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Мұхаммед

Muhammad (Arabic: مُحَمَّد‎ [muˈħammad] listen; c. 570, Mecca, Hejaz – 8 June 632, Medina) was an Arab religious, political, military and public figure, the founder and central figure of Islam. According to Islamic teachings, he is the last prophet of God ("seal of the prophets") sent to preach and confirm the monotheistic teachings of Adam, Noah, Abraham, Moses, Jesus and other prophets. Muhammad unified Arabia into a single Muslim state, and made the Qur'an and Muhammad's teachings and traditions the basis of the Islamic faith. Muhammad was born in the city of Mecca around 570 (the incident of the elephant) and was orphaned as a child. Kokesi grew up in the arms of Abu Talib. He used to spend his nights alone in the cave of Hira mountain, doing worship. Later, at the age of 40, the angel Gabriel came to the cave and the first revelation from God was revealed. Three years later, in 610, Muhammad began to preach these revelations publicly. Like other prophets of Islam, he declared that "God is one", that complete "submission" (Islam) to him is the right way of action (religion), and that he was the last prophet and messenger of God. Muhammad faced opposition from several Meccan tribes with his first followers (Sahaba). To escape persecution, Muhammad sent some of his followers to Abyssinia, and then in 622 he exiled all his companions from Mecca to Medina (Yasrib). This event begins with Hijra, the Islamic calendar (Hijri calendar). In Medina, Muhammad unites the tribes into the Medinan tradition. In December 629, eight years after the cessation of hostilities with the Meccan tribes, Muhammad marched on Mecca with an army of 10,000 newly recruited Muslims. The battle was largely uncontested, and Muhammad took the city with little bloodshed. In 632, a few months after returning from his last pilgrimage, he fell ill and died. Before his death, most of the Arabian Peninsula was converted to Islam. The revelations that came before the end of Muhammad's life (each verse is called "Sign of God"), make up the surahs of the Koran. Muslims consider it to be "the word of God" and the religion is based on it. Apart from the Koran, Muslims rely on Muhammad's words and actions (Sunnah), Hadith, Sira literature and apply them as Islamic law (Shariah). ## Name In Islam, the name is given great, sacred importance. The name "Muhammad" means "Repeatedly praised", "Praiseworthy". In the Qur'an, he is mentioned by name only five times, but he is also a prophet (an-Nabi), a messenger (Rasul), a servant of God (Abd), a messenger (Bashir), a warner (Nazir), a reminder (Muzakkir), a witness (Shahid), Caller to God (Da'i) and others. called by names. According to Muslim tradition, when the name of the Prophet Muhammad is mentioned or written, it is always "Sallallahu alayhi wa sallam" (Arab. صلى الله عليه وسلم‎) - i.e. "May the blessings and peace of Allah be upon him." Muhammad's full name includes the names of all his famous grandfathers, starting with Adam, as well as his son's surname al-Qasim. The full name of Muhammad is as follows: Abul Qasim Muhammad ibn Abdullah ibn Abdulmuttalib ibn Hashim ibn Abdu Manaf ibn Qusai ibn Kilab ibn Murrah ibn Kaab ibn Luway ibn Ghalib ibn Fihr ibn Malik ibn al-Nadr ibn Kinana ibn Khuzayma ibn Mudrikah ibn Ilyas ibn Mudar ibn Nizar ibn Maad ibn Adnan ibn Adad ibn Muqawim ibn Nahur ibn Tayrah ibn Yarub ibn Yashjub ibn Nabit ibn Ismail ibn Ibrahim ibn Azar ibn Nahur ibn Sarugh ibn Shalih ibn Irfhashad ibn Sam ibn Nuh ibn Lamk ibn Mattu Shalah ibn Ahnuh ibn Iard ibn Mahlil ibn Kainan ibn Yanish ibn Shit ibn Adam. Believers respected him and called him Abu Qasim by his kunya, and he was the only owner of this kunya during Muhammad's lifetime. And those who looked at the Prophet Muhammad with hostility called him mockingly Ibn Abu Kabsha, that is, the son of Abu Kabsha. He was the husband of his nursing mother, Halima. . According to eyewitnesses of his time, Prophet Muhammad had broad shoulders, medium height, and large hands and feet. Prophet Muhammad had a thick beard, big mouth and eyes. Between the eyelids there is a seal of prophecy in the form of a relief triangle. His eyelashes were long, and his eyebrows were slanted. Islamic historian and religious specialist Muhammad ibn Jarir al-Tabari gave the following description of the prophet's character in his book "General History". Prophet Muhammad liked to wear white clothes. Basically, they consisted of a long shirt (kamis) and a striped Yemeni veil (hibara), as well as a turban and izar that went around the waist and reached mid-shin. He was wearing a silver ring with the inscription "Muhammad is the Messenger of Allah". He was very clean, he often put perfume on his body and cleaned his teeth with miswak. Prophet Muhammad's voice was slightly hoarse. He often smiled, and sometimes he smiled so much that his fangs were visible. ## Muhammad's place among other Islamic prophets Islam, in addition to Muhammad, also recognizes other prophets (there are versions that there were 124 thousand of them, and in some places they are 224 thousand There are also versions that there were), but Muhammad is said to be not just one of the prophets, but also the last of the messengers and prophets in this chain. And, like other apostles (including Prophet Jesus), he was sent not only to individual cities, villages, and peoples, but to all people on earth. His shari'ah (that is, a set of moral and religious-legal rules and principles), according to Islamic teachings, will not expire until the Day of Judgment. All other shari'ahs brought by other prophets have lost their validity (they were all temporary in nature). Thus, Muslims, accepting the Holy Books of the Torah (Torah) and the Gospel (Bible), do not recognize the validity of their laws, and also believe that their meaning has been distorted by people. Muhammad occupies the highest place among the prophets (hence one of his epithets is the Lord of the Prophets). According to Islam, belief in Muhammad's prophetic mission is obligatory for all people, including Christians and Jews, who must follow his call and accept the final Sharia. Ramadan al-Buti writes about Muhammad's place in Islam and its Shari'a: "There is no difference between monotheistic religions [that is, unadulterated monotheistic religions], because they all have the same God, since the mission of Muhammad is the pinnacle of all religious development of mankind. chain link. However, there are differences between the laws (shari'ah) sent by the prophets." Muhammad belonged to the Quraysh tribe. He migrated from Mecca to Yathrib in 622, under pressure from the Meccan pagans, after which the city became known as Medina (this period - hijra (migration) - is the beginning of the Muslim calendar), and then conquered Mecca with his followers. At the time of Muhammad's death in 632, the entire Arabian Peninsula was converted to Islam, and after the death of the prophet, his successors ("regents", caliphs) adopted Islam, Arabic culture and language, and accumulated scientific knowledge (including that of ancient civilizations) that influenced the development of science as a whole. ) spread to the Asian and African possessions of the Eastern Roman Empire, which they conquered, to a small part of Europe; Apart from Europe, the said cultural-linguistic and religious space has been preserved until modern times. Muhammad is also called the Seal of the Prophets, the Lord of the Prophets and the Prophet of the Doomsday. The Muslim faith includes the belief that Muhammad, along with other prophets, is the Messenger of Allah (as defined in the Shahada, the hallmark of the Islamic faith) and that he is the last prophet. ## Religious teaching According to Islamic teaching, Muhammad is the last prophet and messenger of Allah. Islam, i.e. submission to one Allah, is characteristic of all pious people, including those who follow the command of Allah by accepting the teachings of Jesus, Moses and other famous biblical prophets. However, according to Islam, Jewish and Christian teachings were distorted by humans and later lost their power after the beginning of the revelation of the Qur'an. Moreover, the falsification of the Books was within the limits of Allah's knowledge. The Qur'an is the word of Allah, the last Holy Book, and the Book that cannot be changed. By the will of Allah, since the Last Book is in Arabic, this language is special for Muslims. Only the Arabic Qur'an is a Book, and its translations in other languages (which are often considered "translations of meaning") are not.. The Qur'an was revealed in separate parts. Based on the verses of the Qur'an (25:32, 17:106), this is attributed to the fact that Allah wanted to fully establish faith in the heart of Muhammad, and the verses were revealed by events and by the questions of the inquirers, which in turn made a greater impression than if they were sent in their entirety. The verses were able to calm Muhammad, instilling in him peace and perseverance. Some verses canceled the previous one. The verses sent to Muhammad before his migration to Mecca are believed to contain fewer legal laws. In the Qur'an, commands to Muhammad are often found. The word "Kul" (say) is mentioned 332 times. ## Predictions about the coming of Muhammad in the Bible The religion of Islam, recognizing the Bible as the Holy Book, says that the Bible also mentions Muhammad as the messenger of God. In the Koran, it is said: Those of us who gave them books know (Muhammad FC) like they know their sons. Basically, a group of people (scholars) knowingly hide the truth from them." (2:146) In addition, Muslims talk about the fact that the modern Bible is falsified, and based on some hadiths, they also touch on the sections that talk about Muhammad. But Christians, who agree with everyone that the Bible is falsified, do not accept this view. As evidence, Muslims cite the following biblical verses: I will raise up a Prophet from among their brothers, like you ["these words were spoken to Moses (Moses")], and I will put My words in his mouth, and He will tell them all that I commanded him. And if he does not listen to My words, the words of that Prophet who speaks in My name, I will punish him; But if the prophet, in My name, dares to say what I did not command, and if he speaks in the name of other gods, send that prophet to death. And you in your heart If you say: "How do we know a word that God did not speak?" If a prophet speaks in the name of God, but that word is not fulfilled, then that word was not spoken by God, but the prophet spoke with his own courage, - do not be afraid of it. (Bible. The second law ch. 18, ch. 18-22) Muslims point out that this word is not about Isa (Jesus), because he is not like Musa (Moses), and there " like you. The famous Muslim preacher Ahmed Deedat pointed out the main differences between Isa (Jesus). They are recognized by Muslims as a miraculous birth, he was not married and had no children like Moses and Muhammad, he was not recognized as a prophet by his people like Moses and Muhammad, he was not a king. And according to Ahmed Deedat, Isa (Jesus) did not come with a specific new law, he simply came to fulfill the old laws. And the word "from among their brothers" is interpreted by Muslims as the fact that Arabs and Jews are brotherly peoples. Muslims also refer to other verses of the Bible ## Arabia and Mecca before Muhammad's preaching In Arabia, the main religions were paganism, Judaism, and various pagan Christian beliefs. Local Arab tribes worshiped polytheism based on the monotheistic religion of Prophet Ibrahim (Hanifism). They have preserved the Hajj ritual and respect for the Kaaba from the religion of Prophet Ibrahim. In the pre-Islamic Arabs, eloquence, hospitality, and adherence to one's agreement were widely respected. Among the bad features of pre-Islamic society, the following can be distinguished: blood feuds, if the Arabs were afraid that they would not be able to support newborn girls or newborn children, then there was a tradition of burying them alive. When Muhammad lived, the city of Mecca was the commercial and financial center of Arabia. Mecca is located among barren rocks, where cultivation was impossible. Cultivation was widespread only in the green islands, one of which is the city of Yathrib (Medina). Mecca was often a battleground for power among the Arab tribes. An important place in politics was taken by the Quraysh tribe, from which Prophet Muhammad came. ## Family Prophet Muhammad was from the Quraysh tribe, which has the highest position among the Arabs. He looked after the community of the Hashim tribe. The name of this tribe was given in honor of Muhammad's great-grandfather - Hashim. During Hashim's lifetime, he had the right to raise cattle to feed the pilgrims, and owned the Zamzam spring. He was a rich man. He got the nickname "Hashim" (his real name is Amr) because he distributed bread to the pilgrims who came to Mecca for the Hajj ("hashima" - bread for bread soup). After his death, the right to feed and water the pilgrims passed to his brother al-Mutilnp. Quraysh called it al-Fayda - "Generosity itself". Hashim had a son named Shuaiba and Abdulmuttalib. He was a very respected person among his people. Muhammad's father, Abdullah ibn Abd al-Muttalib, died shortly before his birth (two months) or a few months after the birth of the Prophet Muhammad. Muhammad's mother's name was Amina bint Wahb ibn Abd Manaf ibn Zuhra ibn Kilab. The name "Muhammad" was given to him by his grandfather Abdulmuttalib. It means "Praised". The number of wives of Prophet Muhammad is different among historians. Al-Masudi, in his book "Murujuz-zahab", says that Prophet Muhammad had 15 wives. Yagubi writes that Prophet Muhammad had 21 or 23 wives, but he only had physical relations with 13 of them. Qardawi gives nine, but without Hadisha, that is ten; According to Watt Montgomery, many tribes claimed all their kinship with Muhammad, so the list of wives could be greatly exaggerated. He names only eleven wives (including Khadisha), which is in line with traditional views (he also names two concubines). Prophet Muhammad was married to all of them, before the prohibition of the Koran. It is forbidden to marry more than four wives. Below is a list of 13 wives of Prophet Muhammad: * Khadisha bint Khuwaylid * Sauda bint Zama * Aisha bint Abu Bakr * Hafsa bint Umar * Zaynab bint Khuzayma * Umm Salamah bint Abu Umaya Zaynab bint Jahsh * Juwayriya bint al-Kharis * Raykhana bint Zayd * Safiyya bint Huyay * Ramla bint Abu Sufiyan * Mariya al-Kibtiya * Maymunah bint al -Haris Muhammed had children from Khadisha besides Ibrahim. Khadisha gave birth to al-Qasim, then at-Tahir, at-Tayyib, Zeynep, Ruqayyah, Umm Kulsum, and Fatima. His sons died in childhood. The daughters lived and converted to Islam before Muhammad's prophetic mission began, and they all moved from Mecca to Medina. All but Fatima died before Muhammad's death. And Fatima died six months after his death. Descendants of Prophet Muhammad's daughter Fatima and grandson Hussein are called Seyids. Descendants of grandson Hasan are sheriffs. Descendants of the Prophet Muhammad established a ruling dynasty in Morocco (Saghadites). King Abdullah II of Jordan, descended from the Hashemite dynasty, is considered a direct descendant of Muhammad in the 43rd generation. 570 - Birth of Muhammad in Mecca. Before Muhammad's birth, his father, Abdullah ibn Abdulmuttalib, dies and Muhammad is given to his nursing mother, Halimah bint Abu Zuayb. For 4 years, Muhammad lives with the nomadic Bedouin tribe Banu Sad. * 575 — the arrival of the nursing mother Halima in Mecca and the transfer to Amina, the mother of Muhammad. * 583 — Journey to Syria with Abu Talib. * 585 - participation in the "War of Infidelity", in which the Prophet Muhammad "defended his brothers and returned the arrows with a shield." * 595 - Prophet Muhammad's visit to the city of Busra with Khadisha's trade caravan; Marriage to Khadisha. * 575 - participation in the "Union of Benevolence", the purpose of which was to protect the defenseless and maintain the safety of foreigners in Mecca. * 610 — descent of the first verses; The beginning of Muhammad's prophetic mission. * 613 - Muhammad began to preach to the masses. * 615 — migration of half of Muhammad's companions from persecution to Ethiopia (he remains under the protection of his brother Abu Talib). * 610 — Boycott of Banu Hashim tribe against Muhammad. * 619 — Death of Abu Talib and Khadisha; Attempting to relocate to At-Taif city; The end of the Banu Hashim boycott against Muhammad. * 620 - Muhammad's secret agreement with a group of residents of Medina on the special role of the arbitral tribunal. * 621 — Isra and Miraj; the first Oath of Aqaba. * 622 - Hijra, migration to Medina. * 623 — the beginning of the war against the Meccan polytheists * 624 — the Battle of Badr; Marriage to Aisha. * 625 — Marriage of Hafsa and Zeynep bint Khuzayma; Battle near Mount Uhud. * 626 — marriage to Umm Salama; Battle of Uhud. * 627 — Marriage of Juwayria bint Haris and Zaynab bint Jahsh. * 628 — Marriage of Safiyya bint Huyay, Umm Habiba and Maymunah bint Haris; Treaty of Baia Ridwan and Hudaybiyah; Zaynab bint Harith's attempt to poison the Prophet Muhammad. * 629 - peaceful pilgrimage of Muslims and Muhammad to the Kaaba temple in Mecca; Quraysh's violation of the Treaty of Hudaybiyah. 630 - Conquest of Mecca; The arrival of the Bani Uqail, Bani Kalb, Bani Kilab, Bani Tujib, Bani Qatafan, Bani Khanzala bin Malik, Bani Kuda'a, Bali and Bani Bahra in Medina and their conversion to Islam. * 631 - Bani Azd, Abna, Bani Tay, Bani 'Amir bin Sasa'a, Bani Kinda, Bani Tujib, Bani Rahaouiyin, Bani Qafiq, Bani Mahra, Bani Hanifa, Bani Ans, Bani Murad, Bani 'Abd-Kays, Bani The arrival of the tribe of Hilal, Bani Ruha and Bani Zubaydah in Medina and their conversion to Islam. * 632 - The Last Pilgrimage to Mecca; The arrival of Bani Muharib pen Bani Naha in Medina and their conversion to Islam. ; 8 May - the death of the Prophet Muhammad. ## Contemporaries One of the followers of Islam from the Hadith: Ali ibn Abu Talib, Zayd ibn Harisa, Abu Bakr al-Azad, al-Azman Übāyīr ibn al-Řuūm, 'Abdirahman ibn Awf, Sa'd ibn Abu Waqas, Talha ibn 'Ubaydullah were the first. Among the people who did not believe in the Prophet Muhammad were his brother Abu Lahab pen his family, Abu Jahil, Uqba ibn Abu Muaythah t.b. was. Muhammad converted to Islam after a few of the Paymanians, for example, Abu Sufiyan ibn Harb. ## Role in History American writer Michael Hart (en) in his book "100 Great People (en)" describes the Prophet Muhammad as the most advanced man in history. ## The Arab People After Muhammad By the time of Muhammad's death in 632, the entire Arabian Peninsula had turned to Islam, and the death of the Arabs (“namengers,” caliphs) converted to Islam, I spread Arabic culture in my language. The Abbasid Caliphate was the largest empire of its time, extending from the Atlantic Ocean to China. ## Muhammad's khutbah in the u'dah (qushtasu) Some people called the u'dah the Islamic manifesto of human life. Muhammad uttered his last prayer in the tenth year of the Hijrah, when Muslims were forbidden to enter the Qur'an. 14 thousand Muslims went on pilgrimage from Medina to Mecca under the leadership of Muhammad. On the 9th day of Dhul-Hijjah, Muhammad, who came to Mecca for the pilgrimage, called all the Muslims to the mountain of Jabal al-Rahman in the Arabah. ! Listen to my words! I don't know, but after a year I'll be able to see the Sendermen again. * Human! If your sun is the day of your life, if your months are like the moon, if your cities (Mecca) are like cities, your cattle, your cattle, your honor are like a dream. Protected from all kinds of danger. * My Companions! You will associate with your Lord in the morning, and you will be held accountable for your deeds today. Don't go back to your old ways and kill each other. Let the pillars of this world reach people who have never been in this world. A person who has heard is more likely to remember and remember than a person who has heard in the same place. * My Companions! Whoever has someone's deposit should return it to its owner. All forms of usury (interest) have been abolished. Under my feet. But you have to give the basis of your debts. Do not be evil, do not be evil. By the order of Allahu ta'ala, usury is now prohibited. All these bad habits from the age of ignorance are under my feet. The first usury I destroyed was the usury of Abdulmuttalib's son (grandfather) Abbas. * My companions! The blood feuds of the Age of Ignorance have also completely disappeared. The first blood feud I eliminated was the blood feud of Abdulmuttalib's granddaughter Rabia. * Hey people! It is disbelief to change the places of the months in which bloodshed is forbidden in order to fight at any time. This is what the disbelievers have been led astray. They declared a month that they accepted as honest in one year as haram in the next year. He did this in order to fulfill the number of things made halal and haram by Haqq ta'ala. They make halal what Allahu ta'ala has forbidden and haraam what Allah has made halal. * Undoubtedly, time has entered the form and order of the day created by Allahu ta'ala. * Hey people! Today, the devil has lost forever the power to establish new rule and domination in your lands. But it pleases him if you submit to him in things that you consider small, except for these things that I have destroyed. Beware of these to protect your religion! * Hey people! I recommend that you respect the rights of women and fear Allahu ta'ala in this matter. You took women as trusts of Allahu ta'ala, promised them in the name of Allahu ta'ala, and took them for halal. You have rights in women, they have rights in you. Your rights in women are that they should not trample family privacy on anyone you do not like. If someone you don't like enters your home, you can punish them with a light fight and send them back from this life. Women also have rights with you - you provide them with various kinds of food and clothing in a halal way. * O believers! I leave you one trust, if you hold fast to it, you will not go astray. That trust is the book of Allahu ta'ala, the Holy Qur'an (in other narrations it is referred to as "Sunnah" and "Ahl al-Bayt"). * O believers! Listen carefully to my words and remember them well. A Muslim is a brother of a Muslim, and thus all Muslims are brothers to each other. It is not halal for anyone to lay hands on the lives, blood, property, honor and money of your religious brothers. It will be halal only if he gives it willingly. * My companions! Do not harm yourselves. You have rights and responsibilities that you have to take care of yourself. * Hey people! Allahu ta'ala has given his right to every right holder (in the Holy Quran). There is no need for an heir or a will. A child is born in whose bed it is. There is deprivation for a person who commits adultery. May Allahu ta'ala's torment, angels and all Muslims curse the ignoble person who claims to be from a lineage other than his father's, or the ostentatious person who runs away from his master and prays to someone else's hand. Haq ta'ala does not accept the repentance or testimony of such people. * Hey people! Your Lord is one. Your fathers are the same. You are all children of Adam. Man was created from dust. The most precious among you before Allah are those who are most pious. An Arab has no superiority over a non-Arab. Excellence is only in piety. * Hey people! Tomorrow they will ask you about me, what do you think? * Companions "You preached the religion of Allahu ta'ala. You have done your duty. "We testify that you preached and preached to us." * At this time, Rasulullah raised his index finger and pointed at the congregation, "Be a witness, Ya Rabb!" Be a witness, Lord! Be a witness, O Lord!' said. * On the day when the Prophet read the Promise Sermon, Surah Maida said, "Today I have completed your religion for you. Verse 3 meaning "I have completed my favor on you and I have been pleased to give you Islam as a religion". Hazrat Abu Bakr wept when the Prophet recited this verse to his companions. When the Companions asked the reason for it, they said, "This verse means that the time of Rasulullah's death is approaching. That's why I'm crying." * Our Prophet stayed in Mecca for ten days, performed the Promised Hajj and fulfilled the Promised Tawab. So he returned to Medina. After the promised pilgrimage, the Companions returned to their homeland and conveyed to the people there what our Prophet said and ordered. ## Muhammad in the Qur'an The name "Muhammad" is used only five times in the Qur'an (for comparison, Jesus is mentioned 25 times, Adam is mentioned as many times, Moses - 136 times, Abraham - 69 times, Noah — 43). He is referred to as Muhammad in 3:144, 145, 33:40, 47:2, 48:29, and in one verse as Ahmed in 61:6. Also, the 47th chapter of the Koran is called "Muhammad". ## Interesting facts * Muhammad could not read or write. * Muhammad and his companions tied stones to their stomachs so that they would not feel hungry. * Muhammad called war a deception (based on various deceptions and tricks). * The London magazine Time Out called Muhammad the first environmentalist in one of its articles. ## Character In order to show the character of Muhammad, the film studios of Jordan, Lebanon, Syria, and Sudan joined forces and planned to make a 30-episode feature film "The Month of Hashim" in 2008. ## Followers According to the Islamic point of view, everyone from Adam and Eve were Muslims ("muslim" means obedient to God). Now the number of all Muslims in the world is estimated to be about 1.1-1.2 billion people. ## In art cinematographer: * "Messenger of Allah - Muhammad" film * cartoon "Muhammad: the last prophet" \< > ## Sources Commentary Data ## Literature * Ibn Hisham. Sira Prophet Muhammad Archived 4 June 2009. * Safi al-Rahman al-Mubarkfouri. Biography of the Messenger of Allah. Archived from the original on June 3, 2009. * Hasan M. Balyusi. "Muhammad and development of Islam" * V. F. Panova, Yu. B. Vakhtin. Life of Muhammad — M.: Politizdat, 1990. — ISBN 5-250-00780-5. * "Life of the Prophet Muhammad" Archived November 2, 2009. (group of authors of organizations "Dar Rahi Hakk") ## External links * Site of the Islamic religion * Muhammad // "Krugosvet" * A. Ali-zadeh. Muhammed Archived October 1, 2011. Sample: IES-2007/1 * M. B. Piotrovsky. Muhammed Sample: IES-1991/1178—182 * Muhammed // Encyclopedic dictionary Brockgauza and Efrona.

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Altai languages

Altai languages are a nest of about 60 languages distributed in Asia and Eastern Europe, from the Balkans to the Magadan region and from Taimyr to Iran and the Ryukyu Islands. The number of people speaking Altai languages is about 380 million people (according to the 2004 census). The genetic kinship of the constituent branches is not proven: according to some scientists, they are derived from the deep communication of languages in ancient times. According to the widespread view, the Altaic language includes Turkic languages, Mongolian languages, Tungusic-Manchurian languages, Korean with the maximum version, Ryukyu and Japanese. According to glottochronology, the division of the ancient Altai language took place in BC. It started 5000 years ago. ## Sources

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Эстония

Estonia (est. Eesti), official name — Republic of Estonia (est. Eesti Vabariik) — is a country located in the north-west of Eastern Europe. It is surrounded by the waters of the Finn and Riga bays of the Baltic Sea. Estonia includes more than 1,500 islands (including the Moonsund archipelago). The area is 45.1 thousand km2, the population is 1.32 million. (2021), 63.9% of them are Estonians, 29% are Russians, 2.7% are Ukrainians, 1.6% are Belarusians, 1% are Finns, etc. Most of the believers are Lutheran, there are also Orthodox. 70% of the population lives in cities, the largest cities are: Tallinn, Tartu, Narva, Kohtla-Jarve, Pärnu. The capital is Tallinn. The official language is Estonian. From the administrative-territorial point of view, it consists of 15 districts (maakonds) and 6 cities subordinated to the center. According to the constitution, the head of state is the president, and the supreme legislative body is the Riigikogu (unicameral parliament). National holiday - Independence Day of Estonia, February 24 (1918). Estonia UN (1991), Eur. Member of the Council (1993), European Union (2004). The currency is the euro. ## Nature The territory of Estonia is located in the northwestern part of the East European Plain. Estonia's coasts are strongly indented, especially in the west and northwest. There are many bays and inlets (Tallinn inlet, Hara, Kolga, Lahepere, Matsalu, Pärnu, etc. bays). The western coasts are lowlands, the northern coasts are steep. The largest islands: Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu, Vorsmi, etc. Most of its land is a lowland plain (average height is about 50 m). In the western part of Estonia and the West Eston Highlands, as well as in the far east, lowland areas predominate, and there are many peat bogs in the West Eston Plain. North and Central. Part of it is covered by a wavy depression with a height of up to 166 m (Pandivere height). To the southeast of Lake Vyrtsjarv are the highest points of the territory - Otepya Height (up to 217 m) and Haanja (height 318 m), to the west is Sakala Height (up to 145 m). Heights are mainly formed from bedrock (limestones, sandstones) and covered with glacial deposits. North and Central. moraine sediments prevail in the part. The territory of Estonia is located in the northwestern part of the East European Platform, on the southern slope of the Baltic Shield and the northern slope of the Baltic Syneclise. The crystallized foundation of the platform, which lies at a depth of 110 m (in the south) - 600 m (in the southwest), is formed by strongly concentrated Archean and Proterozoic gneisses, migmatites, crystalline schists, quartzites and granites. The main mineral resources are combustible shale, phosphorite, peat, oil, amber, construction materials. The climate varies from maritime to continental. The climate is milder in coastal areas; its continentality increases in the eastern and southeastern directions. The average temperature in February is -6°C, in July it is equal to 17°C. Estonia has 420 rivers with a length of more than 10 km. The most important rivers are: Pärnu, Emayigi, Narva-Kazari. There are more than 1,000 lakes and reservoirs (4.8% of the entire country). The biggest ones; Pepsi, Wirtsjarv, Suurlacht. The soil is mainly crusty-ashy, crusty-carbonate, marshy. More than 50% of the territory is marshy and marshy soils. Estonia is located in the region of mixed forests, about 50% of the country's territory is covered by forests. Most of its forests consist of coniferous (pine, spruce) trees. The fauna of Estonia is characterized by representatives of taiga and broad-leaved forests, as well as coastal fauna. From mammals, moose, roe deer, wild boar, rabbit, hare, wolf, fox; from birds - kur, chil, sandugash, etc. lives. There are many birds of the year that inhabit the sea coast. The main nature reserves are Viidumyae, Vilsandi, Maatsalu, Nigula. Lahemaas National Park is organized. ## History The territory of modern Estonia was inhabited by people during the Mesolithic (8th - 4th millennium BC). BC Since the 3rd millennium, Finno-Ugric tribes began to settle in the territory of Estonia. BC At the end of the 3rd millennium, the ancestors of the Baltic tribes came to the territory of Estonia. They were engaged in livestock and farming. BC In the middle of the 1st millennium, the formation and strengthening of the Finnic tribes (Estonians and Livs) took place along the Baltic. The main branch of the economy is livestock. from the first centuries - there was agriculture. Rye began to be cultivated in the 11th century. Weaving, blacksmithing and making pottery developed. The volume of trade by land and sea has increased. Trade centers and ports: Tallinn, Tartu (Yuriev), etc. appeared. Territorial associations of ancient tribes - kihelkonds and their union - maakonds (lands) were formed. The formation of the Estonian nation began. In the Scandinavian sources, it is said that the Vikings marched to the shores of Estonia at the end of the 1st - the beginning of the 2nd millennium, and from the 11th century, the Estonians marched to Denmark and Sweden. Since the 13th century, Estonia has been subject to German and then Danish invaders. In the second half of the 13th century - in the middle of the 16th century, the territory of Estonia was conquered by the German crusaders and included in Livonia. At the end of the 16th century, Estonia was divided between Sweden (north), Rech Pospolita (south) and Denmark (Saaremaa island). By the middle of the 17th century, the entire territory of Estonia came under the control of the Swedes. After the northern war between the Swedes and the Russians, in 1721, according to the Treaty of Nystadt, Estonia became part of Russia. Captain in Estonia since the 19th century. relations developed rapidly. The national bourgeoisie grew stronger and began to make various political demands on the Russian government. After the February Revolution of 1917, Estonians began to form their own state. At the end of October 1917, the Soviet government was established in the country, but soon it was overthrown under the pressure of internal and external forces. On May 19, 1919, the Constituent Assembly announced the establishment of the Republic of Estonia. In March 1934, in Estonia, Meml. a revolution was made and a dictatorship was established. Parliament was dissolved and all political parties were banned. After the Soviet-German agreement of August-September 1939, in July 1940, Soviet troops were introduced into Estonia and the Estonian SSR was established (in the USSR from August 6, 1940). Part of the Estonians were forcibly deported to the inner regions of the USSR, mainly to Siberia. In December 1941, the territory of the Estonian SSR was occupied by German troops, and in 1944, the Red Army returned Estonia to the Soviet Union. Since 1990, it has been called the Republic of Estonia. In 1991, the independence of the republic was declared (the USSR recognized the independence of Estonia in September 1991). Since the day of independence, Estonia has directed its foreign policy towards Western Europe. The country's economy was quickly transferred to market relations, and in 2004 Estonia became a full member of the European Union. ## Economy Among the post-Soviet countries, Estonia is one of the most developed countries. GDP per capita (nominal) - 27,962 dollars (2nd place after Slovenia, 2021). In terms of GDP per capita (GDP) - $42,637 (3rd place after the Czech Republic and Slovenia, 2021). The average salary in Estonia in September 2022 was 1,701 euros. As of December 2022, Estonia had the highest net average of all post-communist countries in the world (€1,494.97); As of January 1, 2023 - the second lowest net salary after Slovenia (€878.48, in Estonia - €689.92). The average salary in Estonia (gross) in December 2022 was €1,901 and (net after taxes) €1,494.97. The minimum gross salary in Estonia is €725 from January 1, 2023, and the minimum net salary is €689.92. ### Post-war level One of the important areas of economic activity before the Second World War was agriculture, and agricultural products also accounted for a significant share of exports. Material and labor-intensive energy, civil marine ships, and engineering developed. Estonia (like other Baltic countries) had the best initial conditions in the USSR for creating a market economy. There is a lot of innovative potential here. In the 1970s and 1980s, the Baltic States led the USSR in terms of per capita capital investment. ### The period of independence After gaining independence, Estonia's economy was restructured according to market requirements and moved towards Western Europe. On June 20, 1992, Estonia replaced the Soviet ruble with its national currency, the Estonian krone. The Estonian krone was pegged to the German mark (exchange rate from 8 kroner to 1 mark). The adoption of a national currency meant that the Bank of Estonia could issue money if the country had foreign currency reserves equivalent to the value of the issued Estonian krone. On January 1, 1999, the Estonian krone was pegged to the euro as Germany adopted the common European currency. On January 1, 2011, the euro completely replaced the krone and entered circulation. More than 285 million dollars in foreign aid, loans and credits, as well as more than 100 million dollars from the funds of the frozen pre-war republic of Estonia played a positive role in the success of economic reforms in 1991-1993. in foreign banks in 1940 due to the accession of countries to the USSR. According to the HDI indicator, the UN classified the country as one of the "developing" countries until 2000, when the formation of a market economy took place. In 1999, Estonia joined the World Trade Organization. The main trading partners are Finland, Sweden, Germany and Russia. The most serious problem remains the negative trade balance. In 2004, Estonia joined the European Union. GDP per capita (GDP): $32,130 (2017). In 2008, the average monthly salary was 12,912 kroner (825 euros), in the third quarter of 2009 it was 11,770 kroner (752 euros). In the second quarter of 2013, the average salary in Estonia was €976, in December 2020 it was €1604. GDP grew by 60% in the period 2000-2005. However, during the global economic crisis of 2008, it decreased by 3.6%, and in the third quarter of 2009, the GDP decline was 15.6% compared to the corresponding period of the previous year. Between the third quarter of 2009 and the fourth quarter of 2010, a steady growth of GDP was observed. In the fourth quarter of 2010, real exports increased by 53%. In 2010, GDP growth was 3.1%. Thus, in 2010, the Estonian economy came out of the crisis. The unemployment rate decreased from 12% in 2001 to 4.7% in 2007, but in the third quarter of 2009 it was already 14.6%, and in the first quarter of 2010 it was 19.8 increased by %. As of June 3, 2011, the registered unemployment rate in Estonia decreased to 8.7% of the economically active population. According to Estonian statistics, in the fourth quarter of 2010, the total number of unemployed people decreased to 93 thousand, and the unemployment rate was 13.6%. In 2011, Estonia took the 2nd place in the EU with the lowest unemployment rate. At the beginning of 2009, a rapid decline in industrial production was observed in the country. In February 2009, it was 30% compared to February 2008, which was the biggest drop in the EU. According to Eurostat, the growth of industrial production in Estonia in September 2010 compared to September 2009 was 31.1% - thus Estonia took the 1st place in the European Union at that time. Estonia also has the lowest public debt and budget deficit of any EU country, and in 2010 it was one of only two EU countries to reduce its budget deficit (the other being Malta). On June 4, 2010, OSCE Secretary General A. Gurria and Estonian Prime Minister A. Ansip signed an agreement on Estonia's accession to the organization in Tallinn. According to the plan of the Estonian government, which was updated in June 2009, the transition to the euro took place on January 1, 2011. In 2017, Estonia's GDP per capita reached 79% of the EU average, which is a significant step forward. This means that for the first time Estonia has risen to a comparable level with some southern countries of the Eurozone - for example, Portugal, which entered the European Union much earlier than Estonia. In the 15 years since Estonia joined the EU - from 2004 to 2019 - the "net" average wage in the country has increased more than 3.2 times, from EUR 363 to EUR 1,162, and the minimum wage has increased even more. More than 3.4 times, from €158.50 to €540. From 2004 to 2019, Estonia's GDP under PPP has doubled, from $23.79 billion to $46.587 billion. According to the forecast of the Bank of Estonia, the average salary will increase by 8.1% to EUR 1,415 in 2019, and will increase by 6.4% to EUR 1,505 in 2020. According to the forecast of the European Commission, the average salary in the republic will be EUR . 1,628 by 2022, and in the long-term forecast for 2030 – 2,364 euros, by 2050 – 5,166 euros, by 2070 – 10,742 euros. The average monthly salary in Estonia in December 2022 was €1,901. The average salary in Estonia is higher than in Taiwan (NT$47,868, about €1,357), the poorest of the four Asian Tigers. From January 1, 2023, the minimum wage in Estonia will be 725 euros ### The pay gap between men and women By 2021, the glass ceiling will remain a serious problem in Estonia, in particular gender wage gap and it is observed in almost all spheres of economic activity. According to statistics, in 2021, women's total hourly wages were 14.9% lower than men's. In 2021, compared to 2020, the gender wage gap decreased by 0.7%, and compared to 2013, by 9.9%. In 2021, the average gross hourly wage of female workers was 8.48 euros, and the average gross hourly wage of male workers was 9.97 euros. In Estonia, the biggest gender pay gap is in finance and insurance (25.7%), wholesale and retail trade (24.2%), health and social work (23.8%) and information and communication (23.5 %) is observed. As of 2020, women earned more than men (5.2%) in only one economic activity – transportation and warehousing. In 2021, compared to 2020, the wage gap between men and women in Estonia decreased the most in the catering and hotel sectors (10.1%) and increased the most in the construction sector (8.4%). ## International institutions Management and information centers of several international and European organizations and institutions are located in Estonia. In November 2012, the headquarters of the IT agency of the European Union, including those involved in the support of the second generation Schengen information system, started working in Tallinn. Tallinn hosts the NATO Cyber Security Center ### Corruption As of 2022, Estonia has one of the lowest levels of corruption in the world according to the Corruption Perceptions Index, and Iceland, Canada and Together with Uruguay, it ranks 14th in the world. ## Population According to the Statistics Department, as of January 1, 2023, the population of Estonia was 1,365,884 people. Ethnic Estonians make up 67.8% By 1990, the population was about 40% higher than before the war (from 1,570,000 to 1,122,000 in 1940), and the population of Estonia also increased with emigration from other Soviet republics ( 951 thousand, 830 thousand in 1940). 966 thousand in 1945, maximum in 1991). From 1992 to 2009, the country's population decreased, due to both mass emigration and negative effects of natural growth. By 2008, the country's population decreased by 14.5% compared to 1990, and the number of Estonians decreased by 920,885 people (-4.69% compared to 1991). In 2010, a positive population growth was achieved. In 2011, according to the UBB fact book, natural population decline was -0.641% (225th in the world). National minorities, according to 2021 data, live mainly in Tallinn (46.7% of the non-Estonian population) and in the industrial region in the north-east, in Ida-Viru County (in the city of Narva - about 97% of the population). . The official language is Estonian. As of 2021, the human immunodeficiency virus infection rate in Estonia is 9.4 per 100,000 population. The number of immigrants living in Estonia, according to UN estimates, decreased to 190 thousand people in 2019 (14.4% of the population) compared to 382 thousand people in 1995. According to Eurostat, among the EU countries, life expectancy has increased the highest in Estonia and Slovenia. Estonia has one of the lowest child and infant mortality rates in the world. According to the World Bank, as of 2020, among the OECD member countries, Estonia ranks second (after Iceland) in terms of infant mortality under the age of 5, 2.1 per 1000 live births, and third (after San Marino and Iceland). the lowest lowest in the world. According to 2020 data from the World Bank, Estonia has the fourth-highest neonatal mortality rate in the world (after Japan, San Marino and Singapore) at 0.9 per 1,000 live births. According to 2020 World Bank data, Estonia has the third-highest under-1 mortality rate in the world (after Iceland and San Marino), at 1.7 per 1,000 live births. ### Social situation In Estonia, there are 3 types of benefits for pensioners - SKAIS (online system), KOPIS (contributory pension) and KIRST (medical indicators). For the unemployed, there are programs EMPIS (Register of the Unemployed) and STAR (Register of Social Services and Benefits). There is an EHIS program for students. Total number of pensioners - 422,941, unemployed - 38,768, employed - 629,945. Since April 1, 2023, the state pension index has increased in Estonia. Under the changes, the minimum monthly amount of the national pension (paid to those who are not entitled to an old-age pension) is now €336.39. The basic part of the pension increased to 317.9 euros, and the value of each year of work experience increased to 8,684 euros. From April 1, 2021, the pension supplement due to raising children has increased by 3.55 euros per child. In total, about 203,300 people were affected. In 2020, about 3,200 people will receive a pension in Estonia. As of 2023, the average state old-age pension in Estonia is 704 euros per month. In 2022, the allowance for single pensioners will be 200 euros per month. As of January 1, 2023, pensioners in Estonia are exempt from income tax on the average state pension amount in the country (€704 in 2023). From April 1, 2023, the daily rate for total disability is 18.6 euros (15.13 euros in 2021) and the monthly allowance is 558 euros per month (453 euros in 2021). Partial incapacity benefit is 57% of the current daily rate, i.e. an average of €318.06 per month (€258 in 2021). The unemployment insurance fund calculates the amount of disability benefits for each calendar month. From 2023, the monthly child allowance is 80 euros for the first child, 80 euros for the second child and 100 euros for the third child and each child thereafter. As of July 2021, the monthly allowance paid to a child with one of the parents in compulsory or alternative service is EUR 900 per month for each child until the end of the period of compulsory or alternative service of one of the parents. From 2020, the benefit for a moderately disabled child is €138, for a child with a severe disability €161. Children with a severe disability will start receiving a benefit in the amount of €241. There are about 13,000 children here. Disabled people living in Estonia. Compared to 2009, their number has almost doubled. In 2017, 5,000 children with moderate diseases, 7,164 children with severe diseases, and 732 children with severe diseases were given benefits. Estonia has the longest 100% paid maternity leave in the world at 62 weeks. According to Estonian law, not only the mother, but also the father has the right to maternity leave. Starting July 1, 2020, 100% paid paternity leave will be 30 days. Since January 1, 2013, public transport in Tallinn has been free for all registered city residents. From July 1, 2018, passengers can use buses for free in 11 of Estonia's 15 regions. ## Foreign policy Since May 1, 2004, Estonia has been a member of the European Union, and since January 1, 2011, of the Eurozone. Thus, Estonia is one of the three republics of the former USSR integrated into the European market and the Schengen zone, as well as the first among the post-Soviet countries that moved to the single European currency and abandoned the independent monetary policy. Membership in the European Union also means that EU regulations take precedence over domestic legal norms (in case of conflict with the latest acts of the European Union, EU-wide norms apply). Since March 29, 2004, Estonia is also a member of NATO. Participates in NATO military missions in Iraq and Afghanistan. On May 7, 2003, the Estonian Parliament authorized the deployment of military personnel to Iraq. On June 20, 2003, at the request of the American command, the first professional soldiers of the Estonian Defense Forces were sent to Iraq. From May 13, 1993 - a member of the Council of Europe. In addition, Estonia is a full member of the UN, OECD, OSCE and WTO. Since May 1, 2004, when Estonia became a full member of the European Union, citizens of Estonia can visit the countries of the European Union and the European Economic Area, as well as the Swiss Confederation, without a visa. At the same time, he can cross the border with both a passport and an identity card. From 2023, Estonian citizens will be able to visit a total of 182 countries and territories without a visa, making the Estonian passport the 10th in the world for freedom of movement according to the Passport Index. ## Armed Forces According to the State Defense Act of the Republic of Estonia, the defense forces include: * Estonian Defense Forces (Estonian: Eesti Kaitsevägi) * Estonian Defense Union (Estonian: Eesti Kaitseliit) * According to the legislation of the Republic of Estonia, in wartime the Defense Forces also include paramilitary units of the Police and Border Guards, subordinate to the Estonian Ministry of the Interior in peacetime. The army consists of two infantry brigades, the navy and the air force. ## Culture The Baltic-Finnish heritage is of great importance in the mentality and cultural traditions of Estonians. Estonia is located at the crossroads of different cultures. They are culturally related to Latvians, Finns, Lithuanians, Swedes and Germans. The culture of Baltic Germans, Baltic Swedes and Russian Old Believers is also connected with the territory of Estonia. After the conquest of the Crusaders in the second quarter of the 13th century, Estonia came under the direct influence of Western European culture. In 1523, the Reformation movement reached Estonia. He founded the Lutheran Estonian Literature and Peasant School, which attached great importance to writing and literacy. The university in Dorpat (now Tartu), restored in 1802, became not only a conductor of Western culture, but also a cradle of national awakening. Newspapers in the Estonian language helped broaden people's horizons and increase their literacy. After the abolition of serfdom, national culture (literature, music, art) was born along with economic life and written language. In 1869, the first song festival was held in Dorpat; The tradition of song festivals is still an important part of Estonian culture and national identity. As of 1897, the average literacy rate among Protestants in the province of Estonia was 83% (among the entire population of Estonia - 79.9%). In the 19th and 20th centuries, Estonian culture was strongly influenced by industrialization, modernization and the rapid development of urban planning. In the first decade of the 20th century, the Baltic-German culture in Estonia was left behind. Along with following the world trends in architecture, literature, and music, signs of national pattern appeared, artistically mature works appeared. ### Sports Estonia made its debut at the Olympic Games in Antwerp in 1920, and three years later the Olympic Committee was established in the country. In the 1920s and 1930s, Estonian athletes won 6 gold, 6 silver, and 9 bronze medals - all gold medals were won by wrestlers and weightlifters. Christian Palusalu won gold medals in Greco-Roman and freestyle wrestling at the 1936 Olympics (one of only two wrestlers in history). Palusalu was recognized as the country's best athlete of the 20th century. In the 1930s, the country's chess team achieved considerable success, while Paul Keres was one of the strongest players in the world in the middle of the 20th century. At the 1952-1988 Olympic Games, Estonian athletes were part of the USSR national team. The sailing regatta of the 1980 Summer Olympics was held in Tallinn. In the post-Soviet period, Estonian athletes won more than 20 medals at the Summer and Winter Olympic Games. One of the world's winter sports centers is Otepya, where the European biathlon championship was held in 2010 and 2015. Skiers Kristina Smigun and Andrus Veerpalu were leaders of their sports in 1990-2000, Olympic champions. Race drivers Markko Martin and Ott Tanak became the winners of the World Rally Championship. ## Traditions ### Limestone In ancient times, Estonia had large deposits of limestone. Ancient Estonians built houses from it. ### Cornflowers Cornflowers grow on wheat, and the Estonians made bread from rye, which they valued very highly. The girls also wove bunches of cornflowers ### Winter swallow Estonians associated the winter swallow with purity and wisdom, because swallows "predicted the weather". The swallow has the colors of the Estonian flag - black and white. ### Oak Estonians associated oak with strength. The large coat of arms of Estonia is decorated with golden oak branches. ## References. * Kabin I.G., Estonia-past, present, Tal., 1970, * Geographical encyclopedic dictionary, M., 2003, * Kazakhstan and countries of the world, A., 2006 * I. Zhanakova, N. Ashirov ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7605

King Abdullah II

Abdullah II ibn al-Hussein al-Hashimi (Arabic: عبد الله الثاني بن الحسين‎) is the king of Jordan. was born on January 30, 1962. King Abdullah II ascended the throne in February 1999 after the death of his father, King Hussein, who ruled Jordan for 47 years. After receiving his primary education at the Islamic College in Amman, Abdallah studied at St. Edmund's School in England and entered the Royal Military Academy in Sandhurst (Great Britain) in 1980. And in 1981, he received the military rank of lieutenant. From this moment his military career begins. Educated in England and the USA, he served in the Jordanian Armed Forces. Abdullah II was proclaimed heir to the throne by Royal Decree on January 24, 1999. He is married, has two sons and two daughters. Abdalla visited Second Kazakhstan twice. ## External links * Successful interview

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3581

Astarkhan region

Astrakhan Oblast (Russian: Astrakhanskaya oblast) is an administrative subject located in the south-west of the Russian Federation, in the Caspian Basin. It belongs to the Southern Federal District. ## Geography It borders the Republic of Kalmakstan (Khalmg-Tangch) in the west, Volgograd region in the northwest and north, and Atyrau and West Kazakhstan regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the east. The land area is 44.1 thousand km², the population is 1006.6 thousand people (1991). ## Administrative-territorial division Astrakhan region has 141 municipal structures, including 2 urban districts (one of which is a closed administrative territorial unit of Znamensk Astrakhan region), 11 municipal districts, 11 urban settlement, 117 rural settlements. ### City districts ### Municipal districts Cities of regional significance Countries with more than 5 thousand inhabitants habitats ## Nature The topography of the region is flat and most of it lies below sea level (from 2.7 m to 27.5 m). The topography of the Caspian basin is characterized by the rise of salt domes. The highest point of Astrakhan region is Mount Bogda (150 m). The climate is strictly continental and dry. The average temperature in January is 9.70-6.9°С, in July it is around 25°С. The average amount of precipitation is 200 mm. Volga is the largest river flowing through its territory. The river branches in the lower reaches. The largest branches are: Akhtuba (Aktobe), Bakhtemir, Bola, Bozan. There are many salt lakes in the region. The largest: Baskunjak, Bas, Iskryanin, etc. Fresh lakes (ilmen) are found in the Volga floodplain and delta. Astrakhan region is occupied by a desert belt. The soil is light reddish brown and varies from saline soil to gray desert soil. Alluvial soil prevails in river floodplains. Meadow herbaceous plants, groves and bushes, reeds, reeds grow there in river valleys. Of the 50 species of fish in the river, 30 are of commercial importance. ## Agriculture Fish processing and canning, table salt production, machine building, wood processing and pulp and paper industry are developed. At the same time, it is one of the developed regions for planting vegetables and garden crops, animal husbandry. Fish processing and canning enterprises are located in the city of Astrakhan and coastal settlements. The centers of the salt production and refining industry are in the village of Baskunchak and the city of Akhtuba. Vegetables and horticultural crops occupy a large place in agriculture. The cultivation is mainly in the Volga-Akhtuba (Aktobe) delta. ## Population Russians are the main part of the population (77%). Kazakhs also often settled in Astrakhan region. They make up more than 10% of the population of the region. Dense. 23 people per 1 km². About 70% of the population lives in cities. Major cities: Astrakhan, Akhtuba (Aktobe), Kharabali. In the Astrakhan region, food production (fish, meat, sauces), machine building (ship), chemistry, gas production and processing, wood processing, pulp and paper industries, as well as grain, vegetables, meat and wool sheep. and developed beef and dairy cattle farms. Table salt is produced from Baskunchak ore. ### National composition The largest population of the region is Russians, they make up the absolute majority of the population there (according to the data of 2002 - 69.9%, according to the data of 2010 - 67 .6%). Kazakhs are in second place in terms of population (according to 2010 data - 16.3%), this is the largest Kazakh community in Russia. Tatars of the Astrakhan region (including Astrakhan and Zand Tatars, as well as Nogays, Karagash who speak mainly other dialects (8.5%), but are counted as Tatars in the censuses); it is also the historical place of residence of Kalmyks and Astrakhan Turkmens. Changes in the national composition of the region's population according to the data of the All-Russian and All-Union census (1926-2010): Kazakhs Kazakhs make up more than 16.3% of the population and make up all of the Astrakhan region live in almost all districts and cities, which is the largest indicator in Russia as a whole. As in other regions of Russia where Kazakhs live, the Kazakh cultural center operates, and Kazakh language is taught in secondary schools in areas where Kazakhs are densely populated. "Zoldastyk" is the largest Kazakh cultural center in Astrakhan region. Kazakh language is taught in higher educational institutions of Astrakhan (AMTU). In 2016-19, one of the oldest inhabitants of the world was Tanzilya Bisembeeva, a Kazakh from Astrakhan, a resident of Islamgazy village, Krasnoyarsk district, Astrakhan region. He turned 120 years old in March 2016. ## Regional authorities ### Legislative body The body of representative power of Astrakhan region in the period 1994-2001 was called Astrakhan regional representative assembly is the Duma of the Astrakhan region. The structure of the Astrakhan Oblast Duma is as follows: * Chairman of the Astrakhan Oblast Duma; * First Deputy Chairman of Duma of Astrakhan region; * Deputy Chairman of Duma of Astrakhan region; * Department of Duma of Astrakhan region; * Committees and political factions. Since 2006, the chairman of the regional legislative body has been the head of the regional branch of the "United Russia" party, Alexander Borisovich Klykanov, whose candidacy was considered for the position of regional governor in 2009. In 2016, Igor Aleksandrovich Martynov was elected the chairman of the sixth convocation of the Duma of the Astrakhan region. Until 2006, the regional legislative body was established by the majority election system. In 2006, due to changes in the electoral legislation, elections were held under a mixed electoral system. ### Executive power The governor is the highest official in charge of the executive power of Astrakhan region. Governors of the Astrakhan region: * Guzhvin Anatoly Petrovich — was the governor of the region in 1991-2004. * Zhilkin Alexander Alexandrovich — was the governor of the region in 2004-2018. * Morozov Sergey Petrovich — from September 26, 2018 to June 5, 2019, the governor of a. was. * Babushkin Igor Yuryevich — the governor of the region from September 17, 2019, from June 5 to September 17, 2019, the governor of the region m. a. was. Anatoly Petrovich Guzhvin, who won the elections in 1996 and 2000, was the governor of the region from 1991 to 2004. After the death of Guzhvin in August 2004, the acting head of the Astrakhan Region, Aleksandr Aleksandrovich Zhilkin, won the extraordinary election of the head of the Astrakhan region held on December 5, 2004. The winner was supported by United Russia. The governor directs the work of the regional executive power and the Government of the Astrakhan region. From 2004 to 2017, Markelov Konstantin Alekseevich was the chairman of the Government of the Astrakhan region. Since 2017, Sultanov Rasul Zhanibekuly has been the chairman of the Government of Astrakhan region. ## Economy ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6454

WWW

The Internet (English: World Wide Web, WWW) is a global network that connects information and documents on a computer, hypertext systems with a multimedia element. Gets the newest and most popular Internet service. WWW is based on the principle of hypertext and is capable of providing information using multimedia resources (video, audiographics, etc.) as much as possible. Requires SLIP, PPP or direct connection to the Internet, as well as a special program with Internet navigators (Mosaic or Netsape type). Users who do not have a dedicated location to the Internet, but are directly connected to the Internet, can work with the text-based Lynx navigator. WWW is a system that combines information retrieval with hypertext capabilities. In this system, each document has many connections (such as a cross-reference system) with other documents, thanks to the ability to deepen and expand its search in the information space to infinity. The system is especially convenient to work with a constantly updated file and to communicate between documents regardless of their storage location. ## See more * Internet ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2278

FIFA World Cup 2006

The 2006 FIFA World Cup (or FIFA World Cup 2006) will be held from June 9, 2006 to July 9, 2006. It was determined in the final match who will win the most valuable title of world champion. Out of 5 countries (Germany, England, Brazil, Morocco and South Africa) competing to host the final round of the 2006 championship, Germany was declared the winner in June 2000. ## National Teams Since 2006, according to new FIFA rules, the winner of the previous championship also had to participate in the qualifying games to advance to the final round; The right to advance to the finals without qualification was reserved for the host country only. The list of countries that have qualified for the finals is given below. There are 32 teams in total. ## Stadiums The championship will be held in 12 cities. The stated capacity of stadiums is the number of seats. The names of some stadiums have been changed for the championship period. ## Groups ### Group A ### Group B All Time Local \ <> ### Group C ### Group D ### Group E ### Group F O - games, W - wins, T - draws, N - losses, Goals - goals scored and conceded, ± - goal difference, N - points ### Group G O - games, W - wins, T - draws, W - losses, Goals - goals scored and conceded, ± - goal difference, W - points ### Group H O - games, W - wins, T - draws, U - losses, Goals - goals scored and conceded, ± - goal difference, U - points ## Next stage ### 1/8 final ### 1/4 final \< > ### 1/2 final ### For third place ### Final ## Awards ### Top scorers 5 goals * Miroslav Klose 3 goals * Hernan Crespo * Maxi Rodriguez * Lukas Podolski * Fernando Torres * Ronaldo * David Villa * Thierry Henry * Zinedine Zidane 2 goals \< > * Tim Cahill * Aruna Dindane * Paulo Wanchope * Tomas Rosicky * Augustin Delgado * Carlos Tenorio * Steven Gerrard * Patrick Viera \ <> * Omar Bravo * Bartosz Bosacki * Maniche * Alexander Fry * Andrei Shevchenko * Adriano * Bastian Schweinsteiger * Marco Materazzi * Luca Tony ## Official Sponsors Below are the official sponsors of the World Cup: ## Sources \< > ## External links * Official FIFA World Cup website Archived 15 June 2006. * Official list of World Cup stadiums Archived 16 June 2006. * FIFA Calendar (link not available) * Official World Cup Charity Archived 4 July 2006. * Sports Archived March 7, 2017. Open Listing Project (ODP)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5218

Дулати

Muhammed Haidar Husayinuly Dulat (1499 - 1551) is a famous historian, writer, the author of the book "Tarihi Rashidi" and the saga "Jahannama", which provide valuable information about the history of Mongolia and neighboring countries, a descendant of the emirs of the ancient Dulat tribe in Zhetysu region. His full name is Mirza Muhammed Haidar Husayynuly Dulat. Here, "Muhammad Haidar" is his own name, "Muhammad Husayn" is his father's name, "myrza" is a name indicating the lineage of a noble family (just like the children of khans are called princes and sultans), "dulat" is the name of their tribe. ## Biography During the time of Muhammed Haidar's ancestors, they held the positions of ulusbegi and tarkhan in the lands of present-day South-East Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan and East Turkestan, which were part of the Mongol state, and their hereditary possessions were Manlai. - He managed the branch independently. His father, Muhammad Husayn, was the son-in-law of Yunis Khan of Mongolia, who ruled Tashkent. He was later killed by Amir Temir's grandson Muhammad Shaibani Khan. His mother, Mrs. Hub-Nigar, is the daughter of Yunis Khan. At the same time, Muhammad Haidar shared with Sultan Saeed Khan of Mongolia and his son in India with Zahiruddin Muhammad Babur, the founder of the Great Mughal dynasty. After his father's death, Muhammad Haidar lived for some time under this Babur. Then, with Babur's permission, he came to Sultan Said Khan, lived in his palace in Kashkar, and managed the palace services. Participates in the wars of Said Khan against Abu Bakr. Abu al-Rashid, the son of the khan's heir, will be the tutor of the sultan as a well-educated person who knows the court duties well. Rashid, who ascended the throne after the death of Sultan Said, is afraid of the leaders of the Dulat tribe and begins to persecute them. Muhammad kills Haidar's cousin - Saeed Muhammad. After that, Muhammad Haidar, who felt that a cloud of danger was gathering on his head, fled to India. Here he became a military commander in the court of the great Mughals and participated in the war of conquest of Kashmir. After the conquest, he ruled Kashmir for some time on behalf of the Great Mughals. Here he begins to write his famous work "Tarihi Rashidi". ## Tarikhi Rashidi In the work "Tarihi Rashidi" about the formation of the Kazakh khanate, the subsequent events in Zhetysu and Eastern Deshti-Kypchak, the fall of Mongolia, feudal wars, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and there is a lot of information about the Uzbeks' mutual alliance in the fight against the foreign enemy. At the same time, this work contains valuable information about the socio-economic situation of Southern and Eastern Kazakhstan in the 15th-16th centuries, historical geography, urban and agricultural culture of Zhetysu in medieval Kazakhstan. In 1533, Abu-ar-Rashid, who returned to the khanate throne, began to persecute them, thinking that they would be threatened by his own tribes. Muhammad Haidar Dulat's cousin Mr. Syed Mohammed killed Dulat. Muhammad Haidar Dulat fled to India. There he commanded the troops in the palace of the Great Mughals. He knew well the political events of that time and the figures involved in them, as well as the past history of the Mongolian state and the Kazakh khanate. There were many things that he witnessed directly. That is why it provides very valuable materials related to the Kazakhs of the Middle Ages, especially the history of the Dulat tribe. The establishment and formation of the Kazakh khanate, its subsequent periods, and their relations with the Kyrgyz and Uzbeks will be widely discussed. Taraz State University was named in honor of Muhammed Haidar Dulat. ## Muhammad Haidar Dulati Film 2007 — "Muhammad Haidar Dulati" Director: Kalila Omarov Genre: "Documentary" Production: "Kazakhfilm" Shaken ## References * Great Mughals * Tarikh-i Rashidi * Taraz Regional University named after Muhammad Haidar Dulati ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6095

Эритрея

Eritrea, the official name of the State of Eritrea (Model: Lang-ti [hagärä ertra], Arabic: دولة إرتري‎) is a country located in the southeast of Africa. The land area is 125 thousand km², including more than 350 islands in Kyzyl t. The population is 4.4 million. (2004). Mainly Tigran (Tigrinya), Tigre, Afor, Saho, Beja, Bilen, Kunama, Nara, Khedareb, Rashaida ethnic groups. groups and foreigners (3%). The official language is Tigran and Arabic. Most of the population adheres to Islam and Christianity, and only a small part adheres to traditional beliefs. State and member. the head of the council is the president. The supreme legislative body is the 1-chamber parliament (National Assembly). The capital is Asmera. Administratively, it is divided into 6 regions. National holiday - Independence Day, May 24 (1993). Member of the UN (1993), African Union (2002). The monetary unit is nakfa. ## Geography Most of its land is covered by the Ethiopian highlands, the south-east by the Afar depression, and desert and savanna natural zones along the Red Mountain coast. The highest point on the Eritrean plateau is Mount Soira (2989 m). The climate is subequatorial, desert. The average monthly temperature is 23-37°C. Average amount of annual precipitation. 50 - 200 mm, E. 500-850 mm on the plateau. There is frequent drought. The main river is Tekeze. Desert and desert plants, as well as agave, acacia, date palm, eucalyptus on the coasts, baobab in the savannah, sycamore tree in the highlands, etc. grows. The species of animals is very rich: deer, hippopotamus, ibex, mountain goat, leopard cat, rabbit, crocodile, lion, rhinoceros, elephant, turtle, wolf, various monkeys, rodents and many species of birds, 250 species of fish can be found in its waters. Minerals - gold, copper, iron, nickel, chromium, mica, titanium, oil, silver, sulfur, potassium and common salts, magnesium, marble, zinc, etc. ## History Kingdom of Aksum lived in the territory of modern Eritrea in the 4th - 7th centuries. Islam came to the country in the 8th century. In the 12th - 16th centuries, the land of Eritrea was part of the Ethiopian kingdom of Abyssinia. From the middle of the 16th century, it was under the rule of the Ottoman Sultanate. 1889 - 1941 It was a colony of Italy. 1941-51 surrendered to Great Britain. 1952 - 62 Autonomous region of Ethiopia, 1962-87. Province of Ethiopia, Governor. was an area. During the 30-year struggle of the Eritrean People's Liberation Front for independence from Ethiopia, which began in 1962, 150,000 people died. 1991 the rebels liberated Asmara and expelled the Ethiopian troops from the country. 1993 Eritrea's independence was declared during the referendum. More than 500,000 refugees who left the country began to return to the country. 1997 A new constitution of E was adopted. 1998 In 2000, a new war broke out over the disputed territory with Ethiopia. Ended with the defeat of Eritrea. The two countries signed a peace treaty. However, during this war, 10 thousand people were killed on both sides, and the economy was severely damaged. Many Eritreans were forced to leave for neighboring Sudan, European countries and the United States. 70% of the country's population receives food aid from international organizations. ## Economy Eritrea is an agrarian country. The main branch of the country's economy is a. sh. Date palms, pulses and oil crops, vegetables are cultivated. The main food crops are sorghum, millet, wheat, corn, etc. Cattle, sheep, goats, camels, poultry are bred. Fish is caught from water bodies. The main branches of industry are oil extraction, textile, sewing, chemistry, leather footwear, woodworking, cement, food. Salt is produced from the sea. The main seaports are Aseb, Massawa. Outward - textiles, skin, leather goods, food products, beverages, oil products, tobacco, etc. is released. Machines, heavy machinery, transport equipment, oil, food products and livestock, basic industrial goods, electronics are purchased from other countries. National income per capita. 1010 USD. The main trade partners are Ethiopia, Saudi Arabia, Italy, Sudan, United Arab Emirates. ## Literature * Africa. Encyclopedic dictionary, M., 1988. * Troshin Yu.A., History of the countries of Asia and Africa in modern times (1918 - 2000), M., 2004. * Countries and regions of the world. Economic and political guide, M., 2005. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5376

Turkic speaking areas

List of Turkic-speaking territories: ## Independent countries * Azerbaijan Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic * Nakhchivan Autonomous Republic * Kazakhstan * Kyrgyzstan * Uzbekistan Karakalpakstan * Karakalpakstan * Turkey * Turkmenistan ## Autonomies or other territories Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan * Northern regions Islamic Republic of Iran * North-Western and North-Eastern provinces Republic of Iraq * North-Eastern territories Cyprus Republic of Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus * Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus People's Republic of China Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region - (East Turkestan) Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Region Ile Kazakh Autonomous Region In other oblasts of SHUAR Barkol Kazakh Autonomous Oblast Mori Kazakh Autonomous Oblast Aksai Kazakh Autonomous Oblast in Gansu Oblast * Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Oblast - (East Turkistan) Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Oblast Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast Barkol Kazakh Autonomous Oblast in other Oblasts of SHUAR Mori Kazakh Autonomous Region * Kyzylsu Kyrgyz Autonomous Region * Ile Kazakh Autonomous Region * Shuar in other regions Barkol Kazakh Autonomous Region Mori Kazakh Autonomous Region * Barkol Kazakh autonomous district * Mori Kazakh autonomous district * in Gansu region Aksai Kazakh autonomous district * Aksai Kazakh autonomous district Republic of Moldova Gagauzstan (Gagauz-Yeri ) autonomous territorial unit * Gagauzstan (Gagauz-Yeri) autonomous territorial unit Mongolia Bayan-Olgey region * Bayan-Olgey region Russian Federation Republic of Altai Republic of Bashkortostan Republic of Dagestan Republic of Kabardin-Balkar Republic of Karashai-Cherkessia Republic of Sakha Republic of Taimyr Autonomous Region Republic of Tatarstan Republic of Tuya Republic of Khakas Republic of Chuvash Republic * Republic of Altai * Republic of Bashkortostan \< > * Republic of Dagestan * Republic of Kabardin-Balkar * Republic of Karashai-Cherkess * Republic of Sakha * Taimyr Autonomous Region * Republic of Tatarstan * Republic of Tuva * Khakas Republic * Republic of Chuvash Ukraine Autonomous Republic of Crimea * Autonomous Republic of Crimea ## Comments ## See also * TURKSOY

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4617

Қалақай

Nettle (lat. Urtica) is a relative of the nettle family. Annual or perennial, dioecious and rarely monoecious herb. The stem and leaves are hairy. The leaves are opposite. Small flowers form spike-like inflorescences. There are more than 40 species in temperate and tropical regions, and 3 species in Kazakhstan. It grows in shady, moist places, in the forest, in the garden, along the road. All types of Kazakhstan contain a lot of protein. An important fodder species is the stinging nettle (Urtica dioica) also found in all parts of Kazakhstan. Its height is about 1 m. The stem is vertical, the leaves are opposite to the shoot. The entire plant is covered with stinging glandular hairs. If glandular hairs touch the body, the tip of the hair will break, and the liquid at the bottom (inside) will immediately spread to the body and burn it. This is what the people call the "time of idleness". Plants belonging to this family are monoecious and sometimes dioecious. Inflorescences are simple and complex spike-like, semi-canopy, and develop from leaf axils or stem tips. The male flower has 4 uniform sepals, 4 stamens (simple sepals). In the female flower, two of the 4 sepals are located in the outer circle, and two are located in the inner circle. Blooms from late spring to summer. The fruit is a double nut. Nettle is a fertile fodder. It is served to animals in chopped and steamed form. Horses and birds eat the seeds with pleasure. All types of nettles contain protein, as well as vitamins K, C, B, bile substances and mineral salts, various organic acids, so it is used as food and in medicine. When suffering from diabetes, a decoction of nettle leaves is taken to expel phlegm and cleanse the stomach. A freshly plucked young leaf is glued to the wart. ## References * Medicinal plants ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6160

Чили

Chile (Is. Chile, official name — Republic of Chile (Is. República de Chile [reˈpuβlika ðe ˈʧile])) is a country located in South America. Chile has a coastline of 6,435 km long and has exclusive rights to the contiguous maritime space known as the Sea of Chile, which includes four zones, the Fugitive waters (120,827 km²), the contiguous zone (131,669 km²), the exclusive economic zone (3,681,989 km² ) and the corresponding continental shelf (161,338 km²). The capital is Santiago. The official language is Spanish. Chile is a unitary state. Chile is a member of the UN (1945), IMF (1945), ICRC (1945), OAS (1948), WTO (1995), MERCOSUR (1996, Associate Member). ## Etymology As noted by historian José de Acosta, the Quechua word "Chile" means "cold" or "restriction". According to another version, it was called the main valley in the territory of Chile. The question of the grammatical form of the name "Chile" deserves special attention. If we talk about the country, the word Chile is middle generation. If it's a country ("Chile is a narrow strip along the Pacific coast of South America..."), then it's a woman. ## Geography Torres del Paine Chile borders both the Pacific and Atlantic oceans, 4,630 km (2,880 mi) from north to south and 430 km (265 mi) from west to east. ). The territory of Chile extends along the coast of the Pacific Ocean, within the limits of the Central and Southern (Chile-Argentina and Patagonia) Andes, in the Andean fold system of the East Pacific mobile belt, in a narrow submeridional strip of more than 4000 km. Chile's climate varies from tropical desert in the north to a temperate oceanic climate in the south. Average temperature: from +3 to +16 °C in the south, from +12 to +22 °C in the north. The highest point is Mount Ojos del Salado, 6893 m. The subsoil of Chile is characterized by many minerals. The country ranks 1st in the world in reserves of copper, lithium and nitrate, 3rd molybdenum and natural sulfur. ## History The history of Chile begins with the settlement of the region about 13,000 years ago. Before the Spanish invasion, the Quechua and Aymara Indian peoples lived in the northern part of Chile, the Mapuche in the central part, and the Alakalufs, Yagans and Onas in the south, who belonged to the Fuegin ethnic group. The northern part of Chile (up to the Maule River) was conquered by the Incas at the end of the 13th century and the beginning of the 14th century. To the south of the Maule River, the Mapuche tribes did not submit to the Incas and strongly resisted them. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7379

PageRank

-{PageRank}- is an algorithm of Google that assigns its own weight to each page on the Internet and arranges the pages in the search query according to that weight. And this weight given to each page is an indicator of how important that page is for others. ## The name PageRank may be related to the name of Page, one of the first founders of PageRank ## History PageRank first started as a research project by two Stanford University students (Brin & Page) and later became Google Search as a Google Company. Perhaps the reason why Google has risen to its current level is that their algorithms work more precisely. ## Algorithm How the algorithm works: * If page A has linked to page B, then page A is considered to have commented on page B. * Then secondly, if the page that links to B has a high PageRank, it means that it has a high opinion. * If page B does not link back to page A, A's feedback to B will not count. That is, page A should link to B, and page B should link to A. That's why those who want a site or blog to appear at the top of the search results exchange links with sites with high PageRank and link their blog to those sites. If the links are not on the main page, the links on other pages cannot get many views. Google PageRank gives numbers from 0 to 10. Number 10 is considered the highest. For example, the PageRank of Google and Yahoo sites is 10/10.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5665

Прекембрий

Precambrian is a name that is used only informally today to describe the three eons that preceded the Phanerozoic: Hadean, Archean, and Proterozoic. This is the longest geological time, starting from the time when the Earth's crust hardened, 542 million years ago. years ago when the Cambrian period began. Rocks belonging to this period of geologic time are usually altered and few fossils with solid parts or skeletons are found inside them. Precambrian rocks are abundant in northern Canada and the Baltic Sea Shield region. Precambrian, Cryptozoic — a general set of Archaean and Proterozoic rocks; The duration of the Paleozoic era to the Cambrian era in the history of the Earth is 3.5 billion years. covers about a year. ## Sources * Kazakh encyclopedia

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6548

Abyssin eats

Abysyn meal is a tradition. "If one's brother is friendly, there is plenty of food" (proverb). In the past, the women of a village, that is, the elders, were busy with everyday life, doing housework early and late. They cannot go anywhere without the permission of their parents and husband. Sometimes the villagers go away for Eid, weddings, and holidays, and the same women remain in the village. This is the moment when the criminals will be freed. In this way, they gather together in a house, put their warm and soft food in a pot, make tea, have a party, sing poems, have fun, and flirt. Spread the table wide and enjoy. This gathering, this taste is called "Abysin Asi". This was also a manifestation of the strong solidarity of Kazakh women. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7259

Union of Soviet Socialist Republics

The Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union, USSR; Russian: Soyuz Sovetskih Sotsialisticheskih Respublik, SSSR, Sovetsky Soyuz) is a state that existed in Europe and Asia from 1922 to 1991. The USSR was a large federation of 15 republics, one of the most influential states in the modern history of mankind. According to the Constitution of 1917, the USSR was declared a single union, a multi-ethnic and socialist state. USSR with Afghanistan, Hungary, Iran, China, (since September 9, 1948) North Korea, Mongolia, Norway, Poland, Romania, Turkey, Finland, Czechoslovakia and only the USA, Sweden and Japan at sea After the Second World War, there was a pedestrian border. The USSR was formed on December 30, 1922 by the merger of the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR, the Byelorussian SSR and the Kungei Caucasus SFSR. Consisted of allied republics (from 4 to 16 in different years) which were independent states according to the Constitution; the possibility of free separation from the union of each allied republic was preserved. The Union Republic had the right to communicate with foreign countries, conclude agreements, exchange diplomatic and consular representatives, and participate in the activities of international organizations. Along with the USSR, Belorussian SSR and Ukrainian SSR also had the right to vote among the 50 founding countries of the United Nations. After the Second World War, it became the second superpower after the United States. The Soviet Union dominated the world system of socialism and was also a permanent member of the United Nations Security Council. The disintegration of the USSR was represented by a sharp confrontation between the central union government and the representatives of the government newly elected to the positions of the supreme councils and presidents of the union republics. In 1989-1990, the republican supreme councils all adopted declarations of state sovereignty, and some of them announced declarations of independence. In 9 of the 15 republics of the USSR, on March 17, 1991, two-thirds of citizens held an All-Union referendum in order to decide whether to preserve the renewed union. But the central government did not manage to stabilize the situation. As a result of the failed coup d'état, there was an official recognition of the independence of the Baltic republics. After the All-Ukrainian referendum, which declared the independence of Ukraine, it was impossible to save the USSR. Belarus, Ukraine and the Russian Federation signed on December 8, 1991 in the agreement on the establishment of the Commonwealth of Independent States. ## Etymology During the years of Kazakhstan in the Soviet Union, the Russian form "Soviet" was used in the Kazakh language, and the full name of the state was "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". Since 1992, this word began to be translated as "Soviet", and the state was called "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics". "Sovet" is a translation of the Russian word "Council". It can also be translated as "assembly", "meeting". Initially, the name of the USSR was planned to be different with Vladimir Lenin. He proposed the name "Union of Soviet Republics of Europe and Asia", but later decided with Joseph Stalin that this proposal should not be published. So it was decided to call the union "Union of Soviet Socialist Republics", the word "council" was replaced by "soviet" in all the languages of the republics (however, it did not stop being "Rada" in Ukrainian). ## History In January 1918, the "Declaration of the Toiling and Exploited Peoples" was published at the joint congress of workers', soldiers' and peasants' soviets (hereinafter referred to as soviets). Oppressed nations were given the opportunity to create their own republics. The first constitution of the Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic (RKFSR) was adopted at the 5th All-Russian Congress of Soviets on July 4-10, 1918. In March 1919, Meml. a new program of the ruling Communist Party of Russia (Bolsheviks) RK(b)P was adopted and the ways of establishing socialism in the country were determined. According to the program, in June 1919, in order to fight internal and external counter-revolution, members of the Soviet Union (see Soviet government) in Russia, Ukraine, and Belarus. a military, political, economic union of bodies was formed. On April 30, 1918, the Turkestan Soviet Federal Republic was established, on April 26, 1920, the Khorezm People's Soviet Republic, on October 8, 1920, the Bukhara People's Soviet Republic, and on October 4, 1920, the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic (Kazakh AKSR) was established. As a result of the campaign of the Red Army to the Caucasus, the national governments there were overthrown, and the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (04.28.1920), the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (11.29.1920), and the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (02.25.1921) were declared. 1922 On March 12, these three republics united into one federal union, Kungei Caucasian Socialist Federative Soviet Republic. 6.4.1920 in order to prevent a possible military conflict between Russia and Japan and to create conditions for the elimination of the White Guards and intervention. declared the Far Eastern Republic, after the goal was fulfilled, on November 15, 1922. By the decree of the Central Committee of the People's Republic of China, all territories were included in the RKFSR as its constituent parts. By the middle of 1922, Soviet rule was established almost everywhere in the former Russian Empire. Meml. in order to further improve the structure, according to the plan of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin, the leader of the Communist (Bolshevik) party in power, it was necessary to create a union of Soviet republics. The republics included in the new union were considered independent and equal. The successive congresses of the Soviets of the RKFSR, UKSR, BCSR, KKSFKR voted in favor of joining the union. Based on this, the 1st congress of the representatives of the councils of the four mentioned republics, convened on December 30, 1922, adopted the Declaration on the establishment of the Union of Soviet Socialist Republics. The declaration stated that accession to the USSR is carried out on the basis of equality and voluntariness, and the right to voluntarily withdraw from the Union is preserved, and other newly formed republics can voluntarily enter the Union. The Congress approved the contract on the creation of the USSR. He elected the supreme body of the Union - the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. Mikhail Kalinin, Grigory Petrovsky, Nariman Narimanov, Alexander Chervyakov were elected co-chairmen of the UAC. The government of the Soviet Union - the Council of People's Commissars of the USSR, headed by Vladimir Lenin, was established at the 2nd session of the UAC. On January 31, 1924, the Second Congress of Soviets approved the first Constitution of the USSR. From the beginning of the 20s of the 20th century, especially after the death of Lenin, a struggle for power began in the Soviet Union. Joseph Stalin won this struggle and began to establish his own authoritarian rule in the country. In 1925, the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic (Uzbek SSR) and the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic (Turkmen SSR) were established. Since the mid-20s of the 20th century, the Soviet Union abandoned the new economic policy and pursued a policy of forced industrialization of the country and forced collectivization of agriculture. The Communist Party took full control of the state power. A highly centralized and militarized totalitarian regime was established in the country. This system served to rapidly modernize the country and support revolutionary movements in other states. Forced collectivization of peasants in agriculture and expropriation of small property owners (kulaks, middle peasants, rural rich, etc.) exposed the population to mass starvation. In addition, Ukrainian (Holodomor) and Kazakh peasants (Kazakh famine) suffered particularly heavy losses. This caused widespread discontent among the people, and peasant uprisings began in various places. But they were suppressed by the government forces. In 1929, the 1st five-year plan for the development of the national economy of the USSR was drawn up. In 1934, the results of the premature implementation of the first five-year plan were reviewed, and the second five-year plan was drawn up. As a result of the two five-year period, the USSR took the first place in Europe and the second place in the world (after the USA) in terms of industrial production. At the end of 1934, massive political persecution began in the USSR. Many party, state, society, military, cultural figures were shot, labor camps were created to make millions of prisoners work for free (see Gulag). On December 5, 1936, the second Constitution of the USSR was adopted, and the Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic (Azerbaijan SSR), the Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic (Armenia SSR), the Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic (Georgia) were separated from the former ZKFSR. KSR), the Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic (Kazakh SSR), the Kyrgyz Soviet Socialist Republic (Kyrgyz SSR), separated from the RKFSR, were created, and the number of allied republics in the Soviet Union increased. At the beginning of the 30s of the 20th century, there were great changes in the country's foreign policy. In 1939, the Soviet-German agreement was concluded, according to which Western Ukraine and Western Belarus, and in 1940 the countries of the Baltic Sea coast, Bessarabia, and Northern Bukovina were forcibly joined to the USSR. Based on this, in 1940, the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (Moldovan SSR), Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic (Latvian SSR), Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (Lithuanian SSR), Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic (Estonian SSR) were established. The number of allied republics forming the Union has reached 15. In the summer of 1941, the USSR participated in the Second World War (see Great Patriotic War). During the war, entire peoples (Balkars, Chechens, Kalmaks, Crimean Tatars, Nomads, Meskhetian Turks, Germans, etc.) were exiled to Kazakhstan, Central Asia, and Siberia. After the end of the war, South Sakhalin, Kuril Islands, Petsamo (Pechenga) district, Klaipeda, Königsberg (Kaliningrad), etc. were transferred to the USSR. territories added. In the years after the war, political persecution began again (struggle with cosmopolitans, "Leningrad case", "doctor case", etc.). Competition between the former allies during the war (USA, Great Britain, France) intensified and the "Cold War" atmosphere began to take shape. Two systems (socialist countries and capitalist countries) appeared in the world, and armed conflict intensified. In 1949, the first atomic weapon was tested in the USSR at the Semey test site. In the spring of 1953, Stalin died, and the struggle for government power began again. At the 20th Congress of the Party (1956), Nikita Khrushchev, who came to the head of the government, made a report on the consequences of worshiping the personality of Stalin. Victims of political persecution began to be justified. The autonomous structures of persecuted peoples within the RKFSR were restored. In addition to the above-mentioned 15 allied republics, the Soviet Union included 20 autonomous republics, 8 autonomous regions, and 10 national districts. Great attention was paid to the development of industry and agriculture. Development of virgin and fallow land has been started in Kazakhstan and Western Siberia. In 1954, the first nuclear power plant was built, in 1957, an artificial satellite of the Earth was launched, and in 1961, the first man was launched into space. But since all these works were carried out under the totalitarian regime, there were many internal contradictions. In opposition to the strengthening of the Russification policy, there were protests in the national republics. In 1964, Khrushchev was deposed and Leonid Brezhnev came to power. The reforms carried out by the head of the new government failed. The economy developed extensively, the militarization of the country continued. Attempts to reform in neighboring socialist countries - Hungary (1956) and Czechoslovakia (1968) - were suppressed by the introduction of armed forces. In 1979, Soviet troops entered Afghanistan. The armed conflict has reached its limits. The third Constitution of the USSR, adopted in 1977, could not give impetus to the country's socio-political life and socio-economic development. In the early 1980s, the Soviet Union experienced economic stagnation. In 1985, together with Mikhail Gorbachev coming to power, political and economic reforms began in the country. Trying to reform the Soviet system led the USSR to a crisis situation. The political activity of the people immediately rose, and national parties and movements appeared. Mass uprisings of the people took place in Kazakhstan (see the December Uprising), in the countries of the Baltic Sea coast, and in the republics of the Caucasus. The economy has stagnated, miners, teachers, students, and doctors have started strikes against the government's policies. In August 1991, the military forces coup attempt failed. It was no longer possible for the Soviet Union to survive. In December 1991, in Minsk, the leaders of the allied republics of Belarus, Russia, and Ukraine, which were the original founders of the USSR, announced their dissolution of the USSR (see Belovezh Agreement). Thus, the USSR ceased to exist. On December 21, 1991, the republics of the former USSR, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, and Ukraine, signed a declaration on the establishment of their Commonwealth of Independent States in Almaty. ## Geography USSR was the largest country in the world. Its total area is 22,402,200 square kilometers, a status inherited by its successor state, Russia. The territory of the USSR covered one-seventh of the world's land and stretched from Kaliningrad in Central Europe to the Bering Strait. The USSR stretched about 10,000 kilometers from east to west, and more than 7,200 kilometers from north to south. Five climatic zones: tundra, taiga, steppe, desert and mountains. The highest point of the USSR is the peak of Communism (present-day Ismoil Somoni peak) located in the territory of the Tajik SSR, 7,495 meters high. The Caspian Sea was the largest lake in the world in the USSR. ## Administrative division As the name suggests, the USSR was a union of several Soviet republics. In modern terms, the Soviet Union is a federation. Some of these republics were unitary (for example, the Ukrainian SSR and the Byelorussian SSR), while others were federated (the Russian SFSR and the Kungei Caucasus SFKR). All four of these are founding republics that signed the treaty on the creation of the USSR in December 1922. In 1924, the Uzbek SSR and the Turkmen SSR and two dependencies of the Soviet Union, Khorezm KSR and Bukhara KSR, were formed from a part of Russia's Turkestan KFR in Central Asia. In 1929, Tajikistan separated from the Uzbekistan SSR. According to the constitution of 1936, the Kungei Caucasus SFSR was dissolved, as a result of which the republics of Armenia, Georgia and Azerbaijan were included in the union republic, and Kazakhstan and Kyrgyzstan separated from the Russian SFSR and received the same status. In August 1940, Moldavia was formed from parts of Bessarabia and the Ukrainian SSR. Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were also admitted to the union, which was not recognized by most of the international community and was considered an illegal annexation. Karelia was separated from Russia as a union republic in March 1940 and re-absorbed in 1956. Between July 1956 and September 1991, there were 15 union republics (see map below). ## Politics There were three main hierarchies in the politics of the USSR: the Supreme Soviet representing the legislature, the Council of Ministers representing the government, and the country's only legal party, the CPSU. ### Hierarchy of Power De-jure, the CPSU leadership had a Central Committee elected at the CPSU Congress. The Central Committee elects the Politburo (called the Presidium in 1952-1966), the Secretariat and the de facto most important person, the General Secretary. Often, the government of the USSR was headed only by the Politburo or by one person, the General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU. ### Government ## Population ### Nationalities Soviet Union more than 100 It was a country with diverse nationalities consisting of distinct ethnic groups. The total population of the country reached 293 million in 1991. According to the 1990 report, the majority of the population was Russians (50.78%), followed by Ukrainians (15.45%) and Uzbeks (5.84%). In 1989, according to the ethnic demography of the country, 69.8% were Eastern Slavs, 17.5% Turks, 1.6% Armenians, 1.6% Balts, 1.5% Finns, 1.5% Tajiks, 1.4% Georgians, 1.2% were Moldovans and 4.1% were representatives of various other ethnic groups. All citizens of the USSR had their own ethnicity. A person's nationality is chosen by the child's parents at the age of sixteen. If the parents do not agree, the child is automatically assigned the nationality of the father. Partly because of Soviet policies, some of the smaller minority ethnic groups continued to be mistakenly included as part of larger neighborhoods. Although the USSR was a multi-ethnic state, non-Russian nationalities could be discriminated against. Despite this, there were also non-Russian leaders of the USSR, such as Georgian Joseph Stalin, Ukrainian Nikolai Podgorny, Belarusian Andrey Gromyko, and Jewish Grigory Zinoviev. ### Religion Since the idea of communism criticized religion, all religions were oppressed in the USSR. Although "religion is allowed" under the Constitution of the Soviet Union, religion has been suppressed in the country and the de facto religion of the state can be called atheism. Under Nikita Khrushchev, the government clashed with the churches in 1958–1964, during which time the education curriculum emphasized atheism and many state publications promoted atheist views. During this period, the number of churches decreased from 20,000 to 10,000 between 1959 and 1965, and the number of synagogues decreased from 500 to 97. The number of functioning mosques also declined, from 1,500 to 500 in ten years. Religious institutions were controlled by the Soviet government, but during the Brezhnev era, churches, synagogues, temples and mosques were given more freedom. Official relations between the Orthodox Church and the government warmed again, so much so that the Brezhnev government twice awarded the Orthodox Patriarch Alexy I with the Order of the Red Banner of Labor. In a survey conducted by the Soviet government in 1982, 20% of the Soviet population were "actively religious". ## Lists ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3758

Imitation is a word

Imitative words are words born from imitation of natural phenomena and various sounds of animals and their characteristics and actions. There are two types of imitative words in the Kazakh language: * 1) imitative words created by hearing: tars-tars, saldir-guldir, dir-dir, gurs, sholp; * 2) figurative words that describe imitation through the ability to see: glare, flash, front, side, side, side. haphazardly. They join the auxiliary verb (et-) and are part of the compound part. In a separate sentence, it often performs the function of modifier and determiner. For example: He grinned. Bulky network. He turned sharply. Intonation is important. For example: Rakmet remained silent (S. Yerubayev). Summer. Shangkai noon time (M. Auezov). Imitative words from the semantic point of view * firstly, they arise from collisions or collisions of various phenomena and objects in nature, as well as from the vocal organs of various animals. If it means concepts arising from imitation of various sounds, * secondly, it means concepts arising from various phenomena and objects encountered in nature, as well as various manifestations of external characteristics and actions of various animals. For example: ars, gurs, divas, kors, tars, tyrs, rys, berk, bort, kard, kirt, mort, sart, shirt, dunk, kueng, kynk, tynk, mank, sangk, shank, shink, synk . - kangk, kangk-kunk, shank-shang, shank-shungk, cart-cart, bujjen-bjjen, arsalan-arsalan, erbelen-erbelen, batyr-butyr, dalan-dalan, tarban-tarban, red-red, kangyr-kungir ) b. According to the definition of , these words are internally divided into two branches: * imitative (imitation) words and * figurative (image) words. ## Imitative words Imitative words are the ability to hear sounds arising from the collisions and collisions of various phenomena and objects in nature, as well as various sounds emanating from the vocal organs of animals. we mean the words formed from the perception of certain concepts and the names of those concepts. For example: The gun went off; If we take the sentences "the crow crowed", the word "crack" in it means the sound of a gun shot, and the word "crow" means the sound of a crow's vocal organ (crow). ## Figurative words Figurative words are names of well-known illusions found in nature, concepts born through the ability to see phenomena with the eyes. For example: The crow crowed with a swing; In the second of the sentences "he dropped the cheese from his mouth", the word "drop" does not mean the sound, but the image of the cheese falling from the crow's mouth to the ground or the image of that scene. ## Sound features of imitative words When talking about the sound features of imitative words, three different issues should be taken into account: * sound composition, * syllable load, * pronunciation rhythm. It can be said that there is a stable and systematic law in the sound composition of imitation words, that is, in the combination of their sounds. It is evidenced by the following examples of imitation words, for example. * Ars, bors, gurs, divas, myrs, tars, tyrs, etc. b. * Bort, birt, kurt, kirt, mort, sart, kurt, sart, shirt etc. b. * Jap, gyp, lap, lyp, sap, syp, tap, group, typ, shap, etc. b. * Bark, byrk, jark, zyrk, zirk, kurk, kork, irk, etc. b. * Ank, enk, donk, dunk, dunk, kungk, kangk, konk, sangk, sunk, shank, shink, ink, etc. b. * Bilk, kilk, kolk, kilk, solk, selk etc. b. * Balp, bolp, blyp, elp, jalp, jalp, lyp, salp, slyp, shalp, sholp, slyp, slyp, etc. b. * Jump, kump, komp, tomp, tymp, simp, etc. b. * Dan, dun, tun, kan, kun, tun, shan, zhung, zhyn etc. b. * Ar, bir, dar, dir, dir, kur, kor, kyr, syr, shar, shir, etc. b. * Baj, byj, buj, guj, kuj, kij, shaj, shij, etc. b. * Ak, bak, bik, kak, kyk, sak, tik, chak, shik, etc. b. * Jalt, jalt, key, kylt, milt, sylt, talt, tylt, etc. b. * Gu, du, zu, lau, sau, su, etc. b. * Barp, borp, korp, sarp, tarp, trp etc. b. ## Literature * A. Iskakov, Modern Kazakh language, 1974.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7427

Cradling

Cradling is the ceremony of placing the baby in the cradle for the first time. The women of the village who are invited to the cradle come with their hair and clothing. The first delivery of a child is entrusted to a dignified woman who raised an exemplary generation. He equips the crib with the help of one or two other women, and the baby's grandmother or mother distributes sweets to the children from the hole in the peninsula. After that, the cradle is removed from the fire and the child is separated. Women who have been cradled are given gifts such as dresses and clothes. Elders bless and wish the child to grow up and the mother to be happy. And the Lullaby is sung: Another version: ## Rituals performed when putting the baby in the cradle ### Place the equipment of the cradle put After five days, the child with the navel is placed in the cradle. The neighboring women of the village gather in this tomalak and bring their sprinkles. Before putting the baby in the cradle, the older, respected woman of the village puts the cradle equipment in place. Then he takes the cradle away with a crescent moon. ### Getting rid of the cradle with the smoke of Adyraspan In order for the child to have a peaceful sleep and with the aim of chasing away demons, the Adyraspan is lit on fire and a ritual is performed around the cradle before placing the child in the cradle. Sometimes they perform rituals by touching a heated iron to the waist of the cradle. ### Making the "Tyshtyma" rite Before placing the baby in the crib, the tyshtyma ritual is performed. Bagels, candies and other sweet treats are thrown into the palms covered under the japa branch through the peninsula hole of the cradle. When the woman in charge asks if it's quiet, the women next to her start shouting "quick-quick". This tradition of our people, which always greets every good thing with sprinkles, is a ceremony born with the intention of "let the cradle bless the child". ### Covering the cradle with seven things First of all, the cradle is covered with a blanket, then a cape, a blanket, a coat, a blanket, a blanket, and a whip. It is a wish that when he is young enough to wear a tunic and a cloak, he will be a people-oriented man, that he will run and play on a fast-growing horse, and that he will be a man who defends the country with a bow and a whip. ## Sources ## External link * Besik toy (Cradle) (unavailable link)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1674

North Kazakhstan region

North Kazakhstan region is a region in the northern part of Kazakhstan. The region was established on July 29, 1936, and its current borders were approved on April 8, 1999. The area of the region is 97, 99 thousand square km. is equal to 3.6% of the territory of the republic. The administrative center of the North Kazakhstan region is the city of Petropavlovsk, founded in 1752. There are 13 administrative districts in the region; 5 cities - Petropavl, Bulaev, Mamlyut, Tayinsha, Sergeev; 4 city-type settlements - Smirnovo, Talshik, Enbek, Kishkenekol. The territory of the region borders with the Kostanay and Akmola regions of Kazakhstan and the Korgan, Tumen, Ombi regions of the Russian Federation. ## Administrative division * Ayrtau district * Akzhar district * Akkayin district * Magzhan Zhumabaev district * Esil district * Zhambyl district * Kyzylzhar district * Mamlyut district * Gabit Musirepov district * Tayinsha district * Timiryazev district * Ualikhanov district * Shal Akin district * Petropavlovsk city. ## Population Population of North Kazakhstan Oblast ## Geography North Kazakhstan Oblast (SKO) is located in the north of Kazakhstan, and physics - geographically - occupies the southern edge of the West-Siberian plain and a part of the vast Kazakh steppe. The topography has many lake depressions, Saharan depressions, low ridges and slopes alternating with ridge pits. The height is 115-120 m in the northeast, 200 m in the south and southeast. The region is located in the space of Kaluga, Tula, and Tomsk regions of Russia. However, due to the absence of lakes and rivers, it is characterized by sudden dryness of the weather and is much different from them in terms of natural conditions. Its common plane and limited area allow free meridian and latitude air exchange. The weather is suddenly dry. Winters are cold and long (more than 5 months), with little snow, and summers are hot due to the predominance of dry weather. The average temperature in January is −18.5 °C, −19.5 °C, in July +18.8 °C, +19.5 °C. The duration of the frost-free period is 109-129 days. The average rainfall is 300-340 mm, including 3 out of 4 during the warm season. The rivers belong to the Ob basin. In the vicinity of the North Kazakhstan region, there is an intersection of Iman-Burlyk and Akan-Burlyk in the middle course of the Yesil River (400 km). There are more than 1000 lakes in the North-Kazakhstan region, the main ones are located in the northwest. Most of them dry out over time. Fresh water lakes predominate. The largest ones are: Shagalalyteniz, North and South Khak, Tarankol, Menkeser. The territory of the region is crossed by the central part of the Esil River, Ashkykarasu, Ashchysu rivers, as well as the lower reaches of the Sileti River. Esil is of special importance for the economy. North Kazakhstan region is one of the regions rich in lakes. The largest lakes: Tolybay, Bolshoi Karakamys, Tokti, Aksuat, Ulykol, Torangil, Bolshoi Koskol, Saumalkol, Teke, Koksengirsor, Siletitenz, etc. The territory of the district includes the southern part of the West Siberian plain and the northern part of the Kazakhstan small hills. Construction materials such as limestone, glass sand, refractory clay, etc. can be found in the territory of the district. ## Nature Determines the features of the nature and economy of the internal region of the interior. The rapid continentality of the climate, the lack of humidity and the general flatness of the bordering area create conditions for the free flow of air in the meridian and latitudinal directions. Thus, it made it possible to develop almost the entire flat area. The region is located in the forest-steppe natural zone and the steppe natural zone, which determines its landscape, the quality of the natural environment, and the main natural resources. It belongs to the dangerous zone for agriculture. The region of the region is often called Petropavl'kyi Esil Bay, both geographically and historically. ## Topography The territory of the region is located in the southern part of the West-Siberian plain and partly within the Saryarka, which is called the small hill of Kazakh. The North Kazakhstan part of the West-Siberian plain (North Kazakh plain ) is connected to the inner belt of the ylidy plain. Its topography is characterized by a generally sloping plain to the north and northeast. The flat part of the region belongs to the ancient lacustrine neogene plateau of Western Siberia, which occupies a large space between the valleys of the Tobyl and Irtys rivers in terms of geomorphological zoning. The surfaces of the interfluves in this area are formed from dense mud rocks of Neogene age and lacustrine genesis. The cover of the fourth vertical stage in the interfluves is insignificant. The flat surface of the region is 125-200 m above sea level. The smallest signs are connected to the pits of the large salt lakes in the south-eastern part of the region: Kalybek, Bolshoi Karaoi, Teke, Siletitengiz. Although the lakes themselves are shallow, the depth of Kazakh sinkholes is 40-60 m. In the basin of Lake Teke, the lowest part of the surface layer of the region is 29 m below sea level, the highest peak is Zhaksy Lakhntau (731 m). coordinated. Rocky rocks on the southern edge of the border of the West-Siberian plain are not very deep, often immediately below the soil layer. Individual hills or low (from 20 to 30 m) ridges rise on the flat surface of the plateau. Even higher peaks are rarely found, among them - Syrymbet (Zhamanshok), Burkitti mountains - northern island mountains in the lower terrain of the region. 372 m above sea level. Local people call it "Jamanshok". Among the negative landforms there are shallow valleys with temporary water flow, lake potholes. The middle layer of the terrain is the Kokshetau plateau, which is located at 230-300 m above the regional height. Mount Kokshetau is located on the southern side of the property. The third layer of the region's topography is the surface of the Kokshetau plateau. It is dominated by flat plateaus with heights of 360-400 m, some of which have steep rocky peaks 600-700 m high. Here is the highest point of the region - Zhaksy Lakhntau. It forms a 370 m high vertical cliff and rests on the shore of the lake of the same name. The morphology of Imantau granitoid ranges is similar. The insular mountains and low elevations of the Kokshetau Plateau were formed due to massive tectonics in the Cenozoic. The granite formations forming the low mountains of Kokshetau, exposed by denudation and erosion, form many amazing sculptures. The fallen debris forms a tower-like layered topography. The Kokshetau plateau is characterized by a system of erosive-tectonic and erosive valleys, sometimes filled with Paleogene and lacustrine alluvial formations, too deep, with a thick Neogene lacustrine-alluvial layer, partially developed by the modern hydrosystem. It penetrates to a depth of 30-50 m in the plains between the rivers. Along the coast, which is a part of the Esil-Tobyl rivers, the valleys of the Sueri, Kizak, Emtsa rivers are visible, complicated by the ravines of the old pit, but actually buried. The left bank is characterized by pot-holed terrain, abundance of lake pits and depressions. In half of the right bank of the region, there is an even plain between the Esil-Irtys rivers, which passes in the east-north-east direction - a flat, wide depression - Kamystysay (Kamyshlov). Kamystysai - the Valley of Zen in Kamysty, which has recently disappeared in the middle of the 19th century. The valleys of Sileti and Chagalaly (Chaglinka) rivers are poorly known in terms of topography. Closed potholes of the right bank are flat-bottomed, not clearly visible on the topography, like depressions. The old Suer (Presnovskaya) valley is clearly depicted in the middle and lower parts, that is, the large lakes in the north of the Presnov valley: Semilov, Filatov, Koltyk, Suer, etc. located close together. Below the Suer Lake flows the upper mouth of the current Suer River - the right branch of the Tobyl. The upper part of the old Kazakh valley, according to earlier data, is marked from the Novorybin valley area, and it begins from the ancient Emtsa - Mangisor (Mengiser) lake. The dry parts of the Emtsa valley are outside the region, there are large lakes that are incompatible with each other: Medvezhie, Gorkoe, Kabanye, Akkoo, etc. clearly known by the chain. These ancient valleys, filled with alluvial and lacustrine-alluvial formations, reaching a thickness of 20-30 m, store underground water, as well as reserves of fresh water. Compared to other buried valleys, Kamystysay is better known. It starts from the Kamysakty spring, which flows into Bolshoi Torangil lake, where the Bakkarasu tributary flows, and flows from the Kokshetau plateau. Below the bottom of the Kamystysai brook are Lakes Balaky, Zylan, Bozaral and others. It stretches for about 500 km to Irtysh, and it is continuously raining. The current is adjacent to the ancient Paleogene-Neogene paleocane valley. The width of the ravine reaches several kilometers, the depth is 10-20 m. The thickness of alluvial formations at the bottom is 20-25 m. ## Alluvial topography Alluvial topography is developed in the northern latitude of the region occupying the left bank of the Esil (Sergeev city). Its total length in the region reaches 15 km. The total height is from 3-4 m to 15-18 m, and the width is 500-1500 m. Jals are characterized by a uniform topography. Their peaks are along the west, south-west to east, north-east direction. The roof of the ridges is usually elongated along the length, sometimes asymmetrical in the longitudinal direction. Jaldar is often combined with lake potholes. It started from the eastern slopes of the lakes and contained potholes with flat ends. Large ridges 4 km long, 800 m wide and 10 m high make up 32% of the 600 ridges along the Petropavlny Esil River. 40 m to 2 km in length, 10-5 m in height, 800-600 m in width, medium ridges cover 53%, and smaller ridges - 15%. In addition to the lakes and potholes that comprise the complex landforms described, it also includes the lakeside hills that form a sickle-shaped semicircle of the eastern part of the lake potholes. Ridges and roofs are made of different materials, both mechanically and in terms of age. Most ridges are almost completely covered with yellowish-gray sand and clayey-sandy carbonate soils of the Quaternary period. In some cases, the bottom layer of compacted clay, sometimes the surface layer of the earth's topography can be found under the sediments of the Quaternary period. ## Groundwater There is a limited supply of not only surface but also underground water in the territory of the region. Fixed reservoirs can provide about 150 thousand m³ of water per day. The location on the border of the northern part of Saryarka and the southern part of the West Siberian artesian basin in the territory of the region, the complex nature of the hydrological conditions of the region, the nature of circulation, the conditions of mineralization, and the abundance of water in aquifers caused the diversity of groundwater. In the territory of the region there are several water complexes of different ages and genders. These are: pre-Paleozoic and Paleozoic fractured rock water complexes developed in the south of the region, mineralized fresh water complexes up to 1 g/l are found in the areas covered with younger rocks, mineralized saline water up to 3 g/l and more, water of chalk formations complexes are widely developed in the northern part of the region. Unfavorable natural and geological conditions prevent them from forming large quantities of high-quality underground water. Aqueous complexes of Eocene formations are widespread, sandstone formations are considered to be aqueous, minerality varies from 0.8-1.1 to 4.6 g/l, aquifers of Oligocene and Oligocene-Miocene formations are widespread, water minerality is 1.0 varies from to 3.0 g/l, the abundance of water is different, the water layer of Quaternary alluvial formations is adjacent to the river valleys; The fresh lakes of the ravines differed in their chemical composition. In recent years, the use of fresh water for household and drinking water needs has decreased by 2 times per capita, and this is the lowest indicator for the republic. The table shows 1995-2002. dynamics of water extraction from natural sources in the region are shown. From this, the total volume of water withdrawal decreased by almost three times during the indicated period and in 2001 was 72 m³ per person (or 197 l per day). In comparison, the total water intake per person on the planet is an average of 7,000 m³, which is a hundred times more. The use of water for agricultural purposes has been reduced by three times. On average, each northern Kazakh uses 22 m³ per year, or 60 l per day for household drinking water needs. To solve the problems of water supply in the region (Drinking water! program is being implemented, partial reconstruction and segmentation of the water supply system, including groundwater saturation, relocation of settlements to other sources of drinking water is being considered. Some of the pollutants come from the upper part of the watershed of the Yesil river - from the Akmola region. ## Natural resources Minerals of various degrees have been extracted and studied in the region. 286 places of origin have been explored. Among them, 34 are metallic, 2 are non-metallic, 217 are construction and technological raw materials, and 33 are underground waters, 6 of which are mineral. The territory of the region is considered to be the uranium-ore, diamond and rare metal tin tip of North Kazakhstan. Important parts of mineral raw materials were found there, which make up the balance of the Republic of Kazakhstan: -65% for tin, -36.6% for zirconium, -19% for uranium, -5% for titanium, -1.1% for tungsten. A wide growth of the base of mineral raw materials was observed, especially in the South-West region. It contains a list of the origin and formation of important gold, silver, technical and jewelry diamonds, tin, titanium, non-ferrous and rare metals, drilled coal. Kespeltek - titanium - zirconium ores, Syrymbet - tin, the place of origin of gold - Soltustik Batytysy and Dombyraly - 2 places of origin are being processed. Only some places of construction stones and sand are in use. At the source of Teke River and Zhaksytuz Lake, research is being conducted on boiled salt, and excavation work is being carried out. Salt reserves are included in the state balance sheet. In Esil and Ayrtau districts, geological research is being carried out in order to give an industrial assessment of the place of origin of gold and silver. ## Link * Official site of SKO Archived April 25, 2013. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5119

Әл-Фараби

Abu Nasir Al-Farabi (Arabic: ابو نصر محمد الفارابي ‎; Abu Nasir Muhammad ibn Muhammad Tarkhan ibn Uzlag al-Farabi al-Turki; 870 - 950) is a world-famous thinker, philosopher, sociologist, mathematician, physicist , astronomer, botanist, linguist, logician, music researcher. Born in Otyrar. ## Educational path He was educated in Otyrar Madrasah, Shash, Samarkand, Bukhara, then Harran, Egypt, Aleppo (Aleppo), Baghdad. ## The way of creativity Abu Nasir Al-Farabi is the most famous and famous of the Turkish thinkers, the scholar who was called "the 2nd teacher of the world". His time coincides with the development of the economy and culture of the cities along the Silk Road, including Otyrar. Abu Nasir Al-Farabi made global trips to the cities of Central Asia, Persia, Iraq, Arab countries and grew up quickly. In those places, he met and interviewed many scholars, thinkers, poets, and figures. According to historical data, he knew about 70 languages. A thinker who read a lot and searched a lot, he wrote about 150 treatises in the fields of philosophy, logic, ethics, metaphysics, linguistics, natural science, geography, mathematics, medicine, and music. In his works, he analyzed the works of ancient Greek scholars, especially Aristotle (he wrote commentaries on Aristotle's main works such as "Metaphysics", "Category", "First and Second Analytics"). The famous Arab scientist-geographer Ibn-Hawkal in his work "Kitab Masalik wa Mamalik" and Ibn-Khallikan who lived in the 13th century in his work "Ufiat al-aian fi al-Zaman" mentioned the names of the great-grandfathers of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi (Tarkhan, Uzlak ) is presented in pure Turkish. Although the future scientist learned his first language in his native place, at the age of 12-16 he followed the caravan and went to Baghdad in search of education. Before the birth of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi, 126 years ago, the city of Farab, a great cultural center of the Turks, had peacefully converted to Islam. At that time, it was obligatory for every open-minded Muslim to engage in the science of Islam. Since then, Abu Nasir Al-Farabi has been considered a scholar of the Arabic language. Since the Holy Quran is not only a collection of religious principles, but also a universal book that contains the secret keys of many teachings, Abu Nasir Al-Farabi made it obligatory for all Islamic scholars - ijtihad (work hard to reach the peak of thinking ability). and mujtahid (a person engaged in ijtihad bases his findings on the Holy Qur'an and Hadith Sharif - obligatory and sunnah actions). Under the influence of atheistic ideology during the Soviet regime, al-Farabi was presented as a non-religious scientist. However, the following information about his great contribution to the preservation of Islamic unity has been preserved. The brave commander Muhammad Ikhshid ibn Tugit Amir, who is of Turkish descent, meets with Abu Nasir Al-Farabi after defeating the "Karmat" country, which violated the path of Islam. Abu Nasir Al-Farabi, who was happy about the defeat of the Karmats who did not allow him to make a "pilgrimage" by cutting off the road to Mecca, secretly intends to make a "pilgrimage" and talks with the Arab caliph's said-zadas. In this story, the scientist expresses the idea that in order to preserve the unity of Islam, it is necessary to reconcile the sects, and declares that he is trying to eliminate the divisions between the Arab, Persian and Turkish races. "In the testament left by the ancestors, it was said that the Turkish people are just. Now we are convinced of the truth and justice of that word," Said-zadalar respectfully shakes Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's hand. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's visit to Baghdad from a young age has the following two secrets. First, the trusted viziers of the Abbasid dynasty, which ruled the Caliphate of Baghdad at that time, were mainly from the Turkestan city of Farab. Secondly, the city of Baghdad opened its gates wide and created the best possible conditions for those who are on the path of science and art. In Baghdad, there was a house of scholars called "Bait al-Hakma" and the richest library in the world. At first, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi introduced himself as a poet, singer, and musician, and then he began to engage in complex scientific research by reading the manuscripts of ancient Greek scientists. Farabi's first teachers were Nestorian Christians who recognized Jesus as a "prophet" and not as a "son of God". They were the ones who bridged the gap between ancient Greek science and Arabic science. The worldview of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi is the result of the interrelationships of two worlds: nomadic and sedentary civilizations and Eastern and Greco-Roman cultures. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's socio-political views, language culture, philosophical and humanitarian (philosophy, logic, ethics, aesthetics, politics, sociology, linguistics, poetry, rhetoric, music) and natural sciences (astronomy, astrology, physics, chemistry, geography) , cosmology, mathematics, medicine) and made valuable scientific discoveries in these areas. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has three main directions in his philosophy: he recognized the eternity of the world, confirmed the dependence of knowledge on existence, differentiated the doctrine of intelligence. He sought the origins of eternity and dependence from Almighty God, from the essence of phenomena in the heavenly world, from intelligence, from the soul of man, from the relationship between form and matter. From the principles of Aristotle, he accepted those close to his worldview and explained it from this point of view. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's philosophical approach can only be deeply understood in historical context, in relation to his era. In the Middle Ages, the development of philosophical thought was based on the foundations of religious teachings. Therefore, it is necessary to consider the philosophical teaching of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi from the perspective of the religious concepts of his time. But he developed these concepts philosophically. It is especially evident from the doctrine of the "underworld". This was a further development of Aristotle's view of the creative mind. The creative mind is not only the cause of motion of the "underworld", but also the logos in itself. The law of this world is the mind inherent in the earthly world. An individual's mind develops only if it is combined with the world consciousness. The last, that is, world consciousness, is eternal. A person creates a world that is fleeting. From this, the idea that the soul is eternal and flies away to another place is born, which was a thesis that was the subject of a struggle between religious principles and philosophy. The great thinker attached great importance to philosophy and placed great hopes on it. He understood philosophy as an intellect that wakes up the society, a beacon of reason, a main direction that brings the people to a just society, a tool that continues the spiritual and cultural continuity between generations, a method that finds solutions to complex social and ethical problems, answers to the demands of the times. At this level, it is necessary to read and learn the 9 principles of philosophy in order to think correctly and act positively. The goal here is to search for integrity, truth, goodness, new sources of good, and to achieve it. The philosopher attached great importance to the education of a person to know his own nature. This problem is widely differentiated from the logical, ethical, pedagogical, and linguistic points of view, and it is considered in the continuity with each other. He looks for symbols of the highest spiritual goal in the sources that connect people to each other - the harmony of the soul, beauty, charity, happiness. "Views of residents of the benevolent city", "Words of state figures" and others. In his political and social treatises, he focused more on the issue of charity and happiness. Charity followed the tradition of ancient thinkers who espoused the ideas of reason, justice, happiness and equality. He warned that only people who have real knowledge about happiness, clearly know the ways to achieve it, and act accordingly are flexible to charity. Al-Farabi was again turning to the problem of improving the system of feeling and thinking, education and action. Without education, morality cannot be improved, an uneducated person cannot recognize the virtues of others. There is no great success without educating the soul. The way to spiritual health will be opened only if science and education are combined. He warns that a person who has not been able to correct his behavior will not have access to true science. The teachings of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi rely on Eastern thinkers, Aristotelian and New Platonist views, giving them a new character. In his work entitled "Treatise on the Necessary Conditions for Learning Philosophy", he presents his views on the nine conditions necessary for learning Aristotle's philosophy. Based on Aristotle's scheme presented in Nicomachean Ethics (Book 1, §1), al-Farabi divides philosophy into theoretical and practical. Theoretical philosophy studies immutable, impermanent things, practical philosophy studies things that can be changed or created. Philosophy, according to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, is learned through reason, the "most special" good that exists only in man. The function of the mind and reason should not be carried out as it is, then purposefulness takes on a character. It is based on the correct methods of thinking, which are considered by the art of logic. According to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, a person should start his path to happiness from logic. In a word, Farabi says that it is up to people to achieve their goals. He concludes that a person should constantly improve himself from the spiritual point of view, that a person can improve only by knowing the truth and the world around him. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's thoughts on civil, political, human and society are considered in the treatise "Fusul al-madani" ("Proverbs of statesmen"). Although the topics of this treatise are different, they are mainly dedicated to one goal - the relationship between man and society, and its development. A unique characteristic of labor is that physical and spiritual phenomena are compared. If Farabi begins his analysis of society in "Civil Policy" from the city, in "Proverbs..." he begins it from the smallest nest, fireplace or home. Like Aristotle, he divides the house into several parts - husband and wife, master and servant, parent and child, property and owner. The house has its own purpose, but as a part of the city, it is dedicated to serving the common purpose that the city defines, and in the meantime there is an opinion about subordinating the interests of a person to the interests of society. Here, understanding Farabi's city as the state, we find high manifestations of great civil humanism in his thoughts. Here, we consider not only the interests of the individual, but the high regard for the interests of the society as a sacred expression of great citizenship and morality. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi believes that a person must be honest. because if one does good deeds and expects to be paid for it, a person turns these deeds into bad deeds. A mature philosopher should know theoretical sciences and be able to apply these sciences to other sciences. Plato and Aristotle believed that a true philosopher should be entrusted with the duties of a governor, but according to Plato, a philosopher refers to immutable truths and considers state management to be a burden that hinders the achievement of a higher goal, while Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, on the contrary, does not keep away from life's affairs, but again people's pursuit of the truth. tries to help him get on his way. Meanwhile, he compares religion and philosophy. According to him, religion is similar to philosophy: both provide an understanding of higher principles, the beginnings of things. But philosophy requires proof, religion requires belief. The lawgiver, by virtue of his very good judgment, is able to properly implement the laws which are supposed to be in the interest of man. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi left many legacies from all fields of science of his time, especially mathematics, astronomy, physics, and natural sciences. In his work "The chain of sciences" he divides the science of that time into five major areas: * linguistics and its chapters; * logic and its chapters; * mathematics and its chapters; * physics and its chapters, metaphysics and its chapters; * civil science and its branches, jurisprudence and religious science. The scientist determines the subject of all these sciences and dwells on their summary. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi worked as a mathematician in three closely related fields. They are: 1) the methodology of mathematics. problems (origin of the subject of mathematical science, basic concepts and methods), 2) mathematical natural science, 3) participation in creating some specific chapters of mathematics. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi divides mathematics into seven chapters (arithmetic, geometry, optics, astronomy, music, statics, mechanics — the science of method and trick). He is one of the first scientists who considered algebra as an independent branch of mathematics and defined the subject of algebra. In this regard, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi proposed a very important idea of expanding the concept of number to the concept of positive real number. tries to reveal the origin and causes of mathematics in his treatise called "The Origin of Sciences". In the work called "Commentary on the difficult places in the introductions of the first and fifth books of Euclid", the methodol. gave valuable comments on the issues. He showed in practice that Euclid's "Fundamentals", which were considered perfect and perfect for a long time, could be tested, edited, and corrected, and pointed the right way to mathematicians. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, in addition to laying the foundation stone of philosophy of mathematics, also demonstrated the need to boldly apply it to the study of natural phenomena. According to Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, mathematics provides clear, true knowledge and strongly influences the development of other sciences. In his work entitled "What is right or wrong in astrological predictions", he separates scientific astrology from astronomy, and based on the principles mentioned in Aristotle's logical works and the achievements of natural sciences, he tries to distinguish whether unknown, random phenomena can be predicted in advance or not. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's later, his opinions were of great importance in the formation of the philosophy and logical bases of the probability theory. He wrote major works in the field of mathematics and natural sciences. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi wrote a lengthy commentary on the "Almage" of the great ancient Greek mathematician and astronomer Ptolemy. This work is known as "Commentary on Almages". This treatise of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, which was of great importance in the history of astronomy and mathematics, had a good influence on the development of trigonometry. Based on the works of mathematicians before him, he developed his own theory of trigonometry lines. The main innovation here is that Abu Nasr Al-Farabi considered sine, cosine, sine-fersus, tangent, cotangent lines within a single circle of constant radius. He revealed some relations between them, defined some simple features. He achieved significant success in determining the sine and cosine of one degree of arc, which is very necessary in making tables of trigonometry. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, based on these mentioned trigonometry data and other additional mathematical materials, offers the easiest methods of mathematically solving the problems of astronomy and geography discussed in "Almages". "The Book of Natural Secrets and Spiritual Methods and Tricks on the Details of Geometric Figures" has sorted out geometry construction problems and brought them into a single system. More than a hundred calculation methods are shown. These include: constructing a parabola, trisecting an angle, doubling a cube, constructing right polygons, constructing polygons, transforming plane figures, etc. there is Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has extensively considered problems that can be solved with the help of a permanent compass and a one-sided ruler. In this work, there is an idea of how to mentally solve the problem of 3, 4, 5, etc., that is, how to mentally solve the problem of building a cube. In view of this, there is reason to assume that Abu Nasr Al-Farabi is one of the first exponents of the idea of multidimensional abstract geometry. It has been found that the treatise of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi has been attributed by the historians of mathematics to the famous Khorasan mathematician Abu-l-Wafa. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi wrote a work called "A Brief Introduction to Theoretical Arithmetic" in the field of arithmetic. Many of his logical works contain elements of mathematical logic. The mathematical ideas and heritage of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi were widely used by Eastern scholars such as Abu-l-Wafa, Abu Ali ibn Sina (Avicenna), Abu Rayhan Biruni, Omar Khayyam, and European scientists such as Roger Bacon and Leonardo da Vinci. The outstanding work of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi in the field of physics is called "On Vacuum". Here he tried to prove that there is no vacuum by means of logical conclusions based on a rare experience of the ancient Greeks. In this work, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi considered various problems of physics, in addition to the problem of vacuum, and found the correct solutions according to the level of science at that time (the expansion or contraction of a body due to heat, the laws of increasing or decreasing the volume of air due to applied tension, pressure, the transfer of applied tension to air, etc.). In his treatise "On the Necessity of the Art of Alchemy", he analyzed the alchemical knowledge of his time, separated the scientific grain of alchemy from the false shell, and considered it as a branch of natural science with a specific research subject. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi in the field of medicine "Treatise written against Galen on the difference with Aristotle on human organs", "Animal Organs", "On Temperament" etc. wrote works, in which he mainly dealt with the theoretical problems of medicine, and tried to define the subject, tasks and goals of the art of medicine. In the philosophy and natural philosophy works of Abu Nasr Al-Farabi, he focuses on many problems of natural science. Astronomida observed through his own experience that the position of the sun's apogee is not constant. Ray propagation is proven by geometry with the laws of optics. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi's understanding of light, who discovered the laws of gathering, refraction, dispersion, and concentration of rays by geometrically precise methods, became known to European science only in the 17th century. German astronomer I. Kepler called it "focus" in Arabic. Eight centuries ago, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi called it "muharaq" from the meaning of "burning", "burning place". He made a concave mirror, that is, a parabola, a lens with his own hands, and used them in science. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi interprets and perfects the works of the great ancient Greek astronomer Claudius Ptolemy, makes theoretical (mathematical) and practical conclusions, and gives ideas and opinions. For example, for the first time in history, he observes the passage of the planet Cholpan over the surface of the Sun, in his treatise "What is right or wrong in astrological predictions", the scholar describes scientific astronomy, the location, color, movement of stars, etc. distinguishes it from the ambiguous and doubtful science of astrology, which claims that it is possible to predict the future of human life and events on earth based on its visual properties. In the process of seriously reviewing the scholar's scientific and philosophical works, we see that he was one of the great figures in the history of pedagogy. He is an educationalist who created the first constructive pedagogical system in Eastern countries. In order to form the consciousness of the young generation, it is necessary to systematize and sequence the characteristics of three things: * The child's inner enthusiasm, passion; * Teacher's skill, honesty; * Location of the lesson process. The scientist paid special attention to the similarity of physical education and moral education, their influence on each other. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi. In his treatises "Rhetoric", "On the Art of Poetry", "Guide to Happiness", he paid attention to ethical and aesthetic issues, revealed the categories of art, beauty, happiness, kindness knowledge and proved their basis. He considered ethics to be, first of all, a science that allows us to distinguish between good and bad. That is why the categories of goodness and kindness occupy the main place in his concepts on ethics. The scholar's ethical thoughts are filled with deep humanism, he understands that the [human] child is the highest peak of creation, the owner of the whole soul, and that is why he should be respected and cherished. The main point of the Kortyn made by Farabi is the unity of the three knowledge, kindness and beauty. Farabi's humanist ideas spread widely around the world. He glorified the high value of intelligence and knowledge. Farabi says about art and beauty: it is a characteristic of the reality of life, an imaginary image of existence, real phenomena, social life. He believes that art is a sign that shows the beauty of the body and soul. ## Universal musician Abu Nasr Al-Farabi was also a universal musician. He played clay instruments, sang, composed songs and tunes. "The Great Book of Music" is a great historical work written by the scholar both about music and about physics and mathematics. Here the problems of musical acoustics are covered as widely as possible, the nature, origin, distribution of sound, etc. There are many correct and correct opinions about it. Creates the practical (experimental) and theoretical (mathematical) foundations of music, shows the ways in which physical-mathematical laws are realized in known musical instruments. Abu Nasr Al-Farabi defined three general (universal) theoretical conditions of scientific knowledge, and based on them he created a new theory of music. Those conditions are: firstly, to know all the fundamental bases and principles of science; secondly, to be able to draw necessary conclusions and results related to that science from these principles; thirdly, to be able to analyze the opinions that have never been expressed about this science, to be able to distinguish the right from the skin and correct the mistakes. In developing a mathematical theory of music, Abu Nasr Al-Farabi covered many fundamental problems of mathematics. They are: the theory of relations, problems of combinatorial analysis, functional dependencies and their mapping, the idea of axiomatics, etc. ## Al-Farabi and Abay There is no specific information about Abay's familiarity with Farabi's works. However, Sagdiyk: "... Abay al-Farabi, who attached great importance to philosophy and wisdom, was familiar with Ibn Sinas and had knowledge of these secret books" (Republican Literary and Memorial Museum of Abai. Inv. No. 172, 17-6. ), - is the opinion that Abay was familiar with Farabi's works. Abai does not hide the spiritual sources that nourished him in his works, he says again: "I searched for science, aimed at the world, looked in both directions..." - there is a deep secret in his warning. When considering the continuity of ideas in the works of Farabi and Abay, and the origins of the spiritual sources from which the poet's work was nourished, it is necessary to pay special attention to the view of the "soul power" common to the two great thinkers, or, in Abai's own words, "self-knowledge". In the course of the continuous development of scientific thought in the history of mankind, knowing the ways of formation of thoughts about "self-knowledge" or "soul power" has become a complex problem, which has prompted the development of opposite views from the very beginning. Although the first step of the doctrine of human self-knowledge began with the philosophers of the ancient world, the work of Farabi, who brought it down to a scientific system in his time, is especially noticeable. In the Kazakh soil, Farabi in ancient times and Abay in recent times explored the complex thoughts about "soul power" or "self-awareness" in general. In Abai's poems and poems, the thoughts about soul power are "spirit passion", "spirit power", "soul power", "soul food" etc. b. There are reasons for his special remark when he shares his thoughts in such a philosophical column: "The power of the soul is a lot of things, and there is not enough time to write them all here." From this conclusion, the poet's complete familiarity with the history of the doctrine of "self-knowledge" is clearly visible, and his regret for not being able to convey his thoughts to his listeners in a broad way can be felt. The philosophy used by Farabi on soul power. terms are given in Abay's poems and poems of Seventh, Seventeenth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, Forty-third with equivalent words according to the kapyga or Kazakh concept in the original. Fourteenth and Seventeenth verses of the poet "At first, a cold ice is intelligent...", "There is no thought except for the eyes...", "A friend to an animal except an animal without sorrow...", "The word God is easy... ", "The heart is the sea, everything that is interesting is a precious stone..." is a special word and philosophy about the mind, courage, and heart. The origin of his thoughts on meaning lies in the works of Farabi. Farabi, in his work "Treatise on the Attitudes of the Residents of the Good City", systematizes the ideas of man about self-knowledge as "plant soul", "animal soul", "human soul". Analyzing the human soul (intellect), its internal and external sense organs (hawas), the heart is always given a decisive importance and shown in a special way. This approach to the knowledge of general soul power is characteristic of those who belong to the school of perepatetics. Farabi's and Abai's thoughts on this are consistent and interrelated. Farabi said, "Heart is the main organ, no other part of the body controls it. Next comes the brain. This is also the main member, but its dominance is not the first" (al-Farabi. Philosophical treatises. -A. , 1973, 289-6. ), - and giving decisive importance to the heart, Abay also said: "You will join the heads of the three of you in my said business. But it's okay if you have a ruling heart." From this, it can be seen that the basis of the knowledge of the heart of both great thinkers is the same, only the form of narration is different. According to the poet Farabi, in addition to giving the heart a decisive meaning, he also knows it as the source and abode of goodness, grace, and intercession. Moral philosophy, which the thinker-poet paid a lot of attention to, is also based on this knowledge. All the ideas of morality and morality that spread throughout Abay's works are combined with this point of view. The poet's line of thoughts about "hawas", "three pouring" (imani flower), "ja wan marelik", "justice", "intercession" are also concepts within this framework of knowledge. These are the basis of Farabi's knowledge about the most perfect (kamili insani) model of human personality in the above-mentioned work. The continuation of this Farabi tradition is clearly felt in Abay's thinking about the "complete man". Abay often mentions "full man", "half man", "being a man", "perfection of humanity", "perfection of personality", "full humanity", "humanity", "man's humanity", "being human", etc. b. concepts, groups of words with nominal meaning, and the source of opinions about it originate from the line of thought in Farabi's works. Farabi, in his work on "Fundamentals of Natural Sciences" (cosmogony), paid special attention to the khakas in general, and especially to its external sense organs, called khawasi hamsa zahiri. Al-Farabi's philosophies about the sense organs, which play a central role in recognizing the secret of the nature of the environment. concepts are presented in the same original form in Abai's Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth poems and the poem "Alla is easy to feel". The conclusion of the poet that "the owner of the soul, who benefits from the inanimate creatures, created the animals, and created the intelligent insan (man) who uses the living animals" originates from Farabi's step-by-step knowledge about the creation of the world, which says that God first created the inanimate world, plants, animals, and then intelligent people. If this knowledge is a weak point of Farabi's view, it is also a weak point of Abay's knowledge. In his works, the thoughtful poet pays special attention to the hawasi hamsa zahiri in the tradition of Farabi. Mind, consciousness is recognized as a spiritual phenomenon that arises from the reality of life around us through the external five senses, i.e., the radiant energy of cognition and radiation in the human mind. The basis of Abai's worldview about the origin of mind and consciousness corresponds to Farabi's line of thought: "Mind is nothing but experience" (al-Farabi. Philosophical treatises, 295-6.). Al-Farabi divides soul power into moving power and knowing power, and considers the knowing power in a person as internal and external soul power. This knowledge of Farabi is psychological in the work of Abai. is spoken as an equivalent of concepts. In the poems of the poet, five external human organs and internal sensory organs are taken together and interpreted as passion. Abai's sentence of hawas is often combined with the principle of representation (ahsi jihan), and in the Forty-third word, it is internally connected with Farabi's knowledge about the power of the soul in a person. The poet's concept of "ignorance of man" corresponds to Farabi's thoughts about the soul. Farabi paid special attention to the ability of a person to know the world (al-kwat almutehayila), and the main lines of thought are reflected in the concepts of hawas, hawasi hamsa zahiri, hawas salam, which are special words in Abai. When Farabi spread his own line of thoughts about soul power, he classified them into three: plant soul, animal soul, and human soul, and considered the process of cognition as an innate characteristic of the human soul. Similar conclusions can be found in the Seventh, Nineteenth, Twenty-seventh, Thirty-eighth, and Forty-third words of Abai. In his seventh speech, Abai dwelled on the "food of the soul" and said: "... we must have expanded our field and increased our treasure, which we passionately accumulated, this was the food of the soul", and he explains it in terms of feelings that develop through the passion of the soul. In his twenty-seventh speech, he classified the differences between animals and humans according to their way of knowing the world. Has the light of the soul been given to all of us equally? A person examines the front, the back, and this day - all three. "An animal knows its back, even this day, and doesn't even have to check its front," he notes that the ability to recognize a person has a great qualitative feature. As explained by the poet Farabi, he recognized that the qualities of passion and energy are unique to humans. In the time of Farabi, a new direction was formed in the thinking of the Muslim community, which explained the whole of existence, all the various phenomena in it, on the basis of mutakalliminim. The critical thinking of Farabi, who mercilessly criticized the fundamental error in the knowledge of Mutakallimins, was further developed by Abai, when the idea of pan-Islamism spread its wings. There is a secret of deep knowledge in the poet's radical rebuttal of the mutakallimin criticized by Farabi: "Mind and desire are all, The heart is full without knowledge, the heart is full of feeling, The mutakallimin, manticin, It is wasted in vain.." The concept of hawas, which Abai specifically raised, was confirmed by the three different meanings of "hawasi hamsa zahiri", "hawas salam", "hawas" in the poet's works. In the poem "The word Allah is easy", the poet openly refutes the reasoning of the scholars and logicians in the interpretation of hawas. The deep-seated critical attitude in the middle showed. What is worth noting in Abai's worldview is the poet's familiarity with the principle of classification of science created by Farabi. There is no concrete evidence that the poet was familiar with the principles of systematization of science created by Farabi. However, in his works, Abay expresses his opinion on the systematization of science to a certain extent with concrete data. For example, in the forty-first word. "... there are innumerable paths of science in the world, and on each path there is a madrasa...", he mentions the abundance of scientific fields and specific names individually. In the thirty-eighth speech of the poet, the principle of a certain systematization of the fields of science is revealed. When a scientist comments on rulers, he groups social sciences independently, saying: "...the fact that they sharpened the minds of human beings and taught them the difference between truth and courage...". In the 38th speech of Abay, the fields of science such as "human knowledge", "science of God", "self science", "science of the world", "external science", "knowledge of the world" are the philosophers of Farabi. it is considered with the names used in the conclusions or with an alternative name according to the Kazakh concept. ## Stages of reaching the legacy of the scientist The legacy of the scientist reaching us can be divided into four stages: * Through scholars who wrote in Arabic, Persian and other languages in the Middle Ages (An -Nadim, al-Baihaqi, Ibn Said al-Kifti, Haji Khalifa, Venike, Camerarius, etc.); * Through scientists of Western Europe and America during the New Age (Leonardo da Vinci, Spinoza, I.G.L. Kozegarten, G. Zuter, F. Dieterezzi, K. Brockel, J. Sarton, M. Steinschneider, D. S. Margolius, etc.); * 20th century, especially through Soviet Orientalists (V. V. Barthold, E. E. Bertels, B. Gafurov, S. N. Grigoryan, V. P. Zubov, A. Sagadeev, Yu. Zavadovsky, Turks A. Sayyly, H. Bolshoi, etc.); * Through scholars of Kazakhstan and Central Asia (A. Margulan, A. al-Mashani, O. Zhautikov, A. Kasymzhanov, A. Kobesov, M. Burabaev, A. Derbisaliyev, I. Zharikbaev, Sh. Khairullaev, etc. p. ). Fundamental research of the heritage of Abu Nasir al-Farabi in Kazakhstan was undertaken only in the 60s of the 20th century. Kazakh scientists Akzhan al-Mashani (Mashanov) and Kanysh Satbaev were the first to initiate it. An international conference was held in Almaty in 1975 according to the decision of UNESCO issued on the occasion of the 1100th anniversary of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi. These days, the Department of Oriental Philosophy and Farabi studies works at the Institute of Philosophy of the Academy of Sciences of the Ministry of Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. So far, more than 20 treatises of the scholar have been translated into Kazakh and Russian languages, scientific explanations and prefaces have been written here. This department conducts a series of studies on dialectics, epistemology and social philosophy of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi. The Farabi Studies Center was established at KazMU. Here, too, translation, research, and promotion of Abu Nasir Al-Farabi's heritage are being carried out in new, fresh directions freed from Marxist views. ## Pupils of Abu-Nasir al-Farabi Farabi was widely known among the people both during his time and after him. Farabi was considered a teacher by many scientists of the East and West, who received great morals, lessons, and education from his works. * Abu Ali Qusayin Ibn-Abdolla ibn-Sina (Avicenna) is the father of medical science, a great person from Central Asia who greatly influenced the development of science and culture. * Omar Ibn-Ibrahim Al-Khayyam (1048-1130) is a master and developer of the heritage of Farabi and Ibn-Sina. Thoughtful poet, deep philosopher, great mathematician. * Ulykbek Ibn Shahrukh (1394-1447) is a great statesman, astronomer, mathematician, a scientist who knows well the main works of early Greek scientists and outstanding scholars of Central Asia. ## Sources ## Links * A. Kasymzhanov. The book of Abu-Nasr al-Farabi * R.S.Karenov. Abu Nasir al-Farabi: his life, works, contribution to global science and culture * Works on Adebiportal.kz website

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5796

Atyrau (special)

Atyrau: * Atyrau is a branch of the river that divides into branches at the point where it flows into the sea * Atyrau city is a city located in the west of Kazakhstan. Regional center. * Atyrau is a village within the Atyrau City Administration. * Atyrau is a football club representing the city of Atyrau. * Atyrau is the airport in Atyrau city. * Atyrau is a newspaper published in Atyrau region. ## See also * Atyrau region * Atyrau rural district

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6209

Mozambique

The Republic of Mozambique (port. República de Moçambique [ʁɛˈpublikɐ di musɐ̃ˈbiki]) is a country located in Southeast Africa. The land area is 801.6 thousand km². The capital is the city of Maputo. The population is 32 million. 47% of its inhabitants are Makua-Lomwe, 23% are Tsonga, and the rest are Malawi, Shona, and Yao ethnic groups. representatives of the group. The official language is Portuguese, Makua, Malawian, Tsonga, Shona, and Swahili are also widely spoken. 30% of the population are Christians, 10% are Muslims, and 60% follow local religious beliefs. Mozambique is administratively divided into 11 provinces. The head of state is the president. The supreme legislative body is the unicameral Assembly of the Republic. The highest executive body is the government. National holiday - Independence Day - June 25 (1975). Mozambique has been a member of the UN and the Organization of African Unity (AU) since 1975. The monetary unit is the metical. Mozambique is located in the southeast of Africa. It borders Tanzania in the north, Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe in the west, Eswatini and the Republic of South Africa in the south, and the Indian Sea in the east. Administratively, it is divided into 11 provinces. The official language is Portuguese, as well as the Makua, Malawian, Tsonga, Shona, and Swahili languages of the local peoples. . The supreme legislative body is a unicameral parliament - the Assembly of the Republic. The highest executive body is the Government ## Nature In the north of the country there are mountains of East Africa with a height of up to 2419 meters. The highest point is Matabele (2436 m) in the west. There is a low plain on the coast of the Eastern Ocean, and the central part is mountainous. The main rivers of Mozambique are the Zambezi and the Limpopo. The largest lake is Lake Nyasa (Malawi), located partly on the territory of Mozambique. Main minerals: hard coal, titanium, iron ores, bauxite and copper. In the north, there are sparse forests, wet savannah on the banks, forests with several types of evergreen trees on the banks of large rivers. Animal world is rich and diverse. Elsewhere in South Africa, there are African elephants, deer, cheetahs, rhinos, lions, leopards, and cheetahs that live only in national parks and reserves. There are many monkeys, snakes and birds in the forests. Rare white rhinoceros and Kaffir buffalo breed. In the north, the climate is subequatorial, monsoon, in the south, tropical trade winds. The average annual temperature is 20-22°C in the south and 25-28°C in the north. The amount of annual precipitation in the southern part is 750-1000 mm, and in the northern part it reaches up to 1500 mm. ## History The land of Mozambique has been inhabited by Bushmen and Hottentots since ancient times. Later they were displaced by the Bantu tribes. B.C. At the end of the 1st millennium and the beginning of the 2nd millennium, state associations (the largest being Monomotapa) appeared on the territory of Mozambique. From the 8th century, the Arabs, from the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese crossed the shores of Mozambique and began to enter the country. The Portuguese built Sofala Fort in 1505 and Mozambique Fort in 1508. In 1629, the Portuguese forced the ruler of Monomotapa to sign a treaty making them their subjects. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Portuguese colonists engaged in the slave trade in the territory of Mozambique. Slaves were transported to work on sugar plantations in Brazil. In 1752, it became an independent colony of Portugal. Attempts by the Portuguese to establish complete control over the interior of Mozambique led to a protracted war with the Watua state. Africans defeated the colonialists several times in 1894-95. Only at the end of 1895, the Portuguese repulsed the Vatu people and arrested their leaders. After that, the armed struggle lasted for 2 years. After World War 2, the national liberation movement gained momentum in Mozambique, like other African countries. FRELIMO (Mozambican Liberation Front), an armed organization founded in 1962, fought against the Portuguese for independence. As a result, on August 25, 1975, Portugal was forced to recognize the independence of Mozambique. A 16-year civil war between the Mozambican National Resistance Movement and the authorities ended with the signing of a peace agreement in 1992. ## Economy Despite the economic potential of agriculture and hydropower, Mozambique remains one of the poorest countries in Africa. The most developed branches of industry: oil refining, chemistry, textile, tobacco, food production. Main agricultural crops: cotton, sugarcane, tea, cassava, corn, rice. It exports cashew nuts, sugar, oil products, copra, cotton, citrus fruits. Buys cars, various equipment, food from abroad. Gross National Product per capita is US$500 (1997). The main trading partners are Portugal, the Republic of South Africa, the USA. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7649

Габон

Gabon (fr. Gabon [ɡaˈbõ]), the full official name of which is the Republic of Gabon (fr. République gabonaise) is a country in Central Africa, a former colony of France. It is considered the richest and most stable country on the African continent. The capital is the city of Libreville. The population is 2.2 million. ## Etymology The word "Gabon" is the name of Mbe ozen in Portuguese. It means "hooded coat" and is derived from the actual shape of the domain. ## Geography ### Geographical location Gabon is located in western Central Africa. It borders the Republic of Congo in the east and south (1903 km long), Cameroon (298 km) in the north, and Equatorial Guinea in the northwest. (350 km), in the west, the country goes to the waters of the Gulf of Guinea of the Atlantic Ocean. The total length of the border is 2551 km, the length of the coastline is 885 km. Cape Lopez divides the coastline of the country into two parts. To the south, the coasts are straight, flat, and there are shallow lagoons. To the north of the cape, the coastline is more complex, with convenient bays - estuaries and rivers. The total area of Gabon is 267,667 km². Among them, the water surface is 10,000 km² (3.7% of the total area), and the land covers 257,667 km². Most of the land stock (77%) is covered by forests, pastures make up 18% of the land, and 2% is cultivated land ### Natural conditions Gabon is located in the equatorial and subequatorial belts. . Due to the hot and humid climate, about 80% of the country's territory is covered by dense evergreen forests. The topography rises from the west, a lowland with a marshy coast is 30-200 km wide, and to the east there are high mountains and mountain ranges. ### Climate The climate is hot and humid, changing from the equatorial climate in the north to the west and subequatorial climate in the south. The average monthly temperature is from +22 °C to +24 °C in July and from +25 °C to + 27 °C in April, from +32 °C in the southeast in the hot months exceeds. The average amount of precipitation is 1500-2000 mm per year, up to 2500-4000 mm in the north of the coastal zone. ## History The first inhabitants of Gabon were pygmies. They lived in small groups in tropical forests. In the 10th-13th centuries, the Bantu tribes moved to the coast of the ocean. The Goat tribe lived in the east and south of Gabon, and the Mpongwe tribe lived in the north. In the 19th century, the Fang tribe came and destroyed everything. They have become the largest ethnic group. In 1472, Portuguese ship captain Ruy di Siqueiro discovered Gabon Bay. In the XVII-XVIII centuries, merchants from Europe built factories on the shore of the ocean. Gabon was colonized by France in 1883. Gabon gained independence in 1960. Since then, Gabon has been the most stable country in Africa. In the history of independent Gabon, there have been only three Presidents. The first president, Leon Mba, received unlimited powers under the constitution. A military coup occurred in 1964, but two companies from France restored Mba's rule. ## Sources ## External links * Official website of the Republic of Gabon Archived 29 March 2007. (French) (English) * Statistical Agency of the Republic of Gabon Archived 7 October 2006. (French) * Information in the encyclopedia Krugosvet (Russian) * Gabon on the site "Vsemirnaya Geografiya" (Russian) * CIA book Archived December 10, 2008. (eng.)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5145

Musabayev

Talgat Amangeldiuly Musabaev (January 7, 1951, Zhambyl district, Almaty region) - Soviet and Kazakhstan cosmonaut, political figure, People's Hero, Hero of the Russian Federation, doctor of technical sciences (2008), aviation lieutenant general (2007), Minister of Investments and Development Chairman of the Aerospace Committee. ## Short biography Born from the Shapyrasht clan. * 1951 Born on January 7 in the village of Kargali, Zhambyl district, Almaty region. * 1974 — Graduated from Riga Institute of Civil Aviation Engineers, engineer. * 1974 from April 1 — As before, another engineer at the airline company. * 1975-84 — in the political-educational service at airline companies. * 1984 — Graduated from Almaty Air Club. * 1986 — completed pilot training and received a civil aviation pilot's certificate. * 1987-1990 worked as a pilot, aircraft commander in civil aviation. * 1991 is preparing to fly into space. In the Air Force. The co-cosmonaut was reportedly a member of the second crew. * 2000 defended the candidate's thesis of technical sciences. * 2001-05 At the Russian Space Agency. * 2005 General director of "Baiterek" joint-stock company (Kazakhstan-Russia joint venture). * 2007 February — director of the Kazakhstan Aerospace Agency. * 2007 since April 11 - Chairman of the National Space Agency of Kazakhstan. * 2014 Since August 13, he has been a freelance adviser to the Head of Government on issues of civil aviation and space activities. * 2014 Chairman of the Aerospace Committee of the Ministry of Investments and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan from August 21. ## Flight into space * 1994 during the 1st space flight (Soyuz TM-19) spent 126 days in space. * 1998 during the 2nd space flight (Soyuz TM-27) he spent 208 days in space. In the Guinness Book of Records, it is recorded that he went into space 5 times in one month, or a total of 30 hours and 8 minutes. During the flight, the American cosmonaut L. Eyarts with Russian cosmonaut (Shuvash ethnic) Nikolay Budarin. Together with Russian cosmonauts Nikolay Baturin and Yuri Baturin upon landing. * 2001 during the 3rd space flight (Soyuz TM-32) he spent 8 days in space. ## Military title Military title - reserve major general of the Air Force of the Russian Federation, lieutenant general of aviation of the Republic of Kazakhstan (since 2007). ## Hobbies Hobbies - playing piano, guitar, singing. ## Awards Republic of Kazakhstan: * "People's Hero" title (1995) * "Cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan" title (1995) * Order "Fatherland" (1998) * Order "Barys" 1st class * Medal "Astana" (1999) Russian Federation: * "Druzhba narodov " Order (1991) * Title "Hero of the Russian Federation" (1994) * "Pilot-Cosmonaut of the Russian Federation" (1994) * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 3rd degree (1998) \ <> * Order "For Merit to the Fatherland" 2nd degree Republic of Austria: * Order of the Republic of Austria United States of America: * NASA Space Medal (1998) ## Marital Status * Widow — Musabaeva (Latsis) Victoria Voldemarovna, born in 1952. born, dentist. * Son — Daniyar Talgatuly Musabayev, born in 1975. born, military officer of the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Kazakhstan. * Daughter — Musabaeva Kamila Talgatkyna, 1981. born ## Sources ## External links * Official site Archived 5 February 2007. (Russian) Musabayev's official site * Cosmonautics Day Archived March 5, 2016. * Talgat Musabayev was appointed as the chairman of the new committee (link not available)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4051

Испания

Spain (pronounced Espaṅa), officially the Kingdom of Spain (pronounced Reino de España), is a country located in Southwestern Europe. It occupies most of the Iberian Peninsula and the Balearic and Pythian Islands in the Mediterranean Sea and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The land area is 505.9 thousand km2. Spain also faces the cities of Ceuta and Melilla on the coast of North Africa and the islands of Veles de la Gomera, Alusemas, and Chafarinas, which are close to them. The population is 46.5 million. (2011). Mainly, Spaniards, Catalans (more than 5 million), Galicians (3 million), Basques (more than 2 million), etc. The population of the city is 76.79%. The official language is Spanish. Autonomous structures include Catalan, Basque, Galician, etc. languages are used. The country consists of 17 autonomous entities. The population is mainly Catholic. The capital is Madrid (5 million). In addition, Barcelona (1.8 million), Valencia (1 million), Seville (750 million), etc. there are big cities. The national holiday is October 12 - the Day of the Spanish Nation (the day Christopher Columbus discovered America in 1492). The national currency is the peseta. Modern humans first arrived in the Iberian Peninsula about 35,000 years ago. Along with Phoenician, ancient Greek, Celtic and Carthaginian settlements, Iberian culture developed on the peninsula until it came under Roman rule in 200 BC. d., then the region was divided into 2 Roman provinces - Middle Spain and Far Spain. The name "Spain" is based on the earlier Phoenician name Sp(a)n or Spania. At the end of the Western Roman Empire, confederations of Germanic tribes migrating from Central Europe invaded the Iberian Peninsula and established relatively independent kingdoms in their western provinces (including the Suevi, Alans, and Vandas). Eventually, the Visigoths annexed by force all the independent territories of the peninsula, including the Byzantine province of Byzantium Spain, which more or less united politically, ecclesiastical, and legal all the former Roman provinces and kingdoms of which they were successors. later documented as Roman Spain. During the early modern period, Spain ruled one of the largest empires in history, which was also one of the earliest world empires, leaving behind a vast cultural and linguistic heritage that included more than 570 million Spanish speakers, making Spanish the second most spoken language in the world. During the Golden Age, the country experienced an artistic boom that produced many famous artists such as Diego Velázquez. The most famous Spanish literary work "Don Quixote" was also published during this period. Spain has the third largest number of UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Spain is a secular representative democracy and constitutional monarchy, with King Philip VI as head of state. Spain is a developed country with a high level of income, it ranks fourth in terms of nominal GDP. The country is a member of the United Nations, the European Union, the Eurozone, the Council of Europe, the Union for the Mediterranean, the North Atlantic Alliance, the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development, the Schengen Area, the World Trade Organization and many other countries. Without being an official member of other international organizations, Spain is a "permanent observer" of the G20 summits and participates in each of them, making it a de facto part of the group. ## Etymology The origin of the name España (and hence its derivations) is disputed. The ancient Roman name for Iberia, Hispania, may derive from the term Hesperia, which the Romans poetically referred to as Spain. The word Hesperia itself comes from the Greek word Εσπερία, which means "western country", "land of the setting sun" (called Italy by the Greeks). The Romans gave this name to Spain because it is still in the west of their country. Another possible derivation is from Ispanihad, meaning "country of rabbits" or "edge, neighborhood" (because of Spain's location on the edge of the Mediterranean region). There is also a Basque version from Ezpanna (ie "edge, border", since Spain is the southern tip of Europe). The humanist Antonio de Nebricha proposed a derivation from the Iberian word Hispalis, meaning "city of the western world". According to Jesus Luis Cunchilos, the root space comes from the Phoenician word "spion", which means "forging metals". Thus i-spn-ya means "place where metals are forged." ## Geography Spain is a country in the south of Europe. It covers five-sixths of the Iberian Peninsula, the Balearic and Pythian Islands in the Mediterranean Sea, and the Canary Islands in the Atlantic Ocean. The Pyrenees are difficult to reach and "isolate" Spain from the rest of Europe, except for Portugal, which occupies the western part of the peninsula. In terms of territory, Spain is the fourth country in Europe after Russia, Ukraine and France, and the second in the European Union. Spain is washed by the Mediterranean Sea and the Atlantic Ocean. On land, Spain is bordered in the west by Portugal (common border - 1214 km), France - by the Pyrenees mountains (623 km), Andorra (63.7 km), Gibraltar (1.2 km), Morocco (1.2 km). m Ceuta — 6.3 km, Melilla — 9.6 km). ### Topography of the country The topography of Spain is varied, where the system of mountain ranges and high plateaus play a dominant role. Almost 90% of its territory is made up of plateaus and mountains. Almost half of the country's surface is covered by the Meseta, the largest plateau in Europe, with an average height of 660 m above sea level. The Meseta is distinguished by the alternation of plateaus, high rocky ridges and mountain basins. The Central Cordillera divides the Meseta into two parts: north and south. Most of the territory of Spain is located at an altitude of about 700 m. It is the second highest country in Europe after Switzerland. Relief map of the Iberian Peninsula In the north, the Meseta stretches for 600 km along the coast of the Bay of Biscay, surrounded by the mighty Cantabrian mountains, which isolate the interior of the country from the influence of the sea. In their central part is the Picos de Europa mountain range (from Spanish - peaks of Europe) with a height of up to 2648 m. These alpine-type mountains consist mainly of sediments of the Carboniferous period - limestone, quartzite, and sandstone. The Cantabrian Mountains are an orographic and tectonic continuation of the Pyrenees, the most powerful mountain system in Spain. The Pyrenees are several parallel ridges stretching 450 km from west to east. It is one of the most inaccessible mountain regions in Europe. Although their altitude is not very high on average (a little over 2500 m), they lack the necessary number of conveniently located and accessible passes. All these passes are located at an altitude of 1500-2000 m, so railways from Spain to other countries bypass the Pyrenees from the west and east. The widest and highest part of the mountains is the center, where their main peak is the Aneto peak, which reaches a height of 3404 m. From the north-east, the Pyrenees mountain system joins the Meseta, the maximum height (the peak of Mont Cayo) is 2313 m. Between the eastern Pyrenees and the Pyrenean mountains stretch the low Catalan mountains, whose southern slopes are interrupted by ledges almost in front of the Mediterranean Sea. The Catalan mountains (its average height is 900-1200 m, the highest peak is Mount Caro, 1447 m) stretch almost 400 km parallel to the coast of the Mediterranean Sea, separating the Aragonese plateau from it. The developed coastal plains in Murcia, Valencia and Catalonia and from Cape Palos north to the French border are characterized by high fertility. The entire southeast of the Iberian Peninsula is covered by the Cordillera Bétique, a system of mountain ranges and ridges. The Sierra Nevada Mountains became its crystalline axis. In terms of height, they are second only to the Alps in Europe. Their peak is Mulacen Mountain, which reaches 3478 m, the highest point of the Spanish Peninsula. Although the highest mountain peak in Spain is located on the island of Tenerife (Canary Islands), it is the Teide volcano, which reaches a height of 3718 m. ## History Ancient people began to live in Spain already in the Paleolithic era (until the 10th millennium BC). I. the most ancient state founded on the land is Tartess (at the beginning of the 1st millennium BC). BC to the territory of the country Phoenicians and Greeks began to settle in the 7th century. BC Celts came through the Pyrenees in the 5th - 3rd centuries. BC At the end of the 3rd century, most of Spain was under the rule of Carthage. BC In the 2nd century, Carthage was displaced by the Roman Empire, and in BC In 21-19 he conquered the entire territory of modern Spain. During the domination of the Roman Empire, the Spanish-Roman aristocracy appeared in the country. Later, Vandals, Alans, Suevi invaded Spain, and the kingdom of Suevi was established in the Northwest. Alans and Vandals migrated to the south, and in 429 to North Africa. In the second half of the 5th century, Visigoth king Eirich (466 - 84) conquered the entire Iberian Peninsula. In 585, the Visigoths completely conquered the kingdom of Suevi. In 711-18, the Iberian Peninsula was conquered by Arabs (Arab and Berber tribes known collectively as Moors) and established an emirate subordinate to the Umayyad dynasty. In 756, the Umayyads established the independent Cordoba Emirate, and in 929, the Cordoba Caliphate (see Cordoba Caliphate). In 1031, the Caliphate of Córdoba was divided into many small estates. In the 11th century, small Christian possessions in the North and East of the peninsula gradually began to unite. Thus, the kingdoms of Castile in the north and Aragon in the south were formed. They gradually began to push the Arabs out of Spain. In the middle of the 13th century, only the Emirate of Granada remained in the country. In 1479, the kingdoms of Leon-Castile and Aragon-Catalonia were united into one state on the basis of dynastic marriage. On October 12, 1492, after a 10-year war, the Emirate of Granada was conquered. This day coincided with the discovery of America by H. Columbus and the beginning of the era of great discoveries. In the first half of the 16th century, the Spaniards conquered Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile, etc. South American lands were captured. In Europe, the Netherlands joined Spain (1516). In 1519, the Spanish king Charles K ascended the throne of the Holy Roman Empire, and the Spanish became the largest state in the world. Manufactories were established, and Spanish cities became large centers of silk weaving, leather production, and weapons production. A monarchy was established in the country. From the second half of the 16th century, Spain began to weaken. As a result of the revolution, the Netherlands separated from Spain in 1581, and in 1588, the famous Spanish fleet - "Invincible Armada" was defeated by England. In the 17th century, the country's economy declined more and more. In the 18th century, the former Spanish possessions of England, France, Austria, etc. became a form of mutual struggle between states. The Struggle for the Spanish Succession (1701-14) ended with the accession of Philip V, the grandson of King Louis XV of France, to the Spanish throne. After the revolution in France at the end of the 18th century, the rulers of Spain went to war with France in 1793. But after being defeated, they came under the influence of the French. I. now fought on the side of France against England and Portugal. This worsened the relationship of the Spaniards with their colonies in America. The government allowed the entry of French troops into the country, causing discontent among the people. The First Spanish Revolution (1808-14) aimed to expel the French from the country and carry out liberal reforms. The constitution was adopted (1812), and as a result of the national liberation struggle and revolution, the country was completely liberated on May 18, 1814. But King Ferdinand II, who returned to the country, canceled the constitution and sent troops to quell rebellions in the Spanish colonies in America. During the Second Spanish Revolution (1820-23), Ferdinand VKC complied with the demands of the rebels and restored the 1812 constitution. The Cortes (Parliament), opened on July 9, 1820 under the Constitution, passed many progressive laws. This revolution was suppressed by French interventionists (April - September 1823) by the decision of the Holy Alliance. Absolute monarchy was restored in the country. Meanwhile, the Spanish army was defeated in the Americas and lost all its colonies except Cuba and Puerto Rico. In 1833, a civil war began in Spain, which continued into the Third Spanish Revolution (1834-43). During the revolution, all medieval institutions (inquisition, mayorate, etc.) were completely destroyed, and a constitutional monarchy was established in the country. Since 1840, the industrial revolution began: metallurgy, engineering, etc. began to be built. The fourth (1854-56) and fifth (1868-74) Spanish revolutions were carried out by republican forces. Although the first republic was established (1873-74), it did not last long. After the revolution of 1874, the Bourbon dynasty came to the head of the government again. At the beginning of the 20th century, large industrial monopolies appeared in Spain. A lot of foreign capital has started coming to the country. Republicans have not stopped fighting. On April 14, 1931, a republic was established in the country, and the sixth Spanish revolution (1931-39) began. From April 1931 to autumn 1933, the republican-socialist bloc ruled the country. They are a. carried out reforms in the country, introduced an 8-hour working day, etc. made arrangements. In 1933-35, right-wing forces joined the fascist bloc against him, and a 32-month-long civil war began in the country (see Civil War in Spain). In Spain, the dictatorship of General Franco was established and political parties were banned. 2nd world. During the war, General Franco helped Germany and Italy, and after the war, he established close ties with the United States. In 1947, the country was declared a kingdom. After the death of General Franco (1975), a constitutional monarchy was established in Spain. Political prisoners were released from prisons and political parties were allowed to operate. On June 15, 1977, for the first time, democ. Parliament elections were held and the Constitution was adopted. In April 1979, the first legitimate government was formed. In February 1981, the member of the military. the attempt to organize a revolution failed. Socialists led by F. González won the elections held in October 1982 and formed their own government. They also won the elections held in 1983, 1986, and 1993. The conservative People's Party (H.M. Aspar) won only in the 1996 elections. ## State structure The state structure of Spain is a constitutional monarchy. The head of state is the king. The current monarch is Philip VI. The legislative body is the General Cortes of Spain: the Congress of Deputies and the Senate. The Senate consists of 259 locally elected deputies. The term of office of deputies is 4 years. The Congress of Deputies is made up of 350 deputies elected by political parties, the term of office is 4 years. The executive government is carried out by the Prime Minister of Spain, usually the representative of the political party that received the most votes during the parliamentary elections. The constitutional control body is the Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional), the highest court level is the Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo), the highest court level of the autonomous communities is the Supreme Court of Justice (Tribunal Superior de Justicia), the appellate instance is the provincial audiences (Audiencias Provinciales), regional courts. — judicial investigation and courts of first instance (Juzgados de primera instancia e instrucción), the lowest level - the judge (juzgados de paz), the impeachment court - the National Audiencia (Audiencia Nacional), the supreme control body - the Court of Accounts (Tribunal de Cuentas), courts the governing body is the General Council of Judicial Administration (Consejo General del Poder Judicial). More than 500 political parties and public organizations are registered in Spain. The largest pariahs: Convergence and Union Catalan Bloc, * Catalan Party "Esquerra Republika", * Basque National Party, * Canary Coalition. ## Economy In terms of the volume of industry, Spain ranks 5th in Western Europe and 8th in the world. Machine, shipbuilding, aircraft manufacturing, electrical engineering, chemical, and textile industries are well developed in the country. In recent years, mining production has been decreasing every year, and instead of it, the production of electronic equipment is developing. Meml. in the country's economy. share of the sector - 30%. The country is rich in minerals, but only 16 out of more than 100 are mined. A. sh. well developed. Wine (3rd in the world), citrus fruits, wheat, rice, tobacco, vegetables, etc. is grown. Spain is the world's number one producer of olive oil. Mal sh. is also well developed. It ranks among the top ten in the world in terms of sea fishing and seafood consumption. Tourism brings a lot of income to the country. 62 million to Italy every year. foreign tourists come. The main trade partners are the countries of the European Union (61% of imports, 68.5% of exports), USA (7.4% and 5.1%), Latin America (4% and 5.4%). The gold-currency reserve is 72.6 bln. in USD (1997). Diplomatic relations between Spain and Kazakhstan were established in 1992. On February 13, 1998, King of Spain Juan Carlos visited Almaty. On October 30, 2000, the President of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev paid an official visit to Spain and met with King Juan Carlos of Kazakhstan and Prime Minister Jose Maria Aznar. During the meeting, 6 documents on political, economic and cultural relations were signed. ## Health Care In Spain in 1970, the birth rate was 19.6 per 1000 people, the death rate was 8.5, and the death rate per live birth was 27.9. Average human life span is 70 years. Heart and blood vessel diseases, cancer, ringworm, especially helminthiasis are widespread in the country. In the world, the most common place of echinococcosis is Spain, where leptospirosis and leprosy are also found in some areas. According to incomplete data, in 1969 there were 1648 hospitals with 156.8 thousand beds in Spain. In 1970, 41,400 doctors, 3,400 dentists, 16,000 pharmacists and 4,100 midwives were employed. Doctors are trained by medical faculties of special universities. ## Art The oldest monuments in Spain date back to the Paleolithic era. Pottery from the Neolithic period, remnants of stone castles from the Iberians and decorated pots have been preserved. There are theaters and temples left over from the Roman Empire. There are also buildings modeled after Moorish art (mosque in Córdoba, late 10th century). The independent formation of Spanish art begins in the 8th - 9th centuries. At this time, the cultural connection of the Spaniards with Italy and France became stronger. The experience of the French was used in the construction of stone mounds and castles. Bricks were used for construction in the 10th - 12th centuries. In the first half of the 13th century, monasteries began to be built in Burgos and León. In the 14th century, the Spaniards developed Mudejar style architecture. The characteristic feature of the Spanish fine art of that time - attention to everyday details, observation of the general form and the reality of the face - was clearly seen in the work of the founder of the Catalan school, Ferrer Bassa. At the end of the 15th century, the national style of the Renaissance - "plateresco" was formed. In the 16th century, the growing influence of Italians affected the professional training of Spanish artists. At this point, the work of El Greco became popular. In the 17th century, Churrigeresco [arch. [named after H. Churriger (1665 – 1725)], the Spanish Baroque became a general national style in the 18th century (La Cartuha Temple in Granada). The Academy of Fine Arts organized in Madrid in 1744 was the catalyst of academic classicism. In the first half of the 17th century, Spanish painting developed in a dominant direction. The desire to reveal the spiritual essence of the reality of life, paying attention to simple things was a theme characteristic of Spanish artists. Real acceptance of the meaning of life, special attention to human character - was perfectly reflected in the works of the artists of that time, especially D. Velasquez. In the art of Spain in the second half of the 17th century, one can see the indulgence in luxury and mysticism. The new rise of Spanish art in the 18th and 19th centuries is connected with the work of F. Goya. Arch supporter of modern style. The works of A. Gaudi (1852 - 1926) and A. Sorio-i-Mata, the author of the project "building a straight city" advanced the art of modern city building. 1st world of 1914-18. After the war, "historic styles" came to the fore and buildings were built in this style. After 1950, "new architecture" developed, "organic architecture" along with functional solutions was realized. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, Spanish fine art broke away from traditional salon academicism and embraced impressionism (H. Sorolla (1863 - 1923), D. de Regoyos). In the first decade of the 20th century, Spanish art was influenced by the French. During the rule of General Franco, many artists contributed to the anti-fascist movement with their works (A. Ibarrola). According to the historical formation and local features of I. music is divided into 5 types: 1) Basque music spread from Celtic-Iberians. Musical instruments - chistu, alboka (wind instrument), tun-tun (various drums); 2) Galician music originating from Celtic music. Musical. instruments - guitar, galiega; 3) Catalan music, stylistically close to the music of Southern France. Musical instruments - fluviol (small flute) and tambourine; 4) general I. music of Castile, which contains common features. Musical instrument - guitar; 5) Andalusian music. It is divided into two groups: a) gypsy music dominated by cante honde (later called flamenco); b) real Andalusian music. Professional music of I. formed during the rule of the Visigoths (5th - 8th centuries). art rose to the high stage of producing hymns. In the 12th century, troubadours and jugglers preached heroic epic songs. In the 14th century, the troubadours created music such as cantigo and pastoral. created genres. In the 16th century, the imitative-polyphonic and variation style in organ music was formed. In the 18th century, a muse named tonadilla. comedy was born. The opening of conservatories and permanent opera houses in Madrid (1830) and Barcelona (1847) revitalized Spanish musical life. The work of the composers (M. Eslava, F. Barbieri, etc.) in the 60s of the 19th century was directly connected with the "Zarzuela" theater in Madrid. In Spain in the last quarter of the 19th century comp. National music under the leadership of F. Pedrel (1841 - 1922). culture flourished again. In the 20th century, pianists - H. Turina, R. Vignes; violinists - P. Sarasate-y-Navasques (1844 - 1908), H. Manen; cellists - P. Casals (1876 - 1973), G. Casado (1897 - 1966); guitarists - F. Tarrega, M. Lobet; conductors - E.F. Arbos, K. Supervia, et al. became popular in the country. In 1973, Spanish dancer Cathy Clavijo and guitarist García Alonso performed in Almaty. In Spain, theater games were held regularly even in the era of Roman rule. In the Middle Ages, religious theater (liturgical drama, mystery) and comedic folk theater flourished. In the 14th and 15th centuries, the first signs of the palace theater began to be seen. In the middle of the 16th century, professional theater troupes appeared that used simple props in their plays. The first such troupe was organized by playwright and actor Lope de Rueda. In the 2nd half of the 16th century, theater plays were taken under the control of church leaders, and they were organized in Madrid ("Corral de la Cruz", 1579; "Corral del Principe", 1582), Seville, Barcelona, Valencia, etc. organized permanent public theaters called corrals in large cities. The plays of the outstanding playwright Lope de Vega (1562 - 1635), J. Ruiz de Alarcon (1581 - 1639), Tirso de Molina (1571/83 - 1648) were performed here, and the humanist and democratic spirit of the Renaissance. dramaturgy was formed. In the 17th century, the auto genre developed. It was placed on a mobile platform - carts during church holidays. In the 18th century, French classicism flourished, which contributed to the development of acting based on pathos and declamation style. Many theaters continued to stage works of Spanish drama of the 16th and 17th centuries, and M. Ladvenant, R. Luna, M.R. The best actors like Fernandez relied on the realist tradition in their art. Music-drama such as sainete, zarzuela, and tonadilla are based on this tradition. also gained ground in genres. The famous actor I. Mikes led the "Caños del Peral" (1801 - 05) and "Principe" (1805 - 18) theaters in Madrid and carried out a number of important reforms in theater art. "Espanyol" in Madrid (1849), "Liceo" in Barcelona (1847), etc. new theaters were opened. At the beginning of the 20th century, "minor genres", light plays and melodramas, and modern drama were dominant on the stage. The outstanding poet and dramatist F. Garcia Lorca (1898 - 1936) and playwright A. Casona (1903 - 65), actress M. Xirgu reformed the theater. An attempt was made to democratize. Spanish classic in a number of theaters in 1950, despite the pressure of theater censorship. Drama plays began to be staged. Now there are more than 20 theaters in Madrid. Cast footage from Madrid and Barcelona Conservatories and Madrid Drama. prepared by art school. The first feature film in Spain was shot in 1905. Since 1908, Barcelona has become the center of film production. In the 20s of the 20th century, 30-40 films were made a year. In 1934, the first sound film - "Soil Moisture" (directed by E.F. Ardavin) was released. One of the best films made in these years is the film "Grainless Land" (1932, directed by L. Buñuel, 1900 - 1983), which depicts the life of Spanish peasants and barbarians. The movie "Viridiana" (1961) by Regil Buñuel became famous all over the world. In 1975-85, "Raise the Crow" (directed by K. Saura, 1932), "Devils in the Garden" (directed by M. Gutierrez Aragon), "End of the Week" (directed by H.A. Bardem, 1922), "Stico ” (directed by H. de Armignan), “Blood Wedding”, “Carmen”, “Magic Love” (directed by Saura), etc. films were made. ## Administrative structure The administrative division of Spain is governed by the constitution and current legislation. The main administrative-territorial unit in Spain is an autonomous community (autonomous region). Currently, the country has 17 autonomous communities, the Basque Country, Catalonia, Navarra, Galicia and Andalusia have extended autonomies. Autonomous communities, in turn, are divided into 50 provinces. Spain also has two so-called autonomous cities in Africa - Ceuta and Melilla - and are also sovereign territories of Spain. Provinces are divided into comarcas, currently there are 324 of them. Komarkas, in turn, are divided into municipalities, of which there are more than 8,000. * Andalusia (is. Andalucía) * Aragon (is. Aragón) * Asturias (is. Principado de Asturias) * Balearic Islands (is. Islas Baleares, cat. Illes Balears) * Basque Country (Is. País Vasco, Basque Euskadi) — capital Vitoria-Gasteiz * Valencia (Is. Comunidad Valenciana) — capital Valencia * Galicia (Is. Galicia, Galiza) * Canary Islands (is. Islas Canarias) * Cantabria (is. Cantabria) * Castile - La Mancha (is. Castilla-La Mancha) * Castile and León (is. Castilla y León) * Catalonia (is. Cataluña, cat. Catalunya) — the capital is Barcelona * Madrid (as an autonomous region) (is. Madrid) * Murcia (is. Región de Murcia) * Navarra (Is. Navarra, Basque Nafarroa) * Rioja (Is. La Rioja) * Extremadura (Is. Extremadura) ## State structure more in parliamentary elections the leader of the party with the most votes - the executive power is headed by the Prime Minister. legislative bicameral parliament - Bas kórtesy (deputies and Senate Congress). The Senate consists of (350 seats elected by party lists for a 4-year term) (259 seats - some deputies are elected by direct popular vote, others are appointed by the provincial legislature, and all senators are elected for a 4-year term) and Congress deputies. constitutional supervisory body - the Constitutional Court (Tribunal Constitucional), the highest court - the Supreme Court (Tribunal Supremo), the highest judicial body of the autonomous communities - the High Courts (Tribunal Superior de Justicia), the courts of appeal - the remote Audiencia (Audiencias Provinciales), district courts - courts of first instance and investigation (juzgados de Primera instancia e instrucción), lower level of the judicial system - magistracy (juzgados de PAZ), court in cases of impeachment - National Audiencia (Audiencia Nacional), Supreme Audit Institution - against the court (tribunal de Cuentas), the body of the systematic way of courts - the General Council of the Court (Consejo General del PÕDER Court). In total, Spain has officially registered more than 500 political parties and social organizations. ### Party * Popular Party, * Spanish Socialist Workers Party (ISEP) * Citizens - Citizen Party * Communist Party, \ <> * Podemos, Big regional parties include Catalan bloc Convergence and Union, Left-wing Republican Party of Catalonia, Basque nationalist ### Largest cities Population in Spain 1 There are 2 cities with over a million: * Madrid --- 2,232,000 * Barcelona --- 1,595,000 * Valencia --- 797,000 * Zaragoza --- 664 938 * Malaga --- 569 002 * * * * * * * * * \< > Madrid is the third largest in Europe. One of the cultural cities of Europe. It is located in the center of Spain. Barcelona is located in the east of Spain, located in the autonomous region of Catalonia, the capital of the province of the same name. It is the second largest in Spain. Bordering the Mediterranean Sea, Valencia is one of Spain's most developed tourism cities. It is located in eastern Spain, in the lower reaches of the Turia River. ## Literature Spanish literature is developed in Spanish (Castile) and Basque, Galician, and Catalan languages. It was formed in the Middle Ages under the influence of folk poetry and ancient literature and Arabic culture. Folk works became more abundant during the struggle against the Arab invasion. In the 12th and 13th centuries, serial novels appeared. In the 14th century, the works of H. Alfonso (1221 - 1284) and Juan Manuel (1282 - 1348) in the direction of didactic propaganda took a prominent place in Spanish literature. At the end of the 15th century and the beginning of the 16th century, the era of the rise of Spanish literature began. The great representative of the rising period F. "Celestina" novel (1499) by de Rojas (1465 - 1541) contributed to the birth of various genres in Spanish literature and the formation of theater. M. de Cervantes' novel "Don Quixote" (1605-15) became a contribution to world literature. In the 18th century, the influence of French classicism on Spanish literature increased. In poetry, the direction of enlightenment prevailed, and the genre of example developed. Representatives of this period M.Kh. Kintan (1772 - 1857), H.N. Gallegos (1774 - 1853), A. Liszt (1775 - 1848) praised freedom in their works, and the dramas of F. Martínez de la Rosa (1787 - 1862) paved the way for the development of Spanish romanticism. World 1. After the war (1914-18), many currents appeared in Spanish literature, and F. García Lorca (1898-1936) was recognized as its strong representative. Spain, too, after the fall of the monarchy (1931) and the war years (1936-39). Many works have been written on the topic. Fascism in the country. Due to the establishment of the regime, many writers went abroad. The theme of the fight against fascism took center stage in their works. And some writers praised the Franco regime. The writing of works against the Franco regime began in the 1950s. In poetry, D. Alonso's collection "Children of revenge" (1944), G. Selai's "Iberian poems" (1955), B. de Otero's works "A word about Spain" (1964) were published. And in prose, the novels "Sadness in Paradise" (1955), "Islands" (1961), "Special Sign" (1967) by H. Goitisolo, written in the tradition of critical realism of the 19th century, and A.M. Matute's "Merchants" trilogy (1960-69) was released. M. de Cervantes' novel "Don Quixote" was published in Kazakh in 1952. ## People Catalans, Spaniards ## Languages Language The state language of the country is Spanish (Castilian version). But in individual regions, together with Castilian, Catalan, Basque (Eusker), Galician and Valencian languages are used as official languages Spanish official language (Romance, Ibero-Romance subgroup) Indo-European family refers to Spanish is found. Spain is a polyethnic state. Along with the Castilians, living in Catalan Spain, Gaul, Basco, Occitan, Asturias, Aragon, spoke their own languages (Galic, or Catalan, Basque, Occitan, Asturias and Aragon). Valencian (considered the official Valencian language) is a spoken dialect of Catalan. Catalan is also spoken by the inhabitants of the Balearic Islands. During the Franco regime, the ethnic minority, despite this, the languages of these peoples did not disappear, and they were subjected to forced assimilation, starting with modernization in the last decade. However, the Aragonese language, which was once widespread, is disappearing, and now it is preserved only in a few rural areas. Strong assimilation is experienced in the Basque province of Navarre, but the Basque language has a strong presence in the country. Autonomous communities of Asturias, Castile and León meet, Extremadura, Cantabria: Also, the Asturian language (variants of the name depending on the settlement: Asturias, Asturias, León, Extremadura) has revived. ### Religious composition Spain is a secular state, its Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The majority of the population belongs to the Christian religion and belongs to the Roman Catholic Church (75%). The first Protestant communities in Spain appeared in the 16th century, but were completely destroyed by the Spanish Inquisition. Protestants began preaching again in Spain. XIX century. Currently, there are 567,000 members of this Christianity in the country, most of them are Pentecostals (312,000). From the end of the 19th century, Greek merchants, who were called Orthodox, settled in the coastal cities. By the end of the 20th century, mass labor migration of the Orthodox population of Eastern Europe increased significantly. In Spain Currently 900 thousand. Orthodoxy (mainly Romanians, Bulgarians, Ukrainians, Greeks and Serbs) lives. Since the end of the 19th century, many Muslims immigrate to Spain, primarily Moroccan workers. In the second half of the 20th century, the flow of refugees increased and included refugees from other North African countries. By 2010, there were 1 million Muslims in the country (Islamic leaders say 2 million Muslims). The predominant direction of Islam is Sunnism. A small but influential group in the country are religious Jews (15,000). Buddhists (47 thousand), Hindus (45 thousand), Sikhs, Chinese folk religion and Afro-Brazilian Macumba religion are among the migrants. The number of non-religious people in Spain has increased significantly in the last generation. Currently, 19% of the country's population are unbelievers. According to some polls, this figure is even higher. In June 2015, a survey by the Center for Sociological Research revealed that 25.4% of respondents (- staunch atheists and 15.9% - infidels, 9.5% of them) were non-religious. ### Relations with Morocco in foreign policy, Spain, Morocco only because of geographical proximity, if the Kingdom of Morocco is the most important African partner, one of the main places for it is. The main areas of Spanish policy in Morocco are: etc. The issues of the enclave of Ceuta and Melilla, the unresolved problem with Western Sahara, the problem of illegal migration, the problems of stopping the drug trade and .. Relations between Spain and the Maghreb countries have been actively developing since the arrival of the Socialist Party in Spain in 1982. started From 1996 to 2004, Prime Minister J.M. Asnar, led by the People's Party in the state, the relationship is not good, and when they are characterized by instability, in particular, the bright spot is the conflict on the island of Perejil (Leila) in 2002. The Socialists who returned to power in April 2004, led by José Luis Rodríguez Zapatero, had a strong desire to improve relations with their neighbors, primarily in Morocco. After the meeting between Mohamed VI and Juan Carlos in 2005, relations between the two monarchs improved significantly. The Western Sahara conflict has been around for a long time and has always had a negative impact on the relationship between the two countries. Once in 1975 the quadripartite conference, Morocco lost, it authorized the "Green Mart" in the Western Sahara in order to "clean up" the Western Sahara from Spain. The result was an agreement between Spain, Morocco and Mauritania on the transfer of temporary control over the Sahara to Morocco and Mauritania. Important close ties between the two countries are close economic ties. In 1995, the Moroccan government decided to put everything to foreign investors, the most important of which were Spain and France. ## See also * Spanish Republic * Spanish Empire * History of Spain * Administrative division of Spain ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5835

Monaco

Monaco (fr. Monaco), the official name is the Principality of Monaco (fr. Principauté de Monaco) is a small country located in Southern Europe, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The land area is 1950 km2. The population is 39 thousand (2001). 47% of the ethnic composition are French, 16% Italian, 16% Monaco (indigenous), etc. constitutes Monaco consists of 4 small city-districts: Monaco-Ville (the capital), La Condamine, Monte Carlo and Fontevelle. The official language is French. 96% of the population are Christian Catholics. National holiday - National Day - November 19. Monaco is a constitutional monarchy. According to the constitution, the head of state is the prince. The supreme legislative body is the unicameral parliament - the National Council. The highest executive body - the Government Council is headed by the Minister of State. Monaco has been a member of the UN since 1993. The climate is Mediterranean, subtropical. ## History In ancient times, the territory of Monaco was inhabited by Celtic tribes. BC In the 10th - 1st centuries, it was initially part of Phoenician and then Greek possessions. BC In the 1st century, Monaco came under the rule of Rome, and in the 8th - 10th centuries, Arab rule was established. In the second half of the 11th century, Monaco was captured by the Genoese. In 1215, they built a castle on the territory of present-day Monaco. In 1419, the Grimaldi dynasty was finally established and became a separate principality under the patronage of Genoa. Since 1524, Monaco has maintained its independence on paper, but in practice it was a country dependent on Spanish rule. In 1641, it passed under the patronage of France. In 1814, by the decision of the Congress of Vienna, the Kingdom of Sardinia was considered. The coup of 1848 overthrew the princely rule in Monaco, but it was restored the following year. In 1865, a customs union was established with France. After the completion of the railway between France and Monaco in 1868, the fame of the complex in Monte Carlo spread to the world and became the main source of income for Monaco. In 1899, a museum was opened in Monaco, which became an international center of oceanic research. In 1911, the first Constitution of Monaco came into force. In 1951, between Monaco and France, customs duties, mail, telecommunications, etc. a convention on establishment of mutual relations in the spheres was signed. The Constitution was adopted on December 17, 1962. Monte Carlo, one of the most powerful medium wave radio stations in Europe, is located in Monaco. Monaco is considered the center of many international organizations. ## Economy Monaco is one of the main centers of tourism in Europe. There are internationally famous resorts in the country. The main sources of government income are foreign tourist services and entertainment houses. There are food and light industries. It produces accurate measuring instruments and medicines. per capita gross national product is 26,170 US dollars (1995). ## Geographical location Monaco is located in southern Europe on the coast of the Ligurian Sea, 20 km northeast of Nice. On land, the principality borders France. The area of the country is 2.02 km². The length of the coastline is 4.1 km, the length of the borders on land is 4.4 km. In the last 20 years, the territory of the country has increased by 40 hectares due to the draining of sea areas. ## Climate The climate of Monaco is subtropical, with warm, dry summers (average temperature 20-25 °C) and mild rainy winters (average temperature 10-12 °C). Most of the precipitation falls in autumn and winter, sunny days of the year — about 300, rainy — about 60. The climate of Monaco is similar to the southern coast of France. ## Education Monaco has 10 public educational institutions, including 7 kindergartens and primary schools and one secondary school (Collège Charles III), one general and technical lycée (Lyceum Albert I) and one lyceum for tourism education. Monaco also has two private schools funded by religious communities (the Franciscan Institute of Assisi Nicholas Barr and the Dominican School) and one international school (the International School of Monaco). There is only one higher education institution in Monaco - the International University of Monaco. ## Population As of 2020, the population of Monaco is 39,039, but it should be noted that approximately 20% of its citizens are Monegasque. They are exempt from taxes and have the right to settle in the old city area. The population density is 18,679 people/km². The high population density is due to the fact that Monaco is a dwarf country. The annual population growth rate is 0.386% per year (2007 data). According to the data of 2015, the average life expectancy is 89.63 years. Among the population, women are slightly predominant. The ratio of men to women is 947.34 men per 1000 women (according to 2008 data). 62% of the population is able to work. Literacy rate is 99%. National team (2008): * French - 28.24%; * Monegasques - 21.5%; * Italians - 18.57%; * British - 7.5%; * others - 24.19%. The largest religious group is Catholics. They include 82% of the population of the principality. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4885

Order of Glory

The Order of Glory is an order of the Republic of Kazakhstan established in 1993. with the Order of "Glory" to senior officers of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan, other troops and military units, as well as senior officers of the prosecutor's office, national security, internal affairs bodies and others: * troops for success in management and control, ensuring high combat readiness of troops and defense capability of the country; * is awarded for the perfect organization of military, border and internal services, ensuring national security, strengthening the rule of law and protecting public order. ## History Order of "Glory" was established in one degree by Law No. 2069-XII of April 1, 1993 "On State Awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan". At the same time, the Order of Glory was intended only for representatives of law enforcement agencies. According to Law No. 462-1 of July 26, 1999, it was divided into two levels and took on a new form. After this reform, the order began to be dedicated to the senior management team and generals of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan, employees of the National Security Committee, the General Prosecutor's Office, and the Ministry of Internal Affairs. ## Ranks The "Glory" order has two ranks: * The 1st degree "Glory" order consists of a star and an insignia of the order on a shoulder strap. * Order of "Glory" of the 2nd degree consists of a badge in the form of a chest. The highest rank of the Order is the 1st rank. Awarding is carried out in order: II degree and I degree. ## Description ### Model 1 (1993-1999) The symbol of the order is a silver five-pointed star made of two-sided rays, above it are three gilt spears (one vertical, two in diagonal crosses) and two crossed gilt swords, surmounted by a round golden shield. White and blue circles are drawn on the shield. At the bottom of the blue circle there is a red ribbon with the inscription "GLORY" and golden laurel branches spread along its circumference. A golden bow with three arrows is depicted in a white circle. ### Model 2 (since 1999) The insignia of the Order of the First Class is a silver-colored octagonal multi-rayed rough star with smaller but pointed rays on top the same star is built. Above the star is a round golden shield, apart from two crossed swords and a spear. White and blue circles are drawn on the shield. At the bottom of the blue circle there is a red ribbon with the inscription "GLORY" and golden laurel branches spread along its circumference. A golden bow with three arrows is depicted in a white circle. The star of the order of the first degree is octagonal silver, with rubies at the ends. A smaller star made of blue enamel is depicted on the star, on which is placed the central medallion of the insignia of the order. The insignia of the order is worn on a 100 mm wide shoulder strap. The order of the second degree repeats the sign of the first degree, but is smaller in size. With the help of a decorative ring, it is covered with a ribbon and hung on a metal frame. The color of the ribbon of the Order corresponds to the National Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and it also has a flat red stripe on the right edge. ## Order bucket In October 2008, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan released a 50 tenge commemorative coin made of copper-nickel alloy with the image of the star of the Order of Glory. ## Gallery * * * * * * \< > ## See also * Orders of Kazakhstan * State awards of Kazakhstan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6228

Niue

Niue (English: Niue [ˈnjuːeɪ]) is an island in the South Pacific Ocean owned by New Zealand. Niue is the largest coral island in the world. It is located in Polynesia, in the southern part of the Pacific Ocean, about 2500 km from the metropolis. The area is 259 km². Population - 1800 people (2005), administrative center - Alofi. The height of the plateau inside the island. It reaches up to 60 m. The main part of the population is concentrated in fertile coastal areas with thick palm forests. 1/4 of the area is suitable for agriculture. Bananas and coconuts are grown here. There are no rivers and streams. Therefore, the islanders collect and store rainwater. Average annual precipitation amount. It reaches 2000 mm. About 800 tourists come to the island for vacation. The island was discovered by James Cook in 1774. The first British arrived in Niue in 1830. The basis of exports are coconuts, copra, honey and fruits. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1860

My Kazakhstan (song)

"My Kazakhstan" - 1956 written patriotic song based on the National Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Song: Shamshi Kaldayakov; * Words: Zhumeken Nazhimedenov; ## Comments ## Listen ## See More \ <> * My Kazakhstan (anthem)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5178

Aubakirov

* Ruslan Shokhmetovich Aubakirov - Public figure * Toktar Ongarbayuly Aubakirov - Pilot-cosmonaut

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4516

A dense index

Dense index (eng. dense index) is a file for the database. This file consists of a number of pairs: a key and a pointer. Each key and bound pointer points to a record in the data file, as opposed to a sparse index. The reason for using indexes is that modern databases are so large that they cannot fit in the main memory of the computer. Therefore, general data is entered into the brain in blocks. But finding a record in a large database can take a long time. And now, an index file or index block is much lighter than a data file, so it fits in the brain. This reduces the time it takes to search for a record. Another reason is that you can use binary search because the keys are sorted. In clustered, duplicate-key indexes, a dense index points to the first record in the database whose key is exactly the same. ## Database Database Systems: The Complete Book. Hector Garcia-Molina, Jeffrey D. Ullman, Jennifer D. Widom

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5862

Мавритания

Mauritania (Arabic: موريتانية‎ - "al-Muritaniya"), full name Islamic Republic of Mauritania (Arabic: الجمهورية الإسلاميا الموريتانية‎ - "al-Jumhuriya al-Islamiya al-Muritaniya") is a country in West Africa. The land area is 1.03 million km². Population - 3,359,185 people (2012). The main inhabitants are Moors (80%), plus Wolof, Tukeper, Zenaga Sonink, etc. people live. The capital is the city of Nouakchott. The official language is Arabic. According to their religious beliefs, Islam is Sunni. According to the constitution, the country is headed by the president (since 1997 Mauya Ould Syed Ahmed Tayya). Legislature — bicameral parliament — Senate and National Assembly. National holiday — November 28 — Independence Day (1960). The measure of money is ugia. Administrator. is divided into 12 districts. Member of the UN since 1961, member of the Organization of African Unity (AU) since 1963. ## Geography Most of Mauritania's land is covered by the sandy and rocky desert of the Western Sahara. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean from the west. It borders the Sahara Arab Democratic Republic in the northwest, Senegal in the southwest, Algeria in the northeast, and Mali in the south and east. In the north of the country there is the Adrar plateau (the highest point is Mount Amozzaga, 732 m), in the south there are sandy plateaus of Tagant and Asaba (average height 300-400 m). The ridges and plateaus continue into the surrounding desert. The main river is the Senegal (passes along the border of the right). ## Climate The climate is tropical desert, the average temperature in January is 16 — 20°С, in July 30 — 32°С. The climate of the west coast is humid and foggy due to the influence of the ocean. Annual average amount of precipitation. 100 — 400 mm, 50 mm in the east. ## Nature Only plants characteristic of deserts and deserts grow. ## History The history of Mauritania in ancient times and the Middle Ages is not well studied. * In the 7th - 11th centuries, the southern part of M was part of the medieval states of West Africa (Ghana, Tekrur), and the Sankhaja-Berber state union lived in Northern Mauritania. * In the middle of the 11th century, a powerful state ruled by the Almoravi dynasty was established in Mauritania, which included Morocco and Western Algeria along with Mauritania. * In the 14th and 15th centuries, the Makil tribe of Arabs invaded the country, which accelerated the conversion of the Mauritanian people to Islam. * In the 15th century, Europeans began to come to Mauritania. * 1788 The Mauritanian coast was of interest to France. * In the middle of the 19th century, France actively began to colonize Mauritania. * After the Second World War, the struggle for the liberation of Mauritania covered the whole country with a new momentum. * French government in 1958 Mauritania was forced to give autonomy. * 1958 The Mauritanian Reunification Party was founded. * 1960 The independence of the country was declared on November 28. * Mauritania is a member of the League of Arab States. 1960 — 80 years. the standard of living of the people decreased, unrest in the country, 1978-84. there were several military coups. * 1991 Under the pressure of external forces, democratic changes were implemented in the country. * Political prisoners were released and a new constitution was adopted. ## Economy Mauritania is an agrarian country. In North and Central Mauritania, nomadic livestock farming is developed, and in the Senegal river valley, agriculture is developed. Main crops: African millet, sorghum, date palm, corn, beans, groundnuts. The main place in the industry is the production of iron ore. Fishing is well developed. Produces fish products, iron ore, gold for export. They bring oil, machinery, equipment from abroad. Main trade partners: France, Germany, Japan, Italy, Spain, Belgium, Arab countries. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7042

Finger licking

Finger licking (ritual). "We came according to your will, we came to lick your finger." (Mir's axis). When someone invites a respected person to visit, 1-2 young men go to him even if they are not invited and say to the host, "We have come to lick your finger." In the Kazakh tradition, there is nothing wrong with this, on the contrary, it is a sign of respect for the invited guest. In this case, the owner of the house is also pleased with the guys who come. Sometimes the owner of the house says to people younger than him that "someone comes to our house, you bare his finger." Even if it is a special invitation, it is a sign of respect for the younger ones. In the tradition of the nation, there are many such ways of treating people with respect. It is said in the country: "He came to lick the path of a great man." There is no malice in this tradition, on the contrary, the owner of the house welcomes the young people with pleasure. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3446

UNIX

UNIX is a multitasking, multiuser operating system. It was co-written by Ken Thomson and Denis Ricci at Bell Labs, the company that invented the first telephone in 1970. First of all, it was issued in order to satisfy the internal services of the company. Later, it became widely popular and became the basis for operating systems such as Solaris, SunOS, GNU/Linux, and made a huge contribution to the history of operating systems. Its main feature is that several users can work at the same time without any problems. ## External links

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5036

Dinmuhamed Akhmetovich Konaev

Dinmukhamed (Dimash) Akhmetuly Konaev (January 12, 1912, Verny - August 22, 1993, Almaty) was a Soviet statesman and public figure, three-time Socialist Laborer, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, doctor of technical sciences. Holder of the positions of First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan (1960–1962 and 1964–1986) and member of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU (1971–1987). ## Biography was born on January 12, 1912 in the city of Verny (now Almaty), in the family of an employee. He came from the Oyik clan of the Isty tribe. Father Menliakhmet Zhumabayuly was born in 1886. Worked as an employee in agricultural and trade institutions in Almaty region. He was literate, able to read and write in Kazakh and Russian languages. His mother, Zaure Bairkyny (born in 1888 in Shelek (former name Chilik) Chilik district (now Almaty region)) was engaged in raising children as a housewife. In 1930 - after graduating from secondary school No. 14 in Almaty, in 1931-1936 - the Regional Komsomol Committee of Kazakhstan sent Dinmuhamed Konaev to study at the Institute of Non-ferrous Metals in Moscow. ## Career paths * In 1936 - D. graduated from the Institute and received the specialty of mining engineer. In 1937-1939, Konaev was employed at the Konyrat mine of the Balkash Copper Smelting Plant, where he worked as a drilling machine operator, shop foreman, chief engineer of the mine and its director. * In 1939 - during the difficult days of the Second World War, he stood out for his business ability in organizing work in the rear, served as the deputy chief engineer of the "Altaipolymetal" combine, the director of the Ridder mine and one of the largest enterprises of the lead-zinc industry of the USSR - Leninogor mine management. * In 1939 - was admitted to the membership of the CPSU. * In 1942-1952 - served as deputy chairman of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR. During his stay here, the scientists of Kazakhstan showed great trust in him and elected him as an academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR and its president. Major mining scientist D. Konaev made a great contribution to the development of republican science. Measures to improve scientific and organizational work, to strengthen the main areas of scientific research with qualified personnel were carried out under his leadership. * In 1955-1960 - he was the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. * In 1960-1986, he served as the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. * On December 16, 1986, he was removed from the First Secretariat of the Central Committee of Kazakhstan and replaced by Kolbin. Dissatisfied with this, the incident of Kazakh youth took place in December. * In 1987 - at the plenum in June, D.A. Konaev was dismissed from the membership of the CPSU under the pretext "for the mistakes he made in the management of the republican party organization when he was the First Secretary of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan." ## Good deeds and achievements He was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Council of the USSR several times. From the 19th Congress of the CPSU, he was a delegate to all subsequent congresses. He headed the parliament and party delegation and visited foreign countries several times. Member of the Central Committee of the CPSU since 1956. At the XXIII party congress, he was elected a candidate for membership of the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the CPSU, and a member at the XXIV congress. He was a member of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. D. Konaev was a great politician of his time. Although the time he was at the head of power was complicated and contradictory, he made a significant contribution to the development of the country's economy, social sphere, science, and national culture. During the years of Dinmuhamed Akhmetuly's rule, 43 cities with 68 workers' settlements appeared on the vast Kazakh land. Among them, the cities of Rudny, Ekibastuz, Shevchenko (now Aktau), Nikolsky, Stepnogorsk, Temirtau, Zhanatas, Kentau, Arkalyk, which were considered industrial centers, were built. Agriculture developed rapidly, virgin and fallow lands were developed. Fields and collective fields were built. The number of livestock increased and agricultural products increased every year. Thanks to Dinmuhamed Akhmetul, Kazakhstan's industry, including non-ferrous metallurgy, developed at a high level. A third of copper, more than 70% of lead, and more than 40% of zinc were produced in Kazakhstan. Ustkemen lead-zinc and titanium-magnesium plants, Sokolov-Sarybai and Lisakov ore-concentration plants, Zhezkazgan and Balkash mining and metallurgical plants, Ermakov and Aktobe ferroalloy plants were put into operation, and the amount of chrome ore produced in Aktobe increased. D.A. Konaev increased production efficiency in the fields of metal processing and vehicle manufacturing, and established vehicle manufacturing plants in the cities of Ust-Kamenogorsk, Ural, Karaganda, Petropavlovsk, Shymkent, and Almaty. The products produced by the Almaty Heavy Machinery Plant are distributed in more than 40 countries of the world. Coal and oil deposits were discovered on the territory of the Kazakh land, and Kazakhstan became a major center of the fuel and energy industry. Combines located in the cities of Taraz and Shymkent ranked first in the world in production of yellow phosphorus. Academician of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan Dinmuhamed Akhmetovich Konaev made a great contribution in the field of science. He wrote more than 100 research papers. Some of his scientific work was carried out by economic and industrial experience. He proved in practice that his work is of great benefit to the national economy. In addition to increasing production efficiency, he supported young scientists and paid special attention to the education system. Dinmuhamed Akhmetuly, who highly appreciated Kazakh art, supported the people involved in art and contributed to the development of Kazakh culture. Art centers were built and cultural centers started their activities. Educational and cultural centers were opened, residential houses were built, and social facilities were built in almost all regions of the Kazakh land. On the initiative of Dinmuhamed Akhmetuly Konaev, the Government House, the building of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, the building of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan were built in Almaty, the capital of Kazakhstan at that time. The number of city streets increased, new residential buildings were built, and 12 compact districts were opened. The construction of school and kindergarten buildings began, and the Palace of Students opened its doors to young artists. Cultural, educational and sports facilities such as the Palace of the Republic, the Palace of Sports and Culture, the Medeu sports complex, the National Library, and the circus were built. Auto, aero and railway stations, airport, "Almaty", "Otyrar", "Zhetisu", "Alatau", "Dostyk", "Kazakhstan" hotels were built and the city opened up. Dinmukhamed Akhmetuly Konaev, during almost a quarter of a century when he headed the Republican party organization, was known for his great culture, religious dignity, and showed that he was well-versed in folk traditions, deeply learned, and high-minded. Later, even when he retired from state affairs, he, as a well-educated person, was able to deeply understand and support the reform directions taking place in the country, the need to democratize society. Dinmuhamed Akhmetovich Konaev died suddenly on August 22, 1993, at the age of 82. ## Awards * Three-time Hero of Socialist Labor (1972, 1976, 1982) * 8 Orders of Lenin * Order of the Red Banner of Labor * Medals ## Articles and books * In 1978 - "Soviet Kazakhstan", "Selected words and articles" (published in Almaty and Moscow) * In 1992 - "O my time ", "Davir" publishing house * In 1994 - "Ot Stalina do Gorbacheva", Sanat publishing house * In 1994 - "You can't avoid the truth", Sanat publishing house ## Dinmukhamed Akhmetuliy Konaev was given the name places * Konaev city * Monument - bust in Almaty city. * Streets in the cities of Astana and Almaty. * Big Almaty canal. * In the city of Urals - a small district. * In the city of Taraz - a central street and a bust. * In Taldykorgan - a street, an architectural complex and one higher educational institution. * Private university in Almaty. * Central street in Tashkent, the capital of Uzbekistan. * In 1992, the International Konaev Foundation was established in Almaty. * In 1994, the museum of DA Konaev was opened in Almaty. * In the city of Shymkent, there is a central flower garden and a museum along the same flower garden. ## Gallery * ## Interesting information * Dinmuhamed Konaev is the first Kazakh to hold the highest political position in the USSR. He was a member of the 15-member Politburo, which managed the domestic and foreign policy of the USSR. * The 4th of 11 children in the family. * Height 198 cm. He wears shoes of size 46. * Hobbies: collected weapons, liked hunting. * Konaev did not have personal guards. Konaev simply walked to work in the morning while others were accompanied by their bodyguards. * Refused to pay 340 rubles for academic rank. * He lived in a small apartment (now a museum) for 24 years, the area of the apartment is 200 square meters. * Once Leonid Brezhnev (the head of the USSR) came to Almaty for the first time and visited Konaev's house. He walked around his apartment and wondered: "Is this all you have?" ## Sources ## External links * Heroes of the country

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7557

Berdibek Mashbekuly Saparbaev

Berdibek Mashbekuly Saparbaev (April 9, 1953, Talap, Zhanakorgan district — June 10, 2023, Kokshetau) is a Kazakh statesman and public figure, akim of Zhambyl region in 2020-2022, Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan in 2019-2020. ## Biography Father - Nalibayev Mashbek Saparbayuly, brigadier. His mother is Nalibaeva Bibish. The Konyrat tribe originated from the Karasha branch of the Zhamanbai clan. Graduated from the Faculty of Planning and Economics of the Almaty Institute of National Economy (1977), economist. Doctor of Economic Sciences (1999). The topic of the doctoral thesis: "Management of investment processes in the production-economic system". Honorary member of the Academy of Social Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1996). "Economy of the region in the transition period" (1995), "Special economic zones. Author of the books "Experience of construction" (1996), "Customs Code of the RK" (2003), Commentary on the Customs Code of the RK (2005). * Since August 1969, he has been a worker in department No. 3 of the "Zadariya" district of Zhanakorgan district of Kyzylorda region, performing various simple tasks. * Since May 1971 - serving in the ranks of the Soviet Army. * In August-September 1977 - inspector in the Kazakh republican administration of Memenbek savings bank. * Since October 1977 - Economist in the Department of Culture and Health Care Financing of the Ministry of Finance of the Kazakh SSR, Since October 1978 - Senior Economist, * Since May 1983 - Leading Economist, * Since July 1985 - Chief Economist economist, * since March 1986 - deputy head of department. * Since 1988 - Head of the Department of Planning and Finance of the Ministry of Public Education of the Kazakh SSR. * Since 1990 - Deputy Minister of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 1994 - deputy head of the department of finance, labor and social protection of the people of the Office of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan and the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, deputy head of the department of finance, labor and social protection of the people of Besarik Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan, head of the department. * Since March 1995 - head of the Office of the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since September 1995 - akim of Kyzylorda region. * Since 1999 - akim of Turkestan region. * Since 2002 - Chairman of the Customs Control Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2004 - Vice Minister of Finance - Chairman of the Customs Control Committee of the Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2006 - Deputy Head of the Office of the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Government representative in the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2007 - Vice Minister of Economy and Budget Planning of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the People of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * From 2009 to November 2014 - akim of East Kazakhstan region. * Since 2011 - Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan. * Since September 11, 2015 - akim of Aktobe region. * On February 25, 2019, he was appointed to the position of Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * On August 20, 2019, he was appointed as the Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * He died on the morning of June 10, 2023 at the age of 70. * President of Kazakhstan Kassym-Jomart Tokayev and other prominent figures of the country expressed their condolences. Farewell to the outstanding statesman and political figure of Kazakhstan will be held in Almaty on June 11 at 10:00 at the Kazakh National Opera and Ballet Theater named after Abay. ## Awards * Order "Kurmet" (1999) * Order "Parasat" (2007) ## Family Married . Spouse - Saparbayeva Kaldygaysha Zeynollakyna (born in 1955). Daughter - Saparbayeva Akbota Berdibekovyna (born in 1978); sons - Saparbayev BauyrzhanBerdibekuly (1983-2002), Saparbaev Zhansultan Berdibekuly (born in 1991). ## Sources Model: Cabinet of Ministers of Askar Mamin

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2004

Адырна

Adirna - * multi-stringed Kazakh percussion instrument. The body of the instrument is hollow, the surface is covered with leather. BC It is considered an ancient tool used by hunters. Its ancient model was originally bow-shaped. Later, he played by pulling strings between the horns and the tail to resemble deer, deer, antelope, and antelope. He puts Adirna on his lap, rests his head on his shoulder, hangs his guts and sometimes clicks. The strings of the Adirna are strung from strings or tendons, the length of the instrument is 48-50 cm, the thickness is 8-10 cm, 7 to 13 strings are strung. Adirna is currently used to perform folk songs and small tunes. D. of Adirna. Chokparuly, A. Several versions made by the Kumarovs are kept in the Museum of Kazakh Clay Instruments named after Ikylas. There is an ensemble of ancient instruments called "Adyrna". * The name of the main part of the jaw (bow). They make bows from wood, bone, horn. Adrina is tied with a string made of straw, braid or silk. Adyrna's shoulder, two heads, and waist are made of different wood, horn is layered to make the shoulder flexible, and bone is layered to make the waist strong, and it is tightly tied with tendons, and the outside is covered with birch bark. The hill is bent back and bends in the opposite direction when the input is applied. When a shot is fired from a strong spring rifle, a humming sound is emitted due to the vibration of the overstretched barrel, so the phrase "roaring its rifle like a bull" has been formed in our language. * It is an ancient musical instrument with multiple limits, shaped like a bow. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4557

Korzhova, Natalia Artemovna

Natalya Artemovna Korzhova (April 8, 1958, Sarkan, Taldykorgan region) is a public figure of Kazakhstan. Ukraine. Candidate of Economic Sciences (1990), Doctor (2000). * Father - Poliychuk Artem Sidorovich, was a civil servant. Mother - Poliychuk Nina Petrovna, doctor. * Title of doctoral dissertation: "State pension insurance reforms in countries with a transition economy" (Moscow, 2000) Author of 10 monographs (1995-2000), in addition, more than 10 articles on professional topics. ## Short biography * Graduated from the Faculty of Economics of the Almaty Institute of National Economy (1979), graduated as an economist. * After graduating from the institute, he worked in the Ministry of Finance by profession and went from being an economist to the head of the department. * 1996-99 Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1999 He was appointed as the first vice-minister of finance, economy and budget planning. * 2006 Minister of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan since January. * 2007 He was dismissed from office on November 13. * Since May 4, 2008, executive secretary of the Ministry of Finance of Kazakhstan. ## Personal data * Member of the Commission on Human Rights under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * President of the Women's Football and Mini-Football Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Married, has a son. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5892

Адай

Adai is one of the 18 clans descended from the Alshin tribe, which is part of the Baiuli clan union. Modern Aday people live mostly in Mangistau region of Kazakhstan, as well as in Atyrau, Aktobe, Turkestan, Almaty and other regions of the country. There are large diasporas in the Balkan and Dayoguz provinces of Turkmenistan, in Karakalpakstan, in the north of Iran, and in the Astarkhan region of Russia. ## Repression Three hundred and only Adai who joined the tsar's government did not recognize the Russian government: it led Adai to fight with thousands of Russian-Cossack troops. In history: the Adayans did not submit to the seizure of Kazakh lands by the Russian government, not giving jobs to the Kazakhs, displacing them from their fields, and colonizing the Kazakhs and Kazakh lands. However, as a result, many Adais were persecuted and exiled, widows and orphans were forced to leave Iran. ## Distribution Adai country: since ancient times, from the east of the Caspian Sea, to the west and south of the Aral Sea, from Mount Mughalzhar (Aktobe region), to the northern Balkans (Turkmenistan), the Oyil River and A people who lived in the Moinak desert (west of Karakalpakstan: Kungrad, Moinak). That is why the Aday people live as the last inhabitants of their present districts: Zhylyoi, Kyzylkoga, Balykshi, Makat, Oyil, Temir, Baiganin. During the period when the borders of Kazakhstan were defined and documented, the southern regions of Kazakhstan remained under the control of Uzbekistan, and the western (east of Mangystau) was under the control of Karakalpakstan. Even today, Adai people live in the same Adai lands, that is, Moinak and Kungrad districts. In the same way, the Nogai-Aday regions: "Astarkhan (Astrakhan), Samar (Samarskaya), Sarmat (Saratov), Volgograd (Volgograd), Tambaly (Tambov)" regions remained in the Russian Federation. The descendants of Adai's grandson Tazike spread widely in the present Atyrau region, they participated in the wars with the Kalmyks in ancient times and stayed in the Zhem and Naryn rivers. There are Adai in Aktobe and Ural regions. The number of Adais in the regions of South Kazakhstan is small, although the Adais of South Kazakhstan are considered to be the indigenous inhabitants of that place. ## Genealogy Aday was a person who lived in the 15th century. Aday has two children: God and Kelimber. 2 children from Kudaike, Tazike and 6 children from Kosai and Kelimberdi: Kunanorys (Iryskul), Akpan, Balykchy (Shybyntay), Alniyaz (Buzau), Tobysh, Munal. Tazike is the first of the Eight Lions, after which he was named Er Kosai because Kosai was a hero. Er Kosai Batyr lived in 1507-1594. After that, the first of 6 children descended from Kelimberdi: Kunanorys (Iryskul). 2 children Zhanbay and Zhantugan from Kunanorus. After him, Akpan, then Balykshi, the real name of Balykshi is Shybyntay, 3 children from that Balykshi: Zhuyrik, Kostai, Esberdi, and Buzau after him. Actually, Buzau's real name is Alniyaz. From that Buzau, 2 children Jemeney and Aitumys followed by Munal. children from Munal: Alakunan, Ali, Bayimbet, Zhauly, Shogy Batyr (Kyrykmyltyk). Shogy Batyr is nicknamed Kyrykmyltyk. He was a great hero and lived in 1667-1726. He was buried in Khoja Ahmet Yasawi mausoleum in modern Turkestan. Tobysh is the youngest of the eight lions after him, Oraz and Begei are 2 generations away from him. Adai Ata lived in the 14th-15th century. At present, Mangistau region is considered to be the most widespread place of Aday tribe. ## History Adai clan is one of the most widespread clans in the small village. There is little concrete information about the origin of the Mangystau people. Only S.A. Amanzholov is the Adai, as he himself wrote, according to the information of Herodotus and Strabo, BC. Already in the 2nd century, it was hypothesized that there may be descendants of the ancient Dais who lived on the shores of the Caspian Sea. At the same time, he also cites the version that Adaylar comes from the word "ada" (island) and "Adailar" (islanders) of the Oguz. The option that the Dais (Dakhs) are the distant ancestors of the Adai clan seems quite probable. Developing this opinion, let us try to reproduce as much as possible the view of the origin of the tribe. We find the first information about dais (dakhs) in the Nakshirustem writings of Buz Darius I, where he wrote in BC. It is said that in the 6th-4th centuries, Taradaraya or Paradaraya sakhts were located near the Yaksart (Syr Darya) estuary, and the Dakhs joined their union. According to the information of Herodotus and Strabo, we have BC. As early as the 1st century AD, we see that V lived not in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya, but in the southeastern part of the Caspian Sea, that is, in the region on the border of modern Iran and Turkmenistan. V. M. Massoi also "Duration of Xerxes B.C. The name daha is mentioned among the peoples and countries subject to Achaemenid Persia in the known anti-Dev writings, dated 486-480, most of the researchers associate it with Strabo's Dais. This is not the only information about the Dais, S.P. Tolstov says that "the neighbors of the Khorezms in the southwest and northeast are the Dakh tribes." These details are also from B.C. Belongs to the III centuries. According to S. P. Tolstov, the roofs are located in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and partly in the region of the Tejen river valley, that is, they were (according to Herodotus and Strabo) BC. V century It seems that it was located in the place where he lived in the 1st century of our era. BC According to the data of Herodotus and Strabo, the Dakhs, who lived in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya River in the VI-IV centuries, partially migrated to the valley of the Tejen River, and the rest remained in their former place. Strabo also shows that the Dais (dakhs) migrated from the lower reaches of the Syrdarya to the south. He established a place in the Arshakid kingdom (the Parnadai are said to be from the region of the Dais who live on the other side of Meotidoya, i.e. on the other side of the Aral Sea). The history seems to be as follows: during the period when the Kangyu (Kangly) tribal union was flourishing, it spread its influence to Khorezm, Ferghana, and Sogda regions. The Kangyu tribal union was replaced by a new tribal union, the West Turkic Khaganate, which included a strong and numerous group of Dais who had preserved their integrity. After that (IX century) the group of Dais joined the union of Oguz tribes. In fact, it is possible that the Dais (Dakhs) settled in Mangystau in the same period (XIX century). In this respect, the information given in the book "Kitab Mesalikal Menalik" by Al-Istahri about the country of Guzder is noteworthy. In particular, it says: "...There (Siyakukh Mangistau V.V.) settled and grazed." Meanwhile, Siyakuh is indicated as an island. It is possible that the "tribe of Turks" separated from the Guz are the Dais (Dakhs), and the Guz call the people of this "island" the Adais, because in the Guz (Oghz) language, the island is ada. Genghis Khan's surname is from the Adai tribe, from the Mungal tribe, and all historians have been calling our grandfather Mungal's name Mungal, Mongol, Mughal, which has no basis in history, since the thirteenth century. Munaldan is the youngest son of Kelimberdy, he has four children, some say five children: Zhauly, Shogy (he is also called Kyrykmyltyk), Ali, Bayimbet, Alaogylan (alakunan); I don't know anyone else. The enemy has taken two wives, the younger one is an Uzbek girl. Koskulak and Eskeldi are born from him. The godmother saw the boy late, and the godmother said as he was riding against the enemy. "There is something in my womb, don't go, we will mourn for one child," he said. Then the enemy said to him, for example: "I promised (my enemy is to stay), they called for a truce, if it ends - it's over, if it doesn't end - I'll come back to see their enmity." I have a promise to forty Kazakh heroes. If you give birth to a boy, you will name him" - he left. The enemy will not return from that departure. The godmother gave birth to a boy and named him Zhari. Second wife means different things. Who would be better off if the woman who married him was called a tokal, and the woman he married was called a second wife? From Eskeldi: Goodness and Goodness are born. Three children from Goodness: Dogal, Kudainazar, Kudaisugir. One of the most widespread tribes in Aday is the Mungal. From the modern Mughal clan, the Ali clan descended. Most of them are in Mangistau and Atyrau. And even in Baiganin in Aktobe and in the city of Ural, there are Alis who spread from Aday. From Ali, 3 clans Menke, Alisher, Tokaly split, and their descendants are still alive today. ## Eight lions Adai 1. From Kosai lions: Esembet, Esek, Emil, Urezek, Aidaraly, Aitkul, Bayneke, Kiikbay, Berdis, Serdaly, Katen, Shalbar, Kadir , Aitei, Begei, Tinei, Bali, Suyindik (Bamanadai). 2. From Tazike: Kabaktai, Otey, Sarke. 3. From Kunanorys: Kunanorys. 4. From February: February. 5. From behind Shybyntai (Fisherman): Fisherman. 6. From Alniyaz (Zhemeney): Sholak, Soltanaly, Begimbet, Kalsha, Myrzageldy, Kozhantai, Kozhagul, Kozhamsugir, Aldasai, Kedei, Baibishhe, Karatoka, Akbota, Kushke, Olzhashi, Mayyr, Boken, Esen, Jr. 7. From Tobysh: Tabynai, Baubek, Shonai, Kamysbay, Kumisbay, Karzhau, Doral, Zhanay, Tokabay, Otegul, Kul-Zorbay, Khoja, Shegem, Zayilan, Shagyr, Babyk, Begei, Karash. 8. From across Munal: Alakulan, Ali, Zhanak, Boksary, Atembek-Abyz, Baishagyr, Mamyrtai, Zhakau, Kyrymkul, Kydyrsha, Babakul, Maya, Koshtan, Tolep, Medet, Kushik, Kosbarmak, Baipak, Bayboz , Oteuli, Matai, Ayim, Shaka, Zhamangara, Korpe, Sugireli, Sargaska, Zhadiger, Eskeldi, Koskulak, Mete, Dauletaly, Kesche, Jetymek, Toktamis, Bektemis, Bazar, Shotan, Mailan, Kudaibergen, Tastemir, Kyrykmyltyk. ## Personalities * Er Kosai Kudaikeuly * Atagozy batyr Aitkululy Kosai-Aitkul * Esek batyr Esenkululy Kosai * Kashagan Kurzhimanuly Kosai * Sarymergen bi Koszhanuly Kosai-Suyindik (Zhamanadai) * Maifok Khamitov Kosai * Nurlybek Maifokuly Khamitov Kosai * Zhambyl Tolekeuly Kudaibergenov Kosai * Ospan Kobeuly Kosai-Mambetkul (Shalbar) * Shepherd Konysbayuly Kosai-Bali * Akpan batyr Kelimberdiuly * Munal batyr Kelimberdiuly * Aktan Kereiuly Jemenei * Burkit bi Jemenei * Lazzat Ketebayuly Kiinov Jemenei * Ermembet bi Turuly Aytumys-Esen * Kabak bi Ermembetul Aitumys-Kenje * Tobaniyaz Alniyazul Aitumys-Kenje * Edil Terekbayuly Zhanbyrshin Aitumys-Boken * Kalniyaz Shopykuli * Aralbai Ongarbekuly * Bopai Batima * Bayimbet Teleuly * Myrzagali Tynimbayev * Azamat Tahiruly Musagaliev * Kaiyrzhan Izteleuuly Aliev * Beket Myrzagululy Koskulak * Anes Tolendiuly Sarai * Abish Kekilbayuly Zhanai * Asan Abdiruly Zhanay * Kulysh bi Tumenbayuly Shonai * Alshin Mendalyuly Shonai * Yergali Tolesinovich Shonai * Tilegen Kalmaganbetov Shonai * Fariza Ongarsynova Tazike * Bakykoja Salakhatdinovich Izmukhambetov * Yerlan Tynimbayuly Karin * Samat Bazarbayuly Musabaev Tobysh * Kabibolla Sydiykuly Akbota * Bokai Kozhirov Akbota * Abdikhamit Sarkenuly Esbolov Akbota * Sembigali Toreshovichy Zakenov Akbota * Sulushash Moldazhanova Akbota * Lazzat Kulzhanovyna Nurshakhanova Akbota * Shabai Batyr Konysuly Kunanorys * Zhalau Mynbayev Kunanorys * Davit Koshanuly Nukenov Kunanorys * Tangali Smitovich Hamiev Kunanorys * Kozhik Sarmaganbetuly Kunanorys * Sembai Bainekeev Kunanorys \ <> * Murat Kurbanbaev Kunanorys * Amandyk Orazov Kunanorys * Sembai Berdimuratov Kunanorys * Askar Berdimuratov Kunanorys * Turzhan Sariev Kunanorys * Sabyr Sherkeshbayuly Adai Kunanorys * Bazarbai Sabyrov Kunanoris \ <> * Turar Talasbayuly Kondybaev Kunanorys * Dauvimshar batyr Kuatuly Kyrykmyltyk * Kulshar Bakhtybayuly Kyrykmyltyk * Turmambet batyr Tolegozhauly Zhauly-Eskeldi * Berdaly batyr Otaruly Zhauly-Eskeldi * Dauyl batyr Babauly Zhauly -Eskeldi * Sugir Zhyrau Begendikuly Zhauly-Eskeldi * Kylyshbek Eskozhauly Zhauly-Eskeldi * Baluaniyaz batyr Musirepovich Bailkshi * Aman Gumyrovich Toleev Bailkshi * Shotan batyr Nazarovich Zhari * Abyl Tileuuly Zhari-Tokhtamys * Kuramys Ermekov Zhari-Tokhtamys * Katimolla Rizuanov Zhari-Tokhtamys Suyingara Batyr Urgenishbayuly Zary-Jetimek * Dosan Batyr Tazhiuly Zary-Dauletali * Bokymash Sholanuly Zary-Mailan * Aydar Ishan Shaikhyislamuly Zary-Tastemir * Zhetybai Zhilkysyuly Zary-Tastemir * Tumenbay Kalzhanuly Zary-Bazar * Mukan Beszhanuly Zary-Bektemis * Nigmet Kaldauletuly Zary-Bektemis * Yerzhan Tolegenuly Zary-Bektemis * Madi Kaipyuly Begenov Ali * Sabytai Batyr Bayimbetuly Bayimbet * Yrsai batyr Bayimbetul Baiimbet * Tekei Raiymberdiuly Baimbet * Abyz bi Atembekuly Baimbet * Kyrymkul bi Anetuly Baimbet * Maya bi Anetuly Baimbet * Tolep batyr Anetuly Baimbet * Isa bi Tilenbayuly Baimbet-Zhamankara * Baimambet bi Mayauly Baimbet-Maya * Agys Zhayilnauly Baimbet-Kydyrsha * Gafur bi Kalbyuly Baimbet-Krymkul * Khoja Gafuruly Baimbet-Kyrimkul * Mambetniyaz bi Tolepovich Bayimbet -Tolep * Kulsary bi Tinekeyuly Baimbet-Kushik * Tilegen bi Mambetuly Baimbet-Medet * Namaz Izimbergenuly Baimbet-Atembek * Alquat Daulbauly Baimbet-Oteuli ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5334

Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus

The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus (Turkey Kuzey Kıbrıs Türk Cumhuriyeti, also abbreviated neutral name Northern Cyprus Türk Kuzey Kıbrıs) is a state located in the north of the island of Cyprus, occupying one third of the island, recognized only by Turkey. Between 1975 and 1983, a Turkish state was established here: Cyprus was called the Turkish Federal State (Turkish: Kıbrıs Türk Federe Devleti). Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is recognized only by Turkey. Until now, the Government of the Republic of Cyprus remains the only internationally recognized body on the island of Cyprus. The Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is a member of the Organization of Islamic Cooperation as an observer. The population of the Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus is approximately 294,906 people, living in an area of 3355 km2 (including the small semi-exclave of Kokkina (typ. Erenköy). The vast majority of the population are ethnic Turks, representing two communities: native Turkish Cypriots (about one-third) and Anatolian Turks, immigrants from Turkey (two-thirds). Remnants of Greek Cypriots and Lebanese Maronites also live in enclaves. The capital of the SKTR is Lefkosha (Nicosia), which is divided between Cyprus and the SKTR. The SSR is separated from the rest of Cyprus as a buffer zone. The line that divides the island into two sectors (the so-called "Green Line" — English) is guarded by the contingent of UN peacekeeping forces in Cyprus (UNFICYP). ## History 1960 - the establishment of the Republic of Cyprus. The Republic of Cyprus was established after the independence of Cyprus from Great Britain. The Greek and Turkish communities were given equal opportunities to rule the new state. They were allocated seats in governmental and civil power institutions. According to the Treaty of Guarantees of 1960, Great Britain, Greece and Turkey became guarantors of the existence of the new state. ## External links * Zypern Times * Nordzypern Times

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7602

Kasym Kaysenov

Kasym Kaysenov (April 23, 1918, East Kazakhstan Region, Ulan District, Asubulak village - December 30, 2006, Almaty) - People's Hero of Kazakhstan (1995), laureate of the International Fadeev Prize, outstanding writer, brave hero of the Great Patriotic War, famous partisan, eye A unique and glorious child of our people who became legendary during his lifetime. ## Biography Originated from the Malay branch of the Kuymchak section of the Karakerei clan of the Naiman tribe. * After graduating from school in 1934, he entered the political education technical school in Ust-Kamenogorsk and graduated in 1938. * While working as a political education instructor of the Pavlodar regional educational department, he was drafted into the army and sent to a military-intelligence school. * As soon as he graduated from this school in November 1941, he was sent to the headquarters of the South-Western Front, received a special assignment from there, and was sent behind enemy lines to form a partisan detachment in the part of Ukraine that remained in the hands of the invaders. There, Kaisenov heads the third detachment of the partisan unit named after Chapaev. Later, until the end of 1944, he participated in partisan movements in Moldavia, Czechoslovakia, and Romania. * Being the commander of a detachment, he goes through hundreds of campaigns behind enemy lines. After the end of the war, he returned to his homeland, Kazakhstan, and held a responsible position in the office of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. * Actively participates in the post-war agricultural restoration campaign as deputy chairmen of executive committees in Zhualy and Sverdlov districts of Zhambyl region. * In 1951-1954 he studied at the translation department of the two-year party school under the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. * From 1953 to 1972, he worked as the deputy director of the "Zhazushi" publishing house, the director of the literary promotion bureau of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan, and the deputy director of the "Kaynar" publishing house. ## Creativity Kaisenov is the author of many works, widely known to the student public, that realistically describe the difficult period of the Great Patriotic War, self-sacrificing courage of soldiers. * In 1954, his first book "Young Partisans" was published in Russian. Later * "Ilko Vitryak" * "Partisans of Pereyaslav" * "From the Mouth of Death" * "A Boy Behind Enemy Lines" * "On the Dnieper" * "In Enemy Lines" » * "Partisan Paths", and other collections of short stories, essays, short stories came into the hands of readers. These works have been translated into Russian, Ukrainian and many other languages. Later * "I believe in the tomorrow of my country" * "Memories and notes" and other books were published. ## Awards * "Bohdan Khmelnytskyi" * "Homeland War" * "Czechoslovak Partisan" * Ukrainian Order of Merit * He was awarded with many orders and medals of the Soviet Union. * Laureate of Baurzhan Momyshuly Literary Award of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan. * People's hero of Kazakhstan. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3558

EBay

eBay is an online trading system. eBay Inc. (pronounced eBay) is an American company that offers its services in the field of online stores and online auctions. Operates eBay.com, its local version in some countries, and eBay Enterprise. On September 4, 1995, Pierre Omidyar, a programmer in San Jose, California, launched an online auction as part of his own website, AuctionWeb. ## History The story behind the creation of eBay was invented in 1997 by the company's public relations manager, so that Pierre's wife could exchange PEZ toy-sized toys with other collectors. later it was confirmed by the company itself. The first item sold on AuctionWeb was a broken Omidyar laser pointer that sold for $13.83. After contacting the buyer, Pierre asked the buyer: "Do you know that the laser pointer is broken?" he asked. In the reply, the buyer explained: "I collect broken laser pointers." AuctionWeb was initially completely free, but gradually began to mobilize sellers and buyers. By the end of 1995, thousands of auctions had taken place on the site. At the end of 1995, Pierre Omidyar established the basic values for eBay auctions that define the principles of how auctions work and still operate today: * "Basically everyone is reasonable" * "Every a person can contribute" * "People show their good qualities in open communication" The company acquired its current name in September 1997. Originally, Omidyar wanted to call the site Echo Bay Technology Group to retain his association with the Echo Bay Technology Group consulting company. However, the EchoBay.com domain name was owned by Echo Bay Mines, a gold mining company, and the name was shortened to eBay.com. In later years, eBay evolved from a "C2C" trading platform with "flea market" characteristics to a "B2C" platform used by both individuals and businesses. . ## Business model The main idea of eBay is based on providing an online platform for merchants to sell any goods. eBay itself acts only as an intermediary when entering into a sales agreement between the seller and the buyer. The payment and delivery of the goods is done without the involvement of eBay. For using the platform, sellers pay a fee collected from the interest on the price of the trade and the collection received for offering the lot. The success of eBay is directly related to the volume of trade made through this platform, where fairly liberal conditions are met. Any goods and services from the country in which the eBay branch is registered, which do not violate the law and are not blacklisted, are allowed for sale. During the sale, the seller has the opportunity to choose one of three models: * Sale by auction This method of sale has brought eBay great success. The seller sets the starting price of the lot, the start time of the sale and their duration . All buyers can bid on the same lot at any time, but the bid can be changed by other potential buyers. Active rates are open for review at any time. When close to expiration, the auctioneer with the largest bid will be entitled to purchase the item. The purchase price will not be the maximum bid, but rather one increment of the bid size (for example, from $500 to $999.99 in increments of $10). This is how eBay conducts a second price auction. * Selling at a fixed price The seller offers his goods at a predetermined price (Buy It Now) until a certain time (until the end of the trade). The buyer who agrees to buy the goods at the specified price will have the right to buy the goods. The sale price can be matched with the auction prices. * Promotional Notice The seller will advertise for an unlimited amount of time in the portion of the eBay website in which lots of that person are entered. In the so-called eBay Shop, the seller can make an announcement without specifying the time of action. In addition, this section displays the goods of this seller that are currently being auctioned or at a fixed price. This business strategy of the company is to increase the income due to the increase in the number of international sales. eBay currently operates in more than 20 countries, including China and India. The only country that eBay has not been able to enter is Japan, because there Yahoo has a monopoly on the online auction market. Software developers enrolled in the eBay Developers Program can use the eBay API in their programs, providing interaction with the auction. Reasons for business model efficiency. * No geographic restrictions - sellers and buyers can participate in sales on eBay from anywhere in the world, as long as they have access to the Internet. This increases the number of sellers/lots issued and buyers/made rates. * Absence of language barriers - participation in the auction sale can be conducted in any language. Many countries have their own local branch such as UK, Germany, Netherlands, Spain, Australia and the list goes on. * Unlimited time frame - eBay items can be bid 24 hours a day, 7 days a week. In turn, lots can be placed for up to 30 days, i.e. enough time to search, get acquainted and make a sale. * Most buyers are mobilized by a large selection of goods produced at relatively low prices. In addition, here you can buy rare and even collectible items that you cannot buy offline. * Most of the sellers are low fixed costs for placing goods and a large buying audience, the ease of use of eBay auction services is appealing to sellers. In addition, any participant can become a seller. * The multiplier effect of the model is that an increase in the number of buyers leads to an increase in the number of sellers, and an increase in the number of sellers causes an increase in the number of buyers. This is guaranteed worldwide by eBay.com. ## References

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6452

Computer program

Computer program (English. Computer program) - 1) a sequence of data for controlling specific components of the data processing system (computer) in order to implement a certain algorithm; 2) a sequence of ordered commands to be executed (processed), a set of sentences of the programming language describing the calculation algorithm. An ordered sequence of computer commands (instructions) written in accordance with the accepted syntax, designed to produce a report, as well as to solve a given problem; 3) general name for programs and their fragments, subprograms, procedures, program modules, machine programs and their fragments. ## Program publication Program publication (Распечатка программы; program (source) listing) is the publication of the first program text provided by the translator. ## Program form Program form (Blank program; the form of the program) is a coding form for the program. ## Program (subprogram) block Program (subprogram) block (Block program (subprogram); program unit (subprogram)) is an integral part of a larger program. In some cases, this part can be independent. ## Program design language Program design language (Зызык проека программы; program design language) — with special structures and, in some cases, for developing, analyzing and documenting the program project specification language with the verification protocols used. k. Hardware design language (hardware design language); k. Pseudocode (pseudo code). ## Program copy Program copy (Copy program; program soru) is a copy of the program copied from the original and intended for daily use. ## Program environment Program environment (Окружение программы; environment) — hardware and software resources of the computing system in the user's working environment. ## Program instruction Program instruction (Instruction program) is an instruction of the source program. Note: Program instructions are different from machine instructions produced by assembly, compilation, or other processes. ## Program object Program object, program object (Обект программы, программный объект; program object) is a data element understood by the program and processed by it. For example, a program object includes variables, arrays, files, records, etc. described in the program. belongs to. ## Astronomical time of program execution Astronomical time of program execution (Астрономическое время программы программы; wall-clocktime) — Time between the start and end of program execution. ## Program size Program size (Размер программ; program size) — program length in bits or bytes, rarefaction operators (commands). ## Program segment Program segment (Сегмент программ;, program segment) is the smallest program unit within one or more control sections that is completely called into RAM in overlay programs. ## Program section Program section (Сеция программ; program section) is a sequence of named, logically connected paragraphs in a COBOL program. ## Program Semantics Program semantics (Семантика программ; program semantics)— 1) the meaning of the program in terms of the understanding of the program by the receiver — a person or an automaton; 2) the meaning of the program in terms of automatic execution of the program. ## Program specification Program specification (Program (module) specification) is an accurate and complete formulation with information necessary to create a problem-solving algorithm (program); a formal presentation of the requirements for the program that must be satisfied as a result of processing. ## Program circuit Program circuit (Schema program; the circuit of the program) is a structural object that shows how a program is created using the signature of some abstract algebraic system. ## Program Information File Program Information File (Пайл информация о программе; Program Information File (PIF))—How to run programs not written for this environment in the Windows environment data file. This file contains the following information: the file name, the directory to run it in, its ability to run in multi-account mode, and the screen mode (text, graphics, windowed, full screen) option. ## Error in the program Error in the program (Ошибка в програме; program error, malfunction) — 1) any error in the program. It is well known that a bug in a program occurs when the program is not built correctly or does not work properly. Errors are divided into syntactic and semantic. They are observed during the translation and testing of the program and are corrected during the program debugging process; 2) An error occurred during the processing of the program. ## Software Software (Программируемое обезовенные; firmware) is equipment, the task of which changes dynamically by software without changing its structure. ## Programmable logic automaton Programmable logic automaton (Автомат с программируемой логикой) — the operating algorithm of which is written into the control memory as a microprogram consisting of microcommands, for making quick changes to the operating algorithm of the device being designed an automaton of possibility. ## Programmable logic arrays Programmable logic arrays (Programmable logic arrays; programmable logic array, PLA) are medium- and even large-scale integrated microcircuits for implementation of symbol converters. Communication lines have special switches (connectors). They can be selectively destroyed ("burned"). Thus, the user of this matrix can leave the connections he needs, and delete the ones he doesn't need. ## Programmable key Programmable key (Programmable key; programmable (soft) key) is a key whose function is determined by the application program. ## Programmable non-volatile storage device Programmable non-volatile storage device (Программируемое пастонное запоминающие устройство; programmable read-only memory) — writing or changing data to a storage element according to a given program, electric, magnetic or permanent storage device performed by light effect; a persistent storage device whose information can be erased and updated in a program-controlled manner. ## Large Programmable Integrated Circuit Large Programmable Integrated Circuit (Программируемая большая интегральная шекма) is a large integrated circuit that can change the tasks performed by the user. ## Programmed training Programmed training (Programmed training) is teaching and learning using specially written programs. ## Program base Program base (Baza programm; program base) is a set of organized programs. ## Program bank Program bank (Банк программ; program bank) is a set of programs and a set of programs grouped in one center. Everyone uses what they need. The program bank is organized in the form of one or more libraries on magnetic disks. ## Program library Program library (Библиотека программ; program library)— 1) a set of programs grouped by a certain system; 2) a set of standard programs that can be used by anyone working in the system. The program library makes it easier for programmers to choose ready-made algorithms and programs needed to solve a particular problem. The necessary information is searched by name. Data sections in the library are written in the form of sequential files, they consist of different programs. Data content is composed of individual elements, and each element consists of a section name and its address. ## Program group Program group (Группа программ; program group) is a group of application programs located in the program manager in the Windows 3.x environment. It is considered as a set of programs grouped by specific features. This grouping makes it easier to quickly find them when you need them and to get them up and running quickly. ## Similarity of programs Similarity of programs (Идентичность программ; program identity) is the sameness of the algorithms of solving problems, the sameness of two programs written in one or different programming languages. ## Automatic synthesis of programs Automatic synthesis of programs (Automatic synthesis program; automatic synthesis of the programs) — preparation of problem-solving programs based on the description of these problems. It is considered the main function of the intelligence system of programming. ## Program sharing Program sharing (Разделение программ; program sharing) is the possibility of simultaneous use of the same program by several computers or subscribers. ## Retranslation of programs Retranslation of programs (Retranslation program; program retranslation) — automatic transformation of process-object modules into a program in the original language. ## Transformation of programs Transformation of programs (Преобразование программ; program transformation) is obtaining new programs from the original programs based on the use of systematic methods. ## Communication block of programs Communication block of programs (Blok svyasi program; program communication block) is a description of the internal scheme of the database in the IMS and OKA database management systems. ## Program specification block Program specification block (Block specification program; program specification block) is a module considered as a set of communication blocks of the program in the IMS and OKA database management systems. Comes from one block for each database used in the program. ## Compatibility of programs Compatibility of programs (Совместимость программ; compatibility of the programs) — suitability of programs in terms of integration of software complexes and automated systems to solve complex problems. ## Internal Links * Programming ## External Links ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2269

Медеу

Medeu sports complex is the largest sports complex in the world with an artificial ice rink. It is located 18 km from the city of Almaty, in the Small Almaty gorge, at an altitude of 1691.2 m above sea level. ## History 1951 as a natural ice rink. began to be used. Medeu sports complex in 1972. was built. Architects involved in construction: V.Z. Katsev, A.S. Kaynarbayev, engineer S.B. Matveev, and others. (total 10 people) 1975 Awarded the State Prize of the USSR. The area of the artificial ice rink for skaters is 10.5 thousand m. The width of the racing track is 5 m, the circuit is 400 m. The middle part of Aydyn is for hockey and figure skating. The 12,500-seat complex has 2 swimming pools, a gym, a hotel, a dining room, a cinema hall, a library and a press center. is located. Elevation at the bottom of the artificial ice rink. 2.3 m is placed on a huge reinforced concrete slab with 20 layers of different materials. Cooling iron pipes 170 m long are laid here. Aydin's lighting is provided by 1600 powerful lamps installed on 8 stands. More than 30,000 lights of the fast-recording electronic board connected to the photo finish in the middle can show 6,000 different images in 1 minute. Thickness of artificial ice. — 3-4 cm in summer, up to 10-15 cm in winter. The Medeu sports complex includes the Medeu hotel. Single, double and deluxe rooms of the Medeu Hotel can accommodate 376 people at the same time, and about 10 thousand people per year. On Saturdays and Sundays, the Medeu ice rink can accommodate about 9,000 amateur skaters. Sprint and classic on the Medeu ice rink. all-around, etc. different nations from sports. the competition was held, world., eur. and national records were made. Medeu sports complex is not only a place for sports competitions, but also a place for residents and guests of the city to relax in the beautiful nature. The traditional "Voice of Asia" international song contest has been held since 1990. Medeu is an ice rink located near Almaty, on the banks of the Little Almaty River. Located 1,691 meters above sea level, it is among the most famous ice rinks in the world. Medeu 10,500 sq.m. covers the ground and can accommodate 10,500 spectators. ## Records More than 150 best sports records in the world were born on this ice rink. The last of the great championships held in Medeu was the 1988 International Men's Speed Skating Championship. ## Filmography * In 1982, Kazakhstan-Czechoslovakia film studios jointly produced "See you soon, Medeu!" made a feature comedy film. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5217

Қобыланды

Toktarbayuly Kobylandy (15th century) is a legendary folk hero. The origin of the surname is Kypchak, including Kara Kypchak. In stories preserved in folk memory, in folk chronicles, he is often called "Kara Kypchak Kobylan". According to the genealogy, Kara Kypchak Kobylan was a descendant of Shaiban, the son of Joshi Khan, who lived during the reign of Abilkhair Khan (15th century) and was one of the famous commanders of the Khan. It is said that this Kobylan batyr was the reason for the division of the Kazakh Khanate. About this in Shakarim's chronicle: "Dairkoja, the grandfather of the Argyns here, was a favorite judge of Abilkhair Khan. Akzhol became known as a bi due to the fact that he spoke to the authorities fairly. And Kara Kypchak Kobylan was also a favorite of the Khan. One day Kobylandi killed Dairkozha in the field when they were fighting each other. Az-Zhanibek Khan found out about this and asked to kill Kobylandy according to sharia. It is reported that when Abulkhair wanted to give it, it would cost a lot of money, but when he couldn't give it, he asked to pay the price of three people. The historical truth of this story was told by Kotan Zhirau, father of Dayirkozha, while walking around the body of his dead son, grieving and swallowing blood: "What happened to Black Kypshak Kobylandi, my colt? When I was eighty years old, I turned ninety, My spinal cord broke so that I could not stand up, - " is also proven. Another source of information about Kobylandy batyr is one of the heroic poems of the Kazakh people. This is a folk work, heroic, which is higher in content than other heroic poems According to the events of this poem, the heroic path of Kobylandi begins with the fight against the Kazakh country's external enemy (the Persians) and their invading khans Orak befriending the hero and fighting with Alshagyr - brings forward the historical period of the Kazakh khanate, when the Nogai Horde, divided internally, supported one and fought with the other. All this proves that Kara Kypchak Kobylany Batyr was not a fictional character based on a legend, but one of the Khas heroes who lived in real life and was recognized and honored by his country for his heroic deeds. And he made a great contribution to the formation of the Kazakh people. ## Sources * http://referatikz.ru/load/aza_sha_referattar/aza_debieti/to_tarbaj_ly_obylandy/10-1-0-1915

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6084

Аргентина

Argentina (pronounced Argentina), full name Republic of Argentina (pronounced República Argentina [reˈpuβlika aɾxenˈtina]) is a country located in South America. The second largest country after Brazil and the third largest after Brazil and Colombia in terms of population, it is a South American state with 24 administrative units: 23 provinces and the Federal Capital District of Buenos Aires. It is the largest Spanish-speaking country in the world by area. Argentina is the 33rd most populous country in the world (46,621,847 people). The composition of the population by religion in 2022: Catholics - 48.9%, other Christians - 10%, non-religious - 39.8%, those who believe in another religion or denomination - 1.3% ## Geography \ <> Argentina is a federal republic located in the southeastern part of South America (Latin America). The area is 2.77 million. km². The population is 46,621,847 people, the official language is Spanish. The capital is Buenos Aires. Argentina is divided into 22 provinces, 1 national territory and 1 federal capital district. Argentina is one of the ten largest countries in the world, ranking eighth in terms of land area. It occupies the southeastern part of the South American mainland and the eastern part of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. It borders Chile in the west, Bolivia and Paraguay in the north, Brazil and Uruguay in the northeast. It is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean in the east, and the Drake Passage in the south. The coasts are slightly indented, only the estuary of La Plata crosses 320 kilometers. The territory extends in the meridian direction. Its longest length from north to south is 3.2 thousand kilometers. The great length of sea borders played an important role in the development of Argentina's foreign economic relations. The area is 2.8 million km² (excluding the Falkland Islands (Malvinas) disputed by Argentina and Great Britain). It is slightly larger than Kazakhstan and is the 8th largest in the world. The nature is wide from north to south and diverse due to the variety of relief. Depending on the structure of the earth's surface, the country can be divided approximately along 63° W. divided into two parts: plain (north and east) and highland (south and west). The Andes, the largest mountain range in the Western Hemisphere, run along the entire western border of Argentina. They are distinguished by the complexity and diversity of their geological structure. In the northwest, the northern border of the country and 28° S. s., at an altitude of 3000-4000 m there is a wide closed volcanic plateau of Puna. The mountains surrounding Pune from the east rise up to 6500 m. They are dominated by snowy peaks - Nevados. To the south, the Andes become narrower. They reach their greatest elevation in the central part (between 32° and 37° S), where alpine ridge topography dominates. The highest peaks of South America, covered with strong snow caps, rise here: Aconcagua (6962 m), Tupungato, Mercedario. The combination of different relief forms with different shades of slopes and snowy mountains creates a unique beauty of mountain landscapes. In the north from the northern border to 29° south. To the east of the Paraná River lies the Gran Chaco Plain (25-50 m), which is full of sediments and alluvial deposits. Pampino Sierras The area between the Paraná and Uruguay rivers is a flat area consisting mainly of red sandstones and marls, overlain by a thick layer of clayey alluvium and loess. The northern part of the area is a lava plateau, part of the Brazilian Plateau lava plateau. The central part of Mesopotamia is a flat, marshy plain. ## History The territory of modern Argentina was inhabited no later than 10 thousand years before our era. tribes of hunters and gatherers. Around the 2nd half of the 1st millennium. the people of the mountainous plains moved to agriculture and animal husbandry. In the 1470s, the Incas began to colonize what is now Argentina. At the beginning of the 16th century, the territory of present-day Argentina was inhabited by different ethnic groups: Many different Indians. The number of Indians in the territory of modern Argentina has reached 300 thousand people. In 1535, Pedro de Mendoza founded the fortress of Santa Maria del Buen Aire, the present capital of Argentina, at the beginning of an expedition with many horses and provisions. In 1776, the Viceroyalty of Rio de la Plata was created, which included Paraguay, Argentina, Uruguay and part of Bolivia with the capital city of Buenos Aires. In 1805 and 1806, British forces were defeated in their attempts to conquer Buenos Aires. In 1810, the revolutionary movement was led by the big bourgeoisie, and as a result of the victory of this movement, the United Provinces of South America was established. On May 25, 1810, the municipal council announced the dissolution of the viceroyalty and the introduction of the rule of King Fernando VII. In March 1816, representatives of several provinces gathered in Tucuman. On July 9, independence from Spain and the creation of the United Provinces of South America (later the United Provinces of Rio de la Plata) were announced. Although the new state was ruled by a Supreme Ruler, Congress could not agree on the form of state power. Most of the delegates, particularly those from the city and province of Buenos Aires, were supporters of the constitutional monarchy. This position, which was later changed in favor of a centralized republican system, was opposed by delegates from other provinces who defended the federal system of government. Disputes between the two factions led to the Civil War of 1819. General Jose de San Martín led the army that defeated the Spanish. San Martin made a significant contribution to the struggle for the independence of Argentina, Chile and Peru. Peace was restored in 1820. Nevertheless, the main problem, that is, the creation of a permanent management structure, has not been resolved. During the next decade, the United Provinces experienced an anarchy caused by the war with Brazil of 1825-1827. Brazil lost a conflict over territorial claims to Uruguay. As a result of the conflict, Uruguay became an independent country. In 1833, Great Britain occupied the Malvinas Islands. Rosas' dictatorial regime was overthrown in 1852 by a group led by General Justo Urquiz, who had previously been governor of Entre Ríos. Urquiza's victory was achieved with the help of Uruguayan and Brazilian troops. In 1853, the Argentine Constitution was adopted, and Urquiza became the first president of the Argentine Republic. The province of Buenos Aires did not join the constitution and declared its independence in 1854. Mutual enmity between the two states led to war in 1859. The Argentine Republic quickly won, and the Province of Buenos Aires was added to the Constitution in October of that year. But it soon became the center of a new rebellion against the federal government that began in 1861. The rebels under the command of General Bartholomew Miter defeated the national army in September of that year. On November 5, the president of the republic announced his resignation. In May of the following year, Miter was elected president by Congress, and Buenos Aires became the capital of Argentina. The next decade was marked by the conquest of Las Pampas, now known as Rio Negro Province, which eliminated the aboriginal threat. This "War of the Desert" (1879-1880) under the leadership of General Julio Roca opened the way to vast areas suitable for the development of agriculture and cattle breeding. In 1880, Roca, who opposed the rising of Buenos Aires, was elected president. In the years following his victory, Buenos Aires was separated from the province and established as the capital of Argentina and the federal district. During the 50 years after 1880, Argentina made significant economic and social gains. At the beginning of the 20th century, Argentina became one of the richest countries in the world. Argentina's popularity increased with the arrival of millions of Europeans to the country. Argentina's social situation was stable until a military coup in 1930, during which President Hipolito Yrigoyen was deposed. In 1946, Peron was elected president of Argentina. Peron and his wife Evita, who led the implementation of social programs, were very popular among the masses. In 1952, Peron was elected president again. Together with his popular and powerful wife Eva, he carried out severe economic reforms. The program focused more on the industrialization and self-determination of Argentina and was supported by conservative nationalist and labor factions. Peron's attempt to secularize the state brought him into conflict with the Catholic Church. The Peron regime was overthrown in 1955. After a succession of military and civilian governments, Perón returned to power in 1973, but died in 1974, his third wife, Isabelle, who had no political experience, assumed the presidency and was elected vice president with him. During his reign, the Marxist revolutionaries Montoneros unleashed the terror that was used as a pretext by the organizers of the 1976 military coup. The army then launched its "dirty war" against anyone the military deemed "subversive elements": thousands of Argentines were killed and disappeared. In 1981, General Roberto Viola succeeded General Videla, who removed Isabel Peron from power. He was replaced by General Leopoldo Galtieri less than a year later. In 1982, "to overcome the economic crisis", Galtieri ordered the Argentine army to land on the Falkland Islands (Malvinas), which had been under British control since 1833. To the surprise of the military government, Britain sent troops to the South Atlantic and three months later the Argentine contingent in the islands surrendered. The islands were returned to Great Britain. Galtieri resigned, and shortly after in 1983, democratic elections brought Raúl Alfonsín, the candidate of the Radical Civil Union, to power. In May 1989, the leader of the country, who came to power through democratic means, was the leader of the Justice (Peronist) party, Carlos Saul Menem. Since 1991, economic liberalization and free trade development programs have been implemented with the active participation of the Minister of Economy, Domingo Cavallo. As president, Menem achieved radical changes in Argentina's economy, as well as political stability. In 1995, Menem was re-elected as the president of Argentina. The Peronist party led by Menem also won the congressional elections and gained a majority in the Chamber of Deputies. Argentina left behind the dark years of military dictatorship and moved to advanced democratic freedoms. In the same year, under the pressure of the opposition parties, the Minister of Economy, Domingo Cavallo, resigned: this was the first call that indicated the imminent complete collapse of the "economic miracle". In 2001, the reforms of Minister Cavallo and President Menem brought the country into technical default. The main reasons are: unprecedented opening of the economy, too rapid liberalization of foreign investment regime, refusal to regulate markets. As a result, it became too dependent on foreign investment. Fixing the peso to the dollar at a rate of 1:1, firstly, required large resources to maintain, and secondly, reduced the competitiveness of the economy compared to its neighbors (Brazil). A major problem was the fact that the majority of investments and loans (about 70%) were given to the public in dollars, which greatly hampered the possibility of a smooth depreciation of the peso. The lack of administrative pressure on the banks after the technical default led to an unrestricted sale of pesos. As a result, the lack of funds to support the peso-dollar conversion could lead to a complete devaluation of the peso. The IMF refused to give loans to the country and imposed very strict conditions (one of the proposed options was the dollarization of the economy, i.e. the complete abandonment of the national currency), it was the IMF that greatly exacerbated the crisis, because it was the IMF that actively demanded reforms, and the government, because of its dependence on loans, rejected them. had to do in life. As a result, the government converted all the people's dollar savings into pesos at a rate of 1:1.4 (~3 times cheaper than the current rate at the time). Foreign banks were forced to accept pesos at the old exchange rate (1:1) as payment for dollar loans taken before default, resulting in a total banking loss of $7-10 billion. Unemployment has reached a critical level of 22-24%. The crisis led to riots and pogroms Same-sex marriage was legalized in Argentina in 2010. ## Politics ### Political Structure According to the Constitution of 1853, the executive, legislative and judicial branches of government at national and local levels in the country there is Argentina is a federal republic divided into 23 provinces and 1 federal capital district. The head of state is the president who is elected for four years. The current president of Argentina is Javier Miley, who won the presidential elections held on October 22, 2023 (first round) and November 19, 2023 (second round) and took office on December 10 of the same year. The head of the Cabinet of Ministers is the Prime Minister of Argentina. The supreme legislative body is the National Congress, which consists of the Senate (72 people) and the Chamber of Deputies (257 people). The chairman of the Senate serves as the vice president of the country. The President and Vice President of the Senate are currently Victoria Villarruel. Parliamentary elections are held every 2 years - one third of senators and half of deputies are renewed. Although Buenos Aires was the capital according to the 1853 declaration, the city only became the official capital in 1880, when it was divided into a separate administrative unit from the province of Buenos Aires. ## Religion The Constitution guarantees freedom of religion. Christianity is the dominant religion in the country. As of 2022, Catholics make up 48.9% of the population, other Christians - 10%, non-religious - 39.8%, and those who believe in another religion or denomination - 1.3%. The current Pope Francis is from Argentina. ## Administrative construction Buenos Aires, the capital of Argentina, is now one of the largest cities and ports in the world. Argentina has 24 provinces, which are: * City of Buenos Aires * Province of Buenos Aires * Province of Catamarca * Province of Chaco * Province of Chubut \< > * Province of Córdoba * Province of Corrintes * Province of Entre Rios * Formosa * Province of Juchu * Province of La Pampa * Province of La Riola * Province of Mendoza \< > * Province of Misiones * Province of Neuquen * Province of Rio Negro * Province of Salta * Province of San Juan * Province of San Luis * Province of Santa Cruz * Santa Fe Province * Province of Santiago de Estero * Province of Tierra de Fuego * Province of Tucuman Largest cities in Argentina: ## Economy \ <> Argentina is a rapidly developing agro-industrial country. Since the beginning of the 90s, the country has been actively pursuing the policy of privatization and widely attracting foreign capital. Joining Mercosur (South American Common Market) has greatly expanded Argentina's domestic market. Argentina is characterized by a predominance of manufacturing and heavy industry; however, traditional light industries, especially the food industry, remain important and export-oriented. Nevertheless, due to the implementation of ill-conceived reforms, the economic crisis of 2001 led to a significant increase in social tension and default (at that time, the national debt amounted to 132 billion dollars, which was the largest default in history). The location of industry is characterized by a high territorial concentration: a significant number of heavy industry enterprises are concentrated in the lower reaches of the Paraná, in the industrial belt between Buenos Aires and Rosario; More than half of the industry's output is produced in Greater Buenos Aires. The country ranks fourth in oil production in Latin America (after Venezuela, Ecuador and Brazil). Production fully meets the country's demand (state Enarsa, YPF; private companies Bridas, Pluspetrol), the state does not import oil. Argentina is among the top ten countries in terms of uranium reserves. This country is famous for its scientific developments in the field of nuclear energy and uranium industry (INVAP, Nucleoélectrica Argentina). The country's ferrous metallurgy is the oldest on the continent, but due to the lack of raw materials, the capacities are not fully used, and it is developing rather slowly. Most of the raw materials have to be imported. Among the branches of non-ferrous metallurgy, the following are developed: production of lead, zinc, copper, aluminum based on our own and imported raw materials. Mechanical engineering takes a leading place in the cost of production in heavy industry. The most developed are automobile manufacturing (Ford, Chrysler, Toyota, Peugeot, etc. have their own plants in Argentina), agricultural machinery, production of equipment for the food industry, electrical engineering (IBM, Siemens factories). The leading industries in transport engineering are the automotive industry (Buenos Aires, Córdoba), shipbuilding and ship repair (Buenos Aires, Ensenada), aircraft manufacturing (FAdeA, Aero Boero, Laviasa) and helicopter production (Cicare, AeroDreams) (Córdoba, Buenos - Ayres) developed. Among the export industries, meat processing occupies a special place - a traditional and country-specific industry. Argentina is one of the most important meat producers and exporters. Among other branches of the food industry, the production of vegetable oil and, in recent years, soybean oil, as well as flour milling, oil pressing, and winemaking are of export importance. The fruit and vegetable, canning, sugar and beverage industries are focused on the domestic market. A distinctive feature of Argentina's agriculture compared to other Latin American countries is that it is not only self-sufficient in food, but also exports it (and only 2% of workers work in agriculture). In terms of food consumption per capita, the republic exceeds other countries in the region (1st place). Agricultural and animal husbandry products provide more than 50 percent of export earnings. Argentina ranks sixth in the world in the number of cattle, fifth in meat production per capita, and first in meat consumption. Meat is the national dish of Argentines. Grain crops, oil crops and tobacco crops, traditionally of export importance, occupy the main place in crop production. Argentina is one of the world's leading producers of wheat and tobacco. According to the World Bank, in 2012, the country ranked sixth in the world in terms of wheat exports (8.4 million tons). In addition, Argentina is the most important exporter of eggs, milk, barley and tobacco. The average salary in Argentina in September 2018 is 31,898 pesos ($835.44). As of October 1, 2019, the minimum wage is 16,875 pesos (US$282.09) and 14,512.5 pesos (net, US$242.60 after 14% income tax). ### Defaults Until 2020, Argentina had 9 defaults, three of which occurred in the 21st century: 2001, 2014 and 2020. After the 2001 default, Argentina agreed to a 93% restructuring agreement. Thus, on July 30, 2014, the repayment period of debt obligations to some creditors expired. The amount of unpaid debt was 1.3 billion dollars. Argentine authorities have refused to confirm the 2014 default. Argentina's President Cristina Kirchner denied announcing a default, while the country's Economy Minister Axel Kisilof said the media had launched a "campaign to sow doubt, panic and fear that the word ``default'' creates" against Argentina. The situation was different during the 2020 default. Argentina's Minister of Economy, Martin Guzmán, proposed to creditors to postpone the payment of interest and principal ($69 billion) for three years, then pay 94.6% of the principal amount and 48% of the additional accrued interest. Investors disagreed and the Argentine government defaulted on its $500 million in government bonds ## Armed Forces The Argentine Armed Forces consist of the Army, Navy and Air Force. They are under the command of the President, who is the Commander-in-Chief, and manage their affairs through the Ministry of Defence. Military service is voluntary. The age of conscription is from 18 to 24 years, there is no military service. ## Transport Argentina's transport infrastructure is relatively developed. The length of highways is 230,000 km (excluding private rural roads), of which 72,000 km are paved and 1,575 km are expressways, most of which are privatized toll roads. In recent years, the length of multi-lane highways has doubled. Now they connect several major cities. Many such roads are being built. However, they are still not enough to organize the normal movement of 9.5 million cars registered in the country in 2009 (240 cars per 1000 people). The total length of the railway line is 31.4 thousand km. After decades of declining traffic and poor infrastructure maintenance, the railway company Ferrocarriles Argentinos was privatized in 1992, most intercity passenger services were closed and thousands of kilometers of track (not including the total length mentioned above) are now unused. Commuter rail services in the Buenos Aires area are still in high demand, but in part due to the ease of transportation to the metro. Now intercity traffic is being revived in a number of networks. The Buenos Aires Metro, opened in 1913, was the first metro in Latin America and the Southern Hemisphere. Today, it is not the largest in South America, but its 87.3 km line carries more than 1.2 million passengers a day. ## Education Literacy rate in Argentina is 97%. Three out of eight adults over the age of 20 have a secondary education or higher[65]. School attendance is compulsory for all children between the ages of 5 and 17. The Argentine school system consists of primary education lasting 6 or 7 years and secondary education lasting 5-6 years. Education in Argentina is free at all levels except for basic post-graduate education. Although literacy rates have been close to absolute since 1947, in the first half of the 20th century most young Argentines did not have access to education beyond the mandatory seven years of primary school. With the introduction of free education in secondary and higher educational institutions (in the 1970s), the demand for it often began to exceed budgetary possibilities. Accordingly, there is a lack of funds in state educational institutions, which lowers the quality of education. This has had a beneficial effect on the growth of private education, however, since private schools often lack scholarship programs, it has led to inequality between those who can afford it and the rest of society. About one in four schoolchildren and one in six students enrolls in private education. In 2006, approximately 11.4 million people were enrolled in formal education, including 1.5 million students in the country's 85 universities. 38 universities are state. Public universities faced significant funding cuts in the 1980s and 1990s, which led to a decline in the quality of education. ## Health Care Health care is provided by employer and union sponsored plans, public insurance, public hospitals and clinics, and voluntary health insurance. The first government action to improve public health can be considered the introduction of the Medical Tribunal in 1780 by the Spanish Viceroy Juan José de Vertis to supervise doctors. After independence, medical schools were established at the University of Buenos Aires (1822) and the National University of Córdoba (1877). The training of doctors and nurses in these and other schools allowed for the rapid development of medical cooperatives, which, under the presidency of Juan Peron, became state-subsidized Obras Sociales organizations. Today, there are more than 300 of them (200 of them belong to trade unions), they provide medical care to more than half of the country's population. The government's INSSJP (or PAMI) covers all 5 million pensioners. Health care costs reach almost 10% of the country's GDP and are increasing in line with the proportion of Argentines over 65 (7% in 1970). Public and private costs have historically been roughly equally divided: public funds are distributed mainly through Obras Sociales and cover hospitalizations in private and public clinics; private funds are divided equally between voluntary health insurance costs and overhead costs. The country has more than 150,000 hospital beds, 121,000 doctors and 37,000 dentists (per capita figures are comparable to developed countries). Relatively free access to medical care is historically reflected in the structure and trends of mortality rates comparable to developed countries: from 1953 to 2005, the share of deaths from cardiovascular diseases increased from 20% to 23%, from cancers - from 14% increased from to 20. %, diseases of the respiratory system - from 7% to 14%, diseases of the digestive system (non-infectious) - from 7% to 11%, stroke - from 7%, injuries - from 6%, remained at the level of infectious diseases. - 4%. The rest is mostly dementia. The proportion of infant mortality decreased from 19% in 1953 to 3% in 2005. Infant mortality decreased from 70 per 1000 births in 1948 to 12.5 in 2008. Life expectancy at birth increased from 60 to 76 years. Although these indicators compare favorably with the world average, they are still somewhat below the level of developed countries. In 2006, Argentina ranked 4th in Latin America. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5373

Қарақалпақстан

The Republic of Karakalpakstan (Karak. Republic of Karakalpakstan; Uzb. Republic of Qoraqalpogʻiston; Republic of Korakalpogiston) is a sovereign republic within Uzbekistan, with a total population of about 1,990,000 people in 2022. The capital is the city of Nukis. Karakalpakstan is the largest region in Uzbekistan. Other major cities are Kozhali, Konyrat, Shymbai and Takiyatas. The republic is divided into 16 districts. ## Geography The republic borders Uzbekistan to the east, Kazakhstan to the north and northeast, and Turkmenistan to the south and southwest. The total land area is 165,600 square kilometers. ## Population * In 2018, the population of the republic was 1,842,000 people, which is about 5.6% of the population of Uzbekistan. * In April 2019, the population of Karakalpakstan was 1 million 875 thousand people. * In January-December 2016, the birth rate was 39,427, the death rate was 8,396. At the same time, 307,400 people lived in the capital. According to the official data of 2013, the total population was 1,711,800 people. * In 2011, the population of the city was 49.8%, and the region was not affected by the general Uzbek mass relocation of villages to towns (in 2008, the population of the city was 48.5% of the population of Karakalpakstan). The website of the Embassy of the Republic of Uzbekistan in Ukraine states that "Uzbeks (32.8%) and Karakalpaks (32.1%) live in Karakalpakstan." According to Bradley Mayhew (2007), the total population was estimated at 1,200,000, of which Karakalpaks were about 400,000, Uzbeks about 400,000, and Kazakhs about 300,000, which (about ) corresponds to the 1989 census data (Uzbeks — 398,000, Karakalpaks — 389,000, Kazakhs — 319,000). A general population census has never been conducted in independent Uzbekistan, the current population registration is carried out by AHAT bodies. Information on ethnic composition is published by official statistical bodies throughout the country. The official website of the Committee on Interethnic Relations and Friendly Relations with Foreign Countries under the Cabinet of Ministers of the Republic of Uzbekistan published the following information on the number of minorities in Karakalpakstan (statement of January 1, 2017): * Kazakhs — 292,395 people * Koreans — 6,526 people * Germans — 10,470 people * Turkmens — 96,264 people * Ukrainians — 1,104 people Phenomenon of the number and national composition of the population of Karakalpakstan according to the All-Union census of 1926-1989. ## Natural resources The Republic of Karakalpakstan has natural gas, granite, oil, bentonite, kaolin, marble and other sources of mineral wealth. Gas and oil are produced in the Aral Sea delta, but these reserves have not yet been developed and therefore are not used. Karatau or Sultan Wais baba ridge has golden eyes. ## Agriculture Cotton and rice are the most cultivated crops. Breeding of horned cattle, camels, small livestock, including Karakol sheep is widespread in the republic. ## Administrative-territorial division The Republic of Karakalpakstan solves the problems of its administrative-territorial structure independently. The administrative center of Karakalpakstan is the city of Nukis. ### History In 1931, Karakalpak AO was divided into 11 districts: * Karaozek, center — Karaozek in winter; * Kegeili, the center — Nukis winter (Kegeili winter); * Kypchak, center — Kypchak in winter; * Konyrat, center — Konyrat village; * Moinak, the center is the village of Moinak; * Tamdy, the center is the village of Tamdybulak; * Taktakopir, the center — Taktakopir in winter; * Tortkol, center — Tortkol city (Shurakhan village); * Kozhaly, the center is Kozhaly village; * Shymbai, the center is the city of Shymbai; * Shabaz, center — Sheikh Abaz in winter. Kuibyshev district was established in 1936. In 1943, Tamdy district was included in Bukhara region. In 1950, the Shomanai district was established, and in 1952, the Council district was established. In 1957, the expansion of districts began. The Soviet and Kypchak districts were destroyed first. In the same year, Amu Darya district was created and Shabaz district was renamed Biruni. In 1959, Karaozyak and Kuibyshev districts were dissolved. In 1963, Biruni, Konyrat, Moinak, Takhtakopir and Shomanai districts were dissolved. It was at this time that the Moinak industrial district was created, but the following year it became an "ordinary" district. In 1964, a gradual increase in the number of districts began. Thus, in 1964 Biruni and Konyrat districts, in 1965 - Takhtakopir, in 1967 - Shomanai, in 1968 - Nukis, in 1970 - Leninabat (now Kanlykol), in 1975 - Karaozyak, in 1977 - Elukala, in 1979. Bozatau district was established. Bozatau district was dissolved in 1988 and restored in 1990. In 2004, the district was again dissolved. It was reorganized in 2019. On August 9, 2017, Takyitas district was created from a part of Kojaly district. ### Current administrative division The Republic of Karakalpakstan is divided into 16 districts and the city of Nukis of republican importance, whose administrative status is equal to the status of a district, there are 12 cities and 25 urban settlements. The government authority in each district is represented by the governor. Current administrative division: ## Energy Takhiyatash power station and Tuyemoyn power station are working. ## Karakalpakstan University * Karakalpak State University * Karakalpak Medical University * Nukis State Pedagogical Institute * Nukis Branch of Tashkent University of Information Technologies \< > * Branch of Tashkent State Agrarian University * Branch of State Institute of Art and Culture ## List of Supreme Council Chairmen * Tursyn Allambergenkyna Yeshimbetova (1990–1991) * Dauletbai Nuratdinuly Shamshetov (February–November 1991) * Ubbaniaz Ashirbekuly Ashirbekov (1991–1997) * Temir Kamaluly Kamalov (1997–2002) * Musa Tazhetdinuly Yerniyazov (2002–2020) * Murat Kalibekuly Kamalov (2020–2022) * Amanbai Tileubayuly Orynbaev (2022–) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4612

Altynbaev

The word Altynbayev can have the following meanings according to the surname: * Mukhtar Kapashuly Altynbayev - Major General.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6158

Croatia

Croatia (xorv. Hrvatska), officially the Republic of Croatia (xorv. Republika Hrvatska [xř̩ʋaːtskaː]) is a country located in southeastern Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. It also includes islands in the Adriatic Sea (the largest are Krk, Cres, Hvar, Korcula, Brac, Pag, Rab, Vis). The area is 56,538 square kilometers. The population is 4.7 million (2001), of which 78% are Croats, 12% are Serbs, 1% are Slovenes, the rest are Bosnians, Hungarians, etc. The official language is Croatian. The majority of believers are Catholics (72%) and Orthodox Christians (14%), Muslims (1.5%) and Protestants (1%). The capital is the city of Zagreb. Croatia is a parliamentary republic. According to the constitution, the head of state is the president. The supreme legislative body is the bicameral (representatives and county) Cathedral of the Republic of Croatia. The supreme executive body is the government. From the territorial-administrative point of view, it is divided into 20 communities (jupania). National holiday — Statehood Day, May 30 (1990). From 2023, the currency is the euro. Croatia is a member of the UN (1992), the European Council (1996). ## Etymology The name "Croatia" (Croatian Hrvatska) is of medieval Latin origin. Prince Branimir, the first ruler of the independent Croatian state, who ruled in the 9th century, received from the Pope, the origin of which is still unknown, it may come from the Proto-Slavic -Xŭrvatŭ (Xаrvatъ). it may be derived from Old Persian -xaraxwat. The oldest surviving record of the Croatian ethnonym "xъrvatъ" is found on the Baschanska tablet and looks like "zvъnъmir kralъ xravatъskъ" ("Zvonimir, Croatian king"). ## History In the pre-Roman period, the Adriatic coast was home to several important pre-Indo-European archaeological cultures, the oldest of which was the "impresso". During the Bronze Age, there were descendants of the Impresso culture on the Adriatic coast, among them the Butmir culture, distinguished by its ceramics, and later the Castellar culture, from which several hundred fortified settlements remain. At the beginning of our era, the entire territory of present-day Croatia (called Liburnia) was conquered by the Romans (for more on Roman Illyria, see Illyria and the Illyrian Revolt). Slavic tribes of Croats, who gave birth to the Croatian nation, migrated to the eastern coast of the Adriatic Sea in the 7th century. Soon the Kingdom of Croatia became one of the strongest in the region. In 1102, the ruling Trpimirovich dynasty was destroyed, and the Croatian crown was united in a dynastic alliance with the Hungarian. In the middle of the 15th century, the Hungarian rule in the north of the country was transferred to the Turks, and Dalmatia became part of the Republic of Venice. At the same time, the Republic of Dubrovnik largely retained its independence. Since 1868, Croatian state structures within Austria-Hungary included the crown land of Dalmatia and the lands of Croatia and Slavonia as part of Hungary. The successful dynastic marriage of Ferdinand I of Habsburg in 1526 brought the Hungarian and Croatian crowns to the House of Habsburg, which ruled Croatia until the early 20th century. After the fall of the Republic of Venice (1797 Peace of Campo Formia), Istria, Dalmatia and Dubrovnik were added to the lands of the Habsburg Monarchy (Illyrian provinces of Napoleonic France in 1809–13). In 1918, after World War I, Croatia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes, although the Austrian coastal regions (Istria, Rijeka and Zadar) went to Italy under the name of Venice Giulia. In 1929, the country was renamed the Kingdom of Yugoslavia. On August 26, 1939, on the basis of the Cvetković-Maček Agreement, Croatia received the status of autonomy as a separate banovina within the kingdom. In 1941, the Ustashe, under the leadership of Ante Pavelić, created the independent state of Croatia, where the Nazis committed genocide against Serbs, Jews and Gypsies. Also, Serbian Chetniks massacred Bosniaks and Croats on its territory. Under the pressure of Josip Broz Tito's communist-minded partisan detachments, the regime of Pavelic in Croatia and Nedić in Serbia fell, and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia was established, which included six republics: Serbia, Croatia, Slovenia, Macedonia, Montenegro. and Bosnia and Herzegovina. In 1991, Croatia declared its independence against the background of acute intra-republican conflict between Serbs and Croats. Iceland was the first to recognize the new country on December 19, 1991. After the declaration of independence, ethnic conflicts in the republic led to the war in Croatia (1991-1995), which lasted until the end of 1995 (Operation "Storm"). The declaration of independence of Croatia and Slovenia was the beginning of the disintegration of the SFRY. The integrity of Croatia was finally restored in 1998. The first president of the newly independent Croatia was Franjo Tudjman. On January 22, 2012, a referendum was held in Croatia, where the majority of voters - 66.25 percent - voted for the country's entry into the European Union. ## Physical and geographical characteristics ### Geography Croatia is located in the south of Central Europe, on the Balkan Peninsula. The area is 56594 km², the water area is 33200 km². There are many islands in the water area, their total number is 1185, of which 67 are inhabited. The largest islands are Krk and Kres. Croatia is bordered by Slovenia (600 km) in the north, Hungary (348 km) in the northeast, Serbia (314 km) in the east, Bosnia and Herzegovina (956 km) and Montenegro (19 km) in the south. The country consists of two parts: continental, located mainly in the Sava river basin; and the Adriatic, an elongated narrow strip along the coast of the Adriatic Sea. ### Climate Continental climate prevails in northern Croatia, in the center - semi-mountainous and mountainous, near the coast - Mediterranean. Winter temperatures average -10 °C in the continental part, -5 °C to 5 °C in the highlands, and 0 °C to +10 °C in the coastal areas. In summer, it is warmest on the coast (on average from +25 °C to +30 °C), in resort areas located on peninsulas (in Istria - +30 °C). The temperature in the mountains usually does not exceed +15 - +20 °C, and on the continent it is mostly around +25 °C. The least rainfall falls on the islands, about 500 to 1000 mm per year. Rainfall on the coast ranges from 1000 to 1700 mm per year. ## Administrative division The territory of Croatia is divided into 20 counties (Croatian Županije), counties into 122 cities (Croatian Gradovi) and 424 municipalities (Croatian Općine), with the capital being urban districts (Croatian .city district, divided into local parts (Horv. mjesne odbore). The capital of Croatia has the status of 21st district. Leading industries: shipping manufacturing, machinery, food, woodworking, electronics, pharmaceutical industries. Advantages: sustainable economic growth, government expenditure reduction program launched .Tourism growth.Weaknesses: Ongoing privatization and trade union losses.High unemployment (7.4% as of 2021). ## Croats Croats are a nation, the main population of Croatia. He also lives in the countries of Western Europe and America, Australia. The total number is 5.3 million people (2004). Sub-ethnographic groups: Zagor, Medyumur, Prigor, Lichane, Fuchki, Chichi, Bunyev, etc. Anthropologically, it belongs to the Dinaric group of the Balkan-Caucasian race. He speaks the Croatian-Serbian language of the Slavic group. There are slight changes in the vocabulary of Croatians and Serbs. There are 3 dialects: Shtokav, Chakav, Kaikav. The script is based on Latin script. Catholic, Orthodox, Protestant, Islamic religions. Early medieval kachichi, shubichi, svacichi, magrovichi, etc. Slavic tribes are considered the ancestors of Croats. Croats were engaged in agriculture. They are wheat, etc. planted grain crops and grew grapes. Croats in the mountainous region were engaged in animal husbandry. He was also engaged in fishing. Crafts are developed among the people. Carpenters made various products from wood, metal, leather. Pottery flourished. Traditional shelters were built of stone and wood. Houses in wet areas have high foundations. Houses on the coast and islands consisted of two floors. The roof of the house was raised so that the water flowed in both directions. Chimneys of stone houses are beautifully made. Clothing: men wear a shirt and pants, a jacket, a vest, a headscarf, a skirt, a belt, and boots on their feet; women — long or short dresses, bras, various aprons, wide pleated skirts, cloaks, etc. wore The clothes are decorated with various embroidered materials, ornaments, and metals. Many types of bread are prepared in national dishes. Food is based on corn, corn, vegetables, meat and fish. Community relations have been preserved in Croats for a long time. Songs and dances (Kolo, etc.) are performed on national holidays and gatherings. Its own folklore has been preserved. ## Kazakhstan-Croatia connection Today, six enterprises with the participation of Croatian capital were registered in Kazakhstan. In 2005, the investment of Croatia in Kazakhstan's economy amounted to 20 mln. approached the amount of US dollars. Croatian "INA", "Belupo", "BIDD Samobor", "Galeb-Promet", "Tesla", "Koncar", "Pliva". "Podravka" companies have established close cooperative relations with enterprises of Kazakhstan such as "Kazkontrakt", "Ispat-Karmet", "Atyrau MAZ", "Pavlodar MAZ", "Kazmetalexport". ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7378

Anthem of Brazil

The national anthem of Brazil (port. Hino Nacional Brasileiro) was first sung in 1832. was issued on April 17, but was not considered official until the proclamation of the republic. Anthem 1890 approved by decree on January 29. The text of the current anthem was written on the eve of the 100th anniversary of Brazil's independence in 1922. adopted on September 6. ## Text

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5635

Japan

Japan (Japanese: 日本, translated as "Land of the Rising Sun", official name: "Nihon koku", "Nippon koku" (Japanese: 日本国)) is a country located in the Pacific Ocean islands near the coast of East Asia. The country consists of 6852 islands. The largest: Hokkaido, Honshu, Shikoku, Kyushu. The land area is 372.2 thousand km2. The population is 126 million. National holiday December 23 (Emperor Akihito's birthday). Among Asian countries, Japan is one of the only two countries that survived the devastating campaigns of the Middle Ages and the subsequent colonial dependence. 19th century Japanese industry began to flourish. ## Population Japan is a nation of one nation. 99.4% of the population are Japanese. In addition, there are Chinese, Koreans and Americans. The official language is Japanese. The main religions are Shintoism and Buddhism. ## Administration Japan is a country that maintains a constitutional monarchy. According to the constitution adopted on May 3, 1947, the emperor is "a manifestation of the unity of the state and the people." It appoints the prime minister on the recommendation of the parliament and appoints or removes the members of the government, the president and members of the Supreme Court on the recommendation of the prime minister. According to the constitution, the government headed by the prime minister is fully responsible for the affairs of the state. The supreme legislative body is the parliament, consisting of two houses (the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors). ## The history of the formation of the state The first tribal associations on the land of Japan began to form in the 3rd century. According to historical data, by the middle of the 4th century, the first class-based state emerged from the Yamato tribal union. The more strongly developed southwest of the country was the basis for the formation of a centralized Japanese state in the 7th century. The foundations of the first capitals were laid on the coast of Osaka Bay. For a long time (VI-IX centuries), the socio-economic and cultural development of the country was greatly influenced by neighboring China. From them, the Japanese adopted the hieroglyphic writing model, Buddhism and Confucianism, the foundations of science and economic practices. By the end of the 9th century, Japan broke off official relations with China, which created favorable conditions for the formation of the character of Japanese civilization. Since the 12th century, the northern shift of the country's capital (first Kamakura, then Edo, now Tokyo) and the development of feudal relations contributed to the gradual economic development of the northern regions. Despite this, for a long time, the economic power of the country was mainly concentrated in the south, and the city of Osaka served as the economic center. ## Cities Four fifths of Japan's population live in cities. Towns full of docks and factories stretch along the coast. On the outskirts of the city, a flooded rice field grows. In the interior of Japan, along the highways and mountainous regions, you can see Buddhist temples, as well as small parks with ponds and carved stone installations, sultan's castles, old thatched huts of peasants. ### The largest cities of Japan: * Tokyo * Yokohama * Osaka * Nagoya * Sapporo * Kobe * Kyoto * Fukuoka * Kawasaki * Saitama ## Nature The islands of Japan are surrounded by the Pacific Ocean and the islands of Japan, Okhotsk, and China in the east. Most of the land is mountainous. Larger mountains: Hidaka and Kitami (on the island of Hokkaido), Oh, Echigo, Hida, Kiso, Akanshi (on the island of Honshu). There are still many unextinguished volcanoes in these mountains. The most famous is Mount Fuji, located on the island of Honshu at an altitude of 3776 m. Earthquakes are frequent in the country, and tsunamis regularly blow along ocean coasts. There are few plains, the largest plains are Kanto or Tokyo Plain (on the island of Honshu), Ishikari (on the island of Hokkaido). The climate is monsoonal. Most of its territory is located in the subtropical zone, in the north - in the temperate zone, in the south - in the tropical zone. The average temperature in January on the island of Hokkaido is 5 °C, in the south it is 6 °C, in the Ryukyu Islands it is 16 °C, and in July it is 22, 27, 28 °C. The amount of annual precipitation is 1700-2000 mm in most part of the country, up to 4000 mm in the south. Typhoons often occur in late summer and autumn, bringing torrential rain. The rivers are small, but have a lot of water, so they are used for power generation and land irrigation. 68% of its territory is occupied by man-made forests and thickets. There are many national parks (Bandai-Asahi, Nikko, Seto-Naikai, etc.) and nature reserves. ### Climate Japan belongs to a temperate zone with four seasons, but its climate ranges from temperate in the north to subtropical in the south. The climate also depends on the seasonal winds that blow from the continent in winter and vice versa in summer. Japan can be roughly divided into six climate zones: * Hokkaido belongs to the low-temperature zone, which has long frosty winters and cool summers. * In the Sea of Japan, the northeast seasonal wind brings heavy snow in winter. Summers are less warm than in the Pacific region, but sometimes very high temperatures are observed due to the phenomenon. * The climate of the central highlands is a typical island climate with different temperatures between winter and summer, night and day. * The inland sea region has a moderate climate due to the mountains in the Chugoku and Shikoku regions blocking the seasonal winds. * The Pacific gets occasional snowfall in cold winters, and is hot and humid in summer with the seasonal southeasterly winds. * Southwest islands - subtropical region. Winter is warm, summer is hot. The level of precipitation is very high, which is reflected in the existence of the rainy season and the occurrence of typhoons. ### Natural Hazards The Japanese Islands are part of the Pacific Ring of Fire. In the early 1990s, 10% of the world's volcanic activity was recorded in Japan. Earthquakes of magnitude 4 to 6 to 1500 are not uncommon every year. Small earthquakes occur every day in different parts of the country and buildings are shaking. Japan has experienced several major earthquakes: On September 1, 1923, there was a great earthquake in Kanto (magnitude 8.3), the most affected cities were Tokyo and Yokohama - hundreds of thousands of people died (542 thousand people are still missing, 143 thousand people died), about a million people became homeless due to fires. * On January 17, 1995, an earthquake occurred in Kobe (magnitude 7.3), 6434 people died. * On March 11, 2011, one of the largest 9-magnitude earthquakes in Japan's history struck the northeast coast, and the earthquake triggered a devastating tsunami. Miyagi Prefecture and the city of Sendai were the worst hit, where the wave ridge reached 10 m. Between 200 and 300 bodies were found on the coast of Sendai. Between March 11 and 25, 2011, Japan experienced a wave of earthquakes ranging from 1 to 9. According to witnesses, in many cities it was shaking almost constantly. All of these earthquakes produced several powerful waves that hit Japan, ranging from 3 to a record 10 meters. Waves hit the Fukushima-1 nuclear power plant, resulting in a disaster, the worst radiation disaster since the Chernobyl disaster. These events are called the biggest crisis in Japan since World War II. Due to the frequency of earthquakes, Japan has become a world leader in earthquake research and forecasting. Innovations in modern technology make it possible to build skyscrapers even in seismically active areas. Another natural danger is typhoons coming to Japan from the Pacific Ocean (Japanese 台風 taifu:), ## Geography The Japanese islands stretch from north to south. is stretching. In the north of Japan, especially on the island of Hokkaido, the snow falls heavily and the winter is quite cold, while the weather in the south, on the Ryukyu Islands, is close to a tropical climate. Japan is mostly a warm and sunny country, but its climate is quite humid. About one-fifth of the entire area of the Japanese islands is covered by thick forests and rocky mountains. The highest mountain is Mount Fuji. It is an extinct volcano. Fuji is considered a sacred mountain by the Japanese. Japan has many dormant volcanoes and many healing arasans (hot springs). Earthquakes are frequent here. The population of Japan mainly lives in the fertile plains that stretch along the sea coast. Rice fields, orchards and tea plantations are displaced by large cities, which are growing every year, and arable land is shrinking. ## Administrative-territorial division ## Traditions of the Japanese The Japanese way of life has many unique traditions that are unlike any other culture. In Japanese houses, there is little furniture, and the floor is made of mats made of rice straw - tatami. The Japanese leave their shoes on the doorstep and walk around the house in socks or bare feet. The place to eat and sleep is the floor. Therefore, the floor is always kept as clean as a mirror. Japanese art, especially painting and puppetry, is rich in its own characteristics. The Japanese are a people who are very skillful in making beautiful flower bouquets. Their national sports such as judo, karate, sumo wrestling are known all over the world today. In Japan, the power of the Emperor is limited by the constitution: the emperor is only a state symbol. Japan will be a Constitutional Monarchy like Great Britain. ## History People began to settle in the territory of modern Japan in the Neolithic period. There is an assumption that the first inhabitants migrated in groups from the Asian continent. They were engaged in tillage and animal husbandry (Jomon and Yayoi cultures). BC From the 2nd century, a union of tribes was formed, and the ancient Japanese state emerged on the basis of the Yamato tribal union. The central state power became stronger, the Yamato rulers sent several embassies to the Chinese emperor (6th century), and from that time Buddhism began to spread in the country. The Yamato kings called themselves "tenno" and this title still stands for emperor to this day. After the revolution in 645, as a result of "Taika" reforms, serfdom was abolished and tenant farmers and large landowners appeared. In 710, the first permanent capital Nara was built, in 784 the center was moved to Nagaoku, and in 794 Heian. Even in the 11th century, the struggle for power between large military groups began, and from 1192, government power was preserved only in words. Shoguns ruled the country with the help of military commanders (bushi). The lower part of the busi consisted of small landowners and were called samurai. Genghis Khan's empire, which conquered China and Korea, made two unsuccessful campaigns against Japan in 1274 and 1288. From the 13th century trade and craft associations (dza) began to be formed in large numbers in the country. The number of cities has increased. In the 15th and 16th centuries, trade between China and Korea developed. Deposits (gold, silver, copper) appeared. Europeans (Portuguese in 1542, Spaniards in 1584) and Christian missionaries came to Japan for the first time. Ieyasu Tokugawa (1542 - 1616) completed the unification of the country and was proclaimed shogun in 1603. The Tokugawa dynasty lasted until 1867. The regional rulers (daimyō) kept a large army. They were served by samurai and were paid for their work in the form of rice. Strict control over the dimes was established. The population was divided into 4 social groups (samurai, peasants, artisans, merchants). The government issued special laws against Europeans, forbidding them to enter the country and to promote Christianity. In 1641, the port of Nagasaki (Deshima) was opened for Chinese and Dutch merchants. From the beginning of the 18th century, manufactories (silk processing, paper, etc.) appeared, and market relations began to develop. In 1850-1860, Japan was forced to open new ports for foreigners under the pressure of the USA and European countries. After the revolution of 1867 - 1868, the power of the shoguns ended, and the supreme power was transferred to the hands of the emperor. The management system began to be copied to the European model. In 1871, principalities were abolished and prefectures were created instead. In 1872-1873, a single tax was introduced to the government. As a result, 1300 new production facilities were opened in 1868-1885. Some enterprises sell private property for a low price, first of all, very large "Mitsul", "Mitsubishi", etc. sold to companies. Thus, an alliance was formed between big businessmen and the monarchy. Gradually, the Japanese rulers began to move from defense to an aggressive policy towards foreign countries. In 1876, the unequal Kaihwas Treaty was signed with Korea. In 1894-1895, the Japanese-Chinese war took place, as a result of which Japan captured the first colony of Taiwan, Penhuledao islands and began to establish its dominion over China and Korea. At the beginning of the 20th century, relations with Russia became strained for Manchuria and Korea, and in 1904-1905, the Russo-Japanese war took place. Japan, which relied on the support of the United States and Great Britain, won, Russia recognized Japanese supremacy in Korea and was forced to give up the ports of Port Arthur, Dalny, South Sakhalin in the Far East. In 1910, Japan completely conquered Korea. During World War 1 (1914-1918), Europe took advantage of the fact that the states were at war with each other, seized Germany's possessions in China (Shandung Province, Marshall Islands, Mariana Islands, Caroline Islands) and submitted a Declaration of 21 demands to China (January 18, 1915). China was forced to comply with these requirements, for the most part. 1st world. during the war years, Japan displaced its Far Eastern competitors (Germany, Great Britain, Russia). In 1914-1919, industrial products were from 13 to 65 billion. increased to yen. Taking advantage of the civil war in Russia, on April 5, 1918, he captured Vladivostok and invaded the Far East and Siberia. However, in the fall of 1922, Japanese troops were forced to leave the Soviet Far East. In 1924-1925, the conflict with the governments of the United States and Great Britain intensified, and Japan began to have relations with the USSR. In 1929-1933, an economic crisis began in the country. An army of more than 3 million unemployed people appeared, and the peasants also became impoverished. "Young officers" organizations appeared and demanded the government to establish a military dictatorship in the country. The prestige of the military in foreign and domestic politics has increased dramatically. In the fall of 1931, a puppet government was established in Manchuria (Manchukuo - Guo), and in 1933-1936 intensified aggression against China. In November 1936, Japan signed the "Anti-Comintern Pact" with Germany, and in July 1937, it started a war for the complete conquest of China. In 1938, he completely occupied the more developed eastern part of China and prepared to attack the Soviet Union and Mongolia. However, in July 1938, they were defeated by the Soviet troops on the banks of Lake Hassan, and in May-August 1939, in the Khalkhin-Gol district. After that, the Japanese intensified their attack in the "southern" direction, that is, the European countries and the US colonies in South-East Asia. In September 1940, the north of the Indochinese peninsula was occupied. On the night of December 7, 1941, Japanese troops invaded Pearl Harbor, the main base of the American war on the island of Hawaii, and Guam, Manila, Hong Kong, without any declaration of war. By the middle of 1942, it occupied the Philippines, Thailand, Indochina, Burma, Malaysia and Indonesia (see World War II). On August 6-9, 1945, the American Air Force dropped atomic bombs on 2 Japanese cities (Hiroshima and Nagasaki). On August 9, 1945, Soviet troops launched an offensive and liberated Manchuria, North Korea, South Sakhalin, and the Kuril Islands. On September 2 (1945), Japan signed the Act of Complete Defeat. US troops invaded the country on behalf of the Allies. Japan lost all its colonies, and the country's economy was in a very difficult situation. On May 3, 1947, a new Constitution was adopted. In 1946 - 1949, agrarian reform was carried out, and Meml. the apparatus and the field of education were democratized. The carried out reforms created an opportunity for further rapid development of the country. A sharp increase in military orders necessary for the Korean War (1950-1953) led to rapid industrial development. Thus, from the 1950s, the economy rose rapidly, and by the end of the 60s, Japan ranked second among developed countries after the United States. ## State and political structure Japan is a constitutional monarchy. According to the Constitution of May 3, 1947, the Emperor of Japan is "the symbol of the unity of the state and the people"; he makes all government appointments and decisions on the recommendation of the Cabinet of Ministers responsible for them. In diplomatic meetings, he plays the role of the head of state. As of 2019, Naruhito is the Emperor of Japan, and will be succeeded by Prince Fumihito. ## Literature Japanese oral literature and mythology are well developed. The first examples of Japanese written literature are the chronicle "Kojiki" (712) and the collection of poems "Manyesu" (759). "Kojiki" consists of ancient mythical stories and legends. "Manyesyu" anthology contains 4516 examples of folk poetry and works of the first representatives of written literature (about 500 authors). Most of the works are written in the style of the tanka genre. The first examples of Japanese prose appeared in the 9th and 10th centuries. Murasaki Shikibu's novel "Genji - monogatori" (11th century) is one of the first novels in world literature. "Heike - monogatori" ("The story of the Tyrian dynasty", 13th century), "Taiheiki" ("The story of the giant world", 14th century) were written in the gunki (military epic) genre. In the 15th and 16th centuries, poetry played a leading role. Theaters were opened and dramatic works were written. It mostly covered military topics. In the 15th century, military epics were replaced by romance novels. For example, "Sogamonogatari" ("The Story of the Soga Brothers"), "Yeshitsune-ki" ("The Story of Yeshitsune"), etc. In the 17th century, Ihara Saikaku's (1642-1693) novel "One Man's Love Struggle" (1682) and Chikamatsu Monzaemo's (1655-1724) plays became popular. In these years, the works of poets Base (1643 — 1694), Busano (1716 — 1783), Issa (1763 — 1827) took a significant place in the history of literature. In the 18th century, the name of dramatists such as Tsuriya Nanboku (1755 - 1829), Kawatake Mokuami (1816 - 1893) became famous. At the beginning of the 20th century, Kinoshita Naoe's novel "Pillar of Fire", poet Ishikawa Takuboku's (1885-1912) works "A Handful of Sand" (1910), "A Disappointing Toy" (1912) defined the development direction of literature. After World War 2, a new period appeared in Japanese literature. The internal contradictions of the society created different directions and currents in literature. Representatives of the traditional direction — Nagai Kafu, Shiga Naoya, Masamune Hakute, etc. was. Yasunari Kawabata was awarded the Nobel Prize in 1968 for his stories "Snowy Country" (1947), "Thousand Winged Crane" (1951) and novels "Voice of the Mountains" (1953), "Old Capital" (1961). In the 2nd half of the 20th century, acute social problems of Japan were raised in the novels of Shimoda Seiji "Tangsar" (1970), Nakazato Kise's "Fork" (1963), Sumi Suen's "Immediate River" (1970), Kuboda Sei's "Syakunago Village Diary" (1972). The books "Japanese Tales" (1959), "Japanese Stories" (1965), "Tragedy of Hiroshima" (collection, 1969), "Unfulfilled Will" by Shimazaki Tosson, and "A Woman's Heart" (1970) by Endo Susanu were translated into Kazakh from Japanese literature. M. Auezov (1960), G. Musirepov (1967) visited Japan, and the works between the writers of the two countries laid the foundation for relations. ## Art Japanese art has many national characteristics. Wooden buildings with thatched roofs belong to ancient monuments of Japanese architecture (1st century BC Izumo Ise Temple). Chinese culture, which came with Buddhism in the 6th century, left its mark on Japanese architecture (Horyuji, Yakushiji, Todaidan temples). Nora, the capital of Japan, was built in the 8th century on the Chinese model. In the 12th - 16th centuries, a new type of Japanese housing was formed. From the second half of the 19th century, Japanese architecture was influenced by Western Europe and America. After the Second World War, Japanese architecture began to develop in the national tradition, the renovation of large cities was undertaken (Tokyo, Nagasaki, Hiroshima). The ancient monuments of Japanese art date back to the Neolithic era. BC In the 3rd century, bell-shaped bronzes and leaves on mirrors, etc. painting, in the 3rd - 6th centuries, the art of making "haniva" - clay figures of people and animals - was developed. In the 9th - 11th centuries, attention was paid to carving religious statues, and in the 12th - 14th centuries, this type of art took on a monumental character (Buddha statue in Kamakura, 13th century). Since the 14th century, Chinese painting has had a significant influence on Japanese art. Genre painting developed in the 16th and 18th centuries. At the end of the 19th century, European style painting became a tradition. After World War 2, the genres of painting (Toshiko, Maruni Iri, etc.), graphics (Ueno Manoto, Hiroharu Nii, etc.) developed in Japanese visual arts. The first records of Japanese music date back to the 3rd century. Court music developed in the 7th century. The influence of the musical culture of Korean, Chinese, and Indian peoples can also be seen in the national music of Japan. Ancient musical traditions are also well preserved. One of them is kagura. This is a ritual dance based on a mythical plot. Nowadays it is found in the form of folk dance. Music folk instruments: shamisen koto (stringed instruments), hi tiriki (wind instrument), fue, shakuhachi (bamboo flutes). From the 16th century, European music began to spread, and after 1868 it gained a wide field. Contemporary Japanese music is conditionally divided into 3 directions: traditional, national and western school. An outstanding representative of the traditional school was the composer Miyachi (1883 — 1956). Representatives of the modern national school: Yasuji, Makudaira, Ifukuba, etc. Music centers of Japan are concentrated in large cities with conservatories such as Tokyo, Osoko, Kyoto, Nagoya. In the history of Japanese theater, folk art forms known as gigaku (7th century), bugaku (after the 11th century), singaku, and sarugaku are well-known. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, new types of theater art such as simpa, singeki, sinkokuceki appeared. Shingeki is a drama genre that appeared at the beginning of the 20th century under the influence of European theater, and the first Japanese film was shot in 1899. In 1908, a domestic film studio was opened in Kyoto and Tokyo. At first, films based on contemporary plots and historical legends were made. In 1931, sound films began to be released. In the mid-20th century, independent film production and distribution companies emerged. Kurosawa's work, which developed the advanced tradition of national and European cinema, started a new period of development of Japanese cinematography. "Forget those days" (1963, directed by H. Teenagahara), "Strikeman" (1967, directed by M. Kobiyashi), "With the sound of the tram wheel" that promoted peace and demonstrated humanity in the 60s and 70s of the 20th century and later ” (1971, dir. Akira Kurosawa), etc. many highly artistic films were released. Japanese sci-fi and animated films have also achieved considerable success. ## Economic cooperation between Kazakhstan and Japan In the last four-five years, mutual trade and economic relations between the two countries have increased exponentially. In 2005, the turnover between Kazakhstan and Japan amounted to 736.1 million dollars, and in the first half of 2006 it reached 439.2 million dollars. It can be seen that it has increased by 21 percent compared to the mentioned period last year. While Kazakhstan mainly exports ferroalloys, steel, titanium, rare earth metals to the Japanese market, this country imports cars and their parts, as well as electrical equipment and household appliances. For several years, the Bank of International Cooperation of Japan has started to implement a number of projects in Kazakhstan by providing loans. Among them are projects for increasing the transport capacity of railway transport, building a bridge over the Irtys River, renovating the international airport in Astana, developing the transport system in West Kazakhstan, and overhauling the oil refinery in Atyrau. Today, some of them have been implemented. It should be noted that the official visits of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev to this country in April 1994 and December 1999 laid the foundation for the mutual cooperation between Kazakhstan and Japan to rise to a new level and to establish contacts. Cooperation between the two states in the humanitarian sphere is also improving over time. It is evidenced by the fact that during the first visit of the head of Kazakhstan to Tokyo, Nursultan Nazarbayev presented the then Prime Minister of Japan M. Hosokawa with a "Memorial Book" with a list of prisoners of war on the territory of Kazakhstan during the war years. ## Japanese wisdom * Did you think? - Do it! Did you do it? - Don't think! * Don't catch the one who left! Don't make a mistake! * It is better to be the enemy of the good than to be the friend of the bad. * Simplicity is characteristic of a great man. * A person who wants to climb up - invents a ladder. * Husband and wife should be like hands and eyes: if the hand hurts - the eye cries, if the eye cries - the hand wipes the tears. * Even a long journey begins with a short journey. * Beautiful flowers do not bear fruit. * He who lies alone - never stumbles. * One warm word can warm all three months of winter. * Give way to fools and fools! * Do your best, and the rest is written by fate. * Happiness comes to a house with laughter. * You can't say harsh words to a smiling face. * Cold tea and cold rice - can be tolerated, * Cold eyes and cold words - hard to tolerate. * Desired girl - passes through the wall. * Asking is a moment's shame, and not knowing is a lifetime's shame. * Deep rivers - flow silently. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6547

The mare does not squeeze

The mare will not squeeze (superstition). After the new bride's face is revealed, the mother-in-law comes, kisses the bride's cheek again, wishes her good luck, and throws a white cloth in the middle of the women sitting there to "don't let your mares get tight." This is a saying that "mare does not squeeze". Women tear this cloth, separate it and tie it to the mouth of the straw in their houses saying "Bismilla, don't let my wife be tight". This habit should reach everyone. Those who are not enough have no right to complain. In recent years, this ritual is being forgotten due to the fact that our people have started to give up animal husbandry.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7195

Toktar Aubakirov

Toktar Ongarbayuly Aubakirov (July 27, 1946, Karkaraly district, Karaganda region, Kazakhstan) is the first Kazakh cosmonaut, pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union (1988), Hero of the People (1995), doctor of technical sciences (1998), professor (1997), Honorary professor of Kyzylorda State University named after Korkyt Ata. Honorary Professor of Karaganda University named after Academician E.A. Boketov (May 3, 2022) ## Biography Born from the Taz-Bulbul section of the Karakesek clan of the Argyn tribe of Orta Yuzh. * Graduated from the Armavir Higher Military Pilot School (1969), Aviation Institute (1979) in the Russian Federation. * In 1962 - 1965, he was a turner at the Temirtau foundry-mechanics plant, his name was written in golden letters in the book of honor of the region (1964). * In 1969 - 1975, he was a pilot, unit commander, deputy squadron commander in the Far Eastern Military District of the Air Force of the Soviet Union. * In 1975 - 1976, he graduated from the Moscow School of Test Pilots, the Moscow Aviation Institute (1979). * From 1976 to 1992, he worked as a test pilot of the Experimental Design Bureau named after A. Mikoyan in Moscow. * In 1988, for the first time in the Soviet Union, he made a heroic flight to the North Pole by refueling the plane twice in the air. * In 1989, he became the 1st and skillfully landed a MiG-29k jet on the platform of an aircraft carrier. He also tested more than 50 new types of jet aircraft. * Joined cosmonauts in 1990. * On April 2, 1991, he began preparing for a space flight at the Soviet Cosmonaut Training Center, and on October 2 of the same year, he flew into space from Baikonur on the Soyuz TM-13 spacecraft. The spacecraft connected with the "Mir" orbital complex around the earth. There, together with other cosmonauts, he conducted scientific research in the fields of biotechnology, metallurgy, medicine, and the native region of Aral. As a result of the research, space images of the formation process of the salt cloud over the Aral Sea and the spread of these harmful aerosols to the regions of Kazakhstan and Russia were obtained. Also, the research of the atmosphere and the earth's surface in the territory of Kazakhstan, the observation of the starry sky and astrophysics went well. He returned to Earth on October 10, 1991. After returning from space, he took an active part in establishing the foundations of space training research in Kazakhstan, improving the military training of the domestic Armed Forces, and launching military-patriotic education. * 1992 - 1993 1st Deputy Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan * 1993 - 1994 General Director of the National Aerospace Agency of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Deputy Minister of Science and New Technologies * 1994 - 1995 Deputy of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan - He became the chairman of the Defense and Security Committee. * Advisor to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan since 1996. * In 2001, he was elected as a deputy of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan for Kyzylorda electoral district #44. Honorable citizen of Kyzylorda. * Elected deputy of the 12th convocation of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, deputy of the 13th convocation of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, deputy of the 3rd convocation of the Majilis of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Flight into space * 1991 Yu.A. He began training at the Gagarin cosmonaut training center, a test cosmonaut-pilot, a test pilot. The test cosmonaut-pilot took part in the accelerated flight training program on the Soyuz TM spacecraft and the Mir orbital complex. * On October 2, 1991, research cosmonaut Toktar Aubakirov, Alexander Volkov and Austrian cosmonaut Franz Fibök began to fly into space with the Soyuz TM-13 spacecraft. Worked at the Mir orbital complex all week. * On October 10, 1991, Toktar Aubakirov, Anatoly Artsebarsky, Austrian cosmonaut Franz Fibok returned to Earth with the Soyuz TM-13 spacecraft. Time spent in space — 7 days 22 hours 13 minutes. ## Awards of Kazakhstan: * "People's Hero" title * "Cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan" title * "Motherland" Order (1995 ) * Honorary Professor of Karaganda University named after Academician E.A. Boketov (May 3, 2022) Soviet Union: * Order of Badge of Honor (1987) * Hero of the Soviet Union ( 1988), * Gold Star medal (1988) * Order of "Lenin" (1988), * Honored test pilot of the USSR (1990) * Cosmonaut-pilot of the USSR (1991) * Order of the October Revolution (1991) of the Republic of Austria: * Order of the "Golden Cross" 1988) * Order of the "Golden Cross" (1993) ## Sources ## External links * Currents Aubakir: "If the Kazakh raises his head, it will be difficult to stop him" * Vol. Aubakirov's interview Archived September 27, 2007. * AUBAKIROV TOKTAR ONGARBAYULY Archived December 15, 2013. * Owners of virtuous lives Archived March 27, 2012. * Aubakirov Toktar Ongarbaevich (unavailable link) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3757

Шылау

Interjections are words that have lexical-grammatical meaning, or words that do not have a complete lexical meaning in our language, but words and words, auxiliary words that connect sentences and sentences or give additional meaning to a word. For example: I don't write poems for fun, I didn't go, to write fairy tales; Generous compares the present with the future; Abai never got tired or bored, he always listened intently; The words "for", "me" and "only" in these examples do not have a complete meaning, but in the sentence they add additional meaning to the related words and perform a certain function. In the first sentence, the preposition "for" adds the meaning of purpose to the words "fun" and "termek" and connects those words to the word "I don't write". The temporary meaning of the word "always" has a limitation and a strengthening meaning. The difference between syllabic and other word classes: 1) syllabic does not have a complete lexical meaning. 2) An interjection cannot be a part of a sentence. 3) Interjections connect words and words or sentences and sentences. 4) Phrases do not change (no suffixes are added) Words that have lost their independence in terms of these three main signs and have formed a category in themselves and serve as the main stimulus for the general group of auxiliary words. According to their grammatical characteristics, adverbs are partially divided into three parts: they are adverbs, conjunctions and adverbs ## Conjunctions Connect words and words, sentences and sentences ( equally). Conjunctions represent various relationships between identical words, identical phrases, and identical sentences. Conjunctions refer to at least two words or phrases that are equal to each other. Conjunctions are called conjunctions. They are: I ( ben, pen ), and ( de, ta, te), or, or if, yaki, or, and, and, if, but, however, otherwise, although, nevertheless, even so, or, because , because, therefore, for that reason, etc. For example: Winter and summer, day and night, odd and even, good and bad - there are eight (Abay Kunanbayev) in which the pen, me, and conjunctions are not only related to the first or last word, but also to both words on both sides. are used to connect them to each other. Conjunctions connect the parts of single members or branches of a branch in different semantic relations. Such semantic relations are as follows: 1. Conjunctions denoting a convenient relationship: men (ben, pen, benen, penen), da (de, ta, te) and han. 2. Conjunctions expressing opposition: but, however, however, otherwise, even so. 3. Conjunctions denoting a specific relationship or alternate value: or, sometimes, once, or, or, or, or, if not, sometimes. 4. Conjunctions expressing a cause-and-effect relationship: because, because, so, etc. Conjunctions correspond to auxiliaries called "soyuzy" in Russian. In terms of their ability to connect individual words and sentences, conjunctions are divided into two groups: * branching conjunctions and * connecting conjunctions. ## Adverbs Adverbs are auxiliary words that are used to express various grammatical relations between an object and an object or a predicate. Adverbs attach various grammatical meanings to the nouns they associate with, other substantive nouns, such as causative, directional, objective, auxiliary, temporal, repeating, analyzing, accelerating, simulating. For example: Who is writing about our mines all the way to Almaty? (A. Abishev); At a glance, if we remove the adverbs before and after in the sentences "Shuga is going home" (Beimbet Zharmagambetuly Mylin) and say only to Almaty, home, the meaning in those sentences would have changed significantly. ### Adverbs that learn the nominative case * For * For * Like * About * Through * Along, along * Slight, tense, dark * Ghurly (more) ### Declensions that learn the Barys declension * Sheyin (until) * Karay, taman \ <> * Contribute, close, near, near ### Adverbs for learning the Eastern Decidal * Since * Since * After * After * In the past * Better ### Adverbs that learn the auxiliary participle * alongside, together, together ## Sponsors They were added by themselves as sponsors we say words that do not attach various additional shades (meanings) to words. Supporting phrases in terms of lexical-grammatical meanings * interrogative * limitation * concreteness * amplifier * approximation * negation * placement is divided into sponsorships.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7425

Mukhtar Abrarovich Kul-Mohammed

Kul-Muhammed Mukhtar Abrarovich (December 12, 1960, Shaueshek, Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region, China) - statesman and political figure of Kazakhstan, ex-deputy of the Senate, candidate of historical sciences (1995), doctor of legal sciences (1999), professor, National University of the Republic of Kazakhstan Academician of the Academy of Sciences. ## Biography * Born in Shaueshek, China. * In 1961, the Kul-Mohammed family returned to their historical homeland - Kazakhstan, to Makanshi village of Makanshi district of Semipalatinsk region (now Abay region, Urzhar district, Makanshi village). He comes from the Khoja clan. * In 1982, he graduated from the Kazakh State University named after S. M. Kirov. * In 1983-1992 - scientific editor, senior scientific editor, head of the philosophy, law and sociology editorial office, executive secretary - deputy editor-in-chief (Almaty city). * In 1992-1999 - the director of the small enterprise "Atamura", the chairman of the closed joint-stock company "Atamura", the president of the corporation "Atamura" (Almaty). * In 1994-1999 - he worked as an extra at the Kazakh State * University (senior teacher, associate professor, professor M.A.) (Almaty). * In 1995, he defended his candidate's thesis in history on the topic "Problems of the socio-political history of Kazakhstan in the 18th and early 19th centuries" (based on the materials of pre-revolutionary Russian encyclopedias). * In 1999, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic of "Evolution of the political and legal views of the figures of Zhakip Akbaev and Alash (end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th century)". * In 1999-2001 - the deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the secretary of the Committee on Legislative and Judiciary Reforms of the Senate, the chairman of the Committee on Social and Cultural Development of the Senate. * In 2001, by the decision of the Presidium of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated May 31, 2001, he was awarded the scientific title of professor in the specialty of jurisprudence. * In 2001-2003 - Minister of Culture, Information and Social Harmony of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2003-2006 - Press secretary, adviser to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2006-2007 - Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Press Secretary of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2007-2008 - akim of Kyzylorda region. * In addition, in 2008, he was appointed as a special representative of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the "Baikonur" complex. * In 2008-2010 - Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2010-2012 - Minister of Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2012-2013 - State Secretary of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2013-2014 - Minister of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2014-2016 - Advisor to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2016-2018 - the First Deputy Chairman of the "Nur Otan" party. * On February 1, 2018, he was appointed a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * From March 28, 2019 - was elected the Chairman of the Committee on International Relations, Defense and Security of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Scientific works * "Kazakh genealogy in Russian encyclopedias" (1994). "Evolution of the political and legal views of Zhakip Akbaev and Alash figures (end of the 19th century, beginning of the 20th century)". * The main direction of research works is devoted to the history of the Kazakh state and law, the history and culture of the Turkic peoples, spirituality and civilization. * Author of more than 200 scientific publications on the history of Kazakhstan, law and the theory and history of the state, literary studies, cultural studies. * "Problems of the history of Kazakhstan in Russian encyclopedias before the revolution" (1994). * "Zhakyp Akbayev: politician, patriot, jurist" (1995), * "Veteran of Alash. Political and legal views of Zh. Akbaev" (1996), * "Evolution of political and legal views of Alash figures" (1998), * "Formation and development of state and legal ideas of Alashorda leaders" (1999), \< > * "Colonial regime in Kazakhstan (1868-1917)" (2000), * "Legislation: problems and researches" (2000), * "Alash" program: distortion and reality" (2000) and so on. Author of more than 200 scientific and public scientific publications. ## Awards * Order "Barys" (2020), * Order "Barys" III (2016), * Order of Wisdom (2010 ), * Order of "Honor" (2004), * Medal "10 years to Astana" (2008), * Laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1996), * "For strengthening parliamentary cooperation » medal (2018), * Honored citizen of Astana, * Honored citizen of Abay district, * Honored citizen of Ayagoz district, * Other awards and honorary titles of Kazakhstan and foreign countries. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1672

Pavlodar region

Pavlodar region (Russian: Pavlodarskaya oblast) is a region in the north of Kazakhstan. The center of the region is the city of Pavlodar, which is located on the bank of the Irtysh, the largest river in Kazakhstan. The region is located in the north-east of the Republic of Kazakhstan and borders on the Omb region of the Russian Federation in the north, Zhanasibir region in the north-east, Altai region in the east, Abay and Karaganda regions of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the south, Akmola and North Kazakhstan regions in the west. . ## Physico-geographic characteristics The region is located in the north-east of Kazakhstan. Most of the territory of Pavlodar region is located in the southern border of the West Siberian Plain in the middle reaches of the Irtys River, and currently occupies an area of 127.5 thousand square kilometers. ### Climate The climate of Pavlodar region is too continental and dry. In winter, the Siberian anticyclone brings clear and frosty weather, while in summer, the Turanian air mass brings dry and hot air, thunderstorms and storms. The average temperature in January is 17-19.4 °C, in some years it drops to 48 °C. The average July temperature increases from 19 °C to 22.2 °C from north to south, reaching 41 °C on some days. Average annual precipitation decreases from 292 mm to 194 mm from north to south. 340 mm in Bayanaula mountains. In the cold season of the year, the wind blows mostly from the south-west direction, and in the warm season from the north-west direction. Their average speed is 4.0 - 4.5 m/s. Fast in spring and autumn. Strong gale-force winds of up to 15 m/s are also blowing. Spring in Pavlodar region is short, summer months are hot, dry and windy. Autumn is short, cold and rainy. The first frost occurs in the last decade of August. The first snow falls in the last decade of September and the beginning of October. ### Topography and hydrology Topography of Pavlodar region is divided into two parts. The main part of the north is the continuation of the West Siberian lowland - the Irtys plain, the south-eastern part is occupied by the north-eastern range of Caryarka, and the north-east is the Kulindy steppe. The ground level here is 120-150 m above sea level, in the Irtysh valley it is 100-110 m. The Saryarka part consists mostly of plains alternating with small hills. Mount Akbet (1026 m), Kyzyltau (the highest point of the region - Auliye, 1055 m), Zheltau (959 m) and Semizbulak mountains are located here. The Irtys river crosses the territory of the region from east to northwest. The length of the river in the region is 420 km and not a single tributary joins it. The right bank is steep, the left bank is flat. In the middle of November, the river water freezes, and in March, the ice thickness reaches 115 cm. The Irtys-Karagandy canal, which is 147 km long in the region, is located in Ekibastuz. and provides water to Aksu village. The small Olengti and Shiderti rivers flow along the western side of the region. There are many lakes in the region (1210 lakes). In the Bayanaul Mountains, lakes are located in tectonic depressions (Zhasybai, Toraygyr, Sabyndykol), lakes along the Irtys River are located in potholes and old channels in floodplains, and in the plains in potholes of various sizes. ), Big Azhbolat (110 km²), Maraldy (80 km²). Fresh lakes are mostly distributed along the banks of the Irtysh and in the northern part of the region. To the south, the number of salt lakes increases. The composition of underground water is different. In mountain fissures on the Saryarka side, underground water comes to the surface through various springs. In general, 11 deposits of usable underground water of 3816.5 thousand m3 per day have been explored in the territory of the region. Currently, 6 water sources are used, providing 118.5 thousand m3 of water per day. The main groundwater horizon is located in the Irtysh artesian basin. The water minerality here is 4.4 - 5.5 g/dm3. It contains bromine, iodine-bromine. Their total minerality is 8.0 g/dm3.3 * Rivers of Pavlodar region * Lakes of Pavlodar region * Underground waters of Pavlodar region ### Minerals Our region plays a leading role in the complex of mineral raw materials of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The total value of the balance fund of solid minerals of the Pavlodar region of Irtysh is estimated at 460 billion dollars. These are coal and various metals, including gold, construction materials and others. Some of the deposits have been successfully mined for a long time, and in the rest, additional geological exploration is being conducted, the exact volume of minerals and the conditions of their production are being determined. More than a third of all coal reserves of Kazakhstan are concentrated in Pavlodar region. The largest deposits are Ekibastuz and Maykoben, where 10.5 billion and 2.2 billion tons of energy raw materials are stored, respectively. Nine other deposits with a total coal reserve of about three billion tons can be mined in the future. The peculiarity of all deposits is that the coal does not lie deep, and in some places it comes directly to the surface. Therefore, it is produced in an open cost-effective way. During the first half-century of coal mining in the Ekibastuz basin, 2 billion tons of coal were produced. The rest of the explored volumes are several hundred years old. "Bozshakol" large porphyroid copper deposit is ready for production. Here, the ore is located close to the surface of the earth, and the production concentration includes not only copper, but also molybdenum, silver, and other valuable metals. The total reserves of copper in all deposits are three and a half million tons. Estimated reserves of the gold deposit are estimated at 150 tons, in addition to this precious metal, there are silver, copper, zinc, barite. Cobalt deposits are estimated at 14 thousand tons, nickel - 251 thousand tons, manganese - 70 thousand tons. An important feature of regional ore reserves is their multi-component composition: in addition to the main mentioned metals, there are molybdenum, beryllium, indium, thallium, gallium, cadmium, germanium, selenium, tellurium and others. Malachite and turquoise deposits were found in the region. Some experts believe that there are specific prerequisites for finding technical and jewelry diamonds. There are no discovered oil and gas deposits in Pavlodar region of Irtysh. This is in the future. Half of the territory of the region is occupied by the Irtysh region, geologists believe that it has a great future in terms of abundant reserves of hydrocarbon raw materials. Estimated oil resources are estimated at 315 million tons, and gas resources at 148 billion cubic meters. It is estimated that there are 89 deposits of widespread minerals in the region: these are raw materials for the production of various building materials, industrial needs and other purposes. For example, the Karasor mine of sand is the largest in the CIS. about 700 million tons of valuable raw materials are stored in the Sukhanov deposit of kaolin (white calcined) refractory clay. ### Flora and fauna Almost the entire territory of Pavlodar region is located in the reddish-brown soil belt. The earth's crust on the eastern side of the Irtysh is mainly made of sand, sandy loam and loamy soil, and the valley on the left bank is formed of pale pale soil and heavy loamy soil of the Pleistocene period. In the Saryarka hills, stony and gravelly brown soil is mostly developed, and in the inter-hill plains, saline and loamy soils are developed. Vegetation of the region consists of sedge-fescue cereal plants characteristic of the pink-brown soil belt. The far north of the region is occupied by birch and poplar forests. They cover 44,000 hectares of land. To the south, the fescue-wort field is formed on the gray, pinkish-brown soil of the field. In the sandy region in the southeast, there are pine forests, meadows and groves in the floodplain of the Irtys River. In the vast steppes of the region, there are hares, shrews, marmots, voles, voles, etc. lives. Squirrels are often found in Beskaragay and Bayanaul pine forests. Animals such as wolves, foxes, marten, mink, and beaver have spread from carnivores. European beaver can be found in the pine forests of the southeast, roe deer in the coastal forests and birch groves of the Irtysh, and roe deer in the Bayanaula mountains. Among the birds of prey, the white and yellow warbler, gray grouse, field eagle, vulture, ruffed grouse, kyrgyi, cypress, pine forest live in the region. In summer, swans, geese, ducks, herons, seagulls, herons, herons, herons, etc. are seen on the shores of the lake from rivers and lakes. you can meet birds. There are many whitefish, sturgeon, bream, pike, perch, and bream in the Irtys River. ### Ecology Since the main production industry is mining, oil refining, chemical production, ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, energy, Pavlodar region is at high risk of technogenic pollution. The main source of pollution is the thermal power plants using the technology of burning high-kosol Ekibastuz coal in the burner of fuel-burning units. The main mass of output belongs to the industrial enterprises located in the cities of Ekibastuz (46%), Aksu (26.5%) and Pavlodar (25.5%), about 2% of the output to other regions of the region belongs to them. ### Nature and natural resources of Pavlodar region ## Population Population of Pavlodar region in different years \< > ## Administrative division, population The structure of the region consists of 10 districts and 3 regional subordinate cities: ### Demography The population of the region on January 1, 2012 was 747 , made up 1 thousand people. The population density in the region (per 1 km² area) is on average 6 people. The number of urban and rural residents is equal to 514.4 thousand and 232.7 thousand people. In the region, women make up 52.9% of the total population, and men make up 47.1%. According to the period of January 1, 2012, the number of children aged 0-15 (21.2% of the total number) in Pavlodar region is 158.2 thousand, the number of persons aged 16-63 (58) is 491.7 thousand (65.8%). The number of elderly people aged 63 (58) and older — 97.2 thousand (13%). In 2011, the natural increase in population was 4,682 people or 6.3 per 1,000 people, which is 54.3% or more than twice the national average. In 2011, the number of marriages per 1000 people was 9.4, and the number of divorces was 4.0 per 1000 people. Pavlodar region is characterized by high population migration, the migration difference has been negative for the last five years. It is observed that most of the emigrants move to the CIS countries. The difference in emigration from other countries has shown a positive indicator in the last five years. ### Ethnic composition The ethnic composition of the region is determined by the following ethnic groups of the population - Kazakhs, Russians, Ukrainians, Germans, Tatars, Belarusians, Moldovans, Azerbaijanis, Chechens, Ingush, Bashkirs , Koreans, Poles, Bulgarians, Chuvash, Mordovian, Udmurt and others. At the beginning of 2012, among all ethnic groups, Kazakhs — 48.8% and Russians — 37.9% of the total population made up the majority. The share of other ethnic groups and ethnic groups is 13.3% of the population of the region. As of January 1, 2012, the number of Kazakhs was 364.9 thousand, the number of Russians — 283.4 thousand, the number of Ukrainians — 37.9 thousand, the number of Germans — 21.1 thousand, the number of Tatars — 14.2 thousand, the number of Belarusians — 5.1 thousand , the number of other nationalities was 19.3 thousand people. ### Religion Among the population of Pavlodar region, there are people who follow different religious beliefs, including Islam, Orthodox and Catholic Christianity, Protestantism, Judaism and other small number of religions. 2011 On January 1, 172 religious associations and groups were registered in the region, including Muslim — 94 (54.7%), Orthodox — 17 (10%), Catholic — 8 (4.7%), Jewish — 1 (0.6%), Protestant and others — 52 (30%). There are 126 religious buildings in the region. ## History ### Etymology The name of the region is named after the city of Pavlodar, which is the administrative center of the region. In fact, it was built in 1720 as the front line of the Russian military fortresses along the Irtys River; The name of the line is taken from the salty lake of Koryakivka, located 20 km from it. 1838 The line was changed to Koryakovskaya stanitsa. 1860. At the end, local merchants request to rename the town Pavlodar in honor of Alexander II's newborn son Pavlodar. This request was implemented, in 1861 the city of Pavlodar appeared. ### Symbol of the region At the session of October 3, 2011, the council deputies of the region approved the first logo in the history of the region. The results of the competition were announced by the Department of Culture of the region. With the most successful example, the commission recognized the work of Kasymkhan Zhapanova. The logo contains symbols of the state symbols of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The color of the symbol is based on the color of state symbols - the combination of blue with gold is a sign of unity and prosperity of the peoples of the independent state. The Kazakh national ornament is depicted in the logo as a sign of adherence to our past traditions. In the central part there is a roof of a yurt, taken from the main idea of the coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Shanyrak is a symbol of family prosperity, peace and tranquility. The north of the yurt imagines a bright sun under a clear blue sky. And from the center of the symbol, the nests spread along the blue space are like sunlight, the source of life and warmth. ### The oldest history Old history of Pavlodar region Archeological researches show that in prehistoric times many tribes lived in the Irtysh region. Traces of settlements of ancient people were found in the Bayanaul district, on the banks of the Irtys River. Stone weapons, arrows and spears with flint tips were found. Millennia passed in turn, the culture of various tribes living in the Irtysh region was changing. Kimaks, Uysins, Kanlys, and Naymans used to move here. Inscriptions on rocks of the Pavlodar Irtysh region The first expeditions to the territory of the Pavlodar region of the modern Irtysh began after the strengthening of state power in Siberia and the establishment of the Tobol province. The Koryakov postal outpost appeared on the banks of the Irtysh in 1720. In 1838, the outpost was changed to the town of the same name, and in 1861 it was named the city of Pavlodar. In those years, at the beginning of the 19th century, the growth of agriculture, the development of the processing of agricultural raw materials, and mining were planned. Since the second half of the 19th century, the development of coal mining was carried out in Ekibastuz, and salt production was carried out in Koryakov and Bolshoi Kalkaman lakes. XIX - XX centuries. Pavlodar Irtys region at the beginning. ### Soviet period In the first half of the 20th century, the economy developed rapidly with the construction of the Kulindy-Pavlodar railway (1923) and the development of shipping in Irtys. In 1938, Pavlodar, which was the center of the region, remained at the intersection of the Irtys River with shipping and the railway, and established permanent connections with Ekibastuz, Urals, and Siberia. This was the basis for the further development of the economy of the city and region. Small workshops were replaced by large industrial enterprises. Pavlodar Irtys region during the Great Patriotic War Since 1956, Pavlodar has been one of the centers of development of virgin and fallow lands. As a result of raising the crop, the cultivated area of the region has increased tenfold. Coal production and mining gave a strong impetus to the development of production forces in Pavlodar region. Virgin development (Pavlodar region). Favorable economic-geographical location, rich resources, transport roads and the existence of the Irtys-Karagandy canal influenced the creation of the Pavlodar-Ekibastuz territorial-industrial complex, which included the cities of Pavlodar, Ekibastuz, Aksu (Yermak) in 1957. An energy base was created on the basis of cheap Ekibastuz coal and new branches of industry: ferrous and non-ferrous metallurgy, engineering, aluminum, oil production and chemical industries have developed. ### Period of independence * 1991, December 30 — a tram line running along Kutuzov St. to the intersection of Lomov St. was launched in Pavlodar. * According to the period from January 1, 1993, 367.4 thousand people lived in Pavlodar, including Lenin village. * 1993, May 4 — Ermak city was changed to Aksu city, Krasnokutsk district was changed to Aktogai district. * 1993, October 7 — the village of Krasnokutsk was changed to the village of Aktogai. * 1993, December — the second power unit of Ekibastuzduk GRES-2 was put into operation. * 1994, June — Industrial and pedagogical institutes were merged into Pavlodar State University. * 1996 - the housing and communal economy was de-monopolized, KSKs were established. * 1997, May 9 — amateur car races were held for the first time on the Central Square of Pavlodar, and from 1997 to 2008, this race became an integral part of the festivities held on the main square of the city. * 1997, October - the international festival "Ainalayin Irtys - 97" was held in Pavlodar. * 1998, May 17 — the construction of the Aksu-Konechnaya railway line began. * October 23, 1999 — Pavlodar. The solemn opening of the Igilik Cathedral took place and the first stone of the main mosque of Pavlodar was laid. * 2000, September 23 - in connection with the City Day, the architectural ensemble of the New Coast was opened in Pavlodar, and for the first time horse-sports competitions were held at the city hippodrome. * October 25, 2000 — Pavlodar. A monument dedicated to the poet, philosopher Sultanmahmut Toraygyrov was opened near the building of the regional art museum. * December 2000 — two brigades laying the Aksu-Konechnaya railway met in Koktobe village of May district. 2001 After the completion of construction in the middle of the 19th century, the Aksu-Konechnaya railway was the first railway built in independent Kazakhstan. * April 12, 2010 — Pavlodar. A monument dedicated to Kanysh Imantayuly Satbev was opened near the administration. * January 24, 2011 — VII Winter Asian Games torch relay was held. Today, Pavlodar region is distinguished among all regions by its high industrial potential, multi-branch agriculture, fully self-sufficient in agricultural products. Except for water transport, all types of transport and non-production industry are developed here. ### Heads of the Pavlodar region Akim of the region: * Aryn, Yerlan Mukhtaruly, * Bakytzhan Abdiruly Sagintaev, * Kairat Aitmukhambetuly Nurpeyisov, * Danial Kenzhetayuly Akhmetov, * Galymzhan Badilzhanuly Zhakiyanov, * Danial Kenzhetayuly Akhmetov. Head of the akim's office of the region: * Danial Kenzhetayuly Akhmetov, * Asygat Asiyuly Zhabagin. Chairman of the executive committee of regional people's deputies: * Zhaksylyk Gabdullinuly Iskakov, * Rysbek Myrzashev * Makhmet Kairbayuly Kairbaev, * Temesh Saduakasov, * Zhakypbek Zhangozin. First secretary of the regional committee of the Communist Party: Boris Vasilyevich Isaev, * Yury Alekseevich Meshcheryakov, * Petr Ivanovich Yerpilov, * Boris Vasilyevich Isaev, * Ivan Mikhailovich Burov, * Ivan Gavrilovich Slaznev, * Vasily Kuzmich Shishonkov. ## Economy Pavlodar region is one of the main industrial regions of Kazakhstan. Historically, the largest territorial-production complex in the economic space of the CIS has been formed here, with an optimal combination of traditional complex industries and enterprises engaged in the development of mineral and hydrocarbon raw materials. The huge natural resource potential of the region, the existence of developed industrial and social infrastructure, high scientific and technical potential, its connecting role between Central Asia and Siberia attract the attention of industrialists and businessmen of different countries and continents. In addition, other attractive characteristics of the region can be added to these indicators of the economic level: the developed banking industry, the dynamic development of small and medium-sized businesses, the presence of highly qualified specialists, modern transport and communication infrastructure, the presence of foreign investors, state development programs. A multi-disciplinary industrial complex was formed in the territory of Pavlodar region. The industrial potential of the region is defined by large export-oriented industrial companies. They produce coal, electricity and thermal energy, aluminum oxide, ferroalloys. 7% of the industrial production of the republic, 70% of the republican coal production, 3/4 of the production of ferroalloys, 40% of the production of electricity and oil products belong to the share of the region. The potential of the region is sufficient for the development of chemical, machine-building and metal processing enterprises. About 5,000 enterprises of various forms of ownership are active in the region. In addition, the region has a raw material base of agricultural products and production capacities for their processing. The energy heart of Kazakhstan is the very large Ekibastuz power plants, Aksu GRES, as well as a number of large thermal plants that serve energy-demanding enterprises of the Pavlodar industrial complex. The indisputable advantage of these power plants is their proximity to coal sources and consumers of electricity and heat. * Economy of Pavlodar region ## Social sphere ### Education and science The educational system of the region is an educational institution for students, It offers real opportunities to choose different types of education, as well as the level of education. There are innovative educational institutions in the region: general education lyceums and gymnasiums, schools for gifted children. An out-of-school system of education has been established, it is a regional school palace and children's creative houses in districts and cities, young naturalists, technician stations, youth clubs of small districts of cities. Computerization of schools, primary and secondary professional educational institutions in the region has been completed. All schools are connected to the Internet, educational organizations in the region are being equipped with multimedia classrooms, interactive whiteboards and projectors, and computer equipment is being updated. The increase in the amount of financing contributes a lot to the development of the education system. From 1998 to 2010, education expenses increased 6 times (from 4.2 billion to 25.5 billion tenge). * Preschool education Pre-school education system in the region is characterized by a network of multi-service general education institutions that implement the basic general education program of pre-school education, which are aimed at the needs of the population and offer various educational services developed taking into account the age and individual characteristics of the child's development. In 2010, the number of children between 0 and 7 years old increased and on October 1, 2010, it was 71,451 people (in 2009 — 71,250, in 2008 — 70,866). The measures of the Education Development Program for the reconstruction and construction of pre-school education organizations of the region for 2008-2010 have been implemented. In one year, 14 kindergartens were restored, 1 was built, and 5 working kindergartens were increased to 2270 places. There are 144 preschool organizations in Pavlodar region: 66 in Pavlodar city; Ekibastuz city. — 23; Aksu city. — 10; in Akogai district — 2; in Bayanaul district— 5; in Zhelezinka district — 3; in Irtys district — 4; in Terengkol district — 3; in Akkuly district— 7; in May district— 7; in Pavlodar district — 7; in Uspen district— 3; In Sharbakti district — 4. * Secondary education The secondary education system of Pavlodar region includes 416 schools and boarding schools: Pavlodar city — 45; Ekibastuz city. — 49; Aksu, — 34; Aktogai district — 30; Bayanaul district — 33; Zhelezinka district — 36; Irtys district — 31; Terengkol district — 31; Akkuly district — 23; May district — 14; Pavlodar district — 28; Uspen district — 20; Sharbakti district — 28; Specialized schools for gifted children — 14. [27] There are 2 gymnasiums and 2 lyceums, 12 specialized schools in the region. It includes 3 gymnasiums for gifted children, 5 lyceums for gifted children, specialized cadet boarding school for gifted children, specialized musical boarding school for gifted children, "Zhas Daryn" (Pavlodar city) and "Zerde" (Ekibastuk city). ) 2 specialized schools for gifted children teaching in the state language. In 2010, the state language gymnasium of Aksu was added to the list of specialized schools. 128 schools (30.1 %) tested the structure and content of the new 12-year secondary education model, as part of the British "Macmillan" experiment of trilingual and professional teaching of English from the 2nd grade. It is a republican and regional experimental site for approbation of publishing houses, textbooks and teaching-methodical tools. There are 25 vocational schools and lyceums in the region: Pavlodar city. — 12, in the cities of Ekibastuz and Aksu — from 2 schools, in Kashir, Zhelezinka, Irtys, Sharbakti, Uspen, Aktogai, Bayanaul, Lebyazhi and Mai districts — from 1 school. There are 29 colleges in the region, 22 of them are located in Pavlodar, Ekibastuz city. — 5, in the city of Aksu and the village of Krasnoyarka — from 1 college. * Higher education There are four higher educational institutions in the territory of the region, three of them are located in Pavlodar and one in Ekibastuz: Pavlodar State University named after S. Toraygyrov * Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute * Innovative Eurasian University * Ekibastuz Engineering and Technical Institute named after Academician K. Satbayev[29] In addition, in Pavlodar region, the State Medical There are branches of other higher educational institutions, such as the University (Semei), Almaty Academy of Economics and Statistics (Almaty). The head of the education department of Pavlodar region is Bekseyitova Bakhyt Makankyny. [30] ### Health care The history of health care in the Pavlodar region begins in 1905 with Pavlodar Hospital, the first medical institution in the region. In 1907, ten-bed clinics were opened in the villages of Peschanoe and Irtys in 1912 at the expense of the zemstvo. By this time, first aid stations were working in eight villages. In January 1920, a health care department was opened under the Pavlodar regional executive committee. In 1926, Pavlodar region had 10 hospitals with 391 beds, 6 doctors and 51 medical assistants, in 1939 there were 34 hospitals with 871 beds (10 urban and 24 rural), 40 ambulatory clinics, 53 paramedic-midwifery centers, 2 malaria control centers and 1 an ambulance station with a car was working. Both hospitals had X-ray rooms and clinical-diagnostic laboratories. The number of doctors increased to 30 people, in rural areas their number reached 10 people. Today, 403 medical facilities operate in the region, including 65 legal entities: 34 hospital organizations, 7 dispensaries, 12 ambulatory clinic organizations and 12 other medical organizations. In addition, OAA and clinics include 3 rural regional hospitals, 76 doctor's clinics, 22 paramedic-midwifery centers and 237 medical centers. 2467 doctors and 6072 mid-level medical workers work in state medical organizations. The supply of doctors is 33.0 per 10 thousand people, while the supply of middle-level medical workers is 81.3 per 10 thousand people. In addition to state medical organizations, 120 private organizations operate in the region. Among them, 95 are legal entities, and 22 are private entrepreneurs. 506 doctors and 898 mid-level medical workers work in these organizations. * Pavlodar railway hospital * Regional diagnostic center * Emergency medical hospital and others. ### Sports The index of physical education and sports development in Pavlodar region is increasing every year. In 1991, the number of people engaged in sports was 97,136, in 2001 it was 102,032 (+ 4,896 people), and in 2010 this number increased to 162,545 (+ 65,409 people compared to 1991). In addition to traditional horse racing, Kazakh wrestling and togzhkumalak, athletes of national sports such as talusyspak, tenge-alu, girl-chasing and kusbegilik regularly participate in republican competitions. Today, about 9,000 people are engaged in national sports. In 2004, the medical and physical culture dispensary continued its work in a new building in order to check, control and normalize the health of athletes. Every year, the dispensary works with about 6,000 athletes. In 2006, a 50-person Olympic reserve training center was established. 19,248 students study in sports schools (+6,205 compared to 2001). There are 20 sports facilities in Pavlodar, including the ice rink "Astana" and a specialized boxing center. There are 5 sports schools for children and teenagers in the city of Ekibastuz, and one such sports school in Aksu and district centers. * Football: Football clubs of Pavlodar region: * Irtys FC * Ekibastuzets FC * Batyr FC * Boxing: From May 17 to 21, 2011, an international boxing tournament dedicated to Serik Konakbaev, a native of Pavlodar, a master of sports of the USSR, a two-time European champion, was held in Pavlodar. A total of 190 boxers from 12 countries took part in this event. In addition, on December 12-16, 2011, the IV open tournament dedicated to the honored coach of the Kazakh SSR, professor of PSU - Rafael Vakhitov was held, 135 boxers from 12 countries took part in it. On December 13, 2011, the Specialized Boxing Center sponsored by the Pavlodar Petrochemical Plant was opened. ## Culture and art Pavlodar region is a region with valuable cultural potential, hundreds of libraries, two professional theaters, dozens of museums of various directions, many historical and architectural monuments. ### Literature Irtys region of Pavlodar is a region rich in spiritual and natural wealth, with many talented, rare diplomats, poets, writers and singers, public figures and artists. For example, Bukar Zhyrau Kalkamanuly, a prominent representative of Kazakh literature of the 18th century, proposed the idea of uniting around khans and heroes during the difficult years of the people. Bukhar Zhyrau tried to answer the urgent problems of his time in his thoughts and poems. In the second half of the 18th century, the work of poets began to be significantly recognized, along with the work of poets. In their works, they mainly raised philosophical problems, sang about the bravery of heroes, paid attention to relationships between people, their emotional world, and revealed their behavior. Poets considered it their duty to pay attention to people's problems in life, regardless of the number and number of them. At the same time, the poetry of Kotesh, Kobylan, Sakau and other poets was prominent. The events of the October Revolution influenced the literature of the 20th century, and literary works were developed in the nature of the essence of enlightened thought. The works of Zh. Aimautov, S. Toraygyrov, S. Donentaev, K. Kemengerov and others appeared as a separate book. In the Kazakh poetry of the 30s of the 20th century, our compatriot poets - K. Bekkojhin, D. Abilev, I. Baizakov took a prominent place. In Kazakh poetry, I. Baizakov's "Altaida" (1934), "Great Construction" (1934), and D. Abilov's "Shalkima" (1936) were significant phenomena. After the war, A. Shamkenov (later winner of the D. Nehru International Prize), N. Shakenov, K. Ydyrysov, M. Alimbaev (now People's Writer of Kazakhstan) - poets; K. Isabaev, Z. Akyshev, Vs. Ivanov, Z. Shashkin and other writers are known for their valuable works. Writers such as A. Jaksybaev, S. Shevchenko have made significant work on the topic of production. R. Toktarov (later winner of the State Prize of Kazakhstan) took place in the events taking place in our country. Also, the names of children's poets M.Zhamanbalinov, E.Yerbotin, N.Chernovoy, D.Primak, A.Kaniev, K.Smagulov, Zh.Kogabayev, M.Asylgazin, G.Zhumatov - writers are known to the country. Currently, literary associations named after I. Baizakov (first leader A. Nurshaikov, current leader G. Zhumatov) and P. Vasiliev (leader poet S. Muzalevsky) operate in the region. ### Libraries Large libraries of Pavlodar: regional library named after S. Toraygyrov, Republican scientific and technical library, regional special library for blind and visually impaired citizens, P. Central library named after Vasiliev, Central library for children named after A. Gaidar, network of central libraries of Pavlodar city, National book library, Library of Kazakh literature, etc. There are 12 large libraries in the region, among them the central library of Aksu city, the model library of Kazalzhar village / Aksu city. AOK/, model library of Beregovaya village /Kashirlyk AOK/, central library of Aktogai district, model library of Mutkenov village /Aktogai AOK/, central library of Sharbakti district, model library of Orlov village /Sharbakti AOK/, central library of Uspen district, model library of Galits village/ Assumption AOK/, central library of Zhelezinka district S., which is the main library of our region. The Pavlodar regional library named after Toraygyrov occupies a special place. Pavlodar regional scientific universal library has experienced long development paths. Currently, the library named after S. Toraygyrov is considered one of the best libraries of the country. It has large educational, scientific, artistic and local history literature of Pavlodar region. 32,000 people visit the library throughout the year, and 900,000 copies of magazines and books are given to them. Today, the structure of the library consists of 14 departments working in informational-bibliographic, library service and cultural-educational areas. Since 1985 M. A. Zhienbaeva is the head of the library. ### Museums * G. N. Historical and local history library named after Potanin Pavlodar regional historical and local history museum was established in 1942 within the framework of the regional "Kazakhstan Research Society" department. In 1959, he was named after G. N. Potanin, a native of Pavlodar region, a traveler and researcher of Central Asia. The museum was founded by local historian, photographer Dmitry Polikarpovich Bagaev. The museum exposition consists of 8 halls that reveal the history and culture of our region. The basis of the museum collection is the following collections: archaeological, paleontological, ethnographic, numismatics, photo-video collection, documentary, natural-scientific, industrial, weapons - bullets and cold weapons. In addition to lectures and excursions, the museum organizes presentations of exhibitions from the funds of republican museums and its own fund. Master-classes, local history classes, lectures-concerts, creative evenings are held. Archeological and ethnographic expeditions are conducted for the purpose of researching the Pavlodar region near the Historical and Local History Museum. * D. P. House Museum named after D. Bagaev The memorial house museum of D. Bagaev was opened on January 30, 2001. It is a branch of the Pavlodar regional historical and local history museum named after G. Potanin. Dmitry Polikarpovich Bagaev, a local historian, chronicler of the Pavlodar region, founder and first director of the Regional Museum of Local History, famous photographer not only in Kazakhstan but also abroad, lived and worked in this house. This is the only memorial museum in Pavlodar and the only photography museum in Kazakhstan. The museum consists of the following complex: a three-room house, a special photo pavilion, a nature reserve. The museum exhibits objects of the master from the beginning of the twentieth century, photographic equipment of the past years, and, most importantly, photographs depicting the history of the region. These photographs are subject to change and are always on display. The museum also exhibits the works of other photographers: Germany, Argentina, Russia (Ekaterinburg, Novosibirsk, Moscow) and the cities of Kazakhstan — Almaty, Karaganda, Temirtau, Ust-Kamenogorsk. * M. House of song creation named after Shamsutdinova Museum of song creation named after Mayra Shamsutdinova is a branch of Pavlodar regional historical and local history museum named after G. Potanin. The museum was opened on January 30, 201. The museum consists of 2 halls. The first exhibition hall introduces visitors to the life and work of Mayra Valivkyna Shamsutdinova, a famous singer and musician of the 20s of the last century. The exposition of this hall consists of documents and photographs describing the life and creative path of the singer. Visitors to the museum are particularly interested in Myra's personal belongings: a large bowl, a red silk robe. In this hall, Kazyna Subekova's 1916 harmonica, who followed Mayra's footsteps, is also exhibited. At the same time, another special exhibit attracts the attention of visitors in this hall. This is a large stove popularly known as "countermark". * Pavlodar regional art museum Pavlodar regional art museum was opened in 1964. This is the second art museum established in Kazakhstan. Before that, such a museum worked only in the capital, Almaty, the Kazakh State Art Gallery named after G. T. Shevchenko. On December 18, 1965, the museum was opened to visitors. At that time, there were 369 exhibits in the funds. In 1979, the museum moved to a new building and is located there to this day. Pavlodar regional art museum has collected a special collection of paintings, graphics, sculptures, decorative and applied arts. The museum has more than 5500 exhibits. Every year, the museum presents more than 15 expositions. It includes traditional thematic collections of the museum fund, personal and personal exhibitions of Pavlodar artists, photo exhibitions, exhibitions of the youth project "M*ART", exhibitions of children's drawings, mobile exhibitions made up of the collections of leading museums. Meetings with artists held by the museum, master classes, excursions, literary, artistic and musical evenings, presentations, screenings of video films reviewing the history of art are of particular interest. The museum provides consulting and expert services, actively participates in educational programs in educational institutions of the city and region. Partners include not only the Museum Society of Kazakhstan, but also Ombi, Novosibirsk Museums, the British Council, the Goethe Institute, the Almaty Center for Contemporary Creativity, the International Association "Open Museum", and the Association of Russian Museums. * Museum of Literature and Art named after Bukhar Zhirau Museum of Literature and Art named after Bukhar Zhirau was opened in 1992. Museum exposition is located in 8 halls. * House-museum of the poet Pavel Vasiliev The ceremonial opening of the house-museum was held on December 23, 1994, on the occasion of P. Vasiliev's birthday. Most of the exhibits of the new museum were commissioned on behalf of E. A. Vyalova, the poet's daughter N. P. Furman and her brother V. N. Vasiliev. In the following years, the House-Museum fund began to be filled with documents and materials providing information about the life and work of not only P. Vasiliev, but also his contemporaries. This information contributed to a deep understanding of the life and creativity of the artist. People of Pavlodar call the House-Museum "Vasiliev's reserve", at the same time, the museum hosts literary and musical evenings for poetry lovers, meetings with famous writers, meetings of the Literary Society named after P. Vasiliev. The house-museum had guests from all over the USA, France, Poland, Belarus, Russia and Kazakhstan. P. Vasiliev's works have been translated into many world languages. * G. N. Shafer House "Shafer House" is the only gramophone museum in Kazakhstan. It was opened on February 21, 2001 on the basis of the unique collection of Naum Grigoryevich Shafer, professor of the Pavlodar State Pedagogical Institute, musicologist, researcher of I.O. Dunaevsky's work, musician. The collection includes 25,000 gramophone records, 1,500 reels of tape recorders, and 1,500 audio cassettes. There are more than 500,000 cards in the card index (organized by musicians and performers). On Fridays (every week), recording evenings and literary and musical evenings are held in the concert hall of "Shafer House" with the participation of Pavlodar writers, musicians, and artists. At the same time, the following museums are located in the region: * Historical and local history museum, Ekibastuz city. * Historical and local history museum, Aksu city. * Memorial Museum named after K. Satpaev. Bayanaul a. * Museum named after the poet S. Toraygyrov, Toraygyr a. * Sharbakti district historical and local history museum, Sharbakti a. * Uspen Historical and Local History Museum. Konstantinovka a. ### Theaters * A. P. Drama Theater named after Chekhov A. P. Chekhov Drama Theater is the biggest theater of Pavlodar. Theater productions include U. Shakespeare's "Twelfth Night", A. P. "The Seagull" by Chekhov, "Mrs. Savage with a strange character" by J. Patrick, "Ship of Fools" by N. Kolyada and many others. The director-creative director of the theater is Viktor Avvakumov, a meritorious figure of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a member of the board of the Union of Theater Artists of the Republic of Kazakhstan, candidate of pedagogical sciences. * J. The Pavlodar Regional Kazakh Musical Drama Theater named after Aimautov was opened on April 1, 1990. The director, creative director is Manap Mukhtarkhan Saduakasuly, a meritorious artist of the KazSSR, who graduated from the Moscow theater school named after M. S. Shchelkin. The theater's current repertoire consists of 78 performances, 35 new performances were performed between 2007 and 2011. The theater puts on 7 premieres a year. * "Promen" Youth Theater The history of the "Promen" theater begins with a theater circle led by nuns in the Catholic Church of Pavlodar since 2000, and since 2003 by Olga Derkulskaya and Denis Averyanov. On January 5, 2009, the Cultural and Leisure Studio of the "Promen" Youth Public Association moved to the building of the City Palace of Culture named after Estay, and is still located there. ### Leisure centers and concert halls * Ice Palace "Astana" Ice palace "Astana" is a unique building covering 1800 square meters of land. The main place is occupied by an ice rink for 250 skaters made of artificial ice. Its peculiarity is that if the artificial ice surface is covered with a special polymer partoflor, the ice rink can be used for basketball, volleyball, etc. will be turned into a sports hall for competitions. The capacity of the hall is 2800 people, but it can be expanded to accommodate 3000 people. Refrigeration units work 24 hours a day, providing exceptional cleanliness to the building's air. There is a special machine for cleaning and straightening ice. In addition, there are modern trainers and male and female gyms equipped with shower cabins. There you can get advice from experienced trainers. There is a women's fitness club, a sauna with a swimming pool, 6 tennis tables, a buffet, and a sportswear store. There are all opportunities to engage in sports and physical training and active cultural recreation at a reasonable price /200 tenge per hour/. It is planned to open a bowling club in the large hall. Currently, sections of hockey and figure skating are working. Competitions are held between hockey clubs of Kazakhstan and Russia. * Cultural and leisure center "Dostyk House" In the fall of 2008, Dostyk House was opened in the city of Pavlodar, which was longed for by all ethno-cultural formations of the regional Kazakhstan People's Assembly. The President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev took part in its opening. All ethno-cultural associations of the city and region are located in this center. * "Shanyrak" cultural and leisure center regional center of folk creativity under the Department of Culture of Pavlodar region. * City Palace of Culture named after Astai * "Dostyk" concert hall * "Kolos" children's cultural and leisure center ### Cinemas * "Shaken Aymanov 3D" cinema is a three-hall cinema equipped with Strong (USA) projection system and DOLBY DIGITAL sound system. Show movies in 3D format. * "Ertis-Cinema 3D" cinema World premieres and top-grossing films. Hall - 346 seats, comfortable seats and a large screen (16m/6m). The cinema is equipped with gaming machines (dance floor, shooting, races, fish, big and small air hockey). * "Cinema Star" cinema The digital quality of the Dolby Digital Surround format allows you to admire the various sounds of the film. 90-seat hall and 20-seat VIP area. * Cinema theater "Kazakhstan", Ekibastuz city. Films are accompanied by sound in Mono/Dolby-A/Dolby-SR/Dolby-Digital/Surround EX formats. Multi-channel surround sound and high-quality video make you feel connected to the action on the screen. After the restoration in September 2004, there is a cinema hall with 344 seats, as well as a VIP area with 14 seats. ## Sightseeing Pavlodar region is full of interesting places. Pavlodar people especially respect the monuments of the history and culture of their people. Most of them are located in the city of Pavlodar, the regional center on the banks of the largest river Irtysh in Kazakhstan. The city's wide streets, shady parks and alleys, flower gardens and fountains are breathtakingly beautiful. The city is distinguished by its cleanliness and comfort. Natural, historical, architectural and religious buildings can be visited in the interesting places of the territory. The Pavlodar region is rich in archeological monuments (there are many parking lots, cemeteries, villages, and settlements in the region), and places of cultural recreation. This section provides information about the main attractions of the region, buildings and structures, monuments, memorials, sculptural objects and religious buildings. ### Natural monuments * Bayanaul National Natural Park Bayanaul is a beautiful natural area in the middle of the ridge. Mountain ridges and steppe regions stand out with a variety of plant species. A person who has become one in the Bayanaul mountains always wants to return to the natural garden, where the beauty of nature and health are well combined. Tourist routes, people of the region - everything will introduce you to the exceptionally beautiful natural garden of Kazakhstan. The name of the Bayanaul region is connected with the name of the Kazakh Juliet, a beautiful Kazakh girl, the basis of a popular lyrical poem. 21 thousand square kilometers of land is named after the girl. However, there are different opinions about the name of Bayanaul. According to Shokan Ualikhanov, the word Bayanaul (Bayan-Ola) means a land of stories, happiness and success. The microclimate of Bayanaul allows livestock to come out of hibernation safely even during the harshest winter. * Geological objects of Pavlodar region In the territory of the region there are geological, geomorphological and hydrological objects of republican and international significance, which are part of the state nature reserve fund. They have a special ecological, scientific and cultural value and are included in the list of specially protected natural areas. Objects of republican importance include Draverta, Kuvshin, Auliye and Konyraulie caves, Auliebulak and Teleubulak springs, Aymanbulak, Rahai and Ushsala gorges. * State settlement — Kyzyltau State settlement — Kyzyltau — is located in the southwest of Bayanaul district, northeast of Saryarka. The total area is 60,000 ha. Rare animals are organized in order to protect their habitat and to breed animal species. Its place in the system of natural territory is the steppe landscape zone of the flat belt, the southern part of the fescue steppe, the Kazakh plateau and small hills, Bayanaul-Karkaraly district, Bayanaul district. * Zoological community - Irtysh coast "Irtysh coast" state zoological community covers the area from 1 to 10-12 km of the left bank, and the area of the right bank from 4 to 6 km gets On June 27, 2001, the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan decree No. 877 "On State Reserves and Natural Monuments of Republican Significance" approved the "Irtys Coast" community (complex). The Irtysh coast is located in the territory of Pavlodar region, in the south of the West-Siberian basin. The plain is divided into Ob-Irtys interfluve (Kulindy) on the right bank and steppes near the Irtys on the left bank. The territory of the "Irtys coast" community is 377133 ha. there is no protected area. The riverbank covers the southern part of the forested area of Western Siberia and the steppe land. It reaches up to 3 thousand km. The current coast of Irtysh is a valley with a height of 7-8 meters, it reaches 87 meters towards the western border of Pavlodar region, and 112 meters along the eastern border. According to the development of the relief, the Irtysh coast is full of many protocols, old channels, sandy areas. * Underground resources of Lake Maraldy in Sharbakty district Pavlodar region is distinguished by a large number of regions that can meet the status of an international resort. The clay and healing water of Salt Lake Maraldy can cure many diseases. In the past, there were many sanatoriums and prophylactics in the territory of Pavloda region. Some lakes of Pavlodar region have become holy places not only for local people, but also for guests from abroad. Yamyshevskoe, Maraldy and Moyildi lakes are the most important. The properties of the underground clay of Lake Maraldy have not been fully investigated yet. The spectrum of their influence is very wide. The healing clay of Maraldy Lake finds many bathers every year. The temperature at the bottom of the lake is 10-15 degrees higher than the temperature on the water surface. The clay of Lake Maraldy can treat rheumatism and joint diseases, and according to forecasts, the reserve of healing clay reaches 100 thousand cubic meters. In addition, blue cosmetic clay was found at the bottom of the lake. * Shaldai forest Shaldai forest is one of the main attractions of Pavlodar region. The scale of this natural monument is not limited only to the Pavlodar region, its scale can be said to be planetary - in the photographs made from space, the long strip of forest (hundreds of kilometers) between the Ob and Irtys rivers looks very impressive. There are five such forest tapes, but only two of them cross the Russian-Kazakh border and stretch towards Irtys: one is small, near the city of Semipalatinsk, and the other is in the Pavlodar region. According to some theories, an ancient glacier moved northeast and brought tree seeds to the deforested steppe. In the Shaldai ribbon forest, the species of local squirrels - teleutka - is famous for its squirrel. This type of squirrel is very common, its small blue fur was sent to Italy during the Soviet era. * Natural monument "Kazdar nasensy" The monument is located in Pavlodar region, on the right bank of the Irtys river, north of Pavlodar city, 500 m south of the railway bridge. The monument was built in 1928 by the Moscow paleontologist Yu.A. After discovery by Orlov, paleontological excavations were conducted here in 1929-1930. As a result of the excavation, several thousand remains of bones were found, which were characteristic of animals of the Pliocene-Miocene period (the ancestors of the modern African fauna). When the Paleontological Institute excavated a small area, 20 species of deer, 40 species of deer, 130 species of rhinoceros, 200 species of hippopotamus, etc. were found. found. The paleontological news attracted the great attention of paleozoologists to the "Return of the Goose" monument. Unfortunately, all the paleomaterial found went with the scientists to their research institutes, because, firstly, there was no local history museum in Pavlodar, and secondly, there was no scientific organization to ensure preservation of paleontological remains. Orlov's initiative was continued in 1960 by the paleobiology department of the Institute of Zoology of the Kazakh SSR. A large collection of vertebrates was found during washing of the middle and lower layers of the sieve. Among them were rabbits, crickets, amphibians and small birds. Since the monument is located on the territory of the city, the number of visitors to the "Return of the Goose" monument is very large, both from Pavlodar residents and guests of the city. "Goose's Return" is considered to be the most famous and standard burial site of animals of the Neogene era. According to "Return of the Goose", all burials of this era in the world are compared. Today, a park complex in the form of an open-air museum is being planned at the site of the excavations, and anyone will be able to observe the progress of the excavations. ### Buildings Pavlodar city: * Monument to the soldiers who died in the Great Patriotic War 16- meter monument is visible. This monument was opened on May 8, 1970 as a tribute to the soldiers who did not return to the Soviet Union on the occasion of the 25th anniversary of the Victory. The monument is depicted in the form of a stela made of many silver threads. On its front side - a plaque with a lily of the valley and an inscription of gratitude is attached. * Monument to Sultanmahmut Toraygyrov. In 2000, a monument to the poet S. Toraygyrov was erected in front of the art museum of Pavlodar city, facing Toraygyrov street. In 2009, the monument moved 150 m along Ak.Satbaev Street, towards the fountains. Sculptor - E. Sergebaev. * T-34 tank on a pedestal. People of Pavlodar 1941-1945 Memorial to the military and labor feats of the Great Patriotic War * Monument to the soldiers of the internal army * V. I. The first monument to Lenin in Pavlodar region was erected in Pavlodar in 1928 (Lenpark). * Memorial of Glory was established in Pavlodar in 1975 (May 1 Park). * The monument to the Hero of the Soviet Union K. Kamzin was erected in Pavlodar in 1979, at the intersection of Kamzin - Tolstoy streets. * Monument to Pavel Vasiliev The monument to the famous Eurasian poet Pavel Vasiliev (1910-1937) and the park named after him were opened in Pavlodar on September 23, 2011. The statue of Pavel Vasiliev is located in the yard of P. Vasiliev House Museum. Sculptor E. Mergenov, architect K. Montakhaev. * K. I. Monument to Satbayev On April 12, 2012, a monument to academician, president of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences Kanysh Imantayuly Satbayev was erected in the center of Pavlodar, near the city administration. The total height of the statue and the platform is 8.5 meters. The author of the monument is Olga Prokopyeva, a sculptor, a member of the Union of Artists of the CIS and Kazakhstan, a laureate of the Shokan Ualikhanov State Prize, an academician of the Academy of Arts of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The author of the platform is Katsev, a meritorious architect of our country. * Alley of ethno-cultural associations dedicated to the 20th anniversary of Kazakhstan's independence Alley of ethno-cultural associations dedicated to the 20th anniversary of Kazakhstan's independence was opened in Pavlodar in November 2011. National symbols of recognition are located along the alley located on the central Kutuzov street. They describe the spiritual culture of other ethnic groups in the Pavlodar region. All in all, there are eighteen small sculptures in the alley. * Monument to the victims of hunger The monument to the victims of hunger in the 30s of the last century was opened in Pavlodar on May 31, 2012. The monument was erected at the entrance to the city, near the old Muslim cemetery, where mass burials of those who died during the famine took place. * Alley of statues of intellectuals and academics * Clock tower of the Central Post Office building. The clock tower is considered a symbol of Pavlodar city. All residents of Pavlodar compare their watches with this watch. The clock was installed in the building of JSC "Kazposhta" Pavlodar branch in 1983. * The central coast of Pavlodar The coast of the Irtysh River is considered a favorite vacation spot for Pavlodar residents and city guests. The coast is wrapped according to the terrace principle according to the relief. The upper terrace is a park, the main terrace is the central alley connecting all the alleys. The lower terrace is the beach. * "Old Town" Street named after Lenin is called "old city" because old buildings are preserved here. Merchant Sorokin House; People's House; House Museum of Song Creativity named after Mayra; Vladimir school; Pedagogical College; Trade house of merchant A. Derov; Shopping rows on Lenin Street; The building of the Russian Drama Theater named after A.P. Chekhov; Merchant Ohapkin House; D. P. Bagaev Memorial House Museum. [41] * "Astana" ice palace "Astana" ice palace was solemnly opened by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev on October 16, 2003. The main attraction of MS "Astana" is the ice rink, the total area of which is 1830 square km. Ice hockey and figure skating competitions, ice shows at a high level can be held in this month. The stands are designed for up to 3,000 spectators. [42] * House of Friendship. In the fall of 2008, the Dostyk House, longed for by all ethnic and cultural communities of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan in the Pavlodar region, was opened. * On the column with the flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan On the eve of the celebration of the 20th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a column with a flag of 40 meters high was planned. The commemorative object was solemnly opened during the celebration of the Constitution Day of the Republic of Kazakhstan and became a favorite place of recreation for the residents of the city. Geoinformation system of Pavlodar region. Districts and regional cities: * С. Statue of Mutkenova (1913-1944) - Hero of the Soviet Union S. Mutkenov statue was erected in 1965 in the village of Mutkenov, Aktogai district. * J. The statue of Tilenshin - the statue of the educator J. Tilenshin was erected in 1967 in the village of Kozhamzhar, Aktogai district. * S. I. The statue of Tsarev (1882-1918) - the statue of the commissar of the Ekibastuz Kmir mine was installed in the park of Aksu in 1974. * K. The statue of Kamzin, Hero of the Soviet Union (1913-1944) was erected in 1966 in the village of Zholkudyk, Aksu district. * I. V. The statue of Babin, Hero of the Soviet Union, was erected in 1965 in the village of Zhelezinka, Zhelezinka district. * A. N. Elgin, the statue of the Hero of the Soviet Union was installed in Kashir village of Kashir district in 1964. * S. I. The statue of Tsarev, the commissioner of the Ekibastuz Kmir mine, was erected in 1974 on the street named after him in the city of Ekibastuz. * Bukhar Gorge monument. In 1993, a monument to the poet, thinker and statesman was erected in the center of the village of Bayanaul on the occasion of the 325th anniversary of the birth of Bukhar. * Isa Baizakov monument. In 1979, a monument to the poet, singer, sazer and actor Isa Baizakov was erected in the village of Irtys, in the park of the House of Culture. Sculptor E. Ershov, architect B. Mustafin. * Monument of Musa Baizhanuly on foot. In 2008, a monument was erected to the poet and musician Zhayau Musa. It is located on the northern shore of Lake Jasybai, 12 km from the village of Bayanaul. Sculptor M.E. Sergebaev. * Statue of Musa Baizhanuly on foot. In 1972, a statue of poet and musician Zhayau Musa was erected in the center of Zhanatilek village, in the park. * Statue of Kudaibergen Alseyituly. In the village of Zhelezinka, a statue of poet and musician Kudaibergen Alseyitul was installed in the square in front of the House of Culture. [40] * A monument to the victims of political repressions was erected in the city of Ekibastuz. The 5-meter-high composition is made in the style known as "Shroud". These are figures whose actual appearance and body shape are not visible, and figures of a woman and a child mourning their loved ones against the background of the five-pointed star. * Ekibastuz GRES-2 entered the Guinness Book of Records The station's 420-meter-high special tower is included in the Guinness Book of Records. The operation of the first unit of GRES-2 began in December 1990, and the operation of the second power unit began on December 22, 1993. The energy of GRES-2 is aimed at providing energy to the north of Kazakhstan and covers 15% of the energy consumption of the republic. Energy consumers include not only Kazakhstan, but also Russian companies. Among them are "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy" JSC, "Baikonur" cosmodrome, Irtys-Karagandy canal. ### Religious buildings * The main mosque in the city of Pavlodar Park covering 6 hectares of land in Pavlodar, a madrasa, 1500 seats with entrance doors from Kutuzov, Krivenko, Kairbaev streets The main mosque architectural ensemble was built. The project of the Main Mosque was developed by the Design Institute of JSC "Almatygiprogor". The main contractor of the construction of the mosque was "Put" LLP of the association "Irtyshtransstroy", the head-chairman of the association "Irtyshtransstroy" M. A. Zykov. The mosque building is built in the form of an octagonal star measuring 48*48 meters, the diameter of which is 30 meters, the prayer hall for 1200 men, the height of the dome is 33 meters. The size of the mosque building is 48*48 meters, the height of its towers is 63 meters, the height of the dome with the moon is 54 meters, the total area is 7240 square meters. On the first floor there are madrasa classrooms, a marriage hall, a 200-seat dining room and its auxiliary rooms, a 300-seat women's prayer hall, ablution facilities, and a hall. The wedding hall and the dining room are separated by a movable wall to transform the two volumes into one large hall. The entrance to the building leads to the second floor level, where there is a prayer hall with a balcony for 1200 seats, a museum of Islamic culture, a library, a video room, service facilities, and a hall. Two floors and towers of the main building are made of brick, and the dome is made of iron structures. * Blagoveshchensk Cathedral October 23, 1999 was an important memorable day for the Pavlodar region of Irtysh. On this day, Blagoveshchensky Cathedral was opened in Pavlodar. Architects from Pavlodar visited the cities of Russia, saw various types of temples, and stopped at a cathedral in Moscow. This was only the basis. The Moscow temple was smaller and simpler. When the Pavlodars designed their cathedral, they introduced surprising innovations to the city's inhabitants. The bells of the Blagoveshchensk Cathedral were brought from Moscow. They were cast at Panikadilo AKKZ and the ecclesiastical goods were delivered from Sofrino near Moscow, where the Moscow Patriarchate has a factory. According to Orthodoxy, there are nine bells. The weight of the largest bell is 1024 kg, the weight of the smallest is 4 kg. ## Famous people Isinaliev, Mikhail Ivanovich - Kazakh state and party figure, diplomat. Minister of Foreign Affairs of the Kazakh SSR. ### Pavlodar people are Heroes of the Soviet Union Krivenko, Ivan Illarionovich - tank driver, participant in the Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Soviet Union (1945), honorary citizen of Pavlodar * Elgin, Andrey Nikolaveich - commander of the submachine gun unit, participant in the Civil and Great Patriotic War, Hero of the Soviet Union (1945) after death. ### Pavlodar residents - Socialist Workers ### Pavlodar residents - winners of the USSR State Prize ### Scientists \< > * Akishev Kemel Akishuly - Ph.D. (1924-2003) * Argynbayev Halel Argynbayuly - Ph.D., professor (1924-1998) * Beysembayev Serikbai Beysembayuly - Ph.D. of history, academician (1912-1990) * Bekzhanov Ginayat Rakhmetollauly - MD, Academician (1927) * Yermukhan Bekmakhanuly - Doctor of History. professor (1915-1966) * Bekturov Abiken Bekturuly - Doctor of Science in Technology, Academician (1901-1985) * Yerzhanov Zhakan Suleymenuly - Doctor of Science in Technology, Academician (1922-2003) \< > * Abdildin Zhabaykhan Mubarakuly - Doctor of Philology, Academician (1933) * Abdildin Meirkhan Mubarakuly - Doctor of Physiology, Professor (1938) * Zhumatov Hamza Zhumatovich - Doctor of Medicine. d., academician (1912-1972) * Kayupov Aryktay Kayupuly - MD, PhD, academician (1914-1993) * Kasymov Kamar - Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1893-1966) \ <> * Margulan Alkei Khakanuly - Doctor of Philology, Academician (1904-1985) * Onaev Ibrahim Abilghazyuly - Doctor of Technical Sciences, Academician (1913-1994) * Grigory Potanin - Russian geographer , ethnographer, spokesperson, folklorist, botanist * Saginov Abilkas Saginuly - Ph.D. of Technology, Academician (1915) * Satbaev Kanysh Imantayuly - Ph.D., first president of the Academy of Sciences (1899- 1964. ### Creative people * Abilev Dikhan - Kazakh Soviet poet * Aimanov Shaken - actor, the first Kazakh film director (1914-1970) * Aimautov Zhusipbek - playwright, writer (1889-1931) * Akishev Zeytin - writer, playwright (1911-1991) * Baizhanov Zhayau Musa - poet, composer (1835-1929) * Baizhanov Kali - Honored Artist of the KazSSR (1877-1966) * Baizakov Isa - poet, singer (1900-1946) * Kairzhan Nurgozhauli Bekkozhin - journalist, historian of the Kazakh publishing house, doctor of historical sciences (1965), professor (1976]). Member of the Union of Journalists of the USSR. * Kalizhan Nurgozhauly Bekhozhin - poet, dramatist, translator. * Bukar Zhyrau is a Kazakh poet, Zhyrau. * Abilev Dikhan - poet, writer (1907) * Abilev Shakhimardan - opera singer, teacher, Honored Artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1994). * Kuat Ashirbekuly Abuseyitov - film director, actor (1925) * Abuseyitov Suat - artist (1929-1992) * Alimbaev Muzafar - national writer of Kazakhstan, laureate of the State Prize, writer who experienced the horrors of war in Kazakh literature one of the bunch. * Estay Berkimbaev is an outstanding Kazakh singer, poet-musician, Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1939). Zhamanbalinov Mubarak - poet, writer (1924) * Imanzhusip Kutpanuly - poet (1863-1929) * Isabaev Kalmukan - writer, local historian (1925) * Kabdyl-Galim Nasyrovich Karzhasov - painter, painter * Kemengerov Koshmukhambet - dramatist, literary critic (1898-1937) * Kenzhetaev Kauken - People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1916) * Kopeev Mashkhur-Yusip - poet, folklore collector (1857-1931) * Prokofiev, Vladyslav Yuryevich - a special singer, cultural figure. * Toraigyrov Sultanmahmut - poet, democrat (1893-1920) * Shamsutdinova Mayra - singer, composer (1890-1927) * Shanin Zhumat - director, playwright (1892-1938) * Shashkin Zein - writer, dramatist (1912-1966) ### Athletes * Ashirov Akhat Senorovich - master of sports of the international class in judo (1997) * Zhylanbaev Marat Tolegenuly - Guinness book of records seven times record holder. Marat Zhilanbayev is the only person to visit the world's largest deserts of Asia, Africa, Australia and America. Marathon runner, master of sports of international class. Honorable citizen of Kazakhstan. * Serik Kerimbekuly, a silver medalist of XXII 1980 Summer Olympic Games, champion of Europe (1979, 1981), silver medalist of the World Championship (1982), winner of the World Cup (1979, 1981), USSR 3rd multiple champion, Honored Master of Sports of the USSR. * Prokasheva, Lyudmila - athlete - speed skating. Silver medalist of the World Championship in 1995 in the classic all-around, two-time champion of the Winter Asian Games in 1996. ## Collection of images * * * * * * ## Sources \ <> ## External links * Pavlodar region Archived March 9, 2017. в Open List Project (ODP) * site (link not available) * Administration of Pavlodar region * Pavlodar kala betche threshold * Department of statistics of Pavlodar region Archived on May 2, 2012. * Department of Economy of Pavlodar Region Archived February 23, 2007. * Museum of Pavlodar Archived July 7, 2010. pavlodar.kz site * Map of Pavlodar Archived December 27, 2012. * Sports site about wrestling in Pavlodar Archived March 2, 2021.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5118

Abdulkarim Satuk Karakhan

Abdulkarim Satuk Karakhan (?—960) is the founder of the Karakhan state in Central Asia. He comes from a Muslim Turkic family. The creation of the Karakhan state is directly connected with the disintegration of the Karluk khanate. In historical literature, there are different opinions about the origin of the Karakhan dynasty. Among them, he made a great contribution to the study of the history of the Karakhan state. O. According to Prytsak, it seems that the Karakhan family was mainly composed of two major tribes, the Chigils (Shikils) and the Yagmas. Karakhan comes from this Yagma tribe. After the death of Bilge Kul (Kadyr Khan), the khagan of the Karluk khanate, his two sons, Bazir Arslan and Ogulshak's nephew Satuk Bohra Khan, stand out. He later turned against Ogulshak himself and took away Taraz and Kashkar from him. 942 he deposed the ruler of Balasagun and declared himself "Khagan". Karakhan 960 will die. His son Musa, who succeeded him, declared Islam as the state religion. This is why Muslim historians start the table of Karakhan dynasty rulers from this Musa. But in reality, the founder of the Karakhan state was Abdilkarim Satuk Karakhan, the father of Musa, and that is why later historians called the state "Karakhan" after him. Today, Karakhan's tomb is located in the city of Taraz, the center of Zhambyl region.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5790

Atyrau (football clubs)

Atyrau Football Club (Atyrau FC) is a professional football club of the city of Atyrau, which plays in the Kazakhstan Premier League. The color of the uniform is light green. "Munayshi" stadium of Atyrau city is considered the base of the club. Winner of the 2009 Kazakhstan Cup. Twice silver medalist of Kazakhstan Championship: 2001, 2003. These titles allowed to participate in UEFA Europa League, however, participated three times and failed to pass the first games in all three. ## History of the club ### Biggest victories * 2001 — 6:1 Elimai (Semei) * 2001 — 5:0 Taraz (Taraz) * 2009 — 9:2 Okzhetpes (Kokshetau) Biggest defeats * 2008 — 1:7 Astana (Astana) ## History of the name * 1980 — creation of the "Prikaspiets" team * 2000 — reconstruction under the name "Atyrau FC" ## In the Eurocups ## Administration and coaching staff * Asylbek Sauirbayuly Dzhunterbaev (09.11.1968) — director * Vladimir Andreevich Nikitenko (08.01.1957) — head coach * Yury Vladimirovich Konkov (06.07.1958) — head coach assistant * Sergey Viktorovich Chekmezov (13.09.1959) - goalkeeper coach * Kuanysh Kenzhaliuly Kabdulov (07.09.1987) - physical training coach * Vladimir Alekseevich Demchenko (10.05.1959) - coach * Pyotr Petrovich Pustovar (27.06.1973) - doctor * Sergey Vladimirovich Bibikov (17.06.1972) - masseur * Kairat Kanashuly Slambekov (26.06.1966) - sports director * Aivar Makizuly Ongarsynov (25.02.1966) ) — team leader * Aman Kalabayev (04.07.1981) — chief legal consultant * Nurken Bisenkululy Myrzagaliev (30.03.1989) — media officer * Zhanabayev Bolatbek Tolegenuly (05.27.1984) — video cameraman ## Players ### Current Squad 2019/2020 ## Achievements * Silver medalist of Kazakhstan (2): 2001, 2002 * Winner of the Kazakhstan Cup (1): 2009 ## Links * Official site Archived April 20, 2009.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7302

Могилиән

Bilge Qagan (Arslan Bilge qaγan}; Kyth. 毗伽可汗 — Bike kyhan, Mogilan) (683-734) - 717-734 of the Turkic Empire. the ruling khagan. He died in 683. He was born in Otuken on the Orkhon River. The eldest son of Kutlyk Khagan (Elteris), brother of Kul-tegin. His mother was born in Elbil. Origin "Ashina". He became a unique person of the Turkic nation, together with his younger brother Kultegin, he fought for the care of the country and the integrity of the land, and established the foundation of a great empire in the history of nomads. He represented the foundation of the nomadic empire, kept the unity of ethnic groups of Turkic descent, and fought "sleepless at night and unable to sit during the day" for the sorrow of the country and the care of the earth. When Bilge Kagan was 9 years old, his father Kutlyk (680-692) died. His younger brother Kabagan (Kabagan) (692-716) owns the throne of the Turkic Empire. Bilge Khagan, who came to the throne after Kapagan's younger brother Begu (716), reigned for 19 years. At the age of 13, Bilge Kagan received the title of Shad. At the age of 17, he made a campaign to Tangut, and at the age of 18, he won six Chubs, Tabgach, and Ten Tutuk. From it Kyrgyz, Turgesh, Karlyk, Nine Oguz and others. attacked countries. Bilge Khagan (ca. 685-734) - Khagan of the Second Eastern Turkic Khaganate. Kultekin's brother. In 716, in order to stop the intra-tribal war, which was aggravated by the Kapagan Khagan of Kulteg. carried out a military coup and installed his brother Bilgen as Khagan. And Bilge appoints Kultegin as a military commander, and his father-in-law Tonykok as a state adviser. Thus, the trio sat at the top of the throne against the political supremacy of the Tang Empire. "They went down in history as the great triumvirate of Reason, Honesty, and Courage, who got along with each other and made the country blue. And during the reign of Bilge Khagan, only a peaceful era was established" (T. Zhurtbay. "Dulyga", p. 131). But this blessing did not come by itself. The great inscription of Kultegin describes the cost of "making a poor people rich and a small people rich" as follows: "I did not sleep at night or sit during the day for the sake of the Turkish people, so that the fame of the nation created by our father and brother would not be lost. With my younger brother Kultegin and two of my viziers, I made a living from the dead... When I was the king myself, the people who were scattered all over the place died and came back naked on foot. The Teles tribe was the first to return. Turks and Kyrgyz began to gather under the Buril flag. Some of them had to be controlled by intelligence and some by military force. "I fought twelve times with a large army against the people of Oghuz, against the people of Ilgeh, against the people of Tataby, and against the Tabgash people," says Bilge Kagan (Kultegin's large inscription). "Uly Aspan" empire, which did not want the Turkic Khaganate to become stronger, did not like Bilge's proposal to come to peace talks. China was preparing for war. But this plan was not implemented. Because to them in 714 The Tibetans attacked. The Turks breathed a little. However, the imperialists pushed and provoked the small tribes against each other. Bilge Khagan went on a campaign against the Uyghurs, who constantly betrayed and threatened them, and subdued them. After that, Bilge Khagan took away the horses of the Tatabs and caused a sudden defeat. After that, the Turkish army became a concentrated force. At this time Tar Tum destroyed the snowmen. Northern Dzongaria came under the control of the Turks. At the end of 717, the city surrendered to the Khaganate. Now the Khaganate had a question about what to do. At that time, Bilge Khagan, Tonykok, and Kultegin decided to restore peace in order for the Turkish people to come to their senses after countless battles. China rejected Bilge Kagan's proposal for peace, saying that "the gains of time are coming." The strategic goal of the Turks at that time was defense, and behind the policy and ideology was the opposition to China. Thanks to the "great three" Turks in 722 AD. He defeated the Chinese. LN Gumilev: "Victory came not only by defeating external but also internal enemies. There was peace in the country. 716 The conditions of the victorious Turks were not so pleasant. Bilge Kagan: "I did not sit as a khan for rich people. "I sat as a khan to a pitiful, lowly people who had no food to eat and no clothes to wear," he says, adding that he has changed the way he interacts with the people. "I did not make fire and water to the peoples who were so formed and united, I tried to get along with them. Where there are honest people and an honest society, I have done good. I called the people of the four corners of the world to peace, I did not make them hostile, they all obeyed me"... His work is appreciated as he revived and clothed the people who were left on the verge of creation, enriched the people who had nothing, and increased the number of the poor people, he wrote. - Under the Bilge Kagan established peaceful relations with China. No matter how much the Chinese didn't like it, they had to make a deal. In this way, Bilge provided the people of Khagan with a peaceful life for 20 years between 722-741 years. This peace between the two countries was established thanks to Bilge's brave politician. 722 At the meeting, the former ambassador of China, a traitor from Turkey in 734. At the request of the Chinese side, Bilge poisoned the Khagan and killed him. And the Chinese emperor sends an ambassador to the Khagan's funeral so as not to offend him. Bilge Khagan's son, Iollygteg, sat on the Turkic throne. ## External links * Bilge Khagan monument complex, inscription, text, transcription, word-for-word comparison in Kazakh, pictures, drawings Folk and Russian wisdom about courage is felt. There is no greater happiness than uniting as a nation. About unity, peace A sweet word destroys a Turk. About a noble word A tree cuts off your hope and cuts your wings. About behavior Excessive fame and excessive wealth are shameless and will suffocate in the arms of mischief. About behavior Worldliness and insatiability will take your mind and deprive you of your will. About behavior If the head of the country is not a coward and a traitor - the country's garden. About the homeland, the native land Move before your enemy - no harm will come to you. About education, commandment, education You will learn from the inscription on the stone. About education, commandment, education A real man may not tremble at the thought of "worldly goods". About heroism, bravery There is no garden, there is no other garden - if you have a mind, find your country. About education, commandment, education ## Sources ## See more

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6208

Federated States of Micronesia

Federated States of Micronesia, sometimes Micronesia (eng. Federated States of Micronesia) is a country located in Oceania. ## Official name Official name: Federated States of Micronesia. Micronesia (derived from the ancient Greek word "micros, nesos" - "small islands") is a country located in the western part of the Pacific Ocean, in the Caroline Islands. The land area is 702 km2. The capital is the city of Palikir. The population is 133 thousand (in 2000). The official language is English, the languages of local peoples are also widespread. The group of island people is made up of ethnic groups called Micronesian and Polynesian. Most of the inhabitants are Protestants, the rest are Catholics. The head of state and government is the president. The supreme legislative power is vested in the unicameral parliament - the National Congress. Administratively, it is divided into 4 states (Truk, Kostrae, Ponape, Iap). National holiday - Independence Day - May 10 (1979). Member of the UN since 1991. There are no political parties in the country. The currency is the US dollar. ## Nature The islands of Micronesia are diverse in terms of geological formation: from volcanic mountain islands to coral islands. Some islands have active volcanoes. Evergreen bushes and bamboo grow on their shores, while coconut palms dominate on coral islands. Animal world of Toparal is too poor both in terms of species and quantity. There are long-winged birds like bats, kites, and swallows. The climate of the western part of Toparal is equatorial and sub-equatorial, and the eastern part has a tropical trade wind. Average monthly temperature is around 25-300C. Average annual precipitation is 1500-4000 mm. Heavy rains often fall on the eastern islands. Main natural resources: wood, phosphorite, marine products. ## Plant life Most of the islands have evergreen tropical forests, mangroves, coconut palms, and bamboo grow on the coasts. Islands formed by coral reefs are sparsely vegetated. ## Animal world The animal world of the islands is very diverse. Mostly small lizards, turtles, various types of birds and insects live there. There are many types of fish in the sea. ## Geography The Federated States of Micronesia is located in Micronesia and is located in the northwestern part of Oceania, in the archipelago of the Caroline Islands, between 0 and 14 ° C. k. and 136 and 166 °. 4000 km southwest of the Hawaiian Islands. They are a country consisting of 607 small islands, of which only 40 are significant. 65 of 607 islands are inhabited. MFS consists of four states: Yap, Chuuk (formerly Truk), Ponnpei (formerly Ponape) and Kosrae (formerly Kusai). The capital is the city of Palikir. Pohnpei. Although the total land area of the country is only 702 km², the exclusive economic zone in the Pacific Ocean exceeds 2.6 million km². Each of the four states generally consists of one or more "high islands" of volcanic origin, and there are many atolls besides Kosrai. Chuk State - The total area is 127 km² and includes seven island groups. The territory of Pohnpei State is 344 km², 130 of which are on the island of Pohnpei, the largest in the FSM. Japan consists of 4 large islands, 7 small islands and 134 atolls with a total land area of 122 km². The territory of the state of Kosrae is one of the high islands with an area of 109 km2. All large volcanic islands are mountainous, covered with forests, surrounded by coral reefs. The rest are atolls - ring-shaped coral islands surrounding a shallow lagoon. The highest point is Mount Nana-Laud (on the island of Pohnpei, height 798 m). Main languages: English (official), Japanese, Truk, Ponnpei, Kosrae. The islands are interconnected by sea and air. There are air connections with the west coast of USA, Japan, Philippines, Taiwan, Guam and Guam, Hawaii, Nauru. ## History Micronesia region was inhabited by people in BC. It began to be settled in the 1st millennium. A number of Micronesian islands (including the Caroline Islands) were discovered by the Portuguese in 1525. But in 1528-29 A. After Saavedra's expedition, the Spanish began to occupy the islands. The islands were a Spanish colonial possession from the middle of the 16th century until 1899. In 1899, Germany bought Micronesia from Spain. In 1914, the country was occupied by Japan, and in 1919-45 it was ruled by the mandate system. Due to the defeat of Japan in World War 2, the islands were placed under the auspices of the United Nations, and in 1947 they were transferred to the administration of the United States. On May 10, 1979, Micronesia was declared the Federated States of Micronesia, and the islands were granted self-government. In 1991, it became an independent state. ## Economy The main branch of economy is fishing. Micronesia also makes significant profits from selling fishing licenses off its coast to other states. Due to the lack of necessary infrastructure, tourism is poorly developed. Exports copra, pepper, fish and coconut oil. National income per capita is 1910 US dollars. (in 1997). Main trade partners: USA, Japan, Australia, South Korea. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5144

Amir Temir

Amir Temir; Lame Iron; Temirlan (Kaz. Temir bin-Taragay Barlas; own. Amir Temir ibn-Tarag'ay; par. Теймур линг; Mon. ᠲᠡᠮᠦᠷ; April 8, 1336, Khoja-Ilgyr village, modern Shahrisabz — February 18, 1405, Otyrar) — the ruler of the famous Turkic peoples, the founder of the Empire of the Iron Dynasty. The "conqueror of the world" who captured Mauerennakhr in 1370 and ruled for 35 years until 1405, subjugated 27 states. In one of the battles, two of Temir's fingers were cut off and one of his legs was crushed. His leg has been limping all his life. He is called Temirlan (or rather Temirleng, "leng" is Persian-lame) Lame Iron. ## Origin Amir came from the Barlas clan, the founder of the Temur (Temurid) empire, and was the son of Taragai Bek, a dance of the Barlas tribe. The Barlas clan belonged to the Turkic-speaking tribes, and now its descendants are part of the Uzbek people. During the conquest of Genghis Khan, the Barlas moved from the lands of modern Mongolia to Central Asia. Tumbenai Chechen is the ancestor of Genghis Khan and Amir Temir. Tumbenai had two sons - Kabyl and Kajul. Kajul is the 9th ancestor of Amir Temir. Amir Temir's great-grandfather Karashar Noyan, his son Yezhil Noyan, his son Elengir Noyan, his son Berkul, his son Muhammed Taragai, his son Amir Temir. Temir was the beg and leader of a part of the barlas. Later, he turned to other begs, the khans of the Shagatai dynasty - who started a rebellion against the rulers of Mongolia. It is said that the men who controlled the iron attacked his caravans, and finally he became a publisher at his age. He became the beg of the Beks and established an independent state from the descendants of Chagatai. But since Genghis Khan was not a direct descendant, his position was not "khan" but "emir". ## Youth and personality development Amir Temir was born on April 8, 1336 in the town of Kesh in Mauerennahr, located in modern Shahrisabz, in the south of Samarkand, according to some studies, Temir was born on April 7, 1333 was born in May. And Granovsky in his work says that Temir was born in Samarkand on April 9, 1336 in the possession of Genghis Khan's son, Shagatai, and that he was born with blood on his hands and white hair. His mother was from the Genghis Khan dynasty, and his father was one of the princes of the Chagatai dynasty, but did not leave him a large inheritance. The birth year of Temir is written as 1333 in Mongolian and Chinese sources, 1336 in Arabic and Persian sources, and 1337 in some European sources. However, taking into account the 660-year celebration of Amir Temir in Uzbekistan in 1996 by the decision of UNESCO, on the basis of various data and researches about his birth, it can be concluded that Temir was born on April 9, 1336 in the village of Khoja-Ilgyr in the southwest of Shakhrisabz. Historians of the Iron Age wanted to show him as a person close to the Genghis Khan family, that is, they tried to establish his kinship with the Genghis Khan dynasty. Claviho's "Diary" also mentions that Temir's father was a well-known middle-class man from the Chagatai family. And Barthold shows that Temir's father was Taragai "noyan" or emir, who came from the Barlas clan, followed the Muslim religion, and his mother was Tekene-khatun, but he does not reveal his life before 1360. Sources related to Amir Temir indicate that Temir was from the Mongolian Barlas tribe. If we turn to the line of the Mongolian "Secret Chronicle", the origin of Temir is described as follows: "The Barlas descend from Hachi Khuleg, who was born from Bodanchar's illegitimate wife. Hachi Hüleg's son was called Baruludai. He is called Barulas because of his strong body and insatiable appetite. One of Khachulan's sons was called Barulas the elder because he ate the food that was placed in front of him, and Barulas the younger because he could not finish the food in front of him. Later, educated Barulas and Barulas from Todoy emerged from among them, and all of them were called Barulas. In Rashid al-Din's collection of genealogies, the Barulas are identified as the sons of Khachulan, the third generation of Tumbinai Chechen. Researchers attribute the Barlas to the Nirunic group of Mongolian tribes. When Genghis Khan founded the Great Mongol state in 1206, Barlas was given to Kublai, a graduate of this tribe, who contributed to his country. During Genghis Khan's attack on Central Asia in 1219-1224, the male umbilical cords of Barlas entered the ranks of the Mongol army and came to Mauerennakhr under the rule of Shagatai. The given information about Temir's youth is similar to Claviho's information, only new things were mentioned about the fact that he was engaged in "blacksmithing and trade". And in Ibn Arabshah's report, it is said that Temir's father was a poor carpenter, and while he was stealing sheep, he was wounded by an arrow from a bow. At the same time, Ibn Arabshah also tells about the increase in the number of servants who follow him for any robbery. It is difficult to distinguish the real truth of the data, since there are many legends about Timur in the data, and the chronicles are written with exaggeration. However, according to the researchers' scientific data, Temir was born in 1336 in the family of Taragai beg in the village of Khoja Yilgyr near Kesh (now Shahrisabz city) in the west of Bukhara region. His father is one of the nobles of Barlas with the position of bek. It was built in the 14th century. At first he came to Kashkandaria region and settled. This winter, Temir spends his childhood practicing military games among his sons. M.M. According to the results of the examination of the body of Gerasimov Temir, it was shown that he was about 172 cm tall and was a very strong person with physical maturity. His hair was much lighter than his peers. Looking at Gerasimov's restored face and white skin, some Russian researchers want to say: "Amir Temir was of European descent." This may be due to the fact that Temir saved Russia from the oppression of the Golden Horde. In addition to Turkish and Tajik, Temir was well versed in Farsi, liked to listen to the historical works of scholars, and used to amaze Muslim historians with his stories. Academician V.V. Bartold Temir himself was fluent in Persian and Tajik languages in addition to Turkish. According to Ali Yezdi, scientists wrote and consulted in Turkish and Tajik languages. In addition to nomadism, he also knew the city life well thanks to his frequent visits to Shahrisabz, which at that time was in the hands of Barlas Beg Haji Barlas. Amir Temir's book "Amir Temir Amanat" contains information about his youth: . In 1348, at the age of 12, Emir Balyk was included in the military of Kazagan. While performing his simple military duties, he begins to gather intelligence around him. The famous historian Arabshah named Temir as a tyrant and a villain, his opponent says about him as follows: . Shows his reputation among his contemporaries and shows leadership skills early. That's why when Temir was young, young barlas like him aspired to become his servants. When he was young, he had only three or four servants like his father. According to Clavijo's writing: he began to take away the livestock of his neighbors through his four or five puppets. Little by little, the young Temir gathered a small army of well-armed cavalry and sent them to raid merchant caravans and neighboring lands to collect booty. When the expedition was successful “he celebrated with his men; because he was strong and benevolent, he distributed a part of the booty to his people, that's why about 300 horsemen were formed around him. Since then, he has been traveling around, stealing and robbing for himself and those around him. Temir's heroism, dignity, ability to recognize people and choose his assistants, and special ability to command brought great prestige among scouts and nomadic military youth. ## Establishment of the personal power of Amir-Temir (1370-1405) (establishment of the Empire of the Iron Dynasty). Amir Temir was at first the ruler of Kashkadaria province (1361). Since then, he fought for power with Togluq Temir, his son Ilyas Khoja, and Husein, the emir of Balkh and Samarkand, and in 1370 took Mauerennahr into his hands. In his youth, he was injured in a battle near Turkestan. In the 70s of the 14th century, his leadership talent was fully revealed, and his fame spread throughout the world. In the Ottoman Empire and the Central Asian region, he was known as "Aksak Timur" (Lame Iron), to Iranians Timurleng, to Europeans Tamerlane. Thanks to the repeated attacks of Amir Temir's troops, the state of Khorezm (1372-88), East Turkestan (1376), Herat (1381), Khorasan (1381), Kandahar (1383), Sultania (Southern Azerbaijan, 1384), Tabriz (1384), Iran and Afghanistan were completely conquered. After several devastating campaigns, he destroyed the Golden Horde. In 1370-90, Amir Temir made more than 10 destructive campaigns against Deshti Kypchak, White Horde and Mogulstan, skillfully using the discord between Tokhtamys Khan and Edige Amir. Amir Temir's defeat of the Golden Horde created positive conditions for Russia's independence. In the 90s, Azerbaijan, Dagestan, Georgia (Georgia), Iraq became part of the Amir Temir state. In 1398, India was conquered. The Mamluks of Syria and Lebanon (Palestine) were conquered. Other Asian states also recognized the rule of Amir Temir. In the summer of 1402, Amir Temir defeated the main military force of the Ottoman Empire at the Battle of Ankara and captured the Turkish Sultan Yildirim Bayazid (Bayazid). As a result of continuous wars of Amir Temir, a huge empire - the Iron State was created. Its total area reached 14 million km². Amir Temir died in Otyrar in 1405 when he went on a campaign to China. He lived 68 years, 10 months, 9 days. Temir's body was taken out of the city at night, after a 6-month journey, his remains were buried in the Gur-Amir mausoleum in Samarkand according to Muslim tradition. Although he showed special interest in Temir's descendants and paid special attention to their future and education, Amir Temir's children were not very happy compared to Genghis Khan's children. There was disobedience of his children, rebellion of princes, and even betrayal of his grandson Sultan Hussein. According to the calculation of the American researcher, Professor John Woods of the University of Chicago, the total number of direct descendants of Iron was about a hundred by the end of his life. Amir Temir had 4 sons: Jihhanger (1356 — 1376), Amir Sheyi (1356 — 1394), Miranshah (1366 — 1408), Shahrukh (1377 — 1447). Famous people such as the great scientist Ulykbek (1394 - 1449) and Babur (1483 - 1530), the founder of the Mughal Empire, came from the Temir dynasty. After the death of Amir Temir, the Temir State disintegrated due to the power struggle of his heirs. He remained in the history of the world as a talented commander, a brilliant politician. The appearance of a number of architectural buildings in Central Asia, the development of cities, the construction of irrigation facilities in the desert, the development of handicrafts and trade are closely connected with the name of Amir Temir. Historical data confirm that representatives of Turkish, Persian, Arab culture and art, scientists and thinkers in the regions under his control received great support from Amir Temir. Amir Temir built an eternal and indelible monument on the Kazakh land - the mausoleum of the holy Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. At the same time, Amir Temir's extreme cruelty in the conquered countries makes him a complex historical figure. ## Development of culture during the time of Amir-Temir If Temir is recognized as the most evil conqueror of his time, the leader who instills fear in the world, destroying countries and cities, he was also a very elegant architect. During this period, under the leadership of Amir Temir, palaces and cities, settlements, and bridges were built. He did not allow the land to lie empty. Cities, madrasahs, mosques, and even Europeans admired Temir's works of art (Claviho). He did not repeat the Persian or Arab constructions like the leaders before him, but built unique worlds that had not been created before in the history of Muslim architecture. Temir was a naturalist, mathematician, astronomer, historian, poet, linguist, and theologist in his own state, including the Golden Horde, the White Horde, Khorasan, India, Iraq, Iran, Turkey, and the Western Maghreb, in addition to Mauerennahr and Khorezm. discussed issues. Ali Yezdi gives another interesting information: in the recently founded city of Bailkan in 806 AD. Temir, the famous theologian, gathered the scientists and said: "Scientists and religious experts were helping the kings by giving various advices in their actions, you do not perform this service. My goal is to help make a fair decision, create conditions for my subjects to live in peace, and improve the conditions for the development of the state." Abdujappar Khorezmi, Shamsutdin Munshi, Abdullah Leeson, Badriddin Ahmed, Nigmaniddin Khorezmi, Khoja Afzal, Alautdin Kashi, Jalal Khaki and other scientists worked in the Iron Palace. Temir pays special attention to the development of mathematics - ryeznet, geometry - khandas, architecture - monuments, astronomy - khanate, literature, poetry, history, music - musical sciences. He used to chat with sahib hunars (scholars) with great interest. Historical data confirm that he received great support from the representatives of Turkish, Persian, Arab culture and art, scientists and thinkers in the regions under his control, Amir Temir. Palace and mosque in Temir Samarkand, Bibi-khanym madrasa; Shahi-Zind built madrasa, and around the city he built gardens and palaces: Shinar-Bag, Shamal-Bag, Dilkush-Bag, Behisht-Bag. The construction of Lady Bibi is mentioned in Claviho's "Diary": "On Monday, Temir went to Samarkand and stopped at a house at the entrance to the city. He will build that house in honor of his mother-in-law (Mrs. Bibi). Roads and bridges will be built across Kuhak and Zaravshan rivers, and then a bridge will be built across Amu Darya and Syrdarya, and a canal will be built across Syrdarya and Akhangaran. Irrigation systems and caravans are being built in Bukhara, Lakhrisabz, Fergana, Turkestan. Cities, villages, baths, madrasahs and mausoleums will be built on a very large scale. Local architects and artisans, as well as architects and builders of the states conquered by Iron, were brought to the construction works (Yakubovsky). About 150,000 artisans from the occupied countries were brought to his capital Samarkand, under his orders many magnificent palaces were built in the city and outside the city. The palaces depicted Temirlan's victorious campaigns. He insisted that the construction being built in Samarkand was much larger than the buildings built before him. Claviho's "Diary" contains interesting facts about the construction works of the city of Samarkand: "On Friday, we were taken to visit a large palace under construction by the order of the king, where craftsmen have been working day and night for 20 years. The palace has a very wide corridor and a large gate with two arches decorated with different reliefs on either side. Under these arches are small rooms... in the middle of the palace there is a suat three hundred paces wide, behind which is the largest door, specially decorated with gold and azure. In the center of the door, in the center of the image of the sun, a lion is depicted, and its sides are covered in the same way. This was the coat of arms of the ruler of Samarkand. Although the palace was built by the order of Temir, I think that the palace was started by the former ruler, because the lion on the coat of arms is the symbol of the former ruler of Samarkand, and the symbol of Temir is three wheels. According to Claviho's data, the construction of the city of Samarkand began even before that. And Temir, who chose it as the capital of his state, probably means that he continued the construction of the city. There are several opinions about Temir choosing the city of Samarkand as his capital: one says that Samarkand was the largest of the cities first conquered by Temir, another says that he liked its nature very much, and others believe that this region was interested in this region since the early period because the famous Afrasib ruled Turan. All of these are true, but the objective reason is that it is located in the center of Mauerennahr and has a favorable geographical position. The city is connected to three cities on all sides by a rich water system, where mountains, rivers and forests coexist. In addition, Samarkand has concentrated a large stock of rare non-ferrous metals and building materials. Undoubtedly, all this influenced the choice of Samarkand, the capital of the Iron State. The peculiarity of iron-built cities is that they are not surrounded by a thick wall. For example, in the Blue Palace in Samarkand, Temir was not often present, it worked as a place of treasure. Emir Temir enjoyed spending time outside the city in his palace surrounded by beautiful gardens, and when he was away, the area was a promenade for the city's rich and poor alike. V.V. As noted by Barthold, Samarkand, the main city of Muslims, was supposed to become the first city in the world, according to Temir. Temir, in turn, paid special attention to agriculture, plowing and cattle breeding, and the development of trade. Ali-Yezdi in "Zarfarname" says that Temir "exempted Mauerennahr from taxes for three years", thereby easing the economic situation of businessmen and farmers. The victories of Temir and his descendants depicted in Samarkand were created using thematic painting. Wall paintings from the period of Temir and his descendants (XII-XIX centuries) exceeded the "Great French Chronicle" (XII century) in terms of size and series of miniatures. During this period, schools of architect and decorators from local and foreign regions were also opened in Central Asia. The best work of Temir in the territory of Kazakhstan is the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. He created the conditions for the widespread and successful spread of Sufism among the peoples of Kazakhstan and Central Asia. Ahmet Yasawi was not only a propagandist, but a philosopher who lived in the 12th century, a great scholar, a kind, humble, thoughtful poet who was known to the Turks. Ahmet Yasawi is a spiritual archer of our people, a holy saint who will inspire future generations. His shame is the anniversary of our culture, the pride of our nation. The reason for the construction of this building is that in the bloody battles of 1390-95, Temir destroyed the authority of the Golden Horde and burned the capital - Saray Berke. In honor of this victory, Ahmet Yasawi decided to erect a new large memorial monument instead of the old tomb. In this context, it is difficult to say that the pro-Muslim Temir had only religious interests. This was necessary to raise his reputation, to show that his supremacy is unshakable, and to make the outside world more reliable. At the same time, this mausoleum is becoming the pride of not only the Kazakh people, but the entire Turko-Muslim world. The mausoleum was built as a symbol of the victory of Temir, the southern part of the Kazakh state of the White Horde, the cities of Syr Bay. The main written data about the construction of the mausoleum are described in the book "Zafarnama-iy Temiri" ("Iron Victories") of Sherif al-Din from Yezdi. In this book, it is written that in 1397, Temir left for his lover Taukel, the daughter of Kyzyr Khoja Khan. On the way from Samarkand to Tashkent, Khoja Ahmet Yasawi in Yasi winters turns to visit. Here he ordered to build a huge mausoleum instead of the old tomb. The mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi in Turkestan is a wonderful work of medieval architectural monuments. In 1396-1399, by the order of Amir Temir, it was built at the head of the grave of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. According to many written data, it seems that Amir Temir directly participated in the design of the future construction and determined the dimensions himself. The mausoleum is a large portal-domed memorial building. The project of Persian masters, well-versed in the local architectural tradition, was used as the basis for the construction. The mausoleum was built by Abd al-Aziz, the son of Sharaf ad-din Terbez from Terbez. About the construction of the mausoleum, Sherif al-Din writes: "Azerbaijan, Persia, India, etc. About 200 stone masons imported from other countries worked and 500 people produced stone in the mountain. 95 elephants imported from India were used to transport the stone. Temir, who often participated in the construction process, severely punished the culprits if he was not satisfied with the quality of the work. In the Iron Age, there were almost no buildings like the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. Each brick of the mausoleum was handmade and of very high quality. The mausoleum stretches from the southeast to the northwest. Width 46.5 m, length 65 m. Built of burnt square bricks. The peculiarity of the mausoleum project is the use of roofing methods that have never been seen before in the architecture of Central Asia. The monument has many arched elements. Master architects used various methods for the arched dome system itself. The mausoleum has a very large portal (width - about 50 meters, length of the portal arch - 18.2 meters), several domes, 35 rooms. The height of the building is 37.5 m. The thickness of the outer wall is 3 m. The mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi served as a mosque and a madrasa. Surahs and verses of the Holy Qur'an are written on the epigraphic frieze along the upper side of the three walls of the mausoleum. The meaning navel of the whole building is the tombstone of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi in the middle of the cemetery. The door of the cemetery is covered with thin iron and has gold inscriptions. The mausoleum-mosque has 16 windows, a two-story dome. A 3.5-2.5 meter mosaic mihrab similar to the Kaaba in Mecca is installed on the western wall of the mosque. The underground temples dedicated to worshiping God on the southwest side of the mausoleum were built during Yasawi's lifetime and later reconstructed. Temir believed that "the more cultured people there are in the cities, the faster their growth and development will take place, the cities of Mauerennahr and Turkestan will be more beautiful." The art of landscape art spread widely in the new buildings that arose in Mauerennahr and Samarkand. Such beautiful paintings are depicted on the walls of Shirin-bika-aga (1385), Bibi-khanym (1404), Tuman-aka (1405). All of them are covered in blue paint, white stripes and gold colors. In the landscape works, in the 15th-15th centuries, the artistic metaform of "firdaus" - paradise gardens, which do not exist in the world, were depicted [19]. Applied art is widespread in Mauerennahr. It is especially well distributed in Yasi, Samarkand and Bukhara. At the same time, it is known from the data that Amir Temir is a Muslim and has been praying since the age of twelve, he especially followed Muslim traditions and created conditions for the spread of the Muslim religion in his country. Temir himself recognized that one of the main pillars of the state was religion from the moment he took the throne and took the power of the state in his hands. He says about religion in the work "Iron Rulers" ("Ulozhenie Timura"): "Experience showed me. A state that does not obey religion and law will never be able to maintain its strength and power... A state without a roof, without a door, without a fence, without a roof, without a door, without a fence, and any evil can be compared to a house without a rampart. I have therefore based my building on the majesty of the Islamic religion. This shows that Amir Temir relied on religion and religious representatives in managing the state. Also, in this work, the written thoughts of Amir Temirge Pir regarding the formation of the state management system are given. It says: "My old man wrote to me: Temir, may God protect him, remember these things. Governing the state is similar to the governing of the world by the Great Creator. There are various positions in this administration: spies, servants, servants, and each of them has duties assigned to them according to their duties. They work only within the framework of their duties and they do not go beyond their boundaries and strictly observe the laws of the Creator. At the same time, Temir said: "My first principle for the state and its administration is the religion of Allah and I not only obeyed the sharia of Muhammad Mustafa (pbuh), but also gave him the field I wanted. I have supported the religion of Islam in every place and at every time." You keep the descendants of the prophets above other people under your control. Show them great respect. Don't consider your gift to them a waste of money. The money you spend on the path of God is not wasted. Divide the people under your command into 12 groups. It will be the architecture and support of your state." Amir Temir divides the society into twelve stages with this statement. At the first stage of that twelve-step system are the descendants of the Prophet, the nobles, and the legislators. This also shows the attitude of Amir Temir towards religion, religious workers, especially the descendants of the Prophet. As an iron politician, based on the religion of Islam, he used the authority of Muslim believers to strengthen his state, and for this purpose he rationally used other religious beliefs. He spent his free time playing chess and playing chess, improving it. In his time, Temir was distinguished not only by the art of war, but also by the art of creativity: he created the conditions for the flourishing of architecture in his state, the development of new mosques and madrasahs, gardens and irrigation systems, and the development of agriculture. In addition, one of the most developed periods of Muslim architecture in history is closely associated with the name of Temir. It can be seen that he is a person who created the conditions for the development of science and the Muslim religion. Temir died in 1405 in the city of Otyrar. According to Persian sources, it is said that "he died of a cold in his lungs", and according to Chinese sources, "he died of typhoid fever". This is well explained in the work of Sharif ad-din Yazdi. "Temir, who left the banks of Seyhun (January 14, 1405), stopped at the palace of Berdi Bey in Otyrar, and gave separate rooms to his princes, emirs and relatives..." After this story, "Zafarname" has a special section dedicated to Temir's death, where: "After a seven-year campaign to conquer almost all of Asia, Temir devotes his present game to the issue of establishing justice in the world. In order to wash away his past mistakes, he came to Samarkand, spent about 5 months there, and prepared for a campaign against China, which worships idols. In 1405, he came to Otyrar, caught a cold on the way and overheated. Although Maulian Fazl-Allah Tabrezi was an excellent doctor, his healing medicines did not help. It is recorded that doctors could not intervene in the fateful death." In the work, the period of Temir's death is indicated as February 14, 1405. The department informs that Temir was 71 years old at the time of his death and he ruled for 36 years. And in the "Diary" of Claviho, Temir was very old before going on a campaign to China, and when he was received by the emir, "Temir said that he asked the ambassadors to come closer because he did not like him from afar." Historians Hafiz-Abru and Ibn-Arabshah mention in their works that Temir drank too much wine. In addition, Hafiz-Abru said, "When Temir is sick, his emirs gather around him, he first raises one finger, then the other." "What do I want to say?" he asked. The amirs answer: "Amirshi means that there are one or two lines to be written," and Temir says without hesitation, "It means that I will not be among you in a day or two." Ibn Arabshah also mentions that doctors treated Timur by applying ice to his stomach and forehead. Here we must admit that the Chinese data are close to the truth. Iron played a significant role in the growth of the Kazakh state. Gypsy, Sauran, destroyed Sarayshik, occupied Zhetisu, weakened the state of the White Horde. In the Kipchak-Kazakh steppe, he made raids and raids. Temir built memorial towers and grand mosques in Mauerannakhr and Samarkand to enhance his fame. It is known that Amir Temir reached his country by the power of the sword and by killing. During that period, the White Horde and Mongolia, whose culture and economy began to stabilize, and economic types began to mature, became the battlefield of Temir. He ruthlessly slaughtered the people and destroyed all those who did not obey. Thus, although Temir was preserved as a world-class great commander, his campaigns in the history of Kazakhstan had a negative impact on the development of society and ethnic unity. Social inequality was strengthened, and its consequences were preserved in the lessons of history as irreparable acts of aggression. ## Sources ## See also * Amir Temir's expeditions * Amir Temir's expeditions to Mongolia * Amir Temir's expeditions to China embassy ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4042

Ватикан

Vatican (lat. Status Civitatis Vaticanæ, ital. Stato della Città del Vaticano) is a country located in Europe. Vatican City is the smallest country in the world consisting of one city. Rome is the center of the Catholic Church. Vatican City, Vatican city-state is the center of the Catholic Church, the seat of the Pope. It is located on the western side of the city of Rome. The land area is 0.44 km². Outside Rome, there are three cathedrals (total area 0.7 km²) facing the Vatican, inside and outside. The population is about one thousand people. Most of them are employees of religious institutions. Only about seven hundred people received Vatican citizenship. Official languages: Latin and Italian. The Vatican is an absolute theocratic monarchy. The head of state is the Pope. All power (legislative, executive, judicial) is concentrated in his hands. In addition, the Pope personally decides relations with foreign countries. The advisory body under the Pope is the Council of Cardinals. They handle important church affairs and participate in the election of the Pope from among themselves. A third of the cardinals are members of the Roman curia (Vatican government). The government directs all religious, political, and economic affairs of the Vatican. The history of the Vatican begins in 756 when the Papal States were founded. In 1870, Italian troops captured the Papal States and moved the capital to Rome. According to the Lutheran agreement (concordat) made in 1929, the Italian side recognized the independence of the Vatican State. In 1984, a new concordat was signed between the two countries, and religious freedom was granted to Italians. Now there are more than eight million Catholic Christians in the world. Among them, there are 1.7 million clerics, 0.4 million priests, and more than two thousand monasteries who carry out the policy of the Pope. In addition, the Vatican has a great reputation among non-religious organizations (trade unions, youth, women, etc.). The leadership of the Vatican is constantly involved in the world's most difficult problems (armed conflicts, unemployment, fight against poverty, hunger, etc.). They pay for these services from their accounts. The Vatican is one of the richest countries in the world (gold reserves - 13 billion dollars). ## History Previously, the territory of the Vatican was not inhabited, because in ancient Rome this place was considered sacred. Emperor Claudius held circus games here. In 326, after the advent of Christianity, this land was inhabited. In the middle of the 8th century, the Papal States covered a significant part of the Apennine Peninsula, but in 1870 it was destroyed by the Kingdom of Italy. In its current form, it appeared on February 11, 1929, on the basis of the Lateran Agreements concluded with the government of Benito Mussolini. ## Geography The Vatican is located on Vatican Hill in the northwestern part of Rome, a few hundred meters from the Tiber. The Vatican is surrounded by Italy on all sides, the total length of the state border is 3.2 kilometers. In addition, the Lateran Treaties gave extraterritoriality to the Vatican (some basilicas, curio and diocesan offices and Castel Gandolfo), but mainly the border corresponded to the defensive wall. The boundary in front of St. Peter's Pool is the edge of an oval-shaped square (marked by white stones at the top of the square). ## Political System The Vatican is a theocratic state ruled by the Holy See. The sovereign of the Holy See, in which absolute legislative, executive and judicial power is concentrated, is the Pope, elected for life by cardinals. After the death or abdication of a Pope, and during a conflict, until the intonation of a new Pope, his duties (with considerable limitations) are performed by the Camerlengo. ## Population Almost the entire population of the Vatican City is a citizen of the Vatican with a passport (this passport has the diplomatic status of the Holy See, belongs to the inhabitants of the Apostolic Capital (Vatican City) and is issued by the Secretariat of State ) and servants of the Catholic Church. Passport No. 1 is traditionally issued to the current Pope, who has no citizenship or citizenship other than that of the Holy See (only Benedict XVI, who is allowed to hold German citizenship at the same time, and Francis, who holds Argentine citizenship). As of December 31, 2011, of the 594 subjects of the Holy See, 71 are cardinals, 307 have the status of priests and are members of the Papal Mission, 51 are other representatives of the clergy, 1 are monks, 109 are from Switzerland members of the guard, the remaining 55 are ordinary people. In 1983, not a single baby was registered in the Vatican. A little less than half, 246 citizens, retained their first citizenship. In the Vatican, citizenship is not inherited and cannot be acquired after birth in the state. This can only be obtained on the basis of service to the Holy See and will cease in the event of cessation of work at the Vatican. Article 9 of the Lateran Treaty of 1929 between the Vatican and Italy states that if a person renounces Vatican citizenship and does not hold the citizenship of another state, he is granted Italian citizenship. Ethnically, most of them are Italian, with the exception of members of the Swiss Guard. The Vatican's "everyday" population also includes about 3,000 Italians who work outside the state. In 2005, 111 marriages were registered in the Vatican. The Vatican is the only country in the world with zero fertility. ## Economy The Vatican is a highly developed city-state. The Vatican has a non-profit planned economy. The source of income is mainly donations from Catholics all over the world. Part of the funds is for tourism (stamp sales, Vatican euro coins, souvenirs, museum fees). Most of the workforce (museum staff, gardeners, collectors and others) are Italian citizens. The budget of the Vatican is 310 million US dollars. The Vatican has its own bank called the Institute of Religious Affairs. The Vatican has a backup power plant. Since 2008, the construction of a solar power plant with a design capacity of 100 megawatts has been ongoing. ## Kazakhstan and the Vatican Friendly relations between the Vatican and Kazakhstan first began on February 6, 1998. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Nazarbayev met with Pope John Paul II during his visit to the Vatican. During the audience, it was mentioned that both sides had convened a conference of leaders of world religions and confessions. "During the meeting held in the St. Peter's Cathedral of the Vatican, the city-state where the residence of John Paul II is located, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan told the Pope with satisfaction that his first visit to the countries of Central Asia, his speech in Astana was enthusiastically supported by representatives of all religions in Kazakhstan, and that it will contribute to interreligious peace in the country. John Paul II noted that the agreement on cooperation between Kazakhstan and the Vatican, signed in 1998 during the visit of our President to the Vatican State, is being properly implemented. The Pope, through President Nursultan Nazarbayev, asked to express his gratitude to the entire people of Kazakhstan for the special honor shown to him during his visit to Astana. "I have not been shown the same respect even in Christian Armenia and Georgia," the Pope said. At the end of the two-way conversation, the Pope said goodbye to the President and said: "God bless the state and people of Kazakhstan!" expressed his wish. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5834

Чехия

Czechia (Czech. Česko, HFAPattern:Ref-cs: [ˈʧɛskɔ], official name — Czech Republic (Czech Republic before 2016) (abbreviation — ČR); Czech. Česká republika (abbreviation — ČR), HFAPattern:Ref-cs: [ˈʧɛskaː ˈrɛpuˌblɪka]) is a landlocked country in Central Europe, bordered by Austria to the south, Germany to the west, Poland to the northeast, and Slovakia to the southeast. The Czech Republic covers a hilly landscape of 78,866 square kilometers (30,450 sq mi). The majority of the country's territory has a moderate continental and maritime climate. The Czech Republic is a unitary parliamentary republic with a population of 10.7 million. Its capital and largest city, Prague, has a population of 1.3 million; other major cities are Brno, Ostrava, Olomouc and Pilsen. The Czech state was founded at the end of the 9th century as the Duchy of Bohemia under the Great Moravian Empire. In 1002, the duchy was officially recognized as an imperial state of the Holy Roman Empire, and in 1198 it became the Kingdom of Bohemia, reaching its greatest territorial extent in the 14th century. Between the 14th and 17th centuries, the city of Prague served as an imperial residence. The Bohemian Reformation of the 15th century led to the Hussite Wars, which led to confessional pluralism and relative religious tolerance. After the Battle of Mohács in 1526, the entire Bohemian Crown was gradually integrated into the Habsburg Monarchy. The Protestant Bohemian Revolt (1618-20) against the Catholic Habsburgs led to the Thirty Years' War. After the Battle of White Mountain, the Habsburgs consolidated their power, restored Catholicism, and adopted a policy of gradual Germanization. With the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire in 1806, the lands of the Bohemian crown passed to the Austrian Empire, and the Czech (Bohemian) language and literature revived. As the Czech lands were industrialized in the 19th century and subsequently became the nucleus of the first Czechoslovak Republic, established in 1918 after the collapse of the Austro-Hungarian Empire after the First World War. Czechoslovakia was the only democratic state in Central Europe during the war. However, since 1938, Nazi Germany systematically annexed Czech lands, and Slovakia became a puppet state of Germany. In 1945, the country lost German rule. The German-speaking minority was persecuted after the war. The Communist Party of Czechoslovakia won a majority in the 1946 elections and established a one-party communist state under Soviet rule after the 1948 coup d'état. Growing discontent with the regime culminated in a reformist movement known as the Prague Spring, which was quelled by the invasion of the Soviet Union in 1968. After the Velvet Revolution in 1989, Czechoslovakia peacefully ended communist rule and restored democracy with a market economy. On January 1, 1993, Czechoslovakia peacefully disintegrated, and two of its constituent states - the Czech Republic and Slovakia - became independent countries. The Czech Republic joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. He is a member of the OECD, UN, OSCE and the Council of Europe. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7647

Гвинея-Бисау

Guinea-Bissau (port. Guiné-Bissau), official name — Republic of Guinea-Bissau (port. República da Guiné-Bissau [ʁɛˈpublikɐ dɐ ɡiˈnɛ biˈsau]) is a country located on the west coast of Africa. It borders with Senegal and Guinea. Insular Guinea includes the Bijagos Islands. Land area. 36.1 thousand km2. The population is 1.1 million. (1996). 80% of them are Bantu-speaking Balanta, Fula, Mandyak, Mandinka, etc. nations. The capital is Bissau. (160 thousand). The official language is Portuguese. About 60% of the population are pagans, 35% are Muslims, and the rest are Christians. The country is headed by the president. The legislative body is the National People's Assembly. ## Climate The land is mainly a plain, the ocean coasts are clay swamps. The climate is equatorial-monsoon. Summer is rainy, the average temperature in November is 24C, and in July it is 26C. Evergreen forests and savannahs are home to many species of animals and plants, including valuable trees. ## History Its ancient history has not been studied much. Between the 9th and 15th centuries, it was subject to the states of Ghana and Mali. From 1446, Portuguese colonists started coming to the country. They gradually opened castles and trading posts and engaged in slave trade. In the 17th and 20th centuries, the local population repeatedly revolted and strongly opposed the colonists. 2nd world. After the war, the national liberation movement in the country got stronger again. In 1951, the government gave the country the status of "province on the other side of the sea". But instead of being suppressed, the liberation movement continued to grow. 1963 An armed uprising began in the country, and then a partisan movement developed. 1973 On September 24, the independence of Gauss-B-d was announced. The following year, Portugal was forced to withdraw its troops from the country. Banks, large companies, foreign trade, natural resources were taken into state ownership. In 1980, due to the increase in unemployment and lack of food. A military coup took place. Now foreign capital is gradually entering the country again. Gauss - B. belongs to backward countries. Gross national product per person is less than 300 dollars. 80% of the population a. works in Mainly, grain crops are grown. In industry, mainly small enterprises, fishing is developing well recently. Almost 90% of its economy is financed by foreigners. Main trade partners: Portugal, Spain, France, Sweden, USA and Senegal. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4884

Order of the Leopard

"Barys" order is an order of the Republic of Kazakhstan established by Law No. 462-1 of July 26, 1999. This order is for special merits: * Strengthening the statehood and sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * ensuring peace, community grouping and unity of the people of Kazakhstan; * in state, industrial, scientific, socio-cultural and public service; * to strengthen cooperation between peoples; * bringing together and enriching national cultures; * is awarded for developing friendly relations between states. ## Ranks There are three ranks in the "Barys" order: * The 1st rank "Barys" order consists of a star and an insignia on a shoulder strap. * The 2nd degree "Barys" order consists of a badge in the shape of a chest. * The 3rd degree "Barys" order consists of a badge on the neck ribbon. The highest rank of the Order is the 1st rank. Awarding is carried out in order: III degree, II degree and I degree. In special cases, awards may be given regardless of the order of the head of state for conspicuous differences. ## Description The ribbon of the order is dark blue with three yellow stripes in the middle. * in the 1st degree — shoulder — width 100 mm * in the 2nd degree — to the normal — width 32 mm * in the 3rd degree — to the neck — width 20 mm ## Gallery * * * * ## See more * State awards of Kazakhstan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6226

Norfolk Island

Norfolk Island (English. Norfolk Island, norf. Norf'k Ailen) is a small island located in the Pacific Ocean, an outer territory of Australia. Together with neighboring Phillip and Nepean Islands, it forms the territory of Norfolk Island. According to the 2021 census, the population is equal to 2188 people and the total land area is 35 km2. The capital is Kingston. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1838

Subjunctive conjunction

dependent conjunction is usually an addition that indicates that one thing is dependent on another thing. Although it is an addition specific to nouns, it can be attached to all words that function as nouns and therefore are substantivized (materialized). For example: if the words "my father" and "my notebook" are objects, then the adjective "elder" in the sentence "The elder camel eats a stick at the crossing" (proverb) is substantive. If a man speaks twice, he is dead; The words "the oak is bent - broken" (proverb), "dead", "bent", "broken" are pronouns used instead of nouns. ## Affixes Affixes that serve as indicators of aspect are: classification is directly related to pronouns. That is why the case endings of the dependent word also correspond to the cases of classification pronouns. For example: my city; your city; your pen, his pen. ## Dependence of singular form and plural form The word depends on both singular form and plural form. If the word (thing) is dependent individually, it is known that one thing is characteristic of one person (or thing). And if the word (thing) depends on the plural form, it is known that many things or several things of the same kind belong to only one person (or thing). This type of addiction is called solitary addiction. For example: The experience of one is the benefit of many (proverb); If in the sentences "Father of wealth is labor, mother is land" (proverb) the words are used without dependent conjunctions, the words in those sentences are not connected and do not make sense. The example of solitary dependence is as follows: ## Literature * A. Iskakov, Modern Kazakh language, 1974

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5177

Тасмағамбетов

Imangali Nurgalyuly Tasmagambetov (December 9, 1956, Novobogat village, Guryev region, Makhambet district) is a Kazakhstani state and public figure, since 2022, the General Secretary of the NSCO. Imangali Tasmagambetov was the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan in 2002-2003, Mayor of Astana from 2008 to 2014, Minister of Defense of Kazakhstan in 2014-2016, and Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation in 2017-2019. ## Biography He was born on December 9, 1956 in the village of Novobogat, Makhambet district, Guryev region. He came from the Jappas clan of Khushi Yuz. In 1979, A. of Ural city. S. He received a diploma in the specialty of teacher of geography and biology from Pushkin Pedagogical Institute. In 1990, he defended his thesis on the topic "Environmental problems of world studies" and received the title of candidate of philosophical sciences. After 7 years, he chose the scientific research work "Social policy in transit political systems" and was named a doctor of political science. From 1981 to 1991, he was a member of the CPSU, in 1990-1991 he was a member of the Politburo of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. Elected as a deputy of the XII convocation of the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan. His achievements and political biography are connected with leadership in the only youth political organization of that time - LKZHO of Kazakhstan. From 1979, he was the head of the organizational department of the LKJO in Makhambet district, Guryev was the first secretary of the city committee and the regional committee of the LKJO. In 1989, he headed the State Committee on Youth Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 1991. In 1993, Imangali Tasmagambetov was appointed assistant to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since 1995, he has held the highest positions in the country's management, Vice Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, Vice Prime Minister of Education and Culture, Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, First Assistant to the President of Kazakhstan, Akim of Atyrau Region, Prime Minister of Kazakhstan , the State Secretary, will be the head of the administration of the President of Kazakhstan. In 2004-2008, he served as the mayor of Almaty, the largest city of Kazakhstan with 1.5 million inhabitants. On April 4, 2008, he was appointed akim of Astana, the capital of Kazakhstan. Member of the Security Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Chairman of the Public Council of the State Program "Cultural Heritage", Chairman of the National Commission of the Republic of Kazakhstan on UNESCO, Honorary President of the Shooting Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Academician A.Kh. Chairman of the Board of the Margulan International Fund. Tasmagambetov to Mongolia, Western Kazakhstan and the Astrakhan region of the Russian Federation (Caspian: oil and culture), etc. organized international cultural studies expeditions. As a result, in 2000, a copy of the ancient indigenous Kul-tegin stone letter from Mongolia to Kazakhstan was installed. He is a figure who has done a lot of work in reviving the heritage of Kazakh culture and history and bringing it to the public. Author of dozens of books and many scientific works. He is the author of articles related to cultural studies, public administration, problems of socio-economic development and political science. ## Awards * Order of "Parasat" (1998) * Order of "First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev" (2004) * Order of the Russian Orthodox Church " "Holy King Daniel of Moscow" Order * Awarded the "Druzhba Narodov" Order of the Russian Federation and many medals. ## Family His father's name is Tasmagambetov Nurgali (1926-1997). Mother - Kokanova Dilda Matayovna (born in 1930) Married, spouse - Klara Dauvymovna Bekkullova (born in 1957), a teacher. Daughters - Asel (born in 1979), lawyer, Sofia (born in 1983). His son is Nurgali Nursultan (born in 1994). Grandsons — Dinmuhammed (born in 2000) and Nureddin (born in 2005). ## Creativity I. As Tasmagambetov himself said: "I am not superstitious, but I am not an atheist either." He pays deep attention to the issues of history, ethnography, archeology of Kazakhstan and collects items of signature art of the peoples of Central Asia. The ideal of a political figure is Mustafa Shokai, Francois Mitterrand. * Civilization in Horse Flame * Locksmith ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4338

Тоқаев

Kassym-Jomart Kemeluly Tokaev (May 17, 1953, Almaty) is a Soviet and Kazakh politician, diplomat, the second President of Kazakhstan (2019–). Tokayev, in addition, is the Supreme Commander of the Armed Forces of Kazakhstan, the Chairman of the Security Council (since 2022) and the Chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan since April 2021. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, leader of the Amanat Party (2022), two-term Chairman of the Senate (2013–2019, 2007–2011), Deputy Secretary General of the UN (2011–2013), two-time Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan (2002– 2007, 1994–1999) and once served as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (1999–2002). Stability has been maintained in the country, political change has taken place and new reforms have taken place, but despite this, Tokayev's leadership is criticized by foreign and local media sources as sometimes violating human rights and being authoritarian. A 2022 leak of confidential Credit Suisse data revealed that the Tokaev family has been managing a complex network of offshore assets since at least 1998. ## Family Kasym-Jomart Tokaev was born on May 17, 1953 in Almaty. Father Kemel Tokayuly Tokaev (1923-1986) is a veteran of the Great Patriotic War, Kazakh writer. At the age of 20, he was the commander of a company of machine guns during the liberation of Kiev. After the war, he became the first Kazakh detective genre writer. For many years, he was the editor of the "Herald" magazine of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. His mother, Turar Shabarbaeva (1931–2000), worked at the Almaty Pedagogical Institute of Foreign Languages. The family has one son and two daughters Karlyga (1956) and Karlygash (1960). Kassym-Jomart Tokaev was named by his parents in honor of his brother named Kassym Boltaev (Tokaev). Kasym went to war as part of the Red Army and was killed in the Battle of Rzhev. After the war, Kemel Tokayev was awarded a medal for his contribution to the Tyn development program. Kassym-Jomart Tokayev spent part of his childhood in the village of Kalpe, Karatal district of Zhetisu region. In 1970, he graduated from school No. 25 named after Ilyas Esenberlin in Almaty. The school teaches the French language in depth. In 1975, he graduated from the Moscow State Institute of International Relations, majoring in "International Relations". With the referral of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, he completed a pre-diploma internship at the Embassy of the Soviet Union in the People's Republic of China, and then was sent to work at the Embassy of the Soviet Union in the Republic of Singapore. In 1979, he returned to the staff of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR. In 1983-1984, he did an internship at the Beijing Institute of Linguistics. Between 1984 and 1985, he worked in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the USSR, and then was sent to the Embassy of the Soviet Union in the People's Republic of China. He worked there until 1991 in the positions of second secretary, first secretary and adviser. In 1989, during his visit to China, the General Secretary of the USSR, Mikhail Gorbachev, acted as a translator during the talks with Deng Xiaoping. In 1992, he graduated from the Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. In 1998, as a candidate of historical sciences, he defended his candidate's thesis on the topic "Asia-Pacific countries in Kazakhstan's foreign policy". And in 2001, as a doctor of political sciences, he defended his doctoral dissertation on the topic "Foreign policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the era of the new global order". ## Political activities ### Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs (1992–1994) In March 1992, Kasym-Jomart Tokaev Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan appointed deputy minister. In 1993, he served as the First Deputy Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan. ### Minister of Foreign Affairs (1994–1999) On October 13, 1994, Tokayev was appointed the Minister of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan. Deputy Prime Minister in the Government led by Nurlan Balgimbaev in March-October 1999. ### Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (1999–2002) In March 1999, Tokayev was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan. In October 1999, he was elected as the Prime Minister of Kazakhstan with the support of the Parliament and the decree of the President. During his premiership, the country's GDP growth increased by 13.5% in 2001, while inflation decreased by 11.2%. On November 20, 2001, on the Khabar live broadcast, Tokayev announced that he would resign from the post of prime minister if President Nursultan Nazarbayev did not fire several government officials whom he called "intriguists". Deputy Prime Minister Oraz Zhandosov, Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the People Alikhan Baymenov, Akim of Pavlodar Region Galymzhan Zhakiyanov and Deputy Minister of Defense Zhannat Ertilesova were among the mentioned "non-professional" officials. Tokayev accused them of wanting to decentralize executive power and obstructing democratization. After Tokayev's speech, Nazarbayev dismissed 6 members of the government, including Zhandosov, Zhakiyanov and Yertilesova. ### Secretary of State (2002–2007) As Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tokayev actively participated in the process of global nuclear non-proliferation. In 1995 and 2005, he attended the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty Review Conferences in New York. In 1996, he signed the Comprehensive Nuclear-Test-Ban Treaty in New York, and in 2005, he signed the Central Asian Nuclear-Free Zone Treaty in Semipalatinsk. Tokayev was elected chairman of the Council of Foreign Ministers of the Commonwealth of Independent States and the Shanghai Cooperation Organization and participated in 10 sessions of the United Nations General Assembly. ### Chairman of the Senate (2007–2011) In January 2007, Tokayev was elected the chairman of the Senate of the Parliament of Kazakhstan. In 2008, as the chairman of the Senate, he was elected the vice-president of the OSCE Parliamentary Assembly. He was in this position until April 15, 2011. ### Deputy Secretary General of the UN In March 2011, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, the Deputy Secretary General of the UN, the General Director of the UN branch in Geneva, as well as the personal representative of the UN Secretary General at the Conference on Disarmament was appointed as a representative. He also held the position of Secretary General of the Conference on Disarmament. Tokaev has a doctorate in political science. He is the author of nine books and several articles on international relations. The Russian Biographical Institute awarded him the title of "2018 Person of the Year". ### Chairman of the Senate (2013–2019) On October 16, 2013, he was re-elected as the chairman of the Senate of Kazakhstan, senators unanimously voted for Tokayev's candidacy. During the 2016 protests on the land issue, Tokayev said that the solution to the land issue in the country should be looked at critically. ## Presidency (2019–) On March 19, 2019, President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Abishuliy Nazarbayev announced that he will voluntarily terminate his powers. According to the Constitution, in this case, the role of the President is performed by the Chairman of the Senate. On March 20, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev was sworn in as acting president of Kazakhstan. After the inauguration, he proposed to change the name of the city of Astana to Nur-Sultan in honor of Nazarbayev. Parliament approved the new name of the city that day. On April 23, the Nur Otan party nominated K. Tokayev as a candidate for the extraordinary presidential election. The presidential election was held on June 9 of that year. He won 70.96% of the total votes in the presidential election. On June 12, he will officially take office as the newly elected President. Inauguration took place in the Palace of Independence of Nur-Sultan. Since April 2021, he has been the chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan, and since January 2022, he has been the chairman of the Security Council of Kazakhstan. Meanwhile, Nur Otan was elected as the chairman of the party and announced that he would leave the party in April. In the first period, several socio-economic reforms were made, including raising teachers' wages, forgiving loans of socially vulnerable families, banning the death penalty, strengthening local self-government, and making changes to the laws on political parties and elections. In January 2022, mass protests were held in Kazakhstan. In the cities of Aktau and Zhanaozen, the local population protested the doubling of gas prices. Later, mining support started in other cities of Kazakhstan. The government headed by Askar Mamin resigned. Alikhan Smaililov was appointed as the Prime Minister of the new government. After the January incident, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev announced new changes and transformation. In his message to the people of Kazakhstan in March, he proposed changes to the Constitution in order to modernize and democratize the country's political system. In April, he proposed holding a national referendum on changes to the Constitution. 77.18% of citizens who participated in the referendum supported the changes. On June 8, the mentioned changes entered into force. These changes should lead to a change from a super-presidential system of government to a presidential system with a strong parliament. In his address to the people of Kazakhstan on September 1, 2022, he proposed holding extraordinary presidential elections despite the fact that the first 5-year presidential term will end in 2024. In addition, after the election, the president announced that he would introduce a proposal to extend the term of office from 5 to 7 years and to be elected for a single term. On September 2, a group of deputies called "New Kazakhstan" made a proposal to change the Constitution of the president's powers before the election and limit them to only one term. On September 13, the Constitutional Council approved the proposed changes. On September 16, the Parliament of Kazakhstan adopted a law on amendments to the Constitution. On September 21, 2022, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev signed a decree on holding extraordinary presidential elections on November 22, 2022. On October 6, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev was nominated as a candidate for the presidential election on behalf of the People's Coalition (which includes Amanat, Ak Zhol and the People's Party of Kazakhstan). won 81.31% of votes in the presidential election held on November 20. On November 26, he took office as the newly elected president. ### 2019 After the series of explosions in the city of Arys, which took place in June 2019 and became known as the Arys tragedy, Tokayev initiated a criminal case, instructed the Ministries of Internal Affairs and Defense to prevent possible explosions, and promised that the culprits would be brought to justice. On June 25, he went to the evacuation point of the city and met with the local population. Tokayev gave his first message to the people as president on September 2, 2019. In his speech, he paid some attention to the development of society and security, support of local businesses and the establishment of economic development in the country. In October 2019, it was revealed that all potential ministerial candidates, except for the Ministers of Defense, Interior and Foreign Affairs, would need to receive Nazarbayev's approval before being appointed. After the Bek Air plane crash of the same year, Tokayev declared December 28, 2019 as the National Day of Mourning and promised that all the culprits would be punished according to the law. ### 2020 After the inter-ethnic conflict in the village of Masanchi, which took place in February 2020, Tokayev dismissed the akim of Kordai district, the deputy akim of Zhambyl region, and the police chiefs of the region and district. He said that the inter-ethnic conflict between Kazakhs and Dungyns was caused by the conflict between "two criminal groups". In an interview with the Informburo agency, Tokayev spoke about the situation of Mukhtar Zhakishev: "This issue is only within the jurisdiction of the court. I know, of course, that Zhakishev has applied for early parole due to his health several times. The court session will be held on March 3. Let's wait for his decision, I have no doubt that it will be done fairly." On March 3, 2020, the Semipalatinsk City Court granted Zhakishev's request for parole. He was in prison for 14 years since 2009. On May 2, 2020, Nazarbayev's daughter, Dariga Nazarbayeva, was dismissed from the Senate and from the post of Senate chairman by decree. There have been some theories about the reason for this decision; some associate it with Tokayev's increasing political influence, while others say it stems from the conflict between the ruling elite. In his address to the people on September 1, Tokayev spoke about seven planned reforms. In addition, he spoke about optimizing the social system of Kazakhstan, increasing productivity and creating a green economy, equalizing the business environment, investing more in education and overseeing management. ### 2021 In the fall of 2020, Tokayev confirmed the date of the 2021 parliamentary elections. According to the President, "The Central Election Commission and the General Prosecutor's Office conduct regular monitoring to preserve the legality, transparency and fairness of elections." On the election day, Tokayev said that the government will be removed from office according to the law and will consult with the newly elected deputies and party leaders on the issue of appointing the prime minister and cabinet members. As a result of the election, the ruling Nur Otan party became the majority party again, and Askar Mamin was re-elected as the prime minister. The experts of the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) said that "the election was held without any competition" and "all political parties continue to support the projects of the ruling party, voters have no political alternative to choose from." On April 28, 2021, Nazarbayev resigned as chairman of the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan (APA). His successor was President Tokayev, whose candidacy for the presidency was supported by the majority of ANC members. Tokayev made Nazarbayev the Honorary Chairman of the Assembly for his "historic merit". On November 23, 2021, Nazarbayev's press secretary Aidos Ukibai announced that Nazarbayev would transfer the position of Nur Otan leader to Tokayev. ### 2022 After large protests in January 2022, Tokayev dismissed Askar Mamin and his government. Initially, in an attempt to calm the public during the protests, Tokayev planned to announce new reforms and introduced price controls on liquefied natural gas, diesel and gasoline, as well as other goods of social importance, but as the protests continued, Tokayev ordered the army to use force against the protesters and " ordered to shoot without warning. On January 11, Tokayev appointed Alikhan Smayilov as the Prime Minister. On March 16, 2022, Tokayev proposed the approval of constitutional reforms and the reduction of the powers of the president. According to him, it is better to move the country from the system of "super-presidential republic" to "presidential republic with powerful parliament". On April 26, he left the Amanat party. As a result of the June 5 referendum, the president was banned from being part of the party during his presidency. Kassym-Jomart Tokaev won the extraordinary presidential election held on November 20, 2022, having collected 81.31% of the total votes. On November 26, 2022, its second inauguration ceremony was held. ### 2023 After taking office, Tokayev announced that the Senate elections will be held in January 2023, noting that he sees these elections as a part of the "planned continuation of the process of political modernization". According to the conclusion, "part of the Senate's deputy corps will be updated based on the principles of competition and transparency." Local maslikhats elected 20 senators out of 130 candidates who announced their candidacy during the election (according to the Constitution, two deputies are elected to the senate from each oblast, republican city and capital). The remaining 10 candidates are nominated by the president, half of whom are nominated by the People's Assembly. On January 19, 2023, Tokayev signed a presidential decree on the official dissolution of the 7th convened Majilis and holding extraordinary parliamentary elections on March 19, 2023. It is believed that this day was chosen on purpose for the Nauryz holiday and the fourth anniversary of the resignation of former President Nursultan Nazarbayev. While signing the decree, Tokayev praised the work of Majilis deputies and said that they set an example of "high professionalism, responsibility towards citizens and true patriotism." He also said that early elections will be the last stage of the "modernization of state power institutions" in accordance with the formula "Strong President - Influential Parliament - Accountable Government". On March 27, the election results were officially announced, and it was revealed that Amanat was the party with the most mandates. Shortly after the election, the Second Alikhan Smayilov government began its work. On February 15, Tokayev signed a law abolishing many of Nursultan Nazarbayev's privileges, including lifetime financial support from the state, appeals to the people, and the right to consult officials, and stripped his close relatives of legal immunity. Soon, Nazarbayev was also deprived of the honorary title of President according to the law. Tokaev took part in the Victory Day parade held in Moscow on May 9. It was the second Victory Day parade since the start of Russia's invasion of Ukraine, but unlike the 2022 parade, this time the parade in Moscow was attended by several foreign leaders, including Armenian Prime Minister Nikol Pashinyan, Belarusian President Alexander Lukashenko, Kyrgyz President Sadyr Japarov, Tajikistan President Emomali Rahmon, President of Turkmenistan Serdar Berdimuhamedov and President of Uzbekistan Shavkat Mirziyoyev attended. In June 2023, a large fire started in Abay region as a result of lightning. On June 11, Tokayev flew to the region and declared a day of national mourning in the country. That evening, he awarded the Order of Honor to all those who died during fire fighting. The large-scale fire was completely extinguished at 13:00 on July 13. On November 3, 2023, the 2023 summit of the Organization of Turkic States was held in Astana, chaired by Tokayev. ### 2024 In March 2024, in Atyrau, in his speech before the National Assembly, Tokayev said that the design of the coat of arms of Kazakhstan will change and the new design will be selected through a competition. It was also said that the design of the coat of arms will be changed because it "resembles the coat of arms of the Soviet era" and is too "eclectic", "complicated". In addition, Tokayev criticized the religious dress, calling it "an open attack on traditional values." In June 2024, Tokayev announced that a referendum on the construction of a nuclear power plant in the country would be held in the fall of that year. The exact date of the referendum will be announced by the government itself. ### Political reforms In May 2022, Tokaev "On the procedure for organizing and holding peaceful meetings in the Republic of Kazakhstan", "On introducing changes and additions to the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan", "" He signed the laws "On Amendments and Supplements to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Political Parties", "On Elections in the Republic of Kazakhstan" and "On Amendments to the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan". In his address to the people, he said that "in order to create a modern state, Kazakhstan should create a multi-party system" and said that the ruling Nur Otan party should cooperate more with other parties. The idea of "a state that listens to the voice of the people" One of the important elements of Tokayev's state policy was to present the idea of "a state that listens to the voice of the people" (sometimes the listening state or the listening state), in which public administration " will adhere to the principle of "the state for the citizen, not the citizen for the state". Tokaev advocated political reforms that promote the concept of a state that listens to civil society. Tokayev also proposed holding direct elections of mayors of rural districts, settlements and villages in 2021 and signed the draft law on it in 2020. As a result of the 2021 parliamentary elections, only three of the 5 registered parties won a mandate in the Mazhilis. At the opening ceremony of the 7th Parliament, Tokayev suggested that the percentage barrier of 7% to 5% was lowered and the option "I'm against everything" was put back on the ballot. The parliament adopted these constitutional reforms proposed by Tokayev, and they entered into force on May 25, 2021. Creation of the National Constitution On June 14, 2022, Tokayev signed the law on the creation of the National Constitution. This body was the successor of the National Council of Public Trust. Death penalty In December 2019, Tokayev said that Kazakhstan will sign the second optional protocol of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. His speech was made after the discussion on human rights by the National Council of Public Trust. From there, Tokayev tasked the Ministry of Foreign Affairs with the task of starting the process of accession to the Second Optional Protocol, which establishes measures to abolish the death penalty in the country. Representative of Kazakhstan to the United Nations Kairat Omarov signed the protocol. On January 2, 2021, Tokayev signed the legislation abolishing the death penalty. ### Economic reforms In the first months of his presidency, Tokayev stopped providing government assistance to banks and introduced a loan forgiveness system in order to reduce the burden on socially vulnerable groups of the population. In 2020, the salaries of teachers, doctors and social workers increased. During the global recession caused by the COVID-19 pandemic, Tokayev instructed the government to create an anti-crisis plan that fulfills "all social obligations". In response, a series of packages aimed at easing the burden on the private sector through cheap credit, tax breaks, audit cuts and employment incentives have been unveiled. As the pandemic progressed, commodity inflation began to rise, leading to increased social and labor unrest, especially in western Kazakhstan. In response, Tokayev accused the government and the central bank of being too "incompetent", called on them to reduce the inflation rate, and noted the excess money supply in the state budget. In September 2021, the country's minimum wage was increased for the first time since 2018. COVID-19 pandemic Due to the spread of the COVID-19 epidemic in Kazakhstan in March 2020, Tokayev introduced a state of emergency in the country on March 15. In his speech on national television, Tokayev noted that he had signed a special decree "On measures to ensure the stability of state work" and noted that the documents allow to increase the efficiency of the activities of state bodies, strengthen the vertical of power and make all the necessary decisions quickly. In order to stop the spread of the virus, Tokayev ordered to stop the events for Nauryz holiday and the military parade for Victory Day. As a proponent of the COVID-19 vaccination, Tokayev criticized the Ministry of Health and the entire government for the slow pace of vaccine introduction in the first months. In an effort to increase public confidence in the vaccine, Tokayev received a dose of the Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine produced in Kazakhstan in April 2021. According to the press secretary, Tokayev did not experience any side effects as a result. Education At the teachers' conference held in April 2019, Tokayev announced that the average salary of school teachers in Kazakhstan will double in four years. He also instructed the Ministry of Education and Science to develop and implement special programs to close the academic gap of children from low-income families and schools in disadvantaged areas, and emphasized the need to overcome the inequality in education, especially between rural and urban areas. Energy In April 2019, Tokayev expressed the need to install a nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan and stated that the country will face a shortage of electricity by 2030. In May 2021, Tokayev announced the Low Carbon Development Concept, a project that aims to reduce Kazakhstan's dependence on coal by 2035 by developing the country's energy balance. Ecology On June 17, 2019, Tokayev established the Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources and appointed Magzum Myrzagaliyev as its first minister. The Ministry was given the authority to protect the environment, rational use of natural resources, geology and enrichment of the mineral-raw material base, as well as solid household waste, water and wastewater treatment, forestry supervision. On January 4, 2023, the ministry was disbanded and replaced by the Ministries of Industry and Infrastructure Development and Environment and Natural Resources. Tokayev said that he is worried about the polluted air of Almaty. In 2021, he instructed the government, the city administration and the Samruk-Energo company to implement the final decision to switch the Almaty-2 CHP to natural gas in order to limit harmful emissions from the plant. However, experts in 2022 proved that the air quality of Almaty is not improving. Health care On July 7, 2020, Tokayev signed the new code "On public health and health care system" and the law "On amendments and additions to certain legislative acts on health care issues", which strengthened the legal protection of medical workers, redefined the rights of citizens regarding vaccination. Also, the code restricted the use of e-cigarettes, prohibited the import, production and distribution of snus and other smokeless tobacco products, and introduced administrative liability for selling tobacco products to persons under the age of 21. ### Foreign policy Tokayev promised to continue the foreign policy started by his predecessor Nursultan Nazarbayev. This policy includes measures to attract foreign investments, conduct a multi-vector foreign policy and ensure security in the region. In the first month in power, he met with 4 heads of state, two of them he met abroad, and the other two were welcomed in Nur-Sultan. Russia See also: Kazakhstan-Russia relations According to political scientist Rico Isaacs, Tokayev's decision to replace Nazarbayev was made to prevent democratization in the country. According to Isaacs, the democratization of the country would harm Nazarbayev's legacy and the country's relations with Russia. Two weeks after taking office, on April 4, 2019, Tokayev made his first foreign visit to Moscow and met with Vladimir Putin. During the visit, Putin offered Tokayev Russian assistance in the construction of a proposed nuclear power plant in the country. In June 2019, Tokayev announced that the decision to build a nuclear power plant would be made by the will of the local people, "even through a referendum if necessary." By the end of 2020, Russian deputies Vyacheslav Nikonov and Yevgeny Fyodorov called the entire land of Kazakhstan a gift from the Soviet Union and concluded that Russia had leased this land. These findings provoked a reaction from the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Kazakhstan, which said that the relations between the two countries could be damaged due to these "provocative" attacks. In an interview with Egemen Kazakhstan, Tokayev said that "a few foreign citizens" want to "worse" the relations between the two countries and said that "no one has given this large land to Kazakhstan." After Russia's invasion of Ukraine, Tokayev said that Russia would not recognize the puppet states of Donetsk and Luhansk People's Republics. According to him, "we do not recognize Taiwan, Kosovo, South Ossetia, or Abkhazia. We apply this principle to the quasi-state structure of Luhansk and Donetsk." Tokayev also noted that Kazakhstan will implement Western sanctions against Russia and that the country will "maintain restrictions on Russia and Belarus." 2023 On May 9, he participated in the Victory Day parade in Moscow and met with Russian President Vladimir Putin. went on a state visit. There he met with President Xi Jinping, during the meeting, both leaders agreed to establish a permanent comprehensive partnership. During his visit to Beijing University, he met with his former language teacher, Shiqin Tokayev He described him as "versatile, active, fast" and "one of the best students". Kazakhstan relations, Kazakhstan-Kyrgyz relations and Kazakhstan-Uzbekistan relations On April 14, 2019, Tokayev traveled to neighboring Uzbekistan and held talks with President Shavkat Mirziyoyev. This was the first meeting of the "second presidents". On May 16-17, Tokayev invited several heads of state, including Armen Sargsyan and Mamuka Bakhtadze, to the 12th Astana Economic Forum. Nursultan Nazarbayev was at the beginning of the summit. He also received the regional leaders of Russia, Kyrgyzstan, Belarus, Tajikistan, Armenia and Moldova for the summit of the Eurasian Economic Union and the High Eurasian Economic Council on May 29. During his visit to Kyrgyzstan at the end of 2019, he visited the museum-house of the Kyrgyz writer Chingis Aitmatov in Bishkek, met the late writer's wife, and recalled his first meeting with Aitmatov in Beijing in 1989. When the Second Nagorno-Karabakh War broke out, Tokayev demanded that Armenia withdraw its troops from the disputed region. Europe See also: Kazakhstan-European Union relations As the Minister of Foreign Affairs, Tokayev visited Berlin, Germany on October 3-4, 2006 and spoke before the European Parliament Foreign Affairs Committee spoke. In his speech, Tokayev proposed Kazakhstan's candidacy to head the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) in 2009. In his speech, he discussed the competition for energy sources between the European Union, China and India, saying that Kazakhstan is "one of the very few countries capable of increasing oil production, and thus Kazakhstan can become an important alternative energy supplier for the global and European markets." He also opposed the creation of the Transcapsian gas pipeline through Azerbaijan; EU officials wanted the implementation of this project due to the possibility of opposition from other countries bordering the Caspian Sea. Gernot Ehrler, the representative of the German Foreign Office, supported Kazakhstan's becoming president of the OSCE in 2009, while the Portuguese socialist MP Ana Gomes Tokayev said, "Minister, you are a candidate for the chairmanship of the OSCE. However, the OSCE said that your past elections did not meet the international standards of real elections. We heard that the political opposition in your country is being crushed. "We even hear that religious groups are being crushed." Although Tokayev said that the political opposition forces in Kazakhstan "cannot oppose the government" due to their weaknesses, Kazakhstanis need to be "educated" about democracy, [for them] this concept is foreign. According to Tokayev, the government will make religious tolerance a priority. He criticized the election report made by the OSCE for "technical difficulties" and "not doing it fairly" and called for "mutual understanding". He went on to say that he believed his government "can make a great contribution as a representative country located in Central Asia." On December 4, 2019, before his state visit to Germany, Tokayev gave an interview to the German Wave. There he called Germany "the most important European partner of Kazakhstan". In the same interview, he said that he does not consider the Russian Federation's annexation of Crimea to be an occupation, and at the same time said that he "believes in the wisdom of the Russian leadership." USA See also: US-Kazakhstan relations Tokayev with US Secretary of State Condoleezza Rice and US Assistant Secretary of State for Human Rights Barry Lowenkron at the Waldorf-Astoria Hotel on September 25, 2006 met. According to Associated Press journalist Ann Gearan, according to some experts, despite the deterioration of the political situation in Kazakhstan, the US wants to improve its relations with Kazakhstan. Kazakhstan's oil production has been predicted to increase significantly, and Kazakhstan has been described as "too authoritarian, too unstable, too poor" compared to other Central Asian countries. Before the meeting with Tokayev, Rice refused to answer the question "which comes first" during the negotiations, human rights or energy. After becoming president, Tokayev continued existing diplomatic relations with Kazakhstan's strategic allies, including the United States. On February 2, 2020, he met with US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo in Nur-Sultan, during the talks, the importance of improving relations between the two countries and strengthening trade, investment, IT technology, democratic values and the fight against terrorism was mentioned. According to some analysts, Pompeo's visit to Kazakhstan was designed to counter China's influence in the country, as Pompeo had previously met with ethnic Kazakh families who were victims of camps in Xinjiang and called on Tokayev to pressure China to persecute ethnic Uyghurs and Kazakhs. ## Political views Tokayev is described as a "moderate conservative" with experience in local and international power. However, in an interview with The Wall Street Journal, Tokayev described himself as a "reformer" and said that there will be no economic reforms without political reforms. According to The Diplomat, Tokayev's political capital did not exceed the support of Nazarbayev, which allowed him to gain support and trust from the business elite, civil servants and political institutions. For this reason, Tokaev has been described as a "political native of Nazarbayev" and his opponents and critics called him "furniture" (Russian: мебел), a derisive term first coined in 2019 by exiled Kazakh businessman Mukhtar Ablyazov. ### Corruption Tokayev described his attitude towards corruption, called it "direct damage to national security", and spoke about the major responsibility of governors in the fight against corruption. On November 28, 2019, a draft law was approved that obliges ministers and mayors who were members to resign if they are found guilty of corruption. ### Russian language As president, Tokayev called on the Kazakh public to learn the Kazakh language, calling it "the duty of every Kazakhstani". In addition, he believed that strengthening the role of the Kazakh language should not harm the Russian language, and said that if this issue is not considered properly, it can have "irreparable consequences", and noted the ethnic conflicts in Ukraine. On October 13, 2023, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev spoke about the "special role" of the Russian language in relations between the CIS countries. According to the press service of the President of Russia, Tokayev "suggested the creation of an international organization for the development of the Russian language." The official website of the President of Kazakhstan did not report this. On October 18, 2023, Tokayev approved the project of this international organization and called this decision a "historic decision". ## His life The wife of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev (married 1980-2020, [source?] divorced) was Nadezhda Davydovna Tokaeva (born September 27, 1957). She is the former Honorary President of the Women's Guild of the United Nations Office in Geneva (2011–2012), the First Lady of Kazakhstan (2018–2020). A graduate of the Moscow Institute of History and Archives, a citizen of Russia. Tokaevs' son Timur Kemel (born in 1984) is one of the founders of the BESK Holding Company, Karaoba-2005 and Kazakhstan Tungsten & Molybdenum Company LLP, heads the charity foundation named after Kemel Tokaev. Graduate of Lehman College (Geneva, Switzerland), Webster University (Bellevue, Switzerland) and Diplomatic Academy of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of Russia. Candidate of political sciences (since 2009). His wife is Eldana Seitkaliovyna Shalabaeva (daughter of Batima Zavirbekova and Seitkali Shalabayev). Kassym-Jomart Tokayev's sister Karlyga Kemelovny Izbastina (Tokaeva; born September 19, 1956) is the director of Abi Petroleum Capital LLP. Her husband Temirtai Izbastin (born September 10, 1957) is the Ambassador of Kazakhstan to Bulgaria (2019–2022) and Head of the Diplomatic Mission (2009–2019). * Daughter Dana Temirtaikovna Medeuova (born in 1978) owns Dami Investment, Dami International, SD Property Investments in Bulgaria. * The eldest son (born in 1981) Kanysh Temirtaiuly Izbastin is the chairman of BRK-Leasing (2008–2012), KazExportGarant export credit insurance corporation (May–November 2012), KazAgroFinance (2015–2021). His wife Botagoz Kozykorpeshovna Karbuzova (born in 1982; daughter of Kozy-Korpesh Zhaparkhanuly Karbuzov) is the director of KENSE 99 LLP. Children: Sarah Aylen (2009), Sofia (2011), Salma (2013). The middle son, Mukhamed Temirtaiuly Izbastin (born in 1983) is the founder of TSM Group, manages a subsidiary of the charitable fund named after Kemel Tokaev. Among the 50 most influential entrepreneurs of 2022 according to the Kazakh Forbes magazine. * Younger son Beket Temirtaiuly Izbastin (born in 1984) is the general director of PSA. Another sister of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, Karlygash Kemelovny Tokaeva (born in 1960) is a candidate of political sciences. They both have two other siblings; Wings and Happiness. Tokaev is a polyglot, speaks Kazakh, Russian, English, Chinese and French, and was president of the Kazakhstan Table Tennis Federation for 13 years. Tokayev said that he does not celebrate his birthday. This is due to the fact that there is no tradition of celebrating birthdays in the president's family. According to the Swiss Public Eye organization, in 2010, Tokayev's son Timur had a business in the field of oil and metal production. In December 2021, when Alexei Navalny's team investigated the Russian real estate register, it was discovered that data on the Russian property of Tokayev's relatives had been deleted from Rosreestr. ## Books * "United Nations Organization: half a century of service to the world" (1995), * "Foreign policy of Kazakhstan in the context of globalization" (2000), \< > * "Diplomatiya Respublika Kazakhstan" (2001) * "Slovo ob otse" (2005), * "Svet i ten" (2007), * "On delate istoriyo" (2010). ## Awards ## Honors * Full member of the World Academy of Humanities and Natural Sciences, member of the "Council of Wise Men" of the Munich Security Conference * Honorary Professor of Shenzhen University (China) * Honorary Professor and Honorary Doctor of the Russian MFA Diplomatic Academy, member of the Board of Trustees * Honorary President of the International Relations Council of Kazakhstan * Honorary Dean of the Geneva School of Diplomacy and International Relations * The recipient of the "Academicus" diploma of the University of Geneva * S.N. Winner of the Roerich Memorial Medal. ## See also * Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * State structure of Kazakhstan; * The government of Kassym-Jomart Tokayev is the Cabinet of Ministers headed by Tokayev, which was in office in 1999-2002. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5861

Чад

Chad (English: The Chad; French: Tchad, Arabic: تشاد‎ Tšād), [ˈtʃæd]), full name Republic of Chad (French: République du Tchad, جمهوريه تشاد, Jumhūriyyat Tshād) is a country located in Central Africa. The capital is N'Djamena. It does not border the open ocean. It is bordered by Niger, Nigeria, Cameroon in the west, Central African Republic in the south, Sudan in the east and Libya in the north. Population: 16,935,318. . BC In the 9th century, the state of Kanem appeared near Lake Tashad. Between the 12th and 13th centuries, it stretched from the Tibest plateau in the north to Tashad Lake in the south. From the 11th century, the penetration of Arab Islamization began, which was initially adopted by the ruling classes of Kanem. By the end of the XIV century, the state of Kanem ceased to exist. In the 16th century, Vadai and Bagirmi states were established in the east of Lake Tashad. They fought wars with each other and neighboring countries. In the middle of the 19th century, both Wadai and Bagirmi became part of the Rabbakha state. ### Colonial period In 1899, France began to colonize the Lake Tashad region. In April 1900, the French defeated the army of Rabbah. This area was declared a possession of France. Since 1904, it has been included in the Ubangi-Shari colony. The French continued to colonize the areas of modern Tashad until 1914. In 1920, the military administration was replaced by a civil one. The foundation of the administration was the Sara tribe, who converted to Catholicism. During the Second World War, the Allies organized military operations against the German-Italian troops from the territory of Tashad. In 1941, a French military convoy marched against the Libyan-Italian troops, including Tashad fighters. In 1946, Tashad was recognized as a French naval colony. In November 1958, it received the status of an autonomous republic within the French Community. ### The period of independence On August 11, 1960, Tashad gained its independence. The president and prime minister of Tashad was the leader of the Progressive Party, François Tombalbay. In 1962, Tomabalbai banned others from his party. Tombalbai took control of the entire economy of the country - he nationalized enterprises. In order to consolidate this control, in 1964 he created a paramilitary organization called "Movement of Youth of Tashad". In the 1960s, there was a popular uprising in the northern districts of Tashad against the economic and social policies of the president. In 1966, a partisan party - the National Maidan for the Liberation of Tashad was founded. His main goal is to remove Tobalbay. In 1968, the president asked to send the French army to Tashad to fight the guerrillas. In the early 1970s, the country's economic situation worsened due to years of drought and anti-guerrilla wars. Livestock has halved. Production of agricultural products has decreased sharply. In many areas of the country, the people were starving. In April 1975, there was a military coup and Tombalbai was killed. Brigadier General Felix Mallumu took power. A military junta was established. In order to stop the war between the North and the South, the head of the government was offered by the leader of the partisans - Hissen Habre. In February 1979, a military conflict broke out between the armies of Malluma and Habré. In March of this year, the leader of the national Maidan for the liberation of Tashad - Gukuni Weddei seized power. Mallum and Habre were removed from the supreme power. In December 1980, Libya entered the country. Libyan leader Muammar Gaddafi and Waddei announced the creation of a united Libyan-Chad state. In 1981, inter-African troops (from Nigeria, Zaire, Senegal) were sent to Tashad, but the civil war in Tashad continued. In 1987, Habre's troops defeated Waddei and the Libyans. In 1990, the forces of General Idris Deby, the former commander of Habre's army, entered N'Djamena. Debi will be president of Tashad for many years. In October 1991, a decree on the establishment of political parties was signed. At the National Conference held in 1993, the Charter of Transition was adopted. This Charter shows the direction of political reform of the country. A Supreme Transitional Council and a Transitional Government will be established. Déby remained president until multiparty elections were held. It was decided to prepare a new constitution. Initially, the Transitional Period was set for one year, but it was changed several times and remained in place until April 1996. This situation has not yet brought peace to the country: armed conflicts and the struggle of various military-political groups continue. A new constitution was approved in a referendum held on March 31, 1996. Deby retained power in the first presidential election held this summer. He remained in office in the 2001 elections. ## Geography Most of its territory is flat. The northern areas include the Sahara. The highest point of the country is 3415 m on Tibesti plateau in the north. Erdi and Enedi (height up to 1450 m) are located in the northeast, and Vadai (up to 1666 m) in the southeast. The climate of the north of the country is desert tropical, in the south it is equatorial-monsoon. There are no permanent rivers in the north. River nets are more frequent in the south. The main river of Tashad is Shari. It goes to Lake Tashad and pours into it. You can sail. During the rainy season, rivers overflow their channels and flood large areas. And in the dry period, on the contrary, it shrinks. The northern landscape of the Sahara alternates with rocky deserts or sandy deserts. Vegetation is dense (tamarix, acacia, camel thorn). Wheat, grapes, phoenix trees are grown in the highlands. Approaching the equator, grass and shrubs, dum palms, and baobabs grow in deserts and savannas. Savannas and forests are spread in the south. On the shores of rivers and lakes there are grassy meadows. Fauna of deserts is poor. In the savanna there are large mammals - elephants, rhinoceroses, buffaloes, hartebeests, antelopes. From riders. lions, jackals, hyenas. Monkeys (baboons and colobus) can be found in the upper reaches of the Shari River. ## Population Population — 16.9 million Annual growth — 2%. Birth rate — 40 per 1000; Death — 16 per 1000 (child mortality — 97 per 1000); Emigration — 4 per 1000; Average life expectancy — men 47 years, women 49 years; Major peoples: Sarai (28%) and Arabs (12%), in total there are more than 200 ethnic groups (according to the 1993 census). Languages - French and Arabic are the official languages, the Sara language is widespread in the south, there are a total of 120 languages and dialects in the country. Religion - Muslims 53.1%, Catholics 20.1%, Protestants 14.2%, animists 7.3%, others 2.2%, atheists 3.1% (according to the 1993 census). Literacy is 40% for men and 12% for women (indicator of 2000). City population — 27% (in 2008). ## National holidays January 1 — New Year flexible time — Tabaski (Afrikaans name of Eid al-Adha) flexible time — Clean Monday May 1 — Labor Day August 11 — Independence Day (1960) flexible time — Ramadan November 1 — All Saints' Day November 28 — Republic Day December 1 — Freedom and Democracy Day August 25 — Christmas # # Economy Minerals — oil, bauxite, uranium, gold, beryllium, tin, tantalum, copper. GDP per capita is 1.6 thousand US dollars (196th place in the world). 80% of the population lives below the poverty level. Tashad needs foreign aid and investments. The agricultural sector dominates the economy (57% of GDP). 80% of the employed are engaged in subsistence farming. They are mostly engaged in raising cattle (sheep, goats, camels) and sorghum, millet, peanuts, rice, potatoes. Oil production started at the end of 2003. It was exported for the first time in 2004. Chinese and American companies operate in the oil sector. Industry — oil production, cotton and meat processing, beer brewing, soap and tobacco production. ## Foreign trade Exports — 4.3 billion US dollars in 2008 — crude oil, livestock, cotton. The main buyers are USA 90.1%, Taiwan 2.9%, Japan 2.2%, France 1.5%. Imports — 1.9 billion US dollars in 2008 — industrial products, food, textiles. Main sellers — France 17.6%, Cameroon 14.8%, China 9.9%, Ukraine 9.6%, USA 7.7%, Germany 5.6%. ## Politics ### Domestic policy The head of state is the president, who is also the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. According to the changes made to the Constitution on June 6, 2005, the president is elected for 5 years by universal direct and secret ballot. Nominations for the presidency are not limited. The current president is Lieutenant General Idris Deby. Legislative body - National Assembly. It consists of 155 deputies, who are elected for 4 years by general direct and secret voting. According to the latest changes in the constitution, the upper house of the parliament, the Senate, has been suspended. Internal political situation is unstable. There are armed conflicts between the Arab and African peoples of the country, and they are also clashing internally due to their social, economic and political interests. Since the 90s, there have been several anti-government groups. Sometimes they come to direct conflicts, sometimes they come to agreements. Major opposition movements "United Forces for Democracy and Development", 1990s. there was a big and strong one. They supported Habre supporters. "Armed Forces for the Federal Republic" is aimed at supporting the interests of the South. The Tashad Movement for Justice and Democracy supports the predominance of northern ethnic groups in the state administration apparatus. The east of the country is unstable due to the Darfur conflict in Sudan. In this regard, 200,000 refugees came to Tashad; in addition, Darfur rebels have bases in Tashad territory, and vice versa, Tashad rebels are also hiding in Darfur. ### Foreign policy 70-80s of XX century. Tashad's foreign policy is aimed at resolving conflicts with neighboring countries. They often ended with wars. Tashad's dependence on external sources of financing has not been removed even with independence. These funds are mostly provided by European countries. Including the USA and France. This had an impact on determining the country's foreign policy. Relations with neighboring countries Relations with neighboring countries are different. The Tashad government is focusing on protecting its borders with Libya and Sudan. On January 2, 1987, the Battle of Fadou took place, a decisive battle in the Libyan-Tashad war. But the agreement with Libya was signed only in 1997. Despite this, there are conflicts between the two countries. There are also problems with the Central African Republic. In 2002, there were clashes between these countries in several places of the border. in January 1995 signs an agreement with Cameroon on joint production of oil. Based on this, an oil pipeline to the ocean was built through the territory of Cameroon. In addition to large oil companies (Exxon Mobile), the International Bank also participated in this project. ## Healthcare The health sector is in a bad state. Spread of infectious and parasitic diseases. Lack of clean drinking water (27% of the population is regularly supplied with water) increases the spread of infectious diseases. The average life expectancy is 48 years. In 2000, medical services covered 29% of the population, and healthcare spending was 3.1% of GDP. In 2003, the number of AIDS patients was 200,000. About 18 thousand died. The growth rate of this disease was 4.8%. Doctors are trained abroad and at the Medical University of N'Djamena. Treatment facilities are available only in large cities. ## Education 1920 Along with the Protestant schools that began to open in the south of Tashad came Western education. According to the requirements of the colonial administration, classes in all schools had to be conducted in French. Through government subsidies, the standard curriculum was made available to the public. Education in Tashad was conducted at the primary level. Until 1942, students who wanted to get secondary education had to go to Brazzaville. State secondary schools were opened in 1942. But the school program in 1950. was not certified until the middle. Primary education became mandatory with independence. School attendance was until the age of 12. It was difficult to certify all schools in the country. By the mid-1960s, 17% of 6- to 8-year-olds studied in schools. The first Muslim school in Tashad was Ecole Mohamed Illech, founded in 1918. Despite the government's actions, the level of education was at a low level. In 1971, 88 percent of males and 99 percent of females over the age of 15 could not write, read, or speak French (the state's only official language at the time); knowledge of Arabic was 7.8 percent. In 1982, the total literacy rate was 15 percent. The main obstacles to the development of education are: low funding and limited number of teachers. Some classes have about 100 students. In the years after independence, the qualifications of teachers were low. 1970s and 1980s. progressed in solving problems in education. A program for training primary school teachers has been developed. The number of teachers in secondary schools has increased. In 1971-1972, a university was opened in N'Djamena. Another problem was that the training programs created by the French were ineffective. Teaching in primary schools was conducted in French, but Tashad residents who came to the new school could not speak that language. In addition, in the academic programs prepared by the French, they prepared for professions not needed by the country. In the early 1960s, the government tried to solve these problems. The French classical education system was changed to a new one. All the achievements in the education system were negated by the civil war in Tashad. As a result of the war, the funds allocated to education were drastically reduced. With the end of the war, he moved to revive the education system. New schools have started to be built. In 1984, Tashad's university started working again. In 2005, the civil war started again. Funding for the armed forces was increased, and funding for other sectors was stopped. ## Sources ## Links * Official website of Tashad government * Tashad government asked for the withdrawal of UN peacekeeping forces * Lake Tashad is disappearing * Tashad Archived 14 January 2011. * Collection of news about Tashad

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7038

Битлз

The Beatles - individual members "beatle", also the group is called "Fabulous Four" and "Liverpool Four") was a British-English rock group formed in Liverpool (England) in 1960. One of the most successful and critically acclaimed groups in the history of music. Since 1962, the Beatles have consisted of John Lennon (guitar, vocals), Paul McCartney (bass guitar, vocals), George Harrison (solo guitar, vocals) and Ringo Starr (percussion, vocals). And Pete Best, Stuart Sutcliffe and Jimmy Nicol performed here at various times. Starting with skiffle and rock'n'roll, they later tried different genres. The fame and status of the Beatles was widely imitated as the phenomenon of "Beatlomania". The Beatles compositions were born from the joint pens of John Lennon and Paul McCartney. Members of the group have developed their poetry skills to a very high level during their lifetime. Their repertoire includes 13 albums, 211 songs published in 1963-1970. The influence of the Beatles was felt all over the world and in our Kazakhstan during the Soviet period. ## Early stages The group's history begins in the middle of the 1950s, when rock and roll began to roar. Elvis Presley's song "Heartbreak Hotel", which John Lennon first heard in 1956, changed his life forever. At that time, he learned to play the guitar and formed a band with his friends, Quarrimen. They play skiffle like teddy boys. In the summer of 1957, he met Paul McCartney at one of his first concerts, Paul impressed him with his guitar playing and his knowledge of lyrics. In 1958, Paul's friend George Harrison joins them. Over time, they became the basis of the future Beatles, and the rest of the group left the group. Playing with Quarry at various parties, weddings, there was no opportunity for real concerts and recordings (however, in 1958, for fun, they recorded two songs with their own money on a kuitabak); several times the group breaks up. Lennon and McCartney begin writing songs together, as do Buddy Holly and Eddie Cochran, and they also decide to give their songs dual credit. In late 1959, the band included an up-and-coming artist named Stuart Sutcliffe, whom Lennon knew from his art college. Sutcliffe's playing was not remarkable, and of course the demanding McCartney did not like it. With this lineup, the team was assembled, only the lack of a batsman hindered them. ## Name At that time, the group entered the concert and club life of Liverpool. Participates in various competitions, but the group is not lucky. At that time, the name of the group changed several times. The original Quarrimen name no longer applies to them. In December 1959, the group appeared on a local television contest under the name Johnny and the Moondogs, but changed several times. The name "The Beatles" appeared in April 1960, but the dispute over who is its author is still going on. According to the memory of the group members, the authors of the neologism were Lennon and McCartney, who were looking for a word with different meanings. An example is Buddy Holly's The Crickets (another equivalent in English is 'cricket'). According to Lennon, the horse came to him in a dream: "I saw a boy in a flying pie, and he said, 'Beetles.'" But simply because the word Beetles ("beetles") has no other meaning, it brings a new band name to the world by changing its third letter. "Weat" means beat music. The band's promoters criticized the band's name as short and unintelligible, so in the early stages the band's name was Long John and The Silver Beetles. Demand for the group continued to grow, and they began to perform mostly in pubs and small clubs. In April 1960, Johnny Gentle made his first small tour of Scotland as a support group. Their skills continued to grow, but they remained a largely unknown group. ## Hamburg (1960-1962) In the summer of 1960, The Beatles were invited to play in Hamburg, where club owners were interested in true English rock and roll ensembles; Hamburg has already been affected by Liverpool's bands. However, this situation made them urgently look for a professional percussionist under contract. Thus, Pete Best, the drummer of the Liverpool rock band The Blackjacks, who played at the Kasbah Club, joined the group. On August 16, The Beatles left England, and the next day they played their first concert at Hamburg's Indra club, where the group would play until October. From October to the end of November, The Beatles played at the Kaiserkeller club. The performance schedule was very tight: usually, for 12 hours, one band played in the club for one hour, and the next band played for the next hour. The group members lived in a small room in the building of the cinema. On stage, musicians had to play a lot of material, therefore, in addition to rock and roll, they played blues, rhythm and blues, folk songs, old pop and jazz numbers adapted to rock and roll. Sometimes ordinary songs were played for half an hour, set to rock and roll; In addition, the group noticed that Germans liked loud and aggressive music. The Beatles did not play their own songs because, according to themselves, there was a lot of harmonic material in the environment at that time. Such daily work and the ability to play in any genre made them ## Beatlemania In August 1963, The Beatles' fourth song "She Loves You / I'll Get You" was released. saw Most historians associate this event with the worldwide recognition of the group. The group's popularity has shifted from the spheres of culture and music to social and political spheres. This phenomenon is now known as "Beatlemania". Before the album "She Loves You / I'll Get You" was released, fans ordered more than half a million copies. Please Please Me took first place, followed by Twist and Shout and She Loves You / I'll Get You. The music group eventually found success, but the results were far better than Brian Epstein expected. On October 13, 1963, the UK's most popular program aired the Palladium Concert Hall live. Fans surrounded nearby buildings and blocked traffic. The program was watched by more than 13 million viewers. Local news about The Beatles began to spread not only in the music press, but also on the front pages of central newspapers. The first foreign tours were held between October 24 and 29, 1963. In Sweden, The Beatles were treated to a real celebration, their visit was described in detail in the central press pages of both countries. The muzakants felt the extent of Beatlemania only when they met the fans who greeted them standing in the rain at the airport. Since then, endless queues and disorder began at all concerts. Beatles-style costumes and hairstyles became popular among teenagers. Another concert was held at the London Theater on November 4. Most of the audience were wealthy people, and the income from the concert was spent on charity. Before playing the last song, John made the headlines: After the party, the band members were treated to a private reception by the Queen. In November, The Beatles released their fifth single, "I Want to Hold Your Hand / This Boy", which immediately became took the first place in the hit list. In addition, the second album With The Beatles was released in November. It received more than 270,000 pre-orders. ## Discography Albums: * 1963 — Please Please Me * 1963 — With The Beatles * 1964 — A Hard Day's Night * 1964 — Beatles For Sale * 1965 — Help! * 1965 — Rubber Soul * 1966 — Revolver * 1967 — Sgt. Pepper's Lonely Hearts Club Band * 1967 — Magical Mystery Tour * 1968 — The Beatles (White Album) * 1969 — Yellow Submarine * 1969 — Abbey Road * 1970 — Let It Be ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3445

Сарайшық

Sarayshik is a medieval city, a major trade and economic center of Zhochy Ulys. It is located 45 km north of Atyrau, on the right bank of the Zhayik River, near the village of Saraishik, Makhambet district. ## History According to sources, the city of Sarayshik (Saray-Zhuk) was founded in the 13th century. It was built during the reign of Batu Khan. The main land caravan routes from European countries and the capital of the Golden Horde to the cities of Khorezm, as well as to India, Iraq and China passed over the city. Due to a number of favorable conditions, Sarayshik, with its magnificent palaces, treasury, caravanserai, baths, mosques, madrasahs and other beautiful buildings built by the hands of many talented craftsmen, quickly became one of the main political, trade, economic and cultural centers of the empire of Joshi Ulusi. The city of Sarayshik grew rapidly due to the income from the caravan trade, military spoils, taxes paid by the local population, and abundant cheap labor. The Arab merchant-traveler Ibn Batuta left the first memories of Sarayshik, about the bridge over the Ulysu (Zhayik) river. He came to this region in 1333 (1334) during the reign of Uzbek Khan (1312-1342). The adoption of a new religion - Islam by Berke Khan (1257-1266) contributed to the rapid development of the palace. Later, during the reign of Uzbek Khan, Islam became the state religion of the Golden Horde, despite the significant time difference, both of these historical events took place in the city of Sarayshik. This shows the special importance of Sarayshik, that it was the spiritual and ideological center of the entire Golden Horde. Several khans and historical figures of the Golden Horde were buried in the palace, including Mengi-Temir (1266-1281), Tokti (1280-1312), Zhanibek (1342-1357), Berdibek (1357 -1359), the head of Tokhtamys Khan (1380-1406) and the Kazakh Khan Kasym (1511-1524). After the collapse of the Golden Horde, Sarayshik became the capital of the Mangyt people, which formed a unified state of the Nogai Horde by the 40s of the 16th century. The famous Kasym Khan (1511-1524) also made Sarayshky the capital of the Kazakh state. During the time of Kasym Khan, the territory of the Kazakh Khanate expanded to the extent of present-day Kazakhstan, and the population exceeded one million. However, as a result of tense situations in the history of the Kazakh Khanate, Kasym Khan's successors were forced to temporarily lose Sarayshik due to numerous conflicts related to the protection of the territorial integrity and independence of the country. Finally, in 1568, Khaqnazar Khan (1538-1580) returned Sarayshik to the Kazakh Khanate. The city of Sarayshik finally fell in 1580 as a result of a pirate attack by Cossacks. In 1937, professional archaeologist N. Arzyutov conducted archaeological excavations for the purpose of scientific research. In 1950, academician A.H. Margulan also excavated in Sarayshik. 1996-2008 Extensive archaeological excavations were carried out at the site of the city of Sarayshik under the leadership of archaeologist Z. Samashev. Since 2019, archaeologists of the "Sarayshik" museum-reserve have been conducting regular research on the site of the city. As a result of the research in Sarayshik city, rich materials were collected about the culture of the city during the Golden Horde period, cultural contacts with the centers of medieval Western and Eastern civilizations, and the momentum of trade and economic development. residential complex consisting of dozens of multi-functional rooms was excavated on the site of the city, many samples of glazed and unglazed pottery from local or foreign countries were taken. Among them, there are also types decorated with gold, distinguished by zoomorphic or plant-like carvings. Shards of cryptic pottery have inscriptions on religious or other themes. In addition to these pottery materials, various household objects, weapons and countless coins were found. The urban culture of Sarayshik and its surroundings has its own uniqueness compared to the harmonious culture of the Lower Volga, Khorezm and Central Asia, which is reflected in its deep steppe roots to such an extent and its close connection with Deshti-Kipchak and other peripheral regions of the Great Steppe. The city had perfectly designed straight and wide streets and squares. The appearance of the city is particularly influenced by the East. ## Written data Ibn-Batuta, a well-known Arab geographer-scientist and traveler, who left the first written data about Sarayshik. He was on one of his travels in 1334. He left the city of "Ulken Sarai" (Saray-Berke is the capital of the Golden Horde) and visited the city of Sarayshik during his trip to Asia. About this, he said, We traveled for ten days in a horse-drawn carriage from the city of Sarai and reached the city of Sarai-zhuk. It is a prosperous and beautiful city on the banks of a big, deep, strong river called "Ulysu" and the second floating bridge in the world is here after Baghdad. After that, Antony Jenkinson, an English merchant who was a friend of the Russian king Ivan the Terrible, left a written record about Saraysyk. He was born in 1558-59. During his trip to the northern and eastern shores of the Caspian Sea, he stopped at the city of Sarayshik and wrote: On a day's journey from the sea, we came to a small town called Sarayshik on the banks of a large river. This city is under the rule of a Tatar prince named Izmail, who is friendly with the Russian king. It is a city with developed crafts and trade, as it is located on the caravan route connecting east and west. ## Researches The father of Kazakh archeology Alkei Margulan in his 1950 as a result of the excavations, "the city of the 12th century was built." According to Alkei Margulan, there were large pottery kilns, iron smelting workshops, forges, and money making workshops in the city. In 1909, a large ceramic jar was caught by local fishermen. Inscriptions are written on the handle and side of this jar. The jar will be handed over to the museum in the city of Ural, the center of the gubernia at that time. When the writing on the jar was taught to scientists, it is similar to the inscription in the saga "Blessed Knowledge" by Yusup Balasagun: Human beauty is the face, the beauty of the face is the eyes, the beauty of the mouth is the language, the beauty of the language is the words. "A man who sacrifices his life for knowledge" is the stanza. And on the side, it is written "It will make you cry."

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5033

Tauke Khan

Tauke Khan, sometimes Az-Tauke (full name Tawekel-Muhammad Bahadur Qazi Khan, in written records Tevekkul-Magamet-Bagatur Khan, Baatyr Teuka-khan, Tevkei, Tyavka-khan, Tevkihan, Devak Khan, before 1635 - summer of 1715/ fall) - since 1652, the khan of Kishi Yuz, and approximately after 1672, the ruler of the Kazakh Horde. Salkam is the middle son of Jangir Khan, grandson of Esim Khan. His mother, Mrs. Banu, is the daughter of Kundelen-Taish, the ruler of the Khoshouit tribe of Oirat. Apak Sultan's younger brother, Wali (Walibek) Sultan's brother. ## Biography ### Internal politics Bolashak Khan's involvement in politics corresponds to 1650 or 1651. The young Sultan was part of the embassy sent by Jangir Khan to Abdallah Khan, the ruler of Kashgar. After his father's death, Khishi gained the support of most of the Hundred clans. After the Khan ascended the throne, he focused on strengthening the internal and external political situation of the Kazakh Horde. One of the manifestations of his reforms in internal politics is the uniting of seven numerically smaller clans and the creation of a new Yetiru clan union and the Wak-Kerei tribe, united from the Waks and Kereys of Orta Yuz. In addition, he redefined the slogans and symbols of the clans and tribes, which have been used for a long time among the Kazakh people. By the 70s of the 17th century, Tauke Khan, who had the ability to organize, stopped the conflicts and conflicts in the Kazakh steppe and conducted successful military operations against the neighboring Dzonghar tribes. Many Kazakh clans begin to gather around Tauke, who won the battles with the foreign enemy. Approximately, until 1672, the khan sat on the throne by the decision of the most influential khans, sultans, and chieftains of the Kazakh steppe. According to the Khan's seal, he received the titles of "Bahadur" and "Kazi" from the nomadic people under his control. According to some written sources, in the 50s or 60s of the 17th century, during the battle, both legs were severely wounded and he became disabled. Therefore, he moved around the city either on horseback or with the help of a special moving mat. In 1672, Malai, the son of the Derbet Thai, Dayan-Ombo, and Tsagan, the son of Abylay, the Khoshovite Thai, who had to flee from the persecution of Kaldan-Boshok Khan, the new ruler of the Dzungars, came to the Kazakh Khan to seek refuge. Tsagan Taisy died in Kazakh land in 1673, and his subordinates began to serve Tauke Khan. ### Foreign policy Dzungar ruler Kaldan Boshokti Khan, who wanted to spread Tibetan Buddhism to Central Asia, organized seven campaigns against Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and settled peoples of Andijan and Sairam cities in 1681-1685. During the battle that took place in 1683, one of Tauke's sons was captured and sent to the capital of the "Buddhist Vatican" by the decision of the Dzhongar ruler (he returned to his birthplace after 14 years). In the spring of 1687, the Kaldan army conquered and destroyed the cities of Turkestan, Sayram, Mankent, Karasman, Shymkent, Tekek, Zhankorgan, Karamurt, Otyrar, Tashkent, and Chinaz under the control of Kazakh khans and sultans. By the middle of 1687, the Kazakhs, having recovered from the human and material losses, regrouped their forces and in 1688 gave several blows to the Kaldan army. As a result of the victory, first of all, Tashkent was returned. According to the Bukhara chronicler Muhammed-Amin, the Kazakh ruler received Kushik-bi Atal, the ambassador of Subhankul Khan, in Tashkent in the winter of that year. After the political center of Fergana, the Kyrgyz and the Karakalpaks living in the north of Turkestan came under Tauke Khan. By the middle of the 17th century, the political influence of Tauke Khan spread to the developed trade and craft cities (32 cities and surrounding agricultural villages) located in the middle and lower reaches of the Syrdarya, adjacent to the Kazakh Horde. Tashkent, Syganak, Sayram, Turkestan, Sozak, Akkorgan, Karnak, Sauran and others. the inhabitants of the cities paid the Kazakh rulers annual taxes in goods and money, and the settled people living in the rural areas paid 1/5 or 1/10 of the harvest. In addition to his activity in internal politics, Tauke Khan tried to settle the conflicts and contradictions with his northern neighbors in 1687-1697, develop trade, and ensure the security of caravan routes. In 1687-1693, five special embassies went to Tobolsk. The embassy in 1687 was headed by Tasym Batyr, and the embassy in 1689 by Tumenshi Batyr. Mr. Sary and Mr. Kelde went to Lake Yamyshev in the spring-summer months of 1691 and delivered the letter of the Kazakh ruler to Tobyl Tatars Azbakey Kulmametov and Akmetey Kuchugaev. Tauke Khan proposed to restore trade relations between Siberian merchants and Kazakhs, which had stopped during the Kazakh-Dzungar war. In the fall of the same year, Pavel Sharygin, the head of the Tobol, captured Mr. Sary and Mr. Kelde along Yamyshev Lake. In order to demand an end to the attacks of the Kazakh troops on settlements in Western Siberia, the governor of Siberia S.I. Saltykov sent Andrey Nepripasov to Tauke Khan in 1692. Due to the Russian government's refusal to release Kelde, as well as its refusal to stop border conflicts, Tauke Nepripasov arrested the embassy. In the autumn of 1692, a new embassy headed by Kabay Atalik and Tumenshi Batyr went to Tobolsk to free Mr. Kelde from captivity. In addition to them, the embassy included the ambassadors of Abylai Khan, Kayip and Abylai sultans, Kozhagul, Orazymbet and Ayzhashi. This round of negotiations did not yield any results. With the aim of stopping the conflicts in the border areas with the Kazakhs in Western Siberia, Tobyl Voivode A.F. Naryshkin sent Fedor Skibin and Matvey Troshin to Turkestan. They reached Turkestan on June 22, 1694 and returned Mr. Kelde to the Kazakh ruler. In 1698, the southern pastures of the Kazakhs were attacked by the new ruler of the Dzungars, Tsevan-Rabdan. This led to a new phase of the long war between the two nations. During the last 17 years of Tauke Khan's reign, several Kazakh-Dzungar wars (1698–1703, 1708, 1709–1710, 1712, etc.) took place. Due to his age, he did not participate in campaigns organized against the Oirats since 1710. According to embassy documents, he died in the first half of 1715 in the city of Turkestan. 3 sons of Tauke Khan are known in written records: Khans Bolat (1712-1723) and Sameke (1723-1738) of Orta Yuz. A. who came to Turkestan in 1692. According to the information of Teuish sniper, who was part of Nepripasov's embassy, they were met by Sultans Bolat and Tursyn, sons of Tauke Khan. ### Seven Charters Tauke Khan's name is closely associated with the "Seven Charters" laws in history. Historians consider the "Seven Statutes" to be the Oirat's response to the "Ikh Tzaaz" set of laws. Together with the famous dances of Kazakh and neighboring peoples (Karakalpak and Kyrgyz), Tauke Khan compiled the laws of customs and practices of the court of dances, changed and supplemented them according to the needs of the times. "Seven statutes" are known in Russian sources as "Laws of Tauke Khan". The "Seven Charters" include regulations on administrative, criminal cases, civil law norms, as well as taxes and religious views. "Seven statutes" is a set of spheres regulating social relations, consisting of seven customary legal systems. "Seven Charters" includes the following main sections: * law regulating disputes arising in relation to pastures and suats; * law regulating marriage and divorce, rights and obligations of spouses, property rights of family members; * law regulating military duty, formation of units and election of commanders; * the law regulating the procedure of judicial proceedings; * the law regulating punishments for crimes other than murder; * the law governing the penalties applicable to crimes resulting in death or serious injury; * the law regulating the property and personal rights of widows and orphans, the duties of their relatives and the community. ## Memory * Tauke Khan Street in Almaty, Shymkent, Taraz, Kyzylorda. ## Literature * Basin V.Ya. Russia and the Kazakh Khanate in the XVI-XVII centuries. Alma-Ata, 1971. * Valikhanov Ch.Ch. A collection of essays in five volumes. Vol. 1. Alma-Ata, 1985. * Velyaminov-Zernov V.V. Studies on Kasimov tsars and tsarevichs. Ch. 2. St. Petersburg, 1864. * Vitsen N. Northern and Eastern Tartary, including regions located in the northern and eastern parts of Europe and Asia. In three volumes / Per. with the Dutch language by V. G. Trisman. T1. Amsterdam, 2010. * Dobromyslov A.I. Turgay region. T.1. Vyp. 1. Orenburg, 1900. * Erofeeva I.V. Epistolary legacy of Kazakh right-wing elite 1675-1821. Collection of historical documents in 2 volumes/Author of the project, introduction, biography of the khan, scientific comments; Composer and responsible editor I. V. Erofeeva. Almaty: JSC "ABDI Company", 2014. - 696 p. + incl. 44 s. — ISBN 978-9965-832-26-0. * Kudaiberdyuly Sh. Genealogy of the Turkic, Kyrgyz, Kazakh and Khanate dynasties / Per. B. Kairbekova. Alma-Ata, 1990. * Levshin A.I. Description of Kyrgyz-Cossack, or Kyrgyz-Kaysat hordes and steppes. Izd. 3-e / Sost. I.V. Erofeeva. Almaty, 2009. * Rabnabhadra. Moonlight. History of rabjam Zaya-pandit / Per.s oiratskogo G.N. Rumyantseva and A.G. Sazykina. Transliteration of the text, preface, commentary, pointers and notes by A.G. Sazykina. St. Petersburg, 1999. * Sultanov T.I. Podnyatye na beloy koshme. Descendant Genghis Khan. Almaty, 2001. * Tynyshbaev M History of the Kazakh people / Sost. : the author of the preface is A.S. Takenov and B. Baigaliev. Alma-Ata, 1993. ## See also * Laws of Tauke Khan

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7556

Savat Mukhametbayly Mynbaev

Sawat Mukhametbayuly Mynbaev (born on November 19, 1962 in Usharal village, Panfilov district, Taldykorgan region) is a political statesman of Kazakhstan. Chairman of the Board of the National Company "KazMunayGas" (since 03.07.2013). ## Biography * Graduated from Moscow State University named after M.Yu. * In 1988, he became a candidate of economics. Candidate's dissertation topic: "Prognosis of the reproduction of the main funds". ### Career path * Teacher of the Almaty Institute of National Economy, executive assistant professor, (01.1989-11.1990); * Director of the Scientific-Soviet Center of the Cultural, Social and Scientific-Technical Development Fund of Kazakhstan (11.1990-01.1991); * Director of "Kazakhstan Republican Construction Exchange" JSC (01.1991-07.1992); * First Deputy Chairman of the Board of JSC "Kazkommertsbank" (07.1992-01.1995); * Deputy Minister of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (01.1995-11.1995 ); * Head of the Treasury Committee - Deputy Minister of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (11.1997-01.1997); * Vice Minister of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (18.03. 1997-02.1998); Deputy Minister of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (02.1999-01.1999); * President of Kazakhstan Development Bank (05.2001-05.2002); 13.06.2003-01.2006); * Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Minister of Industry and Trade (14.12.2004-01.2006); * Member of the Board of Directors of Samruk State Asset Management JSC, Chairman of the Board (01.2006-27.08.2007); * Minister of Energy and Mineral Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan (27.08.2007-12.03.2010); \< > * Minister of Oil and Gas of the Republic of Kazakhstan (12.03.2010-03.07.2013) * 3.07.2013 — Chairman of the Board of the National Company "KazMunayGas" ## Family Married. Wife - Zhanar Salavatkyna, daughter - Damir. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2002

Домбыра

Dombyra (pron. Dombra) is a two-stringed, multi-keyed musical instrument in the culture of the Kazakhs, Nogays and Kalmyks. The dombra, which was first used in the framework of the epic tradition to accompany songs, tolgau, and terme, later contributed to the formation of the genre of instrumental works - tunes. Nowadays, the dombra is a musical instrument with a wide range of possibilities, which is used to accompany a solo song, to create tunes, in folk-folk music, to perform classical works. Dombyra is one of the musical instruments that told the history of Kazakh in ancient times. ## History In the 19th century, the most widespread musical instrument in the life of the Kazakh people was the two-stringed dombra. If in the past, ancient instruments were used only to accompany songs, poems, and fairy tales, now the dombra is dedicated to the performance of individual works and has become one of the complex instruments. If we refer to various monuments, as well as written works of ethnographers, it turns out that dombra and similar instruments of other peoples were known even in the middle ages. For example, in the works of Abu Nasir al-Farabi, we read about the tambur instrument. The Uzbek two-string duta, very similar to the dombra, was first mentioned in the treatise "Musical Canon" by Al-Huseini. Kazakh folk instrument dombra can be found in records of the 14th century. Its basic form and construction does not differ from the Kazakh dombra, and the similarity of the names of such instruments probably indicates the same origin. In the last hundred years, together with the great folk composer Kurmangazy, the famous folk musicians such as Dauletkerey, Tattimbet, Seitek, Bayserke, Kazangap, had the audience in awe. These are real artists who, in addition to being talented drummers with honey dripping from their fingers, also produced some amazing tunes. Thanks to them, the musical form of tunes played on the drum has been continuously improved. As the technical capabilities of the dombra increased, the art of playing the dombra grew significantly and became richer. It should be said that in the western regions of Kazakhstan, a separate tradition of playing dombra, unlike others, has been formed. The main difference of the dombra in the western regions is that it is larger in size, as well as the body is oval, the neck is thinner, and the number of keys is more. Therefore, it is difficult to apply the techniques and methods used in drawing such a tambourine to a flat-body tambourine, because the neck of this latter tambourine is much wider and the key is less. There are several versions of the flat drum. If 12-14 keys are attached to the dombras in the western regions, then only 7-8 keys are attached to the flat body dombra. The process of increasing the number of keys was very slow and it was directly related to the performed repertoire. Usually, a new key is named after the state it is first played with. One of the keys was tied when performing "Turkpen staniya" on the tambourine, and it was called "Turkpen key". Another key that gives a neutral third interval is called "Saryarka key" in the western regions of Kazakhstan. In one of the legends, it is told about how the top fret of the instrument appeared. After fighting with the enemy, the hero, who is exhausted after a long journey, stops to rest. After sitting down in a shady place in the ravine, he cuts a stick from a willow tree, ties a horse's hair to it and tries to make a sound. However, the instrument does not emit any sound from the instrument, but it remains silent and whispering. The hero throws it next to him and falls asleep on his side. He wakes up to the sound of an instrument he made next to him. Taking it into his hand, the hero saw a wooden stick like a tinfoil on the neck of the instrument, which someone had placed under the string. Batyr thinks: "Well, it was the devil's work." Perhaps it is a word that has remained since then, the people call the upper tyek "the devil's tyek". Strings are made of horsehair and the absence of a top bar is characteristic of ancient instruments. ## Types Drums found in different regions of the Kazakh steppe depend on the local conditions, lifestyle and traditions, songs, poems, music school and the performance style of each artist, and the skills of master musicians. was developed and changed in different formats. The keys of the dombra for singing are 8-9, and when it reaches 14-15, more than 20 keys are added to the kuy dombra. Their tuning is also changed as needed (quarta, quinta). Dombra is mainly two-stringed and sometimes three-stringed. There are many types of hooks in drumming. For example, "swinging", "hanging", "clicking", etc. Currently, there are more than 20 types of dombra. Among them * song and tune drum * torsik * talisman * broad-bodied (two versions) * sardine * baby * scaly \< > * open * three strings * hollow neck * scherter * orchestra drums: brown voice (alto) thin voice (prima) sharp voice (second) bass drums (two versions) \< > * brown voice (alto) * thin voice (prima) * bitter voice (second) * bass drums (two versions) ## Description The construction of a tambourine consists of several parts: head, ears, keys, neck, body, cover, hook and strings. Also, it has many additional parts (ribbed, arched wood, wooden frame, hinge, groove, shield, button, pattern, nape). There are three types of drumsticks (shaitan tiek, main tiek, threshold tiek). Dombra is made from sacred trees such as pine with high sound permeability, mulberry with sound reproduction properties, hard-sexed maple, oak, mainly in two different ways - carved or carved. The body of composite tambourines is made of thin strips, while the tambourine is carved from solid wood. The drum instrument was the basis for the birth and development of folk professional art. Baizhigit, Kurmangazy, Dauletkerey, Tattimbet, Seitek, Kazangap, Sugir, Toka, etc. the birth and development of the traditions of tukpe and shertpe music of famous musicians are directly related to this Dombyra instrument. Dina Nurpeyisova, Abiken Khasenov, Nausha Kashaganov, Makhambet Bukeikhanov, Tolegen Mombekov, Magauiya Khamzin, Kali Zhantileuov, Saduakas Balmagambetov, Lukpan Mukhitov, etc., who brought their tradition and heritage to the present day. such as the drummers, today's talented performers - Karshika Akhmediyarov, U. Bekenov, R. Gabdiev, S. Shakiratov, B. Iskakov, Bekbolat Tileukhanov, Aigul Bolshabaeva, A. Raiymbergenov, etc. Drum is an instrument used not only for music, but also for accompaniment when singing. Birzhan Sal, Akan Seri, Zhayau Musa, Mukhit, Madi, Kenen Azirbaev, Amire Kashaubaev, M. Erzhanov, Zh. Elebekov, G. Kurmangaliyev, K. Baibosynov, etc. well-known singers proved that the dombra can give a song and support the singer. ## Construction * Head. Parts: head, ears, shaytantiek (head). * Neck. Parts: neck, collar, key, mouthpiece. * Body. Parts: erneulik (water, cover), cover, shell (tongue, shank), spring (tensioner, blade), tyek, tugul (heel), base (neck), button (knot), button (heel, small tyek). * Intestine. Parts: lower intestine, upper intestine. ## Development of Researches on traditional models of the dombra instrument, tying keys in the folk tradition, tuning the dombra, playing tunes, and making the dombra. Sarybaev, B. Orymbekov, T. Asemkulov, A. Seidimbek, D. Chokparuly, etc. we meet in his works. In the process of reaching the perfect level of structural and qualitative level of the dombra, it has passed through several stages: * In 1932-1934, well-known master musicians K. Kasymov, A. Ermekov, brothers I. and B. Romanenkolar, K. Onalbaev, etc. worked, * it was continued in 1960-1970 by A. Aukhadiev, O. Beysenbekuly. * In 1934, in connection with the creation of the Folk Instruments Orchestra (Kazakh State Folk Instruments Orchestra), such types of dombra as prima, alto, tenor, bass, double bass were born. * In 1990 - 2000, the republican "Ukili dombra" contests of master instrument makers and craftsmen were held, under the influence of which the dombra instrument headed for a new direction of research, development and improvement. Chokparuly, S. Dilmanov, Zh. Turdygulov, S. Kenzhegharaev, etc. a group of dombra-making masters appeared. The dombras developed and improved by them are called "three-stringed", "wide body", "hollow neck", "folded", "reeded", "talisman" according to their appearance, parts and number of strings, sound characteristics, sound range and other additional features. ", "double body" or "double neck", "triple", etc. is called and enriches the tradition of folk-instrumental music. Dombra-like instruments are found in almost all Turkic peoples of Central Asia. For example, "dumbura" in Bashkir, "kol komuz" in Kyrgyz, "saz", "ud" in Turks. ## Multi-stringed drums Until yesterday, researchers of Kazakh music culture did not pay due attention to the works written by ethnographers of the last century about multi-stringed dombras. And after the discovery of three-string instruments and three-voice unique tunes from the Semipalatinsk region, scientists began to change their views on this issue. Recently, additional information has been found that the Kazakhs used to have a multi-stringed dombra similar to the ancient three-stringed cherts. In the past, multi-string dombras existed in different regions of Kazakhstan. This is A. Alektorov, D. Isaev, P. We see from the data of Yudin and other ethnographers. We found the following lines from one of these articles. Three-stringed, sometimes with additional strings pulled inside the body, very old dombras were often found in Abay, Shubartau and Zhaka Semey districts of Semey region. There were many excellent masters of three-stringed dombra in Semey region. One of them, Tileuli Mamyrbekov, had dozens of tunes in his repertoire. He performed, for example, "Grey Stallion", "Black Horse", "Black Horse", "Blue Horse", "Grey Man", "Asan Kagy", "Korkyt". Uly Abay's son Akylbay and grandson Israil masterfully played the three-stringed dombra. Israel also produced several states, but unfortunately, those states did not reach us. Now three-stringed dombras are kept in the republican literary-memorial Abai Museum in Semipalatinsk: * One of them is Israel's dombra. It is carved from a whole tree. The face cover is fixed with wooden nails, to which the key is tied. * The body of the second drum is made of separate boards. Top and bottom covers are made of plywood. There are twelve keys. * The third drum was played by the great poet-educator Abay Kunanbayev and his friend N. Dolgopolov handed it over to the Semipalatinsk Museum of Local History in 1885. It is also carved from solid wood. There are three small grooves in the face cover, which are held in place by wooden nails. There is no upper bar. Five keys are tied around the neck. Senior researcher of Kurmangazy Almaty State Conservatory A. In the summer of 1965, the folklore expedition led by Serikbaeva went to M. in the Abai district of Semey region. He was at the state farm named after Auezov. Members of the expedition played M. on the three-string drum. He recorded seven unique tunes performed by Azimkhanov. Among them are: "Kalmak's dance state", "Pankratov", "Kazakh's dance state", "Yellow River", two states of the Treefoot and "Sylkyldak". Later, a three-stringed dombra came from this region to the folklore room of the conservatory. Inside the body of this dombra, two additional metal strings are drawn into the quartet to increase the sound. The instrument is carved out of whole wood. The wooden keys do not move. The teak has three slits for the intestines. This was done to preserve it. The instrument is tuned in fifths and fourths. There are many similarities in the construction of multi-string and two-string drums. Multi-string dombras had short necks and movable keys. The neck of the two-stringed drums found in the eastern regions is exactly the same. Two-stringed drums with two accessory guts are also found. Some drums are starting to have a wire gut. Later, movable keys were replaced by fixed copper keys. A unique dombra with double strings and fixed keys was found in 1967 in Panfilov district of Taldykorgan region. Today it is kept in the author's music collection. There are also drums with two strings running through the body and neck of the instrument. They have four or two ears. If there are two ears, the strings are worn in the following order: the ends of the two strings are attached to the neck and are passed inside the neck, then they are taken out through the roller in the lower part of the body, and then they are tightened from the outside and attached to the two ears. For this reason, when turning the ear, the internal and external intestines are simultaneously adjusted. The dombira made in 1960 by Kapar Temiraliyev, a member of the folk instrument orchestra named after Dina Nurpeyisova, has four strings. Two of them pass through the trunk and neck. Due to the presence of four ears, each gut is tuned individually. The inner strings are tuned in unison with the outer ones, and the sound of the instrument becomes stronger. A part of the mouth of the neck is left open, it is necessary for the convenience of replacing it with a new one when the intestine breaks. The addition of additional strings to the dombra and double strings show that the musicians of that time were constantly searching for the purpose of improving the sound of the instrument. In the Borovskoe district of the Kostanay region, dombras with bells hanging inside the body were also found. Saubai Akhmetov is one of the master makers of such dombra. In the Kosagash district of the Altai Altai autonomous region, there used to be a folk composer named Beisen, who composed three-part tunes. Even after the first study of the three-vowel states, one notices their different melodiousness. Music researcher L. Analyzing the lado-tonal, metrical, structural and other characteristics of the three-part "Sylkyldak" tune, Tarasova said: "This tune is completely different from all the tunes known to us before. Today, the "guilty" is his three voices, as a result of these three voices, very unique complexes, completely different and new melodies for Kazakh music have been created." The style of playing multi-string dombras is similar to that of the dombra players in the eastern regions of Kazakhstan. That is, tunes are performed by playing strings individually. this approach was the reason for preservation of three-stringed dombra in these regions of our republic. The tunes played on the three-string drum sound different and the way they are played is also different. Two-stringed and three-stringed dombras are not without similarities with multi-stringed sategen and three-stringed cherts. The established tradition of playing the three-stringed dombra can be attributed to the very early stage of the development of Kazakh instrumental creativity. The improvement of the drum was closely related to the development of instrumental music. The occurrence of two different performing traditions led to the creation of two different dombras, different in terms of construction and appearance. All this enriched the musical heritage of the Kazakh people. It should be noted that the performance tradition of the central, southern and eastern regions of Kazakhstan is still not sufficiently studied. Due to the development of the instrumental music of Kazakhstan in Soviet times, the two-stringed dombra was improved and recreated, and the skill of playing it rose to a high level. In 1943, when the Kazakh Folk Instruments Orchestra named after Kurmangazy was organized, several types of dombra were made at once. A. who led the orchestra in different years. Zhubanov, L. Hamidi, L. Shargorodskyi, Sh. Kazhigaliyev, as well as musical instrument makers I. Romanenko and K. Kasymov worked tirelessly to improve the dombra and create completely new models of the dombra. Dombyra and kobyz are made at the Osakarovka musical instrument factory and at the musical instrument shop of the furniture company in Almaty. And the number and quality of the instruments produced there are much lower than the requirements for the instrument. The fact that the production of instruments has not been started for a long time, that is, the lack of quality instruments, is an obstacle to the wide-spreading development of the circle of artists and the training of young musicians. On February 27, 1968, the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR adopted a resolution on the production of musical instruments and improvement of their quality. In accordance with this decree, experimental laboratories began to work to recreate the types of instruments in use and to restore ancient instruments. in this period, some work was done in the process of studying and determining the physical-mechanical and acoustic properties of wood. The design of the instruments was carried out on the basis of research and development of ancient models of Kazakh instruments, as well as the experiences and traditions of folk craftsmen, ethnographic material. ## Results of tambourine research Covers of tambourines of different models were studied. A tensioner is installed to determine the momentum of the individual parts of the cover after assembly. After putting the cover on the body, the group echoes. This is considered a single echo between the body and the cover. Refining the cover will change its vibration frequency, so you can know ahead of time what the cover's vibration frequency will be after it is attached to the body and permanently machined. Moreover, due to the physical characteristics of the wood, the same size caps have different sound properties. However, the flap can be set to sound at the desired interval. The selection of boards, determination of the thickness of the cover and installation of the spring depends on the characteristics of each cover, it is necessary to be very careful in this case. It is also important to choose the right parts of the cover to achieve the desired sound. After the cover is assembled, you can get the desired tone by adjusting the number of tabs. As a result of conducting research, it was found that if the size of the cover is smaller, the vibration property of the tree becomes more frequent. It is very important to take these points into account when designing and adjusting the cover, as well as when setting its parameters. The frequency of vibration of wood also depends on its physical properties. If the physical properties of two boards of the same size are different, the difference in the sound produced by them will differ by up to three and a half tones. Dried wood is easier to condition than young wood. The cover is made by glueing several small boards together. The boards making up the cover must have the same physical properties and color. The board is glued together in one direction along the natural lines of the wood. The vibration frequency of the lid, which is made of width — 250 mm, length — 400 mm and thickness — 2.5 mm, is about 207.64-233.08 Hz, depending on the physical properties of the wood. If the thickness of the cover is 3 mm, then the vibration frequency will be around 233>08-277.12 Hz. The next important thing to consider when adjusting the cover is to install the tensioner. The tensioner installed on the flat part of the cover must not affect the vibration frequency of the cover. For example, if the tension, width - 5 mm, and height - 6 mm, then the tone of the lid will increase by one tone. As experience shows, the spring should be lowered gradually to maintain the initial oscillation frequency of the cover. As observed during the test, the main factors affecting the vibration frequency of the cover are: * physical properties of the wood, * thickness and thinness of the cover, and indirectly influencing factors: * slight lengthening and shortening of the cover, \ <> * expression. The purity of the lid's tone depends on its well-tuned, constructed and thick. Although there are many common points in the tuning method of different instruments, each cover should be considered individually. Tuning the drum cap also depends on the ear position of this instrument. The cover of the tambourine-tenor is suitable for receiving sound in the range of 233.08-261.6 Hz, as this frequency corresponds to the scale of the tambourine, its ear position and sounding characteristics. The instrument has a soft timbre, a small brown voice. If it is not taken into account when designing the cover, then, as observed in practice, the vibration frequency of the cover is often around 293.6-349.2 Hz. in such a case, the sound of the instrument is bad, the timbre is unpleasant to the ear. Now the lid of the drum is made of 2-5 separate boards. Depending on the number of board parts, the ways of assembling and adjusting the cover should be changed. If the lid consists of only two parts, then it is necessary to align them, and if it consists of three parts, the middle board is adjusted. In a four-part assembly, it is important that the middle two planks are tuned, as they provide the main tone. So, the whole process of making a cover should be carried out simultaneously with its adjustment, that is: * we should get the tone we need from the cover at the initial stage of its development; * if the tone of the cover is too high even at the beginning of the assembly process, you will not be able to get the desired tone during the next experiment, so you should not bother adjusting it and installing it on the body of the instrument; * for the sound of the instrument to be good, it is necessary to bring the tone of the cover to B or B-flat; * if the gap between separate boards is not properly glued, if the cover is not made of homogeneous wood, if the orientation of the fibers is crooked, if there is a crack , it will be difficult to adjust the drum. As experience has shown, you can find out the timbre of the instrument by looking at the sound of the drum-tenor and the cover. And this allows us to make instruments of high quality. If the pitch of the lid is good, the timbre will be soft, and if the pitch is high, the timbre will be bitter. In 1970, when five tambourines made at the Osakarovka Musical Instrument Factory were analyzed in a laboratory, the study showed the following. We opened the lids with thickness from 3.1 mm to 4.1 mm. The height of the rear spring is about 5.2-5.6 mm. such a volume does not meet the sacred frequency of vibration and the conditioning needed to bring it into proper alignment. After reducing the thickness of the cover by one mm and reducing the height of the spring by another mm, the vibration frequency decreased. The pitch of the cover dropped by more than half a tone. If earlier the vibration frequency was 138.56 Hz, now it has decreased to 128.8 Hz. We can conclude from this that it is not difficult to make sure that the parameters obtained as a result of the experiment should be kept in order to improve the sound output of mass-produced dombras. Folk craftsmen have always thought and searched a lot to improve the sound of the instrument. That is why they paid special attention to the shape and construction of the drum. Some of the drums that we examined were carved from whole wood. Outwardly, these tambourines seem to be flat, but the cavity of the body is carved into a bowl, and this allows the instrument to produce a good sound. There is no spring installed on the cover, this situation helps to keep the tone of the cover in the body from changing. Well-known master I. Several dombras made by Romanenko and other masters were analyzed by prominent musicians. For example, we opened the lid of the Dombyra-alto made by the famous performer Dina Nurpeyisova. Dina Nurpeyisova looked at the instrument critically and must have chosen only the best quality. This drum of his was made in 1939 by master Ermek Arystanov. The analysis showed that the vibration frequency of the lid on the body is equal to 281.5 Hz. Due to the volume of the drum-viola cover (width —195 mm, length —344 mm), such vibration is considered the best. The frequency of vibration of the cover remained the same even after taking it apart. The thickness of the cover is about 2.3-2.5 mm, the height of the rear spring is 2.2-2.7 mm, its width is 6.4 mm, the height of the front spring is 2.2 —2.7 mm, its width — 4 mm. The vibration frequency of the body is 320.12 Hz. The size of the body: the thickness of the parts that make it up is 2.0-2.3 mm, the thickness of the counter-beam attached to the body is about 2.0-1.7 mm, the width of the counter-beam is 1.2 mm, the total thickness of the parts and the counter-beam is 4.0 mm. The body of the instrument is made of walnut wood, the neck is made of birch, and the cover is made of spruce. So, it is known what the most suitable cover should be for this type of dombra. The appropriate vibration of the cover was obtained thanks to the drying of the spruce. The volume of the springs is designed so as not to harm the sound of the cover. The body, parts and counter parts are also of the right size, so even after attaching to the body, the cover kept its original position. The dombra, which was recreated with the original features of construction and sound, began to serve as a dombra-tenor in the orchestra. Thanks to this dombra, the orchestra's voice has a distinct national tone when performing traditional instrumental music - tunes. The repertoire of Dombyra is enriched with works of Russian classics and modern musical works. ## Performing foreign compositions on the drum two-stringed musical instrument like the dombra has great potential. One of them is the performance of foreign compositions on the drum. Works of Paganini's four-stringed violin with great difficulty or works of other famous foreign composers are played easily and gracefully on the Kazakh holy dombra. This feature cannot be built into the tone of every musical instrument. For example: Mozart's "Turkish March" is one of the most complex and high-tempo works. Only real skillful people can play all its variations. However, such variations do not cause much difficulty in the Kazakh dombra. Therefore, on the two-stringed dombra of the Kazakh nation, along with the works of traditional Kazakh composers, foreign compositions can be beautifully performed with great skill. This is a proof of the uniqueness of the drum. ## Sources ## Links * The great instrument of our nation is the drum! On YouTube * How to make a dombra On YouTube * Nurbek Bekbau. How old is the drum? * Murat Abugazy. About the origin of the drum instrument Archived March 4, 2021. * How to make a drum on YouTube

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4556

Natalia Artemovna Korzhova

Natalya Artemovna Korzhova (April 8, 1958, Sarkan, Taldykorgan region) is a public figure of Kazakhstan. Ukraine. Candidate of Economic Sciences (1990), Doctor (2000). * Father - Poliychuk Artem Sidorovich, was a civil servant. Mother - Poliychuk Nina Petrovna, doctor. * Title of doctoral dissertation: "State pension insurance reforms in countries with a transition economy" (Moscow, 2000) Author of 10 monographs (1995-2000), in addition, more than 10 articles on professional topics. ## Short biography * Graduated from the Faculty of Economics of the Almaty Institute of National Economy (1979), graduated as an economist. * After graduating from the institute, he worked in the Ministry of Finance by profession and went from being an economist to the head of the department. * 1996-99 Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1999 He was appointed as the first vice-minister of finance, economy and budget planning. * 2006 Minister of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan since January. * 2007 He was dismissed from office on November 13. * Since May 4, 2008, executive secretary of the Ministry of Finance of Kazakhstan. ## Personal data * Member of the Commission on Human Rights under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * President of the Women's Football and Mini-Football Federation of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Married, has a son. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5890

Government of Kazakhstan

The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is a collegial body that exercises the executive power of the Republic of Kazakhstan, manages the system of executive bodies and directs their activities. The Government is responsible to the President of the Republic and the Parliament throughout its activities. The Government is formed by the President of the Republic in accordance with the procedure provided by the Constitution. The status, rights and duties of the government are regulated by Chapter V of the Constitution of Kazakhstan and by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Government. ## History According to the Law adopted on November 20, 1990, the Cabinet of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR was replaced by the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, and the position of the Prime Minister was introduced instead of the position of the Chairman of the Council of Ministers. On October 16, 1991, Uzakbay Karamanov resigned and Sergey Tereshchenko was appointed as Prime Minister. On October 11, 1994, Sergey Tereshchenko's Cabinet of Ministers resigned, and on October 12, Akezhan Kazhigeldin was appointed as Prime Minister. Due to the decision of the Constitutional Court dated March 6, 1995, the Cabinet of Ministers resigned along with the Supreme Council on March 11. Later, Akezhan Kazhigeldin was re-appointed to the post of Prime Minister. After the entry into force of the new Constitution adopted on August 30, 1995, the Cabinet of Ministers was officially called the Government. On October 10, 1997, Akezhan Kazhigeldin resigned and Nurlan Balgymbayev was appointed as Prime Minister. On October 1, 1999, Nurlan Balgimbaev resigned. On October 12, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev was appointed to the post of Prime Minister. On January 28, 2002, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev resigned and Imangali Tasmagambetov was appointed as Prime Minister. On June 11, 2003, Imangali Tasmagambetov resigned. On June 13, Danial Akhmetov was appointed to the post of Prime Minister. After the extraordinary presidential election held in December 2005, on January 18, 2006, Danial Akhmetov was reappointed to the post of Prime Minister. Danial Akhmetov resigned on January 8, 2007. On January 10, Karim Masimov was appointed Prime Minister. After the extraordinary presidential election on April 8, 2011, Karim Masimov was reappointed as the prime minister. On September 24, 2012, Karim Massimov resigned and Serik Akhmetov was appointed as Prime Minister. On April 2, 2014, Prime Minister Serik Akhmetov resigned and Karim Massimov was appointed as Prime Minister for the second time. On August 6, 2014, an extended meeting of the Government was held under the chairmanship of the Head of State, and the most compact Government in the history of Kazakhstan was formed. During the meeting, a decision was made on the structure of the new Government consisting of 12 ministries instead of 17 ministries and 9 agencies. All agencies that were part of the government were included in the ministries as committees. Only 2 deputy prime ministers are left. After the extraordinary election of the President of Kazakhstan on April 29, 2015, Karim Massimov was again appointed as the Prime Minister. On September 8, 2016, Karim Masimov resigned. On September 9, Bakytzhan Sagintaev was appointed to the post of Prime Minister. On February 21, 2019, the Government headed by Sagintaev resigned. On February 25, Askar Mamin was appointed as the head of the government. After parliamentary elections on January 15, 2021, Askar Mamin was re-appointed as the prime minister. On January 5, 2022, the Government resigned due to the difficult situation in the country. Alikhan Smayilov was appointed acting prime minister instead of Mamin. On January 11, Alikhan Smayilov was appointed to the post of Prime Minister by Presidential Decree. On March 29, 2023, at the opening of the first session of the 8th elected Parliament, the Cabinet of Ministers headed by Alikhan Smayilov resigned before the newly elected Mazhilis. On March 30, Alikhan Smayilov was re-appointed as Prime Minister. On February 5, 2024, the government led by the Head of State Alikhan Smayilov resigned. Roman Sklyar was entrusted with the role of Prime Minister until the formation of the government. On February 6, Kassym-Jomart Tokayev appointed Olzhas Bektenov as the new Prime Minister. ## General rules ### Formation of the government The President of the Republic forms the government in accordance with the procedure provided by the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Prime Minister is the head of the Government. The Prime Minister is appointed and dismissed by the President with the consent of the Parliament. The Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan submits a proposal to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the structure and composition of the government within ten days after his appointment. The President, on the proposal of the Prime Minister, determines the structure of the government, appoints and dismisses its members, creates, dissolves and reorganizes the central executive bodies. The structure of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is made up of ministries. The Government of Kazakhstan is a collegial body. It includes members of the Government - the Prime Minister of the republic, his deputies, ministers, other officials. Before taking office, the Prime Minister and members of the Government take an oath to the people of Kazakhstan and the President in accordance with the procedure established by the constitutional law on the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Prime Minister has a special status. He submits proposals to the President on the creation, reorganization and dissolution of ministries and central executive bodies that are not part of the Government, on nominations for ministerial positions, on the dismissal of ministers, organizes the activities of the Government, directs it, and is independently responsible for its work. ### Dismissal of the Government The Government of the Republic works within the term of office of the Majilis of the Parliament and terminates its authority before the newly elected Majilis of the Parliament. Termination of powers of the government means termination of powers of its members. The Government will continue to fulfill its duties until the new composition of the Government of the Republic is approved. The Government and any of its members have the right to notify the President of the Republic of their resignation if they consider it impossible to carry out the functions assigned to them. The members of the Government who do not agree with the policy of the Government or are not carrying it out will also be removed from their seats. In cases provided by the Constitution of the Republic, if the Parliament expresses no confidence in the Government, the Government shall notify the President of the Republic of its resignation. The President of the Republic shall consider the issue of acceptance or rejection of resignation within ten days. Acceptance of resignation means that the authority of the Government or its respective member is terminated. Acceptance of the resignation of the Prime Minister means that the authority of the entire Government is suspended. The President of the Republic, on his own initiative, has the right to make a decision to terminate the powers of the Government and dismiss any of its members. ### Restrictions related to being part of the Government Members of the Government of the Republic: * to be deputies of the representative body; * to perform paid services other than teaching, scientific or other creative services; * engage in entrepreneurship; * There is no right to join the management body or supervisory board of a commercial organization, except for commercial organizations in which the state participates in the charter capital in the cases established by government decisions. ## Powers The government is given the following basic constitutional powers: to analyze the main directions of the state's socio-economic policy, strategic and tactical measures for its implementation; * development of state programs; * preparation and implementation of indicative plans of socio-economic and scientific-technical development; * According to the procedure established by the President of the Republic, rep. to participate in the development of the budget and the changes to it, to report to the parliament on the republican budget and its execution, to ensure the execution of the budget; * Develop and implement measures to strengthen the financial system of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * state control over compliance with legality during the formation and use of state currency, financial and material funds; * implementation of structural and investment policy; * preparing and organizing the state policy of price formation; * determining the nomenclature of products, goods and services for which state-regulated prices are used; * organizing the management of state property, developing and implementing measures for its use, ensuring the protection of state property rights; * determining the system and conditions of payment of wages, social protection of citizens, state social security and social insurance; * developing and implementing the main directions of the state regional policy; * ensures the solution of interregional problems of socio-economic development of regions; * law on development of science and technology, introduction of new technologies, development of culture, education, health care, tourism and sports. define and implement the policy; * development and implementation of measures for optimal use and protection of natural resources and natural environment; * ensure implementation of legal reforms; * developing and implementing measures to protect the rights and freedoms of citizens and to maintain law and order, to preserve and protect the security and defense capability, territorial integrity of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to guard the state border of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * making decisions on conducting negotiations and signing intergovernmental agreements; * Ensuring the development of relations of the Republic of Kazakhstan with foreign countries, international and regional organizations; * development of foreign economic policy implementation measures; * application of foreign trade development measures; * implementation of cooperation and interaction with international financial organizations; * Performing other duties assigned by the Constitution, laws and presidential acts. The government is responsible to the President of the Republic for all its activities in the forms specified in the constitution and the constitutional law on government. The Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan organizes and directs the government service, is responsible for its work, reports to the President on the main directions of government service, issues resolutions. The members of the government make independent decisions within their competence, they are responsible to the Prime Minister for the work of the state bodies subordinate to them or the assigned scope of work. Each chamber of the Parliament has the right to hear the reports of the members of the government. If a member of the government does not comply with the laws, the deputies can inform the President about his dismissal. On the basis of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan, laws, normative decrees of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and within the limits of its competence, the Government shall issue Government decrees and decrees of the Prime Minister, which are binding on the entire state territory, and ensure their implementation. These decrees and orders must not contradict the Constitution, laws, acts of the President of the Republic. The newly formed Government will make a program of its activities and submit a report on it to the Parliament. If the Parliament does not accept the Government's program, the Government will present the program again within two months. If the program is not accepted again by the vote of 2/3 of the total number of parliament members, then this means a vote of no confidence in the Government. The government has the right to introduce legal proposals. He prepares a plan of draft laws and submits draft laws to the parliamentary session accordingly. Ministries, state committees, agencies, and prime ministers who are responsible for their quality participate in the preparation of draft laws. The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan serves within the term of office of the President and terminates its authority by submitting a written application signed by the members of the government to the newly elected President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. in the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Article 70) and the Constitution on the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. the law considers the reasons and procedures for the resignation of the Government of the Republic and its members before the term of office. If the Government, any member of it considers that it is impossible to fulfill the duties assigned to them, then they have the right to notify the President of the Republic about their resignation. In cases provided by the Constitution (Article 53, Clause 7, Article 61, Clause 7), if the Parliament expresses no confidence in the Government, the Government shall notify the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan about its resignation. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan considers the issue of acceptance or rejection of resignation within ten days. Acceptance of resignation means that the authority of the Government or its relevant member has been terminated. The President's acceptance of the resignation of the Prime Minister or his dismissal from office means that the authority of the entire Government has been terminated. Also, the president has the right to make a decision to terminate the power of the Government and dismiss any of its members. Members of the government who do not agree with the government's policy and do not implement it should be dismissed from their positions. ## Structure The government structure is made up of ministries. The Ministry is created, reorganized and dissolved by the President on the recommendation of the Prime Minister. The Ministry was authorized to independently make decisions on issues not included in the competence of the Government of the Republic. The Ministry forms state policy in relevant areas based on the main directions of the internal and foreign policy of the state defined by the President of the Republic, the main directions of the state's socio-economic policy, defense capability, security, and ensuring public order developed by the Government. Departments (committees), departments and departments are structural units of the Ministry. Law enforcement agencies that are part of the government can create "services" as a special type of public service. ### Ministries The government includes 21 ministries: * Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1992-) * Ministry of Justice of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991- ) * Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1999 January-October, 2022-) * Ministry of Health of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991-1997, 2001-2014, 2017-) * Ministry of Labor and Social Protection of the People of the Republic of Kazakhstan Ministry of Transport (1991-1994, 2023-) * Ministry of Finance of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991-) * Ministry of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1992-) * Ministry of Culture and Information of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2006-2010, 2012-2014, 2023-) * Ministry of Education and Culture of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2022-) * Ministry of Industry and Construction of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2023-) Ministry of Trade and Integration of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2019-) * Ministry of Water Resources and Irrigation of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2023-) * Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991-) * Ministry of Emergency Situations of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2004-2014, 2020) -) * Ministry of Tourism and Sports of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2006-2012, 2023-) * Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2014-) * Ministry of Digital Development, Innovation and Aerospace Industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2019-) \< > * Ministry of Internal Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1991-) * Ministry of Ecology and Natural Resources of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1997-1999, 2023-) * Ministry of Energy of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2014-) Former ministries * Ministry of Information and Social Development (2019-2023) * Ministry of Industry and Infrastructure Development (2018-2023) * Ministry of Culture and Sports (2014-2023) * Ministry of Ecology, Geology and Natural Resources ( 2019-2023) * Ministry of Education and Science (1999-2022) * Ministry of Information and Communications (2016-2019) * Ministry of Social Development (2018-2019) * Defense and Aerospace Industry Ministry (2016-2019) * Ministry of Digital Development, Defense and Aerospace Industry (February-June 2019) * Ministry of Religious Affairs and Civil Society (2016-2018) * Ministry of Investments and Development (2014- 2018) * Ministry of Health and Social Development (2014-2017) * Ministry of Public Service Affairs (2015-2016) * Ministry of Industry and New Technologies (2010-2014) * Transport and Ministry of Communications (January 1994-1999, October 1999-2014) * Ministry of Environment and Water Resources (2013-2014) * Ministry of Culture (1992-1997, 2003-2004, 2010-2012, March 2014) August) * Ministry of Oil and Gas (2010-2014) * Ministry of Regional Development (2013-2014) * Ministry of Economy and Budget Planning (2002-2010, 2013-2014) * Environment Ministry of Environmental Protection (2002-2013) * Ministry of Economic Development and Trade (2010-2013) * Ministry of Communications and Information (2010-2012) * Ministry of Industry and Trade (2002-2010) \< > * Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources (2000-2010) * Ministry of Culture, Information and Sports (2004-2006) * Ministry of Information (2003-2004) * Ministry of Culture, Information and Social Harmony ( 1999-2003) * Ministry of State Revenue (1998-2002) * Ministry of Natural Resources and Environmental Protection (1999-2002) * Ministry of Economy and Trade (March-October 1997, 2000-2002) * Ministry of Economy (1993-1997, 1999-2000) * Ministry of Energy, Industry and Trade (1997-2000) * Ministry of Information and Public Relations (1997-1999) * Education, Ministry of Culture and Health (1997-1999) * Ministry of Science - Academy of Sciences (1996-1999) * Ministry of Health, Education and Sports (January-October 1999) * Transport, Communications and Tourism Ministry (January-October 1999) * Ministry of Education (1993-1997) * Ministry of Education and Culture (March-October 1997) * Ministry of Geology and Subsoil Protection (1992-1997) * Ministry of Labor (1991-1997) * Ministry of Youth Affairs, Tourism and Sports (1993-1997) Ministry of Construction, Housing and Territorial Construction (1993-1997) * Ministry of Oil and Gas Industry (1994-1997) * Ministry of Industry and Trade (1994-1997) * Ministry of People's Social Protection (1992-1997) * Ministry of Ecology and Bioresources (1992-1997) * Ministry of Energy and Natural Resources (March-October 1997) * Ministry of Energy and Coal Industry (1994-1997) * Ministry of Science and New Technologies (1992-1996) * Ministry of Press and Mass Information (1991-1995) * Ministry of Communications (1991-1994) * Ministry of Industry (1991-1994) * Ministry of Trade (1991-1994) * Ministry of Foreign Economic Relations (1991-1994) * Ministry of Energy and Fuel Resources (1992-1994) * Ministry of Tourism, Physical Education and Sports (1991-1993) ) * Ministry of Public Education (1991-1993) * Ministry of Agriculture and Food (1991-1992) * Ministry of Social Security (1991-1992) * Ministry of Forestry ( 1991-1992) * Ministry of Energy and Electrification (1991-1992) ### Committees ## Current composition # # See also * Office of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Prime Minister of Kazakhstan ## Sources ## External links * Official website of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived May 12, 2016. * Electronic government of the Republic of Kazakhstan

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5332

Kazakhstan tenge

Kazakhstan tenge is the national currency of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It was put into circulation by the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on November 15, 1993. ## History In the beginning, the first tenge series (1 tenge = 100 coins) consisted of the following denominations: * 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50 and 100 tenge banknotes * 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 tenge coins, * 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 and 50 tenge coins (originally made of paper). Later in circulation: * 200 tenge banknotes of the 1993 model and 500 tenge banknotes of the 1994 model in 1994; * In 1995, 1000 tenge banknotes of the 1994 model; * 2000 tenge banknotes of the 1996 model in 1996; * 1997 coins with denominations of 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 tenge (new design); * 5,000 tenge banknotes of the 1998 model in 1999; * In 2000, 200 and 500 tenge banknotes of the 1999 model (design changed), in 2001: * 1000 and 2000 tenge banknotes of the 2000 model (design changed); * 100 tenge banknotes of the model of 2001 (the design has been partially changed); * 5000 tenge jubilee banknotes of the 2001 model dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan; * 5000 tenge banknotes of the model of 2001 (the design has been partially changed). in 2002: * 100 tenge banknotes of the 2003 model; * 200 and 500 tenge banknotes of the 1999 model (partially changed design) were issued. in 2003: * 10,000 tenge banknotes of the 2003 model. in 2006: * 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000 and 10000 tenge banknotes (completely new design). ## General information On August 27, 1992, the National Bank approved tenge banknote models. The next day, artists Timur Suleymenov, Mendibai Alin, Agymsaly Duzelkhanov, Kairolla Abjalelov, who brought the Kazakh currency to life, left for England. In 1992, tenge design portraits were approved. The tenge was printed in Great Britain. On November 12, 1993, President Nursultan Nazarbayev signed the Decree "On the introduction of national currency in the Republic of Kazakhstan". On November 15, 1993, the national currency of Kazakhstan - tenge - was put into circulation. The exchange of old money into Kazakhstan tenge started on November 15, 1993 at 8:00 a.m. and ended on November 20 at 8:00 p.m. The National Bank initially estimated 1 tenge to one thousand rubles at that time. However, taking into account the country's political and social issues and interstate relations, 1 tenge was fixed at 500 soms. On the day the tenge entered the first round, 1 dollar was fixed at 4.75 tenge. Until November 1993, only the State Bank of the USSR, and then the Central Bank of Russia, performed the issuing service. At that time, ruble banknotes and coins issued by the State Bank of the USSR or the Central Bank of Russia in 1961-1991 served as means of payment in Kazakhstan. So it is no secret that we were buying Russian rubles necessary for our economic circulation at that time. In particular, 1 ruble in cash was bought for 2 rubles in cashless money. After the collapse of the USSR, some of the republics included in it put their national currency into circulation, that is, left the "ruble zone", and our republic remained in that zone for two years. The main reason for this was that Kazakhstan did not have its own banknote production factory and Mint. In 1992, our first currencies were mutually produced in denominations of 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 with Harrison & Sons, an English postage stamp and banknote company with four centuries of experience. released due to the contract. On July 26, 1992, Russia announced that since the introduction of its own currency, it has split the financial systems of other countries, including countries in the "ruble zone" such as Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, and Tajikistan. Also, the Central Bank of Russia requested Kazakhstan to issue rubles with Kazakh symbols. In addition, they had the following requirements: firstly, if the ruble is to be used, Kazakhstan should enter Russia as a subject of the Russian Federation; secondly, hand over the gold-currency reserve of just over 700 million US dollars, which was collected in the first years of independence, to the Central Bank of Russia. In short, they offered to pay us with the independence of Kazakhstan to use their ruble. From that time, only USSR rubles remained in circulation in Kazakhstan, and there was no limit to their arrival from other ruble-separated regions. Finally, the ruble, which had been devalued until then, continued to depreciate, and the inflation rate exceeded 2900 percent. The occurrence of such unfortunate events inevitably led to the release of the native currency of Kazakhstan. Thus, on November 12, 1993, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, a decision was made to introduce the national currency in the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and on November 15-18, measures were taken to exchange the USSR rubles issued in 1961-1991 into our national currency tenge. From this moment, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan is an issuing bank. The emission activity of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan is carried out with the help of its structural units: banknotes of the Banknote Factory of the Republic of Kazakhstan located in Almaty and coins produced at the Mint Palace in Uskemen. Issue of banknotes and coins, organization of their circulation, fight against counterfeiters are gradually becoming global problems. A number of countries refuse to produce banknotes and coins themselves, handing them over partially or completely to companies with advanced technologies. Banknote factory of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan, equipped with modern printing equipment for protected printing, not only produces national currency banknotes, but also produces protected printing products according to state and commercial orders. Kazakhstan Mint produces highly valued coins at the prestigious Mint Palace exhibition in Berlin (Germany), and the interest in it among specialists and collectors is growing day by day. Kazakhstan Mint implemented a quality management system according to the international standard IS0-9001:2000 and received certificates for the production of coin products and state awards. Awards issued for companies are excellent examples of jewelry art that meets the best global standards. In addition to orders from other central banks for the production of coins, KTS has received invitations to participate in several international coin programs, including those for the Olympic Games and the World Cup. The latest achievements include mastering the production of two-color coins, a proof-quality silver coin with enamel, and the production of unique silver and gold coins of 50,000 tenge with a weight of 1 kg for the introduction of the national currency for 15 years. On the face (obverse) of the coins, in the upper part, the coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan is depicted surrounded by an octagonal rosette with five twists, and the inscription "NATIONAL BANK OF KAZAKHSTAN" in the national language. In the lower part there is an inscription "50,000 TENGE", which means the denomination of the coin. A bead-like chain and a protruding edge are drawn around the coin. On the gold coin, on the left side of the face value is the trademark of the Mint of Kazakhstan and "1 kg" indicating the weight of the coin. the inscription "Ai 999" is placed on the right side, indicating the metal of which the coin was made and its test. On the back side (reverse) of the coin, a collage of three coins - "Shabandoz", "Regel tushguldagi" and "Garysh" - is depicted against the backdrop of national currency symbols. On the left side of the collage is a picture of a 10,000 tenge banknote. In the upper part of the coin, a graphic image of the symbol of the national currency, tenge, is placed. The inscription "TENGEGE 15 YEARS" in the national language, the number "2008" indicating the year of minting, and a protruding edge are placed around it. Images and inscriptions are embossed on the obverse and reverse sides of the coin. The edge (band) is embossed. Commemorative coins are made of 999/1000 gold, weight - 1000 grams, diameter - 100 mm, "proof" quality. ## Museum of the National Bank About the museum of the National Bank. The Museum of the National Bank was opened on November 13, 1997 in order to preserve the history of the creation of Kazakhstan's currency for future generations. Today, the fund of the museum has collected 5 thousand objects of material culture. Bronze and silver coins of the 12th-14th centuries, coins of pre-revolutionary Russia, provisional government, RKFSR and USSR, as well as coins of the CIS countries are stored here. The museum collection contains Russian gold coins with the image of Tsar Nicholas II dated 5 and 10 rubles issued in 1898-1899, silver coins with the image of Peter the Great, Catherine II, and Nicholas II. There are also German Reichsmarks, Russo-Polish coins and coins from China, Mexico, Poland, Austria-Hungary. Among the relics, there are quite a few, for example, "silk money", "opium money". The silver coin dedicated to the 10th anniversary of the independence of Kazakhstan, made of 925 silver, worth 5000 tenge, weighs 1 kg, will surprise museum visitors with its size and design. * * * * * * * * Here are gold coins dedicated to the 1500th anniversary of Turkestan, the 10th anniversary of the independence of Kazakhstan, the first colored silver coins issued for the 10th anniversary of the national currency, "Kazakhstan Petroglyphs", "Kazakhstan's Red Book", "Kazakhstan's Crafts", "Architecture and Historical Monuments", Coins from the "Gold of Nomads" and "Early Minted Coins" series have been preserved. Among visitors to the museum, gold and silver coins issued by the Kazakhstan Mint - "Kyzyl Bori", "Regel Tulip", "Shabandoz" are of great interest. The main task of the issuing bank is to issue the amount of money necessary for circulation and withdraw the excess amount from circulation. Of course, issuing money in excess of the amount necessary for circulation will allow its value to depreciate. 1, 3, 5, 10, 20, 50, 100 tenge banknotes were put into circulation on November 15, 1993; 1, 3, 5, 10, 20 tenge coins and 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 tenge coins were sent. In 1993, the first coins were printed on paper. After a short time, these paper coins were withdrawn from circulation and replaced by coins in the form of coins. KUB later released the following banknotes into circulation: * Banknotes of 1994, denomination 200, which is based on the model of 1993, and denomination of 500 tenge, which is based on the model of 1994; * Banknotes of 1995, denomination 1000, it is according to the model of 1994; * Banknotes of 1996, denomination 2000 tenge, according to the model of 1996; * Coins of 1997, denomination 1, 5, 10, 20, 50 tenge; * Banknotes of 1999, denomination 5000 tenge, it is according to the model of 1998; * Banknotes of 2003, denominations of 200 and 500 tenge, based on the model of 1999 (changed design); * Banknotes of 2001, denominations of 1000 and 2000 tenge, they are from 2000 (changed design); * 100 tenge banknote according to the model of 2001; * jubilee banknote of 5000 tenge, it is according to the model of 2001, this type of money is related to the 10-year independence of our country; * 5000 tenge banknote according to the model of 2001; * In 2002, a 100 tenge coin was modeled after 2001; * banknotes of 200 and 500 tenge denomination, they are according to the model of 1999; * 10,000 tenge banknote of 2003, model of 2003. In 2006, the National Bank of Kazakhstan prepared new design banknotes for circulation, these banknotes range from 200 tenge to 10,000 tenge. Money in circulation in Kazakhstan until December 15, 2006: 10000, 5000, 2000, 1000, 500, 200, 100, 50, 20, 10, 5, 3 and 1 tenge bank notes, 20, 10, 5 , together with metal coins of 3 and 1 tenge, 500 tenge gold coins prepared for the anniversary, initially 64x100 mm in size. 50, 20, 10, 5, 2 and 1 coins printed on watermarked paper were later replaced by metal coins in these denominations. However, today coins of up to 1 tenge taken from circulation, as well as banknotes of denomination up to 100 tenge (in paper form) are not in circulation, instead of them, coins made of metal are in use. Of course, the circulation of large-denomination banknotes is connected with the increase of the average salary in the country. On November 15, 2006, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan changed the appearance of 200, 500, 1000, 2000, 5000, 10000 tenge banknotes. The measures here provide for the absence of a human image on the banknote and their high protective capacity. The period of circulation of old-style and 2006-style banknotes is 1 year. In the period of co-existence of old and new banknotes in circulation, it is a legal means of payment, it is accepted for all types of payment in the entire territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as for calculation and transfer to bank accounts without any restrictions. After the end of the period of coexistence of old and new-style banknotes in circulation, old-style banknotes will cease to be a legal means of payment for all types of payment throughout the territory of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The Board of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan has the right to extend the ten-year period of acceptance and exchange of old-style banknotes from legal entities and individuals. Today, our national currency is becoming one of the stable currencies in Central Asia. At the beginning of its introduction into circulation, low confidence in the national currency and economic crises in the country had a negative impact on its value. As a result, it can be said that our tenge has fallen against the US dollar. For example, when the tenge was introduced, the price of 1 US dollar was equal to 4.75 tenge, but in 2000 it depreciated to 155 tenge. On the one hand, such a phenomenon is objective, because it is clear that any new currency cannot compete with the currency of a country with a deep history or a developed economy. On the other hand, those periods describe the periods of new formation of our national economy. From 2001 to this day, our tenge has been stable against the US dollar, and in 2001, its exchange rate against the US dollar decreased from 155.6 tenge to 117.4 tenge by the middle of 2005-2006, and in April 2009, the national currency was devalued and rose again to 150.8 tenge. . The depreciation of the tenge against the US dollar can be connected, firstly, with the increase in the money supply in circulation, and secondly, with the increase in the inflation rate of 8.5 percent, which was caused by the increase in the price of oil products. The money supply here is growing in two ways, the first is due to the increase in foreign exchange earnings from the sale of oil products abroad, and the second is due to the increase in the volume of cheap loans from foreign financial markets of our domestic banks in recent years. ## Banknotes ## Buckets ### First batch buckets ## # The second set of shakas (1997 — April 26, 2019) ### The third set of shakas (from 2019) The design of the shakas has not undergone significant changes compared to the previous set, however, the Kazakh language Due to the transition to the Latin alphabet, all inscriptions in them are made with Latin characters. ## Memories In addition to coins for circulation, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan issues commemorative and anniversary coins. ## Tenge is the national currency The national currency of Kazakhstan was put into use on November 15, 1993. Banknotes - tenge and coin were developed by the National Bank with the participation of leading artists of Kazakhstan. Tenge is not the first currency of Kazakhstan. In the territory of ancient Kazakhstan, money was used many centuries ago. Turkic rulers in Syrdarya, Otyrar Valley, and Turkic rulers in Zhetysu issued their own coins in the 7th-8th centuries. Mints worked in Otyrar and Isfijab. Between the middle of the tenth century and the eighth century, cities grew rapidly, and the volume of goods production and trade increased. Copper felts were mostly used in small retail trade. Gold coins were also circulated, but they were used in trade not only individually, but also according to their weight: the coin was broken into pieces as needed. Since the end of the fourteenth century, Amir Temir coins have been circulating in Kazakhstan. In addition to these, Samarkand, Bukhara, Tashkent coins, mainly copper dinars, were used in trade in the cities of Kazakhstan. In the difficult twentieth century, Kazakhstan entered the single ruble zone. This continued until November 1993. On November 15, 1993, at 8:00 a.m., Soviet rubles were replaced by tenge. This day is considered the birthday of the National Currency. ## Interesting facts The tenge symbol chosen in 2007 turned out to be a variant of the symbol used by the Japanese postal company for 120 years. * Japan Post website * A monument to him was erected in the city of Taraz, where the Kazakh tenge was first put into circulation. ## Commemorative banknotes ## Sources ## External links * National currency of Kazakhstan * Tenge new design Archived January 6, 2014. * Banknotes of Kazakhstan Archived May 12, 2019. * Coins of the CIS and Baltic countries * "History of Art Kazakhstan" volume four, Kazakh encyclopedia, Almaty, 2007

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7601

Aueskhan Makatayuly Kyrbasov

Aueskhan Makatayuly Kyrbasov (May 28, 1937, Shien village, Zhambyl district, Almaty region - April 3, 2014, Almaty) is one of the first ambassadors of independent Kazakhstan. Has the diplomatic rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Laureate of the State Prize in the field of science and technology, meritorious employee of the diplomatic service of the Republic of Kazakhstan, meritorious figure of Kazakhstan, recipient of the Certificate of Honor of the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan, corresponding member of the Academy of Engineering of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Chairman of the Council of "Kazakhstan Diplomats Association". Mechanical engineer, corresponding member of the Engineering Academy of the Republic of Kazakhstan. represented our republic as Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary in the Kingdoms of Belgium and the Netherlands, as well as in the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, and was the Head of the Representation of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the European Union and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO). ## Biography * He was born in the village of Shien, Zhambyl district, Almaty region, and grew up here. * Mechanical engineer - graduated from the institute with the specialty of organization of foreign economic activity. * In 1959-1972, he worked as a design engineer and then as a leading designer at the Almaty Heavy Machinery Plant. During the years of work at this enterprise, with his direct participation, new structures of mills for processing pipes made of various non-ferrous metals were created, for their invention he received 7 copyright certificates. The practical value of this development is evidenced by the fact that the production of aluminum and copper pipes in all non-ferrous metallurgical plants of the former USSR was organized on the basis of these plants. This equipment is in great demand and is sold in Germany, Hungary, Romania, etc. countries have been used successfully. * * * * As a result of his activity in the industry, A.M. Kyrbasov became the recipient of the Kazakhstan State Prize for Science and Technology. He also received the honorary title "Honored Inventor of the Kazakh SSR" for his enormous contribution to the development of invention. ## Activities in the state apparatus * In 1972-1983, he held a responsible position in the apparatus of the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR and the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, where he led the work of the machine-building industry of the Republic. During his stay here, as a specialist, he made a significant contribution to the development of enterprises, in particular, he was most attentive to the issue of the production of agricultural machinery of the Republic. At the same time, Pavlodar Tractor Plant, AZTM, "Porshen" plant, "Kazakhselmash", "Tselinogradselmash" associations, etc. construction and their reconstruction were carried out. * Since 1983, for 10 years AM Kyrbasov has been the head of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Kazakhstan, at that time it was the only institution dealing with foreign economic relations in the Republic. While performing this responsible position at the rank of minister, industrial enterprises establish foreign economic relations with foreign firms, protect their inventions by patenting, ensure the participation of manufacturers in international exhibitions and fairs held abroad, as well as foreign exhibitions in the Republic, scientific and technical conferences of foreign firms and provides assistance such as advertising Kazakhstani products by organizing seminars. In these years, Almaty city. the first "Tsvetmet-83", "Tsvetmet-86", "Inkhlebmash-84" international trade exhibitions were held, as well as medical equipment, telecommunications equipment, light industry products were presented, attended by hundreds of foreign firms and companies from many countries of the world. From these exhibitions, new models of machines and equipment were purchased for various non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgical factories, light and food industry enterprises, healthcare institutions and other industries. At the same time, it can be seen that Kazakhstani enterprises actively participated in international exhibitions and fairs abroad during this period. With the support of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Kazakhstan, the exhibits of various non-ferrous metallurgical factories of the country, the Academy of Sciences of the Republic and the institutions of the Ministry of Education were shown at the fairs held in France, India, Canada, Czechoslovakia, Yugoslavia, Iraq and other countries. ## Diplomatic service abroad * After the independence of Kazakhstan, Kyrbasov was transferred to the diplomatic service of the Republic. Taking into account the extensive work experience in the field of foreign economic activities, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated July 30, 1993, he was appointed Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of Belgium, the capital of which is the headquarters of international economic and military-political organizations such as the European Union, NATO and many other world institutions. apartments are located. * * * * * Since 1994, the Head of the Representation of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the European Union, Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary to the Kingdom of the Netherlands and the Grand Duchy of Luxembourg, as well as the North Atlantic Treaty Organization of the Republic of Kazakhstan ( is appointed as the Head of the Representation under NATO). Thus, A. M. Kyrbasov became the first Ambassador of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the mentioned European countries and international organizations and fulfilled this diplomatic duty until 1998. During this period, the diplomatic duties in Brussels were ensured by the visit of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. A. Nazarbayev to the headquarters of the European Union and NATO, all major agreements were signed with the mentioned international organizations, as well as with the Benelux countries. The most important for Kazakhstan is the EU cooperation and partnership agreement signed in January 1995, as well as the agreement on the inclusion of the Republic in the NATO program "Partnership for the World" signed in May 1994 and the signing of many other important documents for the cooperation of the young state with European countries. was placed. Also, on July 31, 1996, "Agreement on security between the Republic of Kazakhstan and the North Atlantic Treaty Organization" was signed when Aueskhan Makatayuly was in office. ## His work in Kazakhstan * After returning to Kazakhstan in 1999, he was appointed the Head of the Representative Office of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan, and in September 2001 he became the Ambassador for Special Assignments. * In addition, in July 2004, A.M. Kyrbasov was elected as the chairman of the Council of "Association of Diplomats of Kazakhstan", which was re-established on his own initiative. A.M. Kyrbasov's work in diplomatic service is highly appreciated by the state. By the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated October 19, 1995, he was awarded the highest diplomatic rank - the rank of "Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan", he will receive the titles "Honored figure of Kazakhstan" and "Honored figure of the diplomatic service of the Republic of Kazakhstan". ## Awards * Diploma of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR * Honored Inventor of the Kazakh SSR * Laureate of the state prize of the Kazakh SSR in the field of science and technology. * Name Nazir Torekulov. Medal "For Contribution to the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan" * Honored Worker of Kazakhstan * Honored Worker of the Diplomatic Service of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3520

Kazakh (ethnonym)

Kazakh is the name of the local people of the Republic of Kazakhstan. For about two hundred years, researchers have been trying to explain the origin of the term "Kazakh" and reveal its semantics. However, the final opinion explaining the word Kazakh has not yet been formed. Terms similar to the word Kazakh are also found in regions far from Kazakhstan. Scientists cite the information that the Byzantine emperor Konstantin Bagryanorodny (middle of the 10th century) said that it was the "country of Cossacks" located in the south-west of the Caucasus (N.M. Karamzin, A. Vamberi, etc.). Based on this, it was concluded that the Kazakh people were known since the 10th century. However, in the original (Greek) letter "c" is given, not "z". Therefore, the name of the country should be read Kasakia. V. Minorskyi, explaining the report of Konstantin Bagryanorodny, proved that Kasogs are pronounced as Kasakia. In the name of Kazakhiya and the Kazakh people, researchers also drew the written data of the Muslim world. For example, in the work of the Arab historian Abu-l-Hasan Ali al-Masudi, "The Book of Will and Revision", Kuban is his own. Among the names of the peoples and tribes of the nearby Caucasus, the Kazakh ethnic group. community - Al-Kasakiyya is written. The German orientalist I. Marquardt determined that these two terms give the name of only one ethnic group - Kasogs. "Hudud al-Alam" is a geogr. of Persian language whose author is unknown. Kara t. Kasag located on the coast. (not ethnic community) data are given. The work "Povest vremennykh let" contains information about the wars of Svyatoslav (965) and Mstislav (1022) with the Kasogs. The term kasog was first mentioned in the works of the monk Epiphanius in the late 8th - early 9th centuries. From this article, it can be seen that the names kasak, kasakia, kasak, kasak, kasog were various forms of expressing a certain small Caucasian tribe (or union of tribes) in the early Middle Ages. The opinion about the connection of the Kazakh ethnonym with the name kasog, kasakhia (Kazakhia) is of a declarative nature, and the historical correspondence between them still needs to be studied. ## The origin of the Kazakh ethnonym The history of the birth of the Kazakh ethnonym has long been a hot topic of discussion among researchers. However, no definitive opinion has been developed. Terms similar to the Kazakh word can be found in regions far from Kazakhstan. The term "Kazakh" comes from the name of two ancient tribal unions (Kaz and Sakha). They formed a giant alliance in ancient times and conquered as far as Egypt. Then a city called Kaza-saha was built. ### Forecast of the Caucasus Some scientists (N. M. Karamzin, A. Vamberi, etc.) the emperor of the Eastern Roman Empire Constantine "Kyzyltugan" (middle of the 10th century rank) places the country of Kazakhstan in the northwest of the Caucasus (the region known as Karachu or Karachay during the Crimean Khanate). V. The report of Constantine of Minor proves that Kasogs are referred to as Kazakhia. The Arab historian Abu-l-Hasan Ali al-Masudi, in his "Book of Testaments and Revisions", mentions al-Qasaqiyyah among the tribes around the Kuban River. German orientalist I. Marquardt said that these two words give the name of only one ethnic group - the Kasogs. The Persian-language Hudud al-Alam, a book on geography, documents the location of the city of Kasag on the coast of the Black Sea. In the chronicle "Povѣsti временныхъ lѣтъ" written in Old Rus, princes Svyatoslav (965) and Mstislav (1022) waged war with the Kasogs. And the term kasog was first used in the 8th century. the end of the 9th century the monk Epiphanius is cited at the beginning. According to the above information, it can be seen that kasakh, kazakhiya, kasak, kashak, kasog were different types of small tribes or associations of tribes in the Caucasus in the previous Middle Ages. Kazakh ethnonym kasog shown above, etc. The connection with the names in all respects is still a duty of research. ### Mongolian prediction Finnish Altai G. I. Ramstedt and A. A. Semenov used the Kazakh term in the "Holy Annals" (13th century). hasag-tergen is derived from a phrase with the concept of a cart. And there is no historical information about the use of this double word by the Turkic tribes that settled in Kazakhstan. ### Enesai forecast Famous Turkic scholar V. V. Radlov found a phrase in Old Turkic: kazgakym oğlym - "my adopted sons" in the Old Turkic heritage around the Enesai River. Based on the similarity of sound and meaning of Kazakh and Kazakh words, V. P. Yudin speculated that the sound of г was later lost and became a Kazakh term. This view is not compatible with the historical phonetic laws of Turkic languages, so it was not supported by experts. ### Snow forecast I. Marquardt read the three Karak tribes as Khasaks (huskies) from Eastern texts. But V. Minorsky made a significant correction to the intertextual reading of the tribal name of the Karaks, comparing it with other Muslim sources. At the same time, instead of khasaks, the conjuncture called baskil was introduced. Arab traveler Abu Dulaf read the word kharluq as hazlaq in the work Risalas. N. Pantusov also made a mistake. ### Persian prediction In Shahnama saga of the famous Persian-Tajik Firdousi, it is said about Kazakh people and Kazakh khans. Some scientists, A. Starting from Levshin, the creation of the real Kazakh people in the 10th century. attributes. Many orientalists (S. G. Klyashtorny, T. I. Sultanov, etc.) pointed out that there is no important information about the Kazakh term in the saga. ### Turkmen forecast ### Kipchak social forecast In some data, this term is used in a social sense "Kazakh" from the name "Kashak" it is said to have come out. The term "Kazakh" appears in the (Turkic-Arabic) dictionary of early Kypchak inscriptions written in 1245 among the Kypchaks in the Mamluk state. Here the word "Kazakh" means an empty wanderer. According to this semantic concept, the term "Kazakh" is given a social meaning, i.e., the eldest sons separate from their parents and temporarily leave their clans and tribes to participate in military campaigns to earn a living. ### Other information This double-word concept mentioned in the "Holy Chronicle" (13th century) means a cart. Once A.A. There is no evidence for this view supported by Semenov. This is because, both from the point of view of synchronicity and from the point of view of historical perspective, the term "khasag-tergen" was not reflected as the name of a cart among Turkic speakers living in Kazakhstan. From the early Turkish monument of the 8th century found on the Yenisei, V.V. Radlov read the phrase "kazgakym oglum" (my adopted sons). Based not only on the external similarity, but also on the basis of the closeness of the meanings of the terms "Kazgak" and "Kazakh", V.P. Yudin believes that the sound "г" in the concept of "Kazgaqim" was used in the speech of Turks in the 7th - 8th centuries, and it is possible that it disappeared later. he said. This view is the historical phonetic of Turkic languages. It was not supported by experts because it was incompatible with the laws. Marquardt read the three Karluk tribes as "khasaks" (huskies) from eastern sources. However, Minorsky carefully reviewed the Muslim sources and textol. and by way of comparative-historical analysis made significant corrections to the reading of the context of the tribalism of the Karluks. At the same time, instead of "khasaks" the reasonable conjuncture "baskil" was introduced. N.N. incorrectly read the word "harluk" as "khazlak" in "Risala" ("Jazba") of the Arab traveler Abu Dulaf. Pantusov also made mistakes. Based on the opinion of A. Levshin about the mention of Kazakh people and Kazakh khans in "Shahnama" of Ferdowsi (935 - 1020), some scientists attribute the establishment of the Kazakh people to the 10th century. Later, many orientalists (S.G. Klyashtorny, T.I. Sultanov, etc.) emphasized that there is no information related to the term "Kazakh" in the saga. Basically, in most cases of proposed predictions, non-comparable names were compared. After that, ethnonyms were considered separately, not in the whole set of real-historical views. Including ethno. The phenomena themselves - the changes in ethnos over time were not taken into account. As a rule, the appearance of the ethnonym does not coincide with the time of the creation of the people (for example, the Kyrgyz ethnonym and the Kyrgyz people, the Turkmen ethnonym and the Turkmen people, Russians and Russians. In research works, the understanding of the need to analyze and solve the problems of the relationship between the ethnonym and the ethnos in real-historical situations is the same at all times. And, a certain ethnonym can mean different conditions of a tribe, a people, a nation. There is every reason to believe that the word "Kazakh" originated in the region inhabited by the Kypsakhs. In terms of time, A.N. Samoilovich refers to the word "Kazakh" in the Kypchaks of Egypt in 1245. The term ``aljaum'' was given the meaning and allowed to consider individuals and people who broke away from their clan, tribe, and state and earned their means of living by participating in war affairs, and it was associated with Kazakhization. The term "Kazakh" appeared earlier than the 13th century, although there is indirect information about it, but written monuments do not contain any direct data clarifying the chronology. The conversion to K was large-scale, stepwise in nature. It is also among the Turkic tribes, the Arab East (su'luk), Europe (Norwegian Vikings), Russia (brodnik) and others. also took place in societies. In each case, this world. although the essence of the phenomenon is the same, the terminol. originality was observed. The description and working time of the turning into K in the work of the Arab geographer Abu Bakr Ahmed al-Hamadani "Kitab akhbar al-Buldan" ("The book of stories about other countries"), the following story of the prince of Oguz Balqiq ibn Jabgu is quoted: "My ancestors one of them was angry with his father, who was the king, and separated from him. He took as companions those who came to him, soldiers and other people who liked to plunder. He headed to the east of the country, attacked people and captured those he and his companions met on the way." This is a classic of becoming a K. in his description, the author probably used the Arabic word "su'luk" as a synonym of the term "Kazakh". Those who act under the name "Salaka" represent poor and greedy people who could not find a place for themselves in the Bedouin tribe, therefore, they formed groups and went to search for their fortune through looting. Despite the differences in terms, it is clear that the content of becoming a K in two different nomadic societies is similar. However, the author does not mention the Oghuz synonym of the Arabic term "water". Among the Oghs, such a concept may be the term "Kazakh" adopted by the Kipchaks already at that time. In the 13th century, the term "Kazakh" appeared as an anthroponym among the Turkmen of Khorasan. The label on the colophon of one of the library manuscripts "Danishkede-i Maqqul y Manqul" reads: "This manuscript was purchased by Bilal ibn Jabra'il bin Muhammad Ali at-Turkmani al-Kazaki, in 660 AH" (1262). This directly refers to the word al-kazaqi in the personal name, ethnic. It should be taken as a combined nisba with another nisba showing the surname (Turkmen). The combination of the term Al-Kazakh with the Turkmen ethnonym is typical of this concept. without character, re-ethn. allows you to consider the injury as having occurred. Z.U. According to Togan, the representative of Kypchak Ks in Khorasan Turkmen society is mentioned here. Rashid ad-Din Rab-i-Rashidi's written document "Waqfname" belonging to the Khorezm-Khorasan writings definitely mentions ethnic. Judging by the appearance of the names "Kazakhlu" and "Kazakhs" with a characteristic character, there was a significant group of Ks in this region. The described materials were created in the 9th - 10th centuries. Deshti was known as "Kazakh" in the society of the Kipchaks, and in the 11th and 12th centuries, it was an ethno-realm. allows us to draw conclusions about the presence of groups. However, before the Mongol invasion, K. It is not possible to make a conclusion about the formation of the ethnic group, on the other hand, about the formation of the Kazakh people. In the 11th - 12th centuries, in the Kypchak Khanate, ethnic during the development of the processes, the ethnos of the Kazakh people. yeast is formed. The conquest of the Mongols scattered large groups of Kypchak tribes to the borders of Deshti Kypchak. The displacement of Kipchaks caused the emergence of the Kazakh term and its universal meaning. The word "Kazakh" is generally used to refer to a wide variety of volunteers. The Kazakh word has the same meaning as volunteer, wanderer, field knight (Sh. Ualikhanov, M. Kozybaev, etc.). In Muslim sources, it is noted that Kazakhization is widespread among the Turkic peoples. At the beginning of the 14th century, during the revival of indigenous traditions, the Kypchak tribe was a local ethnic group. the first large state, the White Horde, was founded on the basis of Although its composition is mainly Kazakh people, it was later recorded and identified as a name in the sources. After the establishment of the Kazakh people in the second half of the 15th century, the name "Kazakh", which is one of the complex features of the process of ethnogenesis of the people, became ethno. was important. Kerey Khan and Janibek Khan 1457-69. separated from the Abilkhair khanate with their own tribes, moved to the Shu region and created a separate Kazakh khanate. The Turkic-speaking tribes here were first called "Uzbek-Kazakh" and later "Kazakh" in historical records. Kazakhstan is a military community known to the local Kazakh people, Cossacks in the Russian Empire. due to the formation of the group, from the 17th century to the 30s of the 20th century, the names Kaysak, Kyrgyz, Kyrgyz-Kaysak, Kazakh-Kyrgyz, Kyrgyz-Kazakh were deliberately used in Russian literature, and the historical name of the people was not mentioned. Distortion 1925 Corrected at the 5th Congress of Soviets of Kazakhstan. 1936 Due to administrative and economic changes in Kazakhstan, the word Kazakh was officially designated. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6451

Browser

Web browser (English. web browser) — http://https on the Internet or any other networks Archived July 11, 2013. a program for viewing and editing websites, i.e. web pages (html, php, etc.). Some web browsers allow you to work with e-mail, FTP, newsgroups, and play multimedia content such as audio and video files on a web page. ## See more * Mozilla Firefox * Opera * Internet Explorer

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7699

German literature in Kazakhstan

German literature in Kazakhstan is a part of general German literature and Kazakh literature. German poets-writers in Kazakhstan also made significant work. The publication of the newspaper "Freundschaft" (1966), the creation of a German literature editorial office in the publishing house "Kazakhstan" (Almaty) (1967), the broadcasting of a German-language radio broadcast from Almaty (1958), as well as the launch of a German-language television program in Karaganda. , the opening of the German theater in the city of Temirtau (1980) - all this was the patronage of the representatives of the German nationality in Kazakhstan. In the 1950s and 1960s, the genre of poetry flourished in the works of German writers in Kazakhstan. R. Jacmien, K. Veltz, I. Warkentin, N. Wacker, G. Henke, D. Levene, R. Frank, E. Ulmer, R. Leis, N. Wacker, O. Pladers, etc. poetry collections, prose books by A. Reimgen, V. Klein, D. Golman, A. Debolsky, G. Belger, K. Ehrlich, G. Golman were published.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2233

2006 World Cup in football

The 2006 FIFA World Cup (or FIFA World Cup 2006) will be held from June 9, 2006 to July 9, 2006. It was determined in the final match who will win the most valuable title of world champion. Out of 5 countries (Germany, England, Brazil, Morocco and South Africa) competing to host the final round of the 2006 championship, Germany was declared the winner in June 2000. ## National Teams Since 2006, according to new FIFA rules, the winner of the previous championship also had to participate in the qualifying games to advance to the final round; The right to advance to the finals without qualification was reserved for the host country only. The list of countries that have qualified for the finals is given below. There are 32 teams in total. ## Stadiums The championship will be held in 12 cities. The stated capacity of stadiums is the number of seats. The names of some stadiums have been changed for the championship period. ## Groups ### Group A ### Group B All Time Local \ <> ### Group C ### Group D ### Group E ### Group F O - games, W - wins, T - draws, N - losses, Goals - goals scored and conceded, ± - goal difference, N - points ### Group G O - games, W - wins, T - draws, W - losses, Goals - goals scored and conceded, ± - goal difference, W - points ### Group H O - games, W - wins, T - draws, U - losses, Goals - goals scored and conceded, ± - goal difference, U - points ## Next stage ### 1/8 final ### 1/4 final \< > ### 1/2 final ### For third place ### Final ## Awards ### Top scorers 5 goals * Miroslav Klose 3 goals * Hernan Crespo * Maxi Rodriguez * Lukas Podolski * Fernando Torres * Ronaldo * David Villa * Thierry Henry * Zinedine Zidane 2 goals \< > * Tim Cahill * Aruna Dindane * Paulo Wanchope * Tomas Rosicky * Augustin Delgado * Carlos Tenorio * Steven Gerrard * Patrick Viera \ <> * Omar Bravo * Bartosz Bosacki * Maniche * Alexander Fry * Andrei Shevchenko * Adriano * Bastian Schweinsteiger * Marco Materazzi * Luca Tony ## Official Sponsors Below are the official sponsors of the World Cup: ## Sources \< > ## External links * Official FIFA World Cup website Archived 15 June 2006. * Official list of World Cup stadiums Archived 16 June 2006. * FIFA Calendar (link not available) * Official World Cup Charity Archived 4 July 2006. * Sports Archived March 7, 2017. Open Listing Project (ODP)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5216

Қазтуған

Kaztugan Suyinishuly (XVII century) is a nobleman from Nogai, a hero, a famous warrior who was popularly known as Kaztugan of Karga. Kaztugan is the son of Mr. Suyinish, the ruler of Edisan Horde of Zhyrau Nogai. Besides Kaztugan, Mr. Suyinish had two other sons, Azamat and Adizhi. His ancestors were the rulers of the Nogai Horde. His father, Suyinish Abdollauly, lived in the Volga region, and later moved to Koban. Mr. Suyinish's name is often mentioned in Russian records written in the second half of the 17th century. The data of Mr. Suyinish and the son of Nogai up to the 1660s have been stored in the "Nogai Istir" fund of the Department of Ancient Acts of the State Archives of Russia. The genealogy of Kaztugan is divided as follows: Edige bi - Nuraddin - Waqkas - Musa - Ismayil bi - Dinbai bi - Tinikei - Abdolla - Suyinish - Kaztugan. Kaztugan's name was first mentioned in history in 1673. In Russian data, his name is Togan. This year, the Kalmyk ruler Ayuke Khan together with some of his Thais went to the leaders of Astrakhan, signed the Russo-Kalmyk agreement and asked for the release of the young lord of Nogai in the depository. The Kalmak Thais took such a step at the request of Suyinish, the lord of the Edisan Nogai. They reminded of Suyinish's honorable deeds before the king. However, the answer to this question had to be given not by the Astrakhan authorities, but by the tsar in Moscow. At this time, Kasbulat Cherkasskyi, a Kabardin criminal, interfered in the case, saying that the great king himself would announce the final decision, and sent off the Kalmyk delegation in a friendly manner. In 1696, Kaztugan moved to Koban, which belonged to the Crimean Khanate, along with Edisan, who had been dependent on the Kalmyk Khanate for many years. Kaztugan's name is mentioned for the last time in the document of 1698. It is written that Togan and Gidemir, lords of Edisan Horde, sent an embassy headed by Beyshim Agha to Moscow due to the incident on the left bank of Koban. Kaztugan Zhirau is considered to be one of the creators of the folk epic. He left behind a rich creative legacy consisting of many poems describing the military spirit, his homeland, the life and lifestyle of the people. Most of them are not preserved. However, some of his works that have come down to us prove that he deserves a place in the history of literature. His poetry describes the nomadic life and attitude of the soldiers. And it represents their life, their thoughts about clean nature. The rapidity, sharpness of the poet's imagination, rich and beautiful artistic methods mean that the poetic art of the nomads of that era was at a high level, and at the same time, it had its own characteristics. It is clearly depicted in terms of national color, decorated with creative romance, rich in proverbial thoughts and artistic expressions. Poems of Kaztugan Zhyrau have taken place in our minds as a centuries-old school of art and a literary model. Kaztugan Zhyrau's works such as "Madak Song" and "Farewell to the Native Land" can be considered among the best examples of ancient Kazakh poetry. A number of thoughts of the poet reached through folk songs were published in I. Berezin's "Turk Chrestomatiya" (1862), Gabdolla Mushtaq's 1910 collection "Shayir, or the main poems of Kazakh poets", M. Magauin's book "Aldaspan" (1970). People always remember and respect Kaztugan. Many legends are told about him. In the national legend, he is the hero of the generation that took action against the Kalmyks. Zirau does not feel sad. He supports the tradition of heroes, sings great songs, and preaches the tradition of indivisible heroism of the old country. He remembers the youth with lots of games and offers optimistic opinions. He exaggerates the qualities of a fertile, comfortable and spacious settlement like Naryn. This blue Naryn was seen A place that was destroyed. His forehead was not tanned by the sun, He did not ride except for Jorga, He did not kiss except for Sulu, He did not wear except for kamka... He is a jerk He is very happy with his life. The carefree life of a rich village perched on a green lawn, a beautiful landscape picture gives an illusion. He plays the role of a young hero who truly loves his native land. If you see an enemy, you are excited, You are just boiling like a stone. Standing in the Volga and shooting Lost in the pasture... Kaztugan songs are melody, sound, rhythm, powerful poetry. Thanks to the name, it is natural for the song to be sung in the middle of a group. Using the vowel sound "A" at the same time, uttering a word is impressive and catchy for the listener. Argamak's son Every time he gets tired, the young horse I want to join him, The white river swells. My fish, whose tail the sun has not set, That it will destroy me Another thing to pay attention to is the figurative words in the last two lines. The phrase, unique to Kaztugan, which has not been used before, "My fish, whose tail is not exposed to the sun, I said that it will destroy me" - what a beautiful word! The stanza of this poem consists of 3 lines. The poet often used 5-line stanzas. Every word, every line is in its place. Kaztugan uses his own similes and metaphors. The alternative words of the long stanza poem starting with the letter "Ж" in a row show the fertility of the land very clearly: One lamb lying down A place where a thousand sheep graze. The poor and the rich are the same, The poor and the poor are the same, The poor and the poor are the same. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6080

American Samoa

American Samoa (English American Samoa); the former name - Eastern Samoa (English. Eastern Samoa) - a non-municipal, unorganized, dependent territory that is not part of the United States. It is located in the eastern part of the Pacific Ocean. According to 2010 data, the population is 55,519 people. Land area — 199 km². ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5372

Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan

The Autonomous Republic of Nakhchivan (pronounced Naxçıvan Muxtar Republic) is an exclave of Azerbaijan, an autonomous state within Azerbaijan under the constitution of Azerbaijan. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4611

Mukhtar Kapashuly Altynbaev

Mukhtar Kapashuly Altynbayev (December 10, 1945, Karaganda) is a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, an army general. ## Short biography * 1945 Born on December 10 in Karaganda. Kazakh. * 1977 — Graduated from Armavir High Military Pilot School. * 1985 — Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. He graduated from the Military Command Academy of the Military Academy named after Zhukov. Candidate of political sciences. * He started his career in the mines of Karaganda. * 1962 from September 1966 Worker, mine digger until October. * 1964 Graduated from the Karaganda Aviation Center for pilot training without ceasing production and training. * Since December 1965, a cadet pilot of the AAFJEK Kinel-Cherkassk aviation training center. After enlisting in the military, he served in various responsible leadership positions. * 1972-1975 — aviation unit commander, aviation squadron commander, deputy fighter aviation regiment commander for flight training. * 1979 In December, he will become the commander of the fighter aviation regiment of the Uralsk Military District. During M. Altynbayev's command, the regiment did not have a single flight incident and was named the best among the country's air defense forces. * 1982 from August - Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. He is a student of the Military Command Academy of the Military Academy named after Zhukov. * 1985-1988 — Deputy Division Commander, Commander of the Air Defense Division of the Turkestan Military District. * 1992 In February, he was appointed the commander of the anti-aircraft defense corps of the Turkestan military district. * After the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Mukhtar Kapashuly returns to his homeland and the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Actively participates in the formation of the Armed Forces of the sovereign state established in accordance with the Decree of Nazarbayev. * 1992 In May, he was appointed as the commander of the forces of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Deputy Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1993 Since November, the Commander of the Air Force is the Deputy Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1994 Commander of the Air Force of the Republic of Kazakhstan since September. * 1996 since October - Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2000 since March - Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2001 In December, he was appointed as the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2007 January-2010 From March 11 - Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee - First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2010 From April 8 - a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Awards * Awarded with orders and many medals. * Pilot-sniper. The advanced latest MiG and Su-type fighter jets are allowed to operate without restrictions on all modern types. * He is the first pilot of the newly independent states to demonstrate the art of flying the famous American F-16 fighter jet at one of the US aviation bases. In this regard, the American specialists gave high marks to the professional skills of M. Altynbayev. * 2006 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on May 6, by Decree No. 112, he was awarded the title of "Hero of the People" and the Golden Star of "Hero of the People" and the Order of "Fatherland". ## Military title * Military title - army general. Military pilot-shooter. ## Family * Married. His wife is Altynbayeva Gulbanu Rakhymbayovna. * Grandson - Muslim Mukhtaruly Altynbayev, military serviceman. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6154

North korea

North Korea (official name: Democratic People's Republic of Korea, DPRK, Korean: 조선 이산장의 인민 국왕) is a country located on the Korean Peninsula in East Asia. The land area is 121.2 thousand km². Population — 26,000,000 people (2023). The main population is Koreans. Several thousand Chinese also live there. The official language is Korean. Most of the inhabitants follow Buddhism, there are also Confucianism and Christianity. The capital is Pyongyang (2.3 million). According to the constitution, the DPRK is a "sovereign socialist state guided by the Juche idea". The DPRK was established on September 9, 1948 as a people's democratic state. The legislative body is the Supreme People's Assembly. Since December 29, 2011, Kim Jong-un has been the General Secretary of the country's leading party, the Labor Party, and since April 12, 2012, he has been the Chairman of the Defense Committee of the DPRK. National holidays: * September 9 — the founding day of the DPRK, * April 15 — the birthday of Kim Il Sung (1912, Sun holiday), * 16 February is Kim Jong Il's birthday. The currency is won. The territory of the country is administratively divided into 9 provinces and 2 central cities. ## Nature DPRK is mainly a mountainous country. Solt. on the side are the Korean mountains. The highest mountain on the peninsula is in this country (Pektusan volcano - 2744 m). Main rivers: Amnokkan and Tumangan. The climate is maritime, continental and monsoonal. The average temperature in January is -21°С, in July it is 22 - 26°С. ## History The history of the DPRK before 1945 is shared with the Republic of Korea (n. Korea). In 1945, after the deployment of the USSR troops in the north of the Korean peninsula, the country embarked on the path of establishing socialism. In 1946, with the help of the USSR, the Korean Communists established a Provisional Government led by Kim Il Sung and began implementing land reform. On September 9, 1948, the DPRK was officially declared. The USSR withdrew its troops from the peninsula. In 1950, the DPRK invaded South Korea to unify the formerly unified country. On June 25, 1950, the UN Security Council condemned the aggression of the DPRK, and two days later, Ont. Resolutions on military aid to Korea were adopted by UN members. The USA helped South Korea, and Chinese volunteers (about 1 million people) helped the DPRK. The USSR also helped the DPRK and protected the interior of the country from US air strikes. In 1951, both sides exhausted their offensive forces and turned to defensive wars. On July 27, 1953, the war ended. In the early 1970s and the second half of the 1980s, the government of the DPRK offered to negotiate with its neighbor to unify the country, but the negotiations failed. In December 1991, the two Korean states reached an agreement on non-aggression and cooperation. In February 1992, a joint declaration was signed. Communication with citizens of any foreign country is prohibited in the DPRK. In 1972, the Constitution, which revised the executive function of the president, was adopted, and according to it, the Korean people are brought up in the spirit of unlimited loyalty to the "Great Commander", that is, Kim Il-sung and his son Kim Jong-il. In 1994, Kim Il Sung died and was succeeded by his son Kim Jong Il. In 1996-1997, the economy collapsed in the DPRK, and the country was ravaged by famine. UN members started helping the country with food. But now, under the pretense that it is developing nuclear weapons, threatening democratic countries, the USA includes the DPRK in the list of "dangerous countries". ## Economy In the 50s and 60s of the 20th century, the economy of the country grew rapidly thanks to the non-reimbursed financial, technical and material aid of the USSR, the socialist countries of Eastern Europe, and China. . After the implementation of "socialist reconstruction in cities and villages" (1958), after the problem of industrialization of the country was solved (1970), the implementation of ideological, technological, and cultural revolutions in the DPRK was put forward. Due to tensions with South Korea, he had to constantly pay more attention to defense issues. Since the 80s of the 20th century, the economy of the country began to be closed off from foreign countries. The current annual national income of the country is 21.45 billion. In the amount of US dollars, per person — 950 dollars. External debt — 9.8 billion. dollar Metals, textile products, heavy machinery products, fruits are produced for export, oil and oil products, tools, grain, coal, food products are imported. Main trade partners: China (32.6% of imports), Japan (27.9% of exports), CIS countries, South Korea, Germany, Italy, Iran. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7377

Smartphone

A smartphone (English: smartphone — smart phone) is a hybrid that combines the communication features of a mobile phone with the capabilities of a pocket computer, such as Internet access, working with files, and e-mail. A smartphone differs from a mobile phone in that it has an operating system.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5117

Bibi Aisha

Aisha Bibi (XI-XII centuries), the bride of Karakhan, the founder of the Karakhanid dynasty, is the owner of a complex architectural and beautiful monument near the modern city of Taraz, which has been included in the handicrafts of White Kazakhs since the time of the Scythians, and which has been used since then. ## Legends ### 1 If there is no legend about the identity of Aisha Bibi, there is no historical data. Legend has it that she was the daughter of grandfather Zengi, who is considered to be one of the four ancestors of cattle. According to the same legend, Aisha's grandmother met the young hero Karakhan in Turkestan, two young people who liked each other got together and agreed to be life partners. It must be a time of war, when Karakhan is fighting with the sworn enemy and defending his country and land, Karakhan will not have the opportunity to visit Aisha Bibi in the promised time. Some time passes. At last, Aisha, who had run out of patience, decided to go to the city of Taraz, Karakhan's place of residence. After traveling for several days, they reach Taraz. After seeing the roof of the city, he stops by the river bank, and in the meantime, gets into the water, gets rid of the dust and pollen, and stops to take a breath. The waiter begins to cook. Bibi Aisha, who has taken a bath in cold water and has refreshed her body, comes to rest on the mat specially made for her, while her nanny prepares food. The mountain breeze, mixed with the cool air of the water bath, caresses the fresh body of the young lady, who is tired from a long journey, and embraces her with pleasure. He is relieved to see the roof of his beloved's village, and thinking that he will meet her in a little while, rocking in the cradle of his sweet imagination, he falls asleep. From this sleep he is awakened by the bite of a poisonous snake of the field. Bibi Aisha, whose body is poisoned and her breath is getting short of breath, immediately informs Karakhan. When Karakhan arrived with his tawaip and mullah, the beautiful girl was lying between two worlds, swollen and dry. Karakhan threatens the mullah with their marriage. Then he took the girl in his arms and whispered in the ear of Aisha, who was dying: "Aisha, you are now a grandmother!" he shouted three times. Khan's marriage with a dead girl is not found in history either before or after that. Grieving and drinking blood, Karakhan buried the body of his beloved wife and erected a beautiful dome over his head. The dome is still standing at the base of the city of Taraz, even though it has been washed away by the rain, blown by the wind, and time has left its mark, as an indelible sign of the love of lovers who truly loved each other. ### 2 Bibi Aisha is a beautiful girl who lived around 11-12 centuries. His father's name is Aigozha. Aisha meets Karakhan, who is visiting Bibi's country, and they like each other. However, after hearing that his country was attacked by the enemy, Karakhan immediately left for his country. When there was no news at the promised time, Aisha, worried, asked her father's permission to go to the groom's country and find out if he is alive. But the girl's father does not give consent. After begging her three times, Aisha, accompanied by 40 female companions, left for Karakhan's country on her own. When he gets close to the edge of the country, he stops by the water to take a rest. At that time, a poisonous snake hiding inside the tree bites Aisha on the head. Karakhan also arrives after hearing the news of the girls. But Aisha does not speak. Karakhan is going to marry Aisha here so that at least we can be together in the afterlife. Even though he did not cross the threshold as a bride, Karakhan, who was both happy and proud that the last breath of the faithful Aisha took her last breath in his hands, built a dome over the grave of that Aisha. People worship Aisha as a saint. B. Abildaev, a journalist from Taraz who studied the story of Aisha Bibi, wrote the play "Aisha Bibi". ### 3 Once Taraz ruler Karakhan Muhammad (the mausoleum in Taraz was built in honor of Shah Mahmud Harun Bugra Karakhan) wanted to marry a girl, but Aisha's father did not agree to it. Aisha Bibi's father opposes the marriage of two young people and says: "May a black snake bite you and kill you in Karasu". Aisha Bibi is waiting for Karakhan by the black water, at the promised place, and while bathing, she is bitten by a black snake. Babaja-khatun, a teacher and companion who was with him, quickly reached the city and informed Karakhan batyr. Batyr rushes to see his bride lying on the ground and orders the mullah to hurry up and marry Aisha. At the end of the marriage ceremony, the beautiful girl surrenders her life in the hands of the hero. Many who did not understand such cruelty asked Aisha's father: "Why did you give your daughter a negative blessing?" Then the poor father said: "I knew that my people would ask this question. The reason is that Karakhan Batyr's life is spent on a horse, on the edge of the country, in the face of the enemy, in the gall of the wind, in bloodshed. If Karakhan dies in the war, I will not be able to go on a pilgrimage, I did not want my son to become a widow at a young age, God granted my wish", - this was the answer of the sad father, whose core was burning with regret. Unfortunately, the prince lost the opportunity to meet Aisha forever, because the girl died on the banks of the Asa river after being bitten by a snake hidden in a headdress. Karakhan Batyr, who lost his wife, built a mausoleum with a unique architecture on that very spot. Aisha Bibi's nanny Babaja-Khatun was the guardian of the mausoleum until the end of her life. The mausoleum of the nanny Babadzha-Khatun is located 20 steps away from the mausoleum of Aisha Bibi. ## Gallery * * * * * * * * * * ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5600

Chalk

The Cretaceous phrase can have the following meanings: * Cretaceous (rock) * Cretaceous period * Cretaceous (element)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6545

Congratulations

Congratulations (tradition). After the house of the bride has sent away the bridegrooms, the girls sitting on the right side of the village come and say "congratulations" and bring special sweets and gifts. Then they ask for decorative items such as a crown, a cup, a blanket, a pillow, a ring, and an earring suitable for girls. This tradition is called "kutyk" in the country. It is a Kazakh superstition born from the good idea of "congratulations", "congratulations" and "congratulations". They are given livestock, valuables and clothes. Of course, this is something that only rich people can do. At the same time, this shows that it is another clear proof of the generous, gentlemanly qualities of the Kazakhs, rich in tradition.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7191

Shota Idyrisuly Ualikhanov

Shot-Aman (Shota) Idyrisuly Valikhan (April 26, 1932, North Kazakhstan Region, Ayrtau District, Syrymbet Village - March 31, 2021) - architect, Honored Architect of the Kazakh SSR (1978), professor, International Academy of Architects of Eastern Countries Academician (2001). ## Short biography He was born on April 26, 1932 in the village of Syrymbet, Ayrtau district of Kokshetau region (now North Kazakhstan region). Shot-Aman Valikhan is a descendant of the brother of the famous Kazakh and Russian scientist Shokan Valikhanov. Cousin of Kazakh poet Bakytzhan Kanapiyanov. Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture. was an employee of the "Kazakhstan City Planning Designing" Institute, Deputy Chief Architect of Almaty, Chairman of the Board of the Kazakhstan Union of Architects. Chairman of the Society for the Protection of Republican Historical and Cultural Monuments. ## Achievements Shot-Aman Ualikhanov is the author of several large buildings, 20 monuments and monuments (along with others). Among them: "Dynamo" stadium (1958), "Universam" store (1979), buildings of "Kazgiprozem" house (1983) in Almaty city; Monument to Ualikhanov (1969; State Award of the Kazakh SSR, 1970), Alibi Tokzhanuly Zhangeldin, Tokash Bokin (both 1975), Ghani Muratbaev (1984), East Kazakhstan region, Karaul village Abai (1970), Kokshetau city Talgat Bigeldinov (1998), Akhmet Baitursynuly of Kostanay (1999), Kenesary Kasymuly of Astana (2001), etc. monuments; Bust of Dinmuhamed Konaev (in 1985), Monument of Independence (in 1996, project author and leader), etc. In 1996, Ualikhanov received a gold medal and a diploma of the Union of Architects of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the competition for the new state coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the author of the coat of arms. Also, he published many scientific articles on the relevant issues of Kazakhstan's architecture and fine arts; also the author of a number of dramatic works ("Shokan", first staged in 1962; "Agnur", 1982; "Tagdyr", 1984; "Terror", 2000); a number of his plays were performed on the stage of republican (Almaty) and regional (Kokshetau, Karaganda, Shymkent) theaters. Participated in the 12th-13th and 20th World Congresses of the International Union of Architects (Madrid, 1975; Mexico City, 1978; Beijing, 1999). ### Main creative works * Shokan Ualikhanov in Almaty (1969); * Alibi Jankeldin (1975); * Tokash Bokin (1975) monuments; * projects of the "Dynamo" stadium structure (as part of the creative team); * Head of the group of authors of the Almaty Independence Monument (1998); * Coat of arms of Kazakhstan. ## Awards ### Titles * Honored Worker of Kazakhstan ### Awards * State Prize of the Kazakh SSR * State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1990) ### Awards * Order of Wisdom * Order of Honor * Medal for 10 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Medal for 20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Medal for 25 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Medal for 20 years of the Constitution of Kazakhstan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3746

Kazakh transliteration

Kazakh transliteration — ## Transliteration System ### Cyrillic <−> Latin KazInformation Latin 2004 "KazInformation" state news agency[1] introduced a transliteration system for our compatriots abroad to be informed about the news. In that system, Kazakh Cyrillic letters were replaced by Turkish letters in the CP1254 (ISO 8859-9) code. This system conforms to the standard of Kaznet For example, foreign-oriented resources use this system in the Kazakh Language Institute > Latin GOST The interstate standard GOST 7.79-2000 used in Kazakhstan, the original text of which is ISO 9:1995, provides letter replacement according to the A (diacritics) and B (double letters) systems. GOST 7.79-2000 states: However, even in Kazakhstan, the rules for changing the Kazakh-Cyrillic text to Latin on the basis of double letters (system B) are not accepted as a relevant national standard until today (mid-2006). System A 'System A' - in strict transliteration, each letter of the extended Cyrillic alphabet corresponds to a separate sign or special symbol of the extended Latin alphabet. Another name is scientific transliteration. System B 'System B' - in simplified transliteration, the letters of the extended Cyrillic alphabet can be replaced by single or double letters of the English alphabet, as well as special symbols. System B Simple 'System B Simple' is a kind of simplified transliteration. Here, the letters of the extended Cyrillic alphabet can be replaced by single or double letters of the English alphabet, as well as special symbols. In addition, if the text is recognized as unique, it is allowed not to write the special symbol "gravis" or replace it with the Latin letter H. It is used in one-time transliteration from Cyrillic to Latin: SMS messages, Internet domain names (where special characters are not used at all), etc. Simple Pinyin A special transliteration based on Pinyin is used when Kazakhs in China convert Arabic text into Latin. The table shows as completely as possible (in practice, the gravitas may not be recorded). See Comparative table of transliteration systems ### Kirill <−> Cyrillic Kaznovitsa Casanovitsa or kaznovitsa (Kazakhskaya nova kirillitsa)[2] — double letters or ( digraphs) based on the use of the letters of the Kazakh alphabet to replace them with the letters of the Russian alphabet, i.e. transliteration. The basis of the idea of the author of "Kaznovitsa" (Andrei Vladimirovich Sergeev) is the practice of replacing letters with umlauts: Ä, Ö, Ü and ligatures ß into double letters such as: АЕ, OE, UE and SS, used in the new orthography of the Germans. Kaznovitsa kanidats are similar to the principles of North-Caucasian Turkic scripts (Karashai-Balkar, Kumyk or Nogai). In "Kaznovitsa" only the Kazakh letter "i" is used, which is included in the Russian alphabet and is completely different from the Latin letter "i". Special letters of the Kazakh language are represented by the double letters of the Russian alphabet, which are close in sounding, and are written as diacritics. Look. Comparison table of transliteration systems According to the author, if it is not possible to use the UTF-8 standard, "kaznovitsa" is used. ### Comparison of transliteration systems Comparison table of transliteration systems ### Example Transliteration example. The text is an excerpt from the national anthem of Kazakhstan: ## Comments ## See also * Transliteration * Kazakh alphabet * Alphabet * Kazakh language ## External links * Non-Slavic transliteration: KazakhPDF (English) * ALA-LC transliteration tables. Non-Slavic scripts (Cyrillic) — Kazakh PDF (English) * KazInformation news (in Latin) Archived September 12, 2008. * kz.kub.kz Kazakh language on the Internet. Kaznovica Archived 11 October 2015. (Russian) * Transliterate Kazakh text (English)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7423

Sergey Vitalievich Kulagin

Kulagin, Sergey Vitalievich - akim of Kostanay region. Born on September 8, 1952 in Atbasar, Akmola region. Russian. Mother - Kulagina Anna Egorovna, retired. Faculty of agricultural mechanization of the Tselinograd Agricultural Institute (1975) with the specialty of agricultural engineer-mechanic; Graduated from Almaty Higher Party School (1988) from the Faculty of Party and Soviet Construction, majoring in scientific communism as a lecturer in secondary and higher educational institutions. Candidate of Political Sciences (2000). The topic of the candidate's thesis: "Eurasianism: the idea and the future of development. Cultural-historical concept of Eurasians (Russia in the middle of West and East: spiritual aspects of civilization. Eurasian vision in the post-Soviet space)". Author of the book "Koksegen zher" (2001). Since 1966 - Worker at Nikolaev Agricultural Department No. 1, Astrakhan District, Tselinograd Region. Since 1969 - Student of Tselinograd Agricultural Institute. Since 1975 - MTP operating engineer, chief engineer of Mykolaiv office, Astrakhan district, Tselinograd region. Since 1980 - the head of "Raiselkhoztehnika" EB, Astrakhan district, Tselinograd region. Since 1981, he has been the director of "Kyzylzhar" branch, Astrakhan district, Tselinograd region. From 1984 - Chairman of the Executive Committee of the Alekseev District Council of People's Deputies of the Tselinograd Region. Since 1985 - the first secretary of the Alekseev District Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan of the Tselinograd region. Since 1986 - the first deputy chairman of the Tselinograd Regional Committee, the chairman of the regional agro-industrial committee. Since 1990 - the first deputy of the Council of People's Deputies of the Torgay region, the chairman of the regional security committee. Since 1992 - head of Torgai regional administration. Since 1993 - Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Minister of Agriculture. Since 1994 - Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan; President of the International Foundation "Integratsia-Tselin" (Akmola). Since January 1998 - Minister of Agriculture of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Since September 1998 - Akim of Akmola region. Since 2004 - Akim of Kostanay region. Deputy of the 12th convocation of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR (1990-1993). degrees Ill (1999), II (2004) "Leopard"; with the orders "Druzhba" (RF, 2004), Daniil Moskovskii 1st degree (2006), "Motherland" (2009); "For meritorious work" (1978, 1980), "For developing virgin lands" (1984), "30 years of virgin lands" (1984), "Astana" (1998), "10 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2001), "S. P. Korolev for his contribution to the development of domestic cosmonautics" (RF, 2004), "100 years of the Kazakhstan railway" (2004), "10 years of the Constitution of Kazakhstan" (2005), "For excellence in ensuring law and order" (2005), "50 years of Baikonur". - anniversary" (2005), "10th anniversary of Astana" (2008) medals; "Excellence in health care of the Republic of Kazakhstan" (2002), "50 years of Ting" (2004), awarded by the Government of Ukraine (2004), "For contribution to health care" (2008), "Altynsarin badge" (2008). Honored Worker of Education of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2002). Cultural figure (2003). Honored sports figure of the Republic of Kazakhstan (2008). Military rank - reserve colonel. Hobbies are sports, fishing, hunting. His favorite literature is historical novels, "TAU" literary series. Married. Spouse - Kulagina Galina Dmitrievna. Daughter - Olga (born in 1976); sons - Alexander (born in 1979), Pavel (born in 1986). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5789

Football Federation of Kazakhstan

Kazakhstan Football Federation (KFF, English: Kazakhstan Football Federation) is a state organization that organizes football matches and championships in Kazakhstan. It organizes competitions such as the Kazakhstan Premier League and the Kazakhstan Cup, as well as the games of the Kazakhstan National Football Team. ## Former names * Football Association of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1992–2000) * Football Union of Kazakhstan (2000–2007) * Football Federation of Kazakhstan (2007 -until now) ## History Kazakhstan Football Federation (KFF) was established in 1992 with the reorganization of the Football Association of the Kazakh SSR (established in 1989). In the same year (1992), KFF became an associate member of FIFA and the Asian Football Confederation (AFC) (or in 1993). Its creation was the beginning of the organization of Kazakh football according to international standards. KFF has become the largest sports federation of the country, football in Kazakhstan has been evaluated as the "king of sports" and has taken the first place in the choice of sports fans. In 1992, the federation held various professional competitions, such as the National Football League Championship and the Kazakhstan Cup. Being an associate member, the KFF was not allowed to participate in official international competitions for national teams, so in mid-to-late 1992 and April 1994, it participated in regional competitions with the Central Asian countries of Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan, and Turkmenistan. In 1994, KFF was finally accepted as a full member of FIFA and AFC. The decision to enter the AFC was made after the vote. The first match of the national team against a team outside Central Asia was held in December 1995. In the same year, Oleg Litvinenko, who represented Kazakhstan, was recognized as the best player of Asia in October. In 2000, KFF became a candidate for UEFA and was granted full membership at the UEFA Congress held in Stockholm, Sweden on April 25, 2002. ## See more * Football in Kazakhstan * Kazakhstan Futsal Association ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7300

Марс

Mars (Red Star) is the 4th planet of the Solar System, counting from the Sun; Belongs to the Earth group of planets. The average diameter is 6800 km, the mass is 6,423.1023 kg, the average density is 3.93 g/cm3, the acceleration of gravity on the surface is 3.76 m/s2, the average temperature is -60 °С. Mars orbits the Sun in an elliptical orbit at a speed of 24.2 km/s, the average distance from the Sun is 228 million km (206 million km at perihelion, 249 million km at aphelion). The position of Mars, the Sun and the Earth at the same distance from each other is repeated in an average of 780 days. This is a repetition of the "opposition" period of Mars. When the opposition of Mars is near the perihelion of Mars' orbit, it is at its closest distance to Earth, 56 million km. At this time, Mars is seen at an angle of 24-25°, and objects 60-100 km away are visible through a telescope. Such a time is called "great resistance". This is repeated every 15-17 years in August (sometimes in July or September). Constant light and brown spots on the surface of Mars allow us to observe the rotation of Mars on its axis. The period of axial rotation of Mars (sidereal day) is 24 h 37 min 22.7 s. The transition of seasons and division into climatic zones (polar, temperate, tropical) on Mars is similar to Earth. But each season on Mars is 1.9 times longer than on Earth. ## History of research It has been known to mankind since ancient times that Mars is a planet. During the Great Confrontation, Mars appears as the brightest red-yellow star (magnitude -2.7). According to the observation of Mars by Tycho Brahe and Johann Kepler at the beginning of the 17th century, the law of motion of the planets in the solar system was determined. The physical properties of Mars began to be studied in the middle of the 17th century after the invention of the telescope. A new phase of Mars exploration begins with the sending of automatic interplanetary stations to Mars. With the help of these stations, objects of 1 km size on the surface of the planet were studied very closely. "Mars-3" station (1972) landed on the planet for the first time. 2004 The Opportunity and Spirit rovers sent by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration landed on Mars and conducted research on the presence of water reservoirs. . Currently, some scientists are proposing to terraform Mars. ## The surface of Mars On the surface of Mars, red-yellow spots, conventionally called land, are visible. Seas reflect less light than land, so it appears browner. The north and south polar parts of the Mars disk are very well observed. The size of these white spots varies during the Martian year. At this time, the brown seas of Mars will retain their basic shape and will inevitably change. Based on these, a map of the surface of Mars was created with an accuracy of 1°. A photo taken by the American Mariner series of stations revealed that Mars has many ring mountains or craters similar to the lunar surface. Craters can be found both on land and in the sea. There is an unextinguished volcano on Mars, signs of movement of the planet's crust.. ## Atmosphere The presence of an atmosphere on Mars can be proved by the dimming of its disk towards the edge, the slow extinction of the stars in the planet's orbit, and the loss of clarity of objects on the surface of Mars. At the edge of the Martian disk, light smoke, thin discrete clouds at the very top, and a dust storm covering some parts of the planet can be seen. According to the results of spectral monitoring, it was determined that the atmosphere of Mars contains from 50 to 100% carbon dioxide (CO2), traces of water vapor and carbon monoxide (CO). At an altitude above 1000 km, the vast majority of the Martian atmosphere consists of rare (about 104 atoms in 1 cm3) hydrogen atoms. Mars has an ionosphere made up of several layers. . ## Temperature The average temperature in the radio range of the heat flow from the surface of Mars (wavelength 1 mm - 21 cm) at an average distance from the Sun is 220±10 K. It is 10% higher at perihelion and 10% lower at aphelion. Temperatures measured by infrared radiometry at each point of the Martian surface: the temperature measured immediately after sunset at the equator is 300 K, which decreases to 220 K at sunset. During the night it drops again by 50 K, and in the morning it is 174 K (–100°C). . ## Life on Mars Kazakh astrophysicist Gavriil Tikhov conducted extensive research on the planet Mars. He speculated that the surface of Mars may have primitive life sources. Assumptions that living things live on Mars have not been proven by temperature and spectroscopic results. Since there is no sign of oxygen in the Martian atmosphere, the hypothesis of the existence of a higher form of life is not true. However, lower forms of life, especially anaerobic forms, may exist. It moves at a distance of 25 thousand km, the periods are 7 hours 40 minutes and 30 hours 21 minutes. These spin the planet faster than it spins on its axis. Phobos is 26 km long and 21 km wide. Deimos is 13 km across. ## Location in space Soviet interplanetary automatic stations for the study of the planet Mars and interplanetary space. Mass 893.5 kg, length 3.3 m, diameter 1.1 m, the first automatic station "Mars-1" in 1962. Launched on November 1. "Mars-1" automatic station carried out space exploration, testing of interplanetary radio communication, taking pictures of the planet. 1971 Automatic stations "Mars-2" (on May 19) and "Mars-3" (on May 28) were launched. They had an orbital section and instruments for landing on the planet's surface. "Mars-2", "Mars-3" stations have been conducting research from the orbit of the Mars satellite for more than 8 months. 1973 4 automatic stations were launched towards the planet Mars. "Mars-4" and "Mars-5" flew from Mars at a distance of 2200 km. "Mars-6" and "Mars-7" in 1974. reached the region of the planet Mars in the first half of March. With their help, new information was obtained about the physical properties of space between the orbits of Earth and Mars; The structure of the Martian atmosphere, the chemical composition and physical and mechanical properties of the soil were studied. It was possible to determine the optical compression of the planet, to draw a profile of the terrain, and to obtain a color image of Mars using the images obtained from automatic stations. 2003 On December 30, the European Space Agency's Mars Express station "Beegle-2" delivered a robot-biologist to the planet Mars. A robot-biologist searching for an answer to the question of whether there is life on Mars failed due to errors in technological calculations. At the beginning of 2004, the Mars rovers "Opportunity" and "Spirit" sent by the US National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) landed on the planet Mars and began to send the necessary data about Mars to Earth.. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6207

Мексика

Mexico (pronounced México [ˈmexiko]), officially the United Mexican States (pronounced Estados Unidos Mexicanos), is a country located in the southwestern part of North America. It borders the United States in the north, Guatemala and Belize in the southeast. It occupies the coasts of the Pacific Ocean in the west and south, and the Atlantic Ocean in the east. * Land area is 1958.2 thousand square kilometers. * The population is 130,698,727 people. * The national composition consists of mestizos (descended from the marriage of Spaniards and Indians) (78%), Indians (15%) and Europeans (7%). * The capital is Mexico City * The official language is Spanish. * Most of the population is Christian-Catholics. * Mexico is a federal republic. According to the Constitution adopted on February 5, 1917, the head of state is the president. The president is elected by the people for a term of 6 years. Supreme legislative body: National Congress consisting of the Senate (elected for 6 years) and the Chamber of Deputies (elected for 3 years). National holiday of the Supreme executive body — Cabinet of Ministers — Independence Day — September 16 (1810). Administratively, it is divided into 31 states and the Federal Capital District. Member of the United Nations (1945), the Organization of American States (OAS) (1948). Currency - Mexican peso. ## History Mexico was inhabited by people from the Stone Age. Around B.C. From the middle of the 3rd millennium, the tribes in Central and Southern Mexico became settled, agriculture, handicrafts, art, and religion developed. BC In the initial period, Maya tribes settled in the northwestern part of Central America (black Maya state). In the 15th century, the Aztecs, who conquered the entire central Mexico, founded the city of Tenochtitlan (modern Mexico City). In 1519, the Spanish colonists, led by E. Cortes, entered Mexico and started a war of aggression. The Indians led by Cuauhtemoc resisted the invaders, but in 1521 the Spanish captured Tenochtitlan. By the end of the 16th century, the Spanish had conquered most of Mexico. Indigenous peoples were deprived of their land, subjected to severe exploitation and starvation. Out of about 25 million Indians, in 1605, just over 1 million remained. In 1624, 1692 in Mexico City, in 1660 in Oaxaca, in 1761 in Yucatan, in 1767 in Michoacán there were major Indian uprisings against the Spanish rule. During the colonization of Mexico, as a result of the mixing of different ethnic groups (Europeans, Indians, slaves brought from Africa), a common language and religion of the people was formed in the 17th and 18th centuries. There were frequent liberation movements against the colonialists. On January 16, 1810, priest M. Hidalgo and his follower H.M. There was a popular uprising led by Morelos. But the rebels were defeated and their leaders were killed. As a result of the uprising, national liberation forces led by A. Iturbide liberated Mexico City on September 28, 1821, and the independence of Mexico was declared. But civil war started in the country. In October 1824, Congress adopted a constitution and declared Mexico a republic. A. Santa Ana, who came to power in 1833, banned the constitution and established a dictatorship in the country. From the 20s of the 19th century, the United States began to colonize Texas. In 1846, the United States declared war on Mexico. Mexico was defeated and lost more than half of its territory. In 1855, the dictatorship of Santa Ana fell and a liberal government came to power. In 1857, a new constitution was adopted. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the economy of the country was far behind the developed countries. The economy was mainly dominated by foreign capital. As a result of the revolution in 1910-17, democratic changes took place in the country. During World War II, the Mexican government declared itself neutral. But due to the growing fascist threat, in May 1942, he joined the anti-Hitler coalition. In the post-war period, a number of progressive measures were implemented in Mexico in the direction of economic development and expansion of democratic freedoms and social rights. ## Geography and climate Mexico, located in the south of the continent in North America, is the country with the largest territory among the Central American states. The Yucatan Peninsula makes up 12% of Mexico's land. Mexico is located on the eastern side of the Tehuantepec Peninsula along with the Yucatan Peninsula. It borders the USA on the north side. The length of the border is 3141 km. On the southern side are Guatemala (871 km) and Belize (251 km). In terms of territory, Mexico ranks 13th among all countries. The total area of Mexico is 1,972,550 km², which includes islands located in the Pacific Ocean, the Gulf of Mexico and the Caribbean Sea (the largest island is Guadalupe) and the Revilla-Jijedo Archipelago. The total area of the islands is equal to 6 thousand km². ### Gulf of Mexico (Gulf of Mexico; Golfo de México) A small sea on the southeastern (Atlantic) coast of North America between the Florida and Yucatan peninsulas and the island of Cuba. The area is 1555 thousand square kilometers, the water is a lake. 2332 thousand cubic kilometers. Mississippi, Rio Grande and other rivers flow. It is connected to the Atlantic Ocean in the east through the Strait of Florida, and to the Caribbean Sea through the Yucatan Strait in the south. The depth is 3822 meters. In the north-western part there are deposits rich in oil. The climate is tropical in the south and subtropical in the north. The amount of evaporation from the water body (1000 — 1750 millimeters) is more than the amount of precipitation (1000 — 1200 millimeters). Storms are frequent in summer and autumn. The average water surface temperature is 29°C in summer, 30 — 31°C in the shallow part; 18 — 20°C in winter. The salinity of the surface layer is 36.0 — 36.9‰. The water temperature (4.3°C) and salinity (34.98‰) are stable in places more than 2000 meters deep. The speed of the Yucatan Current flowing towards the Caribbean Sea is 50-200 centimeters/second. The speed of the Florida Current, which flows out of the Gulf of Mexico and is the origin of the Gulf Stream, reaches 300 centimeters per second. It fills up once or twice a day. Plankton Fish and sea creatures, crabs, turtles are caught. Main ports: New Orleans (United States), Houston (United States), Veracruz (Mexico), Havana (Cuba). ## Administrative division Mexico into 31 states (is. estados) and divided into 1 federal region (Is. Distrito Federal). States consist of municipalities (is. municipios). Each state has its own laws, legal system, and capital. ## Nature Most of Mexico is covered by the Mexican highlands. The mountainous California Peninsula is located in the northwest, the Chiapas and Southern Sierra Madre mountain ranges in the south, and the low-lying Yucatan Peninsula in the southeast. The highest point in Mexico is the Orisabo volcano (5700 meters). Non-ferrous metals (copper, lead, zinc, silver, mercury, antimony, tin, tungsten, gold, etc.) and oil, gas, hard coal, iron, uranium are extracted from the subsoil. Most of Mexico has a tropical climate, and the north has a subtropical climate. The average temperature in January reaches 10 — 20°C. The average temperature in July is 15-30°C. The annual amount of precipitation reaches 100 millimeters in the north, west and 3000 millimeters in the south. The main river is Rio Bravo del Norte, the largest lake is Chapala. There are about 12 thousand types of plants. Deserts and deserts, tropical forests in the south and southeast, and mixed forests in the north. Animals include bear, wolf (coyote), wild boar, red lynx, anteater, tapir and jaguar. Main national reserves: Canyon del Rio Blanco, Cumbres de Monterrey, Tansitaro, La Malinche. ## Economy Mexico is one of the economically developed countries in Latin America. Important branches of industry are oil refining, petrochemicals and non-ferrous metallurgy. Enterprises producing agricultural products are also well developed. Mexico ranks among the top ten producers of zinc, lead, sulfur, and mercury in the world. The main agricultural crops are corn, wheat, rice, cotton, sugarcane, coffee, agave, vegetables, citrus fruits, and cattle and sheep breeding. The basis of export is oil and oil products, raw materials, non-ferrous metals, silver, electricity, agricultural goods, cotton, coffee and fish. It buys machines and equipment, products of iron and chemical industry, telecommunications equipment, electronics. GDP per capita is US$8,120 (1997). The main trading partners are the United States, Canada, Japan, France and Brazil. ## Mexicans Mexicanos are the main population of Mexico. The total number is 91 million, of which about 78 million live in Mexico, 12 million in the United States, 25 thousand in Canada, and a small part in Latin America and Spain. Mostly mestizos. The Mexican nation was formed by the mixture of Europeans (Spanish), Indians (Aztecs, Mayans, Otomies, Mishtecs, Zapotecs, etc.) and Negro slaves brought from Africa. It was formed on the basis of the independence of the Mexican state in the 19th century. He speaks Spanish. Religion is Catholic. The main occupations are corn, beans, rice, wheat, cotton, sugar cane, coffee cultivation, livestock. (cow, sheep, pig). Most Mexicans work in manufacturing. Villages (aldeas) and farms (rancherias) located far from each other have the center of the community (pueblo). The center includes a church, a grove, a well, a fountain, a village administration house, and a square with a school. Houses are built from clay, raw bricks, stone, and wood. Traditional houses are usually one-room, windowless. The interior courtyard will be spacious, decorated with decorations. Traditional clothing is similar to the clothing of the Spanish and Indian peoples. Indian people wear open sandals on their feet, men wear cotton shirts and pants. An ornamented veil (serape) is draped over the shoulders. Headwear is a sombrero. Women's clothing: a short bodice made of cotton fabric and a long, narrow skirt, sometimes gathered at the waist and made wide. They pull a shawl (reboso) on their heads and cover their faces in the heat of the sun. He uses a lot of beans and corn in his dishes. Dairy foods are predominant in cattle-producing areas. Mexicans have a well-developed art of song and dance. Famous corridos-lyrical and political poems, orchestra of folk instruments - mariachi are widespread. Mexican War, American-Mexican War (1846 - 1848), was between the United States and Mexico for the states of Texas and California. The war was officially declared by the United States. During the war, the Mexican people bravely resisted the invaders. But Mexico was defeated and had to lose more than half of its territory (lands north of the Rio Grande). ## Mexican Highlands A mountainous region in southern North America that covers most of Mexico. In the north, it gradually joins the Colorado Plateau and the Dead Plain. The area is 1.2 million square kilometers. The height of the majority part is 1000 — 2000 meters. The Mexican highlands are surrounded by the Eastern Sierra Madre (4054 meters) in the east, the Western Sierra Madre (3150 meters) in the west, and the Transverse Volcanic Sierra in the south. Unextinguished volcanoes - Orizaba (5700 meters - the highest point of Mt. Mexico and Mexico), Colima, Popocatepetl. The highlands of Mecca are mainly composed of limestone, sandstone, marl and lava sediments. Silver, lead, antimony, zinc, mercury, iron and manganese ores, gold, copper and other minerals are produced. The climate is mostly tropical and continental. The annual average temperature is 9-140C in January up to an altitude of 1400 meters, mainly in winter, due to the passage of the cold current from the north, the temperature here drops to -200C, and in July 15-200C. The amount of annual precipitation is 200 — 400 millimeters in the north, 2000 — 3000 millimeters in the outer mountainous regions. In the northern part of the arid climate, there is almost no river network (only the Conchos, the right tributary of the Rio Grande). In the south, the rivers are quite frequent, with plenty of water (Lerma, Balsas); tectonic lakes (Chapala, Kuiceo, etc.) are found here. The vegetation is mainly succulent; 500 types of cactus and 140 types of agave grow. In the mountains there are pine forests and subalpine meadows. From animals, deer, from rodents, squirrel, rat, from predators, lynx, cougar, wolf, fox; It is home to many species of birds, amphibians and reptiles. ## Mexico City Mexico City is one of the largest and oldest cities in the world. It is located in the Valley of Mexico in central Mexico. The city can boast of historical monuments, wonderful cultural works and year-round climate. Until 1500, Mexico City was the capital of the Aztecs. Later it was captured by the Spanish invaders. ## Culture Mexican culture is one of the most amazing examples of culture in the world. Traditions, artistic behavior and the influence of Spanish culture, inspired by national legends, brought to life the common cultural heritage. Mexicans, who value their ancestral heritage as a special heritage, pay special attention to the preservation of national traditions. It is not difficult to find ancient Aztec drama and dance patterns in modern Mexican music. Also, the Mayan tradition is a precious treasure for Mexico. ## Mexican cuisine The traditional Mexican menu offers a bold mix of spicy hot dishes. They add all kinds of spices to the food and decorate the food in an attractive way. Mexico has a wide variety of food options. Their ready meals are rich in vitamins, protein and minerals. When the Spanish troops conquered Mexico, they noticed that the main food of the local population was food with corn and pepper. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5140

Mukhtar Akatuliy Ayubaev

Mukhtar Akatuliy Ayubaev (August 22, 1959, Turgen village, Enbekshikazak district, Almaty region, Kazakh SSR) is the head of the Security Service of the President of Kazakhstan. In March 2013, by the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, he was appointed to the post of commander of the Republican Army, lieutenant general. ## Short Biography He comes from the Shapyrasht clan. * Born on August 22, 1959 in Turgen village, Shelek district, Almaty region. * Father - Ayubaev Akat Rashuly (born in 1937), retired, worked as an office manager in Kerbulak district of Almaty region. Mother - Ayubaeva Gania Bekkutymovna (born in 1939), retired. * Engineering and mechanical faculty of Zhambyl Institute of Light and Food Industry Technology (1981) with specialty "Light industrial machines and devices"; * higher courses of the USSR Academy of Sciences (Minsk, 1985); * Graduated from the Faculty of Law of the Kazakh Humanities and Law University (2005) with the specialty of lawyer. * Since 1975 - a collective worker. * Since 1981 - serving in the ranks of the Soviet Army. * Since 1983 - the instructor of the Kerbulak District Komsomol Committee. * Since 1984 - cadet of the higher courses of the USSR Academy of Sciences. * since 1985 - mechanic-repairer of "Zhetisu" Almaty industrial footwear association; * Emergency representative of Paktaaral AB, emergency representative of Sairam AB, emergency representative of Shymkent regional NSKB. * Since 1991 - operational representative, senior operational representative, head of the secretariat-board of the Taldykorgan regional NSKB. * Since January 1995 - head of the department of personal security of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, deputy head of the personal security department, deputy head of the First Department of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since 2002 - Deputy Head of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Head of the Department of Security of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2004 First Deputy Commander of the Republican Guard of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since January 2006 - Deputy Head of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Head of the Department of Security of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Since March 2006 - Head of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * On March 6, 2013, Mukhtar Ayubayev was appointed to the post of the commander of the Republican Army of the Republic of Kazakhstan by Presidential Decree. ## Awards * II degree "Aibyn" order (2004); * With 8 medals. * "Kazakhstan President's Fortress" (2002) * "Excellence of the Soviet Army" * Awarded with "Militia Excellence" signs * promoted with various departmental prizes. * Honorable officer of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Honorable citizen of Almaty region. * Has the qualification category "Master" (specialist mentor of the 1st category). * Master of sports in freestyle wrestling. ## Home situation * Married. Spouse - Ayubayeva Jamal Akimovna (born in 1960) * Sons - Almas (born in 1984), Aibol (born in 1987); * daughter Alipa (born in 1993). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4040

Лихтенштейн

Liechtenstein (German: Fürstentum Liechtenstein [ˈfʏɐstəntuːm ˈliːçtənʃtaɪn]) is a country located in Central Europe. It is located in the east of the island of Switzerland and in the west of Austria. The capital is Vadus. It borders Austria in the east, and Switzerland in the west, and its territory is completely surrounded by the territories of these states. The form of government is a dualistic monarchy. Supreme Court - Supreme Court (Oberster Gerichtshof), Courts of Appeal - 1 Supreme Court (Obergericht), Courts of First Instance - Lengerhecht, Administrative Courts - Administrative Courts, Constitutional Review Body - Supreme Court (Staatsgerichtshof) Courts of Justice (Verwaltungsgerichtshof). The population is 38,423 people. ## Administrative division Liechtenstein consists of two historically formed administrative parts: Oberland (Upper Liechtenstein), centered in Vaduz, and Unterland (Lower Liechtenstein), centered in Schellenberg. The jurisdiction of Liechtenstein is divided into 11 municipal districts (organizations). Districts consist of two or one village. There are no real cities in the country. Five organizations are within the constituency Lower Liechtenstein, the remaining six belong to Upper Liechtenstein. ## Sources