporte, an American (born in Germany) Protestant missionary. ### Religious composition Today Nauru is predominantly Christian. Most Nauruans (60.5% — 6,098 people) belong to Protestant churches, including 35.2% (3,552 people) — representatives of the Congregationalist Church of Nauru. This church has its small churches in Meneng, Buada, Anabar and Nibok counties and its main church is in Iwo county. Believers from the Assembly of God — 12.8% (1291 people), from the Independent Church of Nauru — 9.4% (945 people). There are small groups of Adventists, Baptists and Jehovah's Witnesses in the country. About 32.5% of Nauru's population (3,278 people) belong to the Catholic Church, which has its own small church in Yaren County, as well as a school (Kaiser College) in Ewa County. About 5% of the population follow Buddhism and Taoism, 2% - Baha'i. A small group of Nauruans adhere to traditional beliefs (worship of the goddess Eijebong and the spirit of the island Buitani). The government restricts the activities of some denominations, such as the Modern Church of Jesus Christ (Mormons) and Jehovah's Witnesses (foreign nationals who work for the Nauru Phosphate Corporation based on supporters). In 1979, a Jehovah's Witness missionary from the Marshall Islands was sent back to Nauru. In 1995, part of the restrictions were removed. ## Policy ### State symbols The national flag, coat of arms, anthem and constitution of the Republic of Nauru were adopted and approved in 1968. ### State structure Nauru is an independent republic. According to the constitution adopted on January 29, 1968 (amendments were introduced on May 17, 1968), Nauru is a state with a republican form of government in the Westminster system of parliamentarism, as well as some features of the presidential form of government. Legislative power The highest body of the legislative power is a unicameral parliament consisting of 19 deputies. Until 2013, the number of deputies was 18 people. The order of election of members of parliament is determined by the Constitution of Nauru. National elections; Only a citizen of Nauru who has reached the age of 20 can be a deputy. A member of parliament is sworn in before taking office. The term of office of parliament members is 3 years. In the case of dissolution of the parliament by the speaker after consultation with the president of the country, the mandate may be suspended until the expiration of the term. At the first meeting, members of the parliament elect the speaker of the parliament and his deputy, and then start the process of electing the president of the country from among their members. Executive branch See also: List of presidents of Nauru The head of state and government of Nauru is the president. From June 11, 2013, as an experiment, the country's parliament decided to separate the duties of the president and the prime minister. The order of election of the President and the Prime Minister is established by the Constitution of Nauru. Only a member of parliament can be elected as president. The president is elected at the parliamentary session after the parliamentary elections. A candidate for the post of president is considered elected after receiving a simple majority of votes. The term of office of the president is 3 years, and one person cannot be the president of the country and a member of the parliament at the same time. In the event that the President voluntarily resigns before the end of his term of office, he may not perform his duties due to permanent incapacity due to health or may be suspended due to his removal from office (impeachment). In order to remove the president from office, at least half of the parliament members must vote. After the impeachment of the president, the presidential election begins. If the members of the parliament, whose president has decided to resign, do not elect a new president within seven days, then the parliament is automatically dissolved. Judiciary The judiciary in Nauru is completely independent. In the republic, common law operates - a legal system that is considered a model court case as a source of law. Under the Adopted Laws Act 1971, Nauruan traditions, practices, and institutions constitute Nauru's legal system. The judicial system in Nauru includes the High Court, the Court of Appeal, the Regional Court and the Family Courts. According to the decree of the Nauru Lands Committee Ordinance, a land committee with the right to submit land disputes and appeals to the Supreme Court of Nauru operates in the country. According to article 48 of the Constitution of Nauru, the Supreme Court consisting of the chief judge and a panel of judges was established. The Supreme Court, like other judges of the Supreme Court, is appointed by the President of Nauru. The High Court of Australia is the highest court in most matters. ### Foreign policy and international relations The Republic of Nauru has a special status since it became a member of the Commonwealth of Nations after gaining independence in 1968. From May 1999 to January 2006, Nauru was a full member of this organization. On September 14, 1999, he became the 187th member of the United Nations. In addition, the country is a member of the Pacific Islands Forum, the Asian Development Bank (the 52nd member since September 1991), the countries of Africa, the Caribbean and the Pacific, and other international organizations. The Republic of Nauru maintains diplomatic relations with many countries of the world. Its main partners are Australia, Great Britain, India, Republic of China, Republic of Korea, New Zealand, USA, Thailand, Philippines and Japan. ### Administrative division of Nauru Administrative-regional division of the Republic of Nauru consists of 14 districts: ## Current situation and economy \ <> ### General description The Republic of Nauru, rich in phosphorites, was one of the richest countries in the world in the 1970s and 1980s, with a per capita income of 13,000 US dollars. In 1986, GNP per capita was 20,000 US dollars. At that time, the island's economy was largely dependent on foreign labor, primarily from the neighboring island states of Kiribati and Tuvalu. At that time, the export price of phosphorites exceeded the import price by four times, and the main foreign trade partners were Australia, New Zealand, Japan and Great Britain. Anticipating the closing of the only source of foreign exchange earnings in the near future, the government invested a significant part of its export earnings in foreign real estate and special savings funds. But when almost all mineral reserves were exhausted, it became clear that the state did not think enough about the country's future. Phosphorite mining has had a devastating effect on the topography of Nauru and the vegetation cover of the plateau in the central region of the island. By 1989, 75% of the country was actively mined and 90% of the forest was destroyed (only 200 hectares of vegetation remained). Land reclamation was not carried out, so by the end of the 20th century, 80% of the dry land turned into a barren land resembling a "moonscape". In 1989, the Republic of Nauru complained to the UN International Court of Justice about Australia's actions during its administration of the island — especially the serious environmental consequences of phosphorite mining. Australia was obliged to pay reparations. Depletion of mineral deposits caused political instability, and from 1989 to 2003, the country changed its government 17 times. In the 1990s, the island of Nauru became an offshore area. Several hundred banks are registered on the island. Under the pressure of the FATF (Intergovernmental Commission on Combating the Laundering of Criminal Capital) and the threat of US sanctions, in 2001 the Republic of Nauru was forced to impose restrictions, and in 2003, to ban the activities of offshore banks and anti-money laundering measures. The Republic of Nauru used to sell passports to foreign nationals ("investor passports"), but has abandoned this practice in recent years. At the beginning of 2003, a severe political crisis occurred in Nauru. There were two candidates for the presidency: Rene Harris and Bernard Doviyo. During the clashes, the presidential residence was burned and telephone communication was cut off. For several weeks, communication with the outside world was only possible when a ship with a satellite phone entered port. In recent years, most of the income coming to the country is Australian aid. Australia sponsors Nauru to provide temporary asylum to refugees seeking to reach Australia, which is an important source of income for the sponsoring country. ### Agriculture In the coastal zone of the island, bananas, pineapples, papayas, mangoes, grain trees, and coconut palms are grown for the local market. ### Contact The first postage stamps were issued in Nauru in 1916. Nauru's only radio station is government-owned and broadcasts mainly Radio Australia and the BBC. In addition, the island has a government television station "Nauru TV". There is no permanent print media in Nauru. The Nauru Bulletin (in English and Nauru) and The Visionary (a newspaper owned by the opposition party Naoero Amo) are occasionally published. Central Star News and Nauru Chronicle newspapers are published once a fortnight. ### Tourism Tourism is being limited due to environmental pollution after the processing of phosphorites on the island. All departing passengers are subject to an airport tax of AUD 25 payable directly at the airport. Only children under 12 years of age, crew members, transit passengers and people with a special written permission letter from the Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Nauru are exempted from fees. ### Monetary system and finance At the beginning of the 21st century, the government of Nauru faced many problems in the financial sector, primarily due to the decline in phosphorite exports. As a result, in 2002, the state failed to pay its debts to some creditors on time. The government, relying on the resources of the Bank of Nauru, is trying to solve the problems of the budget deficit and pay royalties thanks to the bank. The currency of Nauru is the Australian dollar. The inflation rate on the island is quite high — it was 4% in 2001 (the main reason: the increase in the price of oil on the world market and the costs of its transportation). In 2000, the budget deficit was 10 million Australian dollars. or about 18% of the country's GDP. The public debt increased — in 2000 it was 280 million Australian dollars. formed. There is no sales tax in Nauru, but a number of goods are subject to customs duties, with the tax collection rules changing periodically. Tobacco products and alcohol are not taxed. Store opening hours: from Monday to Friday — from 09:00 to 17:00, on Saturdays — from 09:00 to 13:00, but many privately owned stores work according to their own schedule. does. ## Culture There is very little information about the early culture of the island of Nauru: due to the strong influence of the West, many traditions were forgotten by the local population. Since the ancient Nauruans did not have writing, scientists who began to study the country's cultural wealth faced difficulties. ### Social organization of the pre-colonial inhabitants of the island of Nauru The early culture of the Nauruans was based on the culture of the 12 tribes that inhabited the island. There was no common leader in Nauru, and each tribe had a separate history. Traditionally, tribes were divided into clans, and each person in a clan belonged to a certain class: Temonibe (n. -{Temonibe}-), Emo (n. -{Emo}-), Amenengame (n. -{Amenengame}-) and Engame (na. -{Engame}-). Two poor classes had the names Itsio (na. -{Itsio}-) and Itiora (na. -{Itiora}-). The main factor for determining which class a person belongs to is the mother's origin. People of Temonibe tribe had a privileged position. They were engaged in fishing and owned their own land in the sea. At that time, most of the settlements were located on the sea shore, but some were located near Lake Buada. The inhabitants of the island lived in small "settlements" consisting of two or three houses. Most of them later merged into villages. Nauru had a total of 168 villages united into 14 regions. Currently, they are administrative districts of the island that make up 14 regions. Every family in Nauru owned a piece of land, and some owned fish ponds on the shores of Lake Buada. ### Sports The national sport of Nauru is Australian rules football. It has its own national football team, but is not recognized by FIFA and the Oceania Football Confederation due to the country's lack of professional athletes and large stadiums. The color of the players' uniforms is blue with a horizontal yellow stripe. The first game of the national team against the team of another country was held on October 2, 1994. In that game, the Nauruan team defeated the Solomon Islands team with a score of 2:1. It was a big win for the Nauruan team, as the Solomon Islands were considered the main contenders to win (they were winners of the Melanesian Cup that year). There are several sports fields and stadiums on the island: "Linkbelt Oval" (located in the county of Ivo, but it is quite considered and does not meet international standards), Meneng Stadium (established in 2006 and can accommodate 3500 spectators) and Denig Stadium. In addition, sports such as weightlifting, softball, basketball and tennis are widespread. The country's government often focuses on weightlifting: it is in this sport that Nauru has achieved great success. The Nauruan National Olympic Committee was formed in Nauru following the stunning victory of weightlifter Marcus Stephens during the 1990 Commonwealth Games. In 1992, Markus was the first Nauruan athlete at the Olympic Games held in Barcelona. Nauru was officially admitted to the Olympic movement in 1996. Nauru's first official athletes were Marcus Stephen, Gerard Garabwan and Quincy Detenamo. Nauru's most successful tennis players are David Detudamo and Angelita Detudamo. ### Holidays ## Social sphere ### Healthcare Public water supply As a result of the state program on the effective solution of health care problems, which aims to improve the environment and conduct regular sanitary and preventive measures, it has been possible to prevent the spread of infectious diseases on the island in recent years. Nevertheless, non-communicable diseases, diabetes, hypertension, cardiovascular diseases and cancer, as well as respiratory diseases, are the leading causes of death. The people of Nauru are suffering from obesity. According to the UN, Nauru has one of the highest rates of obesity in the world. In 2003, the prevalence of diabetes among adults (30.2%) was the highest in the world. The main cause of obesity in Nauru is associated with cheap high-calorie food, primarily canned meat. The main problem in Nauru's health care sector is the lack of personnel, so the country's government is trying to attract as many specialists as possible to this field. Medical services on the island are free. In July 1999, the Nauru General Hospital (English. Nauru General Hospital) and the National Phosphate Corporation Hospital (English. National Phosphate Corporation Hospital) were merged into the Republic of Nauru Hospital (English. Republic of Nauru Hospital), which is staffed by five doctors. Patients with serious illnesses are sent to Australia for treatment. In 1995-1996, spending on health was 8.9 million Australian dollars, or 8.9% of the country's total budget. Most of the professional doctors are expatriates. ### Education Education in Nauru is compulsory from age 6 to 15 (grades 1-10). In addition, the education system includes 2 stages for early childhood: pre-school (English. Pre-school) and preparatory (English. Preparatory School) stages. Primary education is given to children from 6 to 11 years of age during the first 6 years of schooling. The first two years of education are given at Yaren Primary School, the third and fourth at Aiwo Primary School, and from the fifth year at Nauru College. After completing primary school, exams are passed and a Certificate of completion of primary school (English: Nauru Primary Certificate) is issued. The next stage is secondary school (grades 7-10 are compulsory and grades 11-12 are optional). After the 10th grade, exams are taken to obtain the Certificate of Secondary Education (Nauru Junior Certificate). As a student continues his education, after 12th grade, he passes an exam to obtain a full secondary education certificate (English: Pacific Senior School Certificate). Islanders receive higher education overseas, primarily in Australia. In addition, there is a branch of the University of the South Pacific (English. University of the South Pacific) in Nauru, where correspondence courses are held. Education in Nauru is free. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5139

Ahmet Yasawi

Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, popularly known as Aziret (Hazret) Sultan (1093 or 1103, Sayram - 1166, Turkestan) is a Central Asian philosopher, Islamic preacher, Sufi poet. ## Biography Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is a Turkestan scholar and saint born in 1093. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's ancestor is a family of owners. His father is Sheikh Ibrahim, a descendant of Hazrat Ali, a saint who became famous in Isfijab. Mother - Aisha (Mother Karashash), daughter of Musa Sheikh. Musa Sheikh is also recognized as a saint in Isfijab. Some sources say that Khoja Ahmet Yasawi had a son named Ibrahim and a daughter named Gauhar Khoshnaz (Zauhar Shahnaz). The descendants of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi are mainly descended from this daughter. In the 9th century, the active activities of Islamic preachers in the cities of Otyrar, Isfijab, Balasagun, Yasi, Sauran, Syganak Shash, Sutkent, Jent, Kudur, Otluk, Ozkent, and other Mauerannakhr cities took a political character, and since the 10th century, educational centers for Islamic teachings - madrasas-tekkas were completely established, and Islamic-spiritual ethical (moral) positions began to take shape. Before Khoja Ahmet Yasawi was born, dozens of representatives of the Hanafi school of Islamic fiqh (law) lived in Isfijab. Yasawi doctrine was formed due to these political, social and historical conditions. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the leader of teachers - Arystan bab. Kashifi in his work "Rashahat-ul ain-il hayat" gives information about the fact that Khoja Ahmet was a disciple of Arystan Bab, learned the secret and meaning of Zahir and Batin teachings from him, and served him for 16 years. Yasawi's "Diwani Hikmat" also mentions Arystan Bab often. Although there are written sources about the life and activities of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi (Khazini, "Jawahir-ul Abra Min Amuaj-il Bihar") that indicate that he was a student of Yusuf Hamadani, recent researches have begun to reveal conclusions that refute it. The first student of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi was Mansur Ata, the son of Arystan Bab, the second student was Sayyid Ata Khorezmi, and the third student was Suleymen Bakyrgani. The most prominent among them is Bakyrgani (Hakim Ata) (Kashifi, "Rashahat-ul ain-il hayat"). One of his famous students, Muhammed Danyshmendi, wrote down the legacy of Sufi Khoja Ahmet Yasawi called "Mirat-ul Kulub". Also, such personalities as Sadr Ata, Badr Ata, Haji Bektash Auliye, Sary Saltuk, Sheikh Lukpan Perende are considered to be students of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. A. Bennigson says that Khoja Ahmet Yasawi had students named Shopan Ata and Zengi Baba. Regarding the disciples of Yasawi, Fuat Koprulu says: "Almost all the Sufis who are called Turkish sheikhs, except for the Sufis of Iraq, Khorasan and Mauerannahr, were the sheikhs of the Khoja Ahmet Yasawi order." It seems that Ahmet's father was a religious man, one of the famous sheikhs who followed the path of God. The reason we say this is that in the 149th wisdom of the poet, he reveals the following about his origin: ...Ishaq Baba Zhuryn, Sheikh Ibrahim Kulyny, Sheikh Ahmed Yasawi, the Grandfather of Christ. After receiving religious education from Yusuf Hamadani in the city of Ahmet Bukhar, he came to Turkestan and became a great propagandist of Sufism, religious and pious ideas that were widespread in Central Asia at that time. Ahmet Yasawi's coming to Turkestan at a young age is probably related to religion. In his poems, the poet tells about his arrival in Turkestan:... I lived in Turkestan when I was seventeen, I drank wine from Shiltemen at eighteen, I made a living, I wandered around Paradise and begged for funds, I saw the faces of Haq Mustafa, here. ## "Diwani Hikmet" His voluminous work that has reached today's generation is "Diwani Hikmet/ Diwani Hikmat" (Wisdom is a collection). This work was first published in 1878. will be published as a separate book. Then it will be printed several times in Istanbul, Kazan, Tashkent. One of them was in 1901. There was a version published by Tynishtykuli in Kazan for the Kazakhs. In this poem, written in four stanzas, the poet describes his life from his childhood to the age of the prophet, tells about the pain and sorrow he experienced in life, criticizes the shortcomings and abuses of the ruling khans, beys, and judges. this means the falsity of science. In "Diwani Hikmet" you can find valuable information about the Turkic peoples, including the Kazakh people, their early culture, literature, history, ethnography, and economy. Khoja Akhmet Yasawi, who was buried in the city of Turkestan, was called the "reigning sultan" and was buried in the beginning of the 14th century. in the end, the famous Amir Temir installs the dome on the estuary. In general, the traditional Turkish Sufi spirit and the worldview of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the meaning and importance of his teachings are reflected in such legacies as "Diwani Hikmet", "Mirat-ul Kulub", "Pakyrnama". The basis of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's Sufi teachings, worldview and philosophy can be classified as moral-ethical and Sufi wisdom. The concept of reason in Yasawi's teaching deals with the issue of reaching human moral status and "insani kamil" status. The theoretical basis of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview concept is the sharia and enlightenment, and the practical basis is the tariqat. The essence of Khoja Akhmet's worldview is "recognition of the Truth" through "self-knowledge of man". The first position (head) of this path is "repentance", the last is "slavery" (ubudiyat, abd). When a person on this path realizes the truth of the fact that he is a "creature - I", the secret of creation, he realizes that his human duty is to be a "bridge - a road" between "God and man and man and society". The essence of Yasawi's wisdom, the core of his philosophy is man. A person must acquire the necessary knowledge to achieve "perfection". The source of this knowledge is wisdom. In wisdom, it is clearly stated that human nature is a being created in the highest artistic form, reflecting the greatness of the Lord. In the wisdom of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the nature of man, as stated in the Qur'an, is based on water and soil. "If you know the truth, water will go to the soil and to the soil," he says. In the Sufi sense, "soil" is human nature, common sense and simplicity. Lust, arrogance, pride are qualities that dehumanize a person. In some wisdoms of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, symbolic concepts are used that indicate that he has become soil with his whole being: "My head is soil, I am soil, my body is soil; My soul is in a state of agony, wondering whether I will fight for the truth." In the Sufi sense, this means the status of "wisal" (acquainted with the Truth). Becoming soil, getting rid of lust is the first condition for meeting the Truth. After that, a person reaches the truth, reaches the level of human perfection, and is satisfied with the fact that he is a "path" to the truth. This is the purpose of "Let the earthy world pass over you". Because in the Sufi name, the graves of saints and pirs are also called "soil". In Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview, a saint is the right path, because he is a wise person who instructs his people to distinguish between good and bad, truth and falsehood, and is a manifestation of God's grace in society. ## Teaching of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi According to the teaching of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, serving the Truth begins with serving the people. And the condition of serving the people and the nation is to be earthy and to refrain from lust. Being a soil person and devoting oneself to one's people means perfection. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi says that in order to reach perfection, a person must have hunger (strong love) and pain. "A sick person is not a person, understand this; A hungry human being is a beast, listen to this." A "sick person" on the path of this wisdom is a person who is devoid of human feelings, irresponsible, sad, and worried about his nation, society, and homeland. "Hungry person" is a person who is deprived of divine nature, that is, a divine gift given to man by God, who cannot appreciate his human dignity, who does not strive for rationality, who does not care about the world around him, people, nature, and the Creator of all this. The position of the sick person in the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is special. In his wisdom, he says: "Let your knowledge be a lamp, your state be an elephant, and your tears be oil." A sick and sad person burns like an elephant, falls into the fire of hunger, sees the shortcomings of the society and lame spirituality, and with tears and energy, looks for a way out of it, a cure. True hunger is followed by this disease. And hunger is the source of strength that leads to perfection. In the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the purpose of human creation is to worship the Truth (Ibadat), he says: "You and us were created by the Truth for Ibadat." This ibadat (ubudiyat) is the highest position on the way to the knowledge of the truth. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview, which sees God's hunger in unity with love for God, considers it a duty to respect human beings created by God on an equal basis, without belittling them. The saying "It is Sunnah, even if you are a disbeliever, do not give him trouble, God will take care of those who are upset" shows respect for a person, regardless of his origin and color, religion and religion, as a prophetic Sunnah (system, law, principle). Because the teaching of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is a way of unlimited love (love) that does not fit into the scope of religion or sect. In the worldview of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the personalities of "sick man", "soil man", "perfect man", as well as "strange man" are glorified. Gharib brings a person to the status of perfection and evaluates him as a representative and follower of the prophet in society (see Sufism). Khoja Ahmet Yasawi shows himself as a stranger: "I have no stranger, I am poor and poor, who do I have but You, have mercy on You (God) in the morning" - he expects mercy only from God. Because there is no one who truly understands and supports him except Allah. The force that makes him a stranger and pushes him to loneliness is his attitude towards the world, his desire and love for the path of God. Strangeness is a psychological state that expresses the mood of a person struggling with himself, communicating with his spirit in order to find a solution to the problems that confuse his mind, and enjoying himself. That's why Khoja Ahmet Yasawi says, "Wherever you see a stranger, take a breath." That is, encourage them, support them, be near them and respect them. In Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview, the meaning of life and death is different. Ghazali says that "in order to understand the truth of death, you need to reach the meaning of life, and you cannot know life without knowing the soul." In his teachings, the soul is the source of evil, and the spirit is the source of good. Like good and bad, soul and spirit cannot coexist. For the soul to live, the soul must die. Because the essence of life lies in the purity of the spirit, that is, in the purity of the mirror of mind. Aiming for purity of spirit is to attain the status of "open" and to see the truth. "Mutu khabala an tamutu will be soil; Hungry people die before they die..." "Kul Khoja Ahmet, I kicked my lust, I kicked my lust, I suffered the pain of giving up my life before I died. Change your being before you die..." These are the wisdoms of the "die before you die" philosophy. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi calls here to understand the real meaning of life by abandoning masiwa (everything except the Truth). According to his point of view, "real life" means that the soul is freed from lust and bathed in divine light. Based on this teaching, people can be considered as "dead" and "alive". The concept of "dead" and "alive" here is related to the spirit. "The dead" are those who were enslaved to lust in the world, they are equal to the dead even if they are alive. "The living" are those who have given "life" to their spirits by destroying their egos, those who have attained eternal life even after death, and those who have attained the status of immortals. There is no physical death in Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview. It's just the soul leaving the body and moving into another state. The highest state of worship to God is freedom. Since the spiritual life is related to the inner spirit, the issue of freedom in the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is considered within the framework of "inner freedom" of a person. Internal freedom is called "moral freedom" in Islamic ethics. That is, only a person who is a complete slave to the Truth is completely free. Therefore, purification from everything other than God leads to true freedom. A Sufi is a slave before the Truth, free and free before the people. As a result of spiritual death, the self dominates and enslaves the person. Man begins to alienate his creation and nature. As a result, the spirit loses its freedom. According to the method of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the way to unite the spirit to freedom is zuhd. The teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi describe the degrees and steps of achieving inner freedom. These are realized through the sequential continuation of the categories of "Khalder" and "Maqamat" in the Sufi worldview. The basis of information about inner freedom is religion. And according to the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi on the divine path given by God, religion shows mankind the way to get rid of "internal slavery" and achieve "internal freedom", according to the concept of "dead" and "living", people can be divided into two groups in the issue of freedom. The first group is "those who yearn for freedom". They only worship the Truth. The second group is "those who are afraid of freedom". These are lust, career, wealth, fame, world, people, etc. worships and enslaves. The beginning of wisdom is to know that God exists and is one. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi says that when human beings are not aware of this reality, they begin to distance themselves from their roots. The Qur'an is known as the source of knowledge that warns and directly reminds people of this truth. At the same time, it is said that the main secret of knowing God is in the person himself. If man is a microcosm, then the spirit, the whole world, existence is the macrocosm, signs of God. A person is a person who constantly remembers the conversation with God in the spirit world through "Zhikr" without breaking the oath. Methods such as dhikr, wajd (ecstasy), and sama in the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi were used in order not to forget the relationship with God. Taking into account that the Arabic word for a person is "insan", that is, "forgetful", it is known that dhikr (remembrance), which is one of the names of the Qur'an, is a method that complements and perfects the human being. At this point, the "remaining calamity" type ("...wasn't I your Creator" is the response of the spirits to the question of God, "Yes, of course") and ontol in the spirit world. and it is not difficult to see that there is a desire and desire for the continuation and preservation of kinship among mankind. This theoretical-conceptual position, typical of the general Sufi worldview, was revived by Khoja Ahmet Yasawi on the basis of the Turkish worldview. In the history of Islam, the "Sufism trend" emerged as a special form of understanding and perception of religion, and it appeared as a trend against the strictness of the official religion (penalty and fiqh). In the same way, the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi developed according to universality, which is the main category of the Turkish worldview. Not only as a punisher of God, a person of fear, but by loving God and respecting His judgments, he formed ways of loving God. Because in the Sufi worldview, God is the lover (lover), magshuq (beloved) and love itself, and love is the most basic ideal of being. This person has a sense of love, responsibility, faith, etc. creates noble values. A person can learn a meaningful, meaningful life, the "art of human existence" only through wisdom, on the basis of its effective fruits (modern "Diwani hikmet"). Akhlak (morality) is the core of moral principles that form the cognitive basis of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's teaching. Morality is a set of spiritual values formed as a result of wisdom. A person acquires a human nature and essence through morality. That is, a person can find "truth" and "peace of mind" only when he imbibes moral and spiritual values. In the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, "peace of mind", "achieving the truth" is realized in the tariqat through the continuation of moral qualities and character. The way to meet God is through service to society and people - direct moral perfection. As a result, spiritual purity and self-mastery are achieved, and the "Perfect Man" attitude is formed. By calling the nomadic Turkic community to faith, the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi made a great change in the culture of all Turkic peoples. If we take into account that the basis of the traditional Turkic worldview is mystical (mystic) religion, it is not difficult to understand the reasons of Sufi knowledge in forming the most important feature of Turkic Islam. If we look at the naturalness of this phenomenon from the perspective of the phenomenology of religion, it can be seen that the old positions in the spread of religions will not be completely destroyed, new ones will find their place on the basis of those values, understandings and concepts. Often, in religions, old principles are combined with mystical institutions and continue to exist in the form of "popular religiosity". The manifestation of this phenomenon can be seen in the Sufi moral teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. His attachment to the prophet Muhammad (pbuh) through the symbolism of "dates", being the "cause" of this phenomenon by Arystan Bab, trying to make his life similar to the life of the prophet, naming his son Ibrahim as a sign of being like the prophet, and entering the "underground mosque" alive when he reached the age of the prophet. , i.e. falling into the qiluet, all this is an important methodological, phenomenal feature and innovation in spreading Islam to the nomadic Turks in his teaching. The creativity of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, who founded the religious-mystical school that does not contradict the local people's traditions, beliefs, and customs, paved the way for the Turkish tradition of Sufism. He refuted the idea that "Islam can be recognized only through the Arabic language" and expressed the principles of Sufi literature in the ancient Turkic literary language - Chagatai. In order to fully explain the Arabic meaning of the Holy Book, to introduce the secrets of the Shariat, the principles of religion to the masses in their own languages, he wrote his wisdom in the language of clear poetry close to the local people. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi created an example of fluent and expressive poetry in the Turkish language and proved that the Turkish language has a great potential to create artistic works. His works in the form of written literature not only brought a new impetus and new content to the literature of the ancient Turkish tradition, but also beautified and perfected it in terms of type. Thus, the didactic nature of Turkish literature was filled with propagandistic ideas. Being a link between folklore and written literature, he rationally used in his wisdom the historical legends and legends about prophets, saints and poets, which have been formed since ancient times in his creative literature. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's creativity is widely recognized in the Turko-Muslim world, and Yasawishe hikmet has become a tradition. In Asia Minor, the wisdom of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi was observed from the wisdom of Hadji Bektash Wali, Yunis Amire, Suleiman Bakyrgani. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's poem, which had a significant influence on the worldview of the Turkic people since the 12th century, was reflected in the works of Kazakh poets from Asan Kaigy to Abai, as well as to this day. ## Gallery * * * ## Sources ### Sources \ <> Links

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4038

Етіс

By verb (category of verbs) we mean the system of forms that express the relation of the action (deed) to the subject and the object, as well as, on the contrary, the relation of the subject and the object to the action (deed). Verbs are a variety of verbs that create a verb from a verb and have different morphological and syntactic characteristics. system of suffixes. The characteristics that distinguish verbs from other categories of verbs are as follows: * he asked her better; * they asked each other better; * he asked him better; * he was asked better; Comparing the verbs (sura, shiras, shirat, shiral, shiran) in the sentences * he himself was asked , it is clear that they are co-stems derived from the same root. The last four of these five different bases are distinguished from each other by the appropriate suffixes (-s, -t, -l, -n) from the interrogative root; according to these forms (although the original lexical meaning is the same), there is also a difference in their semantic values. Depending on the types, meanings and functions of the suffixes of verbs, they are divided into four types as follows: * Common verb -s /-ys/ -is; * Verb -t/ -tyr/ -tir/ -dyr/ -dir / -yr/ -ir/-set; * Irregular verb -yl /-yn/-il /-yn/-l/-n; * Possessive verb /-in/ -n ## Literature * A. Iskakov, "Modern Kazakh language", 1974.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5832

Румыния

Romania (Romania România) is a country located in the south-eastern part of Europe. The land area is 237.5 thousand km², the capital is the city of Bucharest. The population is more than 19 million. The official language is Romanian. The head of state is the president. The head of the government is the prime minister. The supreme legislative body is a unicameral parliament. Administratively, it is divided into 40 counties. National holiday - National Day of Romania - July 1 (1990). to the UN and Eur. Member of the Council. The monetary unit is lei. It is divided into 42 administrative-territorial units, 41 of which are counties, and 1 is the municipality of Bucharest, which is equivalent to a county. The capital is Bucharest. The official language is Romanian. Romania is a unitary state and a presidential-parliamentary republic. President Klaus Iohannis, Prime Minister Nicolae Chuka. An industrial country with a rapidly developing economy. The currency is the Romanian lei (the exchange rate on January 10, 2019 is 4.05 lei for 1 US dollar, the value of 1 US dollar in new Romanian lei increased from 3.88 to +0.19 lei in one year (365 days). 4.05 RON to) Romania was formed in 1859 as a result of the union of two principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia. On 11 December [23 December] 1861, Cuza announced the creation of a unified Romanian state in his address to the nation. Independence was declared on May 21, 1877. EU member since January 1, 2007, NATO member since March 29, 2004. ## Etymology of the name The name of the country is lat. romanus comes from the word "Roman". ## Geographical location The territory of Romania occupies mainly the Lower Danube basin. The Romanian coast of the Black Sea reaches 245 km. The territory of Romania is moderately mountainous (above 800 m), hilly or flat (200-800 m), lowland. The land is divided into East Carpathian, South Carpathian and Western Romanian mountains. Eastern Karpaty stretches for 300 km from the northwest to the southeast. The highest point is Mount Pietros (2305 m). The total length of Southern Karpaty is 270 km. The highest point is Mount Moldovyanu, 2543 m. The mountains of Western Romania consist of the Bihor massif (up to 1848 m), Traskeu and Metalic ridges. The Transylvanian Plateau is located between the South and East Carpathians. The main river of Romania is Mures. Territorial lakes in the Danube valley (Potelu, Grjaka, Calarasi, Brates) and on the Black Sea coast. ## History ### Ancient History and Antiquity The Cro-Magnon people (Peshtera- ku-Oase) one of the oldest remains was found. Neolithic culture appeared about 4 thousand years ago. In the Bronze Age, in 1800-1000 BC, the Thracian-Phrygian tribes of the Dacians appeared. In the 7th century BC, Greek colonies appeared on the present-day Black Sea coast of Romania (Scythia Minor). The prosperity of the Dacian states begins in the 3rd century BC. Dacia was conquered by the Romans at the end of the 1st and the beginning of the 2nd century BC, where gold was mined and colonists settled. The beginning of intensive Romanization and the birth of Balkan Latin begin from this time. After revolts in 270 AD, the Romans were forced to retreat to the Danube. During the period of the "Great Migration of Peoples", Dacia was heavily ravaged by Goths, Vandals, Huns and a number of other migratory tribes. In the 6th century, Slavs began to settle in the territory of modern Romania. ### The Middle Ages In the Middle Ages, the ancestors of Romanians lived in the territory of 3 principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania. Since the 11th century, Transylvania had autonomy within the Kingdom of Hungary, and in the 16th century it became an independent principality and remained so until 1711. In 1526, Hungarian troops were defeated during the Battle of Mohawk, and then Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania became vassals of the Ottoman Empire, maintaining internal autonomy until the middle of the 19th century. This period is characterized by the gradual destruction of the feudal structure. Among the rulers of the territories at this time, Stephen III of Moldavia, Basil Lupu and Dmitri Cantemir stand out; Matei Basarab, Vlad III Tepes (Dracula) and Constantin Brancoveanu of Wallachia; Janos Hunyadi and Gabor Bethlen in Transylvania. In 1600, Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania were united under the rule of Michael the Hero, but in 1601 Michael was assassinated, and the Ottoman boyars seized real power in Wallachia and Moldavia. The entire 17th century was characterized by disintegration of the boyars and civil strife. Principality of Transylvania, 1818 Allying with Russia in the early 18th century, the rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia tried to escape Ottoman rule, but Peter I's Prut campaign failed due to the betrayal of the Wallachian ruler Konstantin Brynkovian, and Enslavement of the territories of the Ottoman Empire intensified. ### State of Romania The historical process of creating the state of Romania began in 1859 with the election of Alexander Cuza in the vassal lands of the Ottoman Empire of the United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, as a result of the union of two principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia. the ruler of two principalities who declared himself the prince of a single country. The emancipation of the peasants and other reform projects caused strong opposition to the prince's policies among the ultra-conservative party. In turn, as a result of a conspiracy by pro-Prussian and pro-Ottoman boyars against their ruler, Kuza was deposed, and a Prussian vizier from the Swabian branch of the Hohenzollern took the throne. - Carol I (Karl Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen). Transylvania, another region of the present-day Romanian state, was part of Austria-Hungary at that time. For the first time, on May 21 (May 9), 1877, due to the beginning of the Russo-Turkish war, the independence of the United Principality of Moldavia and Wallachia was declared by declaring these lands as the "Principality of Romania". war; As a result of the Treaty of Berlin, Romania, which took part in this war, received the northern Dobrud together with Constanta, instead of the southern areas of Bessarabia (Bujak), newly occupied by Russia. Romania was recognized as an independent state in the agreements of San Stefano and Berlin. The period 1878-1914 is characterized by relative stability. In 1881, the Kingdom of Romania was founded on the basis of the United Principality, which was ruled by Carol I. ### World War I Romania initially remained neutral during World War I, but later joined the Entente on August 28, 1916 due to the victories of the Russian army. On August 15 (28), 1916, Romanian troops entered Transylvania. The offensive was initially successful for Romania, but logistical problems quickly took their toll, and the situation deteriorated dramatically after the transfer of German troops from the Western Front. The armies of the Central Powers quickly defeated the relatively weak Romanian army and by the end of 1916 occupied Dobrudja and all of Wallachia, including the capital Bucharest. The royal family, government and parliament moved to Iasi. The army and a significant part of the civilian population retreated to Moldova. Romania was saved from annihilation by the Russian Empire, which provided troops to support it, thus extending the Eastern Front to the Black Sea. Its active military operations in the Romanian sector resumed only in the summer of 1917, when the Romanian army recaptured a small territory in the southwest of Moldova from the enemy, but the revolutionary events in Russia in 1917 prevented Russian units from fighting. The territories occupied by the troops of the Central Powers almost completely surrounded the territory of Moldova under the jurisdiction of the Romanian government, threatening the complete destruction of Romania in the future. 1930 administrative map of the Kingdom of Romania In the fall of 1918, Entente successes on the Western Front and in the Balkans led to a change in the balance of power, allowing Romania to re-enter the war. As a result of the war, Romania took Transylvania and annexed Bessarabia, which was previously the Russian governorate of Bessarabia. In 1917, Sfatul Tarii (Romanian: Sfatul Ţării "Territory Council, Country Council") - the pro-Romanian state authority in Bessarabia (part of the former Principality of Moldavia) - proclaimed the People's Republic of Moldavia on March 27. 1918 - The Democratic Republic of Moldavia (not recognized by any other country in the world) and the annexation of Bessarabia to Romania. ### World War II In 1947, the USSR, Great Britain, USA, Australia, USSR, Czechoslovakia, India, New Zealand, Ukrainian SSR, Union of South Africa signed a peace agreement with Romania. Canada has signed. The treaties established Romania's borders as of January 1, 1938 (the Vienna arbitration awards of 1938 and 1940 were declared void); The borders of Romania were established as of January 1, 1941, except for the Romanian-Hungarian border, which was restored on January 1, 1938 (this border was modified according to the decisions of the Vienna Arbitration of 1940). The political provisions of the treaties largely correspond to the corresponding provisions of the 1947 peace treaty with Italy (dissolution of fascist organizations, restoration of liberties, democracy, etc.). The military provisions of the treaties regulate the composition of the armed forces of these states. The treaties stipulated the amount of reparations to be paid by Romania. Romania undertook to pay reparations to the Soviet Union. The right of the aggressed countries to restore property removed from their territory was recognized, as well as the right of the Soviet Union to all German assets in Romania (the Soviet Union, which later contributed to the economic development of Romania, refused. a significant part of the compensation for the damage caused to it). In 1947, Mihai I abdicated, and Romania was declared a people's republic. In 1948, socialist reforms began, nationalization of private firms and collectivization of agriculture were carried out. Soviet troops were in the country in 1944-1958. This period was called the Soviet occupation in post-communist Romanian historiography. Nicolae Ceausescu came to power in 1965, he pursued a more independent policy. In particular, he condemned the entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968, continued diplomatic relations with Israel after the Six-Day War in 1967, and established diplomatic and economic relations with the Federal Republic of Germany. After the coup d'état in Chile in 1973, Romania and the People's Republic of China were the only socialist countries to maintain diplomatic relations with Chile. In 1974, Bucharest had the most favorable trade with the United States. However, between 1977 and 1981, Romania's foreign debt increased from $3 billion to $10 billion, which increased the influence of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The policy of austerity, as well as the beginning of reconstruction in the USSR, led to an increase in discontent with Ceausescu's policies. ### Post-Socialist Romania In December 1989, the Romanian Revolution took place, resulting in Ceaușescu's overthrow and execution, and the National Salvation Front taking power; Provisional Parliament - Council of National Unity was established. In May 1990, the first free presidential and parliamentary elections were held. Ion Iliescu, who resigned in 2004, held the presidency for three terms from 1990 (with a break in 1996-2000). During this time, our country managed to overcome the consequences of the crisis of the mid-1990s, and the main goal of its policy was to join the EU together with Bulgaria in 2007. On March 29, 2004, Romania joined NATO, and on January 1, 2007, it joined the EU.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4879

People's hero

The title of "People's Hero" is a high-ranking distinction along with the Order of the Golden Eagle of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the title of "Hero of Kazakhstan". The title of "Hero of the People" is awarded for the best work for the Republic of Kazakhstan, for its military feats in the cause of its freedom and independence. People who have been awarded the title of "Hero of the People" are awarded a special distinction - the Golden Star and the Order of "Fatherland". History best work, given for his bravery in the cause of freedom and independence. On December 12, 1995, the new Law No. 2676 "On State Awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan" was adopted, repealing the previous normative legal act and adding new ones to the list of state awards approved by the previous law. Along with the title of "Hero of the People", the highest distinction, the Order of "Golden Eagle" was established. People who received the title of "People's Hero" were to be awarded the Order of "Fatherland" along with the Golden Star. In 1999, changes were introduced to the Golden Star. On December 1, 2008, the title "Man of Labor of Kazakhstan" was added to the ranks of the highest distinctions. ## Awardees Currently, 36 people have been awarded, including: * Sagadat Kozakhmetuly Nurmagambetov - army general, Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan (May 24, 1994) ; * Ahat Salemkhatuly Kulenov - president of the joint-stock company "Uskemen Lead-Zinc Combine" (October 15, 1994); * Hristenko Alexander Fedorovych - the general director of the Institute of Geosciences in the Telman district of the Karaganda region (October 15, 1994); * Toktar Ongarbayuly Aubakirov — the 1st cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan, chairman of the Committee on National Security and Defense of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan (January 12, 1995); * Talgat Amankeldiuly Musabayev - the 2nd cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan, cosmonaut-test of the cosmonaut training center named after Yu.Gagarin (January 12, 1995); * Malenchenko Yury Ivanovich - the 3rd cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan, cosmonaut-test of the cosmonaut training center named after Y.Gagarin (January 12, 1995); * Kasym Kaysenov - writer, 1941-1945. Veteran of the Great Patriotic War (April 24, 1995); * Kulakov Alexey Karpovich - retired, 1941-1945. Veteran of the Great Patriotic War, Osakarov district of Karaganda region (April 24, 1995); * Taipov Murdin - retired, 1941-1945. Veteran of the Great Patriotic War, Uighur district of Almaty region (April 24, 1995); * Mukhtar Aliyuly Aliyev - director of the scientific center of surgery named after A. N. Syzganov (December 29, 1995); * Akim Ivanovich Atmachidi - president of "Semei" financial and industrial group (December 29, 1995); * Shapyk Shokiuly Shokin - academician (June 7, 1996); * Roza Tazhibayovna Baglanova — People's Artist of the USSR (December 9, 1996); Kairat Nogaybayuly Ryskulbekov — hero of the December Uprising of 1986, former student of the Almaty Institute of Architecture and Construction (December 9, 1996); * Bakhtioraz Beisekbayev - junior sergeant, 1941-1945. Participant of the Great Patriotic War, deceased (May 6, 1998); * Nurgisa Atabayuly Tilendiev — composer, conductor, drummer (August 24, 1998); * Rakymzhan Koshkarbayev - one of the first to sew the Victory flag to the Reichstag, deceased (May 7, 1999); * Azerbaijan Madiuli Mambetov — K. of Astana city. Artistic director of the Kazakh Musical Drama Theater named after Kuanyshbaev (October 24, 2000); * Khivaz Kayyrovna Dospanova - labor veteran, 1941-1945. Participant of the Great Patriotic War (December 7, 2004); * Kalmyrza Maulen Remetovich - 1941-1945. Participant of the Great Patriotic War (2005); * Kaporin Alexander Emelyanovich - 1941-1945. Participant of the Great Patriotic War (2005); * Mukhtar Kapashuly Altynbayev — Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Army General (May 6, 2006); * Azamat Tileukhanuly Zhumadilov - head of physical training and sports of military unit 55078, senior lieutenant (December 7, 2007); * Bakytzhan Ertayuly Ertaev - deputy chairman of the Committee of Chiefs of Staff of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan, lieutenant general (December 5, 2008); * Gaziz Abdibekuly Baitasov - platoon commander of a separate battalion of traffic police of the internal affairs department of Zhambyl region (deceased) (December 5, 2011); * Aydyn Akanuly Ayymbetov - cosmonaut of the Republic of Kazakhstan (October 14, 2015); * Rodin Dmitry Olegovich - commander of the Fokker-100 aircraft, Almaty (May 3, 2016); * Umbetov Kairat Zharylkasynuly - chief of staff of the National Guard "Ortalyk" regional command - first deputy commander of military unit 6505 (May 3, 2016); * Nursultan Abishuly Nazarbayev - the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy (March 20, 2019); * Meirzhan Qakpasinuly Aimanov - deputy head of firefighting and emergency rescue services of the emergency department of Zhambyl region (deceased) (August 29, 2021); * Toleugali Nasyrkhanuly Abdibekov - sniper of the 2nd rifle company of the 8th Guards Kyzyltuli Rifle Division, 302nd Guards Rifle Regiment (deceased) (May 5, 2022); * Nesmiyanov Alexander Aleksandrovich - commander of the 1st infantry battalion of the 126th Horlovka Kyzyltuly Infantry Division, 690th Infantry Regiment (deceased) (May 5, 2022); * Ibraim Suleymenov - marksman-observer of the 2nd division of the 100th separate infantry brigade infantry battalion (deceased) (May 5, 2022); * Kairbek Shoshanuly Suleymenov - veteran of the internal affairs body, colonel-general, Astana (October 14, 2022); * Kaymoldin Abdigali - 1941-1945. Participant of the Great Patriotic War (May 5, 2023); * Gapich Ivan Stepanovich - 1941-1945. A veteran of the Great Patriotic War, a participant in the Victory Parade (May 5, 2023). ## See more * State awards of Kazakhstan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3400

Kyzylorda

Kyzylorda is a city in the south of Kazakhstan, the administrative, economic and cultural center of Kyzylorda region (since 1938). It is located on the right bank of the Syrdarya river. The population is 278,581 people (2023). It consists of 8 administrative-territorial units: Kyzylorda city, Tasboget, Belkol settlements, Koschyrau, Kyzylzharma, Kyzylozek, Aksuat, Akzharma villages. The city is 126-130 m above sea level. The territory of the city stretches along the river in a rectangular shape from the southeast to the northwest. The land area is 3683 ha. 17.0 hectares of the city's territory belong to railway junctions, 165 hectares to transport streets, 19 hectares to urban parks and recreation areas, 51 hectares to desert-desert areas. Geologically, the territory of Kyzylorda lies on the Turan epihercynian platform. This plain, formed in the Paleozoic period, is sometimes called "Syr depression". The outer edges of the depression are filled with Paleozoic hard metamorphic rocks. The horizontal width of the depression is 400 km. Paleozoic rocks lie in the center at a depth of 600-900 m. Subsequently, the depression was covered by Mesozoic and then Cenozoic rocks. The sedimentary layer is divided into three. The thickness of the uppermost layer is 10-15 m. These are completely alluvial sedimentary rocks. The thickness of the next sandy layer is 50-80 m. They are mainly located in the parts of high or sandy hills. The third layer consists of greenish-gray rocks consisting of late Paleogene (Oligocene) marine clays and sandstones. The layer lies at a depth of 50–80 m. The city was built in 1817 in the settlement called Kamysala. During the Kokan Khanate, Akmeshit became a fortress. From August 1853, the invader, General V.A. The fortress was named Perovsky Fort after Perovsky. In 1867, Perovsky was given the status of a city and became the center of the district. In 1901-1906, due to the construction of the Orynbor-Tashkent railway, the population of the city grew rapidly. Soviet power was established in Kazakhstan for the first time in Perovsky, on October 30 (November 12), 1917. Although the name Akmeshit was returned to the city in 1922, it was renamed Kyzylorda in April 1925 and was given the status of the capital of the Kazakh SSR (until 1929). On January 13, 1926, the Kazakh Drama Theater (Kazakh State Academy Theater named after M. Auezov) was opened in the city. Healthcare and educational facilities have increased. In 1938, it became the center of the region. In the 30s of the 20th century, a power plant, a mill, bakeries, fish processing, rice, and brick factories were operating in the city. In the years after the Second World War, a shoe factory, a meat factory, a grain products factory, a dairy factory, a pulp-cardboard factory, and a non-woven fabric factory were put into operation. In 1956, a water dam was built near the village of Tasboget near the city. In 1974, the "Kyzylordakurishmash" factory was put into operation. Many educational institutions and cultural centers were opened. On October 8, 1996, the "Kyzylorda Special Economic Zone" (SEZ) was established by the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. On the basis of his program, activities such as privatization, corporatization, investment attraction were carried out in the city. Various property systems were created, small and medium business enterprises and institutions were created. Industry, trade, communication relations were regulated. The revival of the economy has increased the amount of money coming to the state and city budgets. "Kyzylordakurishmash" JSC, which manufactures rice machines in the city, construction materials and tools plant, experimental mechanical and experimental repair and mechanical factories, non-woven fabrics, shoe factories, as well as grain products and food, in the direction of food " Bereke-nan", "Balyk", "Zhaina", "Ismer", "Kuat" JSCs work. In the city there are "Aidan", "Ansar", "Aizhan", "Babas", "Bastau and K", "Beybarys", "Cheese wine", "Temirkhan", "Yaksart" and others. JSCs, JSCs and enterprises provide services to the country. Transportation in the city is managed by JSCs "Marshrut", "Katinas", and JSC "Zhana Talak". In the following years, the architectural appearance of the city was renewed, and historical places were restored. A new airport, Aquapark, Waterfall canal, Beach, four-star hotel "Samal", complex "Eurasia" were built. Monument to the victims of political persecution, statues of Grandfather Korkyt, Abylai Khan, Amangeldi Imanov, Mukhtar Auezov were installed. Newspapers "Kyzylorda Times" (1994), "Akmeshit Asakhami" (1997), "Novaya Kyzylorda" (1998) are published. In the field of education and culture, the city has more than 50 general education schools, 5 colleges, 3 vocational and technical schools, Kyzylorda State University named after Korkyt ata, "Seyhun" Academy, University of Economics, Ecology and Law, There is a humanitarian university. The Regional Research Institute of Agroecology conducts research in the region. Regional state archive, drama theater, "Syr Suluy" folk song and dance ensemble, philharmonic hall, creative house of artists, regional folk creativity and scientific-methodological center of educational and cultural works, etc. there is ## History The history of the formation of the city of Kyzylorda has not lost its former importance, although only the name has changed several times (Akmeshit - in 1818, Perovsk - in 1853, again Akmeshit - in 1922, Kyzylorda - in 1925), it was formed as a social and cultural center of the Syr Bay district in each period. Akmeshit was first built as a fortress along the Syrdarya in 1818 during the Kokan Khanate. According to the color of the white brick mosque inside it, the fortress was named Akmeshit. On July 28, 1853, the Governor-General of Orynbor V. A. Perovsky, under the pretext of protecting the Syr Kazakhs, invaded the castle with Russian troops and expelled the Kokan people from the city. The city was named Perovsk, and in 1867 it became the center of Syrdarya district. A 4-grade school, a brick factory, a windmill, and blacksmith shops will start working in the city. In 1905, the Orinbor-Tashkent railway was put into operation, depots and station houses were built in the city. And on October 30, 1917, the Soviet government was established in Perovsky. In the battle for the new government, A. Pershin, N. Shumilov, N. Seliverstov and other soldiers showed bravery. In 1922-1925, the city was again named Akmeshit, and in 1925-1929 it became the capital of Kazakhstan. In 1925, the city was named Kyzylorda, where the works of famous writers such as S. Seifullin, B. Mailin, I. Zhansugirov were staged, and the play "Enlik-Kebek" by M. Auezov was staged. And in 1938, Kyzylorda region was created. In the 1960s and 1970s, several factories were opened in the city, along with paper, shoe, mechanical and rice factories, and the size of the city increased through the newly built Gagarin and Titov settlements. During these years, a branch of the Pedagogical Institute and Zhambyl Hydromelioration-Construction Institute and several special educational institutions worked in Kyzylorda, and many new school buildings were built. In the 1980s and 1990s, luxurious houses and skyscrapers were erected on the streets of Abai Avenue, Zheltoksan, and A. Tokmagambetov. Akmeshit, Merey sub-districts, administration building of "Ontustikmunaygaz" company, Diagnostic center, new buildings of the regional hospital, built in recent years, opened up the city. Development of the natural wealth of the Syr region by foreign companies contributed to the improvement of the social condition of the inhabitants. The names of sage Korkyt baba, Jalantos Bahadur, Aiteke bi, Zhankozha, Bukarbai, Toganas batyrs, who lived along the ancient Syr River, and 22 soldiers who were called heroes of the Soviet Union during the Great Patriotic War are the pride of the country. It is this sacred Syr soil that gave birth to such great sons of Kazakhs as Mustafa Shokai, Temirbek Zhurgenov, Gani Muratbaev, and great farmer Ybyrai Zhakayev. They are sacred names of high personalities, which are included in the history of the region, written on the houses along the streets. In addition, in the period of nearly 200 years since the foundation of the city of Kyzylorda, its historical events full of changes, archeology, ethnography, socio-cultural life of the peoples who inhabited the Aral region and the banks of the Syrdarya from ancient times to the present day are in the attention of researchers. The fact that the city of Akmeshit was proposed as the capital of the republic was the most important proof that more Kazakhs live there than Orynbor. The Orinbor-Tashkent railway would connect the new capital of the republic with the center of Russia, the western and southern regions of Kazakhstan and the Central Asian republics. Moreover, Akmeshit is located in the center of irrigated agriculture, which has great prospects for the future. From today's point of view, there is evidence that the heads of the republic S. Kozhanov, S. Saduakasov were aiming at the national interest in the issue of moving the capital. "The capital of Kazakhstan should be close to the Kazakh public, not in a city with a Russian flag, but in a Kazakh felt village due to the lack of a city," S. Kozhanov wrote in the December 17, 1924, issue of "Akzhol". The city of Orynbor is not suitable to be the Kazakh capital not only because it is on the outskirts, but because it is not a Kazakh city, it is not suitable for the nationalism of the Kazakh nation-state. The statehood of the Kazakh nation does not need a beautiful city, comfortable houses, it must have its own place, even if it is bad. Without moving from Orinbor, it is difficult to improve the internal life of the Kazakh nation and put the necessary balls into the hands of the majority of Kazakh workers. On the initiative of railway workers of the Perovsk station, the "Red locomotive" was repaired and sent to Orinbor within three days to move the government of Kazakhstan to Akmeshit. At the end of March 1925, a train with delegates of the 5th Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh ASSR and members of the government left Orinbor for the new capital of the republic, Akmeshit. Culture and art figures Isa Baizakov, Alexander Zataevich, Amire Kashaubaev, Sabit Mukanov, Saken Seifullin, Kazhimukan Munaytpasov were among the congress delegates. Representatives of the Karakalpak Autonomous Oblast, which came under the control of the Kazakh Republic, participated in this congress for the first time. One of the delegates of Karakalpak, Abu Kudabaev, was born in 1899 in the village of "Kyzyl Kayin" on the western bank of the Syrdarya River near the city of Akmeshit. He headed the Karakalpak regional party committee for a number of years. Later, he became an innocent victim of Stalinist repressions. The government train with the delegates of the 5th Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh ASSR was welcomed by the public of Sekseul, Aral, Kazaly, Zhosaly stations along the way, and large rallies were organized. A huge rally was held at Akmeshit station. It was opened by Abulkhair Dosov, secretary of Syrdarya regional party committee from Tashkent. Workers and intellectuals of the new capital of Kazakhstan warmly congratulated the government delegation. Abdilda Tazhibayev spoke on behalf of the city's youth. So, on April 15, 1925, the 5th Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh ASSR, which brought together the representatives of workers from all over Kazakhstan, was opened with a ceremony. One of the main documents of the five-day congress was the restoration of the historically correct name of the Kazakh people. That is, the 5th All-Kazakh Congress of Soviets passed a resolution that "from now on, the name "Kyrgyz" should be called "Kazakh". At the same time, the congress decided to call the "Kyrgyz Republic" the "Kazakh Republic", and its capital Akmeshit to be called Kyzylorda. With Kyzylorda being called the capital of Kazakhstan, bright pages of history were opened. How our country started the construction of a new public building. At that time, the population of the city reached 22,577. "Kyzylkala" began to spread its wings to life at a new pace. It was during these years that the bright electric light was introduced. After achieving the status of Astana, the foundations of various institutions and production facilities began to be laid. Gradually, the number of other artels increased along with the confectionery factory, meat factories, brewery. In the years when Kyzylorda was the capital, along with secondary and special educational institutions, industrial and agricultural institutions, an inoculation laboratory was born on the basis of the Kazakh Institute of Epidemiology and Hygiene near the central research building. Also, for the first time, Kazakh scientific research, research of the earth's crust, Kazakh veterinary-bacteriological and other institutes started their work in this city. ## Enterprises ### "Kyzylordakurishmash" "Kyzylordakurishmash" is a machine-building enterprise. 1981 put into operation as a factory aimed at making agricultural machines. Joint-stock company since 1994. Specialized in the production of grain harvesting machines. Various tractors produced by the plant are in great demand in the country. Plant ЖВ-4,1, ЖРТ-5-01. He mastered the making of ZRT-5, ZVU-6, ZVT-6, ZVV-10. The production capacity of the enterprise is 600 beds per year. ### Kyzylorda water junctions Kyzylorda water junctions, 1) the right channel of the Kyzylorda water junction, a dam built at the source of the Syrdarya river (1957, 12 km east of the city of Kyzylorda) from the vicinity and extends along the right side of the river to Karmakshi district. It is 80 km long, 20 km wide, sometimes 40-80 m. The depth is 5-12 m. Water flow at the beginning of the channel is 48 m³/s. There are several dams and bridges along the canal. This canal is of great importance in the development of agriculture in the region on the right bank of the Syrdarya River, with its water irrigating about 60,000 hectares of land where rice and fodder crops are grown. The beginning of Syrdarya itself. (1957) from the dam built on the channel. Length 140 km, width 40-70 m, depth. 4.5 - 9 m. Water flow at the head is 60 m³/s. The canal supplies Syrdarya water to farms of the Syrdarya and Karmakshi districts. The area of irrigated land is more than 50 thousand ha. The canal is connected with the Zhanadarya canal (the old channel of the Syrdarya) with a total length of about 500 km. 600-700 thousand hectares of pastures and meadows are irrigated with its water. ### Kyzylorda Energy Center Kyzylorda Energy Center is a state utility city enterprise. 1963 is activated. The center supplies the city of Kyzylorda with heat and electricity. The enterprise has two boilers that produce heat energy. During the heating season, it produces 22 MW of electricity per hour. ## Education facilities ### Kyzylorda State University Kyzylorda State University, Kyzylorda State University named after Korkyt ata - Aral region and southern Kazakhstan - a fundamental higher educational institution training qualified specialists in various fields for the western regions. On March 24, 1998, Kyzylorda Humanitarian University named after Korkyt ata and Kyzylorda Polytechnic Institute named after Ybyray Zhakayev were merged. Educational and scientific work of KSU is carried out by a team of highly qualified teachers, 49 of them are doctors of science, 287 are candidates of science. More than 12,000 students in full-time, part-time and evening classes in natural sciences and sociology, humanities, economics, pedagogy, art, culture, sports, technology, machines and tools, oil and gas, electric power, food technology, construction, agriculture, forestry and fisheries, etc. takes lectures on fields. Developing the educational system, improving the learning process by introducing new information technologies, combining science and practice, forming the creativity of teachers and students are the main principles of university development. The priority directions of KSU activities are to enter the common European system of higher professional education that meets the requirements of the Bologna Declaration, systematic organization of the educational process, development of a multi-stage system of professional education, scientific and methodological support for the organization and conduct of primary, secondary and higher professional education. . In 1993, a Kazakh-Turkish lyceum was opened under KSU, and in 1994, a new model school-gymnasium was opened. These educational institutions are taught by high school specialists: candidates of science, associate professors, high-class teachers. In lyceums and gymnasiums, foreign language and computer science subjects are studied in depth from the first grade. KSU carries out a set of measures to establish and develop contacts with foreign higher educational institutions in the following directions: contact with foreign educational institutions under direct agreements; embassies, different countries. relationships with funds and centers; exchange of experience of teaching staff abroad; training of specialists abroad; service of foreign specialists and volunteers by referral, invitation; education of foreign Kazakh youth; dissemination of best educational practices; alignment of educational programs with international standards; teaching graduate students and students abroad. For this purpose, KSU visited the USA, Canada, Turkey, South Korea, Egypt, Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, etc. established close relations with scientific centers and higher education institutions in far and near abroad. Between 1998 and 2002, the university implemented the project "Technical assistance to higher educational institutions of Kazakhstan" funded by the Canadian International Development Agency (CIDA) in cooperation with the Southern Alberta Institute of Technology (SAIT, Canada). On the basis of this project, curricula and programs for the specialties "Information systems in the economy", "Automated systems of information processing", "Accounting and auditing", "Economics and management" were updated. For several years, KSU has been one of Canada's leading agricultural educational institutions - Olds College, University of Saskatchewan and Kazakhstan-Canada-Kyrgyzstan "Program to promote professional education in the field of agriculture, offer technologies", "Programs of applied research in production and interaction with trade and industry" is implementing a tripartite project named This project is also financed by the Canadian International Development Agency. Also, in cooperation with the Turkish International Cooperation Agency (TISA), the bilateral project "Kazakh-Turkish Applied Art Center" is being implemented. The goal of the project is nations. training of highly educated specialists in the field of decorative and applied arts - carpet weaving, jewelry according to standards. Within the framework of the project, a special carpet shop will be launched at the university, and specialists will be trained in hand-made carpet weaving on the basis of the "Vocational Education" specialty. KSU has put into practice the teaching of foreign languages with the participation of volunteer teachers from France, Turkey, Korea, and Egypt. The Korean Education Center and the Korean People at the Embassy of the Republic of Korea at the university. A joint department of the Cooperation Agency (KOISA) was opened. M.V. Education and science issues with Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State Engineering University, Kazan, Kyiv State University, Kyunggi University, Chang-Yang University (Seoul, Korea), Suleiman Demirel University (Turkey), MASHAV International Contact Center (Israel) established a close relationship. Also, KSU conducts a joint Internet course with the College of Social Technology (Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA), "Translation" students of the university have obtained the right to study at this college several times. Being a member of the Association of International Universities and the resource network for economics and business subjects, KSU received a grant from the "Eurasia" Foundation (USAID) within the framework of the EdNET project of the CARANA Corporation, which provides assistance with textbooks on economics and business subjects. Hungary), regularly participates in seminars on teaching methods for teachers of higher educational institutions of the CIS, Middle Eastern countries. A branch of the Soros-Kazakhstan Foundation works on issues of education abroad near the university. Through this department, students had the opportunity to receive advice on the field of education and science, familiarize themselves with information tools, prepare for the TOEFL, GMAT, GRE tests required for admission to US higher education institutions, receive information on scholarship programs of IREX, ACCELS, USIS, Soros Foundations. There is a museum and an exhibition hall near KSU. The museum has 1 exhibition hall, 2 ethnography halls, 1 technical hall, 6 expositions telling the history of the university, which tell about the art and culture of the university. there is a hall. 3,960 exhibits are stored in the museum fund. The library of the University is a methodological center of libraries of educational institutions of Kyzylorda region. Currently, the library has 2 million publications in its general collection. It contains rare (5000 copies), original literature in English (1300 copies), electronic textbooks (300 copies) and about a million special technical. literature is collected. Readers are served by two electronic halls. Readers' conference, thematic exhibitions, exhibition of new literature, meetings with artists are held in the library. Scientific council is the highly elected and authorized governing body of KSU. Its task is to determine the future of the university, the main directions and the strategy of scientific, economic and social development. The main directions of research work of the university: construction materials and technologies of construction production; physico-chemical bases of processing of mineral resources of the region; problems of production and processing, storage technologies of agricultural crops; Korkyt Ata heritage and ancient Turkic civilization; Ecology of the Aral region; problems of Kyzylorda regional economy; ways to increase the efficiency of the use of machine-tractor units; durability of underground steel pipelines; ecol.-ameliorative condition of irrigated fields; Development of the island seabed, etc. The Center for the Study of Ancient Turkic Civilization and Korkyt Ancestral Heritage was established under the university. 2003 on the basis of this center, on the topic "Ancient Turkic civilization and important issues of Korkyt heritage research". a scientific and theoretical conference was held. Currently, KSU archaeologists are studying the site of Zhankent, the capital of Oghuz state. Valuable archeological materials were collected during scientific expeditions to the ancient cities in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River and the foothills of the Aral Sea. University scientists participate in the implementation of a number of state science and technology programs. Social activities of KSU students are carried out through the Committee on Youth Affairs. Ethnography-folklore ensemble "Deedar", multiple winners of international and republican competitions, "Seyhun-Kam" girls' team, winner of the championships of Asian countries and republics in handball, multiple winners of republican and regional competitions "Chas peak", "Kazakh Kazakh", "Lucky Hour" ", "Korkyt team" funny inventors' club and KVN teams, "Aqikat" debate club - the pride of the university. Among the students of KSU, there are also many laureates of the republican "Shabyt", "Young Wave" festivals, winners of the republican subject Olympiad. The "Healthy Lifestyle Formation" center and the "Students' Union Committee" have a special place in the lives of students. In addition, university students can become members of many organizations, get involved in the public life of the university and spend their free time interestingly. "Military Patriotic Club", "Nazik" Girls' Council, "Ulagat Ulandary" Youth Association, "Kazakhstan Students' Alliance", "Jas Otan" youth wing, "Students Trade Union Committee", "Gratsia" dance group, "Kyran" Many organizations are working, such as the volunteer group, "Aqikat" debate club. Currently, KSU is a center of education and science, where new technologies of education are widely used, a rich material-technological base, which ensures the integrity of education and training. ### Kyzylorda Humanitarian University Kyzylorda Humanitarian University is a higher educational institution that trains specialists in economics and pedagogy. Established in 2000. It is trained by highly educated specialists in 17 professional specialties. The educational institution is located in a modern building. Its total area is 4070.0 square meters. There is a library, 120-seat classrooms and gymnasiums, a 100-seat dining room, a medical room, a printing house, a workshop, administrative offices, departments, lecture halls, and laboratories. The faculty of the university includes 63 full-time teachers, including 2 doctors of science, 24 candidates of science. It provides the quality of modern education, the opportunity for students to get a comprehensive education. ### Kyzylorda Engineering and Economic Institute Kyzylorda Engineering and Economic Institute is an educational and methodological institution. Established in 1998. The institute has 8 specialties (economics, accounting and auditing, finance, state and local administration, ecology, computing and software, electric power engineering, transport and road traffic organization, and vehicle operation). The institute has 4 departments. 84 teachers and professors work there. In 2004, a college was opened at the institute. There, students study 5 different specialties. ### Kyzylorda Academic University of Economics, Ecology and Law Kyzylorda Academic University of Economics, Ecology and Law is a higher educational institution. 1997 was established in May. The university trains professionals in 18 specialties in 4 faculties, 12 departments. 99 teachers, 7 doctors of science, 37 candidates of science and specialists with extensive experience in production teach. The research department of the Institute of Philosophy and Political Science of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan works at the university. doctor's, 8 candidate's, 14 master's theses were defended by university teachers. Since 2003, "Kyzmet" college at the university has been operating. Special secondary specialists are trained in 11 specialties in the college. ### Kyzylorda Humanitarian Law College Kyzylorda Humanitarian Law College is a secondary professional educational institution. Established in 2001. It is trained by experts in the fields of economics, law, and pedagogy. 1 doctor of science, 7 candidates of science, highly educated specialists give lectures in the college. In addition to the training of specialists in 8 specialties in the departments of jurisprudence and economics, the university prepares individuals to satisfy their interest in obtaining quality education and to be able to compete in the labor market. There is the "Young Lawyers" CTC team, the "Adilet" debate club, and the "Health Center" that work to support a healthy life. Since 2001, the college has been managed by Professor M. Mukhamedov, Doctor of Political Science. ### Kyzylorda Medical College Kyzylorda Medical College is an educational institution providing special secondary medical education. In 1928, by order of the Ministry of Health of Kazakhstan, it was opened as "Kazakh Midwifery Technical College". In 1933 it was named "Paramedic School", and in 1954 "Medicine School". In 1996, it was given its current name. In 1933-40, about 320 students studied at the educational institution. The college trains personnel in medical, midwifery, stomatology, pharmacy, and nursing professions. ### Kyzylorda Music College Kyzylorda Music College named after Kazangap Tilepbergenuly is a state educational institution providing special secondary education. 1977 was opened, and until 1999 M. He was part of Kyzylorda Humanitarian College named after Mametova. Separated separately in 1999. In the college, education is provided in the fields of performing musical instruments, solo singing, conducting a choir, and choreography. The college was headed by E. Kosherbayev, T. Kalauov, E. Saktapbergenov in different years, the current director is K. Sh. Botabayev (an outstanding employee of Kazakhstan education). A. Kishkenbayev, the winner of the "Super Star" mega project, R. Sadykov and M. Seyitmuratov, the winners of the "Young Wing" competition, etc. graduates of this educational institution. ## Culture ### Kyzylorda Regional Kazakh Musical Drama Theater Kyzylorda Regional Kazakh Musical Drama Theater, N. Professional stage institution named after Bekejanov. In 1955, it was organized on the basis of the local theater of Enbekshikazak (Almaty region) and Karatal districts (former Taldykorgan region). Theater curtain G. It opened with the tragedy "Akan Seri - Aktokti" by Musyrepov. In 1960, the theater was moved to Kyzylorda, and in 1970 N. Bekejanov was given the name. Since 1997 N. Kyzylorda regional Kazakh music and drama theater named after Bekejanov was renamed. Actors for the foundation of the theater: B. Balgynbaev, Sh. Madenov, H. Saurykov, Sh. Bakirova, K. Kopbaeva K. Kopbaev, S. Rakyshev, T. Aynakulov R. Tashibaeva, A. Manasbaeva, Zh. Bagysova, A. Kanetov, S. Shotykov, etc. contributed a lot. First director J. Abiltaev (artist of Kazakhstan). The chief directors of the theater were: Men Don Uk, Andriasyan R. S., M. Bayserkenuly, Orazymbetov E. S. (the most famous cultural figure of Kazakhstan), Amir-Temir Huseyin (the most famous cultural figure of Kazakhstan) and T. Utebaev, artists are A. Abdirakhmanov, J. Abirov, S. Pirmakhanov [(Honored Culture Figure of Kazakhstan (1967))], etc. worked in the theater collective "Abay" by M. Auezov and L. S. Sobolev, "Karakoz" by M. Auezov, "Kara Kypchak Kobylandy", G. "Kozy Korpesh - Bayan Sulu" by K. Mukhamedzhanov, "Jat Elde" by T. Akhtanov, "Prisoners by S. Zhunisov", "Nartay" by O. Mukashev, as well as "King Lear" by F. Schiller, "Eki sajra" by N. V "Marriage", "Mother-Mother", "Aigul Elinde", etc., were staged by the theater for children and children, "Akildi Akshakar" and He staged the play "Kandyozek" (a novel about a drug addict). The puppet theater "Nartai Buldrshindi" works. ### Kyzylorda Regional Department of Agriculture Kyzylorda Regional Department of Agriculture is the executive body of the regional administration in the field of agriculture. When the region was established (1938), it was organized as a land department of Kyzylorda region under the Agricultural Committee of the KazSRC. 1947 - 52 years Regional Department of Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Kazakh SSR, 1953-62. Department of Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Kazakh SSR, 1962-65. Regional department of production of agricultural products of the Ministry of production and preparation of agricultural products of the Kazakh SSR, 1965-89. Regional Department of Agriculture of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Kazakh SSR, 1986-89. Regional agro-industry committee of Memagro-industry of the KazKSR, 1989-93. regional agricultural industry association, 1993-98. Regional Agricultural Department, 1998-2001. It was called the regional agricultural administration. Since 2005, it is called by its current name. The main task of the Department is to provide the population with food in the field of agriculture, to implement a unified state policy aimed at increasing the export potential of the agrarian sector in the context of the development of market relations. ### Youth park in the city of Kyzylorda Youth park in the city of Kyzylorda, N.A. It is located near the 5th building of Kyzylorda State University named after Nazarbayev and Korkyt ata, on the banks of the Syrdarya River. The area is 6 ha. This youth park, located in a scenic area of the city, was included in the master plan of Kyzylorda city. Practical training lectures of specialists of the Faculty of Natural Sciences of Kyzylorda University are held here. According to the decision of the scientific council of the university dated 17.5.2006, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. The name of Nazarbayev was given. ### Kyzylorda Regional State Archive Kyzylorda Regional State Archive is a scientific and documentary institution. 1928 organized. At first, it was district, in 1931. became the city archive, has been called by its current name since 1938. Historical documents of regional, district-city councils and executive committees since 1917 are collected in the archive. The progress of the civil war in the region, the creation of the first collectives and vassals, MTS, the first teachers' union, "Kosshi" union, the development of local industry, fishery, mastering the technology of rice cultivation, the famous rice farmers Y. Zhakaev, M.S. Documents of Kim's works, animal husbandry development, education, health care, culture administrations, educational institutions when Kyzylorda was the capital (1925-29) have been preserved. The scientific reference literature is more than 800, the number of documents exceeds 136 thousand. It includes 2 departments, 7 district archives. ### Kyzylorda Regional Philharmonic Kyzylorda Regional Philharmonic is a concert-stage cultural institution. 1972 created. Its first director was T. Kalauov. The Philharmonic was organized by D. Dui¬senbaev (1976-80), K. Asanbayev (1980-85), K. Mukhamediarov (1985-86), B. Shokenov (1986-89), Sh. Abdibayev (1989-90), M. Abdikarimov (1990 - 2001), S. Ibrashev (2001-03), M. Akhmetov (2003-05) managed it. It includes "Cheese Dome" (director A. Tuyakbaev), "White Wave" (director K. Saktaganov), "Baysheshek" (director K. Baigabylov), "Cheese Marzhan" (director U. Akhmetova), " Ensembles "Syr Samal" (led by S. Berdihojayev) and entertainment family "Syr Azili" (led by B. Yesenov) and dance group "Tomiris" (led by G. Myrzabaeva) were included. "Tomiris" group "Shabyt" Halkar. was a laureate of the festival (2005). Currently in the Philharmonic Sh. People named after Kaldayakov. laureates of the song contest K. Iskakov, E. Kanatbaeva, R. The laureate of the regional singer competition named after Baglanova R. Iskakova, graduate of the Republic "Young Wing" contest G. Alikhanova, etc. works. ### Kyzylorda Regional Radio Kyzylorda Regional Radio was established on November 14, 1928. 1938 in Kyzylorda region. the number of radio points is about 2,000, in the 1990s it reached 188,000. At the beginning of the 60s, A. Myrzakhmetov, N. Ospanov, A. Shabakov, T. Elemesov, A. Tokmagambetov, Zh. Shokenov, D. Aidarov, etc. began to broadcast radio broadcasts. led. 1958 - 63 20-30 people worked in regional radio broadcasting. Materials are in three languages: Kazakh - 70%, Russian - 20%, Korean - 10%. At first, he went on the air once a week for 1, 2 hours, then every day. 1964 Being the initiator of the All-Union harmonization of radio farmers of our country, the radio station of the region became a permanent radio bridge connecting Kyzylorda with Shymkent, Kokshetau, Taldykorgan, Karakalpakstan. 1967 At the first regional council of radio workers, which was held for the first time in the Union, the work experience of Kyzylorda radio journalists was widely discussed and distributed throughout the republic. In addition, the method of electronic mounting of magnetic films was used for the first time in Kyzylorda radio station in the country. Since December 2004, it has stopped appearing on the airwaves. ### Kyzylorda regional historical and local history museum Kyzylorda regional historical and local history museum is a scientific and cultural institution. 1939 founded. First exposition in 1890-96. was in the built church house. 1980 moved to a separate building. The museum consists of 14 halls. 2000 - 02 "During the time of the Soviet government", "Capital along the Syr", "Kyzylorda region during the Second World War", "Independent Kazakhstan", "Ethnography", "Culture and art" halls were opened in the museum. Halls dedicated to the geography and archeology of the region also provide rich information on the history, industry and ancient culture of the region. There are 42,920 artifacts in the museum collection, more than 5,000 of which are exhibited. The most valuable relics there are: a helmet worn by a hero, armor (1853), cannon barrels, a collection of money (from the Great Silk Road). ## Gallery * * * * * ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6223

Барбадос

Barbados (English: Barbados) is a country located on the island of Barbados in the Caribbean, the island is part of the Lesser Antilles group, located in the eastern Caribbean Sea. It is relatively close to the South American continent, 434.5 km northeast of Venezuela. ## Brief information Land area - 430 square kilometers. The capital is Bridgetown. According to the administrative division, it is divided into 11 districts. The population is 300 thousand. 80 percent of them are black, 20 percent are white and mixed races. The official language is English. Religion is Christian. National holiday - Independence Day on November 30. ## Constitution Although Barbados is a member of the British Commonwealth, it is not a monarchy as of 2022. The head of state is the President, the head of state is the Prime Minister. Legislative power is vested in the parliament, which is elected for a term of 5 years. ## History The island on which Barbados is located was inhabited by Arawak and Carib tribes of Indians. In 1518, the Spaniards discovered the island and named it "Barbados" (Spanish for "bearded") because of the thick growth of trees. The Spanish were selling Indians into slavery in Haiti. In 1605, the English came to Barbados and after some time made the island their colony. The British organized tobacco plantations here and used slave labor extensively. * Bridgetown was founded in 1628, and it became the main support of the colonists. In the 30s of the 17th century, after sugar cane was brought to Barbados from Brazil, there was a shortage of labor and many slaves were transported to Africa. * On November 3, 1966, Barbados was granted independence within the framework of the Commonwealth. * In December 1966, it was accepted as a member of the UN. * In 2022, British monarch Elizabeth II will cease to be the monarch of Barbados and Barbados will become a parliamentary republic. ## Economy Although Barbados has been a British colony for more than 300 years, the welfare of its people is very high compared to the Caribbean island states. Annual income per capita is 11.5 thousand dollars. Gold currency reserve - 34.6 mln. dollar. The main sectors of the economy of Barbados are: tourism and sugar cane production. In addition, corn, tropical fruits, vegetables, and cotton are grown. Animal husbandry and fishery are also developed. Sugar, rum, etc. are exported. goods are produced. There are many enterprises producing oil, natural gas, light industry and food products. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1834

Consonant sounds

Consonant sounds (Konsonantism) Russian. consonant sounds are sounds made only by consonants or by the combination of consonants and vowels, which cannot form syllables. When speaking consonants, the phonation air, which is not obstructed in the larynx, enters the oral cavity at a high speed. Since the mouth is narrowly opened, the intense air coming through the larynx collides with various articulating organs. There are 26 consonants in the modern Kazakh language: б, в, г, г, д, ж, з, й, к, к, л, м, н, н, п, р, с, т, у, ф, х, х , ц, ч, ш, щ Among these, the consonant х' is used in some eastern words, the consonants в, ц, ч are mainly used in international words that entered through the Russian language, and the remaining 20 consonants are used in indigenous Kazakh words. The sounds made when the air does not come out freely, but are obstructed, are called consonant sounds. Consonant sounds appear when the speech organs touch each other or are completely closed. The main features of consonants: - the place where consonants are made - oral and larynx cavities; - voiceless vowels have no voice at all, the voice is partially voiced in the Uyen, and the voice is low in the Hindi; - the inner quality of consonants is strict and consonants consist of pure syllables, and in Indians the speech organs (tongue, lips, jaw) approach each other, change, and change their size cannot be a hindrance to the air coming through the larynx; - consonants can be raised, lengthened, or changed in tone without a vowel, but indicia, on the contrary, can be raised, lengthened, or changed in tone; - consonants do not have an echo in their sound quality; - consonants cannot form a single syllable within a word. Consonants are divided into three according to the voice ratio: * Hard consonants (glukhie soglasnye) - consonants without the participation of the vocal cords, made only from consonants: p, k, k, t, s, f, х, ц, ч, ш щ; * Voiceless consonants (zvonkie soglasnye) - consonants made with the presence of the vocal cords, having the same consonant and tone: b, v, g, g, d, z, z; * Indian consonants (sonornye soglasnye) - consonants with a higher tone than consonants made with the presence of the vocal cords: р, л, м, н, н, у. Labial consonants m, b, p made by touching two lips together are called (rounded consonants). Thin consonants (мягкие согласные) are consonant sounds in a word that are harmonized with neighboring thin vowels (dash - you, salt - straight). Thick consonants (solid consonants) are consonants with a low timbre (melody) and strict pronunciation due to the fact that the middle part of the tongue is not raised to a strong tone. Thickening of consonants is Russian. твердость соганных - thickening of consonants due to the influence of neighboring thick vowels. For example: ar, ten, tar, bar sr. grow, grow, sweat, give. The voiceless consonants are always pronounced thickly and split into syllables: к, г. For example: snow, only, sak, arc. Conjugation of consonants is Russian. мягкость согласных - consonants that are made by firmly touching the middle part of the tongue with the middle part of the palate, and then immediately opening, and are always pronounced thinly: к, г. The sounds ч and ш in Russian words do not have a thick counterpart, and the rest of the consonants are pronounced thick or thin depending on the syllable. For example: in Kazakh, am — em, ûn — ûn, tor — ter, az — az. Consonants are divided into three large groups: ## See also * Consonance of Consonants * Consonance of Vowels * Consonance of Vowels * Grammar * Sounds ## Sources

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Machambet

The phrase Makhambet can have the following meanings: * Makhambet Otemisuly is a poet, poet, hero. * Mahambet is a historical drama. Settlements: * Makhambet is a village in Makhambet district of Atyrau region. * Makhambet is a village in Baiterek district of West Kazakhstan region. * Makhambet Otemisuly village is a village in Kazygurt district of Turkestan region.

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Miracles of the Holy Quran

The Qur'an or the Holy Qur'an (Arabic: القرآن‎, al-qurʾān, [qurˈʔaːn]) is considered the main holy book of Islam. Muslims believe that it was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ to tell the truth, that it is the word of Allah that has reached mankind without interruption. He worships Allah by reading it (tilawat). The Qur'an is considered to be the heavenly book after the Torah and the Bible, and among the books in the Arabic language, it is the richest in terms of eloquence. The Qur'an consists of 114 surahs divided into Meccan and Medinan depending on the place and time of revelation. Muslims believe that the Qur'an was revealed by Allah through the angel Gabriel for 23 years from the time Prophet Muhammad ﷺ reached the age of 40 until his death (632 year/11 AH). In addition, Muslims believe that the Qur'an was preserved accurately by the Companions, that its verses are clear and detailed, and that it was sent as a message to all mankind in all ages. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the Qur'an was compiled into one version according to the proposal of the righteous caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and Omar ibn al-Khattab. After the death of Omar, the second caliph, this version of the Qur'an was kept by Hafsa bint Omar, the mother of the believers. This situation continued until the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, saw the conflicts between Muslims in reciting the Qur'an due to different dialects. Osman asked Hafsa to make a copy of the version written according to the Quraysh dialect to be a common model, and ordered to delete the versions that did not match it. Uthman's version of the Qur'an was distributed throughout the caliphate, and he kept one version for himself. This version became known as Uthman's mushaf (a copy of the Qur'an is called a "mushaf"). Researchers believe that the version of the Qur'an collected by Uthman is completely consistent with the version collected by Abu Bakr. ## Origin of the word Koran The word "Koran" is Arabic. : comes from the root word قرا‎, and its base is Arabic, which means "to collect". : the word قرء‎. Arabic. : ‎ means "I collected water in a pond". The reason why the Qur'an is called this is that it collects verses and surahs and continues them. However, there are other opinions about the origin of the word "Quran". Ash-Shafighi said: - As-Suyuti al-Itgan fi ′ulum al-Qur'an, vol. 1, page 169 And according to al-Farra "he is qarāin (Arab.: قراین‎) (spouses, friends; singular form: قرینا) comes from the word, because the verses of the Qur'an confirm each other and are similar to each other, that is "qarāin"" The word "Qur'an" is "fa′lān" according to the size (sermon), and it is hamzali as in the recitation of many elders, and it is thick in the recitation of Abdullah ibn Kathir al-Makki (Arabic: قران‎). The origin of the word Koran corresponds to the Syriac word "qaryana" (قريانا), which means "reading the holy book" or "lecture". Many Western researchers believe that the word "Quran" is derived from this word, but most Muslim scholars trace the root of this word back to the root "black". In any case, the word "Quran" became an Arabic term during the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Another important meaning of the word Qur'an is reading (qira'at). Scholar al-Tabarsi said: "The main meaning of the word Qur'an is reading. And it is the root of the word "kara'tu" (I read) or "talautu", which was narrated from Ibn Abbas. The Qur'an also has many names that are hinted at in the Qur'an. For example: "al-Furqan", "al-Huda", "az-Zikr", "al-Hikma", "Kalamu-Llah", "al-Kitab", and Muslim writers wrote works about the verses and meanings of the Qur'an. And the name "mushaf" is used to recite the written version of the Qur'an. Although this name was not used at first, after Abu Bakr compiled the Qur'an, this word became his name. The reason why the Qur'an is called "Furqan" is that it is a separator between truth and falsehood (fariq), a clear document and its arguments, duties, limits and other meanings that distinguish between truth and falsehood. This separation is by revealing the truth and rooting out lies. Allah says in Surah al-Furqan: And about the dhikr of the Qur'an, it is said in Surah al-Hijr: The purpose of this is dhikr for those who want to remember the Qur'an revealed to Muhammad, and a sermon for those who listen to the sermon. Mufassir-scholars said that the names of the Qur'an consist of three groups. * Group 1. These are names that refer to the substance and essence of the Qur'an. Al-Kitab: Al-Quran: Kalamu-Llah (Word of Allah): At-Tanzil (Revelation): * Group 2. Names referring to the characteristics of the Qur'an. Al-Karim: Al-Majid (the great): Al-Mubarak (blessed, mubarak): * 3rd group. About how the Quran affects people. Al-Huda (straight path): Ar-Rahma (thanks, mercy): An-Nur (light): and others. names and characteristics. Muslim scholars collected the titles of the Qur'an and were engaged in their interpretation. For example, al-Zamakhshari collected 32 names of the Qur'an in his commentary, while some others collected 47 of its names. Qazi Abul-Magali Aziz ibn Abdul-Malik said: "Allah named the Qur'an with fifty-five names", and according to Al-Harrali's count, there are more than 90 names in the Qur'an. ## The importance of the Holy Quran between Islam and Muslims Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the last holy book revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. That's why they believe that reciting the Qur'an, listening to it, and acting according to it is a form of worship that brings a person closer to Allah and calms his heart. They do not doubt that the Qur'an is the source of their culture and tradition, and that it is through the Qur'an that their religious and worldly life has evolved. There are many hadiths about the merits of the Qur'an and the reward of ten learning. and so on. According to the belief of Muslims, everyone needs the Qur'an; The heart of a Muslim lives by the Qur'an, his eyes are enlightened and he follows the right path. The whole life of a Muslim is connected with this Book: his faith is derived from it, he knows from it the worship that Allah is pleased with, from it he learns what he needs to know about the right path in relationships and behavior, and whoever does not seek the right path from this Book, his life, future and in the Hereafter, his destination will be destruction, he will be subjected to the evil of ignorance and delusion. This conclusion is based on verses in the Qur'an and hadiths in the Sunnah. For example: In a hadith narrated by Ad-Darimi on the authority of Ali ibn Abu Talib, Prophet Muhammad said: "There will be fits (trials)." Ali asked him, "How do we get out of it?" that. He answers: ### Sharia Sharia, Sharia law or Islamic law is a set of religious principles that form part of Islamic culture. The Arabic word shari'a (Arabic: شريعة‎) refers to God's revealed law and originally meant "way" or "way". Classical Sharia deals with many aspects of public and private life, including religious rituals, family life, business, crime, and war. In the past, Sharia was interpreted by independent jurists who based their legal opinions on the Qur'an, hadiths, and centuries of debate, interpretation, and precedent. Some parts of Sharia can be described as "law" in the usual sense of the word, while other parts are better understood as rules for living according to God's will. In the Qur'an, the rulings on creed, worship such as fasting, almsgiving, trade, marriage and divorce, inheritance rights, and the rulings on morals and behavior are summarized and explained. From early times, Islamic scholars began to write works for gathering evidence related to rulings such as jurisprudence, worship, and behavior derived from the verses of the Qur'an in order to make it easier for people. Muslims believe that the Qur'an contains everything that came in the previous holy books that regulate the right path and worldly matters. As evidence for this, they cite the following verses from Surah al-Ma'ida: Scholars of interpretation say that the Qur'an contains the things mentioned in books such as the Psalms, the Torah, and the Bible, and in addition, they say that it narrates divine matters and spiritual etiquette. ## History ### Beginning of Revelation Prophethood of the Messenger of God Muhammad ﷺ began when he turned 40 years old and continued for the next 23 years until the end of his life. stretched. He spent the first 13 years of his prophethood in Mecca and the remaining 10 years in Medina. The first revelation was given in the cave of Hira on Mount Nur near Mecca on Monday, 17, 21 or 24 Ramadan (August 10, 620 AD) and the 27th day of Rajab according to the Shiite tradition. Aisha, the mother of those who believed, said: After this incident, Khadisha went to her cousin Waraqa ibn Naufal with Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. He accepted the Christian religion and wrote the necessary things from the Bible using Jewish script. At that time he was an old man. After hearing from Prophet Muhammad the nature of what happened, he tells him that the Keeper of Secrets (Namus) who was sent to Prophet Moses came. In addition, he warns that in the future he will be persecuted by his people, because if anyone came to his people with such things, they would be hostile to him. After the first revelation, Prophet Muhammad did not receive any revelations for some time. Some scientists say that this break lasted for three years, but there were also scientists who concluded that it was six months. But the fact that the revelation did not come down means that the verses of the Qur'an did not come down, and it does not mean that Gabriel did not come to him. In a hadith from Jabir ibn Abdullah, the Prophet ﷺ said: — "Sahih al-Bukhari" (4), "Sahih Muslim" (161) These verses are the first revelation after the first verses of Surah Alaq in the cave of Hira was. Scholars believe that Prophet Muhammad ﷺ became a prophet with the revelation of the first verses of Surah Alaq, and a messenger (rasul) with the revelation of Surah Muzzammil. 83 or 85 surahs were written during the 13 years of Prophet Muhammad's life in Mecca, the first of which is Alaq surah, and the last one is al-Muminun or al-Ankabut surah. The pressure of the Quraish tribe became unbearable, and Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was forced to migrate to the city of Yathrib. Since then, that city was called "Madinah an-Nabawiyya" (Medina). The number of surahs revealed in Medina is considered to be 31 or 29 surahs. The first Surah revealed in Madinah was Surah Al-Mutaffifin, and the last Surah was Surah Taube. But Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari states that the first Medinan surah was Al-Baqarah, and al-Nasafi's commentary says that the first Medinan surah is Qadr surah. ### The nature of the revelation of the Qur'an The revelations to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ came from Allah in different ways. He saw the first visions in a dream, and they were fulfilled like the dawn. This type of revelation came before he was given the task of prophethood. The second form of the revelation is incantation. Angel Gabriel brought the revelation to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, and it reached his mind and heart. In a hadith from Abu Umama, Prophet Muhammad said: - "Khilyat al-aulia", Abu Nugaim The third type is when an angel comes in human form and conveys the vision of Allah. An example of this is the hadith known as "Jabreel Hadith" quoted by Imam Muslim from Omar Ibn al-Khattab. In that hadith, it is said that the angel Gabriel came to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in the form of a man dressed in white and with black hair. In the hadith narrated by An-Nasa'i, it is mentioned that Gabriel came in the form of Dihya al-Kalbi. The fourth type is when the angel comes with a voice like the sound of a bell. When Aisha asked the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ about how the revelation came, he replied: Aisha said: "I saw the revelation come to him on a very cold day - when the revelation stopped, sweat would pour from his forehead" (Sahih al-Bukhari). The difficulty of this type of vision is stated in another hadith from Aisha: "When the Prophet received a vision while sitting on a camel, the camel would kneel down and could not move." The fifth type is the appearance of Gabriel in his true form. This happened twice in the life of Prophet Muhammad. It is mentioned in the Qur'an itself and in the hadith from Aisha. The sixth type is direct revelation from Allah to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ without any intermediary. An example of this is the time when five daily prayers were obligatory. The seventh type is the direct conversation of Prophet Muhammad with Allah behind the veil. This is how Prophet Musa also spoke to Allah. This is mentioned in the famous hadith about the journey of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ on the night of Migraj. Some scholars of tafsir talk about Prophet Muhammad ﷺ seeing and talking to Allah directly without any veil, and they call it the eighth type of revelation. But this opinion is contrary to the hadith from Aisha and the verses that no one can see Allah in this world. All the companions followed the same opinion as in the hadith of Aisha. ### Revelation of the Qur'an from "Lauh al-Mahfuz" The Qur'an was revealed from Lauh al-Mahfuz on the night of Qadr in the month of Ramadan. Allah says: Ibn Kathir wrote about this verse in his commentary: Hafiz al-Sahawi says: It is not known exactly which day is the Night of Power. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, in his commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari, cited more than forty opinions about this, and concluded that according to the most correct opinion, the night of Qadr occurs on odd days of the last ten days of Ramadan every year on different days. ### A Brief History of the Compilation of the Qur'an The Holy Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in pieces over a period of 23 years - this is different from other holy books that were revealed all at once. Every time a verse came to the Prophet ﷺ, he used to read it to his scribe companions. Their number reached forty, and even in the most difficult period of prophethood, they walked next to the Prophet ﷺ and did not stop writing the Qur'an. The first person who started writing the Quran in Mecca was Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Sarkh. And the first person who started writing in Medina was Ubayy ibn Ka'b. Abu Bakr, Omar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abu Talib, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Khalid ibn Sahid ibn al-As and others are among those who wrote down the Qur'an. was. At the time when the Qur'an was being revealed, it was written on palm leaves, stones, skin, etc. used to write on materials. These records were made due to revelation of verses. Prophet Muhammad used to tell his companions which verse should be written in which surah, even if the surahs and verses are mixed. It is said in the hadith narrated by Ibn Abbas from Osman ibn Affan: In addition to writing down, people who memorized the Qur'an played a big role in preserving it. There are many verses and hadiths about the reward promised to those who know the Qur'an by heart and read it. Allah says (Al-Ankabut Surah, verse 49): So every year Prophet Muhammad ﷺ used to read the Qur'an to the angel Gabriel and check it. In a hadith narrated by Abu Huraira, it is said that Gabriel came to check for this once every year, and twice in the year of the Prophet's death. In a hadith from Fatima, it is said that the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said that he had examined the Qur'an twice that year and felt that his life had come to an end. During the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, although the writings of the Qur'an were not fixed in one form, the companions used to write down the surahs themselves and make special lists. Such lists are in Abdullah ibn Masgud, Ubay ibn Ka'b, Zayd ibn Thabit, and others. was among the Companions. It is said in a hadith from Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-Astan: Among the people who memorized the Qur'an and were its custodians (hafiz) are Abu Bakr, Omar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Abu Musa al- Ashgari, Sa'd ibn Abu Waqqas, Huzaifa ibn al-Yaman, Abu Huraira, Amr ibn al-As and others. the companions are called. Aisha, Hafsa bint Umar, Umm Salamah and others recited the Qur'an among women. knew by heart. An example of abundance during the time of Prophet Muhammad is the battle near the well of Maun. In this battle, more than 70 companions who knew the Quran by heart died at the hands of the polytheists. ### Abu Bakr's version During the caliphate of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Muslims fought near the "garden of death" with the followers of Musaylima, who declared himself a prophet, under the leadership of Khalid ibn Walid. More than 700 Companions will be killed in this battle with the people of Al-Yamamah. Omar ibn al-Khattab, who saw the death of many hafiz and was afraid of the loss of the Qur'an, suggested to Caliph Abu Bakr to write down the entire Qur'an. Abu Bakr, who agreed with him, told Zayd ibn Thabit, who was writing the Qur'an, from the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him. According to Zayd ibn Thabit, "it was easier for him to move a mountain than to collect the Qur'an." Agreeing that there is good in this, he begins to collect the Qur'an stored on palm leaves, smooth stones and people's hearts. These pages were preserved first by Abu Bakr, then by Omar, and after his death by Hafsa bint Omar. Ibn Abu Dawud quoted the following words of Ali ibn Abu Talib in the book "Al-Masahif": it is mentioned in the Qur'an itself: "...the messenger of Allah who reads the purified pages" (Al-Bayina Surah, verse 2). Qazi al-Baqillani says: ### Uthman's version After the death of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the Companions recited seven different ways according to the method they knew. But when the religion of Islam spread around the world and many new lands came under the control of Muslims, those companions taught the Quran to the converts in their own way, and when that student heard the Quran being read in a different way, conflicts began to arise. For example, the Muslims of Iraq used to read the Qur'an according to the method of Abdullah ibn Masgud, and the residents of Sham used the method of Ubai ibn Ka'b. In the 14th or 15th year of Hijra, Caliph Osman's troops set out to conquer Armenia. Under the command of the Caliph, the armies of Iraq and Shamni join each other. Huzaifa ibn al-Yaman, who was the commander of al-Madain's army in the Iraqi army, witnessed a quarrel among the people gathered here because of the method of reciting the Qur'an. After returning from the war, Khuzayfa went to Caliph Uthman ibn Affan without entering his house and told what had happened: Caliph Uthman, who was afraid of conflicts, told Zayd ibn Thabit, Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr, Sahid ibn al-As, He orders Abdullah ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham to copy and distribute the version of the Qur'an collected by Abu Bakr, kept by Hafsa bint Omar. After he had finished copying the pages, Uthman returned the original to Hafsa, sent the assembled Qur'an to different districts, and ordered her to burn the versions of the Qur'an that did not match. This decision of Uthman was implemented only after an agreement with the famous and honorable companions. Ali ibn Abu Talib said: In the end, after the great work done by Zayd ibn Thabit and other companions, the Qur'an came to a standard, and the Quraish dialect was recognized as its only method of reading. There are different opinions about the number of versions of the Qur'an collected by Uthman: there are opinions that there were four, five or seven of them. Ibn Abu Dawud reported the following statement of Abu Hatim al-Sijistani: "Seven versions of the Qur'an were written for Mecca, Sham, Yemen, Bahrain, Basra and Kufa, and the rest were written in the city of Medina." And other versions of these versions of the Qur'an were ordered to be burned or extinguished. Ali ibn Abu Talib said: "Do not say anything but good about Uthman's decision to burn versions of the Qur'an!" ### Background of Abu Bakr's Version Although one version of the Qur'an was approved and Caliph Uthman ordered to destroy all other versions of the Qur'an, Hafsa bint Omar's version of the Qur'an collected during the time of Abu Bakr was preserved. When Marwan ibn al-Hakam was appointed as the emir of Medina, he asked Hafsa to give him those pages, but Hafsa did not agree to him. It was only after Hafsa's death that Abdullah ibn Umar gave the same version to Marwan, who in turn washed and destroyed (or, according to another narration: burned) its writing with water. Marwan ibn al-Hakam explained the reason for this as follows: ### The reasons for the revelation of the verses of the Qur'an The reasons for the revelation of the verses (Arabic: صورة النزول‎) The science of the Qur'an is a science that helps to understand the reasons and meaning of the rulings of the Qur'an, to clarify it and to remove misunderstandings. Ibn Daqiq al-Id said: — "al-Itgan" (114) Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah: — "al -Itgan" (114) Examples of The following verse can be cited as the importance of knowing the reasons for the revelation of the Qur'anic verses: - Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 115 \< > If this verse is accepted directly, it can be understood that it is possible to pray in any direction regardless of the Qibla. But if we look at the reason for the revelation of this verse, it will be clear that it only mentions the obligatory prayers performed on the road. ### Editions of the Koran The oldest editions of the Koran were printed in xylographic forms around the 10th century. And the first version of the Quran printed in the press was made in 1694 in Hamburg, Germany. All actions were written in this text. And the first Quran printed by Muslims may have been printed in Saint Petersburg in 1787, which was called "Moulay Osman's Press". Then the Quran was published in Kazan (1828), Persia (1833) and Istanbul (1877). In modern times, all over the world, the Quran is being printed in Muslim and non-Muslim countries using the latest technologies. For example, on November 30, 1984, a Complex for printing the Holy Quran was built in Madinah. Its purpose was to publish Arabic versions of the Qur'an for different countries, translations into different languages, commentaries. In addition, the goals of the Complex included preserving and developing Quranic sciences. As of 1422 according to Hijra, this complex printed more than 170 million Quran books, 153 million of which were distributed free of charge. ## Text of the Qur'an The book of the Qur'an does not consist of the usual "introduction" or "main part" parts of other literature, but rather branched structure. In addition, the surahs and stories in the Qur'an are not connected to each other, there are gaps between them. The Sahabah and their followers divided the Holy Qur'an into equal parts (juz or para) to correspond to the thirty days of the month in order to make it easier to khatim (i.e. recite it in its entirety) during the month of Ramadan. Let these divisions be the fruit of the ijtihad of the Companions, and this division does not necessarily have to be done. As if it was divided into thirty parts, some scholars divided the parts of the Qur'an into two hizb, and the hizb into four (rubb) and so on. divided by ### Surahs and verses The Qur'an consists of 114 parts of different lengths called "surahs". The order in which they are placed is not related to the history of revelation - earlier surahs may appear at the end of the Qur'an. In turn, these surahs are divided into Meccan surahs and Medinan surahs depending on the date of revelation. Meccan surahs are the surahs that were revealed before the Hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, and Medinan surahs are those that were revealed after his migration to the city of Medina. In terms of length, scholars divide surahs into several types. They are: * Seven long surahs. This includes Surah al-Baqarah, Surah Ali Imran, Surah an-Nisa, Surah al-Maida, Surah al-Angam, Surah al-Agraf and Surah Tawbah. * Surahs with two hundred verses. Surahs with more than two hundred verses. * Masani. Other surahs less than two hundred verses. All surahs of the Qur'an, except the Surah of Repentance, begin with "basmala", that is, the words "Bismi-Lallah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim". Scholars explain the reason why Surah Tawba does not begin with a basmala. Some people believe that this surah was a warning against hypocrites and started without a basmala, because the Arab people did not write a basmala when sending a letter to break an agreement between tribes. According to others, the word basmala appears 114 times in the Qur'an (there are two basmala in Surah al-Naml: at the beginning and in the middle as the words of the Prophet Suleiman), therefore, in order to match the number of surahs, basmala is not mentioned in Surah Tawbah. ### Verses, words, letters of the Qur'an and their numbers After the division between verses was not realized during the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, their number depends on the pattern of division between verses. The number of verses is not related to the text of the revelation, but only to the division between them. * Abu Ja'far: 6210 verses * Shayba ibn Nassah: 6214 verses There are several opinions of Muslim scholars about the number of words and letters of the Qur'an, because in the early period of Islam, after the Arabic writing began to stabilize, some scholars signs that were considered as letters were not considered as letters by others, so there were contradictions between numbers. * Jalaluddin al-Suyuti: 77,439 words Abu Hamid al-Ghazali: 77,200 words * Ata ibn Yasar: 77,439 Number of letters: * Mujahid: 321,180 letters * al-Fadl ibn Ata: 323,015 * Ibn Kathir: 320,015 letters * Abu Hamid al-Ghazali in the book "Ihya Ulum al-Din": 321,250 letters * Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf collected collection of hafiz and scholars: 340,740 letters. ## Sciences of the Qur'an Let the Qur'an be the main book of a whole religion, it has various sciences and specialists who study it. According to some scientists, in order to deeply understand the Qur'an, it is not enough to read the Qur'an, but to study the specific sciences of the Qur'an. The number of these sciences reaches more than fifty. Qur'an sciences include the study of the history of ways of reading the Qur'an (recitation). Those ways can be widespread (mutawatir), single (ahad) or with variation (shaz). This science also studies the reading method of the Prophet (harf), the reading method of the narrators (ruat) and the scholars of the Qur'an (huffaz). In addition, this science studies six other sciences: cessation (waqf), initiation (ibtida), ilamah, lengthening of vowels (madd), softening of hamza (tahfif al-hamza) and merging of vowels (idgam). Qur'anic lexical science studies seven types of words: rare words (gharib), Arabicized words (mu'arrab), figurative words (majaz), homonyms (mushtarak), metaphors (istiar) and similes (tashbih). . The science that studies the foundations of Sharia divides the judgments in the Qur'an into fourteen types: * General and unrestricted (العام الباقي على پامنه) * General and limited (العام المخصص) * Means limitation generality (العام الذهي يراد به الخصوص) * The ruling of the Sunnah limited by the Qur'an (ما خس فيه الكتاب السنت) * The ruling of the Qur'an limited by the Sunnah (ما خست فيه السنة الكتاب) * Summary (مجمل) * Narrated (مبين) * Explained (مؤول) * Implied (محمول) * Indisputable (متلق) * With warning (مقيد) * Abolitionist (ناسخ) * Abolished (منسوخ) The science that studies the art of rhetoric divides the words of the Qur'an into five types that every researcher should know: * Separation (فصل) * Addition (وصل) * Compactness (إعجاز) \ <> * Vocabulary (إتناب) * Restriction (حصر) In addition, knowledge of names (كنى), titles-nicknames (ألقاب), unspecified words (مبهمات) can be added to the Quranic sciences. ### Tafsir Initially, the interpretation of the Qur'an was carried out through the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, that is, with the hadiths about how he acted on certain verses, how he explained them, and the words of his closest companions. Muhaddith scholars such as Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj collected hadiths and asar for the explanation of certain verses of the Qur'an in their hadith collections. Thanks to scholars such as Ibn Jarir al-Tabari and Ibn Abu Hatim who studied the science of interpretation, the early stage of this science ended and it was formed as a special discipline of Islam. The Arabic word tafsir (Arabic: تفسير‎, tafsîr) means "telling, revealing the meaning". The meaning of the word Tafseer in the Shari'ah is to explain, "to interpret" the Qur'an by using all the methods that help to understand the Holy Book correctly, to convey the meaning of the verses correctly, and to issue correct rulings. Az-Zarkashi says: Some Muslims prefer the science of exegesis, i.e. interpretation of the Holy Qur'an, which means that its meaning is mostly clear and does not need exegesis. Muslim scholars say three reasons for the emergence of interpretations: * The power and wisdom of God's knowledge is so great that He can put several meanings in one word and make it have a deep meaning that many people do not know. * When Allah Ta'ala is talking about something, he may not mention the events that caused it or the ruling from the verse. Not everyone can find these reasons and judgments by analyzing the Qur'an and Sunnah. The task of the interpreter is to explain these ambiguities. * In addition, the Qur'an may contain metaphorical or ambiguous words and phrases that are difficult to understand. And in order to explain these, it is necessary to know the linguistic knowledge, as well as Sharia terminology. As an example of this, when the verse about "black and white threads" was revealed, Adi ibn Hatim directly understood it and tied black and white threads to know the time of dawn. When the Prophet ﷺ was asked about this matter, he explained that the "black and white threads" in these verses are the whiteness of the morning and the darkness of the night. ### Ta'u'il The word "Ta'uil" means "to return to the basics". This term means "referring to the meaning of the verse itself". There are opinions that this word comes from the word "iyala" (to control), so the person explaining the word seems to be controlling it and putting its meanings in place. There are different opinions about the difference between tafsir and taweel. Even some scientists believed that these words have the same meaning. Ibn Habib al-Naisaburi says: "Many famous exegetes today could not answer the question of what is the difference between tafsir and taweel." The terms tafsir and taweel, which initially differed little, over time were assigned by the Muslim community to those who interpret the Qur'an with reference to clear evidence and to those who interpret it through rationalism, symbolic-allegorical methods. In the end, taweel became an interpretation of the Qur'an without responsibility in the eyes of traditionalist scholars, despite the centuries-long tradition of tafseer. ### Direct and Allegorical Interpretation of the Qur'an Some people who follow the religion of Islam began to interpret the Qur'an in a way that was not used by the first generation of Muslims - the "hidden meaning" of the sacred texts. Sometimes these "hidden meanings" do not correspond to the clear meaning of the Qur'anic verses, and even contradict them. Among Muslim scholars, those who use this method are called "batynini" (batyn - hidden, secret). Abu Hafs al-Nasafi, a famous commentator of the Holy Qur'an and a jurist of the Hanafi school, says: Saghduddin al-Taftazani says: ### Verses that nullify judgment and annulment of judgment \< > The verses of the Qur'an were not revealed all at once, but were revealed in parts due to various reasons, so some verses of the Qur'an annulled the legal force of the verses that came after them. This method is called "naskh" (erasing, erasing). Its definition in Shari'ah terminology is the replacement of a second-order practical ruling proven by a sacred text with a later second-order ruling proven by another sacred text. Allah says in the Qur'an: — Surah al-Baqarah, 106-107 In a hadith narrated by Abu Musa al-Ashghari, it is said that he knew a surah like Surah Tawbah, but his judgment was canceled and he was made to forget it. Also, in a hadith from Omar ibn al-Khattab, it is said that there were verses in the Qur'an about the punishment of adulterers by stoning, and that they were deleted from the Qur'an by the will of Allah, but the judgment was preserved. Types of Naskh: * Canceling the judgment of one verse by another verse. * Cancellation of the ruling of one hadith by another hadith. * Cancellation of the ruling of one verse by another hadith. * Cancellation of the verdict of one hadith by another verse. In addition, there are verses whose rulings have been abrogated but remained in the Qur'an, and verses whose rulings have legal force but were deleted from the Qur'an. ## Translation of the Qur'an into other languages According to Muslim scholars, it is impossible to accurately translate the verses of the Qur'an into another language, only to convey the meaning and interpretation. In verse 7 of Surah Ali Imran of the Qur'an, Allah said: "It is Allah who sent down the Book to you. It has clear verses that are the basis of the book. And others are verses that are difficult to understand. Therefore, it is better to read the Quran in Arabic. The word "Quran" has two different meanings depending on its use in life. Sometimes "Quran" is called both the original and its translations, but Muslims call the Holy Quran in Arabic, which is considered the word of Allah, by the word "Quran", and various translations and interpretations are called "Quran's meanings" or "Quran's explanations". Khalifa Altai writes in his translation of the meanings of the Qur'an: ### Translations of the Qur'an into the Kazakh language In order to convey the meanings of the Holy Qur'an to the common people who do not know Arabic, Kazakh citizens translate the meanings of the Qur'an took several times. * Saduakas Salmenuly Gilmani was an Islamic scientist who made a strong effort to translate the "Quran" into the Kazakh language. In the 1960s and 1970s, Saduakas Salmenuly Gilmani (Saken Khalpe) wrote the "Kazakh-Arabic" dictionary containing one hundred and eighteen thousand words, and translated the first three chapters of the "Quran" into Kazakh. Until 1970, imams-mullahs in the regional centers and cities of the Kazakh country read this manuscript one after another and supplemented their literacy with the manuscript of the "Quran" translated by Saken Kalpe. And the Kazakh translation of three chapters of the "Quran" from the blessed hand of the scholar is kept in the hands of his younger daughter - Amina Saduakasovna Abdikarimova, who is the heir to Saduakas Gilmani's archive in Almaty. In 1990, the Kazakhs in the East Turkestan regions facing China got acquainted with the Kazakh version of the Holy Quran, translated by such talented scholars as Gazez Akytuly and Makash Akytuly. This version of the "Quran" was published by "Ulttar Baspa" in Beijing with our national alphabet (Arabic graphics). * The translation of the meanings of the Qur'an into Kazakh by Ratbek Nysanbayuly and Vakap Kydyrkhanuly, the former mufti of the KMDB organization, published in 1991. * "Quran Karim" of the Quran translated by Khalifa Altai. "Kazakh meaning and understanding" translated into Kazakh. The Quran translated by him was published in 1989 with Arabic graphics. In 1991, Caliph Altai Dalelkhan together with Janaltay published this version in Cyrillic letters by the press ministry of Saudi Arabia under the name "Quran Karim, Kazakh meaning and understanding" and delivered it to the Kazakh country. This version of the "Quran" translated by Khalifa Altai has become a great spiritual treasure of Kazakhs living in countries outside of Kazakhstan: Russia, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan. This book will be printed at King Fahd's Holy Quran printing plant in Medina. * In 1991, the well-known Arabic language specialist Nuraly Userov published "Kazakh interpretations of the Holy Quran" from the "Raduga" publishing house in Moscow. ## Tilə̃wat (Reading the Qur'an) Reading the Qur'an in Arabic is considered one of the most important acts of worship that brings a person closer to Allah. Allah says in the Qur'an: - Surah al-Muzzammil, verse 20 There are many hadiths about the advantages of the Qur'an and the reward of good learning. — "Sahih al-Bukhari" — "Sunan al-Tirmidhi" — "Sunan al-Tirmidhi" — "Sunan Abu Dawud » and so on. In a hadith narrated by Abu Musa al-Ashgari, it is said: "A believer who reads the Qur'an and acts according to it is like a sweet lemon with a sweet smell and taste, and a believer who does not read the Qur'an but acts according to it has a sweet taste but smells like a date without. A hypocrite who recites the Qur'an has a sweet smell but tastes like bitter basil, and a hypocrite who does not recite the Qur'an is like a bitter taste and smell of coloquint. In addition, there are reports that those who read the Qur'an and hadiths from the Qur'an and Sunnah and teach others by heart, that they will receive a higher place in Paradise, that Allah will grant them His mercy, and that angels will ask for forgiveness for them. Reading the Qur'an is considered to be a reason to organize the human soul and educate it to goodness, reading it is a sign of Muslim righteousness. ### Qur'an etiquette Qur'an etiquette is a set of rules and obligations that a Muslim should observe when reading the Qur'an. Reading the Qur'an is Sunnah, listening to it is obligatory. Allah commanded us to read the Qur'an like Prophet Muhammad ﷺ: - Al-Muzzammil Surah, verse 4 The etiquette of reading the Qur'an is not to rush it, to think about its meaning, and to read the letters correctly. and read the words clearly. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to know the science that studies the recitation of the Qur'an, which Muslims call "Tajwid". These rules reached our time through the companions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, and Muslim scholars approved them as rules. Manners when reading the Qur'an: There was a disagreement among Muslim scholars about reading the Qur'an in a state of impurity (i.e. "dirty" after sexual intercourse). In the same way, keeping the Qur'an in a clean state is also a matter of dispute, so it is considered better to read the Holy Qur'an after taking ablution and cleaning it. While it is permissible to read the Qur'an in the state of minor "filth", although there is disagreement about holding the Qur'an book, it is considered better to hold it in the form of ablution, because the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, did not like to remember Allah when he was not ablution. * Before reciting the Qur'an, it is better to clean the mouth with a toothbrush misuak, because it is better to recite the words of Allah with a clean mouth. * It is better to read the Quran wearing clean clothes and in a clean place. And the best place to read the Koran is the mosque. * Before reciting the Qur'an, it is better to seek refuge from Allah in order to avoid the cursed Satan. * In addition, before reciting the Qur'an, the words of the Basmala should be recited. * When reading the Qur'an, one should show submission to Allah, one should think about his words. This is one of the greatest purposes of reading the Qur'an. When reading the Qur'an, one should not get involved in worldly conversations and not look around. * You should read the Qur'an without haste and clearly read the letters and words. * A person who reads the Qur'an should read the Qur'an with enthusiasm and beautifully in his own voice. However, it is heresy to make the Qur'an look like a poem when reciting it. * When reciting the Qur'an, it is necessary to keep all its rules, lengthen the parts that are longer, and shorten the parts that are shorter. * When you come across verses about Hell, you should ask Allah for forgiveness, and when you come across verses about Paradise, you should ask Allah for mercy. * Thinking about the Qur'an and weeping because of its meaning is one of the good deeds. * It is better not to read the Qur'an loudly or in a whisper. You have to follow the middle path. * It is better to prostrate when reading the "prostration verses" found in the Qur'an. * A person who wants to yawn while reciting the Qur'an should stop reading and stop yawning, because yawning is believed to be from Satan. * You should try your best to read the Qur'an from beginning to end. Manners when listening to the Qur'an: * A person who listens to the Qur'an should be submissive and think about the words of Allah, it is better to refrain from laughter and nonsense until the Qur'an is finished. ### Recitations (methods of recitation) Recitation (Arabic: قرع‎) refers to the ways of reciting the Qur'an and there is a difference between the terms recitation (qiraat) and recitation (harf) — qira'at is the way of reading the version of the Qur'an compiled by Uthman ibn Affan, with little differences from each other, and "harf" is the recitation based on the seven Arabic dialects of the originally revealed Qur'an (although there are other opinions on this). Makki ibn Abu Talib said: — "Fath al-Bari" (9/39) There are several ways of reciting the Qur'an, the most common of which are: > * Ibn Amir Abu Imran Abdullah al-Yasribi (died in 118 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the region of Sham. The most common examples of his teaching method are those of Hisham and Ibn Zakuan. Abdullah Ibn Kathir al-Makki (died in 120 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Mecca. The most common examples of his teaching method are those of al-Bazzi and Kunbul. * Abu Bakr Asim ibn Abu an-Nujud al-Kufi (died in 127 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Kufa. The most common examples of his way of learning are those of Abu Bakr and Hafs. * Nafig ibn Abdurrahman ibn Abu Nugaim al-Laysi (died in 169 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Medina. The most common examples of his teaching method are those of Qalun and Warsh. * Abu Amr ibn al-Ala al-Mazini al-Basri (died in 154 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Basra. The most common examples of his way of reading are those of al-Duri and al-Susi. * Hamza ibn Habib ibn Ammara al-Kufi (died in 156 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Kufa. The most common examples of his method of learning are those of Khalaf and Khallad. * Al-Kisa'i Abul-Hasan Ali ibn Hamza ibn Abdullah al-Kufi (died in 189 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Kufa. The most common examples of his way of reading are those of al-Lays and al-Duri. In fact, the mentioned Quranic scholars were not the most famous and expert Quranic researchers of their time, but at the beginning the ways of reading the Quran increased, the famous Muslim scholars of that time chose one of the ways of reading in the main cities of the Caliphate and adopted it as a standard. According to Ibn Abu Hisham, the reason for the appearance of these recitations was that the versions of the Qur'an compiled during the time of Uthman ibn Affan were sent to the regions of the Muslim state, where the people learned to read the Qur'an from the Companions, and because of this, several ways of reading the Qur'an appeared with little difference. But these recitations are based on the version of the Qur'an collected by Uthman and confirmed by all the Companions without changing the meaning of the Qur'an. Currently, among the ways of reciting the Qur'an, Hafs' recitation from Asim is considered the most popular, and most of the Qur'anic mushafs are written according to this recitation. Apart from Egypt, Warsh's recitation from Nafigtan is popular in African countries. And the reading of Abu Amr is used only in some areas of Sudan. It should be noted that not all recitations of the Qur'an are accepted, and one cannot read the Qur'an according to them without knowing their level of achievement. In addition, some recitations that can only be recited in one way are not accepted and are considered "shazz" (defective). ## Writing the Qur'an Arabs were familiar with writing even before the advent of Islam. In the 7th century, the Arabic script consisted only of basic symbols, which did not represent a single letter, but a group of letters. For example, if modern Arabic letters "ب, ت, ث" can be easily distinguished by the dots below and above them, in the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ they were written smoothly without turks. The basis of this alphabet was derived from the Nabatean script, which was used in Northern Arabia a thousand years before the arrival of Islam, and which in turn was influenced by the ancient Syriac script. After that, this writing style developed into two types of Arabic writing: Kufa and Hijaz writing style. Kufic script was a non-miniature script that followed a strict geometric order. The Hijaz script was smaller than the Kufa script and was written with a slant to the right. Scholars disagree as to which writing style came first, but the Hijaz script was less formal than the Kufic script. The current normalization of the Qur'an writing model consisted of several stages: * In the first stage, sounds (harakats) were placed on top of the letters in the Qur'an. Abul-Aswad al-Duali was a famous student of the Sahabah. At the beginning, thick dots were used to denote harakats: above the letter - fatha, below - kasra, and after the letter - damma. It is assumed that the sign of fatha comes from the letter "ا" (alif), the sign of kasra from the letter "ي" (yes), and the sign of al-damma from the letter "و" (wah). * In the second stage, diacritical points (igjam) were placed above and below the letters. Before that, the Arabic script was written only with lines, without dots, so reading the Quran could only be done by people who knew it by heart. Arabs used these diacritical points even before Islam, but it was very rare. During the time of Umayyad caliph Abdul-Malik ibn Marwan, hundreds of thousands of Muslims needed to read the Koran, he entrusted the marking of the letters in the Koran to the Iraqi emir Khajaj ibn Yusuf. Under the command of al-Hajjaj, this work is carried out by Nasr ibn Asim and Khay ibn Yagmur. * The third period is modern editions of the Qur'an. Although early versions of the Qur'an did not have harakats and diacritics, which were fixed in the Qur'an by prominent Muslim scholars, the writing of the Qur'an at that time was different from the Arabic script used today - the letter alif was often written above it, not after the previous letter, and sometimes the letters "ya" and "alif" it was simply not written (الرحمان — الرحمن), in some places the letter “wah” was used instead of “alif” (الصلاة — الصلوة). ## Difference between Qur'an and Qudsi Hadith Qudsi Hadith (Arabic: الحديث القدسي‎) is a type of hadith that is considered to be transmitted directly from Allah through him, not from Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. That is, the words in these hadiths were spoken by Allah and conveyed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. Thus, holy hadiths were a part of the revelation of Allah, like the verses of the Qur'an, but they are not included in the Qur'an, and its verses are not considered consecutive. In order to believe hadith qudsi, it is necessary to determine its reliability (i.e. whether it is sahih or hasan) like other hadiths, while the verses of the Qur'an are not verified in this way. Qudsi hadiths should not be read like surahs during prayer. According to some scholars, the Qur'an should not be held by a person who has not performed ablution, and there is no such prohibition in Qudsi hadiths. The number of Qudsi hadiths is less than other hadiths and they are mostly ahadith rather than mutawatir. Only a hundred copies of such hadiths are known. Some Muhaddith-scholars wrote collections of Qudsi hadiths. For example: Abdurrauf al-Munawi's collection "al-Ithafat al-Sania bil-Ahadith al-Qudsiyya". ## Messages about the future in the Qur'an Some verses of the Holy Qur'an tell about the events that should happen after those verses were revealed. It was known that some of these reports were true even during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. And the other part is the Muslim's duty to narrate the events that will happen near the end of time and believe in them. As an example of this, the following verse can be cited: — Surah Rum In 620, the Byzantine army suffered a great defeat from the Persians and Cilicia, Syria, Palestine, Armenia, which had previously been under Byzantine rule, The lands of Egypt pass under the hands of the Persians. Despite the weakened state of Byzantium, in 627, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius brought his troops to the vicinity of Nineveh and defeated a Persian army of 12 thousand. After a few months, Persia will be forced to return the captured lands to Byzantium. The Qur'anic verse accurately describes this future event, and also correctly describes the place where the Byzantine army was defeated - the battle took place near the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is the lowest basin in the world. Another verse about the future whose truth was clear during the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was revealed about the return of Muslims to Mecca after they could not enter Mecca in 6 Hijri: - Surah Al-Fath, 27 \ <> A year later, in the month of Dhu al-Qadha in the 7th year of Hijrah, Muslims perform the Umrah (minor pilgrimage) in Makkah and at the end of it they shave their heads and cut their hair in accordance with the Shariah. ## Sources ## References * Jalaluddin al-Suyuti "Excellence in Quranic Sciences" = الإتقان في علوم القرآن / Translated into Russian : D.V. Frolova. — ISBN 5846300979. * Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya "Zad al-Magad" = زاد المعاد في هدي خير العباد — "Risala" organization, 1418 AH/1998. * Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani "Fath al-Bari bi-Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari" = فتح الباري بشرح ساحيه البخاري — "Tayiba" publishing house, 1426 AH/2005. * E. R. Kuliev Na puti k Koranu — Baku: "Abilov, Zeynalov i synovya", 2003. — 622 p. — ISBN 5-87459-202-4. ## See more ## External links * http://kitap.kuran.kz/#!/bet/2/ar \< > * HolyQuranAcademy Archived 8 April 2022.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5859

Марокко

Morocco (Arabic: المغرب‎‎ - al-Maghrib - "west", Maghrib al-Aqsa - "far west", pronounced Maghreb) is the Kingdom of the Maghreb, al-Mamlak al-Maghribiya, a country in North-West Africa. The full official name is the Kingdom of the Maghreb (Arabic: المملكة المغربية‎‎ - al-Mamlaka al-Maghribiya). Translated from the Arabic language, Maghrib means the West, that is, "the Kingdom of the West" (this is the state of the Arabs in the west). The land area is 446.5 thousand km². The population is 30.1 million. (2000). The official language is Arabic, and French is also widely spoken. The population mainly follows the Sunni branch of Islam. The capital is the city of Rabat. Administratively, it is divided into 35 provinces and 8 prefectures. The Maghreb is a country with a constitutional monarchy. The head of state and government is the king. The supreme legislative body is a bicameral parliament (the House of Representatives and the National Assembly). The currency is the dirham. ## Nature Maghreb region is mountainous. Medium and high mountains in the region are connected with flat plains and plateaus. The Atlas Mountains stretch from the southwest to the northeast. The coast of the Mediterranean Sea continues to Mount Er-Rif. The climate is mainly subtropical, in the north it is Mediterranean. The average temperature in July is 24 — 28C, in January 10 — 12C. Annual precipitation is 1000 mm in the mountainous region, 200 mm in the southern part of the country, 100 mm in the region adjacent to the Sahara desert. There are few permanent rivers in the Maghreb. Some of the larger rivers include Muluya, Sebu, UmMoroccoar-Rabia, Tensifit. They flow into the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. The mountainous and northwestern parts of the country are densely forested. Oak, cypress, coniferous trees grow. Animals include snakes, turtles, wild boars, macaque monkeys, coyote wolves, lynxes, foxes, etc. occurs. ## History The land of the Maghreb was inhabited from ancient times by Libyan or ancient Berber tribes. * B.C. At the end of the 2nd millennium BC, a number of Phoenician settlements were built on the sea coast of the Maghreb, which later came under the control of Carthage. * B.C. After the wars between Rome and Carthage in the 3rd and 2nd centuries, the Maghreb came under the influence of Rome. * And in B.C. 27 years completely surrendered to the Romans. * In the 5th century, the northern part of the Maghreb was occupied by the Vandals of Slavic origin, * In the 6th century, Byzantium occupied it. * 701 — 711 AD. The Arabs conquered the Maghreb and added it to the Arab caliphate. * 788 A state ruled by the Idris dynasty was established in the north-west of the Maghreb. * In the 10th century, the Maghreb region was included in the caliphate ruled by the Fatima dynasty. * From the middle of the 11th century, various dynasties replaced each other and ruled in the Maghreb. * In the 15th century, the Portuguese and the Spanish began to invade the Maghreb. * In the 16th century, the Saadi dynasty liberated many cities from the Europeans. During the reign of Ahmed al-Mansur (1578 — 1603) Maghreb Songam, Sudan, etc. Conquered African countries. * In the 17th and 18th centuries power weakened, and the political situation was often tense. 1845 France controlled almost the entire Maghreb and Algeria. During the reign of Sultan Hasan I (1873-94), a number of reforms were carried out, production facilities and new ports were built. * 1907 French troops conquered the Oujda region in the south-eastern part of the Maghreb, then Casablanca and Shawia regions, and lands in the Spanish Melil region. * 1912 A French protectorate was established in the Maghreb. * 1921 In June, the Rif tribes of the Maghreb, led by Abd al-Kerim, defeated the Spanish army at the foot of Anwal and established an independent Rif Republic. * 1926 The combined forces of France and Spain defeated the Rif Republic. * During the Second World War (1939 — 45), the national liberation movement in the country grew stronger. * 1952 Mass demonstrations were held in Maghreb cities in connection with the 40th anniversary of the protectorate treaty. * 1955 On December 7, France was forced to agree to the creation of a national government. * 1956 On March 2, France recognized the national independence and territorial integrity of the Maghreb. * On April 7, the Spanish region of the Maghreb was reunited and the integrity of the country was restored. * 1956 On November 12, the Maghreb was accepted as a member of the UN. * 1958 Maghreb freed Tarfaya province from Spanish rule, * 1961. In November, French troops were completely withdrawn from the country. * 1962 The constitution was adopted in December. The Maghreb is a member of the League of Arab States. * 1992 Diplomat between the Maghreb and Kazakhstan since May 28. contact is established. Cultural, educational relations between the two countries have started to develop somewhat. In the Maghrib, fish and livestock farming is developed. Phosphorite, sea products, tobacco, textiles are exported. Buys oil, electricity, production equipment from abroad. Gross domestic product is 87.5 bln. It is US dollars, 3060 dollars per capita. will (1994). The main trade partners are EU, USA, India, Saudi Arabia. On the territory of the country, Casablanca, Mohammedia, Tangler, etc. large seaports are located. ## Administrative Division ## Gallery * Views of the Kingdom of Morocco * * * * \< > * * * * * ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5115

Mahmud Kashkari

Mahmud Kashkari (Arab. Mahmut ibn al-Husayn ibn Muhammad al-Kashgari; 1029-1101) is a Turkish scientist, the author of the famous work "Diwani Lugat al-Turk" ("Collection of Turkish Words"). ## Place of birth Place of birth, the city of Barskhan on the banks of Issykkol (in some sources along the Shu River) of the variously named state, where ancient houses were built. He was born in a military family in the town of Baryskhan near Issykkol. From the Karakhan dynasty. He was educated in Kashkar, Baghdad. He visited Byzantium, Turkey, China and other countries. In addition to Turkish, he also wrote works in Arabic and Persian languages. "Diwani Lugat At-Turk" - K. his greatest work. There is also a wonderful heritage of the nomadic world of thought. This wonderful encyclopedic work was written in Baghdad in 1072-1078. The original is lost. The only copy made by M.A. Abulfath in 1206 is kept in Istanbul. Full version in Kazakh by A. Egeubaev translated. * There will be no moon in the horse's brow. * About livestock: If you don't want water, give milk. * "About education, commandment, education": Do not insult a man. It may be different from the older one. There is copper, there is no gold. * "About wealth and poverty": If you get silver, gold will come. If the growth is long - the hand will not burn. * "About caution": Don't let the dog go without a bag, and don't let the horse go without kicking. A hunter knows as many tricks as a bear knows as many trails. * "About the beast and the bird": The boy on the back is a soldier. * "About absence": Hungry - neither eat, nor full - neither. * "About language": The beginning of manners is language. * "About honor and shame": Don't deal with the shameless. * "About science, knowledge and art": The sign of happiness is knowledge. * "About Bek, Khan": The chieftain of the land is a mountain, the chieftain of the country is a bek. * "About the noble word": A wise word is delivered on a golden plate. * "About human life": The father's son is born to his grandfather. * You can't grow until you plant, you can't achieve until you try. (About work) * For the aged - painting is not a fault. (About the society, the state, the times) * The husband of the bride who has a lot to do will come to the house. (About woman, mother) * Ashes of everyday people are everyday. (About envy, jealousy) * A lonely goose does not make a sound. (About loneliness) * A hard day will pass - be patient with it. (About patience) * If the lion roars - the horse's feet will stop. (About fear) * If a wolf howls in the field - the side of the dog in the house will shake. (About fear) * Although the bones of a good person wither, the name remains. (About good and bad) * The soul of a poor person cannot be satisfied. (About wealth and poverty) A hard day will pass - be patient with it. (About patience) * Do not add to the stingy number. (About stinginess) * He who licks his collar will lose his palm. (About greed) * The buyer is a lion, the seller is a mouse. (About the merchant) * Arrogant will be doomed. (About behavior) * If you get angry - your mind will disappear. (About behavior) * A fire will not be without smoke, a man will not be perfect. (About behavior) * When he smiles - he wears red, when he flirts - he wears green. (About behavior) * A man-loving woman is a partner to a man. (About woman, mother) * No matter how sharp a knife is, it cannot sharpen its own blade. (About helplessness) * When they say "brother" - we look at them, when they say "brother-in-law" - we glare. (Brothers, about people) * If the slogan is raised - the tribe gathers, if the enemy comes - the community gathers. (About brothers, people) * A friend makes a person's neighborhood a paradise. (About friendship) ## Biography Mahmud's father was a well-known commander, emir of Barskhan. He later moved to Kashkar, one of the cultural and political centers of the state ruled by the Karakhan dynasty. Mahmud studied here and lived here for many years. That is the meaning of the registration of "Kashkari" with the tradition of where his name comes from. The year of the scientist's birth and return is unknown. Neither he nor other researches and writings on that point say anything about it. With the aim of further supplementing the knowledge he received in Kashkar, he will visit the cities of Bukhara, Nishapur, and Baghdad, and besides the Turkish language, he is fluent in Arabic, Persian, and other languages. He is recognized as a highly educated philologist, historian, ethnographer, and geographer of his time. ## Turkic scholar Mahmud Kashkari was the first linguist of Turkic language, a scholar who created a textbook of the Turkish language, corrected grammar, expanded the field of language art of the Turkic world and raised its growth. In the history of Turkology, he used the first historical comparative method and laid the foundations of the historical dialectology of Turkic languages. His method of comparative study of these languages has formed a school of its own as a method of research common to all Eastern correspondents. The rich history, geographical situation, literature and art, ethnological features of the Turkic people are recognized in "Diwani Lugat at Turk" as a real historical document. He distinguishes the language features of many tribes and tribes, explains the structure of the Turkic language, describes the way of life and customs, gives the names and biographical data of a number of writers, scholars, historical figures of that time, traditional songs and proverbs of the Turkic peoples. At the same time, he created a world map of the Turkic world in ancient times, showing almost all the ancient cities and settlements of the Turkic world, starting with Barskhan, Balasagun, Taraz, Ekiogiz, Kashkar. At the same time, it can be called the first encyclopedic directory of Turkic people. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7024

Neil Alden Armstrong

Neil Alden Armstrong, English. Neil Alden Armstrong (August 5, 1930 - August 25, 2012) was an American astronaut. The first person to walk on the moon. Neil Armstrong's flight to the moon was a promise made by John F. Kennedy six years earlier. The space research of the USSR and the launch of a man into space contributed to him. In his youth, he was engaged in the sport of aeromodelling. In 1949, he graduated from the Naval Academy (Florida), and in 1955 he graduated from Purdue University (Indiana). From 1955 to 1962, he was a test pilot at Edwards Air Force Base (California) and the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In 1962, he was accepted as an astronaut at the NASA center. In 1966, astronaut D. Together with Scott, he flew around the Earth as the commander of the Gemini-8 spacecraft. On July 16-24, 1969, as the commander of the "Apollo-11" spaceship, he took part in the first flight to the Moon in the history of mankind (together with astronauts E. Aldrin and M. Collins). E. He and Aldrin spent 21 hours and 36 minutes on the lunar surface, conducting scientific research. Astronauts' trip to the Moon lasted 8 days, 3 hours and 18 minutes. Edwin Aldrin and Michael Collins flew into space with Neil Armstrong. ## Early Life Armstrong was born on August 5, 1930 in Wapakoneta, Ohio, the son of Viola Louise and Stephen Koenig Armstrong. He was of German, Scotch-Irish and Scottish descent. His father was Ohio's state auditor, and the family moved around the state several times, living in 16 cities over the next 14 years. Armstrong's love of flying began around this time at the age of two, when his father took him to the Cleveland Air Races. When he was five or six years old, he and his father took their first airplane flight in Warren, Ohio, in a Ford Trimotor. The family's last move was in 1944 and they returned to Wapakoneta, where he attended high school and took flying lessons at the Wapakoneta Airfield. In 1947, at the age of 17, Armstrong landed in Indiana He began studying aeronautical engineering at Purdue University in West Lafayette. His college tuition was paid for under the Holloway Plan. Successful candidates are required to complete two years of training, followed by two years of flight training and one year of service as an aviator in the US Navy, followed by the completion of the final two years of undergraduate studies. Armstrong did not take courses in naval science and did not join the Naval Reserve Officer Training Corps. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3442

Табын

Tabin — (Mong. tabin — five) a tribe in the Yetyru Association of Khushi Yuz. They are concentrated in Aktobe region, along the lower reaches of Syrdarya and Zhaiyk, some of them live in Karakalpakstan. In the past centuries, due to the raids of the Kalmyks on the land of Kobda, the herds migrated to Afghanistan, part of them settled in the village of Oymauit of the present Baiganin district, part of them went to Shalkar district, part of them went to present-day Atyrau and West Kazakhstan regions, part of them went to Kyzylorda region and Karakalpakstan. Even now, 80 percent of those who went to Karakalpakstan moved to Mangistau region and live in Aktau and Zhanaozen cities. There is also a tribe called Tabyn in the Bashkir nation. The main symbol — a comb — represents the front of the horse. Descendants of Orda-Yezhen are similar to the symbol of the Toru clan. Shumishts mainly inhabited the lands of Aktobe and West Kazakhstan, most of them migrated to Karakalpakstan during the Kalmyk invasion and settled there, and currently live in Aktobe. Now 80 percent of the Tabyns who went to Karakalpakstan have moved back to the Motherland. In the Kyzylorda region there are herds, they are either speared or combed. ## Origin According to the legend, Tauke Khan joined the small population of Orta-zhuz to form Kishi-zhuz, joining Alshins (former Nogays) to Zhetyru. According to historical data, the herds were among the 24 Mongolian tribes that raised Genghis Khan to the throne. According to legends, the leader of the herds, Maiky Bi, swore an oath with Genghis Khan. In the old Turkic language, the present Tibet was called Tobot, Tobon, Tabyn. And the Chinese state was called Tabgach. The Tabghachs, or Toba in Chinese historical records, are a people who migrated to present-day Inner Mongolia, originating from the Tungus-Manzu tribes. Toba Gui, the leader of the Toba people, established the Northern Wei Dynasty (386-535) after conquering Northern China. Tabyn clans exist among the Nogays, Uzbeks, and Bashkirs. In the state of Kochim Khan in Siberia, herds were the ancestral home, the capital was Chingi-Tura (now Tumen). The south of the Krasnoyarsk region in Russia in the 19th century. In Tabyn-Bogdo-Ola, the borders of Mongolia, Russia and China meet. Like the previous clan, we have the first data about it from A. We meet only in Tevkelev. According to the information collected from the country and Tynyshbaev, the herd clan has four branches: Zhamkerei, Bozym, Begim and Khayrkoja. Herds have different markings. Common clan symbol (bowl); At the same time, the herds also have the symbols (schumish, chumishti-herd branch), (comb, comb-herd branch) and (alphabet). Comparison of the symbols of the general clan brings us again to the dulats (Great Face), in which the general tribal sign is the same, and the signs are no different from the symbols of some clans of the dulats and the symbols of the Albanian tribe. It can be assumed that the Tabyn family originates from Uly zhuz. As a proof of this, we can see that there is a gray clan in both the herd tribe and the Albanian tribe. The symbol (koseu) is similar to the symbol of the Kanly tribe (Uly Yuz), and the symbol (tarak) is similar to the symbol of the Jalair tribe on the same face, and one of the versions of the genealogy of the Taban clan shows that the symbol of the comb comes from the Jalair tribe. The fact that the herds have a mixed origin is also shown by the fact that they have several slogans. According to the information available in Grodekov, the slogans of the Syrdarya herds are "Sarke" and "Tostagan", and according to the information collected from around the country, the motto of the western herds is "Alash". S.I. Rudenko writes in one of his works that in pre-Mongol times, according to legend, the Bashkirs were divided into twelve clans. Further, he shows that these clans included herds. All of the above, as well as S. I. Taking into account Rudenko's data, the history of the tribe can be based on the following. Long before the invasion of the Mongols, there was a local herd tribe among other tribes and clans in the steppes beyond the present-day Western Kazakhstan and the Urals, and it is likely that it was separated due to some political or economic conditions. A part of it went to the north, to the territory of present-day Bashkortostan, and became part of the Bashkir people mentioned by Ibn Fadman. However, the majority of herds remained in their lands, and in the post-Mongol period, while retaining the name of their clan, they may have included those from the Great Hundred tribes. And the added part of the Ulyuzhuzots accepted their clan name and gave them their own symbols. A significant part of the Tabyn tribe, in particular, the gray (turtul) was part of the large tribes of the Middle-Uzbek region, such as the Kerey, Naiman and Argyn, among them the fourtul and the Uzbeks (lokais) are also called. ## Among the Karakeseks Among the Argyn Karakeseks in Orta-zuz, at the end of the 19th century, there were 100 households in the Nura boly. They are from the 18th century. in the middle, the descendants of the brothers Zharbol and Kulbol from Mangystau. These two brothers quarreled with the nobles over a girl and killed one of the nobles (khan) and fled to Saryarka. ## Personalities * Aliya Nurmukhamedovna Moldagulova * Barak Satybaldyuly * Bukarbai Estekbayuly * Zholaman Tilenshiuly * Yuzzhasar Akyluly * Baytabyn Derbasuly * Kaiky Uzakouly * Smagul Abatuly Elubai * Shortanbai Yerubaiuly * Eraly Lukpanuly Togzhanov * Tolegen Aibergenuly Aibergenov * Kalzhan Ahun Bolekbauly * Aldanazar Bukarbauly \< > * Davit Asauuly * Doszhan Kashakuly * Nurlan Askaruly Nogaev * Karmys Dosanov Karakoily * Bibisara Erkhanovyna Asaubaeva * Sabina Abayovyna Altynbekova * Bokenbay Batyr Karauly \< > ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5031

Beybars Mosque

Sultan Beybarys Mosque — Sultan Beybarys 1266-68. built. It is one of the most famous mosques in Egypt today. The construction of this building, which was the first to be built outside the old fortress in the north of the city of Al-Cairo, used advanced construction methods and tools of that time. Ibn-Tulun Mosque is located on the neighboring street. The mosque was built with colorful marble stones and precious wood imported from the city of Jaffa in the land of Sham. It is 108 m long and 105 m wide. The height of the stone walls built as a fence is 10.96 m. The mosque has three grand gates decorated with artistic carvings. The 11.83 m main gate located on the west side of the building is an architectural monument in itself. According to the principles of construction and the style of building a mosque adopted at that time, it was built in the form of a palace covered with a wooden roof attached to marble columns with a width of 10-12 m. The inner walls and windows of the mosque are decorated with beautiful patterns in Arabic and oriental styles, with verses from the Holy Quran. The mihrab of the mosque is in the direction of Mecca. Only the walls of the room where the mihrab is located and the brick frame of the mihrab have been preserved.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7554

Индуизм

Hinduism is one of the world's major religions. Hinduism b.d. appeared in the first millennium BC. He proposed three ways of spiritual salvation. They are: * properties are the way of doing things; * knowledge path; * integrity string. The first community of Hinduism - "Ajivaka" followed the path of piety and fought against the lust of the flesh. But they worshiped Vishnu. The religious ideas of "Ajivaka" were supplemented by "Bhagavatami". He honored Krishna equally with Vishnu. In the 12th century, Brahmins established a special platform for the demigod Rama. In the 15th century, religious rituals began to be performed in Hindi, which is considered the language of the black people. As a result, Vishnu's status among the masses increased. Worshiping Shiva also served to strengthen the unity of communities that recognize this god. But polytheism did not prevent the Indian people from further understanding the community. On the contrary, these many gods were respected within the framework of a single religious concept, and Hinduism became the religion of all. For Hinduism, the epics "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" are a collection of sacred legends that tell about the heroic struggle of Indians during the conquest of India by Aryan tribes. The poem is a collection of sacred legends that tell the story of the pantheon of Hindu gods. The poem deals extensively with Hindu gods. Ramayana tells the life of Rama and his wife Sita. Among the religious monuments of Hinduism, "Bhagavat-Gita", which provides explanations for worldview problems included in the epic "Mahabharata" in its structural aspect, was distinguished by the integrity of its philosophical concept. The basis of the concept is the rules about prakrit as the origin of existence and about the pure spirit - purusha - independent from it. This shows the dualistic view of the authors of the work, which recognized two bases. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in India and is currently developing. There are data that the total number of adherents of this religion on earth exceeds 700 million. Hinduism is practiced in South Asian countries (83% of the population of India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. It is also a little spread in Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore) and some regions of Africa. Since the 20th century, Hinduism has taken root in Europe and America. , attracted the public's attention immediately with its new features. This can be said to be evidenced by the preparation of an 18-volume encyclopedia entitled "Hinduism". It is planned to include more than 10,000 scientific articles by 1,250 scientists from many countries. The term Hinduism is the Persian name of the Sindhu River. It is based on the word "Hindu". Later, this word did not mean only the river and the Indian country on its banks, but became the name of the people in that country. The peculiarity of the Hindu religion is that there are many gods here, there is no one god common to all. The founder of the religion, There is no known prophet, but there are many spiritual teachers who spread individual knowledge. Although this religion does not have generally recognized symbols and requirements of faith, there are concepts (dharma, karma, samsara, moksha, Brahman, atman, varna, caste, etc.) that have a special place in the Hindu worldview. It is impossible to call the gods in Hinduism by one name, to combine them into one type. Here, the concept of God is different because Hinduism has accepted all the scriptures collected in India over the centuries as its holy books, so all the 33 Gods mentioned in these books (11 in the sky, 11 in the air, 11 on the earth) are recognized in Hinduism. Brahman is the creator of the world, the eternal embodiment of all living and transitory reality of the primordial unity. But the merits of Brahman before man were not outstanding in the traditional Hindu understanding. That is why Brahman is not worshiped that much, and the number of temples dedicated to him is limited. Most Hindus are divided into Shivaites and Vishnuites as they worship Shiva and Vishnu. Shiva's primary function is destruction and transformation, and he is also the lord of life force and masculine initiative. Worship of Shiva as the male life-creating initiate in the Lingama form is very common. Shiva is often regarded as a fierce destroyer because of his exceptional courage in his battles against the demons. In this guise, Shiva is also the god of rhythm and dance. Shiva's four arms in the dance movement represent his power and potential. The third eye in the middle of the eyebrows also represents the power of destruction. Hindus, especially Shaivites, attribute many functions to the Great Shiva. One of them is shakti - Shiva's own separate spiritual energy. Shakti is manifested only in necessary situations. According to Hindu understanding, with the help of shakti, a person reaches his main goal, moksha (liberation of the soul from the cycle of birth and death). Shakti is accepted by the sacred feminine initiation as Goddess Shakti, wife of Shiva. As manifestations of this Shakti, many female deities appeared. There are many worshipers of Durga and Kali among them. Vishnu is the guardian deity in Hinduism. He is simple and very close to people. His wife, Goddess Lakshmi, symbolizes the image of tender female love. Vishnu's avatars (manifestations in other divine forms) are numerous. In four videos, he appears as an animal. The other five known avatars of Vishnu are considered to be Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha and the future deity Kalka. The acceptance of Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu indicates the incorporation of Buddhism into the Hindu system. Rama is the son of the king, the heir to the throne, the hero in the poem "Ramayana". In the minds of the people, he was honored and became the avatar of Rama and Vishnu. And the hero of another well-known epic poem, Krishna, is also considered to be the avatar of Vishnu. As the hero warrior Arjuna talks to him about the supreme meaning of the celestial law and the epic laws, these philosophical concepts are included in the Bhagavad-Gita he is glorified as a favorite and very well-known deity of Hinduism.Krishna is widely worshiped in the American and Western European countries.The sacred scriptures of Hinduism are the Shruti It is called "listening, being heard". There are two reasons for this: they were heard from the supreme god and the disciples accepted this text from the stories of their teachers. In modern Hinduism, mantras from these Vedic texts are recited when deities are worshipped. Mantras (holy words) should be read only in Sanskrit. Brahmins - priests' manual of prayer and devotion written in black language. These are considered to be the second part of Vedic literature. The Abyzs distinguish seven Brahmanical texts. The following Aranyaka texts also speak of devotion to God, meditation. In the Upanishads, the mystical concept of Hindu philosophy is given. Upanishad means sitting side by side. Guru (spiritual master) advised his chosen disciple about sacred teachings. Traditionally, the Upanishads consist of 108 texts. They give the categories that reveal the essence of Hindu philosophy: * Individual soul (Atman) and Universal soul (Brahman) * Brahman is eternal but has no form. * The world is an illusion (illusion, maya). * The soul goes through a series of cycles of life (samsara), its next life depends on its actions (karma). * The soul has the quality of freedom from suffering (moksha). * All things in the created world are united. The well-known Indian epic poems "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" are also part of sacred texts (smriti). The Bhagavad-Gita, which is considered to be part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata, is also a very valuable book for Hindus. In the texts of "Bhagavat-Gita" the concept of the Supreme God occupies a special place. In addition, a philosophical statement is made here about the meaning of human life. The most important thing in a person is not the body, not feelings, but his spirit. There is nothing in the world except the Supreme Spirit Atman. Atman is every a person cannot die, and one cannot kill someone, and the basis of it is the eternal spirit. One must understand this truth and not be afraid of death. That is, one must first understand oneself In India, the community that set a spiritual goal was called varnashrama-dharma. They are: Brahmins (high-minded class), Kshatriyas ( administration), vaishis (merchant-farmers) and shudras (workers). Varnashrama-dharma is a hereditary, caste-based structure. Since this structure was originally formed by the Supreme Lord, it is believed that people should accept it naturally. If people are divided into such natural classes and are united at the stage of spiritual maturity, the society will achieve high success. In addition to the four varnas, there are the four ashramas or spiritual stages of life mentioned above: brahmachari (celibate discipleship), grihastha (family life), vanaprastha (renunciation of social life), and sannyasi (monasticism). It can be safely concluded that there is no pure varnamshram society in modern India as written in the holy books of varnashrama-dharma. Hindus themselves admit this. This is because the modern era is described in the Vedas as the age of Kali-yuga, the age of stagnation of the whole world. The only way to reach God in this age is to worship him properly. Hindu rituals on this path are divided into three categories: nitya, naimittika, kamiya. Nitya is a daily ritual. Every Hindu makes a water offering to the Sun in the morning or performs a puja (reverence to the deities) in front of the family deities. Naimittika is done at special stages of a person's life. This is a ceremony that is held when entering a family, naming a child, and getting married. The third of the religious rituals is kamiya - a religious journey. Everyone is free to choose whether or not it is considered a religious duty. It can be said that religious travel has become a natural way of life for Hindus. Hindus make a short religious journey on foot during religious festivals, especially for the Mother Goddess. He goes on a long journey to distant places where holy cities and saints are located. In Hinduism, the rivers Ganges, Yamuna, Sindhu (Indus), Saraswati (underground), Narmada, Gadavari and Kaveri are considered sacred, so bathing in these rivers cleanses a person of his sins and leads to spiritual purification. Some sacred places are located in the Himalayas. In Hinduism, family rites - samskaras - have a special place. The sixteen samskaras recognized by most Hindus are: before the birth of children: fertilization, praying to the gods for a son, combing the hair; Ceremonies during childhood: birth rites, naming the child, leaving the house for the first time, eating the first solid food of the child, cutting the first hair of the male child, piercing the upper part of the right ear, accepting the inheritance of discipleship, starting to read the sacred scriptures, Vedic knowledge completion of mastery; rites for adults: marriage, period of family service, retirement, 60-year-old ceremony, cremation. According to the religious concept of Hindus, it is necessary to follow vegetarianism. However, some people use sheep meat for food. People of this religion are treated with Ayurvedic medicine. This is because medicines made from natural plants are used here. Since abortion is legal in the state, Hindus consider it okay to prevent the birth of a girl child, to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. For Hindus, suicide is not a foolish act, because it is considered the end of asceticism, the peak of religious maturity. Although Hinduism is not among the world religions, the teachings of this religion are very widespread in the world. In India itself, the Arya Samaj organization works to guide Indians to Hinduism. In Western and American countries, the International Society for Krishna Consciousness is developing the Hare-Krishna movement as a branch of Hinduism. Hinduism is a religious tradition that originated in India and is currently developing. There are data that the total number of adherents of this religion on earth exceeds 700 million. Hinduism is practiced in South Asian countries (83% of the population of India, Nepal, Sri Lanka, and Bangladesh. It is also a little spread in Southeast Asia (Malaysia, Indonesia, Singapore) and some regions of Africa. Since the 20th century, Hinduism has taken root in Europe and America. , attracted the public's attention immediately with its new features. This can be said to be evidenced by the preparation of an 18-volume encyclopedia entitled "Hinduism". It is planned to include more than 10,000 scientific articles by 1,250 scientists from many countries. The term Hinduism is the Persian name of the Sindhu River. It is based on the word "Hindu". Later, this word did not mean only the river and the Indian country on its banks, but became the name of the people in that country. The peculiarity of the Hindu religion is that there are many gods here, there is no one god common to all. The founder of the religion, There is no known prophet, but there are many spiritual teachers who spread individual knowledge. Although this religion does not have generally recognized symbols and requirements of faith, there are concepts (dharma, karma, samsara, moksha, Brahman, atman, varna, caste, etc.) that have a special place in the Hindu worldview. It is impossible to call the gods in Hinduism by one name, to combine them into one type. Here, the concept of God is different because Hinduism has accepted all the scriptures collected in India over the centuries as its holy books, so all the 33 Gods mentioned in these books (11 in the sky, 11 in the air, 11 on the earth) are recognized in Hinduism. Brahman is the creator of the world, the eternal embodiment of all living and transitory reality of the primordial unity. But the merits of Brahman before man were not outstanding in the traditional Hindu understanding. That is why Brahman is not worshiped that much, and the number of temples dedicated to him is limited. Most Hindus are divided into Shivaites and Vishnuites as they worship Shiva and Vishnu. Shiva's primary function is destruction and transformation, and he is also the lord of life force and masculine initiative. Worship of Shiva as the male life-creating initiate in the Lingama form is very common. Shiva is often regarded as a fierce destroyer because of his exceptional courage in his battles against the demons. In this guise, Shiva is also the god of rhythm and dance. Shiva's four arms in the dance movement represent his power and potential. The third eye in the middle of the eyebrows also represents the power of destruction. Hindus, especially Shaivites, attribute many functions to the Great Shiva. One of them is shakti - Shiva's own separate spiritual energy. Shakti is manifested only in necessary situations. According to Hindu understanding, with the help of shakti, a person reaches his main goal, moksha (liberation of the soul from the cycle of birth and death). Shakti is accepted by the sacred feminine initiation as Goddess Shakti, wife of Shiva. As manifestations of this Shakti, many female deities appeared. There are many worshipers of Durga and Kali among them. Vishnu is the guardian deity in Hinduism. He is simple and very close to people. His wife, Goddess Lakshmi, symbolizes the image of tender female love. Vishnu's avatars (manifestations in other divine forms) are numerous. In four videos, he appears as an animal. The other five known avatars of Vishnu are considered to be Parashurama, Rama, Krishna, Buddha and the future deity Kalka. The acceptance of Buddha as an avatar of Vishnu indicates the incorporation of Buddhism into the Hindu system. Rama is the son of the king, the heir to the throne, the hero in the poem "Ramayana". In the minds of the people, he was honored and became the avatar of Rama and Vishnu. And the hero of another well-known epic poem, Krishna, is also considered to be the avatar of Vishnu. As the hero warrior Arjuna talks to him about the supreme meaning of the celestial law and the epic laws, these philosophical concepts are included in the Bhagavad-Gita he is glorified as a favorite and very well-known deity of Hinduism.Krishna is widely worshiped in the American and Western European countries.The sacred scriptures of Hinduism are the Shruti It is called "listening, being heard". There are two reasons for this: they were heard from the supreme god and the disciples accepted this text from the stories of their teachers. In modern Hinduism, mantras from these Vedic texts are recited when deities are worshipped. Mantras (holy words) should be read only in Sanskrit. Brahmins - priests' manual of prayer and devotion written in black language. These are considered to be the second part of Vedic literature. The Abyzs distinguish seven Brahmanical texts. The following Aranyaka texts also speak of devotion to God, meditation. In the Upanishads, the mystical concept of Hindu philosophy is given. Upanishad means sitting side by side. Guru (spiritual master) advised his chosen disciple about sacred teachings. Traditionally, the Upanishads consist of 108 texts. They give the categories that reveal the essence of Hindu philosophy: * Individual soul (Atman) and Universal soul (Brahman) * Brahman is eternal but has no form. * The world is an illusion (illusion, maya). * The soul goes through a series of cycles of life (samsara), its next life depends on its actions (karma). * The soul has the quality of freedom from suffering (moksha). * All things in the created world are united. The well-known Indian epic poems "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" are also part of sacred texts (smriti). The Bhagavad-Gita, which is considered to be part of the sixth book of the Mahabharata, is also a very valuable book for Hindus. In the texts of "Bhagavat-Gita" the concept of the Supreme God occupies a special place. In addition, a philosophical conclusion is made here about the meaning of human life. The most important thing in a person is not his body, not his feelings, but his spirit. There is nothing in the universe except Atman, the Supreme Spirit. Atman exists in every human being, so one cannot die or kill someone. A person's body dies, but the basis of it is the eternal spirit. A person should understand this truth and fulfill his human duty without fear of death. That is, a person must first understand himself. A community with a spiritual goal was called the Aryan community in India. Their social structure is called varnashrama-dharma. This community consists of four classes, four stages of spiritual development. They are: Brahmins (high-minded class), Kshatriyas (administrative), Vaishis (merchant-farmers) and Shudras (workers). Varnashrama-dharma is hereditary, a structure that has evolved into a caste system. Since this structure was originally formed by the Supreme Lord Bhagavan, it is believed that people should accept it naturally and logically. If people are divided into such natural classes and are united at the stage of spiritual maturity, the society will achieve high success. In addition to the four varnas, there are the four ashramas or spiritual stages of life mentioned above: brahmachari (celibate discipleship), grihastha (family life), vanaprastha (renunciation of social life), and sannyasi (monasticism). It can be safely concluded that there is no pure varnamshram society in modern India as written in the holy books of varnashrama-dharma. Hindus themselves admit this. This is because the modern era is described in the Vedas as the age of Kali-yuga, the age of stagnation of the whole world. The only way to reach God in this age is to worship him properly. Hindu rituals on this path are divided into three categories: nitya, naimittika, kamiya. Nitya is a daily ritual. Every Hindu makes a water offering to the Sun in the morning or performs a puja (reverence to the deities) in front of the family deities. Naimittika is done at special stages of a person's life. This is a ceremony that is held when entering a family, naming a child, and getting married. The third of the religious rituals is kamiya - a religious journey. Everyone is free to choose whether or not it is considered a religious duty. It can be said that religious travel has become a natural way of life for Hindus. Hindus make a short religious journey on foot during religious festivals, especially for the Mother Goddess. He goes on a long journey to distant places where holy cities and saints are located. In Hinduism, the rivers Ganges, Yamuna, Sindhu (Indus), Saraswati (underground), Narmada, Gadavari and Kaveri are considered sacred, so bathing in these rivers cleanses a person of his sins and leads to spiritual purification. Some sacred places are located in the Himalayas. In Hinduism, family rites - samskaras - have a special place. The sixteen samskaras recognized by most Hindus are: before the birth of children: fertilization, praying to the gods for a son, combing the hair; Ceremonies during childhood: birth rites, naming the child, leaving the house for the first time, eating the first solid food of the child, cutting the first hair of the male child, piercing the upper part of the right ear, accepting the inheritance of discipleship, starting to read the sacred scriptures, Vedic knowledge completion of mastery; rites for adults: marriage, period of family service, retirement, 60-year-old ceremony, cremation. According to the religious concept of Hindus, it is necessary to follow vegetarianism. However, some people use sheep meat for food. People of this religion are treated with Ayurvedic medicine. This is because medicines made from natural plants are used here. Since abortion is legal in the state, Hindus consider it okay to prevent the birth of a girl child, to terminate an unwanted pregnancy. For Hindus, suicide is not a foolish act, because it is considered the end of asceticism, the peak of religious maturity. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1961

Атырау

Atyrau is the administrative center of Atyrau region, a city located in the west of Kazakhstan, along the river Zhayik. The city was founded in 1640. The population is 316,449 people (2023). The distance from the city of Atyrau to Astana is 1810 km. ## Name The first known permanent settlement on the territory of the city is the Laeti Asar of the Golden Horde period near the present "Orbita" station. During the period of the Nogai Horde, the permanent settlement of fishermen Uishik was located at the mouth of the Zhayik River. 1640, when the Kazakh-Russians began to conquer. The town named Yaitsky gorodok was built. A town called Verkhniy Yaitskyi gorodok (now the city of Ural) was built above the meadow, it was called Nizhnyi Yaitskyi gorodok, and later it became Ust-Yaiitskyi gorodok. When the Russian princess Ekaterina II approved the name of Yaik river (the Russian name of the region) as Ural, the name of the city was changed to Guryev gorodok, Guryev. 1920 For a short time, the Bolsheviks renamed Guryev Chapaev. 1992 Since then the name of the city is Atyrau. ## Etymology "Atyrau" - lexicon is usually the coast of a large lake or sea that divides into branches and branches, forming bays and islands, estuaries, capes. The northeastern coast of the Caspian Sea, including the basin of the sea, is still called the delta by local residents. ## History From the first quarter of the 16th century, fugitive Russian volunteers who did not tolerate the policy of the Russian tsar's government and did not want to recognize the tsar's government, serf peasants looking for a living, and criminal elements came to the Caspian coast. Cossacks came and settled along the Volga. As soon as they arrived, they opened their own businesses, organized fishing and salting camps, and built parking lots. Since then, the parking lots have been called "Uyshik". Convinced that the Zhaiyk-Caspian road will be a "gateway and a key" that opens the way to Asian countries and other countries, in the late 30s of the 17th century, the royal government allowed the Yaroslavl merchant, wealthy merchant Guriev family to open a fish business along the Zhaiyk and in 1640, the head of the Guryev family, Gurii Nazaryev, with his children Mikhail, Ivan and Andrey, settled along Zhaiyk, opened industries, and began to use the fish of the Zhaiyk and Embi rivers for industrial and commercial purposes. The growth of the city and the success of the fishing industry began to cause the envy of the indigenous Kalmyks and Russian Cossacks living in this region. In the end, the city, which is always at war with its neighbors, will be plundered by the Kalmyks. This incident along Zhaiyk shocked the leadership of the Astrakhan troops. Realizing that a wooden fortress cannot protect against the enemy and fire, the royal government, in order to strengthen the defense of the sea and Zhaiyk, on February 18, 1645, M. Guryev ordered the city to be fortified. allows to build. The permit specifies the construction of the city fortress as a model of the city of Astrakhan. The construction of the stone city-fort began on June 6, 1647. The city under construction was robbed in 1649 by a group of Cossacks led by the Cossack general I. Kondyrev. The construction of the stone city-castle along the river was completed after 15 years in 1662, and the Gurievs incurred huge financial losses. Towards the end of the 17th century and from the beginning of the 18th century, the stone town-castle turned into a large border fortress. According to the Tsar's decree of December 11, 1798, the city of Guryev was handed over to the military leadership of Ural. * In 1865, it became a district town. * The center of the Ural military region before 1917 and for 15 years after that * Since 1925, the center of Guryev district in Bokei province * In 1929, the center of Guryev district * In 1930, the district center * 1938 regional center from January 15. * On February 21, 1992, the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan adopted a resolution to name the city of Guryev as the city of Atyrau. ## Climate The climate is strongly continental, dry and hot in summer, and cold with wet snow in winter. Summer lasts long without rain, dry and hot. In winter, there is little snow and it is cold. Atyrau city is characterized by long summer days and short winter days with a latitude of 47, -07 S., duration 51-53. The average temperature in January is from -60C to -120C, and the average temperature in July is from +240C to +260C. The lowest temperature is -380C, the highest temperature is +450C. Thanks to the Zhayik River, which flows into the Caspian Sea and passes through the center of the region, the temperature there is lower than the temperature of the areas far from water. will be about mm. The wind direction is southeast in January and west in June. ## Administrative division Atyrau city administration includes 1 city, 6 rural districts (Almaly, Atyrau, Damby, Yerkinkala, Kenozek, Kairchakty), 15 villages. In 2013, the village of Balykshi, in 2018 the settlements of Akzhayik, Kursai, Kokarna, Vodnikovo, and Rasobker, Rembaza in the rural districts of Balykshi, Prasobker, in 2019 Geolog, Birlik, Novokirpichnoe, Tengdik, Karabatan, 496 settlements in the Geolog rural district were added to the city. Almaly, Bereke settlements in Almaly rural district from Makhambet district were transferred to the territory of the city administration. ## Governors * Nurpeyis Makashev 1992-1993 * Bekbolat Naregeev 1993-1995 * Zhalgas Tikenbaev 1995-1998 * Arystangali Ashimgaliyev 1998- 1999 * Duysenbai Turganov 1999-2002 * Manas Tasybaev 2002-2006 * Bergey Ryskaliev 2006 * Salimzhan Nakpaev 2006-2009 * Mereke Esmuratov 2009-2012 * Askar Kerimov 2012 * Serik Aidarbekov 2012-2014 * Nurlybek Ozhaev 2014-2016 * Serik Shapkenov 2016-2018 * Alimuhammed Kuttymuratovich 2018-2020 * Kairat Orazbaev 2020-2022 * Meirim Kalaui 2022-2023 * Shakir Keikin 2023- ## Population 9.3 thousand in 1897, 78.1 thousand in 1959, 114.2 thousand in 1970, In 1979 there were 130.9 thousand people, in 2012 there were 182.8 thousand people. the number of inhabitants of the city administration was 280.6 thousand people, including: * Atyrau city — 195.6 thousand people; * Fisherman's village - 17.1 thousand people; * Worker village - 10.4 thousand people; * Villagers - 57.5 thousand people; Representatives of 84 nationalities live in Atyrau. According to the data of the beginning of 2014, the composition of separate ethnic groups of the region is as follows: According to statistical data of 2019, the number of births in Atyrau was 9,760, and the number of deaths was 1,920. Natural increase is 7,840 people. The number of arrivals was 16,130, and the number of departures was 13,311. The birth rate (per 1000 people) was 27.9, the death rate (per 1000 people) was 5.49. ## Ecology Atyrau city remains in the middle of enterprises. 80-85 percent of air polluters are oil transportation and oil refining enterprises. Production facilities in Atyrau increase the air pollution indicators, and it exceeds one thousand tons per year. Large enterprises are still not equipped with purification devices. Thus, harmful emissions are spreading throughout the city without being filtered. Atyrau Oil Pipeline Administration of JSC "KazTransOil" produced 68.7 percent of hydrocarbon mixtures, "Atyrau Oil Refinery" LLP - 22.79 percent, "Atyrau Thermal Electric Center" produced carbon monoxide 46.08 percent, "Caspian Pipeline" Consortium-K" JSC - 19.57%, "Atyrau Thermal Electric Center" LLP emits nitrogen dioxide - 73.2%, Atyrau Oil Refinery emits sulfur dioxide in the amount of 52.54%. In the city of Atyrau, eight stations that determine the quality of atmospheric air automatically take samples to determine the composition of the air around the clock. Among them, it was determined that the limited amount of hydrogen sulfide from the station located on the territory of the base of "WestOil" LLP exceeds its concentration. There are 3 main foci poisoning the city. The first is oil companies. The second one is a landfill for burying household waste from the city. The third one is a waste water evaporation field located on both sides of the city. ## Enterprises ## Transport and infrastructure Currently, all types of transport are developed in the city of Atyrau. Public transport. The route network of Atyrau city currently has 51 routes in operation. In 2013-2015, "AysTransHolding" LLP, which provides services on the intra-city route, purchased 51 buses at its own expense. Public transport uses a GPS-monitoring system, which provides online information about city public transport routes, stops and current traffic conditions. "Atyrau-Avtopark" bus park was created with the participation of "Atyrau" social-entrepreneurial corporation, and 65 new buses were purchased for it from the city of Semey. In 2020, "Ak Zhayik Autopark" LLP received 160 new environmentally friendly buses. It plans to increase the number of buses from 140 to 250 from 2021. 220 buses of this line are fully adapted for the needs of disabled citizens The trolley bus system was opened in the city on September 9, 1996, and its movement was stopped on April 29, 1999. Only 5 trolleybuses served on one route. Railway transport. From the railway station passing through Atyrau, 24 trains in 13 directions carry passengers according to the schedule. The railway connects Atyrau with major cities of Kazakhstan, such as Almaty, Aktobe, Astana, as well as with the cities of Russia (Moscow, Saratov, Volgograd, Astrakhan), Tajikistan (Kuliab, Khujand, Dushanbe) and Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. Air transport. Flights are launched from Atyrau airport in the following directions: Accepted aircraft types: An-12, An-24, An-26, An-28, An-30, An-32, An-72, An-74, An-124, Il-62, Il-76, L -410, Tu-134, Tu-154, Yak-40, Yak-42, Airbus A319, Airbus A320, Airbus A321, ATR 42, ATR 72, Boeing 707, Boeing 737, Boeing 747, Boeing 757, Boeing 767, and and other 3-4 class AK types, all types of helicopters. ## Bridges of the city of Atyrau On August 28, 1965, the first reinforced concrete bridge in the city crossing the Zhayik River was built and put into operation. The length of the bridge is 259 meters, the height is 10 meters. "Ortalyk" bridge connects Satbaev Avenue and Abay Street. Europe and Asia continue to play a symbolic role. In the northern part of the city, in 1985, a bypass bridge along Gabbas Bergaliyev Street was commissioned. 200 meters long and 17 meters wide, it became a transit road through the city on the A-27 Aktobe-Astrakhan highway. In 2001, a suspension "pedestrian" bridge "10 years to Independence" was built. The 551-meter-long bridge is included in the Guinness Book of Records as the world's longest pedestrian bridge. In 2008, the "Balykshi" bridge was built in the southern part of the city, connecting the districts of Balykshi and Rasobker. Length 484.4 m, width 23.9 m. This year, the Balykchy-Peretaska bridge was commissioned. Length 63.7 m, width 14 m. It plays the role of continuation of Balykchy sub-district and Mirny and Kursay sub-districts. In 2009, a bridge connecting Sultan Beybarys Avenue was opened. A four-lane bridge with a capacity of 5-7 thousand cars per day, 800 m long with access roads, 380.7 m long and 22 m wide, carriageway width 16 m. The footpath is 2.5 meters long on both sides. The bridge along Sultan Beybarys avenue connects the railway station (left bank) and "Atyrau" international airport on the right bank. This year, the "Munayshi" bridge connecting Munayshiry town and Avangard compact district of the city (from Auezov avenue to Gumarov street) was commissioned. 5-7 thousand cars pass through the 4-lane bridge per day. The total length of the bridge is 693 meters, the length is 483 meters and the width is 17 meters. The width of the carriageway is 14 meters, there are 2 footpaths 1 meter wide on both sides. In 2010, a bridge connecting Mechnikov and Baimukhanov streets was built. It is 770 meters long and 23.5 meters wide. It was opened on the occasion of the 370th anniversary of our city. ## Culture In Atyrau there is the Atyrau Regional Academic Drama Theater named after Makhambet Otemisuly, the Philharmonic named after Nurmukhan Zhantorin, the Palace of Culture named after Kurmangazy. The folk instrument orchestra named after Dina Nurpeyisova works. Atyrau regional museum of local history, the only paleontological museum in Kazakhstan, which reveals secrets from the Mesozoic era, is located in the city of Atyrau. Atyrau regional museum of art and applied decorative arts named after Sh. Sariev, cinemas, culture and recreation park, hotels, etc. are working. "Atyrau Regional Scientific Universal Library named after G. Slanov", Atyrau Regional Children's Library, Regional Library of Blind and Visually Impaired Citizens, Atyrau City Central Children's Libraries No. 1, 2, 3 provide their services to city residents. ## Architecture and sights Atyrau is divided into three architectural structures. In the old town on the right bank of the meadow, there are mostly one-story wooden and brick houses built at the beginning of the 20th century. In the central part there are two-story stone houses, 4-5-story residential buildings and institutions. On the left bank of the river, during the years of Soviet rule, the village of Embimunay and the town of the oil refinery appeared. A bridge built on the pasture (1965) connects two parts of the city, located on the continents of Europe and Asia. The modern architecture of Atyrau includes Isatai and Makhambet square, Imangali Mosque, Orthodox Church built in the 19th century (this church was the first building built in Atyrau), Marriott Hotel, Almagul Compact District, sports and culture palaces built in the latest model. will be. ## Parks Now there are 6 parks in Atyrau. Victory Park, park in "Almagul" compact district, park in "Balykshi" compact district, retro park, parks in compact district #1 and #2, and "Turgyndar kalaschik". The area of parks reaches 10 hectares. They consist of green spaces, alleys, landscaped paths, benches and walking areas. In addition, there are monuments, fountains, statues, etc. to famous people. there is "Victory" Park is known for its eternal flame dedicated to the memory of the soldiers of the Great Patriotic War. After the entrance gate, there are actual models of military equipment. There are airplanes, tanks, cannons, armored vehicles, etc. can be seen. 14 busts dedicated to the Delta heroes of the Great Patriotic War have been installed on the "Taghzym Alley" square in the Victory Park. In the center of the park is the Eternal Flame, located next to a skyward spear. The park also includes "Memorial Wall". It consists of dozens of large granite slabs, on which are written the names of Atyrau region residents who did not return from the Second World War. A monument dedicated to the memory of internationalist soldiers who died in the park, as well as Kazakhstani soldiers who died on the Tajik-Afghan border, was installed. Retro Park was built in the neoclassical style of the fifties of the last century. Its main area is park alleys. This park is located between the banks of the Zhayik River and the "Residents' Town". The park has various pavilions, an amphitheater, water fountains decorated with colorful lights, a cafe in retro style, etc. there is In the middle are pedestrian bridges, artificial ponds and other architectural works. There is a monument to the musical ensemble "Dos-Mukasan" in the park. Youth Park is located on the banks of the Zhayik River in the European part. Running, cycling and walking paths are built in the park. There are summer mobile cafes with shaded structures, playgrounds for children and adults, sports equipment, attractions. The area is 6.5 hectares. ## Monuments of the city of Atyrau ## Sports Rowing master A. Kruglov from Atyrau took part in the Olympic team in Tokyo. Boxer B. Temirov took part in the Olympic Games, world and European competitions and became a three-time champion of the USSR. Atyrau rowers D.Savin, A.Safaryan, S.Sergeev are multiple champions of Kazakhstan. Arman Chilmanov is the bronze medalist of the 2008 Olympic Games in taekwondo in the weight of 84 kg. Saniya Makhambetova won several times in international and republican competitions in sambo and judo. "Atyrau" football team is a 2-time bronze medalist of the republican championship (2001 and 2002), winner of the Kazakhstan Cup in 2009. Winner of the Kazakhstan Cup. "Beybarys" hockey club is a 4-time champion of Kazakhstan (2010/2011, 2011/2012, 2015/2016 and 2018/2019). Volleyball team "Atyrau" is the champion of the country in 2003 and 2006, 4 times winner of the Kazakhstan Cup - 2000, 2009, 2010, 2015 Basketball team "Atyrau Barystary" 2nd gold of the championship of Kazakhstan ( 2010/2011, 2015-2016), 7-time silver medalist. (011/2012, 2012/2013, 2013/2014, 2016/2017, 2017/2018, 2018/2019, 2019/2020. Among the sports facilities, there is the Munayshi stadium in the center of Atyrau. There is a swimming pool. There are various sports sections in the Atyrau ice rink. The tennis center has 4 open and 4 indoor courts ## Educational system ### Pre-school institutions Pre-school institutions include day-time and round-the-clock general type (kindergartens, nurseries, orphanages) , preschools), special preschools for mentally and physically challenged children, and summer recreation facilities for sick children. 13,863 children are educated in Atyrau city ### School education In 61 schools of Atyrau city, including the Kazakh-Turkish lyceum for gifted children of Atyrau region, specialized school-lyceum-boarding school for gifted children of Atyrau region, technical gymnasium with in-depth teaching of Agysyn language, Atyrau city education department city lyceum, regional boarding school for gifted children, specialized school-gymnasium No. 30 for gifted children teaching in three languages, regional national gymnasium, linguistic school-gymnasium No. 34, N. Tylendiev regional "Little Academy of Arts", Nazarbayev Intellectual School 73,690 students are studying in such educational institutions. ### Higher educational institutions Atyrau Engineering and Humanities Institute - founded in 2001, successfully works in the labor market based on the license issued by the Ministry of Education and Science. The Institute is a higher educational institution that trains high-professional specialists (undergraduate) in 16 specialties in Kazakh and Russian languages in full-time and extramural forms. The institute is considered an important scientific and educational center for the training of highly qualified personnel. In 2004, the Institute was awarded the gold medal of the European Business Association "INSAM" (Geneva, 2005), the International "Golden Bullion" (CBS Consult, Moscow, 2007) for the successful implementation of innovative programs. Atyrau State University named after Khalel Dosmukhamedov is one of the higher educational institutions in the education system of the Republic of Kazakhstan that trains internationally competitive specialists with its own history and experience. The university was opened on June 14, 1950 as a teachers' institute. In 1955, the teachers' institute became a pedagogical institute. In 1994, the Institute of Pedagogy was established as Atyrau University. Atyrau Oil and Gas University named after Safi Otebayev is making a great contribution to improving the economy, education and science of the oil and gas industry of our country and the West Kazakhstan region. Atyrau Oil and Gas University is becoming a center of education and science of Western Kazakhstan and has earned a well-deserved respect among the creative youth and industrial enterprises of Kazakhstan in the field of oil and gas. Atyrau Oil and Gas University is the only specialized higher educational institution of the Republic of Kazakhstan for training highly qualified specialists for the oil and gas industry of the country. ### Colleges * Atyrau Agricultural and Technical College * Atyrau Fishery Industry College * Atyrau Business and Law College * Atyrau Higher Medical College * Atyrau Engineering and Humanitarian College * Atyrau Industrial College * Atyrau Service College * Atyrau Energy and Construction College * Atyrau Polytechnic College named after S. Mukashev * D. Nurpeysova music college (academy) named after * Modern College of the Caspian Region (PSK) * Higher Petroleum College (APEC) * Humanitarian College named after K. Dutbaeva * Oil and Gas Technological College * Professional-humanitarian college "Bolashak" ## Healthcare A 15-bed hospital was opened for the first time in the military unit located in Guryev. In 1901, 2 houses were built for this hospital, one of them was designated as a surgical and one for treating other diseases, and 1 doctor and 2 paramedics worked. During the Great Patriotic War, 2 hospitals were placed in Atyrau. Between 1967 and 1987, new buildings of the regional hospital, children's hospital, maternity hospital, regional oncological and tuberculosis dispensary were put into operation. Currently, Atyrau regional hospital, children's hospital, Atyrau regional hospital No. 2 (Regional hospital for infectious diseases), Atyrau city medical emergency station, city maternity hospital, AIDS prevention and control center, children's stomatology, lung diseases sanatorium, cardiology center, eye hospital, blood center, narcology dispensary, oncology dispensary, pathology bureau, perinatal center, psychiatric hospital for nervous diseases (mental health center), skin and venereology dispensary, anti-tuberculosis dispensary, railway hospital, central nervous system children's home for damaged children, etc. medical organizations work. ## MEDIA ### Newspapers and magazines "Atyrau" newspaper is one of the first national publications in the western region of Kazakhstan. It was founded in 1923, when it created its material base and published its first numbers. Tolepkerey Oteuliyev, who was the first secretary of the Guryev District Party Committee. The first issue was published in April 1923 under the name "Erik". "Atyrau" is a regional newspaper that brings the life of the region to a wide readership. Prikaspiiskaya commune newspaper is a regional social and political newspaper published in Russian. The newspaper was published under the name "Trudovaya Pravda" from February 26, 1920. The newspaper is about the current problems of the region, market relations, development of national economy. "Ak Zhayik" newspaper is the first independent weekly publication in Atyrau region. At first, the newspaper was called "Kompanion" (1991), then "Mestnoye obozrenie" (1992), and in May 1993 it was called "Ak Zhayik". This is one of the first newspapers adapted to market conditions, fully self-financing in the region and republic. In addition, the weekly newspapers "Megapolis Atyrau", "Munayly Astana", "Altyn Saka", "Altyn Region" and the magazine "Mereyli Nuton" are published. ### TV channels The broadcasting policy of the Atyrau regional television and radio company fully corresponds to the policy implemented by RTRK JSC "Kazakhstan". It is aimed at coordinating relations between the state and society, performing informational and educational functions. The main task of the TV channel is to conduct state policy at the regional level. The total weekly broadcast of the TV channel is 119 hours. Among them, 80.30 hours, or 68% of the total message, are in the state language. Proprietary programs account for 45 hours or 38% of the total airtime. The broadcasting antenna of the "Atyray" TV channel is located at 153 meters of the 180-meter tower. Achievements: * "APTA" television information-analysis program (author and presenter N. Kosshiev) was awarded with a special diploma of the International "Spirit" festival; * For the first time, a 7-series TV series called "The river flows in its own way" was shot on television; * On the occasion of the 60th anniversary of the Great Patriotic War, the television film "Fate-Fate" was shot, and it won the 2nd place in the nomination "Best author's work" at the 4th International "Eternal Flame" festival held in Volgograd; * The film "Caspian ecology: ways to solve problems" won in the nomination "for active citizenship" at the International "Man and the Sea" competition held in Astrakhan; * "Homeland - Atyrau" program won the republican "Shanyrak" creative competition /Astana/; * Cyclic program "Amanat" won the 2nd place in the competition organized by Kazakhstan RTRK JSC in the nomination "Best historical and cultural program" /Astana/ In addition, KTK, NTV, Khabar, 24KZ, El Arna, Qazsport, Mir, Kazakhstan, Channel 1 "Eurasia", STV, Astana TV, NTK, Channel 31, Abay TV, Seventh Channel, TVC and other channels work. ### Radio The history of "Atyraý radiosy" begins with the establishment of Guryev region in 1938. On March 2, 1938, the radio program was broadcast for the first time. Now it broadcasts 17 hours a day at 102.0 FM. 80 years ago, this media institution, which broadcast the first news to the people of Guryev at that time, is now equipped with modern technology. In times of political and economic emergency situations in the country, he immediately raises his voice, disseminates urgent information to the people, and contributes to the formation of a positive opinion in the society. Now a new radio transmitter with an extended range of 1000 kilowatts has been put into operation, and the radio wave distribution area has expanded to 60 kilometers. In addition, 101.0 Kazakh radio, 101.6 Radio Dacha, 102.8 Shalkar radio, 103.6 Tandem radio, 104 ,4 NS Radio, 104.8 Lux FM, 105.2 Russian Radio Asia, 105.7 Vostok FM, 106.2 Dala FM, 106.8 Europe+ Kazakhstan, 107.2 Star FM, 107.7 Avtoradio Kazakhstan etc. b. works. ## Interesting places of the city * Imangali mosque * Assumption church * Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly monument * Sultan Beybarys monument * Atyrau regional museum of local history * Khivaz Dospanova monument * Isatai-Mahambet monument ## Pictures of Atyrau city * * * * * ## Famous persons * Bolat Zhamituly Utemuratov - manager of affairs of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Timur Nurbakytuly Bekmambetov - film director, clip maker, producer * Ghani Esenkeldiuly Kasymov - patriots of Kazakhstan chairman of the party * Arkadiy Yuryevich Volozh - CEO of Yandex company * Fariza Ongarsynova - poet, folk writer, journalist ## Sister cities * Aktau, Kazakhstan * Ural, Kazakhstan * Aktobe, Kazakhstan * Astrakhan, Russia * Syktyvkar, Russia * Ashdod, Israel * Aberdeen, United Kingdom ## See more * Atyrau Oblast * Atyrau Agrarian Technical College * Atyrau Engineering and Humanitarian Institute * Atyrau Oil and Gas University * Atyrau University ## Sources ## External links * Official site of the Atyrau Oblast Administration Archived on October 7, 2014. * Atyrau City informational site Archived 24 August 2006. * Regional newspaper "Atyrau".

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4552

Temirkhan Mynaidaruly Dosmukhanbetov

Temirkhan Mynaidaruly Dosmukhanbetov (March 8, 1949, Menislavka village, Denisov district, Kostanay region - November 1, 2021) is the chairman of the National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan, candidate of pedagogic sciences. ## Brief biography * Graduated from the Kazakh State Institute of Physical Education (1972) majoring in coaching. * Graduated from Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (1993) majoring in jurisprudence. * Since 1972 - serving in the ranks of the Soviet Army. * Since 1973 - S.M. Teacher of the Department of Physical Education of Kirov Kazakh State University, since 1975 - assistant, since 1976 - senior teacher. * Since 1982 - S.M. Head of the department of technical service for research works of the Kazakh State University named after Kirov. * Since 1983 - S.M. Senior teacher of the Department of Physical Education of Kirov Kazakh State University. * Since 1985 - Deputy Chairman of the Kazakh Republican Council of the All-Union Voluntary Sport Society "Labor Reserves", since 1988 - Chairman. * Since 1991 - the president of the national company "Intourist-Kazakhstan" on foreign tourism. * Since 1994 - President of the State "Iassaui" joint-stock company. * Since 1996 - Minister of Youth, Tourism and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since March 1997 - Director of the Department of Tourism and Sports of the Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since November 1997 - Chairman of the Tourism and Sports Committee of the Ministry of Education, Culture and Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 1998 - case manager of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since June 2003 - Akim of Astana. * Since March 2004 - case manager of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since March 2006 - Minister of Tourism and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * President of the National Olympic Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan (since 2006). ## Scientific works Candidate of Pedagogical Sciences (1996). The topic of the candidate's thesis: "Pedagogical and organizational foundations of achieving high achievements in sports at universities not focused on physical education". ## Public service * Deputy of the 12th convocation of the Supreme Council of the KazKSR. ## Additional positions * Vice-president of the International Sambo Federation. * Vice-president of the Eurasian Association for Tourism. * Vice-President of the UN World Tourism Organization (UNWTO). * Vice-president of the Olympic Committee of Asia. * Deputy Chairman of the CIS Tourism Council. * President of the Federation of Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan on water types (since 2008). ## Awards * II degree "Barys" (2003) * Orders of the Commonwealth of the Russian Federation (2004); * "10 years of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2001) * "10 years of the Constitution of Kazakhstan" (2005) * "10 years of the Parliament of Kazakhstan" (2006) * "10 years of Astana" ( 2008) with medals; * Awarded with certificates of honor of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR (1983, 1985). * Honored coach of the USSR. * Honored coach of the KazKSR. * Honored Worker of Kazakhstan. * Honored Citizen of Astana (2009) ## Family * Father - Dosmukhambetov Mynaidar (1924-1985), was a worker. * Mother - Orazbayeva Oryndyk (born in 1928). * Married. Spouse - Saule Amirovna Zhumabekova (born in 1949), doctor. * Daughter - Alia (born in 1975). * Uly - Genghis (born in 1982). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5884

Geochronological image

Geochronological scale (Earth chronology) is a hierarchical system of geochronological units equal to the units of the general stratigraphic scale. The initial version of the scale was adopted at the meetings of the International Geological Congress in 1881-1900. There were various reasons for naming the geological periods. Often named after geographical names, for example, Cambrian - the name of Wales when it was part of the Roman Empire, Devon - because of Devonshire in England, Perm - a city in Russia, Jura - a mountain in Europe. Some periods are named after ancient tribes: Wend, Ordovician, Silurian. The Carboniferous and Cretaceous periods are named because of the overlapping of the corresponding sediments. ## Graphical timeline ## Sources ## External links \< > * NASA: Geologic Time Archived 18 April 2005. * GSA: Geologic Time Scale Archived 17 December 2007. * British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart Archived 15 September 2010. * GeoWhen Database * International Commission on Stratigraphy Time Scale * CHRONOS Archived 5 December 1998. * National Museum of Natural History - Geologic Time Archived November 11, 2005.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5328

Republican Ulan of Kazakhstan

The State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a special state body that is directly subordinate and accountable to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, belongs to the forces that ensure the national security of the Republic of Kazakhstan and carries out security measures to ensure the safety of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, other protected persons and objects. ## History Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan 1995 A special military unit directly subordinated to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan was established as a state body by the Decree of October 3. By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 807 dated April 21, 2014, the State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan was reorganized as a state body directly subordinate and reporting to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan by merging the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Republican Army of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Responsibilities * Ensuring the safety of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other protected persons * The life, health, rights, freedom of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and other protected persons, detection, prevention and suppression of offenses against personal dignity and property * guarding their property, ensuring public order and security in guarded objects and other places where guarded people are * against terrorism within the limits of their authority implementation of actions * implementation of a set of operational measures for predicting and identifying threats to protected persons and objects, their prevention and neutralization * implementation of protection of standards of the State Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the State Emblem of the Republic of Kazakhstan, procedural and participation in the implementation of protocol activities * organization of presidential communications ## Structure Department - State Security Service Special Purpose Forces. Military units of special purpose forces * "Aybin" presidential regiment" military unit 0112. * "Batyr" presidential regiment" military unit 0111. * 0116 military department. Organizations under its control * "Special Supply Center" LLP ## Management * Isabekov Saken Sayinuly - Head of the State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, General of the State Security Service Major * Omarbekov Aitkurman Zholamanuly - Deputy Chief of the State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Commander of Special Purpose Forces * Torekhanov Roman Almakhanuly - Deputy Chief of the State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Chief of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Zhakypov Chingys Lesuly - State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan Deputy Head of the Security Service * Kantserov Konstantin Vadimovich — Deputy Head of the State Security Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan ## Heads * Amantai Kurengbekov (2014-2018) * Ardak Ashimbekuly (2018- 2019) * Anuar Sadikulov (2019-2020) * Kalmukhanbet Kasymov (2020-2021) * Ermek Sagimbaev (2021-2022) * Saken Isabekov (since 2022) \ <> ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7597

Karaganda Zoo

## Comments Karaganda Zoo is a state zoo in the city of Karaganda, Kazakhstan. One of the first zoological parks of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Animals in the zoo ## See more * Batyr (elephant) * Almaty zoo * Shymkent Zoo ## Comments Karaganda Zoo is a state zoo in the city of Karaganda, Kazakhstan. One of the first zoological parks of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Animals in the zoo ## See more * Batyr (elephant) * Almaty zoo * Shymkent zoo

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3516

Muhammad Haidar Dulati

Muhammed Haidar Husayinuly Dulat (1499 - 1551) is a famous historian, writer, the author of the book "Tarihi Rashidi" and the saga "Jahannama", which provide valuable information about the history of Mongolia and neighboring countries, a descendant of the emirs of the ancient Dulat tribe in Zhetysu region. His full name is Mirza Muhammed Haidar Husayynuly Dulat. Here, "Muhammad Haidar" is his own name, "Muhammad Husayn" is his father's name, "myrza" is a name indicating the lineage of a noble family (just like the children of khans are called princes and sultans), "dulat" is the name of their tribe. ## Biography During the time of Muhammed Haidar's ancestors, they held the positions of ulusbegi and tarkhan in the lands of present-day South-East Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and East Turkestan, which were part of the Mongol state, and their hereditary possessions were Manlai. - He managed the branch independently. His father, Muhammad Husayn, was the son-in-law of Yunis Khan of Mongolia, who ruled Tashkent. He was later killed by Amir Temir's grandson Muhammad Shaibani Khan. His mother, Mrs. Hub-Nigar, is the daughter of Yunis Khan. At the same time, Muhammad Haidar shared with Sultan Saeed Khan of Mongolia and his son in India with Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Great Mughal dynasty. After his father's death, Muhammad Haidar lived for some time under this Babur. Then, with Babur's permission, he came to Sultan Said Khan, lived in his palace in Kashkar, and managed the palace services. Participates in the wars of Said Khan against Abu Bakr. Abu al-Rashid, the son of the khan's heir, will be the tutor of the sultan as a well-educated person who knows the court duties well. Rashid, who ascended the throne after the death of Sultan Said, is afraid of the leaders of the Dulat tribe and begins to persecute them. Muhammad kills Haidar's cousin - Saeed Muhammad. After that, Muhammad Haidar, who felt that a cloud of danger was gathering on his head, fled to India. Here he became a military commander in the court of the great Mughals and participated in the war of conquest of Kashmir. After the conquest, he ruled Kashmir for some time on behalf of the Great Mughals. Here he begins to write his famous work "Tarihi Rashidi". ## Tarikhi Rashidi In the work "Tarihi Rashidi" about the formation of the Kazakh khanate, the subsequent events in Zhetysu and Eastern Deshti-Kypchak, the fall of Mongolia, feudal wars, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and there is a lot of information about the Uzbeks' mutual alliance in the fight against the foreign enemy. At the same time, this work contains valuable information about the socio-economic situation of Southern and Eastern Kazakhstan in the 15th-16th centuries, historical geography, urban and agricultural culture of Zhetysu in medieval Kazakhstan. In 1533, Abu-ar-Rashid, who returned to the khanate throne, began to persecute them, thinking that they would be threatened by his own tribes. Muhammad Haidar Dulat's cousin Mr. Syed Mohammed killed Dulat. Muhammad Haidar Dulat fled to India. There he commanded the troops in the palace of the Great Mughals. He knew well the political events of that time and the figures involved in them, as well as the past history of the Mongolian state and the Kazakh khanate. There were many things that he witnessed directly. That is why it provides very valuable materials related to the Kazakhs of the Middle Ages, especially the history of the Dulat tribe. The establishment and formation of the Kazakh khanate, its subsequent periods, and their relations with the Kyrgyz and Uzbeks will be widely discussed. Taraz State University was named in honor of Muhammed Haidar Dulat. ## Muhammad Haidar Dulati Film 2007 — "Muhammad Haidar Dulati" Director: Kalila Omarov Genre: "Documentary" Production: "Kazakhfilm" Shaken ## References * Great Mughals * Tarikh-i Rashidi * Taraz Regional University named after Muhammad Haidar Dulati ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6449

Tyshkan (computer)

mouse is a device used by the user to interact with the computer's graphic environment. A mouse is a small manipulator that moves a slider (cursor) on a video surface when it moves on a flat surface. A mouse is a box with three buttons on the surface, which is usually connected to the computer by a cable and looks like a regular mouse. At first it was jokingly called <Mouse> - <Tyshkan>, but later this word became the official name. When you move the mouse on the table or other flat surface, the mouse cursor moves in the same order on the computer screen. The runner can change its form depending on the action being performed. When an action needs to be performed, the user presses one of the mouse keys. A mouse has a one-handed, flat-footed casing, one or more buttons on top, a multidirectional transmitter device (usually a small ball) on the bottom, and a cable that connects it to a computer. Use while moving the mouse to control the slider on the screen. To select items and commands on the screen, the user must press one of the mouse buttons and make a mouse click. ## History of the mouse The first computer mouse had the name "X and Y position indicator". This device appeared when the ARPANet Network Information Center project was underway. Since the manipulator in use at that time was inconvenient to operate and large in size, Douglas Carl intended to invent a new device. The device, which stood out for its simplicity and efficiency, is being actively improved by Douglas' colleagues. Later, Bill English presented a working version of the mouse to the public. Looking at this device now, it's hard to call it a mouse. Engelbart's mouse was equipped with a wooden body and iron wheels. In addition, the device had a red key. But after 40 years, this device has become a real helper for millions of computer users. Engelbart sold the project for 10 thousand dollars and bought a small house. ## Type A scroll mouse or wheel mouse, which has a wheel between the left mouse button and the right mouse button. It allows you to gradually review the content of the video. An optical mouse is the latest new type of pointing device, in which a light-emitting element is installed instead of a thumbstick. It registers movement in response to changes in the light flux reflected by the light-emitting element. ## Cursor mouse cursor (Курсор мыши; mouse cursor) is a graphic symbol that moves around the display screen with the mouse. ## Pointer Mouse pointer (Mouse pointer) — if the mouse is connected to the computer and the mouse driver is loaded, then the mouse pointer is always on the screen. In column mode, the pointer is in the shape of a regular rectangle. In graphic mode, the standard shape of the pointer is similar to an arrow pointing up to the left, but often depending on the operation performed, the pointer has a different shape: a cross arrow, a cross, a frame, etc. accepts. In more time-intensive operations, the pointer becomes an hourglass. With this action, the program informs "wait a moment, it is not possible to enter information yet"; you must be able to distinguish between a mouse pointer and a text pointer. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7577

Whip

whip is one of the ancient horse-driving tools, used for driving a vehicle, tied to the ankle or other object in various ways, used for driving a car, and a part of the saddle. ## The structure of the whip The whip consists of three main parts: a handle made of strong material, a braid attached to it by braiding, and a palm that connects the braid and the handle. Each of those parts - small details of structural and decorative, as well as functional (and even semantic) importance - helps to fully understand the functional and cultural semantic meaning of the whip structure. ### Whip handle The length of the whip handle is usually 4-7 strands. It is made of solid material such as wood, horn, or metal in a knotted or ridged manner (rarely braided from straw). Its upper, blunt, thick side is called the head/tail of the whip (1a), and the lower thin side with the braid is called the neck of the whip (1b). * Whip handle/handle. The name of the one and a half part of the whip that is held in the hand. It is covered with skin and a rope is passed through the middle of it. * The part of the whip is a ribbon strap passed through the hole in the handle of the handle. The hole is drilled 3-4 times from the whip stump. When he holds a whip in his hand, he passes his hand through the buttock of the child and puts it on the wrist joint. It hangs near the horse's mouth. It is made not only of straw, but also of silk thread and embellished with beads. * The part of the whip in the liver is connected to the line of the braid. In addition, men, as well as a support made of thin brass on the shaman's whip, are also called bukrakdak. Its length is about two-thirds of the line, and it is located close to the calf. * Burkenshek is a nail that connects the braid and the thread when making a whip. * Moynaq - brass, copper, silver, etc., on the part of the whip handle connected to the braid. metallized part. The lines in the dark poem "I have a whip in my hand, and I am playing with two horses from the race" are written in this connection. * Bunak is a tape (strap) that fastens the whip braid to the line. Fastening the whip wire to the line with a tape is called bunak. After drying, the tape made from raw hide holds the braid and thread tightly. * Ivy of the whip is a metal screw wrapped around the handle of the whip. * Tilshe is a small part of the palm, which is made of a thin strip "tongue-like" on the opposite side of the palm. It is placed to hide the nails in the whips, which are nailed to the braid. * Kekilkik is a ribbon fringe that is thin and cut like a fringe on the upper side of the tab, about one and a half bunches in length. ### Palm The palm is a small part of the strap, made of leather, that fastens the braid to the line. The side of the palm of the whip connected to the braid is flattened, and the side connected to the bun is thinner. The left thin side is attached to the line. The length of the palm is 2-4 inches, and the width is 1-1.5 inches. The palm is produced in two ways: it is continued from the braid or the braid is broken and connected by special layering. Palms made in the last way are used in decorative whips because they are free. * Fixation is the upper part of the palm of the whip. * Uzbe is the lower part of the palm of the whip. The fastener ensures that the nape and the break do not break and tear when the thread and braid are folded together. * The hole for the kejega or the scapula is the place where the scapula is attached to the handle by piercing it. A tape is put on it. * Shajamai (shezhemei) or khamshitandai is a folded place where the above-mentioned layers are folded exactly where the braid of the whip and the palm are connected (the shajamai of the kebis is like the joint of the foot and the heel. When the whip is bent, it is folded from this side. \< > ### Whip braiding The function and quality of the whip is directly related to its braiding. In the traditional environment, people who prepare leather and straps are called "weavers". * Braiding - The part of the braid that is made of straw. The knot is the end of the braid, that is, the end of the braid. If it is not fixed tightly, it is tied together with a lead, or it ends with a knot, because "the braid wears out". says the Kazakh proverb. "Tail" is a zigzag embossed "line" on the side of the braid. The whip is woven from strong straw at the base. In the country of camels, there are seders, whips, whips, etc. made from camel's tail. And the tail is "the skin separated from the middle of the camel's long tail skin, as if it were sliced". The masters of whip braiding were specially called "weaver" by the Kazakhs. Some weavers usually tried to weave the length of the braid to suit the whip owner's tuft. ## Name of the whip according to its handle The handle of the whip is shaped like an antler, honeysuckle, deer's ankle, etc. is known to be made of things. In particular, whips with ankle straps are often found, the reason for which may be due to the special strength of the ankle, the fact that it does not swell when it comes into contact with water, and that it is an object of special value in the minds of the ethno-cultural collective. Whips are divided into several types depending on the material they are made of: - bone whips, horn whips, ankle whips, honeysuckle whips, deer antler whips, etc. Depending on what the neck of the whip handle is made of: white neck, yellow neck, red neck, brass neck, yellow neck whip, etc. According to tradition, the most popular wood for making a whip is birch and honeysuckle. The trunk is oiled, heated on coals, processed, birch, oak and mahogany are shaved, covered and decorated. Dzhingyldan does not pretend that the road is difficult. To increase the strength of the rope, the end and tail are surrounded with metal (this is called a whip), and a stone, bone or metal piece is attached to the end of the braid or the rope. ## Whip Types According to the way of making the whip, the size, the decorative decoration, the whip is different, the white whip with the decoration, the golden whip, the striped whip, and, most importantly, mainly according to the use; belt whip; split is divided into whip. * Saryala whip is a type of whip prepared by mixing brass and copper. This type of whip is mostly held by men. Rattles and bells, brass keys, even owls and mirrors were considered sacred. "Saryala does not go well with the whip" was used by the witches when playing tricks. He believed that if he hangs it on a pole, no trouble will come to the house. That is why there are names such as the holy whip, the holy whip, and the holy whip. * In the past, the yellow-spotted whip, which was held only by men, was named yellow whip, brass whip, because of the decorated part. For example, it is called a brass whip, which has a brass neck and bottom of the handle, and a brass whip, which is decorated with brass. * Decorated white whip - a type of whip with a handle made of white silver. It was mostly held by women. Such types of whips are decorated with gold and silver plates, decoration, casting of precious stones, silver nails, decoration by cutting beads, rattles, fringes, fringes, and knots. It will have the form of "loose whip". * Atbas gold whip - a special type of whip with a handle and braid made of gold and covered with silver. The khan, sultan, the country with the highest social status asked for these kinds of golden whips; it can be said that it was held by the princes and begs of the country, as well as the most respected people in the country. * The fringed whip is a whip with strands of braid on each part as an additional decoration. They are mainly of three types: saitan idar shakhak - from the upper part of the braid; cattle head fringe - the one at the front of the line; the fringe of the hand is the one that is removed from the lower part of the tuft wrapped in skin. * Cross whips - a type of whip with braid and long handle; It is easy to use for economic purposes, it is made of woven and oil-absorbed straw. Depending on the use, there are belt whips, race whips, horse whips, camel whips, cart whips, plow whips, whips, whips, etc. divided into types. Apart from some difference in their preparation, the poshmi and the method of preparation are close to each other. Depending on the purpose of consumption, the handle, the palm, depending on the difference in the weave, the short braid, the light handle type is called traditional whip, and the long braid is called atsogar, shibtky. The popular names of the whip are horse whip, chamois whip, jortuyl whip, bileu whip, horbas whip, coiled whip, core whip, checkered whip, single ribbon whip, etc. There are types. Belt whips: a Thai whip of a small size, two or three strands of the handle, a race whip with a thin braid, a whip type with a braid and a handle much longer than a whip, a braid about three times longer than the handle, a bow with an ivy attached to the end of a raw ribbon, and a whip with a braid made of several parts. , shortening is called torsyldak whip, which is attached to the shaft by a roller, and the one that is attached to the end with a brush is called balakpan. When the millet is ripe, it scares away the birds in the harvest with a long clapper. The reason why the type of whip is called balakpan is that some horse hair is braided and tied to the end of the strap. When this string is tied to the whip, it makes a bitter sound and scares away sparrows, the enemy of the millet. * Дирау/ doyukhomchy is a type of whip used as a cold weapon. It has solid, hollow, and bosom types. The thick, tight, sometimes four-sided braid of the doyir whip is made by placing a coiled core of straw and lead between the braids, braiding the outside with a ribbon, and attaching stones and lead to the knot. The number of ribbons exceeds 24 depending on the skill of the weaver. ### How to make it For a doyir whip, take a 4-5-inch long strap, at least one tuft wide, and leave it 1-2 tufts wide in the palm of your hand (11.5 cm long, wide 7 cm) is divided into 24 strips starting from the end and cut evenly with a sharp knife. The tapes are folded, smoothed, finely ground (it is called "sliding"), scraped. It was strengthened by placing a strap in the middle, and weighted down by placing 2 lengths of strap and lead wire at the end. The end of the braid is finished with a 4 cm piece of tape. There are types of whip such as Kyrgyz braid and forty-eight tapes. In some places, the five-ribbon whip is called beskaska. Types of whips with a ribbon core: solid whip, yellow spotted whip, hollow whip. The word "dir" in the last phrase can be said to be similar to "dir" in the regular simile "a guy like a guy". Dyrau khamshi and dyr khamshi have the same meaning, only the first one is a universal name, and the second one is a regional name. There are types of whips that are used as war weapons, such as diryau, birtartar, beskaska, as well as kazuyaly whip. [[Photo: Horn-handled whip.jpg|thumb|200px|Horn-handled whip] ## The use of the whip in the farm In addition to driving, horsemen use the whip as a means of training in farm management. used. The rider puts the whip part on the horse's upper lip and twists it with the handle. This is called shura building. Shura is usually noisy. The whip is also used in whipping and hunting. ## Sources ## References * Budagov L. Comparative dictionary of Turkish adverbs. T. 2. St. Petersburg, 1871; Sebepov G. Brief names about the camel and its harness * Izvestia Kaz. FAN USSR. Ser. language and literature. 1944. No. 1; Kurylev V.P. Orujie Kazakh Material culture and economy of the peoples of the Caucasus, Central Asia and Kazakhstan. SMAE. XXXV. L., 1978. P.8-10; Mukanov S. Tandamaly slippers. 16 volumes. History and ethnography. T. 15. Almaty: Zhazushy 1979; Valikhanov Ch.Ch.Arms of the Kyrgyz in ancient times and their military achievements * Collection of essays in five volumes. Volume 1. Almaty: Izd. AN Kaz SSR, 1985. Pp. 464–466; Shokparly D. Confusion * BjE. 1986. No7; Toleubaev AT Relics of pre-Islamic beliefs in the family rituals of the Cossacks (19th early 20th century) Almaty: Gylym, 1991; Abylkasymov B. Telkonyr (Arab folklore on the day of the Kazakh). Almaty: Atamıra-Kazakhstan, 1993; Alimbay Nyrsan. Ethno-cultural projection of the Kazakh regional population * News from the Republic of Kazakhstan. Series of verbs. 1994, No1, 36-48; (I recognized literature and ethnography. Kur. : B.Alimkylov, E.Abderakhmanov. Almaty: Sanat, 1994; , 1995; Zhetybaev Zh., Samashev Zh. . Kamshi (whip) in the art and mythology of the Kazakhs (on the motifs of Adaev graffiti) * Abstracts of the International Conference of Kemerovo.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2207

DMOZ

Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors. List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed. ## External links * Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016. * Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project * Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project * Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project * Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5212

Арынғазы

Aryngazy Abylgazyuly (1783 — 1833) - Khan of Kishi Yuz, grandson of Khayip Khan. 1815 after the death of his father Abylgazi, he received a lot of money, gold, gold, etc. The khan was elected at the meeting by the chiefs of the clans. He stood out for his intelligence and common sense. He quarreled with Shergazy and sought to oust him from the khanate. Khiva Khan had a conflict with Muhammad Rahim and fought several times. The goal of the political current known as the Aryngazy movement is to strengthen the khanate, to create a common state in the Middle and Small Hundred States, to support it with the Islamic religion, Muslim law, and Sharia law. So, he removed the judges and elders from ruling the country and appointed a male clan. Aryngazy sought to use the Russian protectorate for the purpose of creating a unified Kazakh khanate. 1819 Shergazy Khan complained to the king about Aryngazy. Governor PK Essen supported him. He even proposed to the king to remove Shergazy from the khanate and confirm Aryngazy as khan. Although he controlled only one part of the small village, he strongly resisted the colonization of this region by the tsar's government. followed Shergazy to St. Petersburg. Nicholas I, who recognized only Shergazy as a khan, ordered his arrest. 1823 Aryngazy was arrested and deported to Kaluga. 1826 on December 21, several sultans and prominent elders asked Essen to return Aryngazy from Kaluga to his village. Despite Essen's support, the Asiatic Committee rejected the proposal. In response to this, Aryngazy's "party" campaigned among the people and tried to oppose Russia. 1833 Aryngazy died in Kaluga. Aryngaz was also a coachman. His seven-syllable poem "Aryngazy" is distinguished by its lively character and cheerful melody. This work develops in the form of three parts: Kurmangazy, Dauletkerey, etc. had an impact on the state creativity ("Saryarka", "Escape from Prison", "Kosalka"). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5978

Криптозой

Precambrian is a name that is used only informally today to describe the three eons that preceded the Phanerozoic: Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic. This is the longest geological time, starting from the time when the Earth's crust hardened, 542 million years ago. years ago when the Cambrian period began. Rocks belonging to this period of geologic time are usually altered and few fossils with solid parts or skeletons are found inside them. Precambrian rocks are abundant in northern Canada and the Baltic Sea Shield region. Precambrian, Cryptozoic — a general set of Archaean and Proterozoic rocks; The duration of the Paleozoic era to the Cambrian era in the history of the Earth is 3.5 billion years. covers about a year. ## Sources * Kazakh encyclopedia

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5368

Тыуа

The Republic of Tyva (Tyvan: Tyva Respublika; Russian: Respublika Tyva) is a subject of the Russian Federation, according to the constitution (mother law) of Tyva, it is a democratic legal state united with the Russian Federation, located in the south of Eastern Siberia. The land area is 170.5 thousand km². It consists of 17 districts and 2 cities. The population is 310 thousand people (2003). The main population is 198.4 thousand (64.3) Tyvas, 98.8 thousand (32) Russians, Khakas, Ukrainians, etc. lives. The capital is the city of Kyzyl. 2001 According to the constitution adopted on May 6, Tyva is a self-governing subject based on a federal treaty. The republic is headed by the head of the government, who comes to power on the basis of popular elections. The highest legislative body is the 2-chamber Supreme Khural. Local government institutions are established on the basis of the constitution of the Russian Federation. Documents are kept in Tyva and Russian languages. Tyva borders Mongolia in the east and south, Krasnoyarsk region in the north, Khakassia in the northwest, Buryatia and Irkutsk region in the northeast, Altai Republic in the west. Its size is 168.6 thousand square kilometers (km²), the 24th subject in Russia by land area. Population — 308.5 thousand people (2006), population density — 1.8 people/1 km² (2006). Urban population: 51.5% (2006). The structure of the population by nationalities: * Tivians — 77% * Russians — 20.1% * others — 2.9%. Basic law — the constitution of the Republic of Tyva ## Geography The territory of the republic is located at the intersection of the landscapes of Siberia and Central Asia. 82% of its territory is occupied by mountain massifs (Western Sayan Mountains). Tyva cauldron is located in the western and central part of the country. The land is rich in minerals: non-ferrous and rare metals, coal, iron ore, gold, mercury, etc. The climate is strictly continental. Winter is cold, long temperature reaches up to 50 °C. Summer is short, hot, up to 40 °C. The amount of annual precipitation is 150-400 mm in Okhotskhunkyr, from 400-600 mm to 800-1000 mm in mountainous areas. There are about 430 lakes and more than 12 thousand small rivers in the republic. Almost all rivers flow into the Yenisei. ## Nature In the lowland areas of the country, mainly steppe plants grow, while the mountain valleys on the eastern side are pine forests. 64% of its land is covered by forests. The territory is inhabited by many species of animals and birds (sable, deer, deer, bear, etc.). To preserve them, 2 state reserves have been organized. ## History The land of Tyva has been inhabited by humans since the ancient stone age. BC Animal husbandry and metalworking were formed in the 7th - 3rd centuries. BC 2 - BC During the 1st centuries, this region was owned by warrior Hun tribes. In the 6th - 8th centuries, it was part of the Turkic Khaganate, then the Uighurs, and from the second half of the 9th century, the Kyrgyz dominated. In 1207, it was subordinated to Genghis Khan, and in the 13th and 14th centuries, it became part of the Yuan dynasty. In the 16th and 17th centuries, it was dependent on the Altyn Khan state of the Mongols. Buddhism began to spread in the country from the 16th century. From the beginning of the 17th century, it was subject to the Dzonghars, 1757-58. After the destruction of the Dzonghar state, it became part of the Qin Empire until 1912. In 1914, it was declared a protectorate of Russia under the name of Urankai region, and construction of the Trans-Siberian railway began on the territory of the country. 1917 After the February Revolution, 1918-21. Civil war raged in the country. 1920 On August 14, the Tanu-Tuva People's Republic was established (since 1926 it was called the Tuva People's Republic). 1944 On August 17, an emergency session of the Khural of the TKR applied to join the USSR, and on October 13 of the same year, Tyva became part of the RKFSR as an autonomous region. 1961 On October 10, it was reorganized into the Tuva AKSR within the RKFSR. 1990 It was declared as the Republic of Tuva (Tuva) within the Russian Federation. ## Economy The economy of the country consists mainly of agriculture and production of raw materials. Only 23% of the land area is suitable for agriculture. The main industry is animal husbandry, including sheep and cattle breeding. Agriculture is quite developed. Game breeding (sable, muskrat, squirrels, etc.) is well developed, mining industry is at a high level: non-ferrous metals, hard coal, gold are produced. The production of light industry and construction materials is well established. ## References "Kazakhstan": National encyclopedia / Chief editor A. Nysanbayev - Almaty "Kazakh encyclopedia" General editor, 1998 ISBN 5-89800-123-9, volume VIII ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4605

Ысқақов

Iskakov is a Kazakh surname. ## Famous people * Ayip Rashituly Iskakov * Ahmedi Iskakuly Iskakov * Bakhytkerey Iskakov * Baltash Iskakov * Bisembay Mamayuly Iskakov \ <> * Bolat Gazizuly Iskakov * Burkit Ibrahimuly Iskakov * Daniyal Iskakov * Inem Iskakov * Kosherbai Iskakov * Kalikhan Iskakov * Kapai Iskakov * Nurlan Abdildauliy Iskakov * Ondasyn Abdirashuly Iskakov * Pernebai Kugenbayuly Iskakov * Satan Nurgojauly Iskakov * Span Iskakov * Turlybek Otemisuly Iskakov

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7697

Russian literature in Kazakhstan

Russian literature in Kazakhstan is a part of general Russian literature and Kazakh literature. Since the second half of the 19th century, due to various political events, representatives of other nationalities who set foot on the Kazakh land began to settle. Since the first half of the 20th century, they have actively participated in the political, social and cultural events of the Kazakh country, and have established themselves as an ethnic group. showed as groups. In particular, many Russians immigrated to Kazakhstan. Among them were representatives of literature and culture. In 1933, the section of Russian literature began to work within the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan. I. Shukhov's novels such as "Kasiret beldeu" (1931; in Kazakh language, 1972; aud. O. Ospanov), "Ushpendilik" (first ed. 1932; in Kazakh language, 1935; aud. X. Yesenzhanov) are significant works of the novel genre of Soviet literature at that time. was considered World 2. during the war years, heroic images of B. Momyshuly, I. Panfilov, etc. were created in A. Bek's story "Volokolam Highway" (1943). After the war, Shukhov's "Face of the Sun" (1950) and V. Vanyushin's "Pivot Point" (1952) were published. These expanded the thematic range of Russian writers in Kazakhstan. N. Anov described the socio-historical situation of Kazakhstan in the 1920s in his novel "On the Wing of a Song" (1959). It shows the formation and development of national art, talented people (I. Baizakov, A. Kashaubaev, K. Munaytpasov, A. V. Zataevich, etc.). videos were made. I. Shchegolikhin's novel "Snowy Burka" (1961), G. Chernogolovina's story "Rainless Season" and the novel "Danger Zone" (1981), etc. works were written. G. Sviridov's novel "Zhankeshti sapar" (1976) tells about the brave march of the detachment led by A. Zhangeldin through the desert. The image of Zhangeldin was made clearer and comprehensive in the novel "Commissar Zhangeldin" by M. Simashko, Dm. Snegin expanded the range of historical themes in the dialogue "Dawn and Dusk" (1976, 1982) and created images of historical figures, among which the image of O. Zhandosov occupies a special place. Simashko's novels "The Call" (1982) about Y. Altynsarin, "Semiramida" (1968) about the history of the Russian people, P. Dostoevsky about F. Kosenko's collection of documentary stories "Death for Life" (1986) was warmly received by students. Snegin's literary memoirs about I. Zhansugirov, I. Ehrenburg, A. Tvardovsky, Vs. Ivanov "Kauyshkan kushak" (1988) were published. In the field of poetry V. A new wave of poets such as Antonov, A. Elkov, D. Ryabukha, L. Skalkovsky, F. Morgun, V. Smirnov, M. Chistyakov joined. Many Russian writers living in the republic translated the works of Kazakh writers into Russian.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6542

Wearing a scarf

Wearing a scarf - or in full, it is also called "wearing a scarf for the bride", is one of the Kazakh national traditions. The young bride wore a scarf on her head when she was given away, and from now on she wears a headscarf in front of the elders. Kazakh's daughter did not wear a headscarf before marriage. Kamshat beret, beaver beret, owl turban, fringed sorabak, beaded kasaba, and such beautiful headdresses were used. It is said that he combed his hair for ten days and braided it for five days, he paid a lot of attention to hair care. Brown hair, brown hair, black hair, golden hair are all girl's hair. A woman who has a child may be hostile. And when the woman was a white-faced grandmother, she put a crown on her head. These headdresses are embellished, fringed and embroidered. There is no religious meaning in it, the sign of artistry and happiness is clearly visible. ## Patterns of wearing a scarf 1. Can be worn as a bandana. 2. Looks good as a necklace. If there is an office dress code, it is advisable to wear a small blouse. 3. Bracelet (bracelet). Especially, those with geometric prints look good when worn with jeans, and those with colorful, floral prints look good with summer sundresses. 4. Opodok. Fold the scarf, shape it to your liking, and wear it as a regular scarf. If you want to make it more uncomfortable, now there are also types of scarves made as a special skirt. You can buy it. 5. If you are in a hurry and don't have time to do your hair, wear a scarf. Just pay close attention to the dream here. It is better that the color of the scarf matches the color of the clothes you are wearing. 6. A scarf is an accessory for a bag. In fact, this method is successfully used by French fashion designers in everyday life. If you simply tie a scarf to your bag, it will look very compact and beautiful.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6151

Сирия

Syria (Arabic: سورية‎), the full name is the Syrian Arab Republic (Arabic: الجمهوريه العربية السورية‎, al-Jumhuriyya al-Arabiyya al-Suriyya) is a country in Western Asia, one of the countries of the Middle East. The land area is 185.2 thousand km2, the capital is the city of Damascus. The head of state is the president, the head of government is the prime minister. The supreme legislative body is the People's Council (unicameral parliament). Administratively, it is divided into 14 mukhafaz (provinces). The currency is the Syrian pound. Member of the United Nations and League of Arab States since 1945. ## Geography Most of the territory of Syria is plain. The western part of the country consists of two mountain ranges, which are separated by the Syrian depression (Al-Gab depression). The western range is formed by the Ansaria range, the eastern range is formed by the Az-Zawiya mountains, the eastern slopes of the Anti-Lebanon and its southern continuation is the Ash-Sheikh (Hermon) range (height 2814 m). Ad-Druz (height 1803 m) volcanic massif occupies the southwest, the Syrian desert occupies the southeast, and the Jazire plateau occupies the northeast. Main rivers Euphrates (675 km long within Syria), Al-Asi, Tigris. Iri Lake - Home. The land is sandy, loamy, gravelly, gray, red-brown, river valleys are meadows, with saline soil. Broad-leaved, evergreen trees and shrubs grow. In the desert part of the plain there are wolves, coyotes, ungulates, antelopes, wild donkeys, bears, wild boars, forest cats, and bezoar goats in the mountainous region. It is inhabited by reptiles and rodents. ### Minerals Minerals — oil, iron, manganese, copper ores, chromium, sulfur, phosphorite, brown coal. ### Climate The climate is subtropical and maritime. The average temperature in January is 12°С, in August 27°С. The amount of annual precipitation is 700 — 1500 mm. ## History ### Ancient Syria Syria has been inhabited by people since the Stone Age. Syrian history from B.C. It belongs to the 4th millennium. Archaeologists have proven that Syria has a great contribution to world culture. B.C. In 2400-2500 AD, the Semitic Empire, centered at Ebla, stretched from the Red Sea to the back of the Caucasus. The Ebla language is considered the oldest of the Semitic languages. In 1975, there are about 17,000 clay tablets in the Ebla library. * B.C. In the 2nd millennia, the main population was the nomadic and semi-nomadic tribes of the Amorites (Amorites). Later, Syria became part of the Hyksos tribal union. * B.C. In the 8th - 6th centuries, Syria was subject to Assyria, the Babylonian kingdom, and the Achaemenid dynasty. BC 338 Alexander looked at the Macedonian state, and after its collapse, the Seleucid dynasty. * B.C. 64 years Syria was annexed to Rome and became one of its most important and richest provinces. * Since the end of the 4th century, Syria was part of Byzantium. B.C. XXIII century the empire was conquered by Akkad. He razed his capital to the ground. Later, the Canaanite tribes came to the land of Syria. 64 The land of Syria was under the Roman Empire. BC XVI century XVI century in the south of Syria was the city of Damascus, which was subordinate to the Egyptian pharaoh. Palmyra Palmyra (Greek: Παλμύρα, Aramaic copy, Hebrew: תַּדְמוֹר‎, Tadmor, "palm city") is a former flourishing city, today with the remains of prominent structures of the architecture of the late ancient Roman period. a notoriously poor settlement in Syria. This place is 34°33′33″ N. e. 38°16′25″N. b. 34.55917° s. e. 38.27361° N. p. / 34.55917; 38.27361 (from the island of Ferro), in a remote part of the desert, between Damascus and the Euphrates, 240 km north-east of the former and 140 km of the latter. ### Arab caliphate, under the Ottoman Empire * It was part of the Arab caliphate from 633, 661 — 750. As the capital, Damascus became one of the centers of Islam. The Syrian people were Arabized and converted to Islam. * 750 — 878 The Abbasid dynasty, followed by other dynasties, ruled. From the second half of the 13th century, Syria was under the rule of the Egyptian Mamluks, from 1516 to 1918. It was part of the Ottoman Empire. * 1918 — 20 years Syria was occupied by the British. ### French Mandate 1920 — 1943 looked at the French mandate. After the First World War, the Ottoman Empire collapsed. In 1920, the Syrian Arab Kingdom was established with Damascus as its center. Faisal, from the Hashemite tribe, was elected king. Faisal later became the king of Iraq. Syrian independence did not last long. A few months later, the French army entered Syria. The French army defeated the Syrian army on July 23 at Meysalun Pass. In 1922, the former Dominion of Turkey was divided between Great Britain and France. Britain owned Jordan and the land of Palestine. And the territory of modern Syria, Lebanon, was taken over by France. 1930 A new unicameral constitution was adopted, accepting the mandate of France and electing a president. 1936 A treaty was signed between Syria and France, providing for the independence of Syria. However, France in 1939 France refused to ratify it. 1940 Due to the occupation of France by German troops, the leadership of the Syrian state passed into the hands of General Denz. On September 27, 1941, France granted independence to Syria. French troops remained in Syria until the end of World War II. 1945 On January 26, Syria declared war on Germany and Japan. 1946 French troops were withdrawn from Syria. ### New history * 1943 Syria gained independence in December. * 1945 In March, Syria took part in the creation of the League of Arab States, and in 1948-49. involved in the Arab-Israeli war. He supported Egypt during the Anglo-French-Israeli invasion of Egypt (1956). * 1958 — 61 years. Syria merged with Egypt to form the United Arab Republic (UAR). * 1961 It left the BAR and was declared the Syrian Arab Republic. * 1967 In June, Israel attacked and lost a part of the country - the Golan Heights. Due to the difficult situation, the military led by General Hafiz al-Assad came to power. * 1973 the country's constitution was adopted. 1973 In October 1974, Syria participated in the war against Israel. He took back the Golan Heights. * 1976 — 2005 Syrian peacekeeping forces entered Lebanon. * 1980 — 88 He supported Iran in the Iran-Iraq war. * 1980 — 90 years. He established friendly relations with Arab states in the Middle East. * 2005 In the spring, he withdrew his peacekeeping forces from Lebanon. * 1992 Diplomatic relations were established between the Republic of Kazakhstan and Syria on March 27. ## Leaders of Syria ### During the Ottoman Empire Syria was conquered by Egypt in 1517. released. 1517 Ottoman Sultan Selim I conquered Syria. During the Ottoman Empire, Syria was divided into 14 provinces. Each governorate was headed by a governor. Muhafizdar directly submitted to Istanbul. Napoleon's troops came to Syria in the 18th century. Although the Egyptian Muhammad Ali conquered Syria in 1833, he returned it to Turkey in 1840. ## Period after the Ottoman Empire ### Leaders between 1918 and 1920 * Ali Riza Pasha al-Rikabi: September 29 — 5 October 1918 * Faisal I: 5 October 1918 — 8 March 1920 ### King of Syria, 1920 * Faisal I: 8 March — 28 July 1920 \ <> ### French Mandate Period, 1922-1936 * Subhi Bey Barakat al-Khalidi: June 28, 1922 — December 21, 1925 * Francois Pierre-Alip: February 9 — April 28, 1926 \< > * Damadi Shahryari Ahmad Nami Bey: 28 April 1926 — 15 February 1928 * Taj ed-Din al-Hasani: 15 February 1928 — 19 November 1931 * Muhammad Ali-Bey al-Abid: 11 June 1932 — 21 December 1936 ### Presidents of Syria, 1936 - Present * Hashim al-Atassi: 21 December 1936 - 7 July 1939 * Nasuhi Salim al-Bihari: 7 July 1939 — July 9, 1939, AD * Bahijaddin al-Khatib: July 10, 1939 — September 16, 1941 * Khaled Bey Al-Azem: April 4 — September 16, 1941 * Taj ed-Din al -Hasani: September 16, 1941 — January 17, 1943 * Jamil al-Ulshi: January 17 — March 25, 1943 * Ata Bey al-Ayyubi: March 25 — August 17, 1943 * Shukri al-Quatli: August 17, 1943 — March 30, 1949 * Husni al-Zaym: March 30 — August 14, 1949 * Hashim al-Atassi: August 15, 1949 — December 2, 1951 (temporary) * Fauzi Selu: December 3 1951 — July 11, 1953 * Adib al-Shishakli: July 11, 1953 — February 25, 1954 * Ma'amun al-Kuzbari i. o.: February 26, 1954 — February 28, 1954 * Hashim al-Atassi: February 28, 1954 — September 6, 1955 (temporary) * Shukri al-Quatli: September 6, 1955 — February 22, 1958 * Gamal Abdel Nasser: February 22, 1958 — February 29, 1961 (in BAR) Ma'amun al-Kuzbari: September 29 - November 20, 1961 (AD) * Izzat al-Nuss: October 20 - December 14, 1961 (AD) * Nazim al-Qudsi: December 14 1961 — March 8, 1963 * Luai al-Atassi: March 9 — July 27, 1963 * Amin al-Hafez: June 27, 1963 — February 23, 1966 * Nureddin al-Atassi: February 25, 1966 — 18 November 1970 * Ahmed al-Khatib: November 18, 1970 — February 22, 1971 (temporary) * Hafiz al-Asad: February 22, 1971 — June 10, 2000 * Abdel Halim Haddam: June 10 — July 17 2000 * Bashar al-Assad: July 17, 2000 — ### The current president Bashar al-Assad (Arab. : بشار حافيز الاسد‎, English. Bashar Hafez al- Assad, born in Damascus on September 11, 1965. Re-elected on July 17, 2007. Father: President of Syria : Anis, from the tribe of Makhluf. In December 2000, Bashar al-Assad married Asma Fawaz al-Akhras. Asma is the daughter of a respectable Syrian Sunni tribe. He is an economist, a specialist in computer technologies. Born and educated in Great Britain. Asad met him during his internship in London. * Children: sons: Hafiz, Zain and Karim (according to other sources, Bashar Assad has two sons and one daughter). ## Population ### Ethnicity Population 16 million. 729 thousand (2001). Mainly Syrian Arabs, Kurds, Armenians, Turkmens, Circassians, Gypsies live there. Syrians, Syrian Arabs are a nation, the main population of Syria. The number is 6.4 million. approx. Also, more than 200 thousand Syrians live in other countries (mainly in South America). Only a small part of C has preserved the tribal structure (larger tribes - Fedaan, Hadediyin, Mavali, Beni Khaled, Umur). The main occupation is agriculture, semi-nomadic animal husbandry. Damascus, Sham - the capital of Syria (since 1943), the center of ancient culture. The first written records of Damascus date back to BC. It has been found since the 16th century. The city was the center of the Damascus kingdom (11th century BC - 732 BC), later Assyria, New Babylon, Achaemenid dynasty, A. It was part of Macedonian, Seleucid dynasty, Roman, Byzantine states. 635 After the city was conquered by the Arabs, it became the capital of the caliphate (671-770). Even after the Abbasid dynasty moved the capital to Baghdad, Damascus did not lose its status as a religious, scientific and cultural center. During the 9th-13th centuries, there were different Muslim states, 1260-1516. Mamluks, 1401 Amir Temir owned. 1516— 18 years. As part of the Ottoman Sultanate, 1920-43. Mandate territory of France. The capital of Syria. Scholar scholar Abu Nasir al-Farabi is buried in the "Bab al-Saghir" (Little Gate) cemetery in Damascus. Damascus is the most ancient of the modern capitals of the world. Its Arabic name is Dimashq or al-Sham. There are many opinions about the origin of the word "Dimashk". The earliest references to Damascus are found in documents of the 18th dynasty of Egyptian pharaohs and Akkadian tablets. There the kala was called Dimasku or Dimashka. Damascus is called Durmeshek and Dummeshek in Aramaic documents. Damascus is mentioned in the first book of the Old Testament as an important craft and cultural center. The settlement, which later became known as Damascus, reached a high level of prosperity during the time of the nomadic Aramaic tribes who came from the deserts of North Arabia to seize pastures. Damascus became one of the largest centers of Arameans in Suri, i.e. Syria. Damascus has a great historical and cultural value, as monuments of ancient and medieval architecture are preserved here. Some of the districts were built during the Seleucid era (312-64 BC), and the streets are planned at right angles. From the period of the Roman conquest, the site of the city fortifications, the site of the gates, the fallen remains of the monumental arch and the remains of the sacred temple of Jupiter of Damascus with Corinthian columns have been preserved. ### Language Syria speaks the Syriac dialect of Arabic. The official language is Arabic. Kurdish is used in the north of the country. At the same time, the Armenian language, the Adyghe (Circassian) language and the Turkmen language are also in use. In some areas dialects of the ancient Aramaic language are used. Russian, French and English are used as foreign languages. ### Religion 90% of the population are Muslims, the rest are Christians (Orthodox, Catholics, Maronites, etc. 87% of Muslims are Sunnis, the remaining 13% are Alawites and Ismailis, as well as Shiites. They have increased after the Iraq war. Half of the Christians are Syrian Orthodox (Syrian Catholic Church and Melkite Catholic Church). There are also Armenian Apostolic Church and Russian Orthodox Church > ### Churches located in Damascus * St. Paul * St. Ananias * Damascus Cathedral * Roman Catholic Church * Orthodox Church \< > * * * * ### The Umayyad Mosque in Damsk ## Administrative division Syria is divided into 14 governorates, The governorate is appointed by the Ministry of Interior. Each governorate is occupied by Israel in 1973. ## Culture ### Education Syrian universities ### Holidays ## Economy Syria is an agrarian-industrial country. The main branch of economy is agriculture. Grain crops include wheat, barley, oats, corn, etc. is planted. Cotton, sugar beet, tobacco, fruit, viticulture, fish, etc., light industry is developed. Steel rolling, oil extraction, tractor assembly, etc. industries are working. Exports oil and oil products, cotton, textiles, agricultural products. The basis of imports is machinery and equipment, food, ferrous metals, wood. National income per capita. equal to approximately 1024 US dollars. Main trade partners: Spain, France, Great Britain, Germany. ## Syrian Newspapers ## Transport ### Highways The total length of Syrian highways is 36 377 km. Among them: * With hard coating — 26,299 km * Without hard coating — 10,078 km ### Railways Total length of railways — 2,750 km. There are two types of railways in Syria. 2423 km of railway has a standard gauge of 1435 mm, 327 km — 1050 mm. The 1050 mm road was built during the Ottoman Empire in the 20th century and continued between Damascus and Medina. Today this railway is not used. ### Airways Number of airports — 104 (1999), including 24 with concrete lining. 3 have international status. The state airline is Syrianair. Syrian Arab Airlines (Arabic: عصر التراين العربية السورية‎; Eng. — Syrian Arab Airlines / Syrianair) is a Syrian airline based in Damascus. ### Air fleet ### Pipeline transport The total length of the pipeline is 1304 km, of which 515 are oil pipelines. ### Sea transport The main ports are in the Mediterranean Sea: Tartus, Latakia, Banias. Russian Navy in Tartus is located in Tartu. Currently, the Embassy of our country in Egypt is in charge of mutual relations between the two countries. The Consulate of Kazakhstan has been operating in Damascus since April 2007. 2007 in November, the first official visit of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev to Damascus gave a significant impetus to the revival of cooperation in all fields between the two countries. According to the results of the visit, the Declaration on Political Consultations between the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Agreement on Cooperation in the Field of Education and Science between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the Mutual Understanding between the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as between Astana and Memorandums of cooperation between Damascus were signed. As part of the visit, the first meeting of the Kazakhstan-Syria Business Council was held. Former Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Faruk Sharaa (March 1992), Minister of Economy and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan A. Lutfi (August 2005), current Minister of Foreign Affairs of Syria Walid al-Muallim (September 2007) visited Kazakhstan. ) had visits. During the past years, the Speaker of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan Zh. Tuyakbai (June 2004), the Minister of Culture, Information and Social Harmony of the Republic of Kazakhstan M. Kul-Muhammed (May 2003), the Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan E. Ertisbaev (2006 June), the Minister of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan G. Orazbakov (July 2007). During the cultural interaction between the two countries, prominent sons of the Kazakh people buried in Damascus are the scientist and thinker Abu Nasr Al-Farabi and the ruler of Egypt and Syria in the 13th century. The topic related to the historical heritage of Sultan Az-Zahir Beybarys has a special place. 2007 in October, an agreement was signed between the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the construction of the historical and cultural center and mausoleum of Al-Farabi in Damascus, and cooperation in the restoration of the mausoleum of Sultan Az-Zahir Beybarys. According to the agreement, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan will spend 29.6 million kroner on the construction of the historical and cultural center and mausoleum of Al-Farabi. tenge and 54.2 million for the restoration of Sultan Az-Zahir Beybarys mausoleum. The turnover between the two countries in 2008 was 33 million 308.2 thousand US dollars. (mainly export). 2009. The volume of bilateral trade between January and May is 5.435 mln. USD reached On April 13, 2009, in Damascus, the Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan to Egypt Bakhtiyar Tasimov handed over credentials to the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Syria, Walid Al-Muallim, to serve as the Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Ambassador of Kazakhstan to the Syrian Arab Republic. ### Trade and economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and Syria Kazakh companies are showing great interest in the Syrian market. That is why the two governments should sign a new trade and economic agreement. And the agreement signed in 1992 has lost its former significance. In turn, the Minister of Economy and Trade of the Syrian Arab Republic, Amer Lutfi, proposed to Kazakhstan to create joint enterprises in the field of textile and food industry. "For Kazakhstan, Syria can become a golden bridge to the Arab market. We belong to the special economic zone together with 17 other Arab countries. A system of tax benefits works for these countries. Through our country, Kazakhstan can export its products to these countries." - said A. Lutfi. ## Literature * Political history of the state of Asia and Africa, M., 1996; Andreev A.R., * Syria: history, people, culture, K.-M., 2003; Shumov SA, Strany mira, M., 2004; * Only fact, Hong Kong, 2004; Vasiliev L. S., Istorija Vostoka, M., 2005. ## Sources ## External links * eDamascus – Official website for Damascus * Explore Ancient City of Damascus with Google Earth Archived January 7, 2012. on Global Heritage Network * Philip K. Hitt, The Imperial Capital, 1973, Saudi Aramco World Archived 18 August 2012. * Ernst Herzfeld Papers, Series 5: Drawings and Maps, Records of Damascus Archived 8 December 2011. Collections Search Center, SIRIS, Smithsonian Institution, Washington, DC

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7375

Criminal law

Criminal law is a normative legal act adopted by the supreme legislative body of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which establishes the basis and conditions of criminal responsibility, which action constitutes a dangerous crime for a person, society and the state, and which types of punishment and other conditions of a criminal legal nature. ## Tasks of the criminal law Tasks of the criminal law - peace and security of humanity, rights, freedoms and legal interests of people and citizens, territorial integrity, constitutional structure, public order and security , protection of the natural environment from criminal encroachment and crime prevention. ## Signs of criminal law. * Criminal law is adopted by the highest bodies of state power of the Republic of Kazakhstan according to the procedure strictly regulated by the Constitution. * Criminal law has supreme legal force after the Constitution and Constitutional laws. Higher legal force is manifested: * no body (except for the one specified in the Constitution) has the right to violate and change the law; * all other normative acts must not contradict the law; * if other regulatory acts conflict with the law, the law takes precedence; * The next feature of the criminal law is its normativity. The criminal law has legal norms, that is, an undefined framework of subjects and rules of behavior that are generally binding on people, calculated on an undefined number of similar situations. Legal norms are created in the process of legal creativity, which is one of the types of public service. According to the Constitution, the right of legislative initiative is given to the deputies of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Structure of criminal law Criminal law has a structure with its own form that expresses the will of the legislator based on certain technical rules. The General and Special sections of the Criminal Code are divided into articles. Each article consists of one or more parts numbered with an appropriate number and the parts differ according to their content and nature and the type of punishment. Therefore, in procedural documents, it is necessary to take into account not only the article itself, but also its parts. The structure of the legal norm consists of the following three different elements: hypothesis, disposition and sanction. * Hypothesis refers mainly to the general section in criminal law. That is, the hypothesis used by legal norms is implemented by the articles of the general section of the criminal law. For example, a certain person may be held criminally liable if he reaches the legal age, commits a crime intentionally or recklessly, and is recognized as capable of responsibility at the time of committing the crime. 2. Disposition — describes the signs of actual criminal encroachment. Disposition is divided into four main types: simple, descriptive, blanket and reference depending on its structural features: * Simple disposition only mentions the name of the criminal activity and does not disclose its specific features. For example, Article 125 "Kidnapping a person", Article 261 "Persuasion to consume drugs or nerve agents", Article 389 "Loss of military property" of the Criminal Code. * By descriptive disposition we mean the disposition that clearly shows all the signs of the crime in the law itself: "Theft" in Article 175 of the Criminal Code, "Rape" in Article 120, "Banditism" in Article 237 of the Criminal Code. In order to determine the composition of the specific crime specified in the article under the blanket disposition, other laws or normative acts, decrees and government resolutions, orders and regulations, instructions are used. These are clear evidence that criminal law is closely related to other areas. The fulfillment of the requirements of the criminal law is determined by other laws or other acts. As an example of a blanket disposition, we show the disposition of the following articles: Article 152 of the Criminal Code "Violation of labor protection rules", Article 284 of the Criminal Code "Violation of laws on the continental shelf of the Republic of Kazakhstan and on the special economic zone of the Republic of Kazakhstan." * The referenced disposition does not include the features of the crime, but instead refers to another, relevant article of the criminal law or its designation. For example, "Beating" in Article 106 of the Criminal Code, "Torture" in Article 107, "Leaving the scene of a traffic accident" in Article 297 of the Criminal Code. 3. Sanction — determines the type and amount of the punishment specified in the articles of the special section. Two types of sanctions are used in articles of the criminal law: relatively defined (relatively defined) and alternative (alternative). * Relatively determined sanction indicates the type and amount of punishment. It can be divided into two main types: a sanction that determines the upper and lower limits of punishment. An example of the former: the first part of Article 101 of the Criminal Code "Reckless murder", the first part of Article 134 "Child replacement", etc. can be clauses. The minimum amount of the prescribed punishment is the minimum limit of punishment. The minimum amount of the punishment, if the type of punishment is deprivation of liberty — 6 months, if the restriction of liberty — 1 year, for detention — 1 month, for a fine — twenty-five monthly calculation indicators established by the Laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan. An example of the second type of comparative-defined sanction is sanctions of articles such as article 162 "Mercenary", the second part of article 181 "Kidnapping", article 241 "Mass riots" of the Criminal Code. * Alternative sanction allows to apply only one of two or more types of punishment in the relevant articles of the Special Section of the Criminal Code. For example, for the murder of a person in a state of mental stress, an alternative punishment may be restriction of liberty, imprisonment or deprivation of liberty (Article 98 of the Criminal Code). Careless storage of firearms (Article 253 of the Criminal Code) is punishable by correctional labor or imprisonment or imprisonment. The existence of a disposition in the articles of a special section of the criminal law or the approval of the types of sanctions is carefully thought out. Their correct use in the fight against crime creates an opportunity for effective application of criminal norms. ## Sources Encyclopedia of Kazakhstan Criminal Code of the Kazakh SSR adopted on July 22, 1959 Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan /Almaty-2001 Commentary on the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan /Almaty-2001 Agibayev A.N. /Criminal law, general section/ Almaty - 2001. Zvecharovsky I.E. // Criminal liability. Moscow - 1995 Naumov A.V. // Criminal law/ Astana - 2001. Zvecharovsky I.E. // Criminal liability. Moscow - 1995 Criminal Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan //Almaty - 2001 Leykina N.S. // Personality of the criminal and criminal responsibility M. 1995 Naumov A.V. //Basic concepts of modern criminal law. Almaty - 1999 Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Criminal Code of the Kazakh SSR adopted on July 22, 19951959 Explanation to the Criminal Code of the Republic of Kazakhstan /А-2001 Criminal law of the Republic of Kazakhstan //Almaty - 2001 Criminal law of the Republic of Kazakhstan /Almaty-2002

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5597

Catarrh

Hades (Azoi, Katarhei, Priscoi) is an informal name for an aeon in Earth's history. Hadean extends from the time of the creation of the Earth to the beginning of the Archaean. ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7184

Kazakh dances

Kazakh dances - in ancient times performed the function of both the court and the investigator. The judges found the right solution to some controversial issues with just one word. Kazakh dances were supposed to be fair and respectful to the country. The famous Kazakh dances, which became famous throughout the country for their justice: * Tole dance (1663-1759) * Kazybek dance (1667-1764) * Aiteke dance (1644-1700 ) These dances of the Kazakh people called the country to preserve the unity of the three hundred. ## See also * "The Seven Statutes"

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3742

Morphology (linguistics)

Morphology (Gr. morf — type, person, logos — word, doctrine) is a branch of language science that examines the grammatical meanings of individual words, studies the functions and patterns of formation and development of grammatical word persons. The main material of morphology is morpheme. Morphology studies the grammatical entities of the word with the diachronic (historical development) and synchronic (current) appearance of words in a single language. Morphology deals with the system of comparative research in order to determine the transformation, division, and various changes of the figures of speech. This approach helps to clarify its meaning and function. Since the personality, meaning and function of the word are determined only in the sentence, the word is considered related to the syntax. Therefore, the word is defined from the point of view of its lexical-grammatical character. ## Simple and complex words Kazakh words are morphologically divided into simple and complex. Simple words are root words that represent the original meaning of a word, and compound words are combined, double, compound words consisting of at least two words (ak kuba, ak sary). Simple words are composed of root persons and suffixes. Roots represent the main lexical meaning of a word, and suffixes add various grammatical meanings to the root. For example, the first word in the phrase "one of the organizers" consists of 7 parts: "organization" The organization here is the main root, -das is a word-formative suffix, -tyr is a verb suffix, -y is an action noun suffix, -sh is a word-form suffix, -lar is a plural form, -dyn is a participle form. Each of these has its own lexical and grammatical meaning. ## Scientists who contributed to the development of morphology One of the main tasks of morphology is to classify words into certain word classes. Scientists who made a special contribution to the definition of word classes in the 1930s: Akhmet Baitursynuly, K. Zhubanov, N. Sauranbaev, A. Iskakov. In the 1940s and 1950s, each individual problem of morphology became the object of a complex monographic scientific study, and many voluminous works were published on the basis of these studies. I. Chesenbaev, A. Iskakov, K. "Kazakh Language Grammar" for middle and high schools published annually by Akhanov and N. In addition to Sauranbaev's voluminous works "Kazakh language" (1948) for pedagogic schools and "Modern Kazakh language" (1954) for higher educational institutions, morphology Balakaev, "Some problems of Kazakh language grammar", A. Iskakov "Adverbs in the Kazakh language", G. Musabayev's "Syn ysomnyn sharaylari", A. Hasenov "Number names in the modern Kazakh language", R. Amirov's "Insults in the Kazakh language", Sh. Sarybayev's "Kazakh language allies" vol. b. studies can be said. In the 1960s, such works increased both in terms of number and subject, and many more individual studies related to individual word classes: Sh. Sarybayev's "Imitative Words in Kazakh" (1960); J. Shakenov's "Category of adjectives in the Kazakh language" (1961); A. "Pronouns in the Kazakh language" by Ibatov (1961); A. Toleuov's work "Kazakh language name category" (1963) was published. In all of them, different classes of words are analyzed from the point of view of their own lexico-grammatical features. In 1967, a complex work, which collected all the achievements in the problems of morphology, put it in a systematic order, and summarized it from a theoretical and scientific point of view, was published in 1967. "Grammar of the Kazakh language" was published by the publishing house "Gylym" of the Kazakh SSR. One of the main tasks of morphology is the study of word forms. That's why the study of word forms includes all the rules about the types of words, including the laws of assigning words to what type of morphological categories and determining their characteristic forms. ## Ways of creating word forms In Kazakh, word forms are, as a rule, a concrete linguistic cover for generating lexical-grammatical or lexical-semantic meanings. Forms of words are formed mainly by two different methods: synthetic (morphological) and analytical (syntactic) method. Studying and determining these ways of creating word forms, of course, did not immediately take shape in Kazakh linguistics. At the beginning of the Soviet era, these were considered only from the morphological point of view of word formation, but gradually, although not mentioned, the syntactical approach also began to be taken into account. Synthetic (morphological) and analytical (syntactic) ways of making sense in the Kazakh language were well established in the 1950s from both a practical and a theoretical point of view. Thus, in some complex works, it begins to be presented as the basic methods of creating words, and moves to the object of individual scientific article research. ## Separation of words according to their types and persons One of the main problems related to word forms is the separation of words according to their types and persons. From the first days of Kazakh language education in the Soviet era, this definition of words was individually shown in the system of grammars and textbooks for teaching. It can be said that it has been scientifically analyzed and theoretically defined on the basis of linguistic research since the 1930s. There are not many works on person of speech (or types of speech). Special opinions on this issue are given by K. Zhuba-nov, A. Iskakov, A. We find it in Kaidarov's works. The systems of opinion about the persons of speech (types) of the mentioned scholars are the same, but when it comes to the internal classification and naming of persons of speech, a slight difference is evident. The following can be said about individual forms of words (root words and compound words). * 1. Thoughts about root words, one of the main characters of words, can be found in all textbooks and grammars of the Soviet era. There is no difference of opinion about the root word or the habit of describing it differently. Its definition is K. It is based on Zhubanov's rule that "if the root of a word stands alone without an addition, we call it a root word". Added to this is the concept of derived roots, that is, the concept of words developed from the main root through various suffixes. * 2. One of the most complex and so difficult types of figures of speech is the problem of complex words. From the beginning of the Soviet era, the subject of separate sections of complex words (compound words, double words, abbreviated words) became the object of not only textbooks, but also individual scientific article studies, and from the 40s and 50s, it partially became the subject of dissertation research. In all of these studies, there were no differences of opinion about the general principle issues, except for the exceptions due to the scope and purpose of the research system. But in general, the complex vocabulary problem of Kazakh language education has not been fully resolved. For example, until now, the types of complex words that create grammatical meaning have not been determined and are not fixed to one fixed point. There is no doubt that compound words always create new lexical meaning among complex words. But not all double phrases always create a new lexical meaning. For example, from kora-kora (sheep), tau-tau (shap), we understand only the grammatical plural meaning. And if we say barn-bag, mountain-stone, it is a lexical meaning. In the same way, in the modern Kazakh language small intestine, cecum, earth fat, asykzhilik, gray sparrow, double leg, white heron, etc. There are many words used in complex forms such as According to the widespread (but negative) understanding, such words are recognized as one lexical unit (edinitsa) if they are written together, and therefore are recognized as a single word (united word), but if they are written separately, they are not a whole lexical unit (edinitsa). , therefore, it turns out not to be one word, but separate words. Displaces it into a series of phrasal phrases, phrases. The main criterion for defining words is probably not whether they are spelled together or separately. It is purely a spelling problem. Instead, it is better to pay attention to the lexical-grammatical, lexical-semantic aspects of such phrases and, if necessary, recognize them as complex words. Usually, such words are pronounced in the form of combining two different (mostly nouns) words, weakening the original meaning of the components and acquiring a new specific meaning. For example, bitter gourd, bitter gourd, butternut squash, gray sparrow, sardine thread, etc. b. Words such as blind, bitter, earth, gray, shuda in complex words are not used in their original independent meaning. In the same way, the words in such a phrase were originally individual common nouns, but in the current form of the phrase, they have changed to the quality of a single proper noun. Therefore, a new proper name was formed from the first general names. They also have many features, such as having only one part of the sentence in a compound form, and being used without adding different words before writing the compound. Such properties make it possible to recognize such phrases as complex words. If so, it will be necessary to add a new type of complex words to the list of complex words (compound words, double words, shortened words) that are recognized without any doubt, whether they are compound words or compound words. We are only talking about complex lexicalized words. Although the meanings of nouns are too general, those meanings are ultimately combined with the concepts of object and physical sign, and express the concepts of general object or physical sign, and become the generic name of those concepts. Therefore, pronouns are classified as nouns, even though they are general, but they are general. Nouns as a whole are considered common nouns, and the nominal property is divided into two parts that are partially complex. For example, let's take the relative pronouns "I", "you", "this" and "that". If we analyze the main nominal meanings of these pronouns, we can see that they are divided into two complex parts: words in the concept of substance and words in the concept of the sign of a thing. So me, you, who?, what? Nouns are words in the concept of nouns - nouns, this, that, which? The words in the concept of the sign of a thing, whose nouns are the names of the signs. In turn, these basic semantic classifications divide words into two areas: firstly, words in the concept of substance - substantive pronouns, and secondly, words in the concept of a sign of a thing - attributive pronouns. Morphologically, pronouns belong to the group of words that change. These two basic nouns also play a leading role in the transformation system. For example, substantive pronouns can be pluralized, dependent, inflected, and classified like nouns, while attributive pronouns do not take any of the transformation forms when they are used exactly in their meaning. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7417

Buribay Bikozhauly Dzheksembin

Buribay Bikozhauly Dzheksembin (May 26, 1952, Shu district, Zhambyl region) is a statesman and public figure. ## Biography His origin is from the Shmyr clan, Dulat tribe of Uly Yuz. * Graduated from Almaty zootechnical and animal husbandry institute. * Graduated from the Eurasian Market Institute. * Chief zootechnician, director of agriculture * Chairman of the Priozer district agro-industry committee * Worked as the chairman of the Zhezkazgan regional agro-industry committee. * Deputy akim of Zhezkazgan region, first deputy * Appointed state inspector of the Organizational Control Department of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2004 From May to 2010, he was the akim of Zhambyl region. * 15.01.2010-2016 - Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of Uzbekistan. [1](link not available) * Since December 2015, secretary of the "Aul" party. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5783

Football Federation of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Football Federation (KFF, English: Kazakhstan Football Federation) is a state organization that organizes football matches and championships in Kazakhstan. It organizes competitions such as the Kazakhstan Premier League and the Kazakhstan Cup, as well as the games of the Kazakhstan National Football Team. ## Former names * Football Association of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1992–2000) * Football Union of Kazakhstan (2000–2007) * Football Federation of Kazakhstan (2007 -until now) ## History Kazakhstan Football Federation (KFF) was established in 1992 with the reorganization of the Football Association of the Kazakh SSR (established in 1989). In the same year (1992), KFF became an associate member of FIFA and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) (or in 1993). Its creation was the beginning of the organization of Kazakh football according to international standards. KFF has become the largest sports federation of the country, football in Kazakhstan has been evaluated as the "king of sports" and has taken the first place in the choice of sports fans. In 1992, the federation held various professional competitions, such as the National Football League Championship and the Kazakhstan Cup. Being an associate member, the KFF was not allowed to participate in official international competitions for national teams, so in mid-to-late 1992 and April 1994, it participated in regional competitions with the Central Asian countries of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. In 1994, KFF was finally accepted as a full member of FIFA and AFC. The decision to enter the AFC was made after the vote. The first match of the national team against a team outside Central Asia was held in December 1995. In the same year, Oleg Litvinenko, who represented Kazakhstan, was recognized as the best player of Asia in October. In 2000, KFF became a candidate for UEFA and was granted full membership at the UEFA Congress held in Stockholm, Sweden on April 25, 2002. ## See more * Football in Kazakhstan * Kazakhstan Futsal Association ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7298

mars (planet)

Mars (Red Star) is the 4th planet of the Solar System, counting from the Sun; Belongs to the Earth group of planets. The average diameter is 6800 km, the mass is 6,423.1023 kg, the average density is 3.93 g/cm3, the acceleration of gravity on the surface is 3.76 m/s2, the average temperature is -60 °С. Mars orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit at a speed of 24.2 km/s, the average distance from the Sun is 228 million km (206 million km at perihelion, 249 million km at aphelion). The position of Mars, the Sun and the Earth at the same distance from each other is repeated in an average of 780 days. This is a repetition of the "opposition" period of Mars. When the opposition of Mars is near the perihelion of Mars' orbit, it is at its closest distance to Earth, 56 million km. At this time, Mars is seen at an angle of 24-25°, and objects 60-100 km away are visible through a telescope. Such a time is called "great resistance". This is repeated every 15-17 years in August (sometimes in July or September). Constant light and brown spots on the surface of Mars allow us to observe the rotation of Mars on its axis. The period of axial rotation of Mars (sidereal day) is 24 h 37 min 22.7 s. The transition of seasons and division into climatic zones (polar, temperate, tropical) on Mars is similar to Earth. But each season on Mars is 1.9 times longer than on Earth. ## History of research It has been known to mankind since ancient times that Mars is a planet. During the Great Confrontation, Mars appears as the brightest red-yellow star (magnitude -2.7). According to the observation of Mars by Tycho Brahe and Johann Kepler at the beginning of the 17th century, the law of motion of the planets in the solar system was determined. The physical properties of Mars began to be studied in the middle of the 17th century after the invention of the telescope. A new phase of Mars exploration begins with the sending of automatic interplanetary stations to Mars. With the help of these stations, objects of 1 km size on the surface of the planet were studied very closely. "Mars-3" station (1972) landed on the planet for the first time. 2004 The Opportunity and Spirit rovers sent by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration landed on Mars and conducted research on the presence of water reservoirs. . Currently, some scientists are proposing to terraform Mars. ## The surface of Mars On the surface of Mars, red-yellow spots, conventionally called land, are visible. Seas reflect less light than land, so it appears browner. The north and south polar parts of the Mars disk are very well observed. The size of these white spots varies during the Martian year. At this time, the brown seas of Mars will retain their basic shape and will inevitably change. Based on these, a map of the surface of Mars was created with an accuracy of 1°. A photo taken by the American Mariner series of stations revealed that Mars has many ring mountains or craters similar to the lunar surface. Craters can be found both on land and in the sea. There is an unextinguished volcano on Mars, signs of movement of the planet's crust.. ## Atmosphere The presence of an atmosphere on Mars can be proved by the dimming of its disk towards the edge, the slow extinction of the stars in the planet's orbit, and the loss of clarity of objects on the surface of Mars. At the edge of the Martian disk, light smoke, thin discrete clouds at the very top, and a dust storm covering some parts of the planet can be seen. According to the results of spectral monitoring, it was determined that the atmosphere of Mars contains from 50 to 100% carbon dioxide (CO2), traces of water vapor and carbon monoxide (CO). At an altitude above 1000 km, the vast majority of the Martian atmosphere consists of rare (about 104 atoms in 1 cm3) hydrogen atoms. Mars has an ionosphere made up of several layers. . ## Temperature The average temperature in the radio range of the heat flow from the surface of Mars (wavelength 1 mm - 21 cm) at an average distance from the Sun is 220±10 K. It is 10% higher at perihelion and 10% lower at aphelion. Temperatures measured by infrared radiometry at each point of the Martian surface: the temperature measured immediately after sunset at the equator is 300 K, which decreases to 220 K at sunset. During the night it drops again by 50 K, and in the morning it is 174 K (–100°C). . ## Life on Mars Kazakh astrophysicist Gavriil Tikhov conducted extensive research on the planet Mars. He speculated that the surface of Mars may have primitive life sources. Assumptions that living things live on Mars have not been proven by temperature and spectroscopic results. Since there is no sign of oxygen in the Martian atmosphere, the hypothesis of the existence of a higher form of life is not true. However, lower forms of life, especially anaerobic forms, may exist. It moves at a distance of 25 thousand km, the periods are 7 hours 40 minutes and 30 hours 21 minutes. These spin the planet faster than it spins on its axis. Phobos is 26 km long and 21 km wide. Deimos is 13 km across. ## Location in space Soviet interplanetary automatic stations for the study of the planet Mars and interplanetary space. Mass 893.5 kg, length 3.3 m, diameter 1.1 m, the first automatic station "Mars-1" in 1962. Launched on November 1. "Mars-1" automatic station carried out space exploration, testing of interplanetary radio communication, taking pictures of the planet. 1971 Automatic stations "Mars-2" (on May 19) and "Mars-3" (on May 28) were launched. They had an orbital section and instruments for landing on the planet's surface. "Mars-2", "Mars-3" stations have been conducting research from the orbit of the Mars satellite for more than 8 months. 1973 4 automatic stations were launched towards the planet Mars. "Mars-4" and "Mars-5" flew from Mars at a distance of 2200 km. "Mars-6" and "Mars-7" in 1974. reached the region of the planet Mars in the first half of March. With their help, new information was obtained about the physical properties of space between the orbits of Earth and Mars; The structure of the Martian atmosphere, the chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties of the soil were studied. It was possible to determine the optical compression of the planet, to draw a profile of the terrain, and to obtain a color image of Mars using the images obtained from automatic stations. 2003 On December 30, the European Space Agency's Mars Express station "Beegle-2" delivered a robot-biologist to the planet Mars. A robot-biologist searching for an answer to the question of whether there is life on Mars failed due to errors in technological calculations. At the beginning of 2004, the Mars rovers "Opportunity" and "Spirit" sent by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) landed on the planet Mars and began to send the necessary data about Mars to Earth.. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6204

Намибия

The Republic of Namibia (English Republic of Namibia; until 1968 - South-West Africa) is a country located in the south-western part of Africa. Earth area. 825.4 thousand km2. The population is 2.5 million. 86% of its inhabitants are local tribes (Ovambo, Kavango, Herero, Damara, etc. ethnic groups), 6% are Europeans, and the rest are representatives of various nationalities. The capital is Windhoek. The official language is English. The head of state is the president. The supreme legislative body is a bicameral parliament (National Assembly, National Council). Most of the population are Christians, the rest adhere to local beliefs. National holiday March 21 - Independence Day. The currency is the Namibian dollar. ## History Since ancient times, the territory of modern Namibia was inhabited by the Bushmen (hunting and gathering) tribes, and later by the Hottentots, Nama and Damara (nomadic pastoralists). Around the 16th century, the Bantu Herero, Ovambo, Kavango, Yeye, Tswana and other tribes began to enter from the north. At the end of the 18th century, the Ovambo pushed the Herero as well as the Hottentots south. In the 1830s, the Hottentot tribe from the Cape Colony, led by leader Yonker Afrikaner, conquered the Herero and Damara tribes. Europeans came to these arid lands relatively late - only in 1878 Great Britain added Walvis Bay to the Cape Colony. In 1883, German merchant Adolf Lüderitz bought part of the coast at Angra Pequena Bay from one of the local chiefs of the Nama tribe for 200 guns and 100 pounds sterling. Under the Anglo-German Treaty of 1890, the entire coast of present-day Namibia, with the exception of Walvis Bay, went to Germany. Thus, the borders of the German colony of South-West Africa were determined. The German authorities supported the arrival of white colonists who occupied the lands of the local people. In early 1904, Samuel revolted under the leadership of Chief Magarrero Herero and killed more than a hundred German settlers. Germany sent 14,000 troops to South West Africa under the command of General Lothar von Trott, who declared that all Herero should be expelled from the country. The Herero suffered a heavy defeat at the Battle of Waterberg. The survivors tried to reach the British possession of Bechuanaland (modern day Botswana) through the Kalahari: Britain promised the Herero asylum if they did not continue the rebellion. Many died unable to cope with this transition. When the Germans took the first census in 1905, there were about 25,000 Hereros left in southwest Africa, mostly women and children. They were placed in concentration camps organized by the British during the war against the Boers. Soon after the suppression of the Herero rebellion against the Germans, Nama spoke. Their leaders were Hendrik Witboy and Jakob Morenga. Evye continued until March 1907, when a peace treaty was signed (although Morenga waged a guerrilla war later). Estimates of the number of Nama killed in the uprising vary widely: it seems to have been around 40,000. During the First World War, in 1915, the troops of the Union of South Africa occupied Namibia. In 1920, the AU received a mandate from the League of Nations to govern South West Africa. After the League was suspended, South Africa refused to grant the mandate and continued to control the territory, establishing an apartheid regime there. South Africa saw Namibia as a buffer protecting the country from the "enemy" states of black Africa. Namibia's white minority is represented in the South African Parliament. Walvis Bay, which had been part of the Cape Colony since 1878 and was not part of German South West Africa, was annexed by the British in South West Africa in 1915 and returned to South Africa only in the late 1970s. it was part of Namibia, as a result of which UN member states did not recognize its extradition to South Africa. Walvis Bay came under Namibian control in 1994. Since 1966, the South West African People's Organization (SWAPO) has started a struggle for independence from South Africa. SWAPO bases were located in Angola and Zambia and were supported by the Soviet Union: SWAPO's official ideology was Marxism. It was then that the name "Namibia" was used for the first time. The international community also did not recognize South Africa's right to rule this territory. However, it was only in 1988 that South African authorities agreed to withdraw from Namibia. On March 21, 1990, Namibia's independence was announced in the presence of the UN Secretary General and the President of the Republic of Uzbekistan. The first president of Namibia was SWAPO leader Sam Nuyoma. He held this position for three terms. On March 21, 2005, former Lands Minister Hifikepunye Pohamba became the President of Namibia, winning over 75% of the vote. In 1994, representatives of the Lozi people announced the creation of the Caprivi Liberation Army, which aimed to gain independence for this territory, which sparked an armed uprising. Nowadays, the conflict has subsided, and since 2001, the Caprivi Strip has been declared safe for tourists again. ## Administrative division In 1977-1992, Namibia was divided into 26 districts. In August 1992, the districts were reorganized into 13 regions, which in turn are divided into 102 constituencies. In 2002, the number of constituencies increased to 107. On 9 August 2013, the Okavango region was split into Kavango East and Kavango West. * Kunene * Omusati * Oshana * Ohangwena * Oshikoto * West Kavango * East Kavango * Zambezi * Erongo * Ochosondyupa * Omaheke * Khomas * Hardap * Karas ## Territory Most of the territory of the Republic of Namibia is plateau, mountainous . The highest point is the Brandberg mountain (2600 m). The coast of the Atlantic Ocean is flat. Walvis Bay and Lüderitz are natural reservoirs. 20% of its land is occupied by the Namib desert. The climate is tropical, very dry. The warmest month is January with an average temperature of 18-27C, the coldest month is July with an average temperature of 12-16C. Amount of annual precipitation. 500-700 mm, 10-50 mm on the coast. The vegetation of the Namib desert is very dense, mainly xerophytic shrubs grow on the slopes of the mountain plateau, and desert and desert savannas grow in the upper part. ## Foreign Policy Namibia maintains close relations with states that aided it in its war of independence, including the People's Republic of China, Russia, and Cuba. Namibia strengthens economic and political ties in the Southern African region: a member of the Development Community of South Africa and the Southern African Customs Union. Namibia is a supporter of further regional integration. ## Attractions Sossusvlei-Namib desert surrounded by red sand dunes picturesque mud Wild animals in the Etosha Plateau National Park Skeleton Coast wrecks remains Cape Cross Seal Sanctuary Kolmanskop Ghost Town World's Largest Goba Meteorite Ancient Cave Paintings in the Twyfelfontein Valley Horihas Ancient Petrified Trees and Centuries Welwichia Plants Waterberg National Park Museum of Bushmen's Life Museum of Life of the Mbunza Tribe \< > Museum of life of the Himba tribe Dinosaur footprints in Ochihenamaparero Swakopmund city built by German colonists ## Sports In 1990, the National Olympic Committee was established. Namibian sprinter F. Fredericks is a four-time silver medalist of the Olympic Games in 100 and 200 meters, two-time world champion in 200 meters; He is the owner of the world record in the 200-meter room. Rugby: Namibia rugby team. ## Media NBC State Broadcasting Corporation (Namibian Broadcasting Corporation — "Namibian Broadcasting Corporation") includes television channels NBC1 and NBC2, national radio stations and a number of radio stations broadcasting in national minority languages . ## Religion The majority of Namibians (up to 80%) are Christians (mainly Lutherans - the Evangelical Lutheran Church of Namibia), the remaining Protestant groups are represented by the Reformed, Methodists, Assemblies of God, Adventists . Part of the population adheres to traditional beliefs. ## Population Information on the history of the early and middle ages of the tribes inhabiting the territory of the Republic of Namibia has not been preserved. Local Hottentots (Koi-Koins), Highland Damars, Bushmen and peoples belonging to the Bantu language group were at the beginning of the 19th century at the stage of disintegration of the first community structure. The Portuguese were the first to come to the Republic of Namibia from Europe. 1878 Britain claimed the Walvis Bay area as its own. The remaining part in 1884. Germany colonized. 1920 The League of Nations gave the mandate to govern the country to the Republic of South Africa (ROA). 1949 When the mandated territories were supposed to be transferred to the UN, the OAR refused to hand them over and annexed them. 1990 The Republic of Namibia declared its independence. 1994 Recaptured its Walvis Bay territory within the OAR. ## Culture Food: Namibians like to add herbs and spices to their dishes and grill meat. Biltong - beef, wild game or ostrich (it is marinated in vinegar, then in a mixture of coriander, brown sugar, salt, black pepper and other spices; biltong is dried in special rooms). A local delicacy is mopane worms, which are usually dried and served as crispy snacks. ## Economy The economy of the Republic of Namibia is based on mining. The main branch of animal husbandry is the breeding of Karakol sheep. Diamonds, uranium, non-ferrous metals, Karakol oil are exported, and food, fuel and consumer goods are imported. Gross national product per capita. It is equal to 3600 USD. Main trading partners: OAS, USA, Germany, Great Britain. ## Interesting fact The coat of arms of Namibia shows the magnificent welwichia. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5138

Satuk Bogra Khan

Abdulkarim Satuk Karakhan (?—960) is the founder of the Karakhan state in Central Asia. He comes from a Muslim Turkic family. The creation of the Karakhan state is directly connected with the disintegration of the Karluk khanate. In historical literature, there are different opinions about the origin of the Karakhan dynasty. Among them, he made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Karakhan state. O. According to Prytsak, it seems that the Karakhan family was mainly composed of two major tribes, the Chigils (Shikils) and the Yagmas. Karakhan comes from this Yagma tribe. After the death of Bilge Kul (Kadyr Khan), the khagan of the Karluk khanate, his two sons, Bazir Arslan and Ogulshak's nephew Satuk Bohra Khan, stand out. He later turned against Ogulshak himself and took away Taraz and Kashkar from him. 942 he deposed the ruler of Balasagun and declared himself "Khagan". Karakhan 960 will die. His son Musa, who succeeded him, declared Islam as the state religion. This is why Muslim historians start the table of Karakhan dynasty rulers from this Musa. But in reality, the founder of the Karakhan state was Abdilkarim Satuk Karakhan, the father of Musa, and that is why later historians called the state "Karakhan" after him. Today, Karakhan's tomb is located in the city of Taraz, the center of Zhambyl region.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5112

Mother would

Maiky Bi (1105 - 1225) was a famous dancer and poet. ## Biography In encyclopedic literature, it is also called "Mayki bi", "Bayky", "Bayku". Maiky bi Tobeiuli was a hill dance of the Kazakh people who lived around 1105 - 1225 years. Our ancestor Mayky Bi, who has been passed down from father to son through the saying "The root of the word is the same, the ancestor Mayky Bi", is probably the leader of both the wise words and the ending of the dance. According to historical data, it seems that he was the chief dancer of not only one, but all Turkic peoples. That's why it was considered the main dance of Turkic countries, especially the Tatar, Bashkir, Karakalpak, and Uzbek peoples. In ancient Chinese writings, the origin of Mayky Bi is connected with the Baganaly clan of the Naiman tribe, and in some sources he is mentioned as the ancestor of the entire family: Tobey→Mayky→Uysin. According to the ancient genealogy, it seems that there were two Mayki dances. The well-known writer Balgabek Kydyrbekuly writes about this: "Is it Maiky who lived in the 12th century who left behind a word that does not kill? According to the ancient sources, as far as the genealogies left by the ancestors and the Seven Pusts are concerned, it can be seen that there were two Maiks in Uzaak. The second one is Maiky, who ruled during the time of Genghis, the 41st grandfather, including the author of this article. If we speak the family genealogy in our hands, which has been handed down from father to son and is being respected as the most honorable document in the world, Maiky, made in the 12th century, is the ancestor of some Kazakhs who consider themselves great. The white house of Zalmanbet, the black house of Krashak, the yellow house of Turkesh, father, Baidibek's grandfather. Ak's son Maiky was born with one leg missing from the inside, and he was a person who walked with a limp. A person who was born poor was given the name disabled because of one of his four limbs. Later, he was born with a garden on his head and another under him, that is, the person who stepped on the right knee of Genghis Khan was not called Mayip in Kazakh, who passed before, did not give a word to the poor, had a shaky jaw, and did not put his heart in front of the red tongue - the 18th ancestor of this Mayip - Mayyp mentioned by name. Therefore, Maiky (Mayip), created in the 12th century, is a careerist, but not a wordsmith. From this, of course, it cannot be denied that Maikyn's past work and career was a great vizier before the Kazakh people. And the leader of the country, who left words behind him, Maiky Man, who did not exaggerate his words. "My great-grandfather Abyl, Khair, Bak, Tan, Par, Man" Zhambyl sang "Abyl, Khair, Bak, Tan Par man" - these are Maiky's grandfathers - Zhambyl's ancestors too. Today, his descendants are 58-60 years old from Maiky. In the work of the ancient historian Rashid-ad-din called "Jamih-at Tarawih" it is shown that the second Mayki dance, Chinggis Khan, was a reliable chief dancer when Chinggis Khan went on a campaign, leaving him in his place, and finding a solution to disputes. . Genghis's son Joshi Khan entrusted the right wing of the Mongol army to Mayki Bi when he marched to the west. He was a hero who started many victories. The left wing ruled over a large area of Deshti Kypchak country. This data is recorded in the Mongolian chronicle "Golden Topchi". It is said that when Genghis was named Uly Khan in 1206, he respected him and congratulated the surrounding countries. Great Abai wrote about this: "When Chinggis Khan left Mongolia, the Kazakhs went to congratulate him, but it is not known where he went, but even so, on this Chinggis mountain, his army was lying along the Garayl river, and 12 people from 12 clans met Chinggis at the top of a big hill called "Khan" according to the Mongolian law. It is said that it was planted and raised by Khan. That is probably the reason why his mountain was called Genghis Khan. One of those 12 people is a Kazakh named Mayky Bi. He is the person who says "The root of the whole word is one, the ancestor is Mayky Bi". When Chinggis marched out into chaos, most of his army was Tatra. The reason for this is that the Mongols themselves are tolerant of heat and cold as well as poverty and dehydration. A Kazakh man fit for war joined the army of Chinggis, and Chinggis Khan introduced them to his eldest son Joshi. Maikyi is a figure who did a lot of work in maintaining the unity of the Kazakh people and creating the first great unity on the way to becoming a unified country. There are many legends about this activity. In historical works, in encyclopedias, those civic works of Maiky Bi are mentioned a little, although they are not written in detail. For example, he wrote in the Kazakh encyclopedia: "In the folk legend, Maiky bi Ormanbet bi is described as a historical figure who created the Kazakh greatness when ten Nogayli lands were destroyed. Maiky bi grouped the Kazakh clans into three hundred (Yuz - Arabic for "part", "section"), the part headed by Uysin was called the great face, the part headed by Bolatkozha, the son of Kaban, the middle face, and the part headed by Alshin, the son of the Society, the small face. One of the Nogaily Khans appointed Ahmet (Alasha Khan), the son of the Red Lion, as the Khan of Three Hundred in Ulytau. He distributed symbols to 40 clans that were part of the nation, and marked the symbol according to the main characteristics of each clan. Ulyst, who held the first flag, gave "Flag" to Uysin, "Eye" to Argyn, who was in the middle, and "Spear" to Alshin, who was the first to attack the enemy. The symbols of 40 clans were engraved on the stone. "Marked stone" is "Mayki mark", later it was named "Nura mark" after the name of the place. Let me tell another legend: Forty Crimeans, thirty Rums, ten Oimayuts, nine Torgauts, ten Nogailys were divided, and when Ormanbet Bi died, the Nogayly society became known as Koban and Maiky. Maikyi was the main dancer who made nine khans sit by his hand. A captive slave woman finds a son with a khan named Kyzyl Arystan, who came from Crimea and established a khanate in Bukhara. His whole body will be full. The childless godmother tells the khan: "Destroy this child's eyes, if you don't destroy him, he will ruin your country like a spotted fox when he grows up." The Khan was moved by his grandmother's daily words and separated forty young men from his army and said: "Take this child and his mother across the Syrdarya River. If they die, they will die, if they don't die, they will make a living. May neither the mother nor the child come back here, freedom for you too." Forty young men cross the Syrdarya, hunt in the Karatau region, and bring the child to a place when he grows up. While hunting for a boy, he meets Uysin, the son of Mayki Bi. But the boy does not follow him. The child does not even answer the question "Who are you?" He tells his father that he saw his house in the field: "I saw a boy sitting at the foot of a tree, he has mouth when he says moon and eyes when he says sun." It's interesting to see. His only fault is that he doesn't have a language," he says. Mayki: - Take me to him, I will try to talk, he says. If Maiki goes, the boy will shoot him as soon as he sees him: - Assalamualaikum, the khan is the stake of the end, the food of the Bukhara people! - he greets. - Hello, my child, stay safe! You are a boy who wants to be, come and marry me? - and took him to his village. The representative is a child: he slaughters a mare in the lower country, slaughters a mare in the lower country, and makes a feast in the upper country. With the wedding card, "the man's husband's son, the sow's shard" is accompanied by a hundred young men who started their family, and they set off on their way. - Go further beyond Karatau, you will see mountains called Ulytau, Kishitau, Karakengir, Zhezdikengir. Go to those places and settle down. Think of becoming a nation with the tip of a white spear and the power of a white wrist. One day this boy will be a khan, and you will be November, - Maiky blessed. One hundred young men crossed Karatau, crossed Aktau, Ortau, crossed Shu and Sarysu rivers and reached the places mentioned by Maiky bi. Starts to sit down. Their sound reaches the Red Lion. Khan: - Let him take what he wants from me and return my child to me, - says Mayky. So that the Khan does not leave my child for begging, he will send a hundred young men to Ulytau, making Alshin, the son of Maiky Society, the leader. Ten old men are added to the boys so that they can be leaders and advisors. They will not return. The second time another hundred guys spend. They will not return. The third time they send another hundred guys. They also spoke. All of them cannot get out of the influence of Ahmet, who made Maiky bi (unavailable link) a representative child, and remains under his control. Man to man, country to country joins, and the territory continues to expand. Now the people of that country raise a khan in honor of Ahmet. Later, he became Alasha Khan due to his fighting skills. Since the khanate was founded in the time of war, it defines the task of each hundred in the campaign and the battle motto. All this was implemented according to the words of Maiky Bi. Mikey was lame from a young age. Maybe that's why he was named Maiky and his 18th grandfather was also named Maiky. Genghis Khan's contemporary and adviser. The country called him the most influential person, a saint, because he was able to predict the fate and events of the country. When Genghis Khan's son went on a campaign to the West, he entrusted the right wing of his army. Abay Maiky dance was included in the category of 12 dances, and at the same time, he was one of the 12 khans who went to congratulate Genghis Khan when he was elected as the khan of the Mongols in 1206. According to legends, after the migration of the Nogai people and the death of Ormanbet bi, Maiky bi divided the Kazakhs into three hundred. The word "hundred" means "part" in Arabic. Uysind was called "Great Hundred", the part led by Kabanüly Bolatkazhi was called "Orta Hundred", and the part led by Alshin was called "Kishi Hundred". One of the Khans of Nogai - Ahmet (Alasha Khan) was elected Khan of the Three Hundred. Representatives of all 40 clans were included in this association, and each section was given a distinctive sign. Rather, "Give the small blade a spear to the enemy. Give the medium blade a whip to fight. Give the big blade a sword and put it to cattle." the proverb appeared at that time. Also, representatives of all 40 clans have their own distinguishing marks. "Flags" for houses, "eyes" for argyns... They (symbols) were carved on stone. These stones have remained in history under the name "Mayki tsambasy" (Mayki signs) or "Nura tsambasy" (Nura signs). The last one is named after the place. He had many children. He was not satisfied with his sons named Uzyn and Kortyk. Maiky Bi was surprised and said: "It's hard to believe that good is born from bad, but there are cases where bad people are born who can't do better than good." A number of sayings and thoughts of Maiky remained among the people. The saying "Mayki dance told" and some of the famous sayings that have become proverbs are: If there is no storm, there will be no enemies, There will be no quarrelsome community. There will be no milking of twin goats, There will be no two lazy villages. The right word spoken to the ear is like a flag planted on the peak. A young man will get a kick from a handsome man. Don't let a bribe take place in a dance. "Who is born from whom?" " to the question Mayky Bi answered as follows: " A horse is born from a horse, A falcon is born from a falcon, A noble is born from a noble, A masyl is born from a sloth, A herdsman is born from a masyl, A bald head is born from a bald eagle. A bat is born, A miser is born to give, A blind is born to be blind, A thug is born to a tramp, A wanderer is born to a wanderer. ” Maiky also took part in heated debates and arguments between the two hundred people. He always spoke based on the eloquent sayings and proverbs of the people. He put the unity of the people above all else. The saying "without unity - there is no life" came from the mouth of Maiky Bi. According to Maiky Bi, state associations should be managed according to the traditions and customs of the people. Forgotten traditions also have their own meaning. Not only Kazakhs, but also Tatars, Bashkirs, Karakalpaks, and Uzbeks considered it their dance. There is a saying that "The root of every word is the same, the ancestor is Mayki Bi". Mayki Bi lived a long life and died at the age of 120. ## Sources -

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4036

San Marino

San Marino (ital. San Marino), the official name is the Republic of the Majesty of San Marino (ital. Serenissima Repubblica di San Marino) is a country located in Italy in Europe. surrounded by Italian territory. The land area is 61 km². The population is 519.9 thousand people (2018). Residents: San Marino (80%) and Italians (18%). The majority are Catholics. The capital is San Marino. Administrator. It is divided into 6 districts. The official language is Italian. State power is vested in 2 deputies whose captain-regents are appointed every 6 months. Meml. no. The executive body is the unicameral Grand General Council. The currency is the Italian lira. San Marino is located on Mount Titano (the highest point is 749). The climate is subtropical Mediterranean. The average temperature in January is 0 — 12°С, in July it is 20 — 28°С. Amount of annual precipitation. 800 — 900 mm. San Marino was founded in 301 AD. is considered to be abandoned. According to legend, the Dalmatian of San Marino. wanted by the mason Marino, who was later included among the "saints" (hence the suffix "number". In the 11th and 13th centuries, the territory of San Marino was expanded due to the acquisition of neighboring lands. 1600 constitution was adopted. 1631 Rome was officially recognized as a state by the Pope. After the establishment of the united Italian state (1861), San Marino signed a treaty of friendship and neighborly relations with it (1872, 1897 and 1953). Under the treaty, San Marino recognized the Italian protectorate. Due to the fascists coming to power in Italy (1922) in the republic fascist. the elements began to come to life. 2nd world. San Marino declared neutrality during the war. 1944 On September 4, the territory of San Marino was occupied by fascists. occupied by German troops. 1944 at the end of September they were driven out by the Anglo-American army. At the end of 1966, the country's democrats the current electoral system was formed under the pressure of forces. Tourism is the main sector of San Marino's economy, providing 60% of the national income. There are textile, cement, paper, leather, metal processing, chemical, furniture, ceramics enterprises. For export - produces wine, souvenirs, machine products, receives production raw materials, fuel resources from outside. Main trade partner: Italy. ## Images ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5826

Франция

France (French: France, listen [fʁɑ̃s]), officially the Republic of France (French: République française, listen [ʁe.py.blik fʁɑ̃.sɛz]) is the largest country in Western Europe, twice the size of Great Britain in terms of land area. France includes the island of Corsica, small islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Bay of Biscay. Five remote departments (Guadeloupe and Martinique in the Caribbean Sea, Guiana in South America, Reunion in the Indian Ocean, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon in the Atlantic Ocean) and others were included in the association called the French Union. belongs to. The population is 67 million. man. The French call their country "hexagon" (hexagon). The land borders of the main territory of the country located in the west of Europe are Belgium and Luxembourg in the north, Germany and Switzerland in the east, Italy and Monaco in the south-east, Spain and Andorra in the south-west. The location of France among the developed countries of the European Union has a positive effect on the development of European relations. France's maritime borders are separated by the Mediterranean Sea, the Bay of Biscay and the English Channel. The presence of suitable bays on the shores of which ships can stop has long been a prerequisite for the development of white sea transport in France and the establishment of foreign trade and economic relations not only with Europe, but also with countries located in other parts of the world. France is a unitary republic in terms of its state structure, in terms of administrative-territorial division, it consists of 96 departments. In 1958, General Charles de Gaulle established a new model of government in the country - the Fifth Republic. In the Republic of France, the president has a particularly powerful authority, he decides the issues related to the country's foreign policy. The prime minister appointed by the president heads the government and is fully responsible for the internal situation of the country. The country's legislative body is the parliament, which consists of two houses, the senate and the national assembly. ## Agglomerations Apart from the French, Bretons, Flemish, Basques, Corsicans live in France. France is the most densely populated country in Europe. Between 1945 and 1960, the population grew rapidly. Currently, more than 63 million (2012) people live in the country. By nature, the French are very kind, cheerful and friendly people. They speak their thoughts directly and have a straightforward character. ## History France has been inhabited by people since ancient times. A number of the main cultures of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic known to science are related to place names in France (Shell, Achelle, Moustier, Aurignac, Solutrey, Madeleine, Asil, Tardenois). Paleolithic caves in southern France (Fon de Gomes, Lascaux, Montespan, etc.) are famous for their rock paintings. In the early Paleolithic era, tribes of the Campania culture lived on the territory of France (6th - 4th millennia BC). The first agricultural tools (3rd millennium BC) were found in the basins of the Seine, Ouaz, and Marne rivers. BC From the 6th to the 5th centuries BC. Until the end of the 1st millennium, Celtic tribes settled on the territory of France. The Romans called them Gauls, so the whole country was called Gaul. The south-west was inhabited mainly by Iberians, B.C. From the 6th century, the Greeks laid the foundations of their possessions on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The main one among them was Massalia (now Marseilles). BC At the end of the 2nd century - in the middle of the 1st century, Gaul was conquered by the Romans. The Gauls fought valiantly against the Roman Empire. However, the power was not equal. Roman rule led to the establishment of a developed slave-owning method of production in most parts of the country, many cities were built (Lyon, Nîmes, Bordeaux, etc.). Christianity spread in France between the 2nd and 4th centuries. As a result of the Romanization process, Celtic languages were replaced by Latin. Due to the political crisis in the Roman Empire, which began in the 3rd century, the volume of commodity production in Gaul decreased, and the economy with Italy. ties are weakened. In the 4th and 5th centuries, the invasion of Germanic tribes finally destroyed the Roman domination on the territory of the country. New states of Burgundians (406), Visigoths (418) were established. In 486, the Franks captured the last Roman possession in Gaul (see Frankish state, Charles). From the 10th century, the country began to be called France. In 987, the Frankish throne was taken over by the Capetian dynasty. The united kingdom was practically divided into many independent estates. In the 10th century, two large peoples related to each other - the northern French to the north of the Loire itself and the Breton people to the south, on the Brittany peninsula, were formed. At first, the royal possession (domain) was only around Paris and Orleans in the northern part of France. In the 11th and 12th centuries, southern cities (Bordeaux, Toulouse, Nîmes, Marseille, etc.) began to flourish due to the Crusades. The amount of sowing has increased, the varieties of grain crops and livestock have improved. Handicrafts (especially lace weaving) are highly developed. The development of cities in northern France and the expansion of economic ties between individual regions created important prerequisites for the elimination of political disunity in this part of the country. At the beginning of the 13th century, the Kingdom of England ruled most of Northern France. In the second half of the 13th century, the centralization of the country became stronger, and Paris became its political and economic center. began to become the center. At the beginning of the 14th century, the royal estate occupied most of the country. In 1302, the General States, formed by representatives of three estates, were convened. It served to strengthen the power of the central government. But the Hundred Years' War hindered the development of France. Wars, robberies, tax increases led to population decline, decline in production and trade. From the 2nd half of the 15th century, the French economy gradually began to recover. The royal power was strengthened, and new duchies of Burgundy, Picardy, and Niverne joined the country. At the end of the 15th century, Provence and Brittany were conquered. In the 16th and 17th centuries, France waged wars with the Habsburg dynasty ("Holy Roman Empire" and Spain) for supremacy in Western Europe. A deep socio-political crisis was formed as a result of prolonged unsuccessful wars, significant depletion of the country's material resources, rising taxes and economic decline. The basis of the ideology of the social protest of various groups of the people was the popular Calvinist teaching at that time (supporters of this teaching were called Huguenots). The country was divided into Catholics and Huguenots. Their struggle with absolutism and each other led to a protracted civil war ("Religious Wars"). Its culmination was the massacre of the Huguenots in Paris on August 24, 1572 ("Night of Bartholomew"). The Bourbon dynasty that came to power ended the religious wars, established Catholicism as the official religion in France, and the Huguenots were granted freedom of religion. During the time of Louis XIV, Cardinal A. J. P. was the de facto first minister of France. Richelieu danced (1634–1648). He significantly strengthened the royal power and strengthened the centralization of the country. As a result of the Thirty Years' War, France annexed Alsace and became the most powerful monarchy in Europe. In the 1701–1714 War for the Spanish Throne, England, Austria, and their allies tried to prevent French dominance in Europe. During the Seven Years' War (1756–1763), France lost most of its colonies in India and Canada and was forced to cede them to Great Britain. As a result of the French Revolution, which began in 1789, monarchy and feudalism. regimes were abolished and the First Republic was proclaimed. In 1792, the revolutionary wars began. It ended with the rise to power of Napoleon Bonaparte and the defeat of France as a result of a Europe-wide war. Royal power was restored in the country. In 1848, as a result of the February Revolution, the Second Republic was established. Taking advantage of the conflict between liberals and socialists, Louis Napoleon proclaimed the Second Empire in 1852 and ascended the throne. As a result of the Franco-Prussian war in 1870-1871, France lost Alsace and Lorraine, and the Second Empire was destroyed. By the end of the 19th century, the establishment of the colonial empire was largely over. In 1914-1918, France took part in the First World War as part of the Entente. In 1919, Alsace and Lorraine were returned to France under the Treaty of Versailles. In the 1920s and 1930s, economic crises often occurred in the country. As a result, the labor movement grew stronger and fascist organizations were created. In 1936, the People's Front was created, fascist organizations were banned, and measures were implemented to improve the conditions of workers (40-hour work week, paid vacation, etc.). In 1938, the People's Front disintegrated. World War II started badly for France. In 1940, France was occupied by Germany. The new head of the cabinet, Marshal Henri Pétain, signed an armistice with Germany and agreed to divide the country into two regions. One of them was the territory of North and South-West France occupied by the Germans, and the other was the region of the autonomous French state, which included the rest of France and overseas territories, with Vichy as its capital. Marshal Pétain was appointed president of this French state. In 1944, France was liberated by the Allied army. The French National Liberation Committee in Algeria declared itself the Provisional Government of the French Republic. In 1946, the constitution of the Fourth Republic was adopted. Although France joined NATO in 1949, it left its military structure in 1966. After the war, the colonial system of F began to disintegrate. In 1954, after the eight-year war, F. He left Indochina. On November 1, 1954, a national liberation uprising began in Algeria. In March 1956, France was forced to recognize the independence of Morocco and Tunisia. In November 1956, France took an active part in the Anglo-French-Israeli aggression against Egypt. In such a difficult situation, in 1957, several countries in Western Europe signed an agreement on the creation of the "Common Market". However, the failures in Algeria, the collapse of the Suez provocation, and the increase in military spending led to the crisis of the Fourth Republic. Reactionary forces revolted in the army and the country. In May 1958, they started a rebellion against the republic in Algeria. The leadership of the French army in Algeria also joined the rebels and demanded the creation of a "National Salvation" government headed by General Charles de Gaulle. On June 1, the National Assembly approved Gaulle's emergency powers bills. In 1958, the constitution of the Fifth Republic expanded the powers of the executive power. The President had the right to dissolve the National Assembly, hold a referendum, present draft laws, and take over the entire power of the government in emergency situations. As a result of the elections on December 21, 1958, Gaul was elected president. In 1958-1960, the French colonies in Africa - Guinea, Sudan, Senegal, Madagascar, Dahomey, Niger, Upper Volta, Côte d'Ivoire, Chad, Central African Republic, Congo, Gabon, Mauritania, Togo and Cameroon - gained independence. In 1962, after a long war, Algeria gained full independence. Between 1960 and 1990, France had a developed economy and was democratic. has become one of the leading countries in the world with a fully formed society. In 1981, the socialist Francois Mitterrand was elected as the country's president for the first time. Since 1995, Jacques Chirac has been the country's president. ## Politics France is divided into 18 regions, 12 of which are located on the European continent, one (Corsica) is located on the island of Corsica, and five more are located on the other side of the ocean. Regions do not have legal autonomy, but they can set their own taxes and approve budgets. The 18 regions are divided into 101 departments, as well as the metropolitan area of Lyon, which consists of 342 arrondissements and 4,039 cantons. France is made up of 36,682 communes. The department of Paris consists of a single commune. Each of the five overseas territories (Guadeloupe, Martinique, French Guiana, Réunion, Mayotte) has one division. The Corsica region (which includes 2 departments) has the special status of an administrative-territorial unit, which differs from other regions of the metropolis (from mainland France). It has independent governing bodies that are not subordinate to the center. In 2003, a referendum on the unification of the 2 departments of Corsica failed. All these regions are part of the European Union. We can say that the French Republic includes: * Metropolis (divided into 13 regions, 96 departments and Lyon Metropolis). * 5 remote departments: Guadeloupe, Martinique, Guiana, Reunion, Mayotte. * 5 remote areas: French Polynesia, Wallis and Futuna Islands, Saint-Pierre and Miquelon, Saint-Barthelemy, Saint-Martin. * 3 regions with special status: New Caledonia, Clipperton, South of France and Antarctic regions. ### Basics of the state system France is a unitary republic of the presidential type. The main law of the state is the constitution adopted on October 4, 1958. It regulates the activities of the authorities of the Fifth Republic: establishes the republican presidential-parliamentary form of government (Constitution of the French Republic, part 2). The Constitution of the French Republic was revised several times according to the following articles: * election of the President on the basis of direct universal suffrage (1962), * introduction of a new section of the Constitution on the criminal responsibility of members of the government ( 1993 ), * the introduction of a single session of the parliament and the expansion of the competence of the referendum (1995), * the adoption of temporary measures regarding the status of New Caledonia (1998), * the creation of the Economic and Monetary Union, the election of men and women equal access to mandates and elective functions, recognition of the legal right of the International Criminal Court (1999), * reduction of the term of the presidential mandate from 7 to 5 years (2000), * reform of the criminal liability of the head of state, the death penalty approval of abolition in the Constitution, reform of the autonomy of New Caledonia (2007), * reform of the renewal of the state structure and establishment of balance in the distribution of powers (2008). In France, there is a Constitutional Council consisting of 9 members. Its task is to control the correctness of elections and laws amending the Constitution, as well as the constitutionality of laws proposed for consideration. ### Executive power The head of state and head of executive power is the president, currently Emmanuel Macron. In the fifth republic, the prime minister is responsible for domestic and economic policy and has the right to issue general decrees. He is considered responsible for the government's policy (Article 20). The Prime Minister directs the activities of the government and ensures the implementation of laws (Article 21). The prime minister is appointed by the president of the republic. The National Assembly does not need to approve his candidacy, as the National Assembly has the right to express no confidence in the government at any time. Usually, the prime minister holds the majority of seats in the National Assembly on behalf of the party. The prime minister prepares a list of ministers in his cabinet and submits it to the president for approval. The Prime Minister initiates and enforces laws in the National Assembly, which is also responsible for national defense. The Prime Minister signs the acts of the President, replacing him as the chairman of the councils and committees established by Article 15 of the Constitution. Since July 3, 2020, the government will be headed by Jean Castex. ### Legislature Legislative power in France belongs to the Parliament, which consists of two houses - the Senate and the National Assembly. Elected by indirect popular vote, the Senate of the Republic consists of 348 senators, of which 305 are from the metropolitan area, 9 from remote territories, 5 from the French community and 12 from French citizens living abroad. Senators are elected for a six-year term (from 2003 to 2003 - 9 years) by an electoral college consisting of members of the National Assembly, general councilors and delegates of municipal councils, and the senate is renewed every three years. ## Economy A member of the leading industrialized countries of the Group of Seven (formerly the Group of Eight), as of 2020 it is the tenth largest economy in the world in terms of purchasing power parity and the second largest in the EU is considered France joined 11 other EU members to adopt the euro in 1999, and euro coins and banknotes completely replaced the French franc (₣) in 2002. France has a diversified economy, where the service sector dominates (accounted for 78.8% of GDP in 2017), while the industrial sector accounted for 19.5% of GDP, with the remaining 1.7 % belonged to the primary sector. It is the fifth largest trading country in the world (and second in Europe after Germany). It is the third largest producing country in Europe after Germany and Italy. France is also the most visited country in the world, as well as the leading agricultural power of the European Union. France was the largest recipient of foreign direct investment in Europe in 2019, ranked second in spending on research and development in Europe, ranked among the 10 most innovative countries in the world according to the Bloomberg Innovation Index in 2020, and also ranked among the 2019 global competition was the 15th most competitive country in the world according to the capability report (up 2 places compared to 2018). According to the IMF, in 2020 France was the 20th country in the world in terms of GDP per capita, $39,257 per inhabitant. In 2019, France scored 0.901 on the United Nations Human Development Index (which indicates a very high level of human development) and ranked 23rd on the 2019 Corruption Perceptions Index. In 2018, France was the 5th largest trading country in the world and also the second largest trading country in Europe after Germany. The financial services, banking and insurance sector is an important part of the economy. In France, there are three major financial institutions owned by their clients. The Paris Stock Exchange (French: La Bourse de Paris) is an old institution founded in 1724 by Louis XV. In 2000, the Paris, Amsterdam and Brussels exchanges joined Euronext. In 2007, Euronext merged with the New York Stock Exchange to form the world's largest NYSE Euronext exchange. Euronext Paris, the French branch of the NYSE Euronext group, is the 2nd largest stock market in Europe after the London Stock Exchange. French companies maintained their leading positions in insurance and banking: AXA was the third insurance company in the world in terms of total non-bank assets in 2019. Leading French banks BNP Paribas and Crédit Agricole are among the top 10 banks by assets in 2020 according to the S&P Global Market Intelligence report. According to the same source, Société Générale and Groupe BPCE were the 17th and 19th largest banks in the world in 2020, respectively. France is a member of the Eurozone (about 330 million consumers), which is part of the European Single Market (more than 500 million consumers). Several internal commercial policies are defined by agreements between European Union (EU) members and EU legislation. France introduced the common European currency, the euro, in 2002. ### Foreign economic relations French economy has become an integral part of the world economy. Foreign trade is the basis for economic growth, characterized by a positive balance. In terms of the volume of exports, the country leads only Germany in Western Europe, the total value of French exports is 5.1% of world exports. Machinery and equipment 43 and agricultural products and raw materials 20 dominate the export structure. In recent years, it has taken the second place after the USA in terms of foreign sales of military equipment and weapons. In terms of the volume of imports, France shares the third place with Japan, after the USA and Germany. France is an international tourism center. Currently, France receives about 77 million foreign tourists a year. Tourism is of great importance in the development of foreign economic relations of the country. ### Industry France is a highly developed industrial-agrarian country. In terms of the total volume of industrial production, it ranks 4th in the world (after USA, Japan, Germany), 2nd in Europe after Germany. Annual per capita national income is 24,990 US dollars (2003). France takes the 3rd place in the world in the production of cars, and the 1st place in Europe in the production of aviation and space equipment. It also exports a large amount of weapons, equipment for nuclear power plants, chemicals, fabrics and clothing. The leading branches of French industry include automobile manufacturing, chemistry and petrochemicals, aircraft manufacturing (airbuses and military aircraft), electronics, metallurgy, and the production of railway equipment. France ranks first in the world in the production of perfumes, cosmetics and high-end fashion clothes. About 3.5 million per year. if a car is produced, about half of it is exported. More than 90% of cars are produced by "Renault" and "Peugeot-Citroen" companies. Ship and machine building, agricultural machinery production is also well developed. About 1/5 of the industry's products are produced in and around Paris, as well as in Lyon and the northern districts. The basis of export is industrial equipment, household goods, agricultural products, chemical goods and raw materials, garments, clothes, shoes, perfumes and cosmetics, cars. Imports consumer goods and industrial raw materials. Main trading partners: Germany, Italy, Belgium, Luxembourg, Great Britain and USA. France ranks 12th among trade partners of Kazakhstan. French enterprises are gradually increasing the pace of their activities in Kazakhstan. 2005 Trade turnover between the Republic of Kazakhstan and France is 2665.1 mln. amounted to dollars. Kazakhstan supplies France with oil, minerals, raw materials of the chemical industry, hides and grain. France mainly receives medicines, food products, spare parts, cars, household electronics, wine, seafood, cheese, perfumes and cosmetics, high fashion clothes. Currently, 19 small enterprises with French businessmen are registered in Kazakhstan. 4 French banks are cooperating with Kazakhstan, many French companies are working in oil and gas, mining, energy, transport and service industries. 2004 On March 10, the sixth meeting of the Kazakh-French intergovernmental commission on economic cooperation was held in Paris. After the Second World War, the French government, in addition to rebuilding its war-torn economy, began to develop completely new industries. Since 1950, industrial production has increased almost 4 times, and the number of people working in industry has decreased by 1.5 million people in the last 20 years. This became possible as a result of the increase in labor productivity and structural changes in the industrial system. Currently, the country ranks fifth in the world in terms of the volume of industrial production. The industry provides 25.4% of the country's gross national product. In recent decades, traditional industries, which have been a symbol of the country's economic power, have lost their leading role and are giving way to new industries. Agricultural production In terms of production of agricultural products, France ranks 3rd in the world after the USA and Canada. It is fully self-sufficient in agricultural products and exports 40% of them. France is the largest producer of grain, butter, beef and cheese in Europe. The main field of crop production is the cultivation of grain crops (the main ones are wheat, corn, rye, barley, rice). Potatoes, sugar beets, sunflowers, rapeseed are also grown in large quantities. Floriculture is developed in the Nice region. The main part of grapes is used for making wine (about 60 million l per year), the most famous types are champagne, cahor, cognac. Fruits (apples, pears, peaches, citrus fruits and plums on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea) and vegetables are grown. Cattle (20.6 million heads), pigs, sheep, horses are bred. The main fishing ports are located on the Atlantic coast (Boulogne, Lorient, La Rochelle). Chemical industry Chemical industry specializes in the production of mineral fertilizers, synthetic rubber and plastics, perfumes, and medicines. There are many large oil and chemical enterprises. The chemical industry is closely related to biotechnology and genetic engineering. Textile industry Although the textile industry has lost its former significance, France occupies one of the leading places in Europe in the production of clothing and fabrics (cotton, silk, synthetic, wool, hemp, linen fabrics are produced ). Cheese, wines, confectionery products produced by French enterprises are famous all over the world. Ferrous metallurgy industry The ferrous metallurgy industry, which uses the resources of the Lorraine iron ore basin, has been in crisis since the 70s of the 20th century. It has more powerful competitors in Europe and the world market, such as Brazil, Eastern European countries, Korea, etc. appeared affected. As a result of the measures aimed at the development of this branch of industry within the framework of the European Union, it became possible to organize production more efficiently and re-equip it. Inefficient enterprises in the central areas were closed, and the main metallurgical complexes were concentrated in the north near Dunkirk and in the Moselle river valley in Lorraine. Currently, 19 million tons of steel is produced per year. There were also territorial changes in aluminum production. Previously, they were mainly located near hydroelectric power stations in the Alps and Pyrenees, but now they have been moved to port cities that receive imported raw materials. Textile industry The French textile industry, which includes textile, dyeing, carpet weaving, and floor covering production, has not lost its leading position in the world. In this field, the DMC companies, specializing in the production of cotton fabrics, and "Sharzher-textile", which is the first in the world in the production of woolen fabrics, stand out. Nowadays, in addition to imported wool and cotton, artificial fibers are also widely used in these enterprises. The main centers are Mulhouse, Troyes, Lyon and near Paris. Machine-building industry In the machine-building industry, the fields of production of vehicles and electrical equipment are strongly developed. The country has a special place in the development of the world automobile industry. Founded by the Renault brothers in 1898, the company produced its first car, and 15 years later, this small enterprise turned into a large concern producing a variety of cars. Currently, this concern is considered state-owned. Trucks, buses, agricultural machines, as well as ship and aircraft engines are manufactured here. 3.5-4 million cars are produced in France per year, 9/10 of which are passenger cars. Currently, passenger cars are mainly produced by the Renault enterprise and the privately owned Peugeot-Citroen concern. French companies have opened factories that assemble car parts in 30 countries around the world. 60 of the cars produced in the country will be exported. Most often, French cars are bought by Portugal, Spain, Brazil and Southeast Asian countries. ### Agriculture France is one of the largest producers of agricultural products in Europe, one of the world leaders in cattle, pig, poultry and milk, egg and meat production. Agriculture accounts for about 4% of the GDP and 6% of the working population of the country. Agricultural lands cover 48 million hectares, which is 82% of the capital. A feature of the socio-economic structure is the small size of farms. The average land area is 28 ha.The average land area is 28 ha, which exceeds the corresponding figures of many EU countries. There is great fragmentation in land ownership. More than half of farms are on owner's land. Large farms are the leading force of production. 52% of agricultural lands belong to farms with more than 50 hectares, which is 16.8% of their total number. They provide 2/3 of the production, having a dominant position in the production of all branches of agriculture. The main branch of agriculture is meat and dairy cattle breeding. Crop production is dominated by grain production; the main crops are wheat, barley, corn. Winemaking (world leader in wine production), vegetable growing and horticulture are developed; flower growing; Fishing and oyster farming are developed. Agricultural products: wheat, groats, sugar beets, potatoes, wine grapes; beef, dairy products; fish. Agriculture is highly industrialized. It ranks second after the Netherlands, Germany, and Denmark in terms of saturation with technology and use of chemical fertilizers. Technical equipment of farms, improvement of their agricultural culture led to increase of self-sufficiency in agricultural products of the country. It is more than 200% for grain, sugar, and more than 100% for butter, eggs, and meat. ## Nature Most of France is located in the area of broad-leaved forests. The far south is occupied by Mediterranean subtropics. The coasts are mainly low, accumulative or lagoonal, with bays protruding inland (Biscay on the Atlantic coast, Saint-Malo on the Mediterranean coast, Lyon on the Mediterranean coast), the coasts of the English Channel and Pas-de-Calais are abrasive, low-lying, but steep, Cotentin and The coasts of the Brittany peninsula are rias type. To the east of the Gulf of Lyon, the coast of the Mediterranean Sea is formed by rocky, seaward ridges of the Alps (called the French Riviera). 2/3 of its territory is low and high plains occupying the northern, central and western regions of the country. The largest of them is the Paris basin located in the north. The southwest is occupied by the plains of Aquitaine. In the northwest, the plains are joined by the Armorican Plateau, which is bounded in the northeast and east by the medium-altitude Ardennes (mostly outside France) and the Vosges Mountains. To the right lies the Central French Massif, an area formed by medium-high mountains with heavily deformed hills. Its central part (Auvergne) is characterized by a volcanic topography (volcanic dome of Mont-Dor, Cantal crater, chain of Pup cones). At the southern and southwestern edge of the massif is a system of karst mountain plains cut by deep canyons (Grand Cos, etc.). Crystallized low mountains (Limousin, Morvan, Cevennes, etc.) prevail in the south-western, south-eastern and eastern regions. Between the Alps and the Central French massif is the Rhône valley. France also includes a small western part of the Upper Rhine basin. In the southwest, the Western Alps stretch in the submeridian direction. Its high part - the Savoie, Gray, Cote and Seaside Alps - consists of crystalline ridges cut longitudinally and horizontally by deep valleys, with many glaciers. On the western edge of the Alps, there are medium-high mountains with karst limestone ridges, strongly fragmented by erosion. The northern extension of these mountains is the Jura Mountains. The south-west of the country is occupied by the Pyrenees Mountains (the highest point is Mount Vinmal - 3298 m). It is connected to Aquitaine in the north by steep slopes with deep plains. The topography of the island of Corsica is characterized by mountains of medium height (the highest point is Mount Cento - 2710 m). Mont Blanc (4807 m) is considered the highest peak of France and Western Europe. Most of the territory of France belongs to the Hercynian fold region. The present-day territory of France was formed as a result of a general upheaval that ended at the end of the Cenozoic. The main mineral resources are iron ore, bauxite, potassium salts, natural gas and hard coal, uranium. Iron ore deposits (Metz-Thionville, Longueuil, Brie, Nancy) are associated with Jurassic sediments of the Lorraine basin, and large bauxite deposits are associated with Mesozoic limestones of Provence. The main deposits of potassium salts are in Alsace, and natural gas and small oil deposits are in the Aquitaine basin. The main coal basins of France, Valenciennes and Lorraine, are associated with the fold base of the Epihercynian platform. There are also deposits of tungsten, antimony, lead, zinc, tin, gold and silver, sulfur and sulfur pyrite, various building materials. The climate of the majority of the country is temperate maritime, transitional to continental in the east, Mediterranean subtropical (dry summer, rainy winter) on the shores of the Mediterranean Sea. The average temperature in the plains and low mountains in the east and northeast in January and February is 1 — 3°C, in the west and southwest -5 — 7°C, in the south 8 — 10°C. The average temperature in the plains in July and August is 16 — 18°С in the north, 20 — 24°С in the south-west and south. The highest amount of annual precipitation (1500 — 2000 mm) falls on the western slopes of the Alps, the Vosges, the Cevennes and the western part of the Pyrenees. In the peninsulas of Brittany and Cotentin, in Western Aquitaine, this figure is equal to 800 — 1200 mm, in other plains to 600 — 800 mm. Minimum amount of precipitation. (500 — 800 mm) descends in the Rhone basin in the mountain valleys and the eastern part of the Mediterranean coast. Although there is no permanent snow cover in the plains, it snows every year. Permanent snow cover in the mountains is observed at an altitude of 500 — 1000 m, at an altitude of 2500 — 3000 m it lasts from 7 to 11 months. Cree rivers — Loire, Rhone, Seine, Garonne. Rivers in the northern and western regions of the country flow through wide plains, are filled with rainwater, have plenty of water throughout the year, and do not freeze on the surface. The rivers are navigable and connected to each other by canals. Starting from the Alps and the Pyrenees, the rivers flow through deep plains, filled with snow and glacier melt. The southern part of Lake Geneva is located on the territory of France, there are no other large lakes in the country. Forests cover 27% of the country's territory. Cree forest massifs in the west of Aquitaine (mainly hand-planted cypress forests), east of the Paris basin and in the Alps and Pyrenees. In the east of Aquitaine, oak forests are combined with hand-planted spruce forests, and subtropical shrubs are found. In the north of the country, shamshat, oak and locust forests grow. In the south, evergreen species of oak, rare forests of southern species of cypress, garigue and maquis bushes dominate. In medium-altitude mountains, forests cover areas up to the top of the mountain. Forest areas and mountains are inhabited by wild forest cats, foxes, roe deer, wild boars, squirrels, hares, deer, and whites. In the high mountains, there are tauveshki, gazelle, alpine marmot, and atjalman. Blackbirds, sparrows, sparrows, sparrows, pigeons, horses, deer, deer, etc. birds are widespread. Flamingos are found in the south. The rivers and seas surrounding France are rich in fish. There are more than 3,000 protected areas (1975), national parks (Ecrenes, Cévennes, Vanoise, etc.), many reserves and nature reserves. ## Kazakhstan and France The French Republic officially recognized the sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan on January 7, 1992. Diplomatic relations between the two countries were established during the official visit of French Foreign Minister Roland Dumas to Almaty on January 25, 1992. Soon, the French embassy was opened in Almaty. In September 1992, during the visit of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev to France, an agreement on mutual friendship, understanding and cooperation was signed between the two countries. This agreement includes issues of cooperation in energy, mineral extraction, industry, agriculture, scientific research, training of specialists. In 1993, the French government granted a loan of 300 million French francs to Kazakhstan as economic aid. Trade turnover between Kazakhstan and France in 2008 amounted to 6.201 billion dollars. And Kazakhstan mainly exports oil, metals and metal devices, chemical products, agricultural products to France. Kazakhstan receives electrical and electronic products and their equipment, medical drugs, automobiles, food products and construction materials from France. At this point, it should be noted that France supplies wine, seafood raw materials, clothes, and other household goods as elite goods. The rate of mutual investment of the two countries is also improving year by year. According to the data of the Ministry of Economy of France, France invested in the economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the total amount of 2.005 billion euros. Kazakhstan's investment in France's economy is 10 million euros. 4 million of it was built in 2008. Currently, a number of French companies are successfully working in Kazakhstan. In particular, cooperation between the two countries is well established in the field of fuel and energy. For example, currently more than 40 French companies are working in Kazakhstan's oil and gas, mining, energy, transport and service industries. As of January 1 of this year, 25 enterprises with the participation of French capital are functioning properly in Kazakhstan. These enterprises are mainly engaged in trade, transport and logistics services. In Kazakhstan-France relations, we can expect a lot from financial and banking cooperation in the future. This is evidenced by the fact that "Societe Zhenegal", "Natexis Bank Populeg", "BNP Pagiba" and "Kaliong" banks are currently operating in Kazakhstan. The work of the Commission on Intergovernmental Economic Cooperation in the development of economic relations between the two states can be positively evaluated, as was clarified in the meeting and negotiations of the heads of state. In general, the said commission, which has been working since 1992, has held eight meetings during this period. They are discussing many issues related to the development of relations between Kazakhstan and France. Cultural and humanitarian relations between Kazakhstan and France have been developing well in recent years. In 1993, an intergovernmental agreement aimed at revitalizing relations in this field was signed between the two countries. Today, these relations are the basis of communication between the people of the two countries in the fields of culture and art. Since then, a representative office of the cultural education agency "Alliance Fagansez" has been opened in Almaty. This agency has branches in 139 countries. They are mainly the French government's main tool for the development of Francophonie and cultural-humanitarian cooperation. Also, educational relations between Kazakhstan and France are developing well. As the President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev noted at the press conference, many young people of Kazakhstan are studying at prestigious higher educational institutions of France under the "Bolashak" program and are currently contributing to the development of the country's economy. ## Literature On the territory of France lived several literatures that were closely related to each other. The literature of the Celts (Gauls), whose songs and legends have not been preserved, was formed much earlier, and Breton literature was a branch of it. Since the 10th century, Provençal literature began to develop in the south of the country. Catalan literature (in Roussillon) could not go beyond the regional framework. Until the 18th century, literature in Latin was dominant. The oral literature of the Middle Ages begins with poems, legends and fairy tales, which were later edited or preserved as written down. The first written literature in the French language - works on a religious theme ("Cantilena of St. Eulalia", etc.) belongs to the second half of the 9th century. In the 10th and 11th centuries, the first epic poems-gestures appeared among the military units, which were produced by jugglers who were familiar with both Latin traditions and oral literature. They were dedicated to the historical events of the 8th-10th centuries ("Song of Roland" dedicated to Charles the Great and his companions, etc.). In the 13th century, courtly literature and urban literature appeared in the vicinity of the palace, in a serial direction. In the 14th and 15th centuries, poets developed the methods of courtly lyrics, and the former poet. improved topics. Serial novels of the 14th and 15th centuries were full of national issues and folk songs ("Melusina", 14th century, "History of Jean de Santre", 15th century). At the end of the 15th century, France entered the Renaissance. Relations with Italy strengthened, book printing began to develop, interest in the ancient world grew. The most prominent representative of Renaissance literature was François Rabelais. In the middle of the 16th century, the French poets deepened the moral content of poetry and combined it with new forms (sonnet, ode, bucolic, epic poem, etc.). enriched, created conditions for the formation of a national literary language. At the beginning of the 17th century, realistic classicism and baroque directions appeared in French literature. The founder and outstanding representative of classicism comedy — Zh. B. P. It was Moliere. Towards the end of the 17th century, Enlightenment tendencies were gaining strength in French culture. Rococo literature appeared. In the first half of the 18th century, comedy and novel genre developed. If the comedy continues the tradition of Moliere (S. Dufresne, J.F. Renyar, etc.), A. R. The world in the works of Lesage (1668 — 1747). sharpness and household realism increased ("Turkare", 1709). Sh. L. Montesquieu ("Persian Letters", 1721) skillfully portrayed satirically. In the literature of the 1st half of the 18th century, F. M. Voltaire played a leading role. Since 1751, D. Diderot, J.L. Dalambert, Vol. b. educators began to publish "Encyclopedia". Diderot created the "peasant drama" genre. Among his followers M.Zh. Seden (1719 — 97), L. S. Mercier (1740 — 1814), P. O. K. Beaumarchais, vol. b. was. Eschewing Enlightenment rationalism, sentimentalism emerged in literature. Its prominent representative Zh. J. Rousseau's works described a new type of people. The 2nd stage of French romanticism was evident in the works of V. Hugo. Signs of realism P. L. In the pamphlets of Courier (1772 — 1825), P. J. Beranger, E. Moreau, O. Appeared in Barbier's satirical poems and songs. Psychol in realism. the strengthening of the direction is associated with the name of F. Stendhal; Honoré de Balzac wrote the epic "The Comedy of Man" consisting of 90 works. P. Mérimée (1803-70) was a master of the realistic novel. By the end of the 19th century, naturalism took place in prose. Short stories and novels of Guy de Maupassant, A. Satirical works of Dode (1840-97) and scientific adventure novels of J. Verne were widely recognized. A. The novels of Dumas (father) were an example of skillfully combining different styles. Among the outstanding representatives of French literature of the 20th century, A. France, R. Rolland, Louis Aragon, J. P. Sharbol, A. Barbus, A. Style, J. P. Satr, vol. b. there is F. from French literature. Rabelais's "Gargantua and Pantagruel" (1938), Hugo's "Gavroche" (1972), Verne's "Mysterious Island" (1959), "The Fifteen-Year-Old Captain" (1954), "Captain Grant's Children" (1956), A. Barbus "Fire" (1956), A. Style's "The First Shot", Guy de Maupassant's "Life" (1970), A. Dumas's "Three Noyans", vol. b. novels, short stories were published in Kazakh language (some of them several times). Some works of Kazakh poets (M. Auezov - "Abai Zholy", A. Nurpeyisov - "Twilight", etc.) were translated into French. 2005 N. at the Paris book fair in March. A. There was a presentation of Nazarbayev's book "Critical Ten Years" in French. ## Art The oldest monuments of art on the territory of France belong to the Paleolithic era (Lasco, La Madeleine, Duc de Audubre). Megalithic structures were built in Karnak during the Neolithic and Bronze Age. At the beginning of the 6th century AD, ancient Greek colonies appeared on the coast of Southern France and had a significant influence on the culture of the Celtic tribes. After the conquest by the Romans, ancient Gallo-Roman art developed in Gallic (Celtic) cities: temples, theaters, triumphal arches, and tombs were built. Sarcophagi, reliefs on coffins, mosaics were created, elements of the Roman style were combined with local symbols of Celtic traditions. In the Middle Ages, the traditions of Carolingian art became the basis for the formation of the Romanesque style (10th-12th centuries). Since then, a medieval French town with 2-3-story houses began to take shape. The construction of churches and monasteries played a leading role in Romanesque architecture. In the 12th century, the foundations of Gothic were formed in the cities of Northern France. The city streets began to be built according to a special plan. The main public buildings of cities were cathedrals. Castles turned into palaces full of rich decorations (Papal Palace in Avignon — Pierrefond Castle, 1390-1420). In the second half of the 15th century, the French Renaissance began to take shape. Local craftsmen, who learned from Italian masters (including Leonardo da Vinci) invited by the royal court, flourished. The pearl of the renaissance was the new building of the Louvre in Paris (arch. P. Lescaut, sculptor J. Goujon). At the beginning of the 16th century, the center of art moved to the royal palace. After the expeditions to Italy, antique sculptures, works of the Italian Renaissance were brought to France. Culture near the palace contributed to the development of Mannerism. Drawing portraits with pencil and oil paints developed. The humanist ideals of the renaissance were reflected in sculpture. Due to the strengthening of absolutism in the 17th century, the task of glorifying the personality and power of the monarch was put before art. The Royal Academy of Fine Arts and Sculpture (1648), Architecture (1671) was established. Elements of classicism began to take place. Paris is built in a uniform style, geom. became more beautiful with square squares [Dauphin (1607), Vosges, Victory (1685 — 86), Vendome]. Strictly planned palaces in terms of composition (Palais Royale, 1629-36, arch. J. Lemercier), public buildings [Home for the Invalids (1671-76), arch. J. Ardouin-Mansor, Sorbonne building with church (1629 — 54), arch. Sh. Lemercier)], triumphal arches, bridges were built. The appearance of castles outside the city has changed and turned into complexes with palaces and service buildings, parks. The most famous of them was the Palace of Versailles (arch. L. Leveau, J. Ardouin - Mansar, park designer - A. Lenotre). From the middle of the 17th century, classicism took a leading position in visual arts. Sh., the giant of the "grand style" direction, who led the enormous works of decorating the palaces in Paris and Versailles. It was Lebrun. At the beginning of the 18th century, works of A. Watteau full of delicate psychology and poetry were painted. Although the appearance of Watteau's works was adopted by the Rococo style (F. Boucher), his real successor was French realism (M. C. Latour, J. B. Chardin, A. Houdon, M. E. Falcone). The traditions of classicism were revived in the architecture of the second half of the 18th century. A revolutionary classicism appeared, glorifying the heroes of ancient times who fought for freedom, and later the heroes of the revolution (Sh. L. David). During the Napoleonic Empire, the empire style (S. F. Shlyren, S. Persier, P. Fonschen) prevailed. Art masters of 1820-30 years (T. Jericho, E. Delacroix, sculptor F. Rud) opposed it, and in 1830-60 years. created conditions for the flourishing of critical realism (O. Daumier), realistic national landscape (K. Coro, representatives of the Barbizon school). After the revolution of 1848, realist works (G. Courbet, J.F. Millet) were born, praising the working man. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, eclecticism prevailed in architecture, and reinforced concrete structures (A. T. Eiffel) began to be used. Plenary impressionism (C. Monet, C. Pissarro, A. Sisley), new impressionism (J. Seurat, P. Signac) and post-impressionism (Van Gogh, P. Gauguin, Henri de Toulouse-Lautrec, P. Cézanne) directions of new representation (E. Manet, E. Degas, O. Renoir, sculptor O. Rodin) became rich. At the beginning of the 20th century, O. Perre used reinforced concrete structures, Le Corbusier, etc. improved the effective principles of modern architecture. Various building materials (reinforced concrete, glass, metal, plastic, etc.) were boldly used in the construction work of the 20th century (E. Baudouin, M. Lods, A. Lursa, P. Vago, B. Zerfus). A number of cities were rebuilt with new projects (Le Havre, Saint-Denis, etc.). At the beginning of the 20th century, many new trends in fine art: Fauvism (A. Matisse, A. Deren, M. Vlaminck), Cubism (P. Picasso, J. Braque, F. Leger), Dadaism (M. Duchamp), Surrealism (I. Tangi), v. b. appeared. A. Mayol, A. Burdel, Sh. Despio created sculptures with lifelike, deep content. 2nd world. after the war, the new realism movement (A. Fougeron, B. Taslitsky) took off. France is also famous for fashion and applied arts (fabrics, furniture, ceramics, tapestries, glass, enamel, lace, jewelry, etc.). French folk songs, which form the basis of the country's musical culture, have their origins in the songs of the Celtic, Gaulish and Frankish tribes that inhabited the territory of modern France. In the 9th century, singing schools (metris) near monasteries and castles played an important role in the development of music. Here students were taught to sing and play various instruments. At the same time, folk art, whose main performers were minstrels and jugglers, also developed. They told the audience the content of the ballads, sang educational and funny songs, and danced cheerfully to the accompaniment of percussion and wind instruments. In the 11th and 13th centuries, the art of wandering singers-troubadours flourished. 1528 P. Attenyan is a musician who produces collections of secular vocal works and instrumental pieces (for harpsichord, harpsichord, spinet, harp, guitar, wind instruments) in Paris. founded the publishing house. 1581 B. Baltazarini from Italy staged the first French ballet performance called "Comedy Ballet of the Queen" in the Louvre. Musicians and opera troupes from Venice and Bologna were invited to Paris. One of the first French operas was written by composer R. Camber together with poet P. Perrin ("Pastoral", 1659). They lived in 1669-71. organized a permanent opera theater (later "Grand Opera"). A symphony appeared in the middle of the 18th century (F. J. Gossek). 1830 — 40 years. Paris is a world that attracts musicians from other countries. became one of the centers. Here musicians F. Liszt and F. Chopin, singers P. Viardo-Garcia and M. Malibran honed their skills and published. achieved success. Since the 19th century, French violin and vocal schools have become famous around the world. Concerts of the Paris Conservatory Society were held since 1828, in 1835. Choir society of amateurs - "Orfeon" was organized. In the first half of the 19th century, the famous composer, conductor and critic G. Berlioz became famous, the creator of romantic-programmatic symphony ("Fantastic Symphony", 1830). Interest in cafe-concerts, theater revues, chansonnier, cancan art has increased. Prominent representatives of the operetta genre — J. Offenbach, Sh. Lecoq, R. Plunkett, F. Hervé, v. b. was. In the 2nd half of the 19th century, the realist current in French opera became stronger and the genre of lyrical opera was formed. He especially Sh. It was perfected in the work of Gounod ("Faust, 1859, "Romeo and Juliet", 1867). Lyrical operas in 1851. It was performed in the "Theater of Lyrics" opened in Paris. In this genre, A. Thomas ("Mignon", 1866, "Hamlet", 1868), J. Massenet ("Manon", 1884), K. Saint-Saëns ("Samson and Delilah", 1877), L. Delibes ("Lakme", 1883) stood out. The peak of operatic realism in French music — J. It was Bizet's work. Symphonic orchestras of high performance were created. (Sh. Podlu, 1861). At the beginning of the 20th century, the direction of impressionism gained momentum in French music. Claude Debussy was the founder of this trend. After the First World War, the directions of neoclassicism and expressionism became stronger. Composer E. Sati together with dramatic painter J. Koksho led the movement of young musicians against impressionism. Composers following in their footsteps are A. Onegger, D. Millau, F. Poulenc, J. Orik, L. Durey, J. Taifer is called "Six". association was established. To them I. F. Stravinsky's music and American jazz, which first appeared in Europe, had a significant influence. After the Second World War, new directions appeared. Among the most famous French performers of the 20th century: conductor - K. Chevillier, P. Monche, I. Markevich, A. Cluishens, S. Münsch, L. Forestier, P. Pare, S. Bruck, S. Bodo, S. Marchinon, P. Boulez; pianists — L. Diemer, I. Nat, A. Corto, M. Long, R. Casadejus, S. Francois, J. B. Pommier, M. Bricholieri, M. Aaz; violinists — Jacques Thibault, Z. Francescatti, J. Neve; cellists - P. Fournier, P. Tortelier, singers - D. Duval, J. Crespin, J. Giridou; chansonniere — A. Bruan, M. Chevalier, Mistanget, E. Piaf, S. Regjani, J. Beko, Sh. Trene, J. Brassens, M. Mathieu, P. Kaas, D. Dassen, et al. belongs to. Brothers L. and the first public screening of cinematographic art invented by O. Lumières ("The arrival of the train", "Breastfeeding", etc.) took place in Paris on December 28, 1895. In the initial stage of French cinema, J. Méliès, the inventor of shooting difficult scenes that required skill, the author of "kinopherie" played an important role in the "Film Dar" company, which attracted prominent dramatists, theater actors and musicians to work in the field of cinema. Film comedies shot with the participation of M. Linder, provocative collections of L. Feyad became famous all over the world. Before the Second World War, French cinema produced almost 90% of all film products in the world (firms "Pate" and "Gomont"). In the post-war years, it was called "Avangard" and included L. Delluk, A. Hans, M. L. Erbier, J. A group was formed that included film theorists and masters like Dulac. A group of realist directors who joined the "avant-garde" movement, based on the traditions of other forms of art, presented a number of significant works to the attention of the audience. Film clubs promoting the best examples of world cinema have appeared. Since 1930, sound films have been released. After the Second World War, a group of French film masters called "New Wave" appeared. The artistic skill of the cinema has been improved, and in a short time more than 150 new directors came to the cinema. Their most famous works are "Fanfan-Tulip" (1952), "The Name of the Law" (1958), "Yo-yo" (1965) by P. Etex, etc. was. Zh. is among the most famous French film actors of the second half of the 20th century. Moreau, J. L. Trentignan, J. P. Belmondo, K. Denev, A. Delon, A. Girardot, J. Depardieu, Reno, J. Mare, P. Richard, v. b. belongs to. 1943 with the training of directors, cameramen and other film professionals in France. organized higher institute of film education. About 300 different films are shot a year. 1972 The Museum of Cinema History was opened. Since 1946, the International Film Festival has been held in Cannes. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4877

Order of the Golden Eagle

"Altyn Kyran" is a high-ranking distinctive sign of the Republic of Kazakhstan. With this order, citizens are awarded for special public service to the Republic of Kazakhstan. Candidates for awarding the "Altyn Kyran" order are determined by the President of Kazakhstan. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is awarded the special order "Golden Eagle". ## Description The insignia of the order consists of a badge and a star in the chain of the order. The insignia of the order is made of gold in the form of a five-pointed star with rounded ends, covered with blue enamel and ending with an ornamental element at the bottom. Between the star rays are fan-shaped strahls, in the center of which four diamonds are attached. In the center of the sign is a golden eagle on a blue enamel background in a circle bordered with white gold grains. Below is the inscription "GOLDEN EAGLE" in gold letters in a circle on the background of a red enamel ribbon. Above the eagle, three ruby stones are fixed in a circle within a geometric pattern. The insignia of the order is attached to a double-ordered cerium by means of a keychain with an element of the National Flag of Kazakhstan - a stylized eagle and a sun, attached to a double necklace with seventeen alternating links depicting the Coat of Arms of Kazakhstan. On the left and right side of the key chain, on the back side of the link, there is a needle with a shield fastener for attaching the necklace to clothes. The star of the order is large and visually repeats the insignia, except for the enamel and stral diamonds covering the star rays. The rays of the star are angular. When the order was established, the insignia did not include the star and chain of the order, and the insignia of the order was stretched with the help of a fixing plate and attached to a figured pedestal with a silk ribbon of the color of the National Flag with a red stripe in the middle. As a result of the reform of the order in 1999, the award acquired its modern form. For everyday wear, there is a miniature of the order in the form of a small star of the order hanging from a ribbon of the order's color. ## Recipients Currently, 7 individuals have been awarded the Order of the Golden Eagle, including: * Nursultan Nazarbayev * Islam Karimov (1997) - President of Uzbekistan * Boris Yeltsin (1997) - President of Russia * Gerhard Schroeder (2003) - Chancellor of Germany * Leonid Kuchma - President of Ukraine * Elizabeth II - Queen of Britain \< > ## Gallery * * * * * * ## See more * State of Kazakhstan awards ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3399

Қостанай

Kostanay is the administrative, economic and cultural center of Kostanay region. One of the largest rail, air and road junctions in Kazakhstan. It is located in the central part of the Kostanai plain, which forms the southwestern edge of the steppe belt of the West Siberian Lowland. It is located on the bank of the Tobyl river, where the Abilsay and Kostanay tributaries flow into it. The territory of the land is 8991 hectares. The population is 247,246 people (2019). ## History Kostanay is one of the indigenous settlements in this plateau. It was founded in 1897. Due to the decree of the Russian king, the Russian peasants who moved from the Volga region and Orynbor gubernia settled in the settlement named "Kostanai", which was taken from the local Kazakh tribes. At first it was called Ordabay, then Nikolaevka. 1893 In accordance with the territorial-administrative division of the former Torgai region, which was part of Kazakhstan, it was given the name "Kostanai" and became the center of Kostanai district. 1912 - 13 Due to the construction of the Chelyabinsk - Troitsk - Kostanai branch of the South Siberian Railway, Kostanai had the opportunity to make direct trade contacts with the Central Russian regions, which are somewhat advanced in terms of industrial development in Russia. As a result, Kostanay has become one of the largest trade centers in North Kazakhstan. Light and food industries, steam and diesel-powered mills, slaughterhouses, leather goods, etc. in the city. appeared. 1917 - 19 The Soviet government was established in Kostanai in 1920. of the district of the same name in the Aktobe region at that time, in 1925. of the province, 1936 became the center of the newly created Kostanay region. ## Economy Today, there is a komvol-shuga plant, which makes up light industry, "Bolshevikka" sewing, shoe factories, meat, milk, flour and bread, which make up the food industry. boilers, iron-concrete plants of the building materials industry and red and silicate brick materials, construction and installation equipment plant, aircraft engine, automobile and agricultural equipment repair plants of the machine-building and metalworking industry, chemical fiber plant of the chemical industry, heat of the electric power industry power plant, car repair plant, furniture manufacturing industry, household appliances, etc. works. ## Modern Kostanay Now there are 10 JSCs, 9 LLPs, and 4 SSCs in the industrial enterprises of the city. According to the data of 2000, there are 30 large enterprises in K, etc. association works. The Geological Department of North Kazakhstan and its central laboratory, A. Baitursynov State Pedagogical University, Institute of Agriculture, Departments of State Agricultural and Farming Design Institutes, Water Construction Design Institute, cooperative, automotive, construction colleges, 2 city vocational-technical, med. institutions, regional historical and geological museum, hydrometeorological bureau, 59 schools, 2 cultural centers, regional drama theater, philharmonic, 13 libraries are working. 12 hospitals from healthcare and rehabilitation institutions (regional and city clinics. hospital, railway and children's clinical hospitals, regional and city clinics, oncology, tuberculosis, psychiatric, venereology dispensaries, bone tuberculosis sanatorium, city trachoma hospital), 6 midwifery centers, 131 pharmacies, regional radio-television studios, stadium serve residents. ## Geography ### Climate ## External links * Information portal of the governor of Kostanay region Archived November 3, 2008. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2078

Jesus Christ

Jesus (Hebrew: ישוע‎; in the Qur'an - Jesus of Mary the Messiah (Arabic: المسيح يسيا عبن مريم‎); in the Bible - Jesus Christ (Gr. Iησοũς Χριστός)) is, according to the Christian religion, a god-man, the son of God in the Holy Trinity, and Islam according to religion, a messenger of God, a prophet sent to the children of Israel before Muhammad. His prophethood is recognized in Christianity, Islam, Baha'i and Babis. Jesus is one of the 25 prophets named in the Qur'an. His name is mentioned 25 times in the Quran. The birth of Prophet Jesus was a miracle, that is, God Almighty created him as a miracle without a father, that is, without the involvement of a man, only from a woman. ## Birth ### In Islam His mother is Hazrat Maryam. He is a direct descendant of the king-prophet Hazrat Suleiman, who ruled the whole world and knew the language of birds and animals. He was so pure, pure and very pious. Even before her mother gave birth to Maryam, she said: "O my Lord! Indeed, I completely freed my child in my womb from worldly affairs and called it to Your path. Accept (this offering) from me! Indeed, You are the All-Hearing, the Lord of Infinite Knowledge," he said, calling him to the path of God. Thus, Hazrat Maryam served in the holy temple from her childhood, received good education and moral education from Prophet Zakaria, and grew up drinking from the source of divine knowledge. At the age of adulthood, he isolated himself from the people and made a habit of worshiping his Lord day and night in a corner of the temple. One day, God Almighty sent the angel Gabriel to him in the form of a bright man with the good news: "You will find a son." Thus, by the will and power of God, Hazrat Maryam became pregnant with Prophet Jesus. This instructive story is narrated in the Surah Maryam of the Holy Qur'an as follows: ### In Christianity Also in the Book of Genesis. 3:15 speaks of the seed of the woman overcoming the serpent; it is believed to be the first place to speak of the coming of the Messiah, who would be born through the virgin birth. Only the evangelist Matthew (Matthew 1:18-25) and Luke give detailed information about the birth of Jesus Christ: According to the decree of the emperor, every inhabitant of the empire according to the genealogy of his tribe, in order to facilitate the census should come to "his city". Since Joseph was a descendant of David and Mary was betrothed to Joseph, they headed for Bethlehem. After the birth of Jesus, among those who came to worship him, the shepherds were the first to be informed of this event by the appearance of an angel. According to the Evangelist Matthew, a miraculous star appeared in the sky, which led the Magi to the baby Jesus. They offered gifts - gold, frankincense and myrrh; not as a babe, but as a King (Matthew 2:1-3). By this time the Holy Family had found shelter in the "house" (they may have returned to Nazareth two years later) and the word "child" was used in Greek to refer to Jesus. baby (Matthew 2:1-11). King Herod of Judea, who learned about the birth of Christ from the magicians and wanted to destroy him, ordered to kill all babies under two years of age. However, Christ was miraculously saved from death because the angel told Joseph and his family to flee to Egypt, where they lived until Herod's death (Matthew 2:16). Presumably, first Jesus was circumcised on the 8th day after his birth (Luke 2:21), and on the 40th day he sacrificed in the temple in Jerusalem (Luke 2:22-38), and only after about two years to the Magi worship, then flight to Egypt, slaughter of infants. ## Coming of Prophethood God Almighty revealed the Injil, one of the four holy books, to Jesus the son of Mary at the age of thirty, and sent him as the last prophet to the children of Israel. It is stated in Surah Maida of the Qur'an that Jesus as a prophet called to believe in one God: In one source it is said that only twelve people followed Jesus. In the Qur'an, they are called "Hawaris". The word Khawari means "white", "good" and "faithful friend". The disciples of Jesus were very faithful and faithful people who were devoted to him. The true prophet sent them everywhere and called the people to the true religion. A conversation between Jesus and his disciples was narrated in Surah Maida of the Qur'an: In one source it is said that the table was brought down on Sunday. Later, Christians declared this day as a holiday. After Jesus, his religion was first preached by these apostles. However, with the passage of time, the main principles of this religion were severely distorted and changed by the hands of the next generation. ## Behavior There is nothing mentioned in the Qur'an about the personality of Maryamul Isa. Information about his personality and behavior reached us through the hadiths of the Prophet Muhammad. It says that Prophet Isa was not full, not too thin, not too short, not too tall, medium height, broad shoulders, strong body like Prophet Muhammad. Also, his eyes were sharp. His hair, like Muhammad's hair, was neither too short nor too curly, neither too long nor too soft, with only a slight curl, and the length of it was very smooth, so that it covered the earrings of his ears. Fingers crossed. It is said that she was a red-haired blonde and a kind soul. As for his other qualities, it is said in Surah Ali Imran of the Qur'an: ## Miracles And if we talk about his miracles, the birth of Jesus the son of Mary and his ascension to heaven are miracles. He performed many miracles to his community to prove that he was a true prophet. It is said about this in Surah Al-Baqarah of the Qur'an: For example, he used to make a bird out of clay and then breathe into it with the permission of God. Also, his time was a time of very strong development of medicine. He was able to heal people suffering from diseases that the developed medicine of his time could not cope with. In particular, he opened the eyes of people born blind. He used to cure lepers with just one stroke. He even resurrected a dead person by God's will. Also, he used to inform people from the unseen. He used to talk about what people were eating and drinking in their houses, and what they had gathered, as if he had seen it with his own eyes. ## Ascension to Heaven When Jesus, the son of Mary, called the children of Israel to the truth for three years in a row, only a group of people believed in him like a horse race. That is why he had more enemies than friends among the children of Israel. His enemies, who were devoted to the truth, were always looking for ways to assassinate him. In order to realize their evil ambitions, when they were searching for Jesus Christ, one of the apostles hypocritically betrayed him. He said: "You will give me so much money for my handover", and after receiving the money, he brought them to the house where the prophet was sitting. He opens the door and says: "Here is the Jesus you are looking for" and jumps over the threshold first and enters. Isa knew in advance that they would come through the revelation given to him by the Most High. That's why he prayed to the Lord. His Lord accepted his prayer and said: "O Jesus! Without a doubt, it is not they who will send you to eternity, but it is Me. I will lift you (with your body and soul) into My power and save you from those who have disbelieved and make you clear. Also, I will make those who follow you until the end of the world prevail over those who disbelieve. Then you will all return to Me. At that time, I will judge between you about the issues you argued with each other in the subject matter. When that hypocrite entered, the angel Gabriel took the prophet with him to the sky, and that traitor entered the image of the prophet Jesus by the power of God Almighty and did not leave him. So the bloodthirsty villains entered the house and took away not Jesus himself, but that hypocrite traitor. Then the voice of his soul comes out: "I am not Jesus, I am the one who led you!", no matter how many times he excuses himself, no one listens to his words. In this way, the one whom they said they crucified and tortured to death was not the prophet Jesus, but a hypocrite impersonating him. In some sources, the name of this hypocrite was Judas, and in other sources, Titanos. When they were about to kill Titanos by hanging him on a cross, he said his last words: “If you don't believe me, look in my pocket. You will see the money you gave," he pleaded. The bloodied group ignores his words. However, after being tortured to death, they look into their pockets and are surprised to see, indeed, the money they have kept. Only then did he realize that the circumstances of the case were different. Immediately starts looking for Titanos. "He entered the house first. When we searched the house, we saw no one but Jesus. If he was clearly Jesus, where did the Titanos who betrayed him go to us? And if this is Titanos, then where did Jesus go? Since the money came out of the pocket of the man who was nailed to the gallows, was it not Jesus? Did he fly to the sky? In Surah Nisa of the Qur'an, this story is narrated as follows: As miraculous as the birth of Jesus without a father, his ascension to heaven with his soul is equally miraculous. According to the belief of Muslims, the prophet who ascended to heaven will come down to earth one day by God's will, and he will stand against Dajjal, a miscreant who has created unprecedented chaos and rebellion in the world. In addition, he guides corrupt Christians to the right path. He broke their baptismal crosses, forbade them to eat pork, and brought them to faith and the true religion. There are some authentic hadiths about this. ## Injil Allah revealed the Injil to Jesus, the last Messenger of Mary sent to the children of Israel. In the beginning, the Bible was a divine book that proclaimed the truth and called the children of Israel to the right path. However, like the Torah, it has undergone many changes and has been distorted by human hands over time. The proof of this is that the Gospels in the hands of Christians today are diverse and not similar to each other. In the Qur'an, the following five different features of the first Gospel are described: * It was the source of the right path. At the time of the revelation of the Gospel, there were many errors and deviations in the matter of creed and belief among the descendants of Israel. Therefore, the Holy Bible contains the main principles of true faith; * The Gospel was a shining light. Because he brought people out of the darkness into the light and enlightened hearts with the light of faith; * The Bible confirmed the previous divine books, including the Torah; * The Gospel heralds the arrival of the last messenger of God, Hazrat Muhammad, who will be sent to all mankind; * Also, the Gospel was an exhortation for pious souls, it contained many exhortations and morals for people. ## Rank In Surah Nisa of the Qur'an, it is said about the rank of Jesus: ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1816

Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast

Ili Qazaq Autonomous Region (abbreviated: يله قازاق وۆتونومیالیک وبلیسی‎, Uyg. یلی Qazaq aptonom wilayiti / Ili Qazaq aptonom wilayiti, Kyt. 伊犁哈薩克自宝州, pinyin: Yīlí Hāsàkè zìzhìzhōu) is an autonomous administrative region within the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. territorial unit. The center of the region is the city of Kulja (Inin in the Chinese transcription) and it is also the center of the Ile region. It is the only deputy regional autonomous region in China. ## Border Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast with Almaty, East Kazakhstan Oblasts of Kazakhstan, Bayan-Olgey Kobda Regions of Mongolia, (through the central high-altitude part of the Altai mountain system with the Altai Republic of the Russian Federation and It borders with Kyrgyzstan. km from Tarbagatai region; Dulat (都拉塔); Zemenei (吉木乃) in Altai region; Khorgas (霍尔果斯); Muzart (木扎尔特) * Agymbek (阿黑木别克) in Altai region * Bakhti (巴克图), 17 km from Tarbagatai; * Zhemenei (吉木乃) in Altai region; * Muzart (木扎尔特) * Mongolia and Kyzyltau (红山嘴) in the Altai region Taikeshken (塔克什肯) in the Altai region * Kyzyltau (红山嘴) in the Altai region * Taikeshken (塔克什肯) ) in the Altai region ## Administrative-territorial division Ile Kazakh autonomous region consists of three regions: Altai region (center in Altai city), Ile region, Tarbagatai region center (Shaueshek city). Each region is divided into rural districts and has the same status as the former union republic oblast. There are 9 districts in the Ile region, 6 districts in the Tarbagatai region, and 8 districts in the Altai region. In the administrative-territorial table about Shen, the ICAO ranks higher than the Xinjiang counties: its region is equal to the county in terms of status. Therefore, the regional government is like an additional unit, and it is easier for local authorities to solve the problem directly in Urumqi. Urimzhi does not prevent this, especially after the decision of the ICAO in 1982 to ask Beijing to submit directly to the government of the People's Republic of China and to withdraw from the jurisdiction of the Central Committee of the People's Republic of China. head of the regional government" because the chairman is someone in China - he is the Chairman of the People's Republic of China. The region (district) is headed by the governor, who is called here not "akim" but "wali", and city mayors are called "city chiefs", while district akims are often called "district akims". Until 1990, the term "district head" was used. Akim of Bolys is often called simply "village head". Prospects for preservation of Kazakh autonomy in China are not uniform today. The question of the legality of maintaining the benefits enjoyed by the minority ethnic groups by the Han people is often raised. It is not known to what extent the national policy of the Chinese government and the CCP will be consistent with regard to the Kazakh diaspora and irredentists. Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast, the second administrative-territorial structure of Kazakhs in the world, where Kazakhs are an official ethnic group and are officially at the head of the leadership, is of great importance for Kazakhstan. ## Population Currently, according to various data, the Kazakh diaspora in China is from 1,200,000 to 2,000,000 people. Different sources of information about the number of Kazakhs living in China do not match each other. One of the factors that prevent accurate determination of the number of Kazakhs living in the territory of China, whose families have from three to five children, is the demographic policy of the Chinese government, which limits the number of children in families. Because of this, most of the population is not registered. Similarly, the lack of accurate statistics on the total number of people living in China is a problem. Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast is inhabited by Kazakh irredentists, that is, ethnic Kazakhs who settled in its historical territory. According to Chinese data, the number of the Kazakh diaspora in China is 1 million. It is part of the ten largest ethnic groups. A total of 56 nationalities live in China. The Kazakh diaspora is the largest number of our compatriots abroad. The growth rate of the number of Kazakhs in China is quite high: in 1949 - more than 443,000 in 1979. - about 848,000 in 1982. - 907,000 in 1985. - 964,000 in 1990. - 1,200,000 in 2005. - 1 mln. 296 thousand to 1 million. up to 500 thousand. As a result of the national territorial autonomy policy of the People's Republic of China, the Ile Autonomous Region was established in 1954. Kazakhs live mainly in the autonomous region, which includes Altai, Ile, Tarbagatai districts, as well as in the Mori Kazakh autonomous district of the People's Republic of China, Barkol Kazakh uyezds, Aksai Kazakh autonomous uyezd of Gansu province and to a lesser extent in Beijing. When the PRC was established, 420,000 Kazakhs lived in its territory, of which 418,000 lived in Xinjiang, which is 9%; more than three thousand Kazakhs lived in the bordering provinces of Gansu and Qinghai. In Xinjiang, Kazakhs migrated mainly in the regions of Altai, Ile and Tarbagatai (Chuguchak) districts, which accounted for 3/5 of all Kazakh migrations. The hunting groups moved in the territory of the present Mori Kazakh Autonomous District and Qinghai District (Sanji-Hui Autonomous District) and Barkol Kazakh Autonomous District (Khamii District). Usually, the village was formed on a clan basis. Kazakhs occupy the third place after the Khans and Uyghurs in terms of number in the territory of the Ukrainian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, making up 7.4% of the total population. In the 54 years since the declaration of the People's Republic of China, the number of Kazakhs in China has more than tripled. There are other autonomous entities of the ICAO where Kazakhs are the official ethnic group: Mori Kazakh Autonomous District in Sanzhi Dungen Oblast, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous District in Khamiy District, and Aksai Kazakh Autonomous District in Gansu Province. Qinghai Province has the Haixi-Tibet-Mongolian-Kazakh Autonomous Region, often referred to simply as Haixi-Mongolian-Tibet. There are also dozens of autonomous Kazakh bolis. After the October Revolution of 1917, Kazakhs moved to Gansu and Qinghai territories beyond Urumqi. Kazakhs of the ICAO are an autochthonous people. The Kazakhs defended this territory in a two-century struggle with the Dzungars. Living in another country, Kazakhs developed here in a different historical framework, in a different socio-economic and political situation, lived under the cultural influence of China. According to Kazakh researchers, the current Kazakh diaspora in China has a number of features. First, 80% of Kazakhs living in the territory of the PRC were born after the establishment of the PRC, 70% of them - after 1962, and 50% - after the "cultural revolution". On the one hand, this indicates a certain "softness" towards non-Chinese peoples in the implementation of the "birth control" policy, and on the other hand, it is an indicator that the majority of the Kazakh people consider the PRC their homeland. For most representatives of the Kazakh diaspora, the experiments of the period of the "cultural revolution" are familiar from their own experience, and they have all the psychological features characteristic of the "generations of the cultural revolution" in general. Second, despite significant progress in raising the level of cultural and general education of the Kazakh ethnic group in the PRC, it remains low. According to the 1982 population census, only 2,547 people graduated from various higher education institutions among the Kazakh population over the age of six (725,130 people); students - 1,483; secondary school graduates - 41,599; primary secondary school - 124,781; primary school - 351,272; illiterate and semi-literate - 203,448 people or 28.66% of the total number of Kazakhs in the autonomous region, including 81,325 people from six to eleven years old. The level of illiteracy among women, who make up more than 50% of the Kazakh nation, is 1.5 times higher than that of men. Undoubtedly, this situation will affect the sphere of proper employment of the Kazakh people in the PRC. 243,557 out of 294,923 Kazakhs working in the country's national economy, or 82.58% of the economically active Kazakh population, are concentrated in land cultivation, livestock, fish and forestry; in mines, woodworking enterprises - 3659; in plants and factories - 3781; under construction - 2016; transport and communication - 2224; in trade and catering enterprises - 9152; in healthcare and social security - 16,045; 9,460 Kazakhs work in state and party bodies [3]. The Kazakhs of the PRC in the early 80s were divided by profession as follows: technical personnel of various enterprises - 32,889, responsible employees of state bodies, enterprises, party and public organizations - 5,821, clerks and employees of this category - 5,809, trade employees - 3,816, service industry workers - 4,812, tillers, cattle breeders, foresters - 219,752, production workers, transport workers and workers of the corresponding category - 21,295, or 7.43% of Kazakhs working in the national economy of the PRC. In the middle of 1982, this was the structure of the Kazakhs living in the territory of the PRC and their position in the structure of the 56 nationalities of the PRC. In the last year of reforms, this structure has not undergone significant changes; There is no doubt that there is social progress within the framework of the rise of the cultural and educational level of the Kazakh people of the PRC. Training of national personnel in the technical field, further development of school education in mother tongue, etc. witness this. The level of cultural and general education of Kazakhs in the PRC is increasing. Most of the residents of IKAA are in Beijing, Shanghai and other big cities of China, there are also those who are studying in higher educational institutions abroad, including Kazakhstan. Despite this, the social, professional, and political structures of the Kazakhs do not have significant qualitative changes that testify to the development process of the Kazakh community of the PRC and determine its future. Recently, Kazakhstan has information about the past of the Kazakhs. Interest in historical monuments in China is growing. In this regard, the work of studying the heritage of Kazakhs in China has begun. The interest is common, because Kazakh scientists, artists, artists, musicians live in China, they initiated some projects and are helping to implement them. Currently, book printing, collection of historical materials, etc. are carried out with their participation. works were organized. The Association of Kazakhs of the World is actively working in this direction. As an example, we can cite the development of the book "Kazakh musicians of Xinjiang", the author of which is the art critic Kulzada Muhamed, the father of Mayra Muhamedovna. In addition, creative parties for well-known singers and poets are held, CDs are released. For example, a special CD was released in honor of the birthday of Kui master Peisbi, who lives in China. For the 100th anniversary of the poet T. Zholdyuly, a magnetic tape with his songs performed by young performers was developed. Dance art is very developed in China. In this regard, it is worth mentioning the name of the well-known ballet master Nagyma Taiyrovna, the daughter of the famous Taiyr Kushi, who lives in China. He trained many talented dancers. N. Tayyrovna lives in Almaty, where she teaches at the regional philharmonic. As a result of the active foreign policy course of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev and the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, there is a clear understanding of the policy of Kazakhstan in the position of the Chinese side. The embassy provides compatriots with objective information about the economic, political and cultural life of Kazakhstan, explains the normative acts regulating the migration and demographic processes of interest to them. In recent years, the use of the Kazakh language in local authorities in China has been narrowing, and national schools are being closed. Our compatriots are also worried about Beijing's birth control policy, which leads to stunting of the Kazakh population. Along the Kazakhstan-China border, the Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast (IKAO), which has its own government, local government bodies, Kazakh schools and Kazakh-language newspapers, radio and television, borders Kazakhstan as a whole. According to the constitution of the People's Republic of China, the first administrative positions in the autonomies should be held by the representatives of the official ethnic group, the Kazakhs are Kazakhs (this principle does not apply to the position of the first secretary of the Party Committee from the district to the city level). Kazakhs have a significant share in education, culture, art, finance, insurance, healthcare, sports and social services, as well as in party-state activities and law enforcement agencies. Less often - science-based industries and industrial, especially large enterprises. ## Leaders ### First Secretary * Zhao Tianze (赵天杰) (2017 - 2020) * Zhang Chunxian ( dated 8.3.2011) ### Governor * Fathan (Patikhan) Dalelkhanuly Sugirbayev (November 1954 - June 1955). Kerey, Abak, Sherushi * Zhagda Babalykuly from June 1955 to February 1957 was the temporary head of Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast, until May 1958. * Kurmanali Ospanuly from June 1958 to September 1963. * Yergali Abilkayruly from September 1963 to May 1969. * Chung Liang Sho from May 1969 to May 1970 (ruled by the military). * Wang Jin Jung from May 1970 to July 1975 (ruled by the military). * Shie Gau Jung from July 1975 to September 1975 (ruled by the military). * Zhanabil Smagululy from September 1975 to February 1978. Kerey, Abak, Shubaraigyr * Kasymbek Seiitzhanuly from March 1979 to April 1983. * Diyar Kurmashuly, (from April 1983 to May 1988). * Askhat Kerimbayuly, head of the Ile Kazakh Autonomous Region, deputy secretary of the Party Committee (from May 1988 to May 1993). * Bekmukhamet Musauli, from April 1993 to March 1998, was the deputy secretary of the Party Committee of the Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast, the head of the region. * Alpysbay Rakhimuly, (from March 1998 to June 2001). * Nurlan Abilmazhinuly, from March 2002 to January 2003, deputy secretary of the Ile Kazakh Autonomous Regional Party Committee, head of the region. * Kyzaizhan Seilkozhauly, from March 2003 to November 2007, deputy secretary of the Party Committee of Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast, head of the region. * Mauken Seyitkamzauly from November 2007 to January 2012 was the deputy secretary of the Ile Kazakh Autonomous Regional Party Committee, the head of the region. * From February 2012 to January 2016, Manen Zeyneluly was the deputy secretary of the Ile Kazakh Autonomous Regional Party Committee, the head of the region. Kerey, Abak, Karakas * From February 2016 to 2021, Kurmash Syrzhanuly is the deputy secretary of the Ile Kazakh Autonomous Regional Party Committee, the head of the region. * Kaden Kabenuly from 2021.4 ## Sources ## External links * Official site (Simplified Chinese) * Distributed information ( Simplified Chinese) * A TALE OF TWO CITIES: NEW MUSEUMS FOR YINING AND URUMQI Archived 4 February 2012. "CHINA HERITAGE NEWSLETTER", China Heritage Project, The Australian National University. ISSN 1833-8461. No. 3, September 2005. (Stories about the Museum of Ile Kazakh Autonomous Region in Kulzha).

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6222

Aruba

Aruba (Nether. 'and Papyam. Aruba) is a self-governing state entity located on a small island of the same name, located in the southern Caribbean Sea, near the coast of Venezuela. It is the westernmost island of the Lesser Antilles. It is a federated subject of the Kingdom of the Netherlands. The land area is 193 km². The population is 105 thousand people. The capital is the city of Oranjestad. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5173

Aliev

The word Aliyev can have the following meanings: * Zhumatay Aliyuly Aliyev; * Mukhtar Aliyev is a surgeon. ; * Rakhat Mukhtaruly Aliyev is a public figure.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4301

Quran

The Qur'an or the Holy Qur'an (Arabic: القرآن‎, al-qurʾān, [qurˈʔaːn]) is considered the main holy book of Islam. Muslims believe that it was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ to tell the truth, that it is the word of Allah that has reached mankind without interruption. He worships Allah by reading it (tilawat). The Qur'an is considered to be the heavenly book after the Torah and the Bible, and among the books in the Arabic language, it is the richest in terms of eloquence. The Qur'an consists of 114 surahs divided into Meccan and Medinan depending on the place and time of revelation. Muslims believe that the Qur'an was revealed by Allah through the angel Gabriel for 23 years from the time Prophet Muhammad ﷺ reached the age of 40 until his death (632 year/11 AH). In addition, Muslims believe that the Qur'an was preserved accurately by the Companions, that its verses are clear and detailed, and that it was sent as a message to all mankind in all ages. After the death of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the Qur'an was compiled into one version according to the proposal of the righteous caliph Abu Bakr al-Siddiq and Omar ibn al-Khattab. After the death of Omar, the second caliph, this version of the Qur'an was kept by Hafsa bint Omar, the mother of the believers. This situation continued until the third caliph, Uthman ibn Affan, saw the conflicts between Muslims in reciting the Qur'an due to different dialects. Osman asked Hafsa to make a copy of the version written according to the Quraysh dialect to be a common model, and ordered to delete the versions that did not match it. Uthman's version of the Qur'an was distributed throughout the caliphate, and he kept one version for himself. This version became known as Uthman's mushaf (a copy of the Qur'an is called a "mushaf"). Researchers believe that the version of the Qur'an collected by Uthman is completely consistent with the version collected by Abu Bakr. ## Origin of the word Koran The word "Koran" is Arabic. : comes from the root word قرا‎, and its base is Arabic, which means "to collect". : the word قرء‎. Arabic. : ‎ means "I collected water in a pond". The reason why the Qur'an is called this is that it collects verses and surahs and continues them. However, there are other opinions about the origin of the word "Quran". Ash-Shafighi said: - As-Suyuti al-Itgan fi ′ulum al-Qur'an, vol. 1, page 169 And according to al-Farra "he is qarāin (Arab.: قراین‎) (spouses, friends; singular form: قرینا) comes from the word, because the verses of the Qur'an confirm each other and are similar to each other, that is "qarāin"" The word "Qur'an" is "fa′lān" according to the size (sermon), and it is hamzali as in the recitation of many elders, and it is thick in the recitation of Abdullah ibn Kathir al-Makki (Arabic: قران‎). The origin of the word Koran corresponds to the Syriac word "qaryana" (قريانا), which means "reading the holy book" or "lecture". Many Western researchers believe that the word "Quran" is derived from this word, but most Muslim scholars trace the root of this word back to the root "black". In any case, the word "Quran" became an Arabic term during the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. Another important meaning of the word Qur'an is reading (qira'at). Scholar al-Tabarsi said: "The main meaning of the word Qur'an is reading. And it is the root of the word "kara'tu" (I read) or "talautu", which was narrated from Ibn Abbas. The Qur'an also has many names that are hinted at in the Qur'an. For example: "al-Furqan", "al-Huda", "az-Zikr", "al-Hikma", "Kalamu-Llah", "al-Kitab", and Muslim writers wrote works about the verses and meanings of the Qur'an. And the name "mushaf" is used to recite the written version of the Qur'an. Although this name was not used at first, after Abu Bakr compiled the Qur'an, this word became his name. The reason why the Qur'an is called "Furqan" is that it is a separator between truth and falsehood (fariq), a clear document and its arguments, duties, limits and other meanings that distinguish between truth and falsehood. This separation is by revealing the truth and rooting out lies. Allah says in Surah al-Furqan: And about the dhikr of the Qur'an, it is said in Surah al-Hijr: The purpose of this is dhikr for those who want to remember the Qur'an revealed to Muhammad, and a sermon for those who listen to the sermon. Mufassir-scholars said that the names of the Qur'an consist of three groups. * Group 1. These are names that refer to the substance and essence of the Qur'an. Al-Kitab: Al-Quran: Kalamu-Llah (Word of Allah): At-Tanzil (Revelation): * Group 2. Names referring to the characteristics of the Qur'an. Al-Karim: Al-Majid (the great): Al-Mubarak (blessed, mubarak): * 3rd group. About how the Quran affects people. Al-Huda (straight path): Ar-Rahma (thanks, mercy): An-Nur (light): and others. names and characteristics. Muslim scholars collected the titles of the Qur'an and were engaged in their interpretation. For example, al-Zamakhshari collected 32 names of the Qur'an in his commentary, while some others collected 47 of its names. Qazi Abul-Magali Aziz ibn Abdul-Malik said: "Allah named the Qur'an with fifty-five names", and according to Al-Harrali's count, there are more than 90 names in the Qur'an. ## The importance of the Holy Quran between Islam and Muslims Muslims believe that the Holy Quran is the last holy book revealed by Allah to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. That's why they believe that reciting the Qur'an, listening to it, and acting according to it is a form of worship that brings a person closer to Allah and calms his heart. They do not doubt that the Qur'an is the source of their culture and tradition, and that it is through the Qur'an that their religious and worldly life has evolved. There are many hadiths about the merits of the Qur'an and the reward of ten learning. and so on. According to the belief of Muslims, everyone needs the Qur'an; The heart of a Muslim lives by the Qur'an, his eyes are enlightened and he follows the right path. The whole life of a Muslim is connected with this Book: his faith is derived from it, he knows from it the worship that Allah is pleased with, from it he learns what he needs to know about the right path in relationships and behavior, and whoever does not seek the right path from this Book, his life, future and in the Hereafter, his destination will be destruction, he will be subjected to the evil of ignorance and delusion. This conclusion is based on verses in the Qur'an and hadiths in the Sunnah. For example: In a hadith narrated by Ad-Darimi on the authority of Ali ibn Abu Talib, Prophet Muhammad said: "There will be fits (trials)." Ali asked him, "How do we get out of it?" that. He answers: ### Sharia Sharia, Sharia law or Islamic law is a set of religious principles that form part of Islamic culture. The Arabic word shari'a (Arabic: شريعة‎) refers to God's revealed law and originally meant "way" or "way". Classical Sharia deals with many aspects of public and private life, including religious rituals, family life, business, crime, and war. In the past, Sharia was interpreted by independent jurists who based their legal opinions on the Qur'an, hadiths, and centuries of debate, interpretation, and precedent. Some parts of Sharia can be described as "law" in the usual sense of the word, while other parts are better understood as rules for living according to God's will. In the Qur'an, the rulings on creed, worship such as fasting, almsgiving, trade, marriage and divorce, inheritance rights, and the rulings on morals and behavior are summarized and explained. From early times, Islamic scholars began to write works for gathering evidence related to rulings such as jurisprudence, worship, and behavior derived from the verses of the Qur'an in order to make it easier for people. Muslims believe that the Qur'an contains everything that came in the previous holy books that regulate the right path and worldly matters. As evidence for this, they cite the following verses from Surah al-Ma'ida: Scholars of interpretation say that the Qur'an contains the things mentioned in books such as the Psalms, the Torah, and the Bible, and in addition, they say that it narrates divine matters and spiritual etiquette. ## History ### Beginning of Revelation Prophethood of the Messenger of God Muhammad ﷺ began when he turned 40 years old and continued for the next 23 years until the end of his life. stretched. He spent the first 13 years of his prophethood in Mecca and the remaining 10 years in Medina. The first revelation was given in the cave of Hira on Mount Nur near Mecca on Monday, 17, 21 or 24 Ramadan (August 10, 620 AD) and the 27th day of Rajab according to the Shiite tradition. Aisha, the mother of those who believed, said: After this incident, Khadisha went to her cousin Waraqa ibn Naufal with Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. He accepted the Christian religion and wrote the necessary things from the Bible using Jewish script. At that time he was an old man. After hearing from Prophet Muhammad the nature of what happened, he tells him that the Keeper of Secrets (Namus) who was sent to Prophet Moses came. In addition, he warns that in the future he will be persecuted by his people, because if anyone came to his people with such things, they would be hostile to him. After the first revelation, Prophet Muhammad did not receive any revelations for some time. Some scientists say that this break lasted for three years, but there were also scientists who concluded that it was six months. But the fact that the revelation did not come down means that the verses of the Qur'an did not come down, and it does not mean that Gabriel did not come to him. In a hadith from Jabir ibn Abdullah, the Prophet ﷺ said: — "Sahih al-Bukhari" (4), "Sahih Muslim" (161) These verses are the first revelation after the first verses of Surah Alaq in the cave of Hira was. Scholars believe that Prophet Muhammad ﷺ became a prophet with the revelation of the first verses of Surah Alaq, and a messenger (rasul) with the revelation of Surah Muzzammil. 83 or 85 surahs were written during the 13 years of Prophet Muhammad's life in Mecca, the first of which is Alaq surah, and the last one is al-Muminun or al-Ankabut surah. The pressure of the Quraish tribe became unbearable, and Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was forced to migrate to the city of Yathrib. Since then, that city was called "Madinah an-Nabawiyya" (Medina). The number of surahs revealed in Medina is considered to be 31 or 29 surahs. The first Surah revealed in Madinah was Surah Al-Mutaffifin, and the last Surah was Surah Taube. But Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani's commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari states that the first Medinan surah was Al-Baqarah, and al-Nasafi's commentary says that the first Medinan surah is Qadr surah. ### The nature of the revelation of the Qur'an The revelations to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ came from Allah in different ways. He saw the first visions in a dream, and they were fulfilled like the dawn. This type of revelation came before he was given the task of prophethood. The second form of the revelation is incantation. Angel Gabriel brought the revelation to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, and it reached his mind and heart. In a hadith from Abu Umama, Prophet Muhammad said: - "Khilyat al-aulia", Abu Nugaim The third type is when an angel comes in human form and conveys the vision of Allah. An example of this is the hadith known as "Jabreel Hadith" quoted by Imam Muslim from Omar Ibn al-Khattab. In that hadith, it is said that the angel Gabriel came to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in the form of a man dressed in white and with black hair. In the hadith narrated by An-Nasa'i, it is mentioned that Gabriel came in the form of Dihya al-Kalbi. The fourth type is when the angel comes with a voice like the sound of a bell. When Aisha asked the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ about how the revelation came, he replied: Aisha said: "I saw the revelation come to him on a very cold day - when the revelation stopped, sweat would pour from his forehead" (Sahih al-Bukhari). The difficulty of this type of vision is stated in another hadith from Aisha: "When the Prophet received a vision while sitting on a camel, the camel would kneel down and could not move." The fifth type is the appearance of Gabriel in his true form. This happened twice in the life of Prophet Muhammad. It is mentioned in the Qur'an itself and in the hadith from Aisha. The sixth type is direct revelation from Allah to Prophet Muhammad ﷺ without any intermediary. An example of this is the time when five daily prayers were obligatory. The seventh type is the direct conversation of Prophet Muhammad with Allah behind the veil. This is how Prophet Musa also spoke to Allah. This is mentioned in the famous hadith about the journey of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ on the night of Migraj. Some scholars of tafsir talk about Prophet Muhammad ﷺ seeing and talking to Allah directly without any veil, and they call it the eighth type of revelation. But this opinion is contrary to the hadith from Aisha and the verses that no one can see Allah in this world. All the companions followed the same opinion as in the hadith of Aisha. ### Revelation of the Qur'an from "Lauh al-Mahfuz" The Qur'an was revealed from Lauh al-Mahfuz on the night of Qadr in the month of Ramadan. Allah says: Ibn Kathir wrote about this verse in his commentary: Hafiz al-Sahawi says: It is not known exactly which day is the Night of Power. Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani, in his commentary on Sahih al-Bukhari, cited more than forty opinions about this, and concluded that according to the most correct opinion, the night of Qadr occurs on odd days of the last ten days of Ramadan every year on different days. ### A Brief History of the Compilation of the Qur'an The Holy Qur'an was revealed to the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ in pieces over a period of 23 years - this is different from other holy books that were revealed all at once. Every time a verse came to the Prophet ﷺ, he used to read it to his scribe companions. Their number reached forty, and even in the most difficult period of prophethood, they walked next to the Prophet ﷺ and did not stop writing the Qur'an. The first person who started writing the Quran in Mecca was Abdullah ibn Sa'd ibn Sarkh. And the first person who started writing in Medina was Ubayy ibn Ka'b. Abu Bakr, Omar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Ali ibn Abu Talib, al-Zubayr ibn al-Awwam, Khalid ibn Sahid ibn al-As and others are among those who wrote down the Qur'an. was. At the time when the Qur'an was being revealed, it was written on palm leaves, stones, skin, etc. used to write on materials. These records were made due to revelation of verses. Prophet Muhammad used to tell his companions which verse should be written in which surah, even if the surahs and verses are mixed. It is said in the hadith narrated by Ibn Abbas from Osman ibn Affan: In addition to writing down, people who memorized the Qur'an played a big role in preserving it. There are many verses and hadiths about the reward promised to those who know the Qur'an by heart and read it. Allah says (Al-Ankabut Surah, verse 49): So every year Prophet Muhammad ﷺ used to read the Qur'an to the angel Gabriel and check it. In a hadith narrated by Abu Huraira, it is said that Gabriel came to check for this once every year, and twice in the year of the Prophet's death. In a hadith from Fatima, it is said that the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ said that he had examined the Qur'an twice that year and felt that his life had come to an end. During the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, although the writings of the Qur'an were not fixed in one form, the companions used to write down the surahs themselves and make special lists. Such lists are in Abdullah ibn Masgud, Ubay ibn Ka'b, Zayd ibn Thabit, and others. was among the Companions. It is said in a hadith from Abdullah ibn Amr ibn al-Astan: Among the people who memorized the Qur'an and were its custodians (hafiz) are Abu Bakr, Omar ibn al-Khattab, Uthman ibn Affan, Abu Musa al- Ashgari, Sa'd ibn Abu Waqqas, Huzaifa ibn al-Yaman, Abu Huraira, Amr ibn al-As and others. the companions are called. Aisha, Hafsa bint Umar, Umm Salamah and others recited the Qur'an among women. knew by heart. An example of abundance during the time of Prophet Muhammad is the battle near the well of Maun. In this battle, more than 70 companions who knew the Quran by heart died at the hands of the polytheists. ### Abu Bakr's version During the caliphate of Abu Bakr al-Siddiq, Muslims fought near the "garden of death" with the followers of Musaylima, who declared himself a prophet, under the leadership of Khalid ibn Walid. More than 700 Companions will be killed in this battle with the people of Al-Yamamah. Omar ibn al-Khattab, who saw the death of many hafiz and was afraid of the loss of the Qur'an, suggested to Caliph Abu Bakr to write down the entire Qur'an. Abu Bakr, who agreed with him, told Zayd ibn Thabit, who was writing the Qur'an, from the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him. According to Zayd ibn Thabit, "it was easier for him to move a mountain than to collect the Qur'an." Agreeing that there is good in this, he begins to collect the Qur'an stored on palm leaves, smooth stones and people's hearts. These pages were preserved first by Abu Bakr, then by Omar, and after his death by Hafsa bint Omar. Ibn Abu Dawud quoted the following words of Ali ibn Abu Talib in the book "Al-Masahif": it is mentioned in the Qur'an itself: "...the messenger of Allah who reads the purified pages" (Al-Bayina Surah, verse 2). Qazi al-Baqillani says: ### Uthman's version After the death of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, the Companions recited seven different ways according to the method they knew. But when the religion of Islam spread around the world and many new lands came under the control of Muslims, those companions taught the Quran to the converts in their own way, and when that student heard the Quran being read in a different way, conflicts began to arise. For example, the Muslims of Iraq used to read the Qur'an according to the method of Abdullah ibn Masgud, and the residents of Sham used the method of Ubai ibn Ka'b. In the 14th or 15th year of Hijra, Caliph Osman's troops set out to conquer Armenia. Under the command of the Caliph, the armies of Iraq and Shamni join each other. Huzaifa ibn al-Yaman, who was the commander of al-Madain's army in the Iraqi army, witnessed a quarrel among the people gathered here because of the method of reciting the Qur'an. After returning from the war, Khuzayfa went to Caliph Uthman ibn Affan without entering his house and told what had happened: Caliph Uthman, who was afraid of conflicts, told Zayd ibn Thabit, Abdullah ibn al-Zubayr, Sahid ibn al-As, He orders Abdullah ibn al-Harith ibn Hisham to copy and distribute the version of the Qur'an collected by Abu Bakr, kept by Hafsa bint Omar. After he had finished copying the pages, Uthman returned the original to Hafsa, sent the assembled Qur'an to different districts, and ordered her to burn the versions of the Qur'an that did not match. This decision of Uthman was implemented only after an agreement with the famous and honorable companions. Ali ibn Abu Talib said: In the end, after the great work done by Zayd ibn Thabit and other companions, the Qur'an came to a standard, and the Quraish dialect was recognized as its only method of reading. There are different opinions about the number of versions of the Qur'an collected by Uthman: there are opinions that there were four, five or seven of them. Ibn Abu Dawud reported the following statement of Abu Hatim al-Sijistani: "Seven versions of the Qur'an were written for Mecca, Sham, Yemen, Bahrain, Basra and Kufa, and the rest were written in the city of Medina." And other versions of these versions of the Qur'an were ordered to be burned or extinguished. Ali ibn Abu Talib said: "Do not say anything but good about Uthman's decision to burn versions of the Qur'an!" ### Background of Abu Bakr's Version Although one version of the Qur'an was approved and Caliph Uthman ordered to destroy all other versions of the Qur'an, Hafsa bint Omar's version of the Qur'an collected during the time of Abu Bakr was preserved. When Marwan ibn al-Hakam was appointed as the emir of Medina, he asked Hafsa to give him those pages, but Hafsa did not agree to him. It was only after Hafsa's death that Abdullah ibn Umar gave the same version to Marwan, who in turn washed and destroyed (or, according to another narration: burned) its writing with water. Marwan ibn al-Hakam explained the reason for this as follows: ### The reasons for the revelation of the verses of the Qur'an The reasons for the revelation of the verses (Arabic: صورة النزول‎) The science of the Qur'an is a science that helps to understand the reasons and meaning of the rulings of the Qur'an, to clarify it and to remove misunderstandings. Ibn Daqiq al-Id said: — "al-Itgan" (114) Sheikh al-Islam Ibn Taymiyyah: — "al -Itgan" (114) Examples of The following verse can be cited as the importance of knowing the reasons for the revelation of the Qur'anic verses: - Surah Al-Baqarah, verse 115 \< > If this verse is accepted directly, it can be understood that it is possible to pray in any direction regardless of the Qibla. But if we look at the reason for the revelation of this verse, it will be clear that it only mentions the obligatory prayers performed on the road. ### Editions of the Koran The oldest editions of the Koran were printed in xylographic forms around the 10th century. And the first version of the Quran printed in the press was made in 1694 in Hamburg, Germany. All actions were written in this text. And the first Quran printed by Muslims may have been printed in Saint Petersburg in 1787, which was called "Moulay Osman's Press". Then the Quran was published in Kazan (1828), Persia (1833) and Istanbul (1877). In modern times, all over the world, the Quran is being printed in Muslim and non-Muslim countries using the latest technologies. For example, on November 30, 1984, a Complex for printing the Holy Quran was built in Madinah. Its purpose was to publish Arabic versions of the Qur'an for different countries, translations into different languages, commentaries. In addition, the goals of the Complex included preserving and developing Quranic sciences. As of 1422 according to Hijra, this complex printed more than 170 million Quran books, 153 million of which were distributed free of charge. ## Text of the Qur'an The book of the Qur'an does not consist of the usual "introduction" or "main part" parts of other literature, but rather branched structure. In addition, the surahs and stories in the Qur'an are not connected to each other, there are gaps between them. The Sahabah and their followers divided the Holy Qur'an into equal parts (juz or para) to correspond to the thirty days of the month in order to make it easier to khatim (i.e. recite it in its entirety) during the month of Ramadan. Let these divisions be the fruit of the ijtihad of the Companions, and this division does not necessarily have to be done. As if it was divided into thirty parts, some scholars divided the parts of the Qur'an into two hizb, and the hizb into four (rubb) and so on. divided by ### Surahs and verses The Qur'an consists of 114 parts of different lengths called "surahs". The order in which they are placed is not related to the history of revelation - earlier surahs may appear at the end of the Qur'an. In turn, these surahs are divided into Meccan surahs and Medinan surahs depending on the date of revelation. Meccan surahs are the surahs that were revealed before the Hijrah of the Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, and Medinan surahs are those that were revealed after his migration to the city of Medina. In terms of length, scholars divide surahs into several types. They are: * Seven long surahs. This includes Surah al-Baqarah, Surah Ali Imran, Surah an-Nisa, Surah al-Maida, Surah al-Angam, Surah al-Agraf and Surah Tawbah. * Surahs with two hundred verses. Surahs with more than two hundred verses. * Masani. Other surahs less than two hundred verses. All surahs of the Qur'an, except the Surah of Repentance, begin with "basmala", that is, the words "Bismi-Lallah ar-Rahman ar-Rahim". Scholars explain the reason why Surah Tawba does not begin with a basmala. Some people believe that this surah was a warning against hypocrites and started without a basmala, because the Arab people did not write a basmala when sending a letter to break an agreement between tribes. According to others, the word basmala appears 114 times in the Qur'an (there are two basmala in Surah al-Naml: at the beginning and in the middle as the words of the Prophet Suleiman), therefore, in order to match the number of surahs, basmala is not mentioned in Surah Tawbah. ### Verses, words, letters of the Qur'an and their numbers After the division between verses was not realized during the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, their number depends on the pattern of division between verses. The number of verses is not related to the text of the revelation, but only to the division between them. * Abu Ja'far: 6210 verses * Shayba ibn Nassah: 6214 verses There are several opinions of Muslim scholars about the number of words and letters of the Qur'an, because in the early period of Islam, after the Arabic writing began to stabilize, some scholars signs that were considered as letters were not considered as letters by others, so there were contradictions between numbers. * Jalaluddin al-Suyuti: 77,439 words Abu Hamid al-Ghazali: 77,200 words * Ata ibn Yasar: 77,439 Number of letters: * Mujahid: 321,180 letters * al-Fadl ibn Ata: 323,015 * Ibn Kathir: 320,015 letters * Abu Hamid al-Ghazali in the book "Ihya Ulum al-Din": 321,250 letters * Al-Hajjaj ibn Yusuf collected collection of hafiz and scholars: 340,740 letters. ## Sciences of the Qur'an Let the Qur'an be the main book of a whole religion, it has various sciences and specialists who study it. According to some scientists, in order to deeply understand the Qur'an, it is not enough to read the Qur'an, but to study the specific sciences of the Qur'an. The number of these sciences reaches more than fifty. Qur'an sciences include the study of the history of ways of reading the Qur'an (recitation). Those ways can be widespread (mutawatir), single (ahad) or with variation (shaz). This science also studies the reading method of the Prophet (harf), the reading method of the narrators (ruat) and the scholars of the Qur'an (huffaz). In addition, this science studies six other sciences: cessation (waqf), initiation (ibtida), ilamah, lengthening of vowels (madd), softening of hamza (tahfif al-hamza) and merging of vowels (idgam). Qur'anic lexical science studies seven types of words: rare words (gharib), Arabicized words (mu'arrab), figurative words (majaz), homonyms (mushtarak), metaphors (istiar) and similes (tashbih). . The science that studies the foundations of Sharia divides the judgments in the Qur'an into fourteen types: * General and unrestricted (العام الباقي على پامنه) * General and limited (العام المخصص) * Means limitation generality (العام الذهي يراد به الخصوص) * The ruling of the Sunnah limited by the Qur'an (ما خس فيه الكتاب السنت) * The ruling of the Qur'an limited by the Sunnah (ما خست فيه السنة الكتاب) * Summary (مجمل) * Narrated (مبين) * Explained (مؤول) * Implied (محمول) * Indisputable (متلق) * With warning (مقيد) * Abolitionist (ناسخ) * Abolished (منسوخ) The science that studies the art of rhetoric divides the words of the Qur'an into five types that every researcher should know: * Separation (فصل) * Addition (وصل) * Compactness (إعجاز) \ <> * Vocabulary (إتناب) * Restriction (حصر) In addition, knowledge of names (كنى), titles-nicknames (ألقاب), unspecified words (مبهمات) can be added to the Quranic sciences. ### Tafsir Initially, the interpretation of the Qur'an was carried out through the Sunnah of the Prophet Muhammad, that is, with the hadiths about how he acted on certain verses, how he explained them, and the words of his closest companions. Muhaddith scholars such as Muhammad al-Bukhari and Muslim ibn al-Hajjaj collected hadiths and asar for the explanation of certain verses of the Qur'an in their hadith collections. Thanks to scholars such as Ibn Jarir al-Tabari and Ibn Abu Hatim who studied the science of interpretation, the early stage of this science ended and it was formed as a special discipline of Islam. The Arabic word tafsir (Arabic: تفسير‎, tafsîr) means "telling, revealing the meaning". The meaning of the word Tafseer in the Shari'ah is to explain, "to interpret" the Qur'an by using all the methods that help to understand the Holy Book correctly, to convey the meaning of the verses correctly, and to issue correct rulings. Az-Zarkashi says: Some Muslims prefer the science of exegesis, i.e. interpretation of the Holy Qur'an, which means that its meaning is mostly clear and does not need exegesis. Muslim scholars say three reasons for the emergence of interpretations: * The power and wisdom of God's knowledge is so great that He can put several meanings in one word and make it have a deep meaning that many people do not know. * When Allah Ta'ala is talking about something, he may not mention the events that caused it or the ruling from the verse. Not everyone can find these reasons and judgments by analyzing the Qur'an and Sunnah. The task of the interpreter is to explain these ambiguities. * In addition, the Qur'an may contain metaphorical or ambiguous words and phrases that are difficult to understand. And in order to explain these, it is necessary to know the linguistic knowledge, as well as Sharia terminology. As an example of this, when the verse about "black and white threads" was revealed, Adi ibn Hatim directly understood it and tied black and white threads to know the time of dawn. When the Prophet ﷺ was asked about this matter, he explained that the "black and white threads" in these verses are the whiteness of the morning and the darkness of the night. ### Ta'u'il The word "Ta'uil" means "to return to the basics". This term means "referring to the meaning of the verse itself". There are opinions that this word comes from the word "iyala" (to control), so the person explaining the word seems to be controlling it and putting its meanings in place. There are different opinions about the difference between tafsir and taweel. Even some scientists believed that these words have the same meaning. Ibn Habib al-Naisaburi says: "Many famous exegetes today could not answer the question of what is the difference between tafsir and taweel." The terms tafsir and taweel, which initially differed little, over time were assigned by the Muslim community to those who interpret the Qur'an with reference to clear evidence and to those who interpret it through rationalism, symbolic-allegorical methods. In the end, taweel became an interpretation of the Qur'an without responsibility in the eyes of traditionalist scholars, despite the centuries-long tradition of tafseer. ### Direct and Allegorical Interpretation of the Qur'an Some people who follow the religion of Islam began to interpret the Qur'an in a way that was not used by the first generation of Muslims - the "hidden meaning" of the sacred texts. Sometimes these "hidden meanings" do not correspond to the clear meaning of the Qur'anic verses, and even contradict them. Among Muslim scholars, those who use this method are called "batynini" (batyn - hidden, secret). Abu Hafs al-Nasafi, a famous commentator of the Holy Qur'an and a jurist of the Hanafi school, says: Saghduddin al-Taftazani says: ### Verses that nullify the verdict and the annulment of the verdict \< > The verses of the Qur'an were not revealed all at once, but were revealed in parts due to various reasons, so some verses of the Qur'an annulled the legal force of the verses that came after them. This method is called "naskh" (erasing, erasing). Its definition in Shari'ah terminology is the replacement of a second-order practical ruling proven by a sacred text with a later second-order ruling proven by another sacred text. Allah says in the Qur'an: — Surah al-Baqarah, 106-107 In a hadith narrated by Abu Musa al-Ashghari, it is said that he knew a surah like Surah Tawbah, but his judgment was canceled and he was made to forget it. Also, in a hadith from Omar ibn al-Khattab, it is said that there were verses in the Qur'an about the punishment of adulterers by stoning, and that they were deleted from the Qur'an by the will of Allah, but the judgment was preserved. Types of Naskh: * Canceling the judgment of one verse by another verse. * Cancellation of the ruling of one hadith by another hadith. * Cancellation of the ruling of one verse by another hadith. * Cancellation of the verdict of one hadith by another verse. In addition, there are verses whose rulings have been abrogated but remained in the Qur'an, and verses whose rulings have legal force but were deleted from the Qur'an. ## Translation of the Qur'an into other languages According to Muslim scholars, it is impossible to accurately translate the verses of the Qur'an into another language, only to convey the meaning and interpretation. In verse 7 of Surah Ali Imran of the Qur'an, Allah said: "It is Allah who sent down the Book to you. It has clear verses that are the basis of the book. And others are verses that are difficult to understand. Therefore, it is better to read the Quran in Arabic. The word "Quran" has two different meanings depending on its use in life. Sometimes "Quran" is called both the original and its translations, but Muslims call the Holy Quran in Arabic, which is considered the word of Allah, by the word "Quran", and various translations and interpretations are called "Quran's meanings" or "Quran's explanations". Khalifa Altai writes in his translation of the meanings of the Qur'an: ### Translations of the Qur'an into the Kazakh language In order to convey the meanings of the Holy Qur'an to the common people who do not know Arabic, Kazakh citizens translate the meanings of the Qur'an took several times. * Saduakas Salmenuly Gilmani was an Islamic scientist who made a strong effort to translate the "Quran" into the Kazakh language. In the 1960s and 1970s, Saduakas Salmenuly Gilmani (Saken Khalpe) wrote the "Kazakh-Arabic" dictionary containing one hundred and eighteen thousand words, and translated the first three chapters of the "Quran" into Kazakh. Until 1970, imams-mullahs in the regional centers and cities of the Kazakh country read this manuscript one after another and supplemented their literacy with the manuscript of the "Quran" translated by Saken Kalpe. And the Kazakh translation of three chapters of the "Quran" from the blessed hand of the scholar is kept in the hands of his younger daughter - Amina Saduakasovna Abdikarimova, who is the heir to Saduakas Gilmani's archive in Almaty. In 1990, the Kazakhs in the East Turkestan regions facing China got acquainted with the Kazakh version of the Holy Quran, translated by such talented scholars as Gazez Akytuly and Makash Akytuly. This version of the "Quran" was published by "Ulttar Baspa" in Beijing with our national alphabet (Arabic graphics). * The translation of the meanings of the Qur'an into Kazakh by Ratbek Nysanbayuly and Vakap Kydyrkhanuly, the former mufti of the KMDB organization, published in 1991. * "Quran Karim" of the Quran translated by Khalifa Altai. "Kazakh meaning and understanding" translated into Kazakh. The Quran translated by him was published in 1989 with Arabic graphics. In 1991, Caliph Altai Dalelkhan together with Janaltay published this version in Cyrillic letters by the press ministry of Saudi Arabia under the name "Quran Karim, Kazakh meaning and understanding" and delivered it to the Kazakh country. This version of the "Quran" translated by Khalifa Altai has become a great spiritual treasure of Kazakhs living in countries outside of Kazakhstan: Russia, Mongolia, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, and Azerbaijan. This book will be printed at King Fahd's Holy Quran printing plant in Medina. * In 1991, the well-known Arabic language specialist Nuraly Userov published "Kazakh interpretations of the Holy Quran" from the "Raduga" publishing house in Moscow. ## Tilə̃wat (Reading the Qur'an) Reading the Qur'an in Arabic is considered one of the most important acts of worship that brings a person closer to Allah. Allah says in the Qur'an: - Surah al-Muzzammil, verse 20 There are many hadiths about the advantages of the Qur'an and the reward of good learning. — "Sahih al-Bukhari" — "Sunan al-Tirmidhi" — "Sunan al-Tirmidhi" — "Sunan Abu Dawud » and so on. In a hadith narrated by Abu Musa al-Ashgari, it is said: "A believer who reads the Qur'an and acts according to it is like a sweet lemon with a sweet smell and taste, and a believer who does not read the Qur'an but acts according to it has a sweet taste but smells like a date without. A hypocrite who recites the Qur'an has a sweet smell but tastes like bitter basil, and a hypocrite who does not recite the Qur'an is like a bitter taste and smell of coloquint. In addition, there are reports that those who read the Qur'an and hadiths from the Qur'an and Sunnah and teach others by heart, that they will receive a higher place in Paradise, that Allah will grant them His mercy, and that angels will ask for forgiveness for them. Reading the Qur'an is considered to be a reason to organize the human soul and educate it to goodness, reading it is a sign of Muslim righteousness. ### Qur'an etiquette Qur'an etiquette is a set of rules and obligations that a Muslim should observe when reading the Qur'an. Reading the Qur'an is Sunnah, listening to it is obligatory. Allah commanded us to read the Qur'an like Prophet Muhammad ﷺ: - Al-Muzzammil Surah, verse 4 The etiquette of reading the Qur'an is not to rush it, to think about its meaning, and to read the letters correctly. and read the words clearly. To achieve this goal, it is necessary to know the science that studies the recitation of the Qur'an, which Muslims call "Tajwid". These rules reached our time through the companions of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ, and Muslim scholars approved them as rules. Manners when reading the Qur'an: There was a disagreement among Muslim scholars about reading the Qur'an in a state of impurity (i.e. "dirty" after sexual intercourse). In the same way, keeping the Qur'an in a clean state is also a matter of dispute, so it is considered better to read the Holy Qur'an after taking ablution and cleaning it. While it is permissible to read the Qur'an in the state of minor "filth", although there is disagreement about holding the Qur'an book, it is considered better to hold it in the form of ablution, because the Prophet Muhammad, peace be upon him, did not like to remember Allah when he was not ablution. * Before reciting the Qur'an, it is better to clean the mouth with a toothbrush misuak, because it is better to recite the words of Allah with a clean mouth. * It is better to read the Quran wearing clean clothes and in a clean place. And the best place to read the Koran is the mosque. * Before reciting the Qur'an, it is better to seek refuge from Allah in order to avoid the cursed Satan. * In addition, before reciting the Qur'an, the words of the Basmala should be recited. * When reading the Qur'an, one should show submission to Allah, one should think about his words. This is one of the greatest purposes of reading the Qur'an. When reading the Qur'an, one should not get involved in worldly conversations and not look around. * You should read the Qur'an without haste and clearly read the letters and words. * A person who reads the Qur'an should read the Qur'an with enthusiasm and beautifully in his own voice. However, it is heresy to make the Qur'an look like a poem when reciting it. * When reciting the Qur'an, it is necessary to keep all its rules, lengthen the parts that are longer, and shorten the parts that are shorter. * When you come across verses about Hell, you should ask Allah for forgiveness, and when you come across verses about Paradise, you should ask Allah for mercy. * Thinking about the Qur'an and weeping because of its meaning is one of the good deeds. * It is better not to read the Qur'an loudly or in a whisper. You have to follow the middle path. * It is better to prostrate when reading the "prostration verses" found in the Qur'an. * A person who wants to yawn while reciting the Qur'an should stop reading and stop yawning, because yawning is believed to be from Satan. * You should try your best to read the Qur'an from beginning to end. Manners when listening to the Qur'an: * A person who listens to the Qur'an should be submissive and think about the words of Allah, it is better to refrain from laughter and nonsense until the Qur'an is finished. ### Recitations (methods of recitation) Recitation (Arabic: قرع‎) refers to the ways of reciting the Qur'an and there is a difference between the terms recitation (qiraat) and recitation (harf) — qira'at is the way of reading the version of the Qur'an compiled by Uthman ibn Affan, with little differences from each other, and "harf" is the recitation based on the seven Arabic dialects of the originally revealed Qur'an (although there are other opinions on this). Makki ibn Abu Talib said: — "Fath al-Bari" (9/39) There are several ways of reciting the Qur'an, the most common of which are: > * Ibn Amir Abu Imran Abdullah al-Yasribi (died in 118 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the region of Sham. The most common examples of his teaching method are those of Hisham and Ibn Zakuan. Abdullah Ibn Kathir al-Makki (died in 120 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Mecca. The most common examples of his teaching method are those of al-Bazzi and Kunbul. * Abu Bakr Asim ibn Abu an-Nujud al-Kufi (died in 127 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Kufa. The most common examples of his way of learning are those of Abu Bakr and Hafs. * Nafig ibn Abdurrahman ibn Abu Nugaim al-Laysi (died in 169 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Medina. The most common examples of his teaching method are those of Qalun and Warsh. * Abu Amr ibn al-Ala al-Mazini al-Basri (died in 154 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Basra. The most common examples of his way of reading are those of al-Duri and al-Susi. * Hamza ibn Habib ibn Ammara al-Kufi (died in 156 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Kufa. The most common examples of his method of learning are those of Khalaf and Khallad. * Al-Kisa'i Abul-Hasan Ali ibn Hamza ibn Abdullah al-Kufi (died in 189 AH). He taught the Qur'an in the city of Kufa. The most common examples of his way of reading are those of al-Lays and al-Duri. In fact, the aforementioned Quranic scholars were not the most famous and expert Quranic researchers of their time, but initially, the ways of reading the Quran increased, the famous Muslim scholars of that time chose one of the ways of reading in the main cities of the Caliphate and adopted it as a standard. According to Ibn Abu Hisham, the reason for the appearance of these recitations was that the versions of the Qur'an compiled during the time of Uthman ibn Affan were sent to the regions of the Muslim state, where the people learned to read the Qur'an from the Companions, and because of this, several ways of reading the Qur'an appeared with little difference. But these recitations are based on the version of the Qur'an collected by Uthman and confirmed by all the Companions without changing the meaning of the Qur'an. Currently, among the ways of reciting the Qur'an, Hafs' recitation from Asim is considered the most popular, and most of the Qur'anic mushafs are written according to this recitation. Apart from Egypt, Warsh's recitation from Nafigtan is popular in African countries. And the reading of Abu Amr is used only in some areas of Sudan. It should be noted that not all recitations of the Qur'an are accepted, and one cannot read the Qur'an according to them without knowing their level of achievement. In addition, some recitations that can only be recited in one way are not accepted and are considered "shazz" (defective). ## Writing the Qur'an Arabs were familiar with writing even before the advent of Islam. In the 7th century, the Arabic script consisted only of basic symbols, which did not represent a single letter, but a group of letters. For example, if modern Arabic letters "ب, ت, ث" can be easily distinguished by the dots below and above them, in the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ they were written smoothly without turks. The basis of this alphabet was derived from the Nabatean script, which was used in Northern Arabia a thousand years before the arrival of Islam, and which in turn was influenced by the ancient Syriac script. After that, this writing style developed into two types of Arabic writing: Kufa and Hijaz writing style. Kufic script was a non-miniature script that followed a strict geometric order. The Hijaz script was smaller than the Kufa script and was written with a slant to the right. Scholars disagree as to which writing style came first, but the Hijaz script was less formal than the Kufic script. The current normalization of the Qur'an writing model consisted of several stages: * In the first stage, sounds (harakats) were placed on top of the letters in the Qur'an. Abul-Aswad al-Duali was a famous student of the Sahabah. At the beginning, thick dots were used to denote harakats: above the letter - fatha, below - kasra, and after the letter - damma. It is assumed that the sign of fatha comes from the letter "ا" (alif), the sign of kasra from the letter "ي" (yes), and the sign of al-damma from the letter "و" (wah). * In the second stage, diacritical points (igjam) were placed above and below the letters. Before that, the Arabic script was written only with lines, without dots, so reading the Quran could only be done by people who knew it by heart. Arabs used these diacritical points even before Islam, but it was very rare. During the time of Umayyad caliph Abdul-Malik ibn Marwan, hundreds of thousands of Muslims needed to read the Koran, he entrusted the marking of the letters in the Koran to the Iraqi emir Khajaj ibn Yusuf. Under the command of al-Hajjaj, this work is carried out by Nasr ibn Asim and Khay ibn Yagmur. * The third period is modern editions of the Qur'an. Although early versions of the Qur'an did not have harakats and diacritics, which were fixed in the Qur'an by prominent Muslim scholars, the writing of the Qur'an at that time was different from the Arabic script used today - the letter alif was often written above it, not after the previous letter, and sometimes the letters "ya" and "alif" it was simply not written (الرحمان — الرحمن), in some places the letter “wah” was used instead of “alif” (الصلاة — الصلوة). ## Difference between Qur'an and Qudsi Hadith Qudsi Hadith (Arabic: الحديث القدسي‎) is a type of hadith that is considered to be transmitted directly from Allah through him, not from Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. That is, the words in these hadiths were spoken by Allah and conveyed to the Prophet Muhammad by the angel Gabriel. Thus, holy hadiths were a part of the revelation of Allah, like the verses of the Qur'an, but they are not included in the Qur'an, and its verses are not considered consecutive. In order to believe hadith qudsi, it is necessary to determine its reliability (i.e. whether it is sahih or hasan) like other hadiths, while the verses of the Qur'an are not verified in this way. Qudsi hadiths should not be read like surahs during prayer. According to some scholars, the Qur'an should not be held by a person who has not performed ablution, and there is no such prohibition in Qudsi hadiths. The number of Qudsi hadiths is less than other hadiths and they are mostly ahadith rather than mutawatir. Only a hundred copies of such hadiths are known. Some Muhaddith-scholars wrote collections of Qudsi hadiths. For example: Abdurrauf al-Munawi's collection "al-Ithafat al-Sania bil-Ahadith al-Qudsiyya". ## Messages about the future in the Qur'an Some verses of the Holy Qur'an tell about the events that should happen after those verses were revealed. It was known that some of these reports were true even during the lifetime of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ. And the other part is the Muslim's duty to narrate the events that will happen near the end of time and believe in them. As an example of this, the following verse can be cited: — Surah Rum In 620, the Byzantine army suffered a great defeat from the Persians and Cilicia, Syria, Palestine, Armenia, which had previously been under Byzantine rule, The lands of Egypt pass under the hands of the Persians. Despite the weakened state of Byzantium, in 627, the Byzantine emperor Heraclius brought his troops to the vicinity of Nineveh and defeated a Persian army of 12 thousand. After a few months, Persia will be forced to return the captured lands to Byzantium. The Qur'anic verse accurately describes this future event, and also correctly describes the place where the Byzantine army was defeated - the battle took place near the Dead Sea. The Dead Sea is the lowest basin in the world. Another verse about the future whose truth was clear during the time of Prophet Muhammad ﷺ was revealed about the return of Muslims to Mecca after they could not enter Mecca in 6 Hijri: - Surah Al-Fath, 27 \ <> A year later, in the month of Dhu al-Qadha in the 7th year of Hijrah, Muslims perform the Umrah (minor pilgrimage) in Makkah and at the end of it they shave their heads and cut their hair in accordance with the Shariah. ## Sources ## References * Jalaluddin al-Suyuti "Excellence in Quranic Sciences" = الإتقان في علوم القرآن / Translated into Russian : D.V. Frolova. — ISBN 5846300979. * Ibn al-Qayyim al-Jawziyya "Zad al-Magad" = زاد المعاد في هدي خير العباد — "Risala" organization, 1418 AH/1998. * Ibn Hajar al-Asqalani "Fath al-Bari bi-Sharh Sahih al-Bukhari" = فتح الباري بشرح ساحيه البخاري — "Tayiba" publishing house, 1426 AH/2005. * E. R. Kuliev Na puti k Koranu — Baku: "Abilov, Zeynalov i synovya", 2003. — 622 p. — ISBN 5-87459-202-4. ## See more ## External links * http://kitap.kuran.kz/#!/bet/2/ar \< > * HolyQuranAcademy Archived 8 April 2022.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5858

Оман

Oman (Arabic: عُمان‎), full name Sultanate of Oman (Arabic: سلتنة عُمان‎) is a country located in the east of the Arabian Peninsula.,;; The land area is 312,000 km² (the borders are not clearly marked because they pass through deserts). The population is 2.4 million. (1998), 80% are Arabs, the rest are Indians, Persians, Baluchis, and people from African countries. 87.7% of the population are Muslims, 7.4% are Hindus, and 3.9% are Christians. The official language is Arabic. The capital is the city of Muscat. The administrative territory is divided into 8 districts. Oman is an unrestricted monarchy. All legislative and executive powers are held by the Sultan. National holiday - National Day - November 18 (1971). Oman is a member of the UN (1971). The currency is the Omani rial. ## Nature Most of Oman is mountainous. On the coast of the Gulf of Oman are the Hajar mountains (the highest point is 3353 m). The climate is tropical, hot and dry. The average temperature in January is 21С, in July - 32С. Plants tending to deserts and deserts, small savannas and tropical forests grow in the mountains. In Oman there are animals such as the Arabian deer, the fox, and the coyote. The subsoil is rich in oil reserves. ## History B.C. In the 4th millennium, ports appeared on the coasts of Oman. BC At the beginning of the 1st millennium, the country was dominated by the Yamani tribal community, which migrated from Yemen. The coastal region of Oman in B.C. In the 6th - 5th centuries, it was ruled by the Achaemenid dynasty, then by the Greek-Macedonian states and the Persians, and became a large sea trade center. It became part of the Arab caliphate in the middle of the 7th century. From the middle of the 8th century to the end of the 18th century, the country was alternately dominated by the Persians and Portuguese, and when they weakened, it became an independent imamate. At that time, the country was invaded by the Wahhabis from the Central Arabian Peninsula, and later by the Egyptian ruler Muhammad Ali, who relied on the help of England. At the beginning of the 19th century, under the influence of various forces, the territory of Oman was divided into the Imamate of Oman, the Sultanate of Muscat (1891 - 1958 - a British protectorate) and the Treaty of Oman (since 1971, the United Arab Emirates). In the 1900s and 1950s, most of the Imamate of Oman was under the control of British troops and the armed forces of the Sultan of Muscat. On August 9, 1970, Sultan Qaboos bin Said al-Said of Muscat announced the establishment of a unified Sultanate of Oman, which included the Sultanate of Muscat and the Imamate of Oman. At the end of 1971, the Sultanate of Oman was admitted to the League of Arab States and the United Nations. ## Economy Oman is a country with a rapidly developing oil and gas industry. The amount of profit from oil is 6-8 billion per year. about a dollar. The traditional branch of the economy is handicrafts (weapon making, leather tanning, weaving). In the following years, chemical, oil refining, cement, food, machine building, and metal processing enterprises were built. The main agricultural crops are dates and tobacco. Tropical fruits (bananas, mangoes, papayas), onions and potatoes, corn, wheat, rye, African millet - durra are also cultivated. Nomadic animal husbandry is preserved (sheep, goats, cattle, camels). Poultry farming and fishing (80% of fish caught are exported) are also well developed. There is no railway in Oman. It exports oil, non-ferrous metals, fish, flour, fruits and vegetables. Almost 50% of the working population is covered in the field of agriculture and fishing. The annual amount of national income per capita is equal to 8690 US dollars. Main trade partners: Japan, Republic of Korea, Taiwan, Singapore, India. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7640

Ангола

Angola (port. Angola), the official name of the Republic of Angola (port. República de Angola) is a country in southwestern Africa, a presidential republic. The legislative body is the National Assembly. Executive power is in the hands of the government. The land area is 1246.7 thousand km2. The capital is Luanda (1.5 million, 1990). Major cities: Bengela, Wambo, Lubango, Malanje, Cabinda. Administratively, it is divided into 18 provinces. Population — 33,836,670 million. They are Batukongo and Western Bantu. divided into groups. The official language is Portuguese. More than 80% of the population is Christian. ## Nature Most of the territory of Angola is plateau and mountainous. The sea coast is low (about 100 km wide). The climate is equatorial monsoon and tropical trade wind. The average temperature in January is 200-25°C. The annual amount of precipitation is 1000-1500 mm, 250 mm on the sea coast. Big rivers: Kwango, Kasai, Kunene, Kwanza. The south of the mountain plateau is covered by thick forest, and the south is covered by sparse shrubby savannah (desert with trees and shrubs) that loses its leaves in drought, and evergreen tropical trees grow on the western slopes. ## History The history of Angola in the ancient and middle centuries has not been fully studied. It is known that in the 15th-17th centuries there were states called Gola-an-Dango, Kongo, Luanda. The first information about them was left by European merchants and travelers. The Portuguese, who came for trade, robbed and slaughtered the inhabitants. By different methods, they started to subjugate the local chieftains by selling slaves and then by force, they gradually started to establish their power by direct conquest. Thus, all of Angola became a colony of the Portuguese in the 15th century. The four-hundred-year-old slave trade system has completely bled Angola. Millions of Angolans were sold to America and Europe. The local people in their own country also experienced unbearable exploitation and abuse. Angola was among the most backward countries in Africa. 1961 In February, the National Movement for the Liberation of Angola (MPLA) launched an armed uprising in Luanda. The national liberation struggle went through difficult periods. It was mixed with separatism and foreign provocations due to tribal and political rivalries. However, the MPLA (National Movement for the Liberation of Angola), which gradually overcame the difficulties, gradually became the main force of the national liberation struggle. The movement received support from many countries. MPLA established a people's government in the liberated areas of Angola. started taking measures. The Angolan People's Armed War combined with the wars of liberation in other Portuguese colonies - Guinea-Bissau and Mozambique - weakened the power of the colonialists. 1975 On November 11, Angolan patriots declared the national independence of the country. However, a struggle for power began between different parties of the rebels, which turned into a civil war. Only in the late 1980s, successful steps were taken to settle the Angolan problem, which had become a regional conflict. Angola, Cuba, the USA and the Republic of Uzbekistan signed the first agreement. In 1991, as a result of efforts to stop the civil war involving the USA, Portugal, and the USSR. On May 31, MPLA and UNITA (National Movement for the Total Liberation of Angola) organizations signed several agreements in Lisbon. 1975 1991-92 to the adopted Constitution of Angola. some changes were made and the multi-party system was established. A year later, parliamentary and presidential elections were held in the country under the supervision of the UN. There was peace for a while, and in 1997 Another riot started in Angola. The war between the two power centers made the people very restless. The civil war is still ongoing (1998). ## Economy Angola is an agrarian country. The industry is poorly developed. Coffee, corn, sugar, peanuts, copra, cotton, etc. products are grown. Animal husbandry is developed in the southern regions. Coffee and diamonds occupy a special place in foreign trade. Angola's subsoil is rich in minerals (oil, diamonds, quartz, marble, copper, iron). There are oil refineries, cement factories, fish-canning and textile enterprises. The economy of the country is dominated by foreign capital (USA, Portugal, Germany). 1995 exported products - 3698 mln. dollars, the volume of imported products was 729 million dollars. The world of Angola. hundred. its share in gross domestic product is 0.02%. Due to colonial oppression, the ancient culture of Angola has not been fully explored. ## Cities of Angola Big cities of Angola: * Luanda 2 325,700 * Huambo 1 708,600 * Quito 1 264,400 * Malange 998,300 * Ouijé 993,400 * Lubango 925,800 * Benguela 696,100 * Sombre 655,000 * N'Dalatando 396,700 * Luena 350,900 * Lucapa 300,400 * Mbanza-Congo 299,500 * Onjiwa 238,600 * Cabinda 195,600 * Kashito 183,900 * Saurimo 149,400 * Namibe 146,300 * Menongwe 130,400 ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7023

James Joyce

James Joyce (English James Augustine Aloysius Joyce) (February 2, 1882, Dublin, Ireland - January 13, 1941, Zurich, Switzerland) is an Irish writer and poet. Born in Dublin, spent most of his life outside Ireland. His most famous work is "Ulysses". It is a 600-page work about one day of a Dublin Jew named Leopold Bloom. Joyce is considered to be a master of the literary genre called "stream of consciousness". ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3434

Aslan Musin

Aslan Esbolayuly Musin (born on January 2, 1954, in the village of Bestamak, Alga district, Aktobe region) is a state and political figure of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since the fall of 2012, he has been appointed as the chairman of the report committee on budget control of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Biography * He was born in 1954 in the village of Bestamak, Alga district, Aktobe region. Nationality - Kazakh. He comes from the Kete clan of the Alimuly tribe. * After graduating from the institute, he worked in various positions in the Accounting Center of the Aktobe Census Department. * From January 1979 to October 1991, he worked as an instructor, department head, and secretary of the Aktobe Regional Committee of the Communist Party of the Communist Party of Ukraine. * In 1991-93, he was the chairman of the Aktobe regional department of the state anti-monopoly committee. * In 1993-94, he was the deputy head of the administration of Aktobe region, the first deputy - the head of the Department for Economy. * In 1994-1995, he was the head of the Aktobe Regional Economy Department. * In 1995-02 - Akim of Aktobe region. * In 2002-06 - Akim of Atyrau region. * Minister of Economy and Budget Planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan since October 2006. * Since January 2007, he also serves as the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan since August 2007. * On August 18, 2007, he was a deputy of the 4th convocation of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the list of the "Nur Otan" party. * On September 2, 2007, at the first session of the Majilis of the 4th convocation of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, he was elected as the chairman of the Majilis. * Head of the administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on October 13, 2008. * On September 21, 2012, Aslan Musin was appointed as the chairman of the report committee for monitoring the implementation of the Republican budget ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5030

Бейбарыс

Sultan Baibarys (Beybarys, Arabic. : الزهر ركن الدين بيبرس البندقداري‎ - al-Malik al-Zahir Rukn-ad-din Beybarys I al-Bunduktari al-Salih) was a sultan who ruled in Egypt in 1223-77. He was born in 1223, descends from the Burjoghly branch of the Kypchak clan. The fate of Rukn al-Din Baibarys-Al-Mansuri Al-Mysri, the fourth sultan of the Mamluk state, is very interesting and full of contradictions. Baibarys' father is Jamak, mother is Glass. He is from Khorezm and Berber. Historians proved that he came from an aristocratic family. At that time, the Berish clan lived in the Crimea region (in modern times, the Berish mostly settled in the Atyrau region). Amir Aytekin was bought by al-Bunduktar in Dimashq slave market, therefore he was called Beybarys al-Bunduktari. ## Falling into slavery He was captured in the Kypchak field during the war, as a child, and rose from slavery to heroism in a foreign land with extraordinary bravery and great talent. He is a remarkable person in Kazakh history. There are two accounts of how he came to be enslaved. * According to the first, as a result of military campaigns, and according to the second, his father's enemies sold him into slavery. Beybarys was a man who rose from a common slave to the rank of sultan of the Mamluk state. The Mamluk state was founded by his daughter Fatima and his son-in-law, Ghali-Arystan, after many years of conflicts and heated disputes between the heirs of the Prophet Muhammad (pbuh). In protecting their country from the enemy, they did not rely on the local people, but on their strong and brave Kipchak men. * Since 1271, due to the transition of Islam in the direction of Sufism, the sons of Turks began to be selected for the army, this was to prevent military coups. The Sultan of Egypt bought men for security from Italian merchants. Thus Beibaryst was sold in Dimashki for 800 dirhams. Here he met his compatriots. Baibarys was able to prove himself as a master of military art. ## Ascension to the throne Sultan Ayubi of Egypt appointed him as his secretary. During that period, the Muslim army of the Mamluk state led by Beybarys resisted two major powers of the Middle Ages - the Christian Europeans who organized the "crusades" and the divinely believing army of the Mongols (mostly Turkic tribes; not Khalkha-Tungus Mongols) (Rashid al-Din's "Jamig al-Tawarikh" " in the work it is written that they are Mongols and it is written about the battle in Ain-Zhalut). After the death of Sultan Kutiz in 1260, Baibarys ascended the throne. ## Strengthening of the connection with the Golden Horde Historical literature in Egypt developed at a rapid pace due to the strengthening of the connection with the Golden Horde with the arrival of the Mamluk (Kipchak) dynasty at the head of the state. Encyclopaedias containing historical and geographical information of Turkic dynasties and peoples appeared. In Egypt, the historical work of Abd-az-Zahir, the secretary of Sultan Baibarys, was born. This work contains information about relations with the Golden Horde, as well as a brief "road link" from the Crimea to the Volga, religious and ethnographic information about the resident population of Crimea. ## Changes in power He loved horse games, hunting, contests. He was famous for his simplicity and piety. He always paid attention to and helped the poor, fed orphans and took them under his arms. Baibarys, who firmly took the reins of power, strengthened every city and kept a permanent army in every city. He strengthened the order in the state, finally stopped the clashes that took place near the Palace. Introduced channel system. The Mamluk state became more beautiful. Merchants from all over the world began to flock to the Mamluks. Bridges were built over all the rivers and a mosque was built in every city. Baibarys achieved the title of the ruler of all Arab possessions in the east. He completely subjugated Seljuks, Minor Armenia, and Berbers in Central Asia. They destroyed the huge castles of the Franks one after another. All the neighboring countries were considered by the Mamluks. Baibarys was recognized not only as a talented commander, but also as a visionary politician. He established relations with many distant and nearby states of that time. Sultan az-Zahir Beybarys built many high-rise buildings, famous mosques, high mounds and castles according to the advanced model of that era. Some of them have been preserved. When he gained the power of the sultanate, the lands of Kipchak were owned by the Golden Horde, which was ruled by the Mongol (Mangiel) khan Berke. Baibarys first of all sent a friendly letter. In 1262, the Sultan sent his ambassador to establish friendly relations between the two countries. After that, they established military, trade, religious and cultural ties. ## In the last years In 1277 Beybarys was poisoned by the vizier Kypchak Kalu. Sultan Beybarys died on July 1, 1277 in the city of Dimashk and was buried under the dome of Az-Zaharia Library. His remains were buried in the Bab al-Barid cemetery in Damascus. In this way, Beybarys Sultan turned the Mamluk state into a great power, protected Egypt and Syria from the "crusade" and Mongol invasion, and became a fortress for all Muslim countries. He ruled Egypt for 17 years. ## Nursultan Nazarbayev about sultan Beybarys He rose from slavery to khanate with his exceptional courage and great intelligence. Many historians wrote that our great ancestor Beybarys, who ruled a huge country like Egypt for 17 years and saved the entire Arab world from the Mongol invaders, was taken captive from this Atyrau region as a child, and that his remains were from the Berish tribe. When I went to Egypt, I taught the Koran in the mosque built by Baibarys. I saw with my own eyes how the Arabs respect our glorious ancestor. * 1265 Christian-Frankish castles were taken. He conquered the Berbers (1267-75). * In the period 1260-77, the face of the crusades returned, the invasion of Mongol troops was repelled, the political and military prestige of the country increased, and the life of the local population improved. ## Sources ## External link * http://www.kazneb.kz Archived May 19, 2021.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7553

Импрессионизм

Impressionism (fr. импрессионнісme, импрессион - impression) is a trend that first appeared in France in the second half of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century. Representatives of Impressionism sought to depict life impressively. The first signs of impressionism in visual arts were reflected in the works of artists Delacroix, Constable, Turner in the 60s of the 19th century. Impressionism was founded by French artists (K. Monet, O. Renoir, E. Degas). From their works, a successful image of life or nature was presented impressively and artistically. He was able to show the changeable times of nature, the color of things, the subtle changes of light and rays. Representatives of Impressionism closely observed and tried to clearly convey the world of rich colors blooming in nature. The movement of impressionism was the first to show the transformation of colors. Since 1870, impressionism began to take shape as an artistic method in France. Its representatives rejected the social content of art, the principles of image accumulation and typification. However, Impressionism has made significant achievements in accurately conveying the emotional impact of a person from his environment, changing times, changes in the color of objects due to the influence of light and atmosphere. They were able to write freely, as they wished, without sticking to specific ideological topics or rigid methodological rules. He was able to freely create the structure (composition) in the painting. Impressionism was characterized by vacillation and ambivalence in depicting the image, and distanced itself from the accuracy of harmony in the picture. Representatives of Impressionism created a plein air system that required the use of only "pure colors" without the use of color additives. These methods are clearly characterized by neo-impressionism (neo-new) and post-impressionism (post-later), the continuation of impressionism. Neo-impressionism was brought to life by Georges Seurat (1859-1891). Artists of this direction invented their own writing technique. They painted on the canvas by evenly applying pure paints without additives (J. Sera in the painting "Sunday walk between Grand-Jat"). Such paintings gave the impression of being transformed with mosaics. At the end of the 19th century, post-impressionism, the opposite of impressionism, came into history. Its major representatives, great artists were Vincent Van Gogh (1853 - 1890), Paul Gauguin (1848 - 1903), Paul Cézanne (1839 - 1906). Impressionists mainly wrote the external image of the subject with honesty and momentary feelings, while post-impressionists tried to depict their inner world, feelings of the heart. They often used pure bright colors (Van Gogh, Gauguin). And Cézanne describes the surrounding environment (things, people, animals, etc.) geom. perceived objects (for example, a mountain - a triangle, a human head, an apple - a sphere, etc.). Impressionism's principles of creating momentary impressions in painting by Van Gogh, J. Whistler, M. Lieberman, K.A. Korovin, M. Rosso in sculpture, P.P. It was reflected in the works of Trubetsky and O. Roden. ## Chronology of Impressionist artists Impressionists K. Debussy was the founder of impressionism in the field of music. He made many innovations in the ways of music representation (in terms of orchestration, piano texture). In particular, he tried to obscure the musical basis and harmony in his own way. Later, outstanding music masters (M. Ravel in France, M. de Falla in Spain, etc.) wrote wonderful aesthetic works with a delicate melody characteristic of impressionism. The signs of impressionism in literature are the brothers E. and J. Goncourt, A. Shnitzler, G. Hauptmann; in the theater dir. A. Antoine, M. Reinhardt, F.F. Komissarzhevsky, actors G. Rezhan, S. Moissi, P.N. Orlenev's creativity. Impressionism is basically an art movement that shows art from a new angle and achieves many innovative and noble ideals. In Soviet times, impressionist art was not appreciated. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1957

Nauryz holiday

Nauryz is a holiday of the beginning of the year, which has been established since ancient times. According to the current calendar (March 22) comes the equinox. In the old Persian language, nawa = new + رازانہ = sun, in the sense of "new day", it has the same meaning in modern Persian (no = new + rose = sun; meaning "new day"), i.e. "new year" (marking the rise of the sun). means Since May 10, 2010, according to the 64th resolution of the General Assembly of the United Nations, March 21 has been called "International Nowruz Day". In its explanation, the General Assembly stated that "Nowruz has been celebrated by 300 million people in the Balkans, the Black Sea region, the Caucasus, Central Asia and the Middle East for 3000 years." On September 30, 2009, UNESCO included Nauryz holiday in the list of intangible cultural heritage of humanity. In Kazakhstan, Nauryz is celebrated for three days: March 21-23 (since 2010). In general, Nauryz is celebrated as a spring festival and the beginning of a new year among Persian, Caucasian and Turkish peoples. It is celebrated in Iran on March 21, in Central Asian countries and Azerbaijan, as a state holiday in Tajikistan and Kazakhstan - on March 22, and in Uzbekistan and Turkey on March 21. ## Overview The first day of the Iranian calendar corresponds to the March equinox, the first day of spring, around March 21. In the 11th century of our era, the Iranian calendar was changed to fix the beginning of the calendar year, that is, Nauryz, on the vernal equinox. Accordingly, the definition of Nauryz given by the Iranian astronomer Tusi: "The first day of the official New Year was always the day when the sun entered Aries before noon." Nowruz is the first day of Farwardin, the first month of the Iranian solar calendar, the official calendar used in Iran and formerly in Afghanistan. Nowruz has been celebrated since the reform of the 11th century AD in the Iranian calendar to celebrate the new year, and in February 2010, the United Nations officially recognized "International Nowruz Day" by adopting UN General Assembly Resolution 64/253. ### Etymology The word Nauryz is a combination of Persian words نو now - meaning "new" - and روز ruz - "day". Pronunciation varies between Persian dialects, with Eastern dialects [nawˈɾoːz] (as in Dari and Classical Persian, but in Tajik it is navrūz [spelled نوروز]), Western dialects [nowˈɾuːz], and Tehranis [noːːːz]. The English word nowruz has many different spellings, including norooz, novruz, Novruz, Navruz, Nauruz, and newroz. ### Time accuracy March time is based on the vernal equinox. In Iran, it is the new year's date in the Hijri calendar, which is based on precise astronomical observations, and also uses a complex intercalation system that makes it more accurate than its European counterpart, the Gregorian calendar. Each 2,820-year major cycle has 2,137 normal years of 365 days and 683 leap years of 366 days, with an average year length of 365.24219852 in the major major cycle. This mean is only 0.00000026 (2.6×10−7) per day – just over 1/50th of a second – shorter than Newcomb's mean tropical year of 365.24219878 days, but significantly different from the current mean year of the vernal equinox. 365.242362 days, that is, the new year at the vernal equinox moves half a day through the cycle. As the source explained, the 2820 year cycle is incorrect and was never actually used. ## History Nauryz is an ancient holiday. The tradition of celebrating Nauryz has been in the lifestyle of most peoples of the world since ancient times. Ancient Greeks called this holiday "patrikh", Burmese "water festival", Tajiks "gul gardon", "baisheshek", "gulnauryz", Khorezm people "nausarji", Tatars "nardugan", Buryats "sagaan sara", Sogdians "nausaryz", Armenians "Navasardi", the Chuvash called "Noris Oyahe" differently. Abu Rayhan Biruni, Omar Khayyam, etc. In his works, there is a lot of information about how Eastern peoples celebrate Nowruz. For example, Persian-speaking peoples celebrated Nauryz for several days. On these days they light big fires everywhere and pour oil on the fire; predicts the future by looking at seven newly sprouted grains; traditional national soup "sumalak" is served with seven white cups; discards old clothes; old glass breaks the leg; they give flowers to each other and draw a circular pattern - "symbol of the sun" - on the walls of their houses; put flowers on the supporting tree in the house; organizes various competitions (jamb shooting, etc.). In traditional Kazakh society, Ulys Day is considered the beginning of the year. According to folk mythology, on the night of March 21, Kydyr roams the field. Ulus Day has always been considered sacred for the Kazakh nation. The people wore clean, new clothes. The men of the village support each other and fight each other; women hug and wish each other well. They invite each other to drink March soup prepared for the holiday. Cooking it with sheep's head and pork meat means saying goodbye to winter food (meat), and adding egg to it means saying goodbye to summer food (milk, egg). As a rule, on this day, people are cleansed of evil deeds and so-called filthiness and clear their conscience. Elders of the village divided the brotherly country, clans, brothers and friends from the same table and made them happy. He entrusted the poor and disabled to the care of their close relatives. He gave warmth to those suffering from swallowing. A song is sung at the beginning of Altybakan. Traditional national games (kokpar, tarudyspak, wrestling, girl kuvar, altybakan, draw, etc.) are played. At dawn, many people go to the top of a high hill and welcome the dawn. In the early stages of Soviet rule (1920-25), eastern nations celebrated this holiday, but in 1926, it was recognized as a "religious holiday" and "an old fashioned thing", but it remained hidden in all territories of Kazakhstan. Since 1988, Nauryz has been celebrated again as a public holiday in the city of Almaty and in many districts of the republic. ## Kazakh tradition Traditionally, Nauryz was celebrated by the entire village, especially the youth, by sending water to the cleaned ditches, planting trees and planting flowers. starting with holding. Interest in folk games ("Aikysh-uykysh", "Ak serek en kuk serek", "Alka kotan", etc.), singing, dancing, poetry recitals, "Kyzgaldak" holiday, Kazakh wrestling, horse racing continued and ended with a spectacle around "Altybakan" by nightfall. On the 2nd day after Nowruz, people started spring planting en masse. The herding community was also engaged in activities related to harvesting. Even in the villages where Nauryz was postponed, mass sowing was started on the 2nd day after the holiday. Many Kazakh children know that the 22nd day of Nauryz is the Nauryz holiday (New Year). Nauryz has been written about in newspapers for a long time, every year. This holiday is shared by the whole nation. Apart from the fact that Nauryz is a national holiday, it has a deep historical significance. The Kazakh nation, along with all creatures, rejoiced at the arrival of summer, the year when the bitter winter passed and the soul created life force. ˝The old tail that guards the door of death throughout the winter, and the old tail, which is lying in the cave, starts to show its presence in the world by moving around, the diseases say that I will be cured, the horses say that I will be satisfied, the naked people live without clothes. They used to welcome the new year with nostalgic meetings and passionate hugs, as if we all share what nature has given us. ˝The blue stone of Samarkand has melted today,' - the legend used to say that he wanted to make a person who did not expand his mind harder than a stone on Nauryz day. ## Sources ## External links

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4550

Zhanseyit Kanseyituly Tuimebaev

Zhanseyit Kanseyituly Tuimebaev — (July 8, 1958, Kaynar village, Algabas district, South Kazakhstan region, Kazakh SSR) - Kazakh statesman, diplomat, scientist, doctor of philology, professor, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary. Rector of KazNU named after Al-Farabi. He comes from the Isty clan. Zhanseyit Kanseyituly Tuymebaev was born on July 8, 1958 in the village of Kainar of the then Algabas district of the Shymkent region (today's Turkestan region, Baydibek district), in a large family. Zh. Tuymebaev's father, Kanseyit Tuymebaev, served as secretary of the party organization in Algabas and Sozak districts. He brought up 4 sons and 8 daughters in his family with Ulmeken Zhamankyuzy, his god-given spouse. The eldest son of Kanseyit Tuimebaev, during his time as Bayseyit, held responsible positions in the Mangistau region, and later worked in the Shymkent regional and South Kazakhstan regional akimats. Headed the department of regulation of natural monopolies, protection of competition and support of small business in South Kazakhstan and Almaty regions. He was the akim of Baydibek district. Zh. Tuymebayev's younger brother, Imangeldi, is currently holding a responsible position in one of the regional administrations. Before that, he was the deputy akim of Baydibek district. Zhanseyit Tuymebaev raised sons and daughters named Eldana and Elnar together with his wife Zhanat Ensebayeva. According to some sources, Zh. Ensebayeva works as the director of the art gallery, during which she held an exhibition of the best Kazakh artists called "Modern Kazakh Art" together with the embassy in Turkey. Zh. Tuymebayev studied at boarding school No. 12 in Shymkent as a child. He graduated with a gold medal. He had a high aptitude for mathematics. He later graduated from Kazakh State University and Moscow State Social University. Today, he is a doctor of philological sciences, a professor, a holder of the diplomatic rank of 2nd class ambassador. He is the author of more than 30 scientific books. Worked at the Kazakh State University during the time of Zh. Tuymebayev. Since 1993, he held responsible positions in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, headed the Consulate of Kazakhstan in Istanbul, the Protocol of the President of Kazakhstan, was an adviser to the President. He was the Minister of Education and Science. He served as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in Russia, Turkey, and Albania. ## Education * Kazakh State University. S. M. Kirov, Faculty of Philology, Almaty. (1980); * Moscow State Social University, Faculty of Law, Moscow. (2000). ## Scientific degree, rank, position * Candidate of Philological Sciences, Institute of Linguistics of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1987); * Doctor of Philological Sciences (2008); * Professor in Linguistics; * Honorary Doctor of "Nigde" University of the Republic of Turkey (2014). ## Labor service * S. M. Assistant, senior lecturer, docent of Kirov Kazakh State University (1980-1993); * First Secretary, Department Head of the Department of the Middle, Middle East and African Countries of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1993-1994); * Second and first secretary of the Embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Republic of Turkey (1994-1997); * Consultant of protocol service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1997-1999); Consul General of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the Republic of Turkey (Istanbul) (1999); * Head of Protocol of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1999-2004); * Adviser to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Head of Protocol of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (31.03.2004-01.02.2006); * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation (02.01.2006-01.10.2007); * Minister of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan (10.01.2007-09.2010); * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of Turkey (10.2010-10.2016); * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Republic of Albania (03.2011-10.2016); * Akim of South Kazakhstan region (07.10.2016-20.06.2018); * Governor of Turkestan region (20.06.2018-26.02.2019); * Deputy Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, Head of the Secretariat of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan (from 28.02.2019 to 05.02.2021) * Rector of the Kazakh National University named after Al-Farabi (from 05.02.2021) ### Other works * Chairman of the Board of the Interstate Humanitarian Cooperation Fund of the CIS countries (2007-2010); * Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC "Parasat National Technical University" (2008-2010); * Deputy Chairman of the Board of Trustees of the Kazakh-Turkish National University (2007-2010). ## Awards * 2003 — Order of "Honor"; * 2011 — "Parasat" Order; * 2022 (March 17) — 2nd degree "Barys" order; * State medals, including: "10 years of Astana" medal (2008); "20 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2011); "20 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2015); "20 years of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" " medal (2015); "25 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2016); "Unity" gold medal of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (2019); "25 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2020); "25 years of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" medal (2020); "30 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2021); * "10 years to Astana" medal (2008); * "20 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2011); * Medal "20 years to the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2015); * Medal "20 years to the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" (2015); * "25 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2016); * "Birlik" gold medal of the People's Assembly of Kazakhstan (2019); * "25 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2020); * Medal "25 years to the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan" (2020); * "30 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" medal (2021); Other awards: * Medal of the Association of Turkish Entrepreneurs and Industrialists "For special contribution to the development of cooperation between Kazakhstan and Turkey" (2011); * International Tourism Development Platform of Turkey (TÜTAP) Award "for outstanding achievements in international relations" (2011); ## Scientific works Series of books in the field of Turkology. Tuimebaev: The problem of anlaut labial consonants in Altai languages (Revision of Ramstedt - Pelio's phonetic law). Moscow, 2004. Tuymebaev: history of Turkic-Kazakh-Mongolian ethno-linguistic relations. Almaty, 2008. Tuymebaev: Formation and development of Altai theory and Altaistics. Turkestan, 2006. Tuymebaev: theoretical principles and criteria of historical-genetic distinction of Turkic-Mongolian lexical parallels. Astana, 2008. Tuymebaev: Current issues of Central Asian languages research. Turan language union. Kokshetau, 2009. Tuimebaev: Turanian language union and interlinguistic, intercultural interference phenomenon in the Altai area. Almanacs of the Turkic world. Astana, 2012. Tuymebaev: introduction to Altaistics. Astana, 2013. Tuymebaev: Introduction to Turkic philology. Astana, 2013. Tuymebaev: the language of Turkish written monuments. Astana, 2013. Tuymebaev: modern Turkic languages. Astana, 2013. Tuymebaev: Comparative grammar of Kazakh and Turkic languages. Astana, 2014. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: Historical-linguistic foundations of Altaistics (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2015. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva: historical and linguistic foundations of Turkology. Almaty, 2015. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: comparative-descriptive grammar of Kazakh-Turkish languages (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2016. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva: morphological system of ancient Turkic language monuments. Almaty, 2016. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: comparative-descriptive grammar of the Kazakh and Tatar languages. Almaty, 2017. Tüymebayev J., Eskeyeva M: Türkolojinin Tarihî Dilbilimsel Esasları. (in Turkish). Almaty, 2017. Tuymebaev, g. Sagidolda, M. Eskeeva: comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages. (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2017. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva, Sagidolda city: Development of the linguistic basis of the "Eternal country" idea. Almaty, 2017. Tuymebaev, M. Eskeeva, M. Usmanova: comparative grammar of the Kazakh and Bashkir languages. Almaty, 2018. Tuymebaev, M. Eskeeva, Sh. Abdinazimov: comparative grammar of the Kazakh and Karakaopak languages. Almaty, 2018. * J. Tuimebaev: The problem of anlaut labial consonants in Altai languages (Revision of Ramstedt - Pelio's phonetic law). Moscow, 2004 * Zh. Tuymebaev: history of Turkic-Kazakh-Mongolian ethno-linguistic relations. Almaty, 2008. * J. Tuymebaev: Formation and development of Altai theory and Altaistics. Turkestan, 2006. * J. Tuymebaev: theoretical principles and criteria of historical-genetic distinction of Turkic-Mongolian lexical parallels. Astana, 2008 * J. Tuymebaev: Current issues of Central Asian languages research. Turan language union. Kokshetau, 2009. * J. Tuimebaev: Turanian language union and interlinguistic, intercultural interference phenomenon in the Altai area. Almanacs of the Turkic world. Astana, 2012. * J. Tuymebaev: introduction to Altaistics. Astana, 2013. * J. Tuymebaev: Introduction to Turkic philology. Astana, 2013. * J. Tuymebaev: the language of Turkish written monuments. Astana, 2013. * J. Tuymebaev: modern Turkic languages. Astana, 2013. * J. Tuymebaev: Comparative grammar of Kazakh and Turkic languages. Astana, 2014. * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: Historical-linguistic foundations of Altaistics (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2015. * J. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva: historical and linguistic foundations of Turkology. Almaty, 2015. * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: comparative-descriptive grammar of Kazakh-Turkish languages (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2016. * J. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva: morphological system of ancient Turkic language monuments. Almaty, 2016. * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: comparative-descriptive grammar of the Kazakh and Tatar languages. Almaty, 2017 * Tüymebayev J., Eskeyeva M: Türkolojinin Tarihî Dilbilimsel Esasları. (in Turkish). Almaty, 2017 * J. Tuymebaev, g. Sagidolda, M. Eskeeva: comparative-historical grammar of Turkic languages. (Phonetics. Morphology). Almaty, 2017 * J. Tuimebaev, M. Eskeeva, Sagidolda city: Development of the linguistic basis of the "Eternal country" idea. Almaty, 2017 * J. Tuymebaev, M. Eskeeva, M. Usmanova: comparative grammar of the Kazakh and Bashkir languages. Almaty, 2018. * J. Tuymebaev, M. Eskeeva, Sh. Abdinazimov: comparative grammar of the Kazakh and Karakaopak languages. Almaty, 2018. * Series of books in the field of the Kazakh language. Tuymebaev: Historical grammar of the Kazakh language. Almaty, 1985. Tuymebaev: lexicology of the modern Kazakh language. Almaty, 1986. Tuimebaev: Kazakh language. Almaty, 1991. Tuimebaev: Indicative forms of the verb in the Kazakh language. Almaty, 1992. Tuimebaev: Kazakh language: Grammatical handbook. Almaty, 1996. Tuymebaev: Historical grammar of the Kazakh language. Almaty, 2005. Tuymebaev: Kazakh-Mongolian lexical parallels: materials for the etymological dictionary of the Kazakh language. Moscow, 2005 * Zh. Tuymebaev: Historical grammar of the Kazakh language. Almaty, 1985 * J. Tuymebaev: lexicology of the modern Kazakh language. Almaty, 1986 * J. Tuimebaev: Kazakh language. Almaty, 1991 * J. Tuimebaev: Indicative forms of the verb in the Kazakh language. Almaty, 1992 * J. Tuimebaev: Kazakh language: Grammatical handbook. Almaty, 1996 * J. Tuymebaev: Historical grammar of the Kazakh language. Almaty, 2005 * J. Tuymebaev: Kazakh-Mongolian lexical parallels: materials for the etymological dictionary of the Kazakh language. Moscow, 2005 * Series of dictionaries. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: English-Kazakh dictionary. Almaty, 2018. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: Kazakh-English dictionary. Almaty, 2017 * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: English-Kazakh dictionary. Almaty, 2018. * J. Tuymebaev, Sagidolda: Kazakh-English dictionary. Almaty, 2017 * "Spiritual" encyclopedia series TURKESTAN-SPIRITUAL CRADLE. Encyclopedia of linguo-regional studies. Book 1. Nur-sultan, 2019. TURKEY - CRADLE OF SPIRITUALITY. Bölgesel dilbilim ensiklopedisi. Second book. Nur-Sultan, 2019 TURKEY - THE CRADLE OF SPIRITUALITY. Encyclopedia of Linguistic Regional Studies. The third book. Nur-Sultan, 2019. TURKESTAN — THE CRADLE OF SPIRITUALITY. Local linguistic encyclopedia. Fourth book. -Nur-sultan, 2019. Kazakhstan-Turkey: 5 years of friendship and cooperation. Ankara, 1996, one year of the presidency. Astana, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005 State Protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2004 practical guidance on the State Protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2004. Kazakhstan. Moscow, 2006 Kazakhstan, people, nature, economy, culture. 2007 Kazakhstan-Russia relations: a collection of documents and materials. Moscow, 2008 Actual aspects of education reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2010. Kazakhstan. Key stages. Ankara, 2011, Kazakhstan. Economy. Business world. Investment opportunities. Ankara, 2012 "Tarihin Akışında" (in the course of history). Turkey, 2012 "Yüzyyıllar Kavşağında". (in the steam of the 21st century). Turkey, 2012 "Kritik en Yil" (critical decade). Turkey, 2012 "Kazakhstan Yolu" (Kazakhstan Road). Turkey, 2012 "Avrasya yürekinde" (In the heart of Eurasia). Turkey, 2012 Kazakhstan-Turkey: high-level strategic cooperation. Ankara, 2013 Kazakhstan-Turkey: 20 years of friendship and cooperation. Ankara, 2013. Seven persons known by John. Turkestan, 2017. Person. Independence. History. Turkestan, 2017. Turkestan is the capital of the Turkic world. Turkestan, 2017. Historical and sacred places of South Kazakhstan region". Turkestan, 2017. South Kazakhstan: stylized stories. Turkestan, 2017. Collection "Sacred places of the South: legends". Turkestan, 2018. Geography of sacred places of Turkestan region 2 Vol. Turkestan, 2018. Turkestan, 2019. Nur-Sultan, 2020. People's expedition. Nur-sultan, 2019. TURKEY-Spiritual encyclopedia, 2019 -Sultan, 2019 - THE CRADLE OF SPIRITUALITY , 2019 * Kazakhstan-Turkey: 5 years of friendship and cooperation. Ankara, 1996 * One year of the President. Astana, 2001, 2002, 2003, 2004, 2005. * State Protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2004 * Practical guidance on the State Protocol of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2004 * Kazakhstan. Moscow, 2006 * Kazakhstan, people, nature, economy, culture. 2007 * Kazakhstan-Russia relations: a collection of documents and materials. Moscow, 2008 * Current aspects of education reform in the Republic of Kazakhstan. Astana, 2010 * Kazakhstan. Key stages. Ankara, 2011 * Kazakhstan. Economy. Business world. Investment opportunities. Ankara, 2012 * "Tarihin Akışında" (in the course of history). Turkey, 2012 * "Yüzyyıllar Kavşağında". (in the steam of the 21st century). Turkey, 2012 * "Kritik en Yil" (critical decade). Turkey, 2012 * "Kazakhstan Yolu" (Kazakhstan Road). Turkey, 2012 * "Avrasya yürekinde" (In the heart of Eurasia). Turkey, 2012 * Kazakhstan-Turkey: high-level strategic cooperation. Ankara, 2013 * Kazakhstan-Turkey: 20 years of friendship and cooperation. Ankara, 2013 * Seven persons known by John. Turkestan, 2017. * Person. Independence. History. Turkestan, 2017. * Turkestan is the capital of the Turkic world. Turkestan, 2017. * Historical and sacred places of the South Kazakhstan region". Turkestan, 2017. * South Kazakhstan: stylized stories. Turkestan, 2017. * "Sacred places of the South: legends" collection. Turkestan, 2018 Geography of Turkestan region, 2018. Turkestan, 2019. * Kazakhstan: the territory of peace and harmony, Nur-Sultan, 2020.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5883

Earth Chronicles

Geochronological scale (Earth chronology) is a hierarchical system of geochronological units equal to the units of the general stratigraphic scale. The initial version of the scale was adopted at the meetings of the International Geological Congress in 1881-1900. There were various reasons for naming the geological periods. Often named after geographical names, for example, Cambrian - the name of Wales when it was part of the Roman Empire, Devon - because of Devonshire in England, Perm - a city in Russia, Jura - a mountain in Europe. Some periods are named after ancient tribes: Wend, Ordovician, Silurian. The Carboniferous and Cretaceous periods are named because of the overlapping of the corresponding sediments. ## Graphical timeline ## Sources ## External links \< > * NASA: Geologic Time Archived 18 April 2005. * GSA: Geologic Time Scale Archived 17 December 2007. * British Geological Survey: Geological Timechart Archived 15 September 2010. * GeoWhen Database * International Commission on Stratigraphy Time Scale * CHRONOS Archived 5 December 1998. * National Museum of Natural History - Geologic Time Archived November 11, 2005.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5327

Kazakhstan money

Kazakhstan tenge is the national currency of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It was put into circulation by the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on November 15, 1993. ## History In the beginning, the first tenge series (1 tenge = 100 coins) consisted of the following denominations: * 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 tenge banknotes * 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 tenge coins, * 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 50 tenge coins (originally made of paper). Later in circulation: * 200 tenge banknotes of the 1993 model and 500 tenge banknotes of the 1994 model in 1994; * In 1995, 1000 tenge banknotes of the 1994 model; * 2000 tenge banknotes of the 1996 model in 1996; * 1997 coins with denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 tenge (new design); * 5,000 tenge banknotes of the 1998 model in 1999; * In 2000, 200 and 500 tenge banknotes of the 1999 model (design changed), in 2001: * 1000 and 2000 tenge banknotes of the 2000 model (design changed); * 100 tenge banknotes of the model of 2001 (the design has been partially changed); * 5000 tenge jubilee banknotes of the 2001 model dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * 5000 tenge banknotes of the model of 2001 (the design has been partially changed). in 2002: * 100 tenge banknotes of the 2003 model; * 200 and 500 tenge banknotes of the 1999 model (partially changed design) were issued. in 2003: * 10,000 tenge banknotes of the 2003 model. in 2006: * 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 tenge banknotes (completely new design). ## General information On August 27, 1992, the National Bank approved tenge banknote models. The next day, artists Timur Suleymenov, Mendibai Alin, Agymsaly Duzelkhanov, Kairolla Abjalelov, who brought the Kazakh currency to life, left for England. In 1992, tenge design portraits were approved. The tenge was printed in Great Britain. On November 12, 1993, President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed the Decree "On the introduction of national currency in the Republic of Kazakhstan". On November 15, 1993, the national currency of Kazakhstan - tenge - was put into circulation. The exchange of old money into Kazakhstan tenge started on November 15, 1993 at 8:00 a.m. and ended on November 20 at 8:00 p.m. The National Bank initially estimated 1 tenge to one thousand rubles at that time. However, taking into account the country's political and social issues and interstate relations, 1 tenge was fixed at 500 soms. On the day the tenge entered the first round, 1 dollar was fixed at 4.75 tenge. Until November 1993, only the State Bank of the USSR, and then the Central Bank of Russia, performed the issuing service. At that time, ruble banknotes and coins issued by the State Bank of the USSR or the Central Bank of Russia in 1961-1991 served as means of payment in Kazakhstan. So it is no secret that we were buying Russian rubles necessary for our economic circulation at that time. In particular, 1 ruble in cash was bought for 2 rubles in cashless money. After the collapse of the USSR, some of the republics included in it put their national currency into circulation, that is, left the "ruble zone", and our republic remained in that zone for two years. The main reason for this was that Kazakhstan did not have its own banknote production factory and Mint. In 1992, our first currencies were mutually produced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 with Harrison & Sons, an English postage stamp and banknote company with four centuries of experience. released due to the contract. On July 26, 1992, Russia announced that since the introduction of its own currency, it has split the financial systems of other countries, including countries in the "ruble zone" such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Also, the Central Bank of Russia requested Kazakhstan to issue rubles with Kazakh symbols. In addition, they had the following requirements: firstly, if the ruble is to be used, Kazakhstan should enter Russia as a subject of the Russian Federation; secondly, hand over the gold-currency reserve of just over 700 million US dollars, which was collected in the first years of independence, to the Central Bank of Russia. In short, they offered to pay us with the independence of Kazakhstan to use their ruble. From that time, only USSR rubles remained in circulation in Kazakhstan, and there was no limit to their arrival from other ruble-separated regions. Finally, the ruble, which had been devalued until then, continued to depreciate, and the inflation rate exceeded 2900 percent. The occurrence of such unfortunate events inevitably led to the release of the native currency of Kazakhstan. Thus, on November 12, 1993, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a decision was made to introduce the national currency in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and on November 15-18, measures were taken to exchange the USSR rubles issued in 1961-1991 into our national currency tenge. From this moment, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan is an issuing bank. The emission activity of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan is carried out with the help of its structural units: banknotes of the Banknote Factory of the Republic of Kazakhstan located in Almaty and coins produced at the Mint Palace in Uskemen. Issue of banknotes and coins, organization of their circulation, fight against counterfeiters are gradually becoming global problems. A number of countries refuse to produce banknotes and coins themselves, handing them over partially or completely to companies with advanced technologies. Banknote factory of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, equipped with modern printing equipment for protected printing, not only produces national currency banknotes, but also produces protected printing products according to state and commercial orders. Kazakhstan Mint produces highly valued coins at the prestigious Mint Palace exhibition in Berlin (Germany), and the interest in it among specialists and collectors is growing day by day. Kazakhstan Mint implemented a quality management system according to the international standard IS0-9001:2000 and received certificates for the production of coin products and state awards. Awards issued for companies are excellent examples of jewelry art that meets the best global standards. In addition to orders from other central banks for the production of coins, KTS has received invitations to participate in several international coin programs, including those for the Olympic Games and the World Cup. The latest achievements include mastering the production of two-color coins, a proof-quality silver coin with enamel, and the production of unique silver and gold coins of 50,000 tenge with a weight of 1 kg for the introduction of the national currency for 15 years. On the face (obverse) of the coins, in the upper part, the coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan is depicted surrounded by an octagonal rosette with five twists, and the inscription "NATIONAL BANK OF KAZAKHSTAN" in the national language. In the lower part there is an inscription "50,000 TENGE", which means the denomination of the coin. A bead-like chain and a protruding edge are drawn around the coin. On the gold coin, on the left side of the face value is the trademark of the Mint of Kazakhstan and "1 kg" indicating the weight of the coin. the inscription "Ai 999" is placed on the right side, indicating the metal of which the coin was made and its test. On the back side (reverse) of the coin, a collage of three coins - "Shabandoz", "Regel tushguldagi" and "Garysh" - is depicted against the backdrop of national currency symbols. On the left side of the collage is a picture of a 10,000 tenge banknote. In the upper part of the coin, a graphic image of the symbol of the national currency, tenge, is placed. The inscription "TENGEGE 15 YEARS" in the national language, the number "2008" indicating the year of minting, and a protruding edge are placed around it. Images and inscriptions are embossed on the obverse and reverse sides of the coin. The edge (band) is embossed. Commemorative coins are made of 999/1000 gold, weight - 1000 grams, diameter - 100 mm, "proof" quality. ## Museum of the National Bank About the museum of the National Bank. The Museum of the National Bank was opened on November 13, 1997 in order to preserve the history of the creation of Kazakhstan's currency for future generations. Today, the fund of the museum has collected 5 thousand objects of material culture. Bronze and silver coins of the 12th-14th centuries, coins of pre-revolutionary Russia, provisional government, RKFSR and USSR, as well as coins of the CIS countries are stored here. The museum collection contains Russian gold coins with the image of Tsar Nicholas II dated 5 and 10 rubles issued in 1898-1899, silver coins with the image of Peter the Great, Catherine II, and Nicholas II. There are also German Reichsmarks, Russo-Polish coins and coins from China, Mexico, Poland, Austria-Hungary. Among the relics, there are quite a few, for example, "silk money", "opium money". The silver coin dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the independence of Kazakhstan, made of 925 silver, worth 5000 tenge, weighs 1 kg, will surprise museum visitors with its size and design. * * * * * * * * Here are gold coins dedicated to the 1500th anniversary of Turkestan, the 10th anniversary of the independence of Kazakhstan, the first colored silver coins issued for the 10th anniversary of the national currency, "Kazakhstan Petroglyphs", "Kazakhstan's Red Book", "Kazakhstan's Crafts", "Architecture and Historical Monuments", Coins from the "Gold of Nomads" and "Early Minted Coins" series have been preserved. Among visitors to the museum, gold and silver coins issued by the Kazakhstan Mint - "Kyzyl Bori", "Regel Tulip", "Shabandoz" are of great interest. The main task of the issuing bank is to issue the amount of money necessary for circulation and withdraw the excess amount from circulation. Of course, issuing money in excess of the amount necessary for circulation will allow its value to depreciate. 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 tenge banknotes were put into circulation on November 15, 1993; 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 tenge coins and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 tenge coins were sent. In 1993, the first coins were printed on paper. After a short time, these paper coins were withdrawn from circulation and replaced by coins in the form of coins. KUB later released the following banknotes into circulation: * Banknotes of 1994, denomination 200, which is based on the model of 1993, and denomination of 500 tenge, which is based on the model of 1994; * Banknotes of 1995, denomination 1000, it is according to the model of 1994; * Banknotes of 1996, denomination 2000 tenge, according to the model of 1996; * Coins of 1997, denomination 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 tenge; * Banknotes of 1999, denomination 5000 tenge, it is according to the model of 1998; * Banknotes of 2003, denominations of 200 and 500 tenge, based on the model of 1999 (changed design); * Banknotes of 2001, denominations of 1000 and 2000 tenge, they are from 2000 (changed design); * 100 tenge banknote according to the model of 2001; * jubilee banknote of 5000 tenge, it is according to the model of 2001, this type of money is related to the 10-year independence of our country; * 5000 tenge banknote according to the model of 2001; * In 2002, a 100 tenge coin was modeled after 2001; * banknotes of 200 and 500 tenge denomination, they are according to the model of 1999; * 10,000 tenge banknote of 2003, model of 2003. In 2006, the National Bank of Kazakhstan prepared new design banknotes for circulation, these banknotes range from 200 tenge to 10,000 tenge. Money in circulation in Kazakhstan until December 15, 2006: 10000, 5000, 2000, 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 3 and 1 tenge bank notes, 20, 10, 5 , together with metal coins of 3 and 1 tenge, 500 tenge gold coins prepared for the anniversary, initially 64x100 mm in size. 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 coins printed on watermarked paper were later replaced by metal coins in these denominations. However, today coins of up to 1 tenge taken from circulation, as well as banknotes of denomination up to 100 tenge (in paper form) are not in circulation, instead of them, coins made of metal are in use. Of course, the circulation of large-denomination banknotes is connected with the increase of the average salary in the country. On November 15, 2006, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan changed the appearance of 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000 tenge banknotes. The measures here provide for the absence of a human image on the banknote and their high protective capacity. The period of circulation of old-style and 2006-style banknotes is 1 year. In the period of co-existence of old and new banknotes in circulation, it is a legal means of payment, it is accepted for all types of payment in the entire territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as for calculation and transfer to bank accounts without any restrictions. After the end of the period of coexistence of old and new-style banknotes in circulation, old-style banknotes will cease to be a legal means of payment for all types of payment throughout the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Board of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan has the right to extend the ten-year period of acceptance and exchange of old-style banknotes from legal entities and individuals. Today, our national currency is becoming one of the stable currencies in Central Asia. At the beginning of its introduction into circulation, low confidence in the national currency and economic crises in the country had a negative impact on its value. As a result, it can be said that our tenge has fallen against the US dollar. For example, when the tenge was introduced, the price of 1 US dollar was equal to 4.75 tenge, but in 2000 it depreciated to 155 tenge. On the one hand, such a phenomenon is objective, because it is clear that any new currency cannot compete with the currency of a country with a deep history or a developed economy. On the other hand, those periods describe the periods of new formation of our national economy. From 2001 to this day, our tenge has been stable against the US dollar, and in 2001, its exchange rate against the US dollar decreased from 155.6 tenge to 117.4 tenge by the middle of 2005-2006, and in April 2009, the national currency was devalued and rose again to 150.8 tenge. . The depreciation of the tenge against the US dollar can be connected, firstly, with the increase in the money supply in circulation, and secondly, with the increase in the inflation rate of 8.5 percent, which was caused by the increase in the price of oil products. The money supply here is growing in two ways, the first is due to the increase in foreign exchange earnings from the sale of oil products abroad, and the second is due to the increase in the volume of cheap loans from foreign financial markets of our domestic banks in recent years. ## Banknotes ## Buckets ### First batch buckets ## # The second set of shakas (1997 — April 26, 2019) ### The third set of shakas (from 2019) The design of the shakas has not undergone significant changes compared to the previous set, however, the Kazakh language Due to the transition to the Latin alphabet, all inscriptions in them are made with Latin characters. ## Memories In addition to coins for circulation, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan issues commemorative and anniversary coins. ## Tenge is the national currency The national currency of Kazakhstan was put into use on November 15, 1993. Banknotes - tenge and coin were developed by the National Bank with the participation of leading artists of Kazakhstan. Tenge is not the first currency of Kazakhstan. In the territory of ancient Kazakhstan, money was used many centuries ago. Turkic rulers in Syrdarya, Otyrar Valley, and Turkic rulers in Zhetysu issued their own coins in the 7th-8th centuries. Mints worked in Otyrar and Isfijab. Between the middle of the tenth century and the eighth century, cities grew rapidly, and the volume of goods production and trade increased. Copper felts were mostly used in small retail trade. Gold coins were also circulated, but they were used in trade not only individually, but also according to their weight: the coin was broken into pieces as needed. Since the end of the fourteenth century, Amir Temir coins have been circulating in Kazakhstan. In addition to these, Samarkand, Bukhara, Tashkent coins, mainly copper dinars, were used in trade in the cities of Kazakhstan. In the difficult twentieth century, Kazakhstan entered the single ruble zone. This continued until November 1993. On November 15, 1993, at 8:00 a.m., Soviet rubles were replaced by tenge. This day is considered the birthday of the National Currency. ## Interesting facts The tenge symbol chosen in 2007 turned out to be a variant of the symbol used by the Japanese postal company for 120 years. * Japan Post website * A monument to him was erected in the city of Taraz, where the Kazakh tenge was first put into circulation. ## Commemorative banknotes ## Sources ## External links * National currency of Kazakhstan * Tenge new design Archived January 6, 2014. * Banknotes of Kazakhstan Archived May 12, 2019. * Coins of the CIS and Baltic countries * "History of Art Kazakhstan" volume four, Kazakh encyclopedia, Almaty, 2007

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7595

hero (elephant)

Batyr (1970-1993) is the name of a famous elephant in Karaganda Zoo. ## See more * Karaganda Zoo

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2206

ODP

Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors. List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed. ## External links * Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016. * Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project * Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project * Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project * Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project