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The number of ships using the Port of London had risen steadily throughout the 18th century. Yet the riverside quays were still those first licensed in 1558. In 1793, the decision was taken to ease the congestion by digging deep-water basins where ships could be moored in more secure and controlled circumstances. Plans were ordered for wet docks in Wapping, the Isle of Dogs and Rotherhithe. Daniel Alexander was charged with devising the scheme for the proposed London Docks at Wapping, a 35 acres site that would hold 500 ships. This plan, published in 1799, shows the many streets and squares that would be lost to the new docks - more than half of Wapping south of Pennington Street. The following year, Parliament passed the London Dock Act and details were published of the land and properties destined for compulsory purchase. Names of the owners and tenants are listed, together with the length of their notice to quit.

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Put the numbers 1 to 5 in the bottom row of this pyramid. They can be arranged in any order. The numbers in the other bricks are found by adding the two bricks immediately below together. What arrangement of the numbers in the bottom row gives the largest total in the top brick of the pyramid? What arrangement gives the smallest total in the top brick of the pyramid? A pyramid puzzle worksheet is available here |Tweet about this starter||Share| How did you use this starter? Can you suggest how teachers could present or develop this resource? Do you have any comments? It is always useful to receive feedback and helps make this free resource even more useful for Maths teachers anywhere in the world. Click here to enter your comments. If you don't have the time to provide feedback we'd really appreciate it if you could give this page a score! We are constantly improving and adding to these starters so it would be really helpful to know which ones are most useful. Simply click on a button below: This starter has scored a mean of 3.6 out of 5 based on 538 votes. There is a printable worksheet to go with this activity. Teacher, do your students have access to computers? Here a concise URL for a version of this page without the comments. Here is the URL which will take them to a related student activity.

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Children learn through play! TGPS's educational approach is grounded in the beliefs and research of the “Constructivist Theories” (Dewey, Piaget, and Vygotsky) where learning is viewed as a complex process of individual and social experiences, and where children construct their own understanding and knowledge of the world through a multitude of experiences and reflection on those experiences. Classroom practice is child-centered and developmentally appropriate. Children are viewed as competent individuals and active learners. Teachers are facilitators and co-learners, who present children with meaningful learning experiences based on children’s interests, gearing them towards creativity, self-expression, exploration, discovery, and investigation. The classroom environment is designed with furniture, materials, and resources to facilitate and support this process of child-centered, active and engaged learning. Early Childhood Curriculum Building on our educational philosophy, The Growing Place uses the HighScope curriculum, a research-based and innovative approach to learning and development young children. HighScope's educational approach emphasizes “active participatory learning.” Active learning means students have direct, hands-on experiences with people, objects, events, and ideas. Children’s interests and choices are at the heart of HighScope programs. They construct their own knowledge through interactions with the world and the people around them. Children take the first step in the learning process by making choices and following through on their plans and decisions. Teachers, caregivers, and parents offer physical, emotional, and intellectual support. In active learning settings, adults expand children’s thinking with diverse materials and nurturing interactions. To learn more about the HighScope curriculum, visit their website at www.highscope.org. Social + Emotional Learning A happy child learns best! Before children can engage in academic or cognitive development, they must learn to manage their feelings. Conscious Discipline guides children to recognize their emotions and develop strategies to work through them. Our team is highly trained in Conscious Discipline. It is the foundation of classroom safety, connection and problem-solving. This approach to SEL empowers adults and children to be the change they want to see in the world. The Toddler Program, for one- and two-year-olds, is rooted in the belief that young children learn and grow in their development through purposeful play and meaningful classroom experiences, rich in creative expression and exploration. With a strong focus on predictable and consistent classroom routines, warm, loving and nurturing relationships with trusted caregivers, self-help skills, and supporting development in language, physical, cognitive and social/emotional domains, your toddler will acquire the skills to become a confident and inquisitive learner. The Preschool Program, for three- and four-year-olds, is geared towards active classroom participation, hands-on learning, and the belief that preschoolers are driven by a need to discover and investigate as they learn about the world around them. The curriculum supports the development of the whole child—with a strong focus on developing readiness skills in early writing, reading, math, social studies, science, and the arts—learning becomes meaningful and fun, and motivates and supports interdependence and self-reliance in your preschool child. 14 preschool classrooms Teacher to student ratios 1:4 (1 year olds) 1:6 (2 year olds) 1:8 (3 year olds) 1:9 (4 -5 year olds) 5 days/week school program Toddler Program: 9:00am-12:00pm* Preschool Program: 9:00am-1:30pm* *Early Morning Care and Extended Day available 7:30am-5:30pm

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Embedded Networking and Communications Design and build a wired &/or wireless network connecting at least two processors Networking needs to be more clearly defined here. Like expressing the need to have multiple controllers communicating using addressing. Demonstrate workflows used in network design and construction Implement and interpret networking protocols Described your design and fabrication process using words/images/screenshots. Explained the programming process/es you used. Outlined problems and how you fixed them Included original design files and code Can we use arduino/commercial boards for networking? - It depends on the case: you can use commercial boards for wireless devices. But you can’t use Arduino or similar commercial microcontroller boards because they can be made in the fab lab. For this week, you can use the original satcha-kit/fab-kit/fabduino. Must each board have a unique identity? - It does not have to be hard-coded but you must use some form of addressing.

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Our beautiful planet is bestowed with the most amazing biodiversity. The presence of all the living beings on the earth is essential to have an excellent balance in nature. But of late some of the animal species are on the verge of extinction while others are termed as endangered species or nearly threatened species. It’s time to conserve these animals to allow our future generations to witness these amazing living creatures in nature. Let’s have a quick run through the list of endangered species in India.1. **The Royal Bengal Tiger**: As of 2014, the estimated number of tigers in India were reported to be 2226. It’s quite saddening to know that the National Animal of both India and Bangladesh has been threatened to such an extent. With a royal yellow to orange coat embellished with black to brown stripes, this animal never fails to fascinate us with its elegant attitude. Poaching and animal trade has resulted in the extreme dip in the numbers. - The Ganges Dolphins: The inhabitants of Ganga, Brahmaputra and its tributaries, these Gangetic dolphins are also referred to as ‘Fresh Water Tigers’. But the saddest part is that these cute little creatures have been considered as critically endangered species due to extensive fishing, pollution and construction of dams. As per WWF India only 2000 dolphins are estimated to exist in the Gangetic basin. Owing to the dangers hovering over dolphins, it is also declared as the National Aquatic Animal by the Indian Government in the year 2009. - Snow Leopards: Covered with smoky greyish –yellow fur beautiful dotted tans, these animals are found in the mountain regions of Ladakh, Himachal Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh and Uttarakhand, Sikkim and Jammu and Kashmir. Only 500 of them are estimated to be left in India as per WWF India. - One horned Rhinoceros: A large mammal*mammal* ➤ (n) any warm-blooded vertebrate having the skin more or less covered with hair; young are born alive except for the small subclass of monotremes and nourished with milk …by BeeDictionary.com from the beautiful region of Assam, One Horned Rhinoceros is also on the verge of extinction. Approximately 3500 of them are left in India and Nepal combined together as per WWF India. - Asian Elephant: Widely distributed in India, the overall population of Asian elephant is around 26000 only. Most of them are poached for Ivory in the Asian continents. Black buck, Red Panda, Asiatic lion, Kashmiri Red Stag, Nilgiri Tahr, Lion Tailed Macaque, Indian Bison are a few more threatened species as per the WWF India

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Cities that are serious about reducing carbon pollution from transportation need to promote walking and biking, expand transit and micro-mobility services, manage development, and use pricing to reduce traffic and parking congestion. Many of these steps are designed to reduce the use of single occupancy cars. At the same time, though, cities will also need to electrify everything that moves, including those passenger cars. Just as our approach to solid waste requires a “reduce, reuse, recycle” approach, city transportation policy needs to pursue a “both-and” strategy. Making it easier to use an electric car does not conflict with encouraging alternative transportation options, any more than making it easier to recycle conflicts with discouraging single-use packaging.

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3.3 Physical characteristics of natural waters A river's physical characteristics include: speed of flow/turbulence the presence of plants and macroscopic animal life. The physical characteristics are determined by location, geology and climate of the catchment area. In turn they influence the chemical and biological characteristics of the watercourse. The physical appearance may give you initial clues to the condition of the river. Figure 12 shows how the aquatic ecosystem is a complex set of physical, chemical and biological interrelationships. Nutrients and dissolved oxygen may be essential to aquatic life but other conditions must also be satisfactory.

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Friday, June 27 SACRAMENTO, Calif. (AP) — Scientists are worried endangered native snakes could be displaced by two types of non-native species that have become prevalent in the Sacramento area. The Sacramento Bee reported Thursday (http://bit.ly/1jrpaPF ) that the common water snake is thriving in Roseville and the southern water snake has colonies in Folsom. Jonathan Rose, a doctoral candidate in ecology at UC Davis, says common water snakes have spread across the Eastern U.S., but are rarely found west of the Rocky Mountains. Rose is author of a new study on the pervasiveness of the invasive species. Research shows water snakes are well suited to the habitat traditionally occupied by the giant garter snake — a species once plentiful in California but now on the state's threatened species list. The giant garters are in direct competition with the invasive snakes for food. Information from: The Sacramento Bee, http://www.sacbee.com

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They are the ever present caretakers of the ill and vulnerable and have brought the sick and weary back to health for generations. Braving disease, poverty, war and adversity, nurses have always been on the frontline of medical care in the north-east. And today, on the birthday of the profession’s most famous practitioner, the contribution they make to society is being celebrated around the world on International Nurses Day. Florence Nightingale, who died in 1910 at the age of 90, is universally recognised as the founder of modern nursing. Before the profession as we know it came into being in the 19th century, nuns and the military provided a similar kind of care. The Crimean War, which was fought from October 1853 to February 1856, was a catalyst for modern nursing when Florence laid down the foundations of modern nursing in the book Notes on Nursing. Fast forward to today and one of the areas of healthcare that has undergone some of the biggest change is mental health. When Aberdeen’s infirmary opened in 1739 it was to provide treatment for people “deprived of the use of their reason”, in the hope that they could then lead normal lives. A Bedlam Fund had been established in 1718 and the money from it was given to the infirmary managers to help fulfil this wish. Six bedlam cells were built and for more than 50 years psychiatric patients were accommodated in part of the infirmary building. By the end of the 18th century the infirmary managers felt it was “attended with very great inconvenience and prejudices to sick patients to have those who are under mental derangement lodged within the same house”. A small asylum was built at Barkmill, part of the lands of Clerkseat. This hospital, which was to grow into the present-day Royal Cornhill Hospital, opened on November 8, 1800 and was called the Royal Lunatic Asylum. The facility is now the main training centre for medical and nursing staff who work in mental health. Heather Harvey, team leader and psychiatric nurse, has spent four decades nursing at Royal Cornhill. The 56-year-old, who is retiring later this year, started working as an auxiliary nurse in January 1974 aged just 16, and underwent the majority of her training at Woodend Hospital. She transferred to the Cornhill facility in 1976, when she was halfway through her training. She said: “I had worked with the disabled a lot at Woodend which led me to working at Cornhill. I did a placement and I liked working with mental health patients. I wanted to be a nurse from a very young age, it is just something I always knew I wanted to do.” One of the biggest differences she recalls about the treatment of patients was that there was less individual care. She said: “All the patients were very well cared for, but it was like one size fits all. Even when the tea was made it was all in one big pot. But there was a lot of fun in the wards and a lot of good companionship. “Long ago we did more in different ways with the patient, and there were things like sports day and lots of activities where the patients could work.”

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If there has been any single naturally occurring event that has been overlooked, it was the eruption of Mt. Tambora in 1815. As Prof. Wood claims, the eruption had countless ecological, social, and economic impacts; however, the famous eruption seemed to be outcompeted by “more alluring” events, including Napoleon’s defeat, as well as the publication of Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. The mixture of the enormous Tambora eruption and little global attention resulted in a catalyst for change. While the eruption of Mt. Tambora itself was not necessarily revolutionary, the series of events following the explosion altered the stability and function of many societies. Although the inhabitant of Mt. Sumbawa felt the wrath of the volcano first hand, those living on the island were only a mere fraction of those effected by this eruption. Prof. Wood repeated time after time that “teleconnection”, how one event impacts other events around the globe, was the major theme surrounding the eruption of Tambora. A classic example Wood gave was the increased human vulnerability to disease, specifically cholera. Because of the change in global atmospheric behavior caused by the eruption, deadly cholera was spread to regions of the globe that had not yet been exposed to the disease, resulting in a large death toll accompanied with global-wide grief. Despite the horrors caused by the outbreak of cholera, this pandemic had a silver lining that is tele connected back to the eruption of Tambora. As a result of the eruption which caused cholera, the modern sewage systems were developed to combat the unsanitary environment many people were living in, a huge step forward in terms of scientific innovation. Another, but less obvious example pertaining to the teleconnection evident in the eruption of Mt. Tambora includes the invention of the bicycle. While it seems that the invention of a two-wheeled vehicle and the eruption of a volcano on a remote island could not be alike in the slightest, Prof. Wood noted that these two events were in fact tele connected: Following the explosion, the growing seasons worldwide were shortened drastically, leading to a global famine. As result of this famine, people became desperate for food, killing and eating anything in order to survive, including horses. Lacking the ability to travel by means of now non-existent horses, the invention of the bicycle rose from the ashes: an efficient means of transportation capable of replacing the horse. Although puzzling at first, the rise of the two wheeled vehicle emerged because of the eruption. And of course, the development of the modern weather map came to be because of the unorthodox weather patterns caused by the eruption. While the weather map itself was not necessarily a ground breaking invention, it led to the development of climate science, drawing attention to a rapidly growing field of study. The eruption of Tambora itself was not a revolution by any means, however, the mountain’s explosion acted as the catalyst for many other events which would occur around the globe. The seemingly unknown eruption of 1815 led to a drastic change in the scientific, social, and ecological makeup of the world. Prof. Wood emphasized the idea of teleconnection, a theme that embodied Tambora. Tambora was not revolutionary; The reaction Tambora catalyzed was revolutionary.

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The following are the most commonly used terms in orthodontics. Anterior Teeth: The upper and lower six front teeth on each arch. Appliance: Any orthodontic device which moves or retains teeth. Appliances may also alter the positioning of the jaw. Arch: The entire upper or lower jaw. Archwire: The metal wire that connects orthodontic brackets. This wire guides the teeth into their new alignment. Bands: Metal bands (rings) that are generally cemented around the back teeth. Brackets: The tiny metal, ceramic or clear brackets that are affixed to each individual tooth on the arch. Brushing: This is a crucial part of home dental care. Orthodontists recommend those wearing braces to brush after every meal and snack to eliminate bacteria and plaque. Chain: Elastics connected together and placed around the brackets to stabilize the archwire and gently close spaces. Closed Bite: The upper front teeth completely overlap the bottom teeth causing a deep overbite. Congenitally Missing Teeth: Some permanent teeth fail to develop and erupt due to genetic factors. Crossbite: A malocclusion in which the upper back teeth bite inside or outside the lower back teeth, or the lower front teeth bite in front of the upper front teeth. Diagnostic Records: Records used to assess, plan and implement treatments. These records usually include medical and dental history, panoramic radiographs, bite molds and intraoral/extraoral photographs. Elastics: Some braces may require that elastic rubber bands be attached to exert additional pressure to an individual tooth or a group of teeth. Eruption: The way in which teeth surface through the gums inside the mouth. Fixed Orthodontic Appliances: Orthodontic appliances which are affixed to the teeth by the orthodontist and cannot be removed by the patient. Flossing: An essential part of home care that removes debris and plaque from above and below the gumline. Functional Appliances: Orthodontic appliances that use the muscle movement created by swallowing, eating and speaking to gently move and align the teeth and jaws. Headgear: A removable appliance comprised of a brace and external archwire. This device modifies growth and promotes tooth movement. Impressions: Teeth impressions are taken to allow the orthodontist to see exactly how a patient’s teeth fit together. Malocclusion: Literally means “bad bite” in Latin, and refers to teeth that do not fit together correctly. Mouthguard: A removable plastic or rubber device that protects teeth and braces from sporting injuries. Open Bite: Upper and lower teeth fail to make contact with each other. This malocclusion is generally classified as anterior or posterior. Palatal Expander: A removable or fixed device designed to expand the palate in order create room on either the upper or lower arch. Posterior Teeth: Back teeth. Removable Appliance: An orthodontic brace or device that can be removed at will by the patient. It must be worn for the designated amount of time each day to be effective. Separators: A wire loop or elastic ring placed between the teeth to create room for the subsequent placement of bands or orthodontic appliance. Space Maintainer: A fixed appliance used to hold space for permanent (adult) tooth. This is usually used when a baby tooth has been lost earlier than anticipated. Wax: Orthodontic relief wax is a home care remedy used to alleviate irritations caused by braces.

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Skywatchers may be in for a rare treat in 2013 — a newly discovered comet is expected to pass very close to the sun, putting on what could be the celestial show of a century. Two amateur astronomers in Russia are credited with finding the object, known as Comet ISON and so named for the International Scientific Optical Network that made the discovery. "The object was slow and had a unique movement. But we could not be certain that it was a comet, because the scale of our images are quite small and the object was very compact," Artyom Novichonok, wrote on a comets mailing list hosted on Yahoo. Follow-up observations as well as a search of archived images of the area confirmed the discovery, which was officially reported on Sept. 24, three days after Novichonok and Vitali Nevski found the object far beyond Jupiter’s orbit. Color-enhanced view of Comet ISON photographed at the RAS Observatory on Sept. 22, 2012, by amateur astronomers Ernesto Guido The International Astronomical Union's Minor Planet Center predicts Comet ISON could be visible without binoculars or telescopes to skywatchers on Earth from early November through the first few weeks of January 2014. NASA's Mars Curiosity rover also may get a look when the comet sails past the red planet in early October. The comet's journey likely started in the Oort Cloud, a cluster of icy rocks that circle the sun about 50,000 times farther away than Earth's orbit. Comet ISON is expected to pass as close as 700,000 miles, or 1.1 million kilometers, from the sun on Nov. 28. If it survives, the comet could be the brightest to appear in Earth's skies since 1965 and could even be visible in daylight. Top image courtesy of NASA, Ligustri Rolando; second image courtesy of Remanzacco Observatory/Ernesto Guido, Giovanni Sostero and Nick Howes - The 'What Color Is This Dress?' Debate Explained - DNews: A New Reason Why Soda Could Mess with Your Health - Rare Intact Roman Tombstone Found in England - Rare 'Medium-Sized' Black Hole Creates Galactic Dead Zone This article originally published at Discovery News here

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Introducing block and screen-printing and machine embroidery, this course offers a practical exploration into surface design. What will you learn on this course? This course offers a practical exploration into surface print design through the techniques of block printing, screen printing, hand and machine embroidery. You will explore the process of creating your own unique designs from primary sources to create printed paper and fabric which you can embellish with stitch. Each term gives a focus to a different theme. This term we will consider the diverse works of the graphic designer, architect and artist, Charles Rennie Mackintosh as our primary source of design. You will have an opportunity to explore the strong clean lines with dramatic colour schemes to his florals in delicate watercolours to create your own designs and artwork to take into fabric. On this course you will learn how to: • Undertake primary and secondary research • Use a sketchbook to record research and generate original design ideas • Create Block prints using either Lino cuts, Neoprene blocks or Collographs • Understand colour theory and its application in your work • Explore the Formal Element as applied to textiles • Create a variety of repeat print designs • Use a variety of hand stitches to embellish your print work • Use free motion machine embroidery to embellish your prints • Screenprint using stencils, polyprint and binder AQ or dyes and Manutex print paste • Apply colour separation to create screenprints As you progress on this course you will bring your research, designs and the techniques learnt together to make original artwork. The course is delivered through a mix of demonstrations and practical exercises. Students will be provided with handouts for each technique and will build a personal portfolio of samples to refer to for future projects. The course content is guided by the ability and prior experience of the students attending. Students wishing to re-enroll are welcomed and assisted to develop their skills further and work on individual projects with guided support from the tutor. Previously students have made wall hangings, framed artwork, artist books, cushions, boxes, friezes, fabric for clothing and much more. Who is this course for? This course is for adults aged 18+ years. It is open to beginners and improvers. It is suitable for people who are both completely new to textiles, those who wish to learn new approaches to design, those wanting to learn print processes, combine stitch with print, revisit their love of textiles and those who want to extend and improve their techniques. The course may be accessible for people with disabilities who can participate in practical art and craft activities and operate a sewing machine. Students can be accompanied by a carer or support worker. Carers must book a complimentary ticket if attending a course to provide support. The room is wheelchair accessible. Please contact us to discuss your specific situation and needs. This course involves working at low tables and good dexterity is needed in your hands. Do you need to bring anything? Please wear old clothes and bring a waterproof apron, an A4 or larger ring bound sketchbook and/or plastic wallet and a pair of sharp scissors. MAC can provide basic equipment to participants attending this course if needed, although attendees are encouraged to bring their own where possible to minimise the risk of COVID-19 transmission. If you own a sewing machine you can have it PAT tested for a small fee and bring it in to use during class. Are there any additional costs? You will need to provide the items listed above at your own expense. Ring bound scrapbook approx. £8.50. Apron approx. £5.00 Scissors approx. £8.00 Who teaches this course? Fancy a meal or drinks when visiting us for an event or a trip to the park? Our KILN Cafe serves breakfast, lunch, light bites and a light evening menu, see information here /// Please read our current Courses - Health and Safety Information and our current Visitor Guidelines before booking your course.

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ERIC Number: ED196934 Record Type: RIE Publication Date: 1980-Sep A Parent's Guide to Testing in the Schools. Stiggins, Richard J. This booklet is written in non-technical language and focuses on educational testing issues currently of interest to parents. Some of the questions parents commonly ask about tests are identified and answered. Questions include: (1) What are tests and why are they used?; (2) How are they used?; (3) How many different kinds of tests are there?; (4) What do different test scores mean?; (5) Are tests really sensitive to differences in students' cultural backgrounds?; (6) How can you tell if a test is a good test?; (7) Can parents help their children prepare for tests?; (8) What can parents do to help the child who is extremely nervous about tests?; (9) Can parents help their children deal with test scores?; and (10) What questions and issues should I raise with my child's teacher and principal regarding tests? A short bibliography of suggested readings for parents is included. (Author/RL) Publication Type: Guides - Non-Classroom Education Level: N/A Sponsor: National Inst. of Education (ED), Washington, DC. Authoring Institution: Nero and Associates, Inc., Portland, OR.; Northwest Regional Educational Lab., Portland, OR. Note: For related documents, see TM 810 047-048 and TM 810 050.

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The purpose of the muscular system 7 muscular system: works with the skeletal system to make body movement possible your body moves when what is the purpose of the muscular system. A skeletal system is necessary to support the body, protect internal organs, and movement in a hydrostatic skeleton is provided by muscles that surround the. Three layers of connective tissues surround these fibers to form a muscle a flat broad extension of the three muscle linings and serves the same function as a. Muscles play a part in every function of the body the muscular system is made up of over 600 muscles these include three muscle types:. Their main function is toshow more content the muscular system is a very important part of the human body it has many components and functions, and is . Most of the skeletal muscular system is arranged into groups of agonists and antagonist muscles that work in concert to provide efficient and. Explain the purpose of the musculoskeletal system the musculoskeletal system is made up of the body's bones (the skeleton), muscles, cartilage, tendons ,. The human muscular system is complex and has many functions in the body the muscular system's main function is to allow movement. The purpose of the digestive system is to turn the food you eat into something this system is made up of muscle tissue that helps move the body and move. The student will describe the interactions between the skeletal and muscular systems to maintain what is the general function of the muscular system. The musculoskeletal system incorporates bones, cartilage, skeletal muscles, and connective tissues the aim of this chapter is to describe the postnatal. Muscles of the human body - actions, attachments, and locations, and nerve supply learn all of them now at getbodysmart. Transcript of the muscular system ½ our body weight comes from muscles consists of over 600 individual muscles 3 purposes. The purpose of the muscular system The muscular system can be broken down into three types of muscles: skeletal, smooth and muscles also can be identified by their function. Purpose of this article is to provide a review of research investigating the effects of resistance training on muscle fibers and on nervous system input muscle fiber. Through biomechanics, engineers assess the physical capabilities and limitations of the muscular system, with the overall goal of improvement of health and. The human muscular system and the top 10 facts to know about how it functions. The main function of muscles is for motion, for example in conjunction with bones for walking many muscles work in groups but some may work alone eg the. The following links will allow you to access real photographs of the cat muscular system the purpose of these pages is to quiz your knowledge on the structures. X-muscle system is designed for rapid muscular system, tissue and other organic object creation and their physical simulations its main purpose is to help. You have more than 600 muscles in your body in your stomach and digestive system, they contract (tighten up) and relax to allow food to make its journey the ones that show how strong you are and let you boot a soccer ball into the goal. Muscular system definition at dictionarycom, a free online dictionary with pronunciation, synonyms and translation look it up now. Structure and function of the musculoskeletal system professor alan hedge dea 3250/6510 functions of the musculoskeletal system → support and protect.

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What Is a Fuel Vapor Canister? The fuel vapor canister, also known as a charcoal canister because it is filled with charcoal, is part of a vehicle's pollution control system and is used to capture fuel vapors emanating from both the fuel tank and the carburetor. The vapors are pulled into the canister by a vacuum as the engine is started, and then fed back into the fuel system to be burned when the engine is running. It is a component of a vehicle's evaporative emission control (EVAP) system and prevents the evaporating fumes from reaching the atmosphere while also maintaining proper fuel tank pressures. In the mid 1970s, automobile manufacturers began installing pollution control systems on engines to help reduce emissions put into the atmosphere from automobiles. Studies found that a great deal of the hydrocarbons (HCs) that were emitted from automobiles were due to evaporative gasses. By placing the fuel vapor canister in the fuel system, the gasses are drawn in and then burned instead of being expelled. This makes for a cleaner burning engine and a better environment for everyone. The system is also used on fuel-injected vehicles with the only difference being the gasses are sent into the intake rather than the carburetor. There is no required service for the device beyond keeping the hoses and canister clean and free of debris. A cracked hose will cause the "check engine" light to come on in a vehicle's dashboard display area, alerting the driver to a potential problem with the vehicle. Other areas that may cause the warning light to be seen are a faulty fuel tank cap or a loose or incorrectly-tightened cap. There is also a valve on the canister and the intake that are both vacuum-activated and could cause the warning light to come on should a malfunction occur. The most common reason for a failure in the fuel vapor canister is a crack in the canister or a hose. In order to test it, nitrogen is applied to create pressure, and then it is tested periodically for a drop in pressure, which will indicate a fault in either the canister or a hose. Once the problem component is identified, the car owner should repair or remove the affected piece. Nitrogen is always used to test for leaks because introducing air into the canister could lead to a dangerous fire, explosion, or other incident caused by adding oxygen to the fuel vapors. Any idea about how much it would cost to have the evap canister or hose replaced? This is the issue with my car at present. Charcoal is incredible when it comes to absorption of bad substances. It is routinely used in hospitals after someone has been poisoned to absorb the pollutants in the body. Charcoal is very fine and has a lot of surface area that reacts with pollutants, successfully eliminating them from the air in this case. I'm glad that this substance is used in such a variety of ways. The article mentions briefly that the engine light may come on if the cap isn't tightened correctly. This has happened to me - I had no idea what was wrong with my car as the "check engine" light was on but the mechanic said the engine was fine. Later I realized that I just didn't screw the cap on tightly enough after getting gas. Merely screwing the cap on tightly doesn't fix it though - a mechanic has to clear the light by connecting the car to an electronic device. Post your comments

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Drinking alcohol can be part of an enjoyable night out, but drinking safely will ensure you have good memories. Safe drinking guidelines have been developed to help you protect your health - both physically and socially. Everyone is faced with some risk when consuming alcohol but thinking before you drink can lead to an enjoyable and safe experience. Alcohol comes in all different types, colours and containers. Regardless of this, a standard drink is about 10 grams or 12.5mL of pure alcohol. Alcohol labels are displayed on the bottle to tell you how many standard drinks it contains. Remember one bottle/can/glass doesn't always equal one standard drink. - Men and women shouldn't drink more than 2 standard drinks on any day to avoid long-term harm from alcohol related injury or disease. Remembering to have regular alcohol-free days. - Men and women should drink no more than 4 standard drinks on any single drinking occasion to reduce alcohol related injury. Alcohol and your body People come in all different shapes and sizes, so depending on your gender, age, weight and other factors; you may be affected by alcohol more than others. Get to know your body in relation to the standard drink guidelines. How does alcohol affect your body? Skin: Alcohol can dehydrate your skin. Drinking alcohol can deprive you skin of vital vitamins and nutrients and excessive alcohol can make your face look bloated and puffy. Heart: Long term and heavy alcohol consumption can increase your risk of high blood pressure, weakening of the heart muscle heart failure and heart disease. Pancreas: Continuous and excessive drinking can cause pancreatitis which is when the pancreas blood vessels, cells and tissue become damaged and can prevent proper digestion. Bowel: Alcohol can cause bowel irritation and can trigger symptoms of irritable bowel syndrome. There are also links between alcohol consumption and bowel cancer. Bladder: Alcohol is diuretic and can lead to dehydration, so remember to drink water. Immune System: Drinking too much can weaken your immune system making you more susceptible to disease and illness. Brain: Alcohol is a depressant and interferes with the brains communication pathways, making it hard for you to think clearly and move with coordination. The immediate effects of alcohol can include slurred speech, blurred vision, changes in mood, loss of balance and clumsiness. Excessive alcohol misuse may cause alcohol related brain impairment such as memory loss, and adversely affect mental health. The effects are greater with increasing amounts of alcohol consumed. More serious effects can be unconsciousness, alcohol poisoning, coma or death. Stomach: Alcohol is absorbed directly into the bloodstream through the stomach and the small intestine. Short term effects of consuming alcohol can lead to nausea, vomiting, and diarrhoea. Food in the stomach can slow down the rate of absorption but it does not prevent drunkenness. Long term heavy drinking has been associated with increased risk of stomach cancer. Liver: Regular drinking may result in Steatosis or fatty liver which can negatively affect your liver function. Continued heavy and excessive drinking may result in the liver becoming inflamed causing alcohol hepatitis, permanent liver scarring (cirrhosis), and liver cancer. Kidneys: Alcohol is a diuretic, meaning that it acts on the kidneys to make you urinate more often. Drinking too much means your kidneys have to work harder to remove toxins from your blood. Breast: Long term alcohol consumption can increase a women’s risk of breast cancer. Male reproductive system: Drinking alcohol decreases sex drive and performance. Alcohol reduces testosterone levels and heavy consumption may lead to a reduction in sperm production. Female reproductive system: Drinking heavy or excessive amounts of alcohol affects a woman's menstrual cycle and ovulation making it difficult to conceive. Women and pregnancy: It is recommended that you avoid alcohol altogether when you are pregnant. Alcohol and the Law - Driving Under the Influence (DUI) Alcohol can impair your judgement, which can lead to doing something you wouldn't when sober. Across Australia it is an offence to drive with a BAC limit over 0.05% and if you are a novice driver a zero BAC applies. Penalties apply for breaking the law and differ between state. These facts have been adapted from Australian Drug Foundation and the Drug and Alcohol Office.

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In a sharp, non-blurred photo, edges consist of a light area adjacent to a darker area, with little to no gray area between them. A measurement from one edge to another is straightforward and can be done by using a ruler on the photo. If the photographer moves the camera during the exposure, as Mary Moorman did tracking the limo as it passed by her, edges and other features become spread out in the photo. There are no well-defined edge lines to measure against. The information to locate the edge, though, is still available in the photo. One can digitize the photo and perform calculations on the brightness values of the image points (the pixels) around the edge. The following two graphs illustrates these concepts. Each gap image below is 150 pixels high with a 50-pixel high gap in the middle. The areas surrounding the gap are brighter than the gap area, as it is with the gap of interest in the Moorman photo. The window opening and the pedestal face are brighter than the darker, shadowed wall between them. To the right of each image is a graph of the intensity (brightness) values from a column of pixels running down the middle of the image. The higher the red point in the graph, the brighter the pixel. The top image at the right contains no blur. The edges in the graph are in the form of two steep, nearly vertical lines separated by 50 units. The bottom image is the result of applying Photoshop's Motion Blur filter, set to 20 pixels, in the vertical direction. The edges are no longer visibly distinct. The graph shows that the formerly vertical lines are now tilted because the intensity gradually changes from light to dark and back again. Although the edges are blurred, one can still locate the original edge positions. This information is not necessarily lost. Since the blurring algorithm is linear, one can calculate the intensity value of, say the top edge by averaging the intensity of the bright flat area above the edge (191) and the darker flat area below the edge (64). 191 plus 64 divided by 2 equals 128 (rounded up). The same average applies to the lower edge in this case. The distance between the points at the 128-intensity value is 50 pixels, the size of the original, non-blurred gap. This demonstrates that the edge location technique Dr. Costella used is generally sound--that is, assuming the image is reasonably linear and that one locates the proper "above" and "below" points (the flat areas in the graph surrounding the edge). However, noise and other photographic defects in the Moorman image complicate this measurement and may lead to errant results. That is what happened with Dr. Costella’s study

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Computer Program Monitors, Identifies Changing Ocean Features December 23, 2010 11:03 AM comment(s) - last by Satellite map of the ocean off the west coast of Africa (Source: Jose A. Piedra-Fernandez, University of Almeria, Spain) Researchers plan to improve the program and use it to track changing environmental conditions University of Almeria researchers have built a computer program that is capable of monitoring and analyzing large amounts of satellite data in order to assist scientists in tracking changing environmental conditions. James Wang, professor of information sciences and technology at Penn State, and Jose A. Piedra-Fernandez, an assistant professor of information sciences and technology at the University of Almeria in Spain who is currently visiting Penn State, have designed the program to study a vast amount of satellite data and images in an attempt to monitor the ever-changing and intricate . They are mainly focused on analyzing mesoscale regional ocean features within the images produced by satellites. "All of the data and information that is continually collected by satellites and sensors can cause tons of problems for scientists, who simply don't have the time to analyze every pixel of every satellite image," said Wang. "Our goal has been to provide a tool that would create useful information or knowledge from this large pool of data." To make this program, Wang and Piedra-Fernandez created a database of ocean structures and taught the program to recognize changes in the ocean. The computer program is similar to a Bayesian network, which uses probability to make decisions. Wang and Piedra-Fernandez made sure to make the program as complex as the climate itself by separating ocean regions from land regions, adjusting for possible earth-and-solar-based interference sources, and identifying features from particular regions of ocean. The program is then able to filter regions of the images by ranking relationships between features on scale based on relevance and strength. This allows the computer to recognize like wakes, upwellings and eddies. Researchers then tested the computer program on satellite images of oceans in the Mediterranean Coast, the Iberian Atlantic and close to the Canary Islands. The images were provided by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Advanced Very High Resolution Radiometer. The tests consisted of over 1,000 real oceanic features, made up of 472 upwellings, 119 cloudy upwellings, 180 wakes, 40 cyclonic eddies, 10 anticyclonic eddies and 180 "misclassified" regions. "In almost all cases, the proposed methodology improves the accuracy rate and reduces the number of features necessary to get a good ocean structures classification," said Piedra-Fernandez. The next step is to add features such as chlorophyll and salinity concentrations. Researchers would also like to improve the image classification system. was published in IEEE Transactions on Geoscience and Remote Sensing This article is over a month old, voting and posting comments is disabled RE: That's a great job 12/23/2010 6:19:32 PM Don't be a Stiffly Stifferson. "Mac OS X is like living in a farmhouse in the country with no locks, and Windows is living in a house with bars on the windows in the bad part of town." -- Charlie Miller Study: New Model Says that CO2 Levels Ultimately Control Earth's Temp. 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Big Data is everywhere, and it’s starting to raise some concern among consumers. On a daily basis, companies are collecting our personal data whenever we sign up for services, make online purchases or simply log-on to our devices. This immense collection and collation of information is known as Big Data. A simple definition of the term is “extremely large data sets that may be analysed computationally to reveal patterns, trends, and associations, especially relating to human behaviour and interactionsi.” You may not realise it yet – but Big Data is everywhere, and it’s starting to raise some concern among consumers. “Consumer data is being used in more inventive ways, driving value for companies but reducing privacy for individuals. Are we reaching an inflection point in consumers' willingness to passively hand over their data?” – Morgan Stanley Researchii. In the age of Big Data a new dynamic has developed between business and consumers – with companies reaching for more and more access to consumer data, and consumers starting to show signs of resistance. A wealth of information exists to support the popular view that technology is evolving faster by the day. The simple fact that just 10% of families had a cell phone in 1990iii contrasts tellingly against our current reality, where mobile phones are ubiquitous. Similarly, 40% of the world's population now has an internet connection, compared to just 1% in 1995. One theory for why things appear to be speeding up is the increasingly popular idea that technology is advancing exponentially, rather than along a linear trajectoryiv. An example of the theory would be the exponential increase of computer memory, whereby a hard disk from 1956 had 5MB of storage space, compared to a cheap modern Micro SD Card that stores as much as 12,800 of the old IBM drive. The theory also corresponds with the exponential power capacity of Quantum Computers and the rate of development witnessed across a broad range of technological advancements. Technology has advanced so quickly in recent times that issues around privacy, and even the secure storage of data, have been ripe for controversy. In some cases, policy and support structures have been depicted as struggling to keep pace with rapid innovation. The current prevalence of Big Data brings an increased risk of personal information being accessed by nefarious actors, particularly if a company holding that data is targeted by hackersv. Also of concern are the doubts many consumers hold regarding the ability of companies to act in an ethical manner when dealing with private, and sometimes sensitive, information. Consumers are starting to be more wary of access to the data that they are producing. And when it comes to choosing a company, data security is becoming increasingly important. - Morgan Stanley Research Over the course of the past decade, many high profile companies have made headlines due to security breaches involving hackers. One of the breaches exposed the social security numbers of thousands of people, while others compromised the personal data of millions, and led to the online theft of email addresses and credit card numbersvi. Companies are pushing the boundaries in terms of using more personal and potentially sensitive data to drive incremental revenue streams. Yet at the same time, consumer awareness on data privacy is increasing as the number of data breaches continues to grow. - Morgan Stanley Researchvii While safety and security of dataviii is an emerging point of contention, so is the undeclared use of devices to impinge on consumer privacy. Examples include a number of ‘smart’ televisions which, when voice activation was switched on, were found to be transmitting conversations in the same room to 3rd parties. The company responsible was compelled to create a software update that corrected the issue, in the wake of a powerful consumer backlash. More recently, Facebook has announced that companies are no longer permitted to use its social networks to track and monitor users. Both these examples could be a sign that companies are starting to take notice of consumer views on personal data privacy and the need for increased corporate transparency. Companies who rush to implement new technologies to gain a competitive edge might overlook the need to formulate adaptive risk mitigation practises relevant to new technologies, or fail to introduce appropriate new processes and policies. By doing so, they court the possibility of reputational risk, which could lead to a crisis in consumer confidence. It’s a trust that would be difficult and time-consuming to rebuild. As consumers' awareness on data privacy grows, questions are raised for all sectors on their use of consumer data: If consumers become more focused on data privacy, how could this impact business models? - Morgan Stanley Researchix A recent report by Morgan Stanley includes the following observation: “It is a challenge to make the most of personal data without consumers feeling like "Big Brother" is watching them.” It’s a well-worn comparison, but an apt one: George Orwell’s seminal 20th century novel Nineteen Eighty-Four as a parallel to modern society. A key presence in Orwell’s dystopian classic is the all-seeing, all-knowing Big Brother – who is now a recurring spectre in the realm of popular culture, and a favourite reference for those who fear excessive government oversight and involvement in our everyday lives. For some people, new rapid-fire advancements in technology are viewed as a hothouse for the development of an Orwellian-style dystopia, while data breaches and analysis of consumer data represent the tentacles of corporations who are intent on stealing away our civil freedoms and individuality. Orwell’s book is a powerful one, and it’s no surprise that it still resonates so strongly. It is, however, a work of fiction. It’s important to remember that connectivity and data sharing does have a positive side that will potentially impact society for the better. It already enhances our lives through the likes of fitness trackers and connected sensors in our homes and cars using increasingly sophisticated software. 8.71 million new technologically-enabled ‘things’ are being connected every day, providing companies with the opportunity to analyse much richer data sets on their customers. This allows them to deliver better, more intuitive products and services. We should also remember that it’s in the best interests of every company to keep their clientele feeling secure and confident enough to participate in a mutually beneficial relationship. The biggest challenge to achieving an enhanced standard of living beyond our wildest dreams could actually be our own fears and mistrust of the new. It’s a cultural anxiety that, if left unchecked, could become a barrier to us entering a brave, and ultimately wonderful, new world. For information on investment opportunities in new technology and innovation, please contact your Morgan Stanley Financial Adviser. ii‘Big Data & Consumer Trust – How Much Do You Value Your Privacy?’ Victoria Chapelow, Faty Dembele, Jessica Alsford and Eva Zlotnicka. Morgan Stanley Research. March 2017. iii‘The 100-Year March of Technology in 1 Graph.’ Derek Thompson. The Atlantic. April 2012. iv‘Technological Progress.’ Max Roser and Hannah Ritchie. OurWorldInData.org. 2018. vAccording to the Ponemon Institute, there is a 26% probability of a company having a material data breach involving lost or stolen records within the next 24 months (Ponemon Institute, 2016) vi‘Target Now Says 70 Million People Hit in Data Breach.’ Paul Ziobro and Danny Yadron. Wall Street Journal. January 10, 2014. ‘Charges Announced in JP Morgan Hacking Case.’ Nicole Hong. Wall Street Journal. November 10, 2015. ‘Sony Hack Exposed Personal Data of Hollywood Stars.’ Ben Fritz and Danny Yadron. Wall Street Journal, December 5, 2014. vii‘Big Data & Consumer Trust – How Much Do You Value Your Privacy?’ Victoria Chapelow, Faty Dembele, Jessica Alsford and Eva Zlotnicka. Morgan Stanley Research. March 2017. viiOver a third of Europeans are concerned that too many people have access to their personal details.” - Symantec, 2015 State of Privacy Report. ix‘Big Data & Consumer Trust – How Much Do You Value Your Privacy?’ Victoria Chapelow, Faty Dembele, Jessica Alsford and Eva Zlotnicka. Morgan Stanley Research. March 2017.

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… usni.org/magazines/naval-history … Dissecting a Carrier Disaster …Beginning on 5 August 1964, in the immediate wake of the Gulf of Tonkin incident, U.S. attack aircraft carriers in the South China Sea began conducting sustained aerial operations against North Vietnam and communist forces in South Vietnam. For nearly the first three years of the effort, five of the dozen carriers that participated were the most recent so-called supercarriers, including the nuclear-powered USS Enterprise (CVAN-65). All were Pacific Fleet ships. The USS Forrestal (CVA-59), the first completed supercarrier, would be the first of those based in the Atlantic to conduct combat operations from Yankee Station off the coast of Vietnam. Area dedicata all'Aviazione Storica. Aerei vintage, vecchie Compagnie e imprese del passato Moderatore: Staff md80.it 1 messaggio • Pagina 1 di 1 Cinquantacinque anni fa, solo pochi giorni dopo l'arrivo della USS Forrestal alla Yankee Station, un razzo Zuni errante diede inizio a una catena di eventi calamitosi a bordo della superportaerei ...

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‘Nutty for Numbers’ is suitable for 3 to 4-year old preschool students. It teaches the concepts needed for the successful development of math skills at school. Many people believe that there is no need to teach literacy and numeracy prior to the school setting. At Learn and Leap, we don’t agree. Our past students have excelled at school because of the ‘head start’ they had by participating in our programs. As the Early Years Learning Framework (EYLF) strongly tells us, the foundations of literacy and numeracy are laid well before formal schooling starts: Positive attitudes and competencies in literacy and numeracy are essential for children’s successful learning. The foundations for these competencies are built in early childhood (DEEWR, 2009, p. 38). While play-based, incidental learning is important, so too is direct and explicit teaching of literacy and numeracy concepts. Many concepts are complex and we can’t risk that they are not understood before your child goes to school. The concepts we teach are: - Numbers to 20 – counting - Numerals to 20 – count and match - Quantity – same, more or less, many, few - Attributes & Measurement – big and small, long and short, longer and shorter, tall and short, taller and shorter, tallest and shortest - Attributes – shape and colour - Classifying by type, taste, texture - Number – more than, less than - Number – making sets to 10 - Number – adding and subtracting sets - Counting – adding 1 more, 2 more ……. - Attributes & Measurement – full and empty, heavy and light, heavier and lighter - Position – in front of, behind, beside, under, over - Time – Days of the week, the clock

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It is also the science of measuring and understanding the earth’s geometric shape, orientation in space, and gravity field. Earth abstracted from its topographical features. 110 m, when referred to the GRS 80 ellipsoid. Its relationship plane and geodetic surveying pdf the geometrical flattening is indirect. The relationship depends on the internal density distribution, or, in simplest terms, the degree of central concentration of mass. 6,378,137 m semi-major axis and a 1:298. The numerous systems that countries have used to create maps and charts are becoming obsolete as countries increasingly move to global, geocentric reference systems using the GRS 80 reference ellipsoid. The geoid is “realizable”, meaning it can be consistently located on the Earth by suitable simple measurements from physical objects like a tide gauge. The geoid can therefore be considered a real surface. The reference ellipsoid, however, has many possible instantiations and is not readily realizable, therefore it is an abstract surface. The third primary surface of geodetic interest—the topographic surface of the Earth—is a realizable surface. Earth onto a flat map surface without deformation. Each has its advantages and disadvantages. Misaiming a target, surveyors found they could use field receivers to determine the location of a point. When precise leveling, mining surveying includes directing the digging of mine shafts and galleries and the calculation of volume of rock. The measurements could then be plotted on a plan or map, this consists of simply adding a constant shift to all height values. The level is moved to a new location where the rod is still visible. Monuments take the form of capped iron rods, the relationship depends on the internal density distribution, surveying has occurred since humans built the first large structures. His work established the idea of surveying a primary network of control points, gPS techniques are used as well. “relative gravimeters” are spring; each has its advantages and disadvantages. The Torrens system was adopted in several other nations of the English – surveying is broadly classified into two types. The most accurate relative gravimeters are called “superconducting” gravimeters, the PLSS divided states into township grids which were further divided into sections and fractions of sections. Since their introduction, the boundary is established in legal documents and plans prepared by attorneys, in many places a mortgage survey is a precondition for a mortgage loan. Distances and angular position of other objects can be derived; meet the legal standards. Orthometric and normal heights differ in the precise way in which mean sea level is conceptually continued under the continental masses. Kronstadt datum, the Trieste datum, and so on. In case of plane or spatial coordinates, we typically need several datum points. However, an overdetermined ensemble of datum points can also be used. In the case of vertical data, this consists of simply adding a constant shift to all height values. When these coordinates are realized by choosing datum points and fixing a geodetic datum, ISO says “coordinate reference system”, while IERS says “reference frame”.

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Read and learn for free about the following article: introduction to ancient roman art. Start studying classic civilizations vocabulary most advanced ancient civilizations human habitation around the nile river valley began at least 10,000 bce. The rise and fall of civilizations our current lifestyles will be societal collapse accompanied by tremendous human suffering the difference between past. How did cuneiform writing emerge and evolve in ancient mesopotamia how did the cuneiform writing system affect mesopotamian civilization shift of human. Applying crt whilst researching the development of racial and religious discrimination in ancient egypt will provide material regarding the possible origin and motivations of racist human behaviour as well as exploring why such views existed in ancient egypt. A brief history of water and health from ancient civilizations to modern times schistosomiasis in human remains from ancient egypt during the century the. The meaning of the term civilization has changed several times during its history, and even today it is used in several ways it is commonly used to describe human societies with a high level of cultural and technological development, as opposed to what many consider to be less advanced societies. During the early 19th century, proponents of slavery and various other racists argued that ancient egypt could only have been so advanced because it was a caucasian civilization they also speculated that the egyptian ruling class was white while their slaves were black. - early egyptian religious beliefs and akhenaten's reforms during the new kingdom of egypt (from 1552 through 1069 bc), there came a sweeping change in the religious structure of the ancient egyptian civilization. Part 1 (human origins, early civilizations) // world history encompasses early human migrations, paleolithic and neolithic ages, and early civilizations in the mediterranean, mesopotamia, china, egypt, and the indus river valley. Ancient rapa nui had chiefs, priests, and guilds of workers who fished, farmed, and made the moai, simpson said there was a certain level of socio-political organization that was needed to. The most brutal execution methods of ancient civilization though our ancient cultures there is evidence of having used a variety of hideous torture methods. The epic of gilgamesh is an epic poem from ancient mesopotamia and among the earliest known literary writings in the world it originated as a series of sumerian legends and poems in cuneiform script dating back to the early 3rd or late 2nd millenium bce, which were later gathered into a longer akkadian poem (the most complete version existing today, preserved on 12 clay tablets, dates. Crafting an analysis essay egyptian civilization ancient egyptian civilization is known as one of the most significant events in history due to its lengthy. The results offer exciting insights into how different ancient civilizations intermingled and also establishes a breakthrough precedent in our ability to study ancient dna ancient mummy dna. The history of medicine shows how societies have changed in center of the ancient world during the 6th scientists studying the human body during public. South asia is one of the four early places where human civilization it was during this time period and ancient india the only ancient civilization that didn. Ancient civilizations excavations domestication stable isotope analysis in archaeology - a plain english introduction top 10 inventions in ancient human history. Max planck institute for the science of human history summary: studies of ancient plant remains from a medieval archaeological site in the pamir mountains of uzbekistan have shown that fruits. World history a description world history what prompted siddhartha gautama to find the solution to eliminate human suffering what ancient civilization. Ancient greek civilization flourished from around 776 to 30 bc in what are called the archaic (776-480), classical (480-323), and hellenistic (323-30) periods 2 during this time, greek civilization was very different from our own in a variety of ways. Ancient rome essay an analysis of art in ancient china, rome, and n europe introduction one thing is permanent about art throughout the ages and civilizations. An tragedy in ancient greece usually dealt with a moral or social issue, human suffering, and almost always ended in disaster three famous greek tragedy writers are aeschylus, euripides, and sophocles. Ancient civilizations who shared our planet during the middle and dna analysis, the families of present-day human and denisovans split apart about 800,000.

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Photo Credit: USDA APHIS PPQ Archive, USDA APHIS PPQ, Retrieved from Bugwood.org (Image Number: 1149103), used under CC BY 3.0 US, modified Common crupina is native to the Mediterranean and was first discovered on rangeland in Idaho in 1968. This species quickly forms dense stands, out-competing native species. It can spread into forage crops or become a contaminant in grass seed and hay. Common crupina has a pink to purple flower that is 5-13 mm wide. A key characteristic of this plant is that it has deeply lobed, grey leaves that have stiff spiny prickles along the edges. The stem has several branches and grows erect, up to 100 cm tall. Learn more about this species: See Fact Sheet - Alberta Invasive Species Council

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David Zarrouk of Israel's Ben Gurion University of the Negev has developed a robot that can move forward and backward by producing a continuously advancing wave. The design of the Single-Actuator Wave (SAW) robot features a single motor that rotates a rigid helix--the robot's spine--embedded inside a series of rigid three-dimensionally-printed plastic links that are flexible in one dimension, similar to a bicycle chain. Zarrouk notes as the helix rotates, the links move vertically up and down while also rotating as they flex. He says where they contact the ground, the links push off as they rotate, propelling the robot forward. The largest version has a top speed of 57 cm per second, or 5.6 wavelengths per second. Zarrouk says the current iteration is very simple to build, lightweight, fast, efficient, rugged, and easy to scale both up and down. The biggest challenge going forward will be to develop a way to change the pitch and amplitude of the wave on the fly, which would enable the robot to adapt to different terrain and climb more effectively through pipes, according to Zarrouk. He also envisions a miniature version that could locomote inside the intestines for filming and taking biopsies. From IEEE Spectrum View Full Article Abstracts Copyright © 2016 Information Inc., Bethesda, Maryland, USA

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What is System of Rice Intensification (SRI)? - The System of Rice Intensification (SRI) was first developed in Madagascar in the 1980s and since then several countries in the world have been practising it, including India. - It involves cultivating rice with as much organic manure as possible, starting with young seedlings planted singly at wider spacing in a square pattern; and with intermittent irrigation that keeps the soil moist but not inundated, and frequent inter cultivation with weeder that actively aerates the soil. - It is also called Madagascar method of rice cultivation. It promises to save 15 to 20 per cent ground water, improves rice productivity. - It gives equal or more produce than the conventional rice cultivation, with less water, less seed and less chemicals. The net effect is a substantial reduction in the investments on external inputs. - Unlike Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR) when weeds are major problem and weedicides are sprayed simultaneously at the time of sowing, in SRI, which permits greater weed growth because of alternate wetting and drying of fields, the weeds are incorporated into the soil by operating a cono-weeder between rows, which are made at the time of sowing, which adds nutrients to the crop like green manures. - Experts said that unlike DSR, which is suitable only for mid to heavy textured soils, SRI is suitable in all types of soil including less fertile soil as in such soil the number of seedlings can be increased to double. - Because of planting in rows and keeping proper spacing, SRI gives more yield. - The paddy cultivation using the SRI method uses less water, needs less labour, and produces better yields. As a result, it is highly beneficial for small and marginal farmers. - In SRI paddy cultivation, only 2 kg of seeds per acre are required. As a result, there are fewer plants per unit area (25 × 25 cm), compared to 20 kg of seeds per acre in conventional chemical-intensive paddy cultivation. - Paddy fields are not flooded under SRI but are kept damp during the vegetative period. After that, only one inch of water is kept. - In traditional sowing from the day of transplanting till the crop turns 35-40 days fields are kept under flood-like conditions. Then fields are filled every week till a few weeks before harvesting. The limitations of SRI- If unchecked, greater weed growth will cause substantial loss of yield. Experts said that it can be sustainable if organic inputs in the soil structure are maintained. Other methods of rice cultivation- Direct Seeding of Rice (DSR): - In DSR, the pre-germinated seeds are directly drilled into the field by a tractor-powered machine. - There is no nursery preparation or transplantation involved in this method. - Farmers have to only level their land and give one pre-sowing irrigation. - Seeds are sown and broadcast by hand. - This method is practised in those areas which are comparatively dry and less fertile and do not have much labour to work in the fields. - It is the easiest method requiring minimum input but its yields are also minimum. - Ploughing of land and sowing of seeds is done by two persons. - This method is mostly confined to peninsular India. - This method is practised in areas of fertile soil, abundant rainfall and plentiful supply of labour. - To begin with, seeds are sown in the nursery and seedlings are prepared. - After 4-5 weeks the seedlings are uprooted and planted in the field which has already been prepared for the purpose. - The entire process is done by hand. - It is, therefore, a very difficult method and requires heavy inputs. But at the same time it gives some of the highest yields. - This method includes the use of high yielding varieties of seeds, sowing the seeds in a raised nursery-bed and transplanting the seedlings in rows so as to make weeding and fertilizing easy. - It also involves the use of a heavy dose of fertilizers so that very high yields are obtained. - The Japanese method of rice cultivation has been successfully adopted in the main rice producing regions of India.

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A kaftan dress is a variation of the robe or tunic and has been worn in various societies around the globe for a large number of years. Used by many Middle Eastern ethnic gatherings, the kaftan is antiquated Mesopotamian in inception. Styles, uses, and names for the kaftan shift from culture to culture. The kaftan dress is frequently worn as a coat or as an overdress, more often than not having long sleeves and coming to the lower legs. In areas with a warm atmosphere, it is worn as a light-weight, baggy piece of clothing. In a few societies, the kaftan has filled in as an image of sovereignty. The various types of kaftan are listed underneath: Kaftan was worn by the sultans of the Ottoman Empire. The design on the article of clothing, including hues, examples, strips, and catches, demonstrated the rank of the individual who wore it. From the fourteenth century through the seventeenth century, materials with huge examples were utilized. By the late sixteenth and mid-seventeenth hundreds of years, enlivening examples on the textures had turned out to be littler and more splendid. Most textures produced in Turkey were made in Istanbul and Bursa, yet a few materials originated from as far away as Venice, Genoa, Persia (Iran), India, and even China. North African kaftan In Morocco, where a type of kaftan was being used for a long time before that time. The kaftan was adjusted and refashioned by Moroccan article of clothing creators when it was worn by the area’s sovereignty. From the earliest starting point of the thirteenth century around 600 in the Islamic schedule. In cutting-edge Morocco, the kaftan is basically worn by ladies, and the word kaftan in Morocco is generally used to signify one-piece dress. Kaftan might be worn both on easygoing and on formal events, contingent upon the materials used. West African kaftan In West Africa, a kaftan is a pullover robe, worn by the two people. The ladies’ robe is known as a kaftan, and the men piece of clothing is alluded to as a Senegalese kaftan. A Senegalese kaftan is a pullover men robe with long chime like sleeves. The kaftan is a lower leg length piece of clothing. Typically made of cotton brocade, trim, or engineered textures, these robes are regular all through West Africa. A kaftan and coordinating jeans are known as a kaftan suit. In Russia, the kaftan is utilized for another kind of attire: a style of men long suit with tight sleeves. Kaftan was received from the Tatar dialect, which thus acquired the word from Turkish. By the nineteenth century, Russian kaftan was the most across the board sort of external apparel among workers and dealers. As of now, they are utilized as custom religious attire by the most traditionalist faction of old believers. The kaftans online are readily available and they are also available at cheap rate. This new trend of kaftan is becoming very popular these days.

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Lesson 2: Saving Money Name(s) of student(s): Age and grade level: Goal from IEP connected to lesson: Objective from IEP connected to lesson: Purpose of lesson: To learn the reasons for saving money. Materials needed: Word document “We discussed spending money wisely and now I want to focus on saving money wisely. Saving money entails not purchasing everything we think we need or desire. Saving money also means ‘paying yourself first,’ which means prioritizing setting aside money for the future. We will learn how to save money in future lessons, but today we will learn about why we save.” Discussion: Save Toward an Emergency Fund “Think with me about unforeseen circumstances that can come up, leaving you in a predicament of needing funds. For example, what if you lost your job, but still had expenses like rent, food, and transportation costs? If you had saved money in an emergency fund, you could use that fund to pay for your expenses until you found a new job. What additional unforeseen circumstances or emergencies can occur?” Ensure the following are addressed: accident, injury, unpaid maternity leave, medical emergency, or death. Discussion: Save Toward Short-Term Goals “In addition to establishing an emergency fund, you will want to save toward the funding of short- term goals. Short-term savings are funds you intend to spend within the next five years. Perhaps the holidays are approaching and you want to set aside a certain portion of your paychecks towards gift giving. Maybe you need a few new work outfits or want to plan a trip to visit family.” Exercise: Establishing Short-Term Goals Have the student establish 10 short-term goals for himself. Examples of goals include: postsecondary education or training, renting an apartment, purchasing a laptop or iPad, updating his or her wardrobe, buying a gym membership, etc. Discussion: Save Toward Long-Term Goals “Without establishing long-term savings goals, it’s far too easy to spend all of your incoming money on immediate desires and short-term goals. The future will come, and you need to be prepared for it! Long-term savings goals typically amount to large sums of money, which are much more attainable when funds are accumulated over time. Let’s brainstorm long-term goals.” Ensure the following are addressed: Purchasing a home (starting with a down payment), retirement, and beginning to save toward college for your children when you are expecting or have a child. Explain compound interest, one benefit of saving for long-term goals as early as possible. If money is saved and interest is earned at 10% (a high estimate), the initial money is doubled in eight years. Exercise: Requesting Information from Parents/Guardians Have the student ask her parents/guardians about the types of savings goals they have established in the past and present. “Today we highlighted what we save toward. We save toward an emergency fund, toward funding short-term goals, and toward funding long-term goals.” Progress notes, data collection, comments, and modifications:

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When I was a small boy, the elderly Mr. Adams, who lived through the woods and up the hill from our house in Longview, asked me to help him plant his Irish potato crop. I remember how intrigued I was at putting pieces of potatoes into the soft loamy soil. The day we pulled them up and scratched out multitudes of whole potatoes was the day I became a vegetable gardener. It was truly magic. He sent me home with a brown paper grocery sack full of them, and my mom prepared them for me the way she ate them as a little girl, creamed and served with ketchup. I was hooked. Potatoes are cool-weather plants that bloom and die when the temperatures get hot. They can tolerate light frosts but not hard freezes and are mostly planted as a spring crop in East Texas. They should be planted about four weeks before the last expected frost (February). For many, Valentine’s Day (or President’s Day) is potato planting day. Potatoes are planted from small potatoes or pieces of larger potatoes known as “seed potatoes.” Certified seed potatoes are sold at most East Texas feed stores and some nurseries and garden centers. They should be spaced 8 to 12 inches apart. Potatoes require at least eight hours of direct sun each day for maximum yields. Like most root crops, they do best in well-drained sandy and loamy soils and are best planted in raised beds or rows at least 6 to 12 inches high. Ideally, till in several inches of compost or organic matter and incorporate 2 pounds of complete lawn fertilizer (15–5–10, 18-6-12, etc.) per 100 square feet of bed or every 35 feet of row before planting. In smaller plantings use 2 teaspoons per square foot or foot of row. The ideal soil pH for growing potatoes is 5.0 to 6.5. Potatoes can be grown in raised beds or raised rows 6 inches high, 18 inches wide, and 36 inches apart. Use your hoe to open up a furrow 3 inches deep down in the row. Place the seed pieces or small potatoes in the bottom of the furrow. Cover them with well-cultivated soil and gently firm them in with the back of your hoe. They can also be grown in whiskey barrel sized (30 gallon or larger) containers of potting soil. Potatoes are relatively easy to grow, provided they have lots of sunshine and cool temperatures. Around three to four weeks after planting or when the plants are 6 inches tall, use your hoe or shovel to apply about 3 to 4 inches of dirt or compost to the bases of the plants. This creates a desirable area for the potatoes to form in. Ideally, apply a layer of organic mulch (hay, straw, grass clippings, compost, etc.) to conserve water and prevent weeds. The main pest on potatoes is the potato bug that eats the foliage. Handpick them or apply an appropriately labeled pesticide following all label directions. Potatoes are usually ready to harvest 90 to 120 days after planting. Spring-planted plants indicate when they are ready to harvest as the tops turn yellow and start to die. I usually start sneaking some tender “new potatoes” as soon as the plants start blooming by gently probing beneath them with my fingers. Be careful not to disturb the root system, and always remember your production will be greater if you leave them alone until they are mature. I can’t help myself though. If you are going to consume the final crop rather quickly, dig them with a spading fork and wash them before storing in a cool, humid, dark place. If you want to store them for a longer period, cut the tops off the dying plants and leave the potatoes in the ground for three to four days. This will toughen the skins and make the potatoes last longer. Recommended potato varieties for Texas include ‘Kennebec’ (white), ‘Pontiac’ (red), ‘Red Lasoda’ (red), and ‘Norland’ (red). Potatoes are native to South America. For more information on growing potatoes at home, see the Easy Gardening publication on “potatoes” on the Aggie Horticulture website. Greg Grant is the Smith County horticulturist for the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service. He is the author of Texas Fruit and Vegetable Gardening, Heirloom Gardening in the South, and The Rose Rustlers. You can read his “Greg’s Ramblings” blog at arborgate.com, read his “In Greg’s Garden” in each issue of Texas Gardener magazine (texasgardener.com), and follow him on Facebook at “Greg Grant Gardens.” More science-based lawn and gardening information from the Texas A&M AgriLife Extension Service can be found at aggieturf.tamu.edu and aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu.

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In 1993, five people died as a result of a clinical trial into the drug fialuridine. The drug had previously passed preclinical screening in animal trials. Now, a new study finds that these deaths could have been averted if a chimeric mouse trial had been part of the routine screening. Prior to the clinical trial, fialuridine had passed toxicology studies in mice, rats, dogs and primates. This kind of animal testing is used to see whether the drug is likely to work and to see if it has any short- or long-term toxic effects, such as damage to the liver. When drugs pass the animal testing, they proceed to phase I clinical trials, where a small group of healthy human volunteers are administered the drug to identify possible side effects. Fialuridine had passed to a phase II clinical trial, which is when the drug is given to a larger number of patients in order to evaluate the effectiveness of the drug. During the first 8 weeks of the phase II clinical trial, which involved 15 human participants, results were promising. Very few adverse effects had been recorded, and the new drug was proving to be effective at fighting hepatitis B virus. But by week 13, the trial had been cancelled. Serious complications - hepatic failure, lactic acidosis and pancreatic failure - had occurred in seven of the patients. Five of these patients died, and the remaining two required emergency liver transplants. Fialuridine had not shown any indication that it could cause human liver damage (hepatoxicity) in the preclinical testing on mice, rats, dogs and primates. But it now seems that the way a nucleoside transporter works in the mitochondria of humans is different to other animals. This is why the animal testing did not raise any concerns over hepatoxicity. A team of Japanese and American researchers investigated whether an alternative test could have detected the hepatoxic properties of fialuridine before the clinical phases of the trial. They publish their results in PLOS Medicine. Can mice with human cells be used to successfully screen for liver problems in humans? The researchers wanted to see if "chimeric mice" - mice with some human cells - could be used to detect the hepatoxicity. To do this, they devised a toxicology test using mice that had 90% of their liver cells replaced with human liver cells. When these chimeric mice received the fialuridine, they began to display the same symptoms as the human participants of the 1993 trial. The mice became jaundiced and lethargic, and they had elevated transaminase and lactate levels - their livers were failing. The researchers wanted to see if "chimeric mice" - mice with some human cells - could be used to detect hepatoxicity. To make sure that it was the fialuridine that was causing the liver failure, the researchers administered a drug called sofosbuvir to a second group of humanized mice. Sofosbuvir is a similar drug to fialuridine, but has been tested in humans and does not cause hepatoxicity. The mice who received sofosbuvir did not show symptoms of liver failure. Although the humanized mice have an impaired immune system and so cannot show toxicity occurring via the immune system, in this case they showed that this drug causes damage to the liver - the organ used to "detox" the body. Therefore, scientists can extrapolate from this that the drug will also damage the livers of humans. The technology to produce chimeric mice did not exist back in 1993, when the fialuridine phase II trial took place. There is also no current requirement to use them in preclinical evaluations. Dr. Gary Peltz, one of the authors of the new study, told Medical News Today: "The results presented in this paper represents my attempt to demonstrate that drug safety could be improved by the use of chimeric mice with humanized livers in the preclinical assessment of drugs." "The major reason that chimeric mice are not used - as they should be - as part of the preclinical evaluation of drugs," continued Dr. Peltz, "is because the regulatory agencies do not require them in the preclinical evaluation of candidate drugs." Dr. Peltz argued that "the [Food and Drug Administration] needs to become a more 'rapid adopter,'" more pro-actively testing and including new technology into drug evaluation that could improve drug safety. He concluded: "This paper represents an inflection point for the chimeric mouse field. It provides the first clear demonstration that studies performed in chimeric mice could improve drug safety, which in this case would have averted a tragedy caused by a human-specific drug toxicity." Written by David McNamee

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Milk is one of the most widely used products, as well as being the raw material of all dairy products. Given this, measuring milk components has become very crucial for the dairy industry. Each dairy product requires milk with different ratios of its contents. Moreover, in order to keep track of the product quality, milk contents should be measured regularly. Besides the dairy industry, milk analysis has a high impact on the supplying milk farming industry as well. The contents of the milk are closely related to the health of the animal and the quality and content of its feed. Accordingly, these measurements can provide valuable insights to enhance the quality and selection of their feed, as well as valuable insights for early diagnosis and treatment of sick animals. Nowadays, the most accurate methods for milk analysis are chemical decomposition methods which are slow, destructive and must be done in the lab, not in the field. Practically, users normally take samples from many milk batches and get an averaged conclusion for all batches. Monitoring health and feeding quality for the animals using these methods is extremely expensive and very inefficient. A simple tool for rapid measurement of the milk contents would be significant progress in both the dairy and the milk farming industries. This tool has to be portable, affordable and should allow users to analyze their target samples non-destructively and in the field, and preferably inline in the milking station in the case of milk farming applications. Miniaturization of near-infrared (NIR) spectrometers has advanced to the point where handheld instruments could provide a reliable and affordable means to serve this purpose. Quantify Milk Contents In order to demonstrate the ability of NeoSpectra spectral sensors to determine the percentage of each component - fat, protein and lactose - in a test sample of raw milk, the following procedures and test specifications were implemented: Sample set used: Samples were collected from local farms, where each sample collected was from a different animal to ensure that the sample space had a good variance; Accurate destructive chemical tests were performed on the samples to accurately record their contents; Total number of samples taken was 131; Each sample was measured 5 times with the NeoSpectra spectral sensor. Measurements were done in diffuse reflection; Spectral range: 1300 – 2600 nm; Scan time: 2s; Resolution: 16nm at λ=1,550 nm; Spot size = 3 mm2; Background: 99% Spectralon™ (a reflection standard with almost flat spectral response in NIR); All measurements were performed at room temperature. Partial least squares regression (PLS) models were built to develop a linear relation between the spectra and the milk contents measurements, which were determined using lab chemical analysis. This model is used in the prediction of milk sample contents percentages from its spectrum only. PLS reduces spectrum data into a small number of latent variables (L.V.) to reduce the complexity of the data, since each spectrum may originally exceed 300 variables (wavelengths). Latent variables were chosen according to their correlation with the responses (milk contents in our case); variables with high correlation were chosen while others with lower correlation were discarded. After that a linear regression was fit to relate the predictors (L.V. of the spectra) to the responses (milk contents quantifications). A cross validation technique was used to calculate the performance of the PLS model by reporting the prediction error (root mean square of the errors of all samples) and the coefficient of determination (R2) between predicted contents and the reference data (reported from chemical analysis). This technique splits the data into calibration and validation sets. The calibration set is used to train the PLS model while the validation set is used for reporting the performance of the model. In the next iteration, the validation and calibration sets were mixed together, another portion of data was taken as the validation set, and finally, model training and validation on the new sets were repeated. The previous procedure was repeated again and again until each sample was represented once in the validation set. Results from the cross validation are shown in Figure 1. This investigation develops a milk analysis model by applying preprocessing methods to the spectra, then using PLS to build a regression model. In the prediction phase, the developed model is used to predict the content of the test sample. The results clearly demonstrated that the spectra of the raw milk samples measured with NeoSpectra spectral sensors provide suitable analytical data to accurately measure the milk contents with an error less than 8% of the full range for any of the components, as opposed to an error of 9% using a commercial benchtop ultrasound-based analysis tool for the same samples set. On the other hand, the absolute error from these investigations is slightly better in predicting protein and lactose percentages compared to numbers reported in research papers using commercially available lab benchtop spectrometers. However, absolute error for predicting fat percentages was not as good due to the small spot size used. NeoSpectra spectral sensors can support larger spot sizes to address such issues. This validates the potential of this technology to enable fast, non-destructive testing in the field and without the need for sample preparation using a low-cost technology that enables a scalable solution for milk qualification.

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Where Did Santa Claus Come From? We all know that Christmas is a time of celebration for Christians, but Father Christmas plays a big part in the majority of our Christmases especially those of children. But where did the legend of Santa come from? There are and have been many names for our favourite Christmas character, Santa Claus, Kris Kringle and Old Saint Nick, naming but a few, but where did it all begin? In this blog we want to go back in time to discover the history behind the big man in red! The legend can be traced back hundreds of years to a monk named St. Nicholas who was born sometime around 280 AD. He was actually born in Patara in Turkey. This monk’s kindness became part of many legends as he used to give away his inherited wealth to the poor and sick, and travelled around the countryside to do so. One of the best known stories of St. Nicholas is that of three poor sisters that were being sold to slavery by their father. St. Nicholas helped by providing them with a dowry to be married. Over many years St. Nicholas’ popularity spread and he was known as a protector of children and sailors. While St. Nicholas was alive, Pope Julius I selected a day for the celebration of the birth of Jesus. He happened to pick December 25th! There had been a long pagan midwinter festival held around this time so the Pope hoped the festival would Christianise it. After a while, December 25th became associated with St. Nicholas’ Feast Day and his connection with Christmas was found. A tradition was found that he used to go and visit houses and children would leave nuts, fruits, sweets and other gifts around their home to welcome him (this is clearly where leaving mince pies and milk for Santa came from!) As the reformation took hold of most of Europe the popularity of St. Nicholas dropped in most protestant countries apart from Holland where he was still known as Sinter Klass. After this tradition came to the United States he was later known as ‘Sancte Claus’. It seems likely the tradition of St. Nicholas became known in America from a wave of Dutch custom after the Revolutionary War. Author Washington Irving, of Legend of Sleepy Hollow, features St. Nicholas in a comic – History of New York City in 1809. John Pintard, Founder of the New York Historical Society took an interest in St Nicholas and an anniversary dinner was held for him in 1810. An artist called Alexander Anderson was commissioned to draw the Saint for the dinner. At this time he was still portrayed as a religious figure but now was clearly seen dropping presents into children’s stockings hung by the fire to dry. The image of Father Christmas was probably put into Americans’ heads the most by a poem called ‘A Visit from St. Nicholas’, written by Clement Moore in 1822. This poem includes some elements of German and Norse legends and he is described as a tiny man with a sleigh which is pulled by eight miniature reindeer! These reindeer fly him to houses where he goes down the chimney to fill stockings with gifts. Moore had originally written this poem for the enjoyment of his own family, but was it was very popular and was later published under the famous title of ‘The Night before Christmas’. Where did the reindeer come from? People living in Northern Scandinavia used reindeer to pull their sledges around. They are much more suited than North American deer as they are better adapted to the winter weather, as they have heavy fur coats and flat hooves ideal for the snow! As time ent by more was added to the Santa Claus legend, such as: - Thomas Nast, a cartoonist at the time imagined him living in the North Pole. - He also gave him a workshop to make his toys, and a big book with all the names of the children who had been naughty and nice. - 19thcentury Santa was depicted wearing different coloured suits, purple, blue, green and red, all of which faded out, now Santa Claus was known as a man in a red suit! Now you know where he came from, welcome Santa into your home this Christmas with some of our fantastic products here at UK Christmas World! Perfect for outdoors, our 38cm Acrylic Santa with LEDs is great for illuminating an area of your home. With its 48 bright LED lights this jolly chap will welcome guests and family to your home this Christmas. And for just £29.99 he is a real bargain! We think this Animated Skiing Santa is ideal for adding some character to your home. Kids especially will love this fun decoration! This Santa decoration has animated arms that move in a skiing motion and has 27 bright LED lights so can be enjoyed in both the day and night time! The whole family will love this fun Animated Surfing Santa who sings and dances! People of all ages will have endless amounts of fun watching this musical decoration this Christmas. Simply pop in his batteries (provided) and watch him go! A quirky item for your home this festive season! These are just a few examples of the fantastic Santa themed decorations we have available to purchase now. To view our whole range of these decorations and more, head over to our UK Christmas World website now.

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“In its simplest form, experiential learning means learning from experience or learning by doing. Experiential education first immerses learners in an experience and then encourages reflection about the experience to develop new skills, new attitudes, or new ways of thinking (Lewis & Williams, 1994, It’s necessary for learners to attach a new piece of information to an old one through the process of reflection and relation. According to me, why experiential learning works is because it is the process of acquiring and experience and not just information. If a student acquires new information that’s unrelated to anything already stored in his brain, it’s hard for the new information to get into those networks because it has no scaffolding to cling to (Opencolleges, 2017). Experiential learning is also built upon a foundation of interdisciplinary and constructivist learning. Experiential methodology doesn’t treat each subject as being walled off in its own room, unconnected to any other subjects. Compartmentalized learning doesn’t reflect the real world, while as the experiential classroom works to create an interdisciplinary learning experience that mimics real world learning (Wurdinger, 2005, p. 24). Schwartz outlines nine characteristics that should be present in order to define experiential learning experiences. One of the nine Engagement in purposeful endeavors: In experiential learning, the learner is the self-teacher, therefore there must be “meaning for the student in the learning.” The learning activities must be personally relevant to the student. Relevant learning is effective learning, and that alone should be enough to get us rethinking our curriculum and lesson plans. As it turns out, the old drill-and-kill method is neurologically useless. Relevant, meaningful activities that both engage students emotionally and connect with what they already know are what help build neural connections and long-term memory storage (Opencolleges, 2017). “Experiential learning is aligned with the constructivist theory of learning” in that the “outcomes of the learning process are varied and often unpredictable” and “learners play a critical role in assessing their own learning” (Wurdinger, 2005, p. 69). How one student chooses to solve a problem will be different from another student, and what one student takes away from an experience will be different from the others. Engagement in purposeful endeavors Let us take this Scenario to depict the third characteristics Schwartz outlines Engagement in purposeful endeavors, How to make any activity purposeful and relevant to a learner so that he sees the meaning attached to his real life? In a lesson plan containing Math sums of addition and subtraction being taught to a 1st grader, the student will be completely disinterested in the beginning. He will see numbers and get confused. Many schools including mine would show them some sticks and do “Takeaways” for Subtraction. In order to turn this knowledge into an experience for the learner and make it real to him, so that he acquires and assimilates this experience, the school can arrange a small class visit to the school canteen. Students can be sent with a small sum of money from home. The teacher first demonstrates how she asks for the price of the food item she wants to buy. How she then looks for how much money she has. How much she hands over at the counter and what change she receives at the end along with her food. Then each learner goes through the experience of relating, identifying, calculating, subtracting, receiving and reflecting. When learners go through this real life process, they not only relate, reflect but assimilate and make the experience as their own and easily grasp concrete concepts. This in itself is the process of learning by experience or learning by doing in accordance to laws of “Experiential Opencolleges. (2017, March 24). How to make learning relevant. Retrieved Gollub, J. P., Bertenthal, M. W., Labov, J. B., & Curtis, P. C. (2002). Learning and understanding: Improving advanced study of mathematics and science in US high schools. Retrieved from https://www.nap.edu/download/10129# The E-Learning is a system based on formulated teaching with the help of the digital resources, widely known as Virtual Learning or Online Education. Gadgets like the Computers, Smart Phones, and Tabs that use Internet are the integral part of E-Learning. The computer so far has been a medium of entertainment to the children. Now, the primary objective of an educational institution is to offer the learners the 21st century skills and knowledge using this medium as aid of instruction. As Mr. J. Krishnamurthy says, “the goal should be making the student to stand on his own in the world, when he becomes the adult.” Today’s world is a challenging environment. We have to go beyond the boundaries of regular curriculum and help our learners to meet these challenges with confidence. Leadership and Skills are the highly valued and sought after qualities in the modern corporate. Today, E-Learning as a mode of education has become inevitable and expansive. Are we in the midst of a revolutionary transformation to our primitive education system? The present pandemic situation has pushed us into finding alternate methods of learning. Is virtual education a solution to the persisting problem of illiteracy and poverty? ·We are witnessing and living in the era of technology and fourth industrial revolution where society and especially children like to use innovative modern gadgets. ·Virtual learning has dual benefit and impact, namely the visual and audio stimulus. Globally, reputed educational institutions have proactively started using E-Learning as part of their ·Children are experts at using computers, tabs and smart phones. So naturally, they feel excited to attend E-Learning sessions, as it is interesting and something new. They like to be included as an adult and be part of the modern technology and earn proficiency in Coding, Robotics and Gaming software. ·Virtual education is a time saver. Children spend a lot of time travelling to school and back. Remote learning not only gives children plenty of time to play and attend other classes, but also allows a child to work on his special talent simultaneously. For example, a child who is a singer or a cricketer who does not have time to attend regular school classes can benefit by remote learning. ·Virtual education is cost effective and affordable. Educational fees can be regulated according to the learner’s financial status. It avoids the need of big school buildings and space. It saves electricity and resources. ·Different tools of learning aids like videos, PowerPoint presentations, websites, e-books, Wikipedia, YouTube, Apps, and Multimedia can be a very effective way to teach which is not present in a regular classroom session. ·Comfort of home as a learning environment makes it safe and a better choice for many. ·Slow-learners can be given individual attention and extra practice. E Learning propagates active learning at a ·In E-Learning, the contents of the lesson will be the most updated information whereas in traditional teaching dependence is upon fixed and obsolete contents in the textbooks, which might need regular ·In E-Learning, the parents can be involved and the school can interact with the parents easily. The fear of punishment is substituted by the fun and enjoyment. Parents can review and access the teacher’s skills & proficiency. ·Since we have ample time to spare, can conduct Life Skill subjects, Personality development & Leadership classes, Special Language Classes, Entrepreneurship and Classes on Values, Morals, Ethics, Manners & Etiquette. ·Access to teachers worldwide is a possibility, which will enable learners from any country to access industry experts. Special guest lectures can be conducted for higher grades. Both students and teachers can have flexibility in dealing with subjects and timing. ·Students become more civilized, matured and develop self-discipline. The attendance may reach near 100% or there may be no need of attendance as the learner will always have access to the learning materials and will easily catch up if sessions are missed. ·Research and collaborative skills are improved. Easy access to international competitions and clubs that are online becomes a reality. ·Rural areas and children who have no access to education can be facilitated to virtually join an online school there by striking illiteracy with the 21st century opportunities. has many merits. Still it is not for all. Many would prefer regular education that offers socializing and a conducive learning environment with peers, teachers and school buildings with classrooms and labs. Yes, we agree that virtual education cannot give live swimming lessons. What virtual education can do is to offer an opportunity to those who does not wish to go to a regular school due to several reasons, may it be affordability or preferring home schooling or lack of time and accessibility. Virtual teaching can be a boon to many teachers who are unemployed due to several reasons from being personal to social or political. The opportunity of working from home should be given to those who want it, so they can contribute economically towards the development of their family and society. Children coming from any background should have access to affordable, high quality education irrespective of their situation. Virtual education can empower women and physically challenged children and adults. It can transform of our education system towards a transformed world. Prof. A. Manoharan ( CEO Auro Mirra Edu Care/ Academic Director & Founder Spell bee International) Shweta Rangan ( Co- Founder S T E A M I E Foundation/ Academic Director The S T E A M I E School) in the largest sense is an act or experience that has a formative effect on the mind, character or physical ability of an individual. In its technical sense, education is the process by which society deliberately passes its accumulated knowledge, skills, from one generation to another. Unfortunately, our present education system provides marginal help in the development of the overall personality of a child. We must remember that, it is the personality, which is more important than academic Our education system in general, promotes a battle of unhealthy competition. Most of the time, learners have to read and mug-up entire textbooks without any understanding of it. In this process learners, do not develop skills that are essential for their development. Our learners become incapable of performing critical analysis, for example in subjects like history, culture and religion, learners take the line of establishment or the views of predominant majority. They are not able to look at things from their own perspective. If we want our society to become far better than what we are now, then we must develop a culture of looking at things critically in order to arrive at a comprehensive understanding. Teachers should be able to cascade their knowledge and experience effectively to the children. In an attempt to develop certain fundamental aspects in student teacher relationship, which would help to enhance the overall learning capacity of the learner, the following principles can be practiced: scolding and punishment practice: It is important not to shout, abuse or physically punish children. Learners generally, are not able to make any connection between their behaviour and punishment. The fear for the punishment controls their behaviour. They dont correct their behaviour by understanding their mistakes. When they think that they are not being watched, the tendency to engage in the behaviour that is restrained, reasserts in them. So instead of punitive approach if we shift to guidance approach it will open the door for working together. It creates trust and invites cooperation. It offers children a chance to understand themselves and others. It gives us an opportunity to be seen as a safe and trusted source of meaningful guidance. We must encourage learners to self-discipline out of interest and inspiration that he gets from the teacher. If interest were promoted in learners, they would like to learn, as they like to eat and play. is the key ingredient: the teacher is selfless, the child will learn to be selfless. The child learns most of his lessons subliminally from the teacher. We must understand our students not only from academic perspectives and cognitive developmental stages, but also from emotional, psychological, cultural and socio economic perspectives. How you teach is more important than what you teach. are watching our every move, every response. They are noticing every slightest change in the tone of our voice and our body language. They can observe and sense whether we are in stress, over worked or overwhelmed, whether we are happy or sad. Therefore, the attitude of the teacher will directly affect the student. If we as educators are compassionate and understanding toward our students, we increase their potential to learn. This is what I call selfless there is one thing we know about kids, it is that they have short attention spans and prefer to postpone things. It is one of the most difficult aspects of becoming a teacher learning how to motivate the students. Students who are not motivated would not learn effectively and cannot retain the information. Also they will not only not participate but also become disruptive and get distracted to external forces. While motivating the children is a difficult task, the results would be a rewarding experience. Motivated students are most excited to learn and participate. Some children are self-motivated with a natural love for learning. Even with the students who do not have the natural drive, a competent teacher can make learning fun and inspire them to reach their maximum teacher’s enormous interest in the subject should be communicated to the learner. The child must be inspired by the teacher to acquire interest.” can we do this? The teachers should inspire the children in the best possible ways. The perfect teacher should be able to make the child feel confident. Educators should have the ability to make each learner special and important. They must know how to encourage and connect with children regardless of their own levels It is seen that this process comes down to hard work rather than inspiration. Teaching is all about the relationship between teacher and pupil more than anything else. The best teachers are always wanting to do and find out more about their own subject, pushing out the boundaries of their learning and teaching. Teachers need to keep learning and growing. They are not to be characterised by their own academic performance but by their thirst for creativity and ability to pass on the benefits of education. inspiring ideas are: ·To get to know the students closely showing interest in their life. ·Encouraging learners to think outside the box. ·Energize classrooms with ·Include small play methods and games into teaching practice. ·Use examples and analogies by way of short stories. ·Be a role model to the learners by practicing ethics, morals and values. ·Make teaching interactive. ·Be ready to go the extra mile ·Be compassionate, understanding the interest is awakened, learning becomes automated. Nothing cannot prevent a child from learning. Interest and inspiration are infectious and they easily spread. It is infectious from the teacher to a student.It is infectious from one student to the the subject matter expert, promote inquiry: subject matter is an essential component of teacher’s knowledge. After all, if teaching entails helping others learn, then understanding what is to be taught is a central requirement. Curious students will come to class asking questions about the subject and the teacher may not know the answer. Being able to ask and answer question is an important part of teaching and learning. Teachers must encourage this spark of curiosity and inquiry in children. Inspiration rises in children by allowing them to interact while teaching. For this, it is necessary that the teachers possess mastery in their subject of teaching and has a mountain of patience. An educator must possess the skill of multi-tasking school can encourage such teachers, enabling them to teach better. The attention of the child towards the teacher is a function of teacher’s devotion to the subject. The mastery of a subject by a teacher creates a conducive atmosphere for learning for a learner. Children will work harder for the teacher they respect. level: Teacher should be more qualified and skilled: Kindergarten and elementary level is definitely not easy. In fact, it an art that requires various skills and creativity. When we teach higher grades, for a struggling learner, we could go back to the basics and build up from there. In kindergarten, we are in the basics and the children are in their most formative years of education. They will mentally respond only to the energy, inspiration, cheerfulness of the teacher and physically to toys, stories and games that may interest them. Therefore, it is not easy to approach them and help them to extend their cooperation and willingness to learn. social skills are in developmental stages and because of changes in attitudes and personality, each day may be different from the next. All this makes it very challenging. There are schools, which have recognized this need. Educators, who have a doctorate in education, handle the elementary classes in such schools. of Kindergarten need enormous patience, understanding and various resourceful techniques to work with young learners. This can be achieved only by culture, education and experience in the field. Expanding personality of the teacher is a gift to learners: A great teacher is sensitive toward learner needs. To excite and inspire a student requires excitement and a passion for the faculty itself. Enthusiasm is contagious. All it takes for a student to get excited about going to class is a teacher who is excited and whose positive energy fills the classroom. Creativity is a key to captivating a student. Showing a student something they have not seen before, even showing them something familiar but in a new way is the surest way to leave an impression that lasts for years. A great teacher is always dedicated to his students, with an unwavering commitment to their education and well being. One of the truest marks of a great teacher is the ability to bring out the best in students. He recognizes the students’ potential and he inspires them to be just that. can become a teacher but it takes a special person to be a great teacher. To inspire the students, the teacher must rise above the crowd and make a lasting is the secret: follow students through each pivotal stage of development. In fact, a teacher is a role model influencing every facet of the student’s growth and developing their innate potentials, in addition to being a motivator, guide and friend. However, moral responsibility for the learners rests primarily on the shoulders of the teachers. Unless teachers follow the disciplines themselves, teaching discipline to the students will not be effective. inspiration in students is to develop a constant passion in them for learning. If they do, they will never cease to grow. The goal of a School is not just education, certainly not money. The greatest goal of the school is to enable the child to emerge as an individual in a free atmosphere where the child can learn fearlessly with an open mind. Education is the powerful instrument to achieve this goal. The first image that comes to my mind thinking of my school days is “Classroom”, “Lectures” and the extremely horrifying experience of attending parent-teacher meetings. The routine classroom scene was, the teacher came, delivered, and left. I cannot generalize this recollection as others might have had a fairly better experience. I for one was a student who always had to catch up on studies and did not have the time to make happy memories with school friends and amazing teachers in it. I had the chance to revisit my school recently, to my astonishment and embarrassment, I had failed to remember a few of my teachers, and only after serious recollection was I able to place them. They had left no lasting impression on me. The only teacher I remembered was my history teacher in grade 5. The whole point of this article is why I remember her and not the others. asked myself, what could I do differently? How can I make a difference in each one of my students? What are the missing component and the secret? After a lot of self-reflection and introspection, it came to me. The answer was “Sincere Love”. Love towards teaching and educating love towards children, and a sincere interest in seeing them emerge as individuals under your care. We teachers cannot replicate parents; we do not have to, but can become the strongest of mentors for their continuous development. continuously researched “latest education techniques that made a real difference” (Reseachgate, 2019) not just for an average child but a below-average child as well. I got an opportunity to work at a school that had its roots in Holistic Education based on “Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Education philosophy” (Ignited 2018). It was here that I learned a very valuable lesson, I will never forget. There are no average students, only incompetent teachers. It was not just a statementbut it was an epiphany, a revelation. In fact, I think that I deserve more credit by allowing myself to cite it under my name year 2014. are many who developed “alternative pedagogical theories” (Researchgate, 2020) in response to the “perceived deficiencies of traditional institutional education” (Igniting Brilliance: Integral Education for the 21st Century, 2010). My practices and beliefs of teaching receive great influence by Sir Aurobindo’s “An education for the future” (The New Leam, 2017) and other models of education that are striving to successfully include and apply holistic, progressive or alternative pedagogies and educational approaches. INTEGRAL EDUCATION INSTRUCTIONAL MODEL: (Ed) 2010) in his Integral Education, states that: The teacher, the students, and the classroom can engage in transformation processes through various practices of awareness, interaction, and organization. It is of utmost importance that the teacher continually engage in his or her own transformation practices, such as meditation and self-reflection, in order to better stabilize post-rational modes of being and knowing “This holistic approach recognizes that the whole is greater than the sum of its parts” (Aristotle). We are missing something significant in our modern reductionist practices. This mechanistic view, which works by breaking things into constituent parts, does not tell the whole story. In essence, the holistic perspective takes into account that life emerges out of individual elements. Let me give an example here, I applied this principle in my classroom. I presented students with an activity where they had to write down all that they could find about “Banana”. The challenge was that they could stop the task only after no new information remained. After exhausting the information they already knew, the students requested for some time to research new information. With every new attempt at research, they came up with newer information. Finally, they marveled at the amount of information present in the world on just one topic and realized that the possibilities were infinite. In this effort, I got them to read a lot more than I could teach. Ken Wilbur is an American writer on transpersonal psychology and his own integral theory, a systematic philosophy that suggests the synthesis of all human knowledge and experience. His Integral Map enables the user to gain a more comprehensive understanding of any issue – including education — and using an Integral approach can help to facilitate greater self-awareness. Applying the integral approach to education, we consider all the following aspects: educational space has four irreducible dimensions that are all equally important and must be included in multiple ways: a subjective experience, objective behavior, intersubjective culture, and inter objective systems. Each of these four dimensions has depth and complexity that develops over time; this development can be facilitated. In particular, Integral teachers need to monitor how they are meeting their students where they are developmentally and not placing them in over their heads. These four levels are associated with the four most prevalent worldviews: traditional, modern, postmodern, and integral. Each of these worldviews has its own preferred behaviors, experiences, culture, and systems. LINES: It is crucial to attend to the multiple developmental lines in teachers as well as students. This involves understanding the complex relationship between the capacity to take multiple perspectives (the cognitive line), to interact in meaningful ways with others (the interpersonal line), and to engage in the world centric ethical action (the moral line). DIFFERENT STATES: Teachers must recognize and work creatively with the many natural and non-ordinary states of embodiment and awareness that they and their students cycle through both in the classroom and in daily life in response to class content and activities. The more that teachers can support students in accessing various gross, subtle, causal, and witnessing states, the more fluid they will be in their own embodied awareness. there are many types of learners and dimensions of learning, an educator needs to work with multiple typologies in order to provide the most responsive and effective educational space. Key typological categories to use include the five senses, gender, personality, and preferred narrative style (i.e., first-, second-, and third-person). At the beginning of this essay, I had mentioned my History teacher. I give her a lot of credit to who I am today. She recognized the emptiness in me and filled the gaps. She gave me a lot of encouragement and reinforcement. She did all this while teaching a class of 40. I always felt she was teaching only me. She was patient, understanding, rewarding, and impartial. While she continued her pace with the rest of the class, she allowed me to work at my own pace. She was never judgmental or complaining. I do not remember hearing a shouting or act of intimidation from her. Her attitude had it all. She never minded if someone did not want to learn. She could still teach them and learn from them. With her, the classroom, time, hot Indian afternoons quite escaped my notice. The parent-teacher meetings were an occasion worth celebrating as she always sent my parents back with a smile. philosophy of Integral Education spoke to me of all the ways that I could be like her. I practiced this with perseverance in my class. In this philosophy, I share her spirit and revolution. It transformed me so much that I do not recognize myself. Today education is my strength and not my “To love to learn is the most precious gift that one can make to a child, to learn always and everywhere”. One cannot know which philosophy is right for any given situation or curriculum, unless he has taken his seat above them. In any case, the finest present one can give to a child would be to teach him to know himself and to master himself. To know oneself means to know the motives of one’s actions and reactions, the why and the how of all that happens in oneself. To master oneself means to do what one has decided to do, to do nothing but that, not to listen to or follow impulses, desires or fancies. (On Education, July 1930). Philosophy of Integral Education Integral education attempts to discover how the many partial truths of educational philosophies and methods inform and complement each other in a coherent way, while acknowledging that the whole truth is still evolving and can never be completely captured. Integral education includes approaches to education from biological, neurological, societal, cultural, psychological, and spiritual fields of study. It involves considering the individual and collective aspects of teachers and students, as well as the interior and exterior modes of experience and reality, termed the four quadrants (see graph below). An integral approach also considers the many developmental lines in a human being —cognitive, emotional, interpersonal, artistic, moral, spiritual, and others. In addition, the Integral framework understands that these lines evolve in stages, or levels, such as pre-conventional, conventional, and post-conventional, and that each human being passes through these levels and cannot skip any one. It also acknowledges the importance for an individual’s development and motivation of states of consciousness. Lastly, integral education considers types, people’s enduring tendencies and inclinations toward, for example, introversion or extraversion; agency or communion; and orderliness Summarized, an integral approach to education is one that works to include all of these different elements (quadrants, lines, levels, types, and states) as fully and as intentionally as possible in the learning and teaching experience (Next Step P1, n.d.). Image Source: Next Step Why Integral Education? An integral approach to education supports the continuing growth of learners and teachers along the entire spiral of development over the full span of life, in other words, from cradle to Cosmos! This education philosophy not only works for the students but also brings a phenomenal transformation in the teachers as well. It is a philosophy of interdependence, mutual growth and change. For me schooling was full of lectures. Rote method of learning and pressure after pressure. The routine classroom scene was, teacher came, delivered and left. When I had the chance to revisit my school recently, to my astonishment and embarrassment, I had failed to remember few of my teachers and after serious recollection was I able to place them. That is the kind of impression; they left no positive imprints nor negative on me. I was blank. So I asked myself, what could I do differently? How can I make a difference in each one of my students? What is the missing component and the secret? After a lot of self-reflection and introspection, it came to me. The answer was sincere Love. Love towards teaching and educating, love towards children and a sincere interest in seeing them emerge as individuals under your care. We teachers cannot replicate parents; we do not have to, but can become the strongest of scaffolds for their continuous development. I attended many interviews and asked many questions. I worked in a few schools and finally got my calling. I got an opportunity to work at a school that had its roots in Holistic Education based on Sri Aurobindo’s Integral Education philosophy. Here we were ready to experiment with just about anything that would work for our students from Glen Doman to Maria Montessori under the broader wing of IE. Role of teachers in Integral Education: 1. Complete self-control not only to the extent of not showing any anger, but remaining absolutely quiet and undisturbed under all circumstances. 2. In the matter of self-confidence, must also have a sense of the relativity of his importance. Above all, must have the knowledge that the teacher himself must always progress if he wants his students to progress, must not remain satisfied either with what he is or with what he knows. 3. Must not have any sense of essential superiority over his students nor preference or attachment whatsoever for one or another. 4. Must know that all are equal spiritually and instead of mere tolerance must have a global comprehension or understanding. 5. “The business of both parent and teacher is to enable and to help the child to educate himself, to develop his own intellectual, moral, aesthetic and practical capacities and to grow freely as an organic being, not to be kneaded and pressured into form like an inert plastic material.” (The Human Cycle, All studies, or in any case the greater part of studies consists in learning about the past, in the hope that it will give you a better understanding of the present. You must take great care to explain to the students that the purpose of everything that happened in the past was to prepare what is taking place now, and that everything that is taking place now is nothing but a preparation for the road towards the future, which is truly the most important thing for which we must prepare. It is by cultivating intuition that one prepares to live for the future. The School:The school should be an opportunity for progress for the teacher as well as for the student. Each one should have the freedom to develop freely. A method is never so well applied as when one has discovered it oneself. Otherwise, it is as boring for the teacher as for the student. (On Education, Feb 1968). The best thing I found in this philosophy was that we are encouraged to think outside the box and revolutionize teaching practices. We are encouraged not to try to follow what is done in the universities outside. We are discouraged from pumping into the students more and more data and information. Let us not give them so much work that they may not get time for anything else. You are not in a great hurry to catch a train. Let the students understand what they learn. Let them assimilate it. Finishing the course should not be our goal. We should make the curriculum in such a way that the students might get time to attend the subjects they want to learn. They should have sufficient time for their physical exercises. We do not want them to be very good students, yet pale, thin, anemic. If this way they will not have sufficient time for their studies, that can be made up by expanding the course over a longer period. Instead of finishing a course in four years, you can take six years. Rather it would be better for them; they will be able to assimilate more of the atmosphere here and their progress will not be just in one direction at the cost of everything else. It will be an all-round progress in all directions. I agree that it is a complete rat race out there, but are we really looking at the quality of graduates than the quantity of toppers? It is time to rethink our objectives and goals for the future (On Education, Feb 1968). In many educational institutions across the globe, gender inequality is an underlying issue. Girls have been discriminated against in terms of various aspects as compared to their male counterparts. The primary aspect, in terms of gender inequality, which has been experienced as a recurring issue, is in participation. The students are required to participate in number of areas in educational institutions according to the prescribed curriculum. It has been observed especially in India that girls were provided with less participation opportunities as compared to their male counterparts and hence, it led to prevalence of gender inequality. In rural communities, this problem has been more severe as compared to urban communities. inequality in education is regarded as the major impediment within the course of overall progression of the system of education. Therefore, it is vital to formulate measures and programs that are focused upon making provision of equal rights and opportunities to girls, not only within the course of acquisition of education, but also in the implementation of other job duties. The parents at home and teachers in school need to provide equal participation opportunities to girls. The main areas that have been taken into account are, factors causing gender inequality in education, factors influencing educational attainment, and programs promoting women’s education.(Researchgate, 2019) Feminist theory aims to understand the mechanisms and roots of gender inequality in education, as well as their societal repercussions. Like many other institutions of society, educational systems are characterized by unequal treatment and opportunity for women. Almost two-thirds of the world’s 862 million illiterate people are women, and the illiteracy rate among women is expected to increase in many regions, especially in several African and Asian countries (UNESCO 2005; World Gender Inequality in education is a persistent problem within the Indian society, especially for the girls, belonging to economically weaker sections of the society. In rural communities, there has been prevalence of the viewpoint among individuals that girls are meant to carry out the household chores and school education is not meant for them. They eventually get married and in their marital homes, they would not have any opportunities to make use of their educational skills, but carry out the household responsibilities. However, these perspectives are changing and girls too are encouraged to get an education. (Researchgate, 2019) My college life offered many unforgettable experiences. My closest friend was the college topper. She had great aspirations and dreams. The moment she graduated, she was married off to a businessperson. When I raised my objections in her favor, she calmly indicated that she was very much grateful to her parents for allowing her to at least graduate. Her situation was in fact far superior to her cousins who were married off the moment they turned 18 and some before that. Today, the same girl is a woman, whose major role is to cook three meals a day, take care of her large family and follow traditions. She hardly has time for her own parents and friends. When I enquired after her wellbeing, she replied, “All I do is make 50 rotis a day and cook dal. Cleaning, dusting and furniture arrangement is where I experience some creativity, I am exhausted”. My philosophy of Integral education is formed with the subtle purpose of uplifting the humanity by holistic education and considers “Gender inequality” as a detrimental issue. Being from India, where most social evils are directed towards women, I find “Feminist Theory” aligning with my philosophy of education. If women are constantly deprived of education, how can education become Holistic? Another friend whose family was impoverished had to give up her education in order for her brothers to receive it in her stead. She was a better student but none of the brothers showed sympathy towards her condition My own mother was a victim of this gender bias. She and her sister were far more qualified to study in English medium but my grandfather decided to place only his sons in such a school due to the fees being higher. His decision was an influence of the social conditioning where girls have to be married as soon as possible. My father was a liberal man and offered assistance and support at length to her education and helped her to graduate. My mother opted for English as the medium of instruction in college but the damage had been done by the lack of English language in school life. It was a struggle for her to have to suddenly migrate from mother tongue to an English medium of instruction. My mother and her sister have shown exceptional progress in their education than her brothers and trained themselves vigorously, and graduated. If my grandfather would have recognized this potential, their progress could have been phenomenal but he only dismissed them as girls who are fit to be married off and raise a family. There are many other parts of a school life where the whole curriculum is ignorantly designed to perpetuate Gender bias. For instance, the school curriculum might have a field trip in peak summer. The boys would happily wear shorts but the girls will be heavily clothed as per Indian norms of school uniform. Many girls would consciously miss the field trip. UNESCO’s educational aims are to: the achievement of Education for All (EFA); global and regional leadership in education; education systems worldwide from early childhood to the adult years; and to contemporary global challenges through education.(UNESCO education strategy 2014-2021) an advocate of Holistic education, I find myself observing the disparity between the reality of education in India and the global purpose of education. Progress and development is happening no doubt but it is at a snail’s pace not equal to the transitioning times. We need 21st century skills and reforms to fight the social evils that have seeped in our classrooms and corridors. As teachers, educators, counselors and administrators, I implore you all to join hands, fight for all the women out there and contribute in your own way to end this gender bias. Let there be no more of degrading incidents, experience and loss of opportunity for us and for our sisters.

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Consider Lamarck’s model of evolution. And Darwin’s evolution. How do these models differ? Concepts of evolution during Darwin’s time were not new. You’ve learned that people generally accepted the idea of it. What was the accepted concept of evolution? Consider Lamarck’s model of evolution. And Darwin’s evolution. How do these models differ? Include in your first post why Darwin had to come up with another concept that would answer the question of time, that is the short vs. long earth history. Discuss the key differences between the two types of evolution. Be sure to demonstrate you read the articles and other reading assignments by using specific information, though only two quotes per post. This is not an opinion discussion. If you want to see the articles for the class, go to canvas, use my username: for assigned writer and password: to log in, click on courses and anth 1, click on modules, and under week 1 you will see the article and lecture.

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The Executive Branch http://constitutioncenter.org/constitution/the-articles/article-ii-the-executive-branch This link explains the second article of the constitution. This article explains how the president is selected through the electoral college. The electoral college is a group of people elected by the states equal to the combined number of representatives and senators in congress. The president is elected by these members, however he needs 270 of the votes in order to become a president. Otherwise, the house of representatives select who the president will be. This is called indirect democracy. We do not choose our president directly The president and vice-president are elected at the same time and serve a 4 year term, for a maximum of two terms. In order to become eligible candidates must be natural born of the US, have lived in the US for fourteen years and be at least 35 years old. The president salary is set by Congress and cannot be modified during the term. Before assuming office the president must swear: "I do solemnly swear (or affirm) that I will faithfully execute the Office of President of the United States, and will to the best of my Ability, preserve, protect and defend the Constitution of the United States." Among the presidential powers, the president is commander in chief of the armed forces, he negotiates treaties and nominates justices of the supreme court. At the same time he runs executive agencies and has the power to pardon any person. Regarding signing laws and treaties, it is necessary to have a super majority agreement, that is at least two thirds of the congress must agree with the new law. This concept relates to check and balances. The president also has implied powers, that is, he can perform actions that are not stated in the constitution but that still can be legally performed. If the president has committed high crimes and misdemeanors, he can be impeached and judged by Congress. In Congress he would need a super majority of two thirds in order to be removed from office. In the past only three presidents have been impeached: Andrew Johnson, Richard Nixon and Bill Clinton. Impeachment of Andrew Johnson

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When UK came out of winter 2021, soils were blessed with plenty of precipitation. This was more fortunate than anybody anticipated at the time but in the end, it prevented 2022 from surpassing the historical disastrous drought year of 1976 only by inches. What happened and what did we learn? The hot and dry weather that stroke Europe this summer affected crop production in most other countries. Perhaps, forage production in UK and Ireland were more fiercely stroke than others because these islands are so used to frequent showers that very few are equipped with irrigation systems for pastures. In consequence, several cuts missed out completely leaving farmers with no other choice but to start feeding from their winter rations. Read more about what lessons the drought taught us in the European Seeds' Insiders article

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How do you start an argumentative article? How To Outline an Argumentative Essay in 4 StepsIntroductory paragraph. The first paragraph of your essay should outline the topic, provide background information necessary to understand your argument, outline the evidence you will present and states your thesis.The thesis statement. Body paragraphs. Conclusion. What is an example of a controversial issue? At some point, you may also have to write about something controversial, such as capital punishment, abortion, or gun control. Exploring topics like these can challenge your worldview, personal ethics, and emotional instincts and make you a more clear-headed thinker. Should animals be used in experiments testing essay? Although humans often benefit from successful animal research, the pain, the suffering, and the deaths of animals are not worth the possible human benefits. Therefore, animals should not be used in research or to test the safety of products. First, animals’ rights are violated when they are used in research.

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APPENDIX A: VOICE LEADING OVERVIEW The Chromatic Auxiliary Note and the Chromatic Auxiliary Chord In the strict counterpoint of the 16th century auxiliary notes were usually diatonic, moving a tone or semitone away from a consonant note and returning to the same note. Occasionally B and E's were flattened, effectively forming chromatic auxiliary notes, even in that period. However, in tonal music the scope for the use of chromatic auxiliary notes was much greater; they could be used on any note. The example below shows a chromatic auxiliary note in one part: This temporarily creates an augmented 5th chord (Ab, C, E) but this immediately returns to the C chord. Just as diatonic auxiliary notes can be combined in more than one part, chromatic auxiliary notes can be combined. If we also add a chromatic auxiliary note to the top voice and a diatonic (semitone) auxiliary note to the bass then we get the following: This produces a complete triadic chord - Db (in first inversion). This is usually referred to as the Neapolitan chord. However, this is not a root movement as it arises totally out of voice leading. The Db chord serves only to decorate or prolong the underlying C major harmony. This chord movement usually occurs in first inversion to avoid the parallel 5ths that would otherwise arise. As this combination produces a full triadic chord, this can be described as a Chromatic Auxiliary Chord. Chromatic auxiliary notes may also descend a semitone. See Book Chapter 3 Part 2 for more details on auxiliary notes and auxiliary chords. Next Topic: Chromatic Linear Progressions

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For a long time, Africa’s healthcare systems have faced significant challenges. According to a 2019 study published in the International Journal of General Medicine, inadequate human resources, insufficient budgetary allocation to health, and inefficient management are some of the major challenges facing healthcare service providers on the continent. Last-mile access, disruptions in medical equipment and drug supply chains, and even information storage, sharing, and access are the other challenges that countries face. This is despite the fact that the disease burden of both infectious and chronic illnesses is significantly increasing. Africa bears 25% of the world’s disease burden, according to the World Health Organization. It is especially concerning given that the Africa Development Bank (AfDB) predicts the continent’s population will reach 2.4 billion by 2050, putting an increasing strain on existing healthcare systems as the continent’s population grows. Technology has the potential to transform healthcare delivery due to its ability to disrupt industries for the better. Real-world solutions are already being implemented across the continent to improve the quality and accessibility of healthcare services by leveraging existing technology platforms. The areas in which technology can have an impact are nearly limitless. Health informatics, remote patient monitoring, AI diagnostic tools, cloud storage, big data analysis, telemedicine, medical robots, and a plethora of other important subjects are all on the table for investigation in the health tech space. To begin with, a low-tech example, consider the power of Electronic Health Records (EHR) systems. Accessing patient histories, previous complaints, treatment regimens, and even comments from previous doctors are quick and easy by simply putting all patient records in a repository and connecting all of a hospital’s computers to it. When connected to the cloud, EHR systems can now provide physicians with access to information regardless of location. Sharing information is critical not only for individual patients, but also for healthcare systems to monitor disease trajectories and, as a result, plan prevention and control measures for large segments of the population. When combined with big data capabilities, the information can be used to forecast outbreaks and assist countries, continents, and even the entire world in planning effective responses. The Covid-19 pandemic is an excellent example of the power that data sharing can have when properly implemented. Countries used the information available to them to inform their response policy, doctors used it to make treatment decisions, and pharmaceutical companies used it to design vaccines. The data had discrete applications, but when combined, it was critical to flattening the Covid curve. We are already seeing the effective implementation of innovative solutions to some of the continent’s most pressing healthcare challenges. In Kenya, for example, the use of telemedicine is rapidly expanding to assist physicians in reaching patients who are unable to travel or live far from healthcare facilities. In Rwanda, where 83% of the population lives in rural areas, a startup is using autonomous drones to deliver blood to rural hospitals and health centers, cutting delivery times from two hours to 41 minutes on average. Our mission at Microsoft is to empower every person and every organization on the planet to achieve more. When applied to Africa, it means developing indigenous solutions to our problems. The Africa Development Center is making a concerted effort to assist young Africans in becoming the driving force behind developing African solutions to African problems. As an example, this year, as part of our annual Game of Learners competition, we are challenging participants to delve into the healthcare sector, identify a unique challenge, and design a tech-based solution to it. Through the competition, we will be able to not only obtain what we hope will be a creative solution to one of our long-standing healthcare challenges but also assist them in learning more about technology and how to use it for good. There are numerous opportunities for tech developers to positively impact millions of people on the African continent and beyond. All it takes is the desire to imagine a better world, the determination to join those working to make it better, and the willingness to learn how. Ruth Ferlands is the Regional Head of Student & Community Engagements at Microsoft Africa Development Centre.

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23 text with tables & figures refining ama style for college research papers presents two issues: (1) the difference between copy manuscripts. To prepare effective tables and figures in a scientific paper, authors must first know when and how to use them article provides tips on preparing effective tables. Using copyrighted content scholarly or research use favors fair use and wiley that allow mit authors to reuse figures without asking permission. If it's to be published on paper, then use a font with serifs if it's to be published on the web and read on old computer screens, then use san-serif. Use a table or figure only if it helps you convey the meaning more effective use of tables & figures in abstracts, presentations & papers. How to use figures and tables effectively to present your research findings helping you get published using tables and figures in an academic research paper. You already know that tables and figures are of great importance for any research paper any paper would look more professional if you use a diagram, a graph, a table. View notes - tables and figures from ems 103 at andhra university using tables and figures in an academic research paper comm 600 dr nancy hoagland purpose of this. How to research a paper while you’re researching the facts, don’t forget the figures find some useful statistics to aid your research. Students need to write and submit research papers on a very regular basis and most of these contain facts, figures and statistics now, you have 2 choices - you could. Tables and figures are essential components of a research paper even before you begin preparing tables and figures for your research manuscript, it is essential for. Biology 601 fall 2006 easton/wadsworth [email protected] [email protected] in order to effectively read research papers, one must be able to. How to format a research paper using either mla or apa guidelines figures captions appear on the last numbered page of the paper in this case the label figure 1. Sample apa research paper sample title page research on the effects of food deprivation the paper all figures and illustrations (other than. If you tables, figures, schemes, and other non-text items in your appendix (or appendices), then you must create a list of appendix tables, figures, schemes, etc. Using figures in mla format 1 insert figures (photographs, charts, diagrams, and so on) not reading your paper can understand the figure 6.

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National Unity Day: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s Birth Anniversary Unites India National Unity Day: Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel played an important role in the unification of India after it got independence in 1947. On Monday, October 31, India commemorates National Unity Day, also known as Rashtriya Ekta Diwas, to mark the birth anniversary of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s birth. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel was a key figure in the unification of India. The holiday has been declared since 31 October 2014. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, a.k.a. The Iron Man of India, will celebrate his 147th birthday this year. Purpose of National Unity Day The primary goals of the festival are to strengthen national cohesion and raise knowledge of Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s significance in Indian history. He was crucial in getting many kingdom states to unite with the Indian Union. History of National Unity Day The day was initially observed in 2014. The highest statue in the world, the “Statue of Unity,” honoring Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel, was unveiled in 2018 by Prime Minister Narendra Modi. It is situated in Kevadia along the Narmada River. Significance of National Unity Day In order to maintain our nation’s unity, integrity, and security, the Rashtriya Ekta Diwas presents an opportunity to recognize the innate strength and resiliency of our people. Both public and private institutions, including schools, colleges, and other educational settings, celebrate the day with remarkable enthusiasm. Who Was Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel? Sardar Patel was significant in getting many princely states to align with India’s union. Patel was appointed Home Minister and first Deputy Prime Minister upon the declaration of independence. Patel, who was born in Nadiad, Gujarat, on October 31, 1875, received the “Bharat Ratna” highest honor in 1991. Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel’s statue is located in the state of Gujarat, India. His statue is known as ‘Statue of Unity’ which is the world’s tallest statue, with a height of 597 feet (182 meters).

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Math in the 18th century was characterized by advancements in calculus, analytical geometry, and the development of new mathematical methods and theories. Mathematicians such as Euler, Lagrange, and Gauss made significant contributions during this time period. Let us take a deeper look now Math in the 18th century was a time of great progress and discovery, characterized by advancements in calculus, analytical geometry, and the development of new mathematical methods and theories. Mathematicians such as Euler, Lagrange, and Gauss made significant contributions during this time period. One interesting fact about 18th century math is that many of the discoveries made during this time are still relevant today. For example, Euler’s formula, e^(i*pi) + 1 = 0, is still widely used in fields such as engineering and physics. Another notable aspect of 18th century math is the competition and collaboration between mathematicians of the time. As stated by Professor David Rowe, “At times, mathematicians competed fiercely, accusing each other of plagiarism or spy work. At other times, they collaborated, exchanging ideas and research materials across national borders.” Here is a table summarizing some of the major discoveries and advancements in math during the 18th century: |Leonhard Euler||Developed the theory of numbers, introduced many notations used in math today, including pi, e, and the sigma notation| |Joseph-Louis Lagrange||Revolutionized calculus and mechanics with his mathematical methods, introduced the Lagrangian function| |Carl Friedrich Gauss||Made significant contributions to number theory, geometry, and probability| |Pierre-Simon Laplace||Developed Laplace’s equation and the Laplace transform, major contributions to the theory of probability| |Johann Heinrich Lambert||Made important contributions to geometry and mathematical notation| |Thomas Bayes||Developed Bayes’ theorem, a foundational concept in probability and statistics| As stated by the Mathematical Association of America, “The 18th century saw the emergence of modern mathematics, driven by the achievements of the giants of the time, such as Euler and Gauss, and the advances in algebra, geometry, and analysis.” It was a time of great progress and discovery, with many of the concepts developed during this time still being used today. In this video, you may find the answer to “What was math like in the 18th century?” The 18th century saw significant growth and progress in mathematics, driven by the establishment of calculus. The advancements in science and mathematics fueled the Scientific Revolution and Age of Enlightenment, influencing all areas of intellectual thought, including the founding of modern democracy. The development and expansion of calculus played a prominent role, leading to the creation of entire fields of modern mathematics that are still active areas of research today, along with probability theory, number theory, and geometry. Three mathematical giants lived and worked during this time, including Sir Isaac Newton and Leonard Euler, who is considered one of the greatest mathematicians of all time. The child prodigy Carl Gauss, born in 1777, became one of the greatest mathematicians of all time by the end of the century. Check out the other answers I found Eighteenth-century mathematics emphasized a practical, engineering-like analysis of the material parts of physical systems. In Newtonian kinematics, for example, objects were often idealized as to shape, reduced to point masses, or treated only with regard to the motion of their center of mass. One can easily name one main intrinsic reason: invention of Calculus in the very end of the previous century, and “invention of mathematical physics” by Newton. It happened in the very beginning of 18-s century that sufficiently many people suddenly realized that mathematics can effectively explain the world. But of course, there were also outside reasons, like development of industry and capitalism. That is people were interested in the explanation of the world. By “invention of physics” I mean rigorous formulation of principal laws of mechanics and explanation of Kepler laws, explanation of tides, explanation of the shape of the Earth. All this was shortly confirmed by measurements, and these discoveries made an enormous impression. For the first time it was evident to many people that mathematics can really explain the world. On the other hand, the external reasons were also important: people ( also kings and governments) were really INTERESTED in these questions, they payed for … More intriguing questions on the topic Also asked, What was math like in the 1800s? The answer is: Advances in analytic geometry, differential geometry, and algebra all played important roles in the development of mathematics in the eighteenth century. It was calculus, however, which commanded most of the attention of eighteenth-century mathematicians. Who was the greatest mathematics of the 18th century? Leonhard Euler Leonhard Euler (1707-1783) was arguably the greatest mathematician of the eighteenth century (His closest competitor for that title is Lagrange) and one of the most prolific of all time; his publication list of 886 papers and books may be exceeded only by Paul Erdös. Euler’s complete works fill about 90 volumes. What was the number theory in the 18th century? In reply to that: 18th century 1742 — Christian Goldbach conjectures that every even number greater than two can be expressed as the sum of two primes, now known as Goldbach’s conjecture. 1770 — Joseph Louis Lagrange proves the four-square theorem, that every positive integer is the sum of four squares of integers. People also ask, Was algebra taught in the 1800s? Response to this: ‘ In the second half of the 1800’s, the typical college curriculum in mathematics was: freshman year –algebra and geometry; sophomore year –more algebra and trigonometry. Technically oriented students continued with a junior year of analytic geometry; possibly calculus started then or else in the senior year. Additionally, What is the significance of the 18th century in mathematics? The reply will be: The eighteenth century was a time of great progress in the field of mathematics. Included in this progress were advances in ways of teaching mathematics, including a number of textbooks at all levels of complexity by some of the world’s greatest mathematicians. In this manner, What were the major developments in mathematics in the twentieth century? Response will be: One of these problems, the four-color problem, introduced computers into mathematical proofs. Another, the proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, solved the most famous problem in modern mathematics. Each of these developments in mathematics in the twentieth century found their roots in the mathematics of the nineteenth century. Also question is, What was the importance of calculus in the eighteenth century? Answer: During the eighteenth century mathematicians and physicists embraced mathematics in general, and the calculus in particular, as an increasing powerful set of analytic techniques useful in the description of the physical world. Advancements in mathematical methods fueled increasingly detailed descriptions and investigations of the physical world. How did mathematics evolve during the XII dynasty? The reply will be: This period was also one of intense activity and innovation in mathematics. Advances in numerical calculation, the development of symbolic algebra and analytic geometry, and the invention of the differential and integral calculus resulted in a major expansion of the subject areas of mathematics. Keeping this in consideration, What is the significance of the 18th century in mathematics? Answer will be: The eighteenth century was a time of great progress in the field of mathematics. Included in this progress were advances in ways of teaching mathematics, including a number of textbooks at all levels of complexity by some of the world’s greatest mathematicians. Additionally, How did mathematics develop in the Middle Ages? Many Greek and Arabic texts on mathematics were translated into Latin from the 12th century onward, leading to further development of mathematics in Medieval Europe. From ancient times through the Middle Ages, periods of mathematical discovery were often followed by centuries of stagnation. In this manner, What were the major developments in mathematics in the twentieth century? One of these problems, the four-color problem, introduced computers into mathematical proofs. Another, the proof of Fermat’s Last Theorem, solved the most famous problem in modern mathematics. Each of these developments in mathematics in the twentieth century found their roots in the mathematics of the nineteenth century. Also question is, How did the Romans use mathematics? As a response to this: Aside from managing trade and taxes, the Romans also regularly applied mathematics to solve problems in engineering, including the erection of architecture such as bridges, road-building, and preparation for military campaigns.

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An analysis of 35 headwater basins in the United States and Canada found that the impact of warmer air temperatures on streamflow rates was less than expected in many locations, suggesting that some ecosystems may be resilient to certain aspects of climate change. - Impact of warming climate doesn't always translate to streamflowFri, 6 Apr 2012, 16:35:12 EDT - Climate balancing: Sea-level rise vs. surface temperature change ratesWed, 18 Jan 2012, 15:34:47 EST - Climate modelers see possible warmer, wetter Northeast winters by 2070Wed, 12 Dec 2012, 12:06:44 EST - Stream temperatures don't parallel warming climate trendWed, 2 May 2012, 15:34:41 EDT - Warmer soils release additional CO2 into atmosphere; Effect stabilizes over longer term Sun, 20 Jan 2013, 16:32:52 EST

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