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Tithonium chasma It is a big valley. It is an astonishing 810 kilometers (503 miles) in length, which is a large part of it JM Marineris The largest canyon system we know of in the entire solar system.
The image shows about a kilometer (0.6 miles) of Mars terrain with rolling hills and valleys, but as you can see in the other images, when you start to zoom out, that’s just a small fraction of a huge whole.
But how did you get there? Grand Canyon on Earth – It is five times less and ten times shorter From Valles Marineris – Carved by the Colorado River.
But scientists aren’t sure what would have formed the 8 to 10 km (5 to 6.2 mi) deep valley in Valles Marineris and Thunium Chasma, so they were taking pictures to try to figure it out.
We know that the tilt of the axis of Mars (called deviationNot as stable as Earth, ranging widely from more than 60 ° to less than 10 ° in the ancient past.
“It is possible, although not proven, that the higher eccentricity caused a partial melt of some of the water ice on Mars,” HiRISE spokesperson Edwin Kite Books back in 2014.
„Our best chance to understand this is to find piles of ice, dust, silt, or sand that have accumulated over many cycles of tilted change.”
The Tithonium Chasma image above shows these results. Layers of sediment – those Dark and light lines Run diagonally down the center of the image – relatively uniform, possibly showing gradual sediment buildup over many long cycles of this axial tilt change.
Even seven years after this photo was taken, we still aren’t sure why Valles Marineris was created. Some researchers doubt A large tectonic „crack” could split the surface of Mars, only to be reinforced later by a lava flow, or possibly water if the planet’s axial tilt is exactly right.
But really, although these images are scientifically interesting to astronomers, they are also fascinating.
The astonishing scale of these other peaks and bottoms, taken by a spacecraft 264 kilometers (163.8 miles) from the planet’s surface, cannot really be underestimated.
You can see more photos of Valles Marineris here.
„Creator. Amator de cafea. Iubitor de internet. Organizator. Geek de cultură pop. Fan de televiziune. Mândru foodaholic.” | <urn:uuid:25b5641b-c07c-46bd-b52d-a36cdab666bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.fotografa.ro/this-breathtaking-close-up-image-of-the-grand-canyon-gives-us-goosebumps/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.927603 | 549 | 3.359375 | 3 |
ABOARD THE ALLANKAY off Antarctica (AP) — The Antarctic Endeavour glides across the water’s silky surface as dozens of fin whales spray rainbows from their blowholes into a fairy tale icescape of massive glaciers.
But as a patrol of environmentalists approaches the Chilean super trawler in an inflatable boat, the cruder realities of modern industrial fishing come into view.
From one of the ship’s drain holes, a steaming pink sludge cascades into the frigid waters of the Southern Ocean. It’s the foul-smelling runoff from processing the 80-meter (260-foot) factory ship’s valuable catch: Antarctic krill, a paper-clip-sized crustacean central to the region’s food web and, scientists say, an important buffer to global warming.
“What’s coming out of the side are the remnants of the ecosystem,” says Alistair Allan, an activist for Australia’s Bob Brown Foundation, as he looks on from the inflatable boat. “If this was off the coast of Alaska, it would be a national park. But since it’s down here at the bottom of the world, where no one is watching, you have ships almost running into whales feeding on the same things they’re fishing.”
While krill fishing is banned in U.S. waters due to concerns it could impact whales, seals and other animals that feed on the shrimp-like creatures, it’s been taking place for decades in Antarctica, where krill are most abundant. It started in the 1960s, when the Soviet Union launched an industrial fleet of trawlers in search of an untapped protein source that could be canned like sardines.
Surging demand for nutrient-rich krill — for feeding farm-raised fish, omega-3 pills, pet food and protein shakes — combined with advances in fishing and the still unknown impact from climate change has some scientists warning the fishery is at a critical juncture and in urgent need of stricter controls. But any further action is mired in geopolitical wrangling as Russia and China look to quickly expand the catch.
Two Associated Press journalists spent more than two weeks at sea in March, at the tail end of the Southern Hemisphere’s summer, aboard the Dutch-flagged Allankay, operated by the conservation group Sea Shepherd Global, to take a rare, up-close look at the world’s southernmost fishery.
It’s a harvest that by its very nature operates at the extremes — hundreds of miles from any port.
This story was supported by funding from the Walton Family Foundation. The AP is solely responsible for all content.
Starting every December, around 10 to 12 mostly Norwegian and Chinese vessels brave the rough seas whipping across the tip of South America to descend upon the South Orkney Islands, a desolate chain of rocky outcrops. From there, as temperatures warm, the fleet follows the massive swarms of krill toward the South Pole, fishing at the foundation of the fragile ecosystem’s food web.
Under a conservation agreement developed almost two decades ago, the krill catch has soared: from 104,728 metric tons in 2007 to 415,508 metric tons in 2022, as larger, more sophisticated vessels have joined the chase. Those levels were below internationally agreed conservation limits.
A U.S.-led coalition has been calling for more restrictions and marine reserves as krill’s vital role as food for other species and in removing large amounts of greenhouse gases from the atmosphere comes into focus. But it has met stiff opposition from China and Russia, which have made no secret of their geopolitical ambitions in the white continent.
Direct competition with marine mammals seems inevitable — a reality dramatically underscored when four juvenile humpback whales were entangled by a Norwegian krill boat in 2021 and 2022.
While the end of commercial whaling has allowed populations to rebound, a new study by the University of California, Santa Cruz found that pregnancy rates among humpback whales in Antarctica have been falling sharply — possibly due to a lack of krill, their main prey. Chinstrap penguins and fur seals face similar stresses.
THE BOUNTY BELOW
Jars of krill line the windowsills in Deborah Steinberg’s lab, their pink hue faded but their shells intact. Collected on a U.S. icebreaker, they fuel her research at the Virginia Institute of Marine Science. On a recent visit, a technician unscrews one of the jars, empties the formaldehyde and rinses the krill under running water, a dozen fitting in the palm of his hand.
Tiny but bountiful, Antarctic krill make up one of the planet’s largest biomasses, nourishing everything from fish to marine mammals and seabirds.
“All those iconic images we associate with Antarctica of whales, seals and penguins — it’s a megafauna hotspot, and it’s because of krill,” Steinberg said.
Lesser known is krill’s important role fighting climate change.
Every year, krill remove as much as 23 megatons of carbon dioxide from the atmosphere, according to new research published by the World Wildlife Fund. That’s the equivalent of taking off the road 5 million cars every year.
The carbon cleansing starts with phytoplankton that absorb greenhouse gases burned by humans, says Emma Cavan, a biologist at Imperial College London who co-authored the report. Krill feed on the microscopic plants and then transport fertilizing nutrients to the ocean floor in the form of waste and their molting shells.
“Antarctic krill are worth more to nature and people left in the ocean than removed or lost through sea ice disappearance,” said Cavan, who recently submitted her estimates for peer review.
Krill aren’t just a bulwark against climate change — they’re victims, too.
At Steinberg’s lab, researchers are examining how warming oceans — Antarctic krill need water colder than 4 degrees Celsius (39 Fahrenheit) to survive — are altering krill’s life cycle. It’s a task made more urgent by a record loss in sea ice this year.
Already, in the northernmost stretches of Antarctica where fishing activity is concentrated, populations have declined as krill migrate toward cooler waters closer to the South Pole, according to Steinberg. Other scientists say further research is required, questioning whether there’s evidence for a shift poleward and, if there is one, the cause of it.
“There are surprises all the time,” Steinberg said. “And the fact that we are still learning about the effects of ocean warming on the population means we need to be very, very cautious.”
Much of the fight over krill is taking place thousands of miles away from the fishing grounds, in a former 19th century boarding school on the Australian island of Tasmania. It’s there, in the headquarters of the Commission for the Conservation of Antarctic Marine Living Resources, or CCAMLR, that delegates from 27 member states are gathering this month to continue negotiations over a long overdue refresh of the krill management plan.
The organization, established by treaty in 1982, has emerged as a model for science-based cooperation on the high seas — lawless waters that comprise nearly half the planet.
But even some of the group’s boosters say it has failed to take into account the effects of climate change.
“CCAMLR’s mandate is conservation — it’s right there in the name,” said Claire Christian, executive director of the Antarctic and Southern Ocean Coalition, a Washington-based group that represents environmental organizations at CCAMLR proceedings. “It’s not to enable fishing.”
One reason for the stalling is geopolitical wrangling. At the organization’s last annual meeting, Russia and China blocked a proposal by the U.S. that would restrict potentially dangerous unloading of krill at sea to cargo vessels. Moscow and Beijing are also pushing to expand fishing more quickly and in June teamed up to sink a proposal for a Texas-sized reserve along the Antarctic Peninsula, an area teeming with wildlife and tourists.
The quarreling threatens to undermine conservation goals because all decisions must be unanimous. Currently, less than 5% of the Southern Ocean is protected — well behind CCAMLR’s target and not nearly enough to meet a United Nations goal to preserve 30% of the world’s oceans by 2030.
But with quotas likely to increase under any new management system some see a silver lining in the deadlock.
“The irony is that if certain members aren’t agreeing to the new framework, the catch limit won’t change,” said Dirk Welsford, an Australian government researcher who chairs CCAMLR’s scientific committee. “It would require a nation to go rogue.”
CRUDE TO KRILL OIL
The Antarctic Provider lords over the loading dock at the port of Montevideo, Uruguay, dwarfing semi-trucks and forklifts that race around the 168-meter (550-foot) cargo ship that gathers krill from vessels at sea. A crane springs from the ship’s hold dangling a dozen white sacks, each containing half a metric ton of Antarctic krill — now labeled “Product of Norway.”
This is the first stop on krill’s journey from remote wilderness to international commodity. From this South American hub, shipments of whole dried krill spread across the globe — to feed processors and salmon farms in Europe, Canada and Australia, pet food manufacturers in China and a former ice cream factory in Houston which produces 80% of the world’s krill oil.
Dominating that supply chain is Aker BioMarine, a Norwegian company responsible for about 70% of the global krill catch by volume. It’s also driving innovation, having recently introduced continuous fishing with long, cylindrical nets attached to vacuums that have the capacity to suck up 1,200 metric tons of krill per day, although the company says its most advanced ship currently averages about 500 metric tons per day – the equivalent daily diet for about 150 humpback whales.
The company touts its environmental stewardship. Among other initiatives, it funds marine research, supports the creation of marine reserves and says it has reduced its carbon emissions by 50% in the last decade. It also boasts the industry’s top eco-label for sustainability.
But when it comes to fishing in Antarctica, emotions run high.
“Some people believe we shouldn’t fish at all, we should all be vegetarians, we shouldn’t be in Antarctica,” CEO Matts Johansen said in an interview near Oslo, Norway, arguing that krill is a sustainable source of protein for a growing global population. “There is no single solution.”
Johansen said fears of an explosion in fishing are misplaced as the industry isn’t even catching all that’s allowed. He sees consolidation, not growth, in the industry because of the huge investments required.
“If you look at our numbers over the last 15 years, it’s not very good advertising,” Johansen said, noting that his company has been unprofitable.
Aker BioMarine’s financial wherewithal depends on another, cruder type of oil: Norway’s massive natural gas and petroleum exports.
Seafood is only 3% of the asset value of Aker BioMarine’s parent, an industrial conglomerate, Aker ASA, that includes Norway’s largest privately controlled energy company.
But it’s a project dear to Aker BioMarine’s billionaire founder, Kjell Inge Røkke, who got his start in fishing in Alaska in the 1990s.
The bulk of Aker BioMarine’s harvest ends up in tiny pellets used in fish pens around the world. In addition to speeding up growth, krill contains astaxanthin, a pigment that gives salmon a pinker color.
“The fish love it,” said Brett Glencross, technical director of IFFO, a trade organization for the marine ingredients industry. “It’s like dipping your Brussels sprouts in chocolate to get kids to eat their vegetables.”
Fish farming is big business — about half of the world’s seafood is now farm raised as the oceans have been emptied of wild-caught fish.
Krill, while an expensive ingredient, can help ease rising pressure on wild fish stocks also used in aquaculture, like anchovies and sardines, said Jesse Trushenski, chief scientist at Boise, Idaho-based Riverence Farms, the U.S.’ largest trout producer.
“It’s important to have all the options on the table,” said Trushenski, whose company does not use krill. “When I have an entire pantry to work with, there’s more flexibility.”
KRILL OIL PILLS
Beyond feeding seafood, Aker BioMarine’s big push is selling krill oil capsules, which were introduced in the early 2000s, amid growing interest in omega-3 fatty acid supplements and their purported role in promoting heart, brain and joint health.
It describes its mission of placing pills on the shelves of drug stores around the world with almost evangelical fervor.
“We’re in business to improve human and planetary health,” boasts a recent presentation for investors.
But the jury is out on how effective they are. And omega-3 supplements — krill or otherwise — haven’t been shown to reduce the risk of heart disease, according to the National Institutes of Health.
Johansen says studies show krill oil contains health benefits not found in traditional fish oil, including fat molecules that Aker BioMarine says make it easier to deliver omega-3 to the brain, heart and liver. It also contains choline, an essential nutrient for regulating memory and mood.
“Krill is packed with important nutrients so that we can stay healthy, live long and contribute to society,” said Johansen.
William Harris, a professor at the University of South Dakota who helped invent a test that measures fatty acids in red blood cells, said he’s “agnostic” about where people get their omega-3.
“Krill is fine. Fish oil is fine,” he said. In addition, he said many common foods, like eggs or mushrooms, are loaded in choline in orders of magnitude more than krill pills.
Krill also typically contains lower levels of omega-3s than fish, so more must be harvested to have the same fat content, according to GOED, a Salt Lake City, Utah-based group representing the omega-3 industry.
Criticism of the krill fishery’s management and environmental toll has spurred some reform.
In the absence of more stringent regulation, the Association of Responsible Krill harvesting companies, whose members are responsible for 90% of the krill taken from Antarctica, adopted in 2018 a number of self-imposed restrictions.
They include the creation of no-take zones near the Antarctic Peninsula that overlap with penguin breeding colonies. The group has also agreed with calls from groups including the Pew Bertarelli Ocean Legacy Project to come up with stricter rules on at-sea transfers of catch between vessels and the study of climate change on krill.
Still, the group thinks quotas could be much higher.
It points out that currently less than 1% of the estimated 60 million metric tons of krill found in the main Antarctic fishing grounds — an area larger than the U.S. — is being caught. That leaves the remaining 99% for whales and other animals.
“If you look at those numbers, it’s clear we could fish more,” said Javier Arata, a Chilean trained biologist who heads the industry group.
However, a leading marine biologist the industry once relied on to burnish its environmental credentials has since denounced krill fishing.
Helena Herr, who studies whales at the University of Hamburg, was invited in 2021 by Arata’s group to serve on an advisory panel. She accepted with the hope that she could help mitigate the effects of krill fishing on the Antarctic ecosystem.
She resigned after a year, disgusted by what she viewed as the industry’s narrow focus on the buffer zones.
“The more I learned about the voluntary commitment and its review process, the more I perceived the voluntary commitment as a ‘green-washing’ initiative,” she said in a resignation letter to her fellow panel members, a copy of which she provided the AP, using a term that refers to businesses making inaccurate claims that its actions are friendly to the environment.
Today, she believes that krill fishing should be banned.
“The buffer zones don’t decrease the overall fishing effort. They just relocate it,” she said in an interview. “People claim they know about biomass and the distribution of krill. But the data is based on such vague assumptions that we don’t really know what we’re doing.”
Others have similar doubts.
Whole Foods, the supermarket chain that prides itself on sustainable sourcing and is now owned by Amazon, pulled krill pills from its shelves in 2010 over concerns about the fishery’s environmental impact. And the World Wildlife Fund, which between 2007 and 2017 partnered with Aker BioMarine, lending its panda logo to promote the company’s products, has recently lodged concerns about the industry’s continued certification.
Aker BioMarine in a promotional video says the amount of bycatch — unwanted fish and marine species other than krill — that it unintentionally nets on one of its ships in an entire year would fit into a “small bucket.” However, data it reported to CCAMLR put that the amount of annual bycatch — although small compared to other trawl fisheries — in the order of several metric tons per ship.
When the AP pointed out this discrepancy to Johansen, he said that the claim appeared to be a mistake and the company would look into fixing its promotional material. “The key message that we’re trying to convey, and maybe it’s oversimplified in that picture of a bucket, is the bycatch in the krill fishery is extremely low,” he said.
The stakes are high.
In 2021, three juvenile humpback whales became entangled in a net used by Aker BioMarine’s Antarctic Sea within the span of two months.
Following these incidents — the first whale deaths reported by a Norwegian krill ship — Aker BioMarine reinforced a rope barrier to repel large mammals. However, despite this modification, a fourth whale entanglement occurred on the same vessel the next season.
In addition, every year, across the industry, dozens of seabirds collide with the trawlers’ metal cables, sometimes suffering deadly injuries.
“The marine foragers are there for the same reason the boats are: because there’s lots of krill,” said Ari Friedlaender, a University of California, Santa Cruz biologist who has spent 25 years researching whales in Antarctica. “Some level of conflict is inevitable.”
Friedlaender was among 17 authors of a recent study concluding that competition for krill and shrinking sea ice are threats to the reproductive rates of humpback whales. The peer-reviewed research, based on a measure of hormones in the blubber of female whales, found that pregnancies rise and fall sharply based on krill availability.
The burning of dirty fossil fuels to fish in such remote waters also carries a heavy carbon footprint. Producing a single metric ton of krill emits an average 3,800 kilograms (8,400 pounds) of carbon dioxide, according to the Virginia-based Global Feed LCA Institute, an industry-led initiative that tracks the environmental costs of hundreds of feed ingredients. That’s more than six times the pollution associated with fishing for Peruvian anchovy, a popular ingredient for fish feed.
Johansen downplayed such comparisons, saying Aker BioMarine’s own carbon footprint is much lower than the industry average and falling fast thanks to innovations in its engines. By 2050 it aims to eliminate the burning of fossil fuels altogether and power its fleet with hydrogen-based fuels currently in development.
“We are going to be one of those first companies that use that,” he pledged.
With an approaching storm threatening hurricane-force winds, the Allankay abandons the krill fleet and finds shelter in a quiet cove protected by the craggy rim of a still active underwater volcano.
A stone’s throw from a few lounging sea lions, rusting storage tanks, boilers and beached harpoon boats lay testament to Deception Island’s past as a Norwegian whaling station. Here, between 1911 and 1931, were culled some of the 3 million whales killed last century as part of a mass slaughter that nearly drove them to extinction.
A century later, its blanket of blubber no longer lighting up the world, whaling has all but ended and many once endangered species are thriving.
Capt. Peter Hammarstedt, the campaign director for Sea Shepherd Global, sees an infinitely more complex threat hanging over the still recovering ecosystem – one as unassuming as krill-fed farmed salmon or health supplements on supermarket shelves.
“Most people know sustainability when they see it,” says Hammarstedt, “and it does not look like a fleet of ships traveling thousands of miles, to the bottom of the world, to take out the very building block of life in the Antarctic ecosystem for products we simply do not need.”
Keyton reported from off Antarctica and in Montevideo, Uruguay, and Ski, Norway; JoNel Aleccia in Los Angeles and Helen Wieffering and Fu Ting in Washington, D.C., contributed to this report.
Contact AP’s global investigative team at [email protected] or https://www.ap.org/tips/ | <urn:uuid:c214c8ed-45b6-4a9b-bd03-adab21475096> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.fourstateshomepage.com/news/national/ap-factory-fishing-in-antarctica-for-krill-targets-the-cornerstone-of-a-fragile-ecosystem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.937918 | 4,705 | 2.609375 | 3 |
The technological world is revolving around the term Machine learning. From shopping basket analysis to self-driving cars, Machine Learning is the foundation of all. At an intuitive level, Machine Learning explores the construction and uses of algorithms that can learn from data. Artificial Intelligence focuses on making a machine think like humans. As a subset, Machine Learning focuses on growing from observations and experiences. The popularity of machine learning certification courses on online training platforms indicates that this is the thing of the future.
Coming to R, it is one of the major languages for data science because of its excellent visualization features, a growing ecosystem of third-party packages, and tools for machine learning interpretability. R has emerged as a fantastic tool for scientific computing and has powerful statistical libraries. Beginners commonly use R for exploring the data before applying any automated learning.
Have you always wanted to start machine learning using R but didn’t know where to start? Don’t worry, you would know by the end of this article.
Learning of the Blog
- Introduction to Machine Learning
- Why choose R?
- R basics
- ML implementation with R
This article aims to act as a machine learning for beginners‘ guide and will help you understand the basic concepts of machine learning and the implementation of its algorithms with R.
Introduction to Machine Learning
In simple words, training data is fed to the machine, and it is expected to learn all the features associated with it. After initial learning, it is given Test Data, which is fresh to evaluate how well the machine has learned. The machine draws out patterns amongst the given data and its parameters. It then uses a mathematical model to perform the regression, classification, clustering, etc. These terms would become more evident when we look at the types of machine learning:
Supervised Learning– It uses labeled training data to make predictions. Examples are regression (to determine how one variable influences the other ) and classification (to determine which set of observations an observation belongs to).
Unsupervised Learning– It uses unlabelled data to draw inferences. An example is Clustering (classifying objects based on the similarity between observations).
Reinforcement Learning: This machine-learning algorithm makes the machine learn ideal behavior for maximum performance. The Pacman game is an example.
Why choose R?
- R is a popular academic coding language.
- R is an open-source language.
- It has elaborate data manipulation and wrangling tools.
- It offers a precise visual representation of data.
- Statistical analysis and data reconfiguration give it a distinctive edge.
- You can use RStudio as the IDE, and as it doesn’t come installed with every library, you can install required libraries using install.packages( ). You can also get help with documentation using ‘help’ and ‘example’.
- To define a variable, we use the “=” or “<-” operator. To clean a variable, use NULL.
- For a function, use the keyword ‘function’ and ‘return’ at exit points.
- The files can be loaded and read using the ‘read_delim’ function. Slicing of data is also possible. The $ operator is used to access a specific column and [ ] for a specific row. To subset rows and columns, ‘which’ and ‘names’ operators are used.
- For data manipulation, the ‘plyr’ library is used. It introduces grammar for most frequent data manipulation challenges. The ‘dplyr’ package can filter and extrapolate data, modify column values, apply a function to columns using the ‘apply’ function.
- The ‘as.Date’ function works with dates- from strings to objects.
- Exporting the data frame is also a function of R.
- RStudio can plot line charts using ‘plot’ and various other charts for plotting data distributions. Scatterplots can be made using the ‘ggvis’ package.
- To split the data into training and test sets, use ‘createDataPartition’ or .split() function from ‘caTools’ package.
Machine Learning Implementation with R
- For describing the dataset, use the function summary( ). If the data is not consistent, it is advised to use normalize( ) function.
- If the dataset consists of missing values, values can be imputed using ‘medianImpute’ or ‘knnImpute’ as parameter “preProcess” in train( ) function.
- For dimensionality reduction, Principal Component Analysis (PCA) can be used with the help of ‘prcomp’ function.
- ‘caret’ – classification and regression training package come in handy as it is not possible to remember the syntax for each algorithm.
- For building a linear regression model, ‘lm( )’ function is used, and prediction is made via ‘predict’. To evaluate this model, use sqrt(mean()) for getting the root mean square error.
- For classification, we require a recursive partitioning algorithm, which can be done loading the ‘rpart’ library. The accuracy can be checked using the confusionmatrix() function from the ‘caret’ package.
- For K-means clustering, use Kmeans( data,k ) function where ‘k’ is the number of cluster centers. The str( ) function would give the structure of Kmeans, including withinss, betweenss, etc. A low valued withinss is preferred.
It is the right time to become a machine learning expert and exploit the opportunities it brings along. If you want to go into the detailed code of all the terms covered, Global Tech Council has a specially curated machine learning course that will help you gain expertise in Machine Learning Algorithms such as K-Means Clustering, Random Forest, Decision Trees Naive Bayes. It will also familiarize you with the statistics, Text Mining, and Time Series concepts, thus making you industry-ready. | <urn:uuid:769020d1-facf-4d6f-8d3e-cf0cf0a98812> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.globaltechcouncil.org/machine-learning/machine-learning-with-r-a-comprehensive-guide/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.871313 | 1,293 | 3.65625 | 4 |
The presentation highlights maritime trade and linkages of ancient Kalinga (modern Odisha in eastern India) with Indo-China through South East Asia, particularly Sri Lanka, Myanmar, Thailand, Java, Bali, Malay Peninsula, Cambodia and China since 350 BC. It is a well-known fact that Kalinga traders used to sail out from the eastern coast of Kalinga/Odisha in country-made boats for trade.
The maritime trade had led to interactions of Kalinga and its traders with the communities, societies, and countries in South East Asia. Such interactions had left its imprints in religion, language, culture, customs, festivals, architecture etc. Further, it would be interesting to get a brief account of ancient sea ports, ship building, sea routes, trade, and overseas contacts and enrichment during the course of the presentation.
After the bloody Kalinga War between Magadha Emperor Ashoka and the Kalinga rulers in 261 BC, Emperor Ashoka renounced the war and became a Buddhist. He was called Ashoka the Great for his social, religious and philanthropic work post-Kalinga War. He had sent emissaries including his son Mahendra and Sanghamitra to South East Asia and Far East to spread the message and teachings of Lord Buddha. The Buddhist messengers had further strengthened the ties between India (particularly eastern India) with these regions. | <urn:uuid:70d2b53c-0672-4219-9972-35d4e57188c7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.gopio.org.my/convention-festival-of-ideas/debraj-pradhan/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.959356 | 290 | 3.5625 | 4 |
How do you greet each day? Is it with a steaming bowl of oatmeal or do you prefer low-fat yogurt topped with fresh fruit and granola? From breakfast to midday snacks and guilt-free desserts, eating the right foods help fuel you, enabling you to achieve your very best. One healthy staple -- and a favorite of ours -- is oats.
This hearty grain was consumed over 32,000 years ago by the Palaeolithic people, who made it into a simple flatbread. While enjoyed in slightly different ways today, oats remain a favorite food backed by moms and doctors alike for its nutritional value and effortless preparation.
Oat Health Benefits:
- Lowers cholesterol: The soluble fiber found in oats reduces the blood’s absorption of the “bad” cholesterol: the fat-carrying low-density lipoprotein.
- Promotes digestion: The insoluble fiber acts as a broom for your digestive tract and removes toxins from the body.
- Offers exclusive phenolic compound: Avenanthramide can only be found in oats and is believed to have antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, anti-itch and anti-cancer properties.
- Balances hunger hormones and metabolism: Oats help maintain a healthy metabolism and can help you avoid overeating.
- Source of protein: Half a cup of oats contains 6.75 grams of protein, approximately 10-14 percent of your daily requirement.
- Feeds you energy: With a high level of complex carbohydrates, oats release energy slowly in the body, providing you with energy for a longer time.
Forms of Oats:
While oats come in a variety of processed levels and forms, they offer the same essential nutrients. Being a whole grain allows it to keep its bran, germ and endosperm intact. Choosing the right oats simply comes down to textural preference.
Instant oats get their name as they are the quickest to cook, and that’s because they are the most processed form.
Rolled oats are kernels that have been steamed -- and surprise, rolled -- until they resemble flat flakes with a nutty texture.
Finally, steel-cut oats, also known as Irish or Scottish oats, take the longest to cook as they are the least processed. Simply chopping the whole grain kernel achieves this chewy, creamy form.
Not into Oatmeal?
We’ve got your back! Each of Gr8nola’s five flavors are loaded with all the benefits of oats (plus other superfoods such as cacao, matcha and turmeric) and are easy to add into your everyday routine. Whether you whip up an oat-milk-based smoothie, bake sweet oatmeal cookies or use one of our many gr8nola recipes, there are endless ways you can incorporate oats into your well-balanced diet. | <urn:uuid:578cbb1d-27d7-4f27-a9fd-79106b088819> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.gr8nola.com/blogs/health-wellness/6-benefits-of-oats-why-you-should-eat-them-daily?_pos=2&_sid=58bc14a06&_ss=r | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.924199 | 588 | 2.578125 | 3 |
For decades, fluoride has been held in high regard by the dental community as an important mineral that is absorbed into and strengthens tooth enamel, thereby helping to prevent decay of tooth structures.
In nearly every U.S. community, public drinking supplies are supplemented with sodium fluoride because the practice is acknowledged as safe and effective in fighting cavities.
Some private wells may contain naturally fluoridated water.
What Is Fluoride?
Fluoride is a compound of the element fluorine, which can found throughout nature in water, soil, air and food. By adding fluoride into our drinking water, it can be absorbed easily into tooth enamel, especially in children’s growing teeth, which helps to reduce tooth decay.
Why Is Fluoride Important To Teeth?
Fluoride is absorbed into structures, such as bones and teeth, making them stronger and more resistant to fractures and decay. A process in your body called "remineralization" uses fluoride to repair damage caused by decay.
How Do I Get Fluoride?
Just drinking public water will provide a certain measure of fluoride protection. But for years, health professionals have endorsed the practice of supplementing our intake with certain dietary products, and topical fluorides in many toothpastes and some kinds of rinses. Certain beverages such as tea and soda may also contain fluoride. Certain kinds of dental varnishes and gels may also be applied directly to teeth to boost fluoride intake.
It is generally NOT safe to swallow toothpastes, rinses, or other products containing topical fluoride. In rare cases, some people may be overexposed to high concentrations of fluoride, resulting in a relatively harmless condition called fluorosis, which leaves dark enamel stains on teeth. | <urn:uuid:d1fa07f1-e7b5-4f61-b2df-66dfab471899> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hagertyfamilydentistry.com/articles/general/502396-fluoride-facts | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.945089 | 361 | 3.625 | 4 |
Culture and History
The roots of Konya are in Greek legends and mythology. Back then Konya was known as Iconium. Konya was the place where the Greek war hero Perseus slayed his enemies by casting them to stone, using the head of the demon Medusa and finding a city there in the celebration of his victory. Alexander the Great defeated Darius the third of Persia who held Konya in his domain, in 333 BC but soon after his death the empire broke and the reins of Konya fell in the hands of Seleucus. Konya was among the destinations where Saint Paul, who was among the twelve apostles of E’sa (RA) (Jesus Christ) where he preached the message of Christianity. Due to Konya’s relative proximity to the sea and the holy land of Jerusalem, it was often under invasion from first the advancing Muslim armies and then the Christian crusaders.
In 1084 the Seljuk’s invaded the city, renamed the city and brought along the golden age of Islamic Konya. The wealth and power of the Seljuk was consolidated when they conquered rival Turk and Persian territories of all of eastern Anatolia and mostly all of the Anatolian ports to the Mediterranean and the Black Sea. The rise of the Seljuk sultanate of Rum attracted immigrants from Persia and central Asia weary with Mongol invasions. Among those immigrants was the Maulana Rumi who became the face of Konya forever. The Ottoman era of Konya brought great development and growth. The Sultan’s son or shehezade were usually responsible for administering Konya themselves. Among the most notable were the Shehezade Mustafa and Shehezade Cem who went on to become Sultan Salem II. In 1922, Konya hosted the largest Turkish airbase that defended the southern part of the country in the Turkish war of independence.
The culture of Konya is heavy with the contemplation of the dervish looking inwards, into his soul to find God. At the end of the Turkish war of independence, when the state and religion were separated in the new Turkish constitution, all saintly orders were abolished except this one. Such is the importance of the dervish in Konya and in Turkey at large. The whirling dance of the dervish is not a dance at all; it’s a way of prayer. It’s a process of meditation in which the practitioner focuses on finding the inner essence of God, by blurring out the world. Konya is rich with Persian influences, in its architecture, poetry, music, cuisine, and lifestyle. | <urn:uuid:79a4e794-b48b-45f2-9552-ce54e658c8f9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.halalholidaypackages.co.uk/location/konya/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.968139 | 553 | 3.203125 | 3 |
What is choroidal melanoma?
Choroidal melanoma is a cancer that affects part of the eye. It develops in the choroid, the sponge-like membrane at the back of the eye between the sclera (the white of the eye) and the retina. (The retina is the light-sensitive structure at the back of the eye. It sends visual information to the brain.) The choroid is rich in blood vessels and supplies nutrients to the retina.
Over time, many choroidal melanomas enlarge and cause the retina to detach. This can lead to vision loss. The tumors also can spread (metastasize) to other parts of the body. The liver is the most common site for metastasis. If it spreads, this cancer can be fatal.
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No content on this site, regardless of date, should ever be used as a substitute for direct medical advice from your doctor or other qualified clinician. | <urn:uuid:fbd13aaf-32cb-473d-b97f-5011fba1d838> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/choroidal-melanoma-a-to-z | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.869732 | 328 | 3.453125 | 3 |
When someone's heart stops, every second counts. When a cardiac arrest happens outside of a hospital, bystanders can often help save a life. Unfortunately, many misunderstandings about CPR prevent people from acting in time. To help you learn the essential steps, we've asked experts to clear things up for you.
Act fast. If you witness someone experiencing cardiac arrest, do not wait for professional rescuers to arrive. Instead, immediately call 911 and follow the steps for responding to a cardiac arrest. Research has shown that every minute that CPR is delayed decreases the odds of survival by about 10%. However, having a bystander perform CPR can double or triple the chances of someone surviving.
Check for responsiveness. First, check if the person is responsive by tapping their shoulder and shouting. If they do not respond, proceed with the next steps.
Call 911. If you are alone, call 911 and put your phone on speaker so that the operator can guide you through the process. If other people are around, ask a second bystander to call 911 while you proceed with CPR.
Begin CPR. Begin CPR immediately by placing one hand on top of the other at the center of the chest, interlocking your fingers. Push down hard and fast, at a rate of 100-120 beats per minute. This is the rhythm of the Bee Gees' song "Stayin' Alive." You can also use a metronome or an app like "AHA CPR & Choking" to keep the right pace.
Retrieve an AED. Ask a second bystander to retrieve an automated external defibrillator (AED) if one is nearby, while you continue performing CPR. Do not stop CPR to look for an AED.
Don't wait for certification. While it is helpful to receive CPR training, you do not need certification to perform CPR. Training is great, and refresher courses are important, but you "absolutely" do not have to have a card to save a life.
Don't waste time checking for a pulse. If you see someone collapse, do not waste time checking for a pulse. Shake the person gently and ask, "Are you OK?" If they do not respond or are breathing abnormally, begin CPR immediately.
Don't be squeamish. CPR may require removing someone's clothing or cutting away bulky items to reach their chest or apply AED pads. It is important to be prepared for this possibility and not let squeamishness get in the way of saving a life.
Don't fret about mouth-to-mouth. In recent years, training has shifted towards emphasizing hands-only CPR for the first few minutes, which has been shown to be as effective as conventional CPR with rescue breaths in the first few minutes after cardiac arrest in adults and teens. Mouth-to-mouth resuscitation is important for infants and children, as well as in cases where someone's heart stopped due to choking or drowning.
Don't worry about hurting someone. One of the biggest misconceptions about CPR is that you can harm someone in cardiac arrest. In reality, the biggest risk is not doing anything. Good Samaritan laws protect those who provide life-saving care, so do not let concerns about legality or propriety stop you from performing CPR.
Don't be afraid to move them. If someone has fallen in a twisted position, you may need to straighten them out to perform CPR properly. If they are on a bed or couch, lower them to the ground to perform CPR on a firm surface.
Cardiac arrests can happen anytime and anywhere, and learning CPR should be part of everyone's safety.
Learn, Enjoy, and Save Life. Healthforce Training Center offers CPR Training and certifications such as Basic Life Support (BLS), Advance Cardiovascular Life Support (ACLS), Pediatric Advance Life Support (PALS), CPR AED, Pediatric First Aid CPR AED, and First Aid CPR AED.
Read more of our blogs. | <urn:uuid:ba89d4d7-d2ff-42a4-bf00-328ef426ac4f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.healthforcetrainingcenter.com/post/master-the-life-saving-technique-11-essential-cpr-steps-to-learn | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.945344 | 809 | 3.390625 | 3 |
A 7-Year-Old Extrauterine Pregnancy in a Cat
This paper describes a 7-year-old extrauterine pregnancy in a spayed cat. Three extrauterine fetuses were accidentally found in the abdomen of a 12-year-old domestic short hair cat that had ovariohysterectomy about 7 years before. The animal was under evaluation for a recent history of increased thirst, urination, and poor appetite. Biochemical analysis revealed high plasmatic levels of urea, creatinine, and phosphorus consistent with renal insufficiency. X-ray plates showed three calcified fetuses in the abdomen, apparently unrelated to the reported clinical signs. Despite intensive therapy, the cat died one day later. At necropsy, ovaries and uterus were not found but the presence of three well-developed, mummified, and mineralized fetuses loosely attached to the omentum was evident. Careful dissection of fetuses confirmed the diagnosis of extrauterine pregnancy. To our knowledge, this is the first description of a 7-year lasting ectopic pregnancy in an ovariohysterectomized cat. The absence of related clinical signs seems to confirm that such conditions are compatible with a normal healthy life.
Extrauterinepregnancy (EUP), or ectopic pregnancy, is caused by the implantation and subsequent development of a fertilized ovum outside the uterus. It occurs in all mammals, including humans, and can be primary or secondary .
Primary EUP is the result of fertilized egg implantation outside the uterus, on the peritoneum, omentum, liver, spleen, or uterus surface or in the fallopian tube .
Secondary EUP is due to the rupture of the uterine wall, caused by trauma or injury, with subsequent ectopic development of the fetus in the peritoneal cavity . According to recent scientific literature, a true primary EUP can occur only in primates, including humans, rodents, and lagomorphs, because these animals possess a discoid hemochorionic placenta that favors the development of primary EUP [3, 4]. The invasiveness of such ectopic endometrial tissue is considered one of the leading causes of ectopic pregnancies in humans, permitting the fetus to develop to term without the mechanical support of the uterus .
It is generally assumed that the type of placenta of other domestic animal species makes it very difficult to develop a primary EUP . Nonetheless, primary EUP has been occasionally diagnosed in other species including horses and rabbits but mainly in cats submitted to consultation some months after a routine ovariohysterectomy [6, 7].
Differentiation between primary and secondary EUP is often controversial [1, 2], since secondary EUP is common in cats, due to trauma, wounds, and consequent rupture of the uterus , and can be often misidentified as primary in non-ovariohysterectomized cats .
2. Case Presentation
A 12-year-old domestic short haired female spayed cat was presented on 31 January 2014 because of anorexia, increased thirst, and urination. Biochemistry results were consistent with a diagnosis of renal insufficiency: mmg/dL (16–36), mg/dL (0.8–2.4), mg/dL (3.1–7.5), and mg/dL (71–159). Two X-ray plates, one lateral (Figure 1) and one ventral (Figure 2), showed the presence of three calcified fetuses in the abdomen, apparently unrelated to the presented symptoms.
Despite intensive therapy, the cat died the next day. At necropsy, ovaries and uterus were not found but the presence of three well-developed, mummified, and mineralized fetuses 4-5 cm in size loosely attached to the omentum was evident (Figure 3). Fetuses were covered with a thin transparent membrane reminiscent of placenta that allowed their direct visualization (Figure 3). Careful dissection of such fetuses confirmed their nature and a diagnosis of extrauterine pregnancy delivered.
The owner adopted the cat in 2006 from a charity shelter (Feline Friends) located in Dubai and she was told that the cat had been spayed before the adoption. The cat never gave birth to kittens nor showed sign of estrus cycle.
The cat was bearing a cut on the left ear confirming that it had been spayed by the Municipality veterinarians. Moreover, the owner was aware of the presence of “something abnormal” in the abdomen because 2 months after the adoption, when she was stroking and petting the animal, she perceived the presence of three roundish hard bodies that led to the suspicion of foreign bodies of unknown origin.
This is the first description of a 7-year lasting abdominal pregnancy in an ovariohysterectomized cat. The absence of associated clinical signs seems to confirm that such condition is compatible with a healthy life. The discovery of an extrauterine pregnancy is often an incidental finding since the animals involved do not usually show any clinical signs , and therefore the ectopic fetus can remain undetected for a couple of months to several years before it is diagnosed .
Long-persisting abdominal fetuses frequently become calcified in women and are called lithopedions . In veterinary literature, long-lasting abdominal mineralized fetuses have been described in monkeys , dogs, cats , and rabbits . Although rare, late diagnosis of primary EUP, up to 2 years after the conception and in the absence of clinical signs, has been reported .
The present case, according to the case history, is apparently the longest-lasting EUP reported.
Extrauterine pregnancy is apparently common in cats [1–9, 11]. However, in most cases distinction between primary and secondary is controversial due to the presence of an intact , altered , or partially missing reproductive apparatus. Consequently, the lack of signs of uterine rupture has been claimed as inclusion criteria for the diagnosis of primary EUP .
The absence of uterus and ovaries in the present case is strongly evocative of primary EUP following ovariohysterectomy, consistent with the history and diagnosis of similar feline cases previously described [6, 7]. Abdominal pregnancy, indicating an implantation of the conceptus in the abdominal/peritoneal cavity, is synonymous with ectopic pregnancy in veterinary medicine. It is the only type of primary EUP recorded in domestic animals .
Furthermore, it has been claimed that abdominal pregnancy is truly primary when placentation exists onto a peritoneal or omental surface , as in the present cat.
Tubal and, more rarely, corneal, ovarian, and cervical pregnancies are reported to occur only in humans and primates .
The development of abdominal fetuses to an advanced stage without an elaborated placentation has been observed in pregnancies following ovariohysterectomy mainly in humans and cats [6, 7]. Abdominal pregnancy associated with full term development of the fetus is documented in humans and in at least one cat and frequently occurs also in hamsters and guinea pigs . Death of the abdominal fetuses is the usual outcome, as in the case reported here, after a partial development of the fetus, when the placental attachment in an inhospitable abdominal environment no longer provides sufficient nutrition through an inadequate blood supply .
Two main explanations have been proposed for ectopic pregnancy in spayed animals. The cause of such rare events is to be found in the physical manipulation of the fallopian tubes during an ovariohysterectomy coincidentally carried out after coitus dislodging the fertilized ova in the abdomen or, alternatively, the fetus retrieved is from a previous unnoticed primary or secondary pregnancy [4, 6, 7].
In this reported case, it seems improbable that three mummified fetuses, 4-5 cm in size, went unnoticed during the ovariohysterectomy performed at least 7 years before by the Municipality veterinarians. There is no scientific evidence that the extrauterine pregnancy was caused by the fallopian manipulation during ovariohysterectomy. However, the absence of uterus and ovaries in the case reported is strongly evocative of primary EUP following ovariohysterectomy.
This is a rare and interesting case of long-lasting multiple ectopic pregnancy in which fetuses, whose presence was known for years, did not cause any disease.
Conflict of Interests
The authors of this paper do not have a direct financial relation with any commercial entity mentioned in the paper that might lead to a conflict of interests for any of them.
The authors wish to thank Professor Juan Manuel Corpa for revising the text of the presented case and for providing invaluable suggestion, background, and support into a topic rarely tackled in veterinary medicine. Many thanks are also due to the staff and management of Pet Connection Veterinary Hospital for their continuous help and enthusiasm showed during this study.
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Vaccine Development against the Renin-Angiotensin System for the Treatment of Hypertension
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the most important preventable cause of cardiovascular diseases. Despite the clinical availability of many antihypertensive drugs, many hypertensive patients have poor medication adherence and blood pressure control due, at least partially, to the asymptomatic and chronic characteristics of hypertension. Immunotherapeutic approaches have the potential to improve medication adherence in hypertension because they induce prolonged therapeutic effects and need a low frequency of administration. The first attempts to reduce blood pressure by using vaccines targeting the renin-angiotensin system were made more than half a century ago; however, at the time, a poor understanding of immunology and the mechanisms of hypertension and a lack of optimal vaccine technologies such as suitable antigen design, proper adjuvants, and effective antigen delivery systems meant that attempts to develop antihypertensive vaccines failed. Recent advances in immunology and vaccinology have provided potential therapeutic immunologic approaches to treat not only infectious diseases but also cancers and other noncommunicable diseases. One important biotechnology that has had a major impact on modern vaccinology is virus-like particle technology, which can efficiently deliver vaccine antigens without the need for artificial adjuvants. A human clinical trial that indicated the effectiveness and safety of a virus-like particle-based antiangiotensin II vaccine marked a turning point in the field of therapeutic antihypertensive vaccines. Here, we review the history of the development of immunotherapies for the treatment of hypertension and discuss the current perspectives in the field.
Hypertension is a global public health issue and the most important preventable cause of cardiovascular disease worldwide [1, 2]. Annually, cardiovascular death accounts for approximately 17 million deaths, of which hypertension is responsible for 45% of deaths due to heart disease and 51% of deaths due to stroke worldwide . The global medical costs associated with hypertension are estimated at US$370 billion per year , suggesting that hypertension imposes a tremendous economic burden on both individual patients and healthcare systems. Therefore, the control of hypertension is extremely important not only for the prevention of life-threatening complications but also as part of cost-containment strategies in global healthcare.
In the treatment of hypertension, the lack of clinical symptoms is thought to result in poor medication adherence and the cessation of therapy at the patients’ own judgment . Poor medication adherence is the main cause of failure to achieve adequate blood pressure control and the development of uncontrolled hypertension . Therefore, new strategies to control hypertension that effectively decrease blood pressure and also improve medication adherence are required.
Immunotherapeutic approaches for the treatment of hypertension, which are often referred to as “hypertension vaccines,” have the potential to improve health outcomes, reduce healthcare costs, and increase medication adherence because they induce prolonged therapeutic effects and have a low frequency of administration . Traditionally, vaccines are used for the prevention of infectious diseases and are usually derived from live attenuated or inactivated microorganisms. In contrast, essential hypertension is a multifactorial disease arising from the combined action of genetic, environmental, and other unknown factors, and there is little evidence of the direct involvement of specific microorganisms. Therefore, endogenous pressor substances, such as those that constitute the renin-angiotensin system (RAS), are the main targets for the development of a hypertension vaccine.
In 1898, Tigerstedt and Bergmann first reported that intravenous injection of extract from rabbit kidney into other rabbits induced an increase in blood pressure . Although this finding was a landmark discovery in the pathogenesis of hypertension, it went unregarded for the next few decades. It was not until it was revealed that renal ischemia induced an increase in blood pressure in dogs and numerous investigators tried to elucidate the pathogenesis of hypertension using renal ischemia models that renin received extensive attention, which resulted angiotensin (Ang) being identified as a substance that causes renal hypertension [10, 11].
Although the first half of the 20th century produced many new insights into the pathogenesis of hypertension, especially with respect to the RAS, the development of treatments for hypertension was lacking. Early experiments targeted renin for the treatment of hypertension, but few chemical compounds were known to directly and strongly inhibit the function of renin . Therefore, prompted by the successful development of vaccines for infectious diseases, active and passive immunotherapies targeting renin were examined as early approaches for the treatment of hypertension.
Here, we review the history of the development of immunotherapies for the treatment of hypertension (Figure 1) and discuss the current perspectives in the field.
2. Renin Vaccines
In the 1940s, the first attempts were made to develop an immunotherapy to control hypertension. Page et al. succeeded in reducing blood pressure in hypertensive humans, dogs, and rats by subcutaneously or intramuscularly injecting extracts of pig kidney . In their human study, the amount of kidney extract administered daily to hypertensive patients for several weeks was equivalent to 800 to 1000 g of whole fresh kidney . The injection of renal extract did not cause an immediate fall in blood pressure, but after several days, a clear reduction in blood pressure was observed. However, using such a large amount of kidneys per patient is not practical in the clinic, and therefore, another method is required. In terms of safety, there were no serious adverse events directly related to the therapy; however, local skin reactions at the injection site and low-grade fever were observed . Around the same time, another group also demonstrated that daily intramuscular injection of pig renin for two months decreased blood pressure in hypertensive dogs, from an average femoral blood pressure of 164 mmHg to 114 mmHg, without any adverse events . These findings showed the antihypertensive properties of heterologous renin (i.e., renin vaccine) and marked a great advance in the treatment of hypertension.
In a subsequent clinical study, vaccination of hypertensive patients with pig renin twice a week for several weeks or months induced the production of anti-renin antibodies in some vaccines but did not induce a reduction in blood pressure . This failure to attenuate hypertension in humans may have been a result of the insufficient neutralization potency by human antibodies against pig renin because other studies indicated that antibodies against pig renin have little effect on human renin [16, 17]. Subsequent studies confirmed the antihypertensive effects of immunization with pig kidney extract in dogs [16, 18, 19] and monkeys , but not in humans . Later, it was found that homologous renin could be chemically altered to make it antigenic; in dogs with renal hypertension, subcutaneous administration of acetylated dog renin three times a week for 10 weeks was shown to progressively reduce blood pressure to the normotensive level . Therefore, examinations began into using homologous renin for immunization of human hypertensive patients.
Adjuvants were also used to amplify the immunogenicity of homologous renin. Freund’s complete adjuvant (FCA) and Freund’s incomplete adjuvant (FIA) are commonly used adjuvants in animal research. FIA is essentially paraffin oil containing mannide monooleate as a surfactant, and FCA is FIA with the addition of heat-killed mycobacterium . When a vaccine antigen is mixed with these adjuvants, a viscous water-in-oil emulsion is formed that is suitable for injection and stimulates the innate immunity. Subcutaneous injection of purified human renin together with FCA at the first administration and FIA at following administrations induced a dramatic reduction in blood pressure in normotensive marmosets . Interestingly, these antihypertensive effects were induced after only three immunizations at intervals of three weeks , whereas most previous renin vaccines needed more than three injections per week for several weeks or even months before an effect was seen. However, despite this success, all of the vaccinated marmosets unexpectedly died from autoimmune renal disease . Reexaminations were immediately performed in which marmosets were immunized with recombinant human renin in combination with Freund’s adjuvants, and rats were immunized with mouse renin extracted from the submandibular gland of mice in combination with Freund’s adjuvants [24, 25]. From these studies, it was concluded that vaccination against renin induced autoimmune interstitial disease localized in the kidney but not the heart, aorta, or other organs [24, 25]. This autoimmune interstitial nephritis was characterized by the presence of immunoglobulins colocalized with renin, interstitial periarteriolar cellular infiltration, and fibrosis around the juxtaglomerular apparatus, suggesting both humoral and cellular immune responses at the major sites of renin production, storage, and release [24, 25]. Similarly, vaccine-induced autoimmune diseases were also reported in studies evaluating an amyloid beta-peptide 42 vaccine (AN1792) for Alzheimer’s disease. In a phase II study in patients with Alzheimer’s disease, 6% of patients intramuscularly immunized with AN1792 developed meningoencephalitis independent of antibody titer . A Th1-based T-cell response induced by AN1792 may explain this induction of autoimmune meningoencephalitis .
Because the pathogenesis of the autoimmune diseases caused by immunization with renin or AN1792 could not be fully elucidated, the development of renin vaccines was stalled for a long time. However, recently, the use of partial renin peptides has been examined for the development of a safe and effective hypertension vaccine. The active site of human renin is a deep cleft between the N- and the C-terminal domains . Human renin possesses a flap segment that lies across the cleft and holds the substrate at the catalytic site . Recently, a potential epitope of rat and human renin, which included a catalytic site or flap sequence, was antigenic and hydrophobic and had low or no similarity with other host proteins was reported . Six short peptides comprising amino acid sequences located within residues 32–38, 72–81, or 215–221 of the N-terminal of human or rat renin (named hR32, hR72, hR215, rR32, rR72, and rR215) were produced and coupled to keyhole limpet hemocyanin (KLH) . Conjugation of a peptide epitope to a carrier protein is often used to overcome immune tolerance against self-antigens. KLH is a widely used carrier protein that also contains a T-cell epitope, meaning that KLH conjugates can induce specific immune responses to small molecular mass haptens . Subcutaneous immunization with these partial renin peptides coupled to KLH together with Freund’s adjuvants-elicited antigen-specific antibodies in rats . Of the six peptides examined, rR32 is the most promising because its subcutaneous administration to spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHRs) produced the strongest reduction in plasma renin activity and blood pressure without immune-mediated damage . Thus, epitope-based vaccines could be novel lead molecules for the development of renin vaccines, but further studies are needed to clarify their efficacy and safety.
3. Immunotherapies against Angiotensin-Converting Enzyme
Skeggs and colleagues first isolated angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE; formerly hypertensin-converting enzyme) in 1956 . In the 1970s, research to examine the localization of ACE began in which normotensive animals were immunized with purified heterologous ACE to obtain fluorescein-labeled anti-ACE antibodies [33, 34]. Around the same time, an animal experiment evaluating passive immunization with anti-ACE antibody revealed that passive immunization with goat antibodies specific for rabbit ACE suppressed the vasopressor response to angiotensin I . However, anti-rabbit ACE antibodies intravenously injected to rabbits were found to bind to the alveolar capillary wall, leading to lethal pulmonary edema . As a result of safety concerns about anti-ACE antibody-induced lethal lung damage, development of an ACE vaccine was stopped.
4. Angiotensin I Vaccines
In 1970, Johnston et al. first evaluated the effect of an asparaginyl-5-valine (Val5) Ang I vaccine (with Freund’s adjuvants) on blood pressure in bilateral-kidney-wrap rabbits but reported that this vaccine did not suppress the pressor response to kidney wrapping . Three decades later, Gardiner et al. created a series of Ang I vaccines comprising Ang I peptide coupled to tetanus toxoid (TT), diphtheria toxin, or KLH carrier proteins and mixed with diethylaminoethyl cellulose or aluminum hydroxide adjuvants, and they were able to report the first antihypertensive effects of Ang I vaccines . Of the combinations examined, vaccination with 5 μg of Ang I-TT mixed with aluminum hydroxide at 0, 14, and 28 days induced the highest anti-Ang I antibody titer and suppressed Ang I-induced pressor responses in Sprague Dawley (SD) rats . In a subsequent study, they compared the effectiveness of using TT and KLH as carrier proteins for immunization in humans; although Ang I-TT and Ang I-KLH induced equivalent IgG antibody responses and attenuation of Ang I-induced pressor responses in SD rats, only Ang I-KLH induced IgG antibodies in humans . Epitopic suppression resulting from previous exposure to TT is a plausible reason for the poor antibody response in humans. In addition, contrary to expectation, the anti-Ang I IgG response generated by the Ang I-KLH vaccine was insufficient to attenuate pressor responses following Ang I or Ang II challenge in human healthy volunteers . In a subsequent randomized double-blind placebo-controlled phase II clinical trial, the antihypertensive effect of three or four subcutaneous immunizations with PMD3117 vaccine (100 μg of Ang I-KLH adsorbed on an aluminum hydroxide adjuvant) was evaluated in patients with essential hypertension; it was found that immunization with PMD3117 increased plasma renin and decreased urinary aldosterone, suggesting blockade of the RAS, but failed to decrease blood pressure .
5. Angiotensin II Vaccines
In 1968, Oken and Biber reported the antihypertensive effects of an Ang II vaccine: immunization with Val5-Ang II coupled to rat albumin together with FCA three or four times at intervals of at least two weeks did not reduce blood pressure but did suppress vasopressor responses against the administration of exogenous Ang II in SD rats . Subsequent examination of the Val5-Ang II vaccine revealed that it also had suppressive effects on Ang II-induced vasopressor responses in renovascular hypertensive rabbits and that it reduced blood pressure in renovascular hypertensive rats . However, other studies did not show any preventive and therapeutic effects of Ang II vaccine on hypertension in renovascular hypertensive rabbits [37, 44], renovascular hypertensive rats [37, 45], or SHRs .
Virus-like particles (VLPs) are a new immunological approach for the induction of B-cell responses that has been applied to the development of a hypertension vaccine [47, 48]. Because VLPs are formed by structural viral proteins that are able to self-assemble and have antigenic epitopes that induce humoral immune responses, incorporation of target antigens into VLPs can improve the presentation of foreign antigens to the immune system . In fact, immunization with Ang II peptide conjugated to VLP derived from the RNA of bacteriophage Qβ (AngQβ) reduced blood pressure (systolic blood pressure reduced by up to 21 mmHg) without serious adverse events in SHRs . Thereafter, in a phase I clinical study, a single injection with 100 μg of AngQβ to healthy volunteers elicited anti-Ang II IgG antibodies with no serious adverse events, but most participants showed local adverse events such as erythema, edema, pain, and induration at the injection site . In 2008, human phase IIa testing of AngQβ in hypertensive patients (AngQβ study 1) was conducted and successfully showed that AngQβ has antihypertensive effects . In study 1, 72 patients with mild-to-moderate hypertension were randomly assigned to receive three subcutaneous injections of 100 or 300 μg of AngQβ, or placebo, at 0, 4, and 12 weeks. The titer of IgG antibodies against Ang II was strongly increased after the second injection in vaccinated subjects, and the half-life of antibody titer after the final immunization was 17 weeks. In the participants given 300 μg of AngQβ, the mean ambulatory blood pressure at 2 weeks after the final vaccination was significantly reduced by 9.0/4.0 mmHg compared with the placebo. In particular, morning blood pressure was markedly lowered by 25/13 mmHg, suggesting that AngQβ has particularly strong efficacy against the morning surge in blood pressure.
Next, a phase II study of AngQβ testing an accelerated treatment regimen with injection of 300 μg of AngQβ at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks was conducted (AngQβ study 2). Although the antibody titers induced by this intensive regimen were 5 times those observed in study 1, the reduction in blood pressure (−2.5/−0.9 mmHg) was much lower . In an additional study testing a higher dose of AngQβ administered following the accelerated treatment regimen (540 μg at 0, 2, 4, 6, and 10 weeks; AngQβ study 3), antibody titers were also higher than those observed in study 1 but the reduction in blood pressure was much lower and did not achieve statistical significance compared with placebo. Contrary to expectations, antibody affinity (i.e., strength of binding to Ang II) was lower in studies 2 and 3 than in study 1 . One possible reason for this was that affinity maturation was impaired by too frequent antigen administration. Following these results, the pharmaceutical development of AngQβ was discontinued.
6. Angiotensin II Type 1 Receptor Vaccines
In 1999, Zelezna et al. demonstrated that immunization against angiotensin II type 1 receptor (AT1R) attenuated the development of hypertension in young SHRs . Their AT1R vaccine was composed of bovine gamma globulin-conjugated AT1R partial peptides corresponding to residues 14–23 of the N-terminal part of AT1 receptor together with Freund’s adjuvant. Five immunizations with AT1R vaccine from 1 month of age at one-month intervals induced antigen-specific IgG antibodies and reduced mean arterial pressure by about 10% . However, immunization with the AT1R vaccine did not change blood pressure in mature hypertensive SHRs or normotensive Wistar Kyoto rats. Another AT1R vaccine (residues 165–191), created by Wang et al., also did not decrease blood pressure in normotensive Wistar rats .
Because the second extracellular loop, especially residue Phe182, of AT1R is an important part of the Ang II binding pocket , we and another group examined the second extracellular loop of AT1R as a vaccine target [54–57]. Subcutaneous immunization with AT1R peptide (residues 181–187) conjugated to TT or KLH in combination with Freund’s adjuvants successfully attenuated hypertension in SHRs [54, 56]. Single immunization with AT1R-KLH induced antigen-specific serum IgG antibodies, but the antibody titer was lower than those produced by three or six immunizations, and it did not decrease blood pressure in SHRs . In contrast, three doses of AT1R-KLH vaccine induced an effective immune response and antihypertensive effect equivalent to those provided by six doses of vaccine . Three doses of subcutaneous immunization with 100 μg of AT1R-KLH in combination with FCA at first administration and FIA at following administrations to SHRs at 4, 6, and 8 weeks of age attenuated the elevation of blood pressure (systolic blood pressure of vaccinated rats −44 mmHg vs. control rats); this attenuation of hypertension was equivalent to that provided by continuous administration of candesartan cilexetil (0.1 mg·kg−1·day−1) and was sustained for 25 weeks after the final immunization .
VLPs derived from bacteriophage Qβ were also used to develop a vaccine targeting AT1R . Chen et al. covalently conjugated AT1R peptide (residues 181–187) to VLP Qβ and immunized SHRs with 100 μg of AT1R peptide conjugated to VLP Qβ (ATRQβ-001) in combination with aluminum hydroxide at 6 and 8 weeks of age. ATRQβ-001 vaccination decreased systolic blood pressure by 19 mmHg and attenuated left ventricular hypertrophy . The antihypertensive effect generated by ATRQβ-001 was sustained for 84 days after the final immunization.
7. Organ-Protective Effects of Vaccines
Recently accumulated evidence has clearly indicated that vaccination targeting the RAS induces not only a reduction in blood pressure but also attenuates hypertensive organ damage, including that in the kidney, heart, brain, and arteries. Previously, we reported that three doses of subcutaneous vaccination with 100 μg of AT1R-KLH in combination with Freund’s adjuvant prevented hypertensive kidney damage caused by NG-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester- (L-NAME-) induced endothelial injury in SHRs at a level equivalent to continuous administration of candesartan cilexetil, whereas no renoprotective effect against L-NAME-induced kidney damage was observed in hydralazine-treated SHRs that had blood pressure controlled to a level almost equal to that of the AT1R-KLH-vaccinated SHRs, indicating that ATR1-KLH vaccination prevents hypertensive kidney damage independent, at least partially, of the vaccine’s antihypertensive effects . Subsequently, Ding et al. reported a protective effect of AT1R vaccine on diabetic nephropathy: three subcutaneous immunizations with 400 μg of ATRQβ-001 in combination with aluminum hydroxide reduced blood pressure and concomitantly prevented podocyte injury and renal fibrosis and inflammation, resulting in decreases in urine protein and serum creatinine levels in streptozotocin-induced diabetic SD rats .
The cardioprotective effects of Ang II vaccine and AT1R vaccine have also been reported. Three subcutaneous immunizations (5 μg/dose) of Ang II-KLH-conjugate vaccine in combination with Freund’s adjuvants prevented cardiac dysfunction and attenuated cardiac fibrosis after myocardial infarction in SD rats . Similarly, ATRQβ-001, when subcutaneously injected twice before and three times after the induction of myocardial infarction, attenuated myocardial inflammation and fibrosis in C57BL/6 mice, resulting in improvement of cardiac function and survival .
In addition to cardioprotective effects, Ang II-KLH vaccine also been shown to induce cerebroprotective effects . Three doses of subcutaneous immunization with Ang II-KLH vaccine together with Freund’s adjuvants induced anti-Ang II serum IgG antibody that penetrated into ischemic lesions across a broken blood-brain barrier, resulting in inhibition of oxidative stress and reduction in infarction size after induction of cerebral infarction in Wistar rats . Vaccination against AT1R may also prevent atherosclerosis preceding the onset of organ damage; in apolipoprotein E-null mice, multiple subcutaneous injections of ATRQβ-001 vaccine reduced plaque size in the aortic sinus and suppressed macrophage accumulation in the plaque .
8. Current and Future Perspectives
In addition to VLPs, other recent advances in vaccine technologies (i.e., DNA vaccination and the use of nanoparticles for vaccine delivery) have also been used in hypertension vaccine development. DNA vaccines have several advantages over traditional vaccines, including prolonged antigen expression, improved stability, and more rapid production . Koriyama et al. created a plasmid vector encoding a fusion protein between Ang II and hepatitis B core (HBc) as an Ang II DNA vaccine . Three intradermal immunizations to SHRs with 100 μg of DNA without exogenous adjuvant by using a needleless injector at two-week intervals successfully induced antigen-specific antibody responses that were sustained for at least 6 months and promoted a decrease in systolic blood pressure that was correlated with antibody titer and sustained for at least 6 months . Further analyses revealed that the Ang II-HBc fusion protein contained immunogenic T-cell epitopes for the activation of T cells that meant that exogenous adjuvants were not needed, suggesting that the Ang II DNA vaccine induced sufficient humoral immune responses to suppress Ang II function while avoiding the activation of unnecessary self-reactive T cells . Following these successful results, Ang II DNA vaccine is being evaluated in an ongoing phase I/II clinical study.
Our group created a nasal AT1R vaccine using a nanoparticle-based vaccine delivery system . All previously reported anti-RAS vaccines were administered by systemic injection via the subcutaneous, intradermal, or intramuscular routes, but it has been reported from a clinical trial that injection of Ang II vaccine often induced localized skin adverse reactions such as edema, induration, and physiological pain at the injection site . The mucosal route, including the oral and nasal routes of administration, is a noninvasive vaccine strategy to avoid such injection-related problems. However, because intranasal administration of peptide-based antigen alone often fails to induce a sufficient antigen-specific immune response due to the presence of physiological defense mechanisms in the digestive and respiratory tracts, an efficient antigen-delivery system is required . We used a nanometer-sized hydrogel (nanogel) made from cationic cholesteryl group-bearing pullulan (cCHP) that effectively and safely delivers antigens to antigen-presenting dendritic cells in the nasal epithelium . AT1R-PspA antigen comprising AT1R partial peptides (residues 181–187) coupled to pneumococcal surface protein A (PspA) was incorporated into the cCHP nanogel together with cyclic di-GMP adjuvant. Five doses of intranasal administration of AT1-PspA vaccine containing 10 μg of vaccine antigen at one-week intervals induced the production of AT1R-specific serum IgG antibody and attenuated the elevation of systolic blood pressure (−16.8 mmHg vs. control) in SHRs . Interestingly, intranasal immunization with AT1R-PspA vaccine also has the potential to protect from lethal pneumococcal infection because AT1R-PspA antigen also possesses epitopes of Streptococcus pneumoniae . The concept of simultaneous protection against two distinct common human disorders, in this case, a communicable disease and a noncommunicable disease, may be an innovative and creative approach for the future development of hypertension vaccines because hypertension is a risk factor and poor prognostic factor for infectious diseases.
Evidence accumulated over more than half a century regarding the efficacy of therapeutic hypertension vaccines indicates that vaccines targeting the RAS can decrease blood pressure and attenuate hypertensive organ damage. The immunotherapeutic approach has advantages over traditional antihypertensive agents in that it can improve medication adherence; this is because it induces prolonged therapeutic effects and so needs a low frequency of administration. Vaccines against the RAS offer a promising means of reducing the economic burden caused by hypertension and its related disorders while increasing the rate of patients with adequate blood pressure control. Although no vaccine product is clinically approved as a therapeutic vaccine against hypertension, Ang II DNA vaccine is currently under clinical investigation (phase I/II trial) and expected to be proven its safety and effectiveness. In the near future, the immunotherapeutic approach may result in the development of novel hypertension therapies.
Conflicts of Interest
The authors have no conflicts of interest to declare.
This work was supported in part by the Japan Society for the Promotion of Science (Grant no. 25870715) and Keio Gijuku Academic Development Funds.
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A.L. Rowse describes how the centre of administrative life in Cornwall has enjoyed a varied history, from Plantagenet to modern times.
Volume 27 Issue 8 August 1977
For nearly three years, 45,000 Spanish soldiers served under German command on the Russian front. By Gerald R. Kleinfeld and Lewis A. Tambs.
Derek Severn describes how, after service at Trafalgar, Thomas Hardy spent many years with the Navy’s two American Stations and in 1830 was appointed First Sea Lord.
Alan Haynes describes how Italian scholars, merchants and craftsmen were welcomed in Elizabethan London and enjoyed high patronage.
The Charity school movement in the eighteenth century, writes L.W. Cowie, was the first attempt to provide for the education of the children of the poor in England.
York was in the heart of Royalist country at the beginning of the English Civil War. William Thurlow describes how it became the King’s capital.
Christians have long relied on scribes’ copies of Biblical texts; J. K. Elliot describes how the Codex Sinaiticus, discovered in 1844, dates from the fourth century. | <urn:uuid:7d40bdf4-e4c9-4b7b-bb4c-43ee77ff9c1a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.historytoday.com/history-today-issues/volume-27-issue-8-august-1977 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.942313 | 242 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Combination antiretroviral therapy is capable of suppressing HIV replication and preventing disease progression for a number of years. However in most patients, at some point there will be a loss of viral control often involving the development of drug resistance, which will require a change to the drug regimen. The selection of drugs for the next regimen is made from a list of around 20 or so from six classes. In well-resourced settings, the selection of drugs is commonly informed by genotypic antiretroviral resistance testing (GART) indicating to which drugs the virus should still be sensitive. However this is expensive, can miss resistant virus that exists at low levels and requires sophisticated interpretation. There are several interpretation systems in common use but they do not always agree with each other and will only indicate to which individual drugs the virus might be resistant or sensitive, not give a relative indication of the effectiveness of different combinations. Critically, resistance testing is beyond the reach or budget of many healthcare providers around the world, making the individual optimisation of salvage therapy a major challenge.
The HIV Resistance Response Database Initiative (RDI), an independent not-for-profit research group, has developed computational models to predict virological response to a change of antiretroviral therapy following virological failure. The models are trained using real treatment response data from hundreds of physicians, treating hundreds of thousands of patients around the world. Currently the RDI database holds treatment and outcome data on over 250,000 patients, making it one of the largest HIV treatment databases in the world.
Early models used viral loads, CD4 counts, treatment history and resistance mutations from GART to predict response. In dozens of studies over many years these models have regularly demonstrated approximately 80% accuracy when tested with independent data sets and have been evaluated by expert HIV clinicians as being a useful clinical tool.1-3
The RDI has also developed models that do NOT require GART, for use in settings where it is unaffordable.3 The latest versions of these models have shown similar accuracy to modelling with GART in cross study comparisons and have consistently demonstrated significantly superior accuracy to the use of genotypic sensitivity scores derived from GART using rules-based interpretation. 3,4
Most recently, we have developed models that predict the absolute change in viral load over time, following the introduction of a new regimen, for use in settings where the definition of response is greater than <50 copies. The predictions of these models correlate with the actual changes over time with a coefficient of around 0.7.5
The RDI’s models are used to power the RDI’s HIV Treatment Response Prediction System, or HIV-TRePS, which is available free of charge over the Internet. Healthcare professionals can use the system to:
In a pilot study using cases of salvage therapy at a hospital in India, the models identified regimens with a higher probability of response and substantially lower costs than those used in the clinic at for the great majority of cases.6 | <urn:uuid:cfe5e2c7-d7e3-45c3-9b61-6a608b86033e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.hivrdi.org/what-we-do.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.935342 | 613 | 3.078125 | 3 |
As people age, they may be more susceptible to strokes and heart attacks. While maintaining a healthy weight, keeping cholesterol levels within normal limits, not smoking, and getting enough exercise can lower the risk, aspirin may also prevent cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events. Here are some ways a daily aspirin may be good for preventing stroke and heart attack.
Decreases Platelet Aggregation
When platelets become less sticky, it’s referred to as decreased platelet aggregation. Aspirin decreases platelet aggregation, which reduces the risk for blood clots, strokes, and heart attacks. While decreased platelet aggregation is favorable for those at high risk for cardiovascular events or strokes, it can lead to abnormal bleeding in the gastrointestinal tract, urinary tract, and even inside the brain. Bleeding risk rises with age, so before considering aspirin therapy, speak to a physician to determine if taking an aspirin every day is a safe choice for your senior loved one.
A healthy diet and exercise are critical for seniors who want to lower their risk of heart attack and stroke. Seniors who want to remain healthy as they age can benefit in a variety of ways when they receive professional home care. Tucson, AZ, Home Care Assistance is here to help your loved one accomplish daily tasks, prevent illness, and focus on living a healthier and more fulfilling life.
Dampens Arterial Inflammation
Inflammation inside the coronary arteries is thought to play a significant role in the development of heart attack and stroke. Aspirin can dampen arterial inflammation and enhance circulation, which may lower the risk for stroke and heart attack. When arterial and other types of systemic inflammation develop, the body releases inflammation-causing cytokines, which may be another risk factor for heart attack and stroke.
Lowers Blood Pressure
Taking a daily aspirin may also have positive effects on blood pressure. High blood pressure is one of the most significant risk factors for heart attack and stroke, so even moderate decreases in blood pressure can reduce this risk. The blood pressure–lowering effects of taking a daily aspirin may depend on the time it’s taken. It’s thought that when taken at night, aspirin can lower blood pressure so heart attacks and strokes are less likely to occur overnight and in the early morning hours. Conversely, when aspirin is taken during the daytime, it’s less likely to have an effect on blood pressure. The reason aspirin lowers blood pressure when taken at night isn’t completely understood, and more research is needed.
High blood pressure often accompanies other medical issues, such as diabetes and renal disease. Living with a serious health condition can make it challenging for seniors to age in place. However, they can maintain a higher quality of life with the help of professional live-in care. Tucson seniors can benefit from assistance with meal prep, bathing, transportation to the doctor’s office, medication reminders, and much more.
Stabilizes Arterial Calcification
Calcium in the arteries is thought to raise the risk for heart attack and stroke because pieces of the calcium can break off and travel through the vessels, causing an obstruction. Aspirin may stabilize and even reduce the amount of calcium that accumulates in the arteries. Before your loved one starts taking aspirin to stabilize arterial calcifications, speak with his or her doctor, who may refer your loved one to a cardiologist for further evaluation and treatment. The cardiologist may recommend undergoing an arterial calcium scan so your loved one’s calcium score can be evaluated. If moderate to high, your loved one may benefit from taking a daily aspirin.
Even if aspirin can lower the risk of heart attacks and strokes, aging adults should still follow healthy lifestyle habits to minimize the risk as much as possible. In Tucson, home care service agencies can be a great boon to seniors. With the help of the caregivers at Home Care Assistance, your aging loved one can lead a happier and healthier life. We offer a revolutionary program called the Balanced Care Method, which encourages seniors to eat nutritious foods, exercise and socialize regularly, and focus on other lifestyle factors that increase life expectancy. If your loved one needs assistance with the challenges of aging, reach out to one of our knowledgeable, compassionate Care Managers today at (520) 276-6555. | <urn:uuid:538913ec-218e-47d8-97ac-b827e5e8e3ef> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.homecareassistancetucson.com/does-taking-aspirin-every-day-prevent-heart-attack-and-stroke-in-elderly/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.936867 | 875 | 2.921875 | 3 |
- Cholesterol is a waxy white like substance that is produced by our liver
- Cholesterol which is said to be a basic component of lipoproteins was first introduced by Poulletier De La Salle in 1769
- Rediscovery of this lipoprotein was again channelised by Chevreul who named it cholesterin in the year 1815
- Bouldet in 1833 found cholesterol in the blood.
The function of Cholesterol
- It plays a vital role in the formation of cell membrane
- It’s also important for Vitamin D and certain hormones
Types of Cholesterol
Low-density lipoprotein :
Also termed as bad cholesterol which builds up in arteries which causes heart attack and stroke
High-density lipoprotein :
Also termed as good cholesterol which helps in LDL to return back to the liver for the process of elimination
Very low-density lipoprotein :
These are lipoproteins that carry cholesterol
- There are an estimated 17.3 million deaths each year from heart disease around the globe due to hypercholesteremia.
Desired Level of Cholesterol
- LDL less than 100mg/DL
- HDL 60mg/DL or higher
- Triglycerides less than 150mg/dl
- Increase amount of trans fat or saturated fat in the diet
- Change in the LDLR genes BMI of greater than 30 are at high risk for hypercholesterolemia
- Genetic causes
- Angina chest pain
- Extreme Fatigue
- Shortness of breath
- Numbness and coldness in extremities
- Pain in neck, jaw, upper abdomen, back
- Severe headache
- Slurring speech
- Sudden dizziness
- Fish oil supplements with omega 3 fatty acids
- Flax seeds
- Coriander seeds, turmeric, garlic
- Green tea
HOMEOPATHIC MANAGEMENT HAS PROVED TO BE USEFUL IN CLINICAL PRACTICE IN TREATING PATIENTS WITH HYPERCHOLESTEREMIA.
Here Are Few Remedies As Follows :
Crataegus Oxyacantha :
Most physicians claim that this is one of the best cardiac tonics when there is high arterial tension .person has an irregular pulse and breathing. cholesterol symptoms are often associated with nervous symptoms
Insomnia, anemia is also treated with this remedy.
This remedy is best for cancer of the liver. Hepatic engorgement is been found on scan .jaundice gall stones all can be treated with this remedy .patient feels nervousness with anxiety feeling due to dizziness and chest pain due to increase cholesterolemia.
This remedy points at an Increase in power of vitality or to any genuine stimulation of function .this remedy acts best for atrophy of the liver,sub-acute hepatitis, cirrhosis often associated with hypercholesteremia.
Nux Vomica :
This remedy is also effective in cases of hypercholesteremia. The patient often complains of nausea often associated in the morning after eating meals .vomiting with much retching Desires for stimulants .liver engorged with stitches and soreness. colic with upward pressure with shortness of breath present.
Allium Sativum :
This is often prescribed by physicians for higher cholesterol symptoms .patients often complain of eructations after eating food. constipation, high blood pressure are also associated symptoms present .shortness of breath with irregular breathing is often seen.
Dr.Vaseem Choudhary has a perfect Diet Chart to Maintain Cholesterol!
Homeo Care Clinic
Dr.Vaseem Choudhary and his team have treated many patients successfully of hypercholesteremia so if you are seeking your cure please visit Homeo Care Clinic, Pune for further assistance. | <urn:uuid:fa990a57-ab57-47ed-95e8-a68d33f828f4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.homeocareclinic.in/national-cholesterol-education-month/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.917349 | 806 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Data Privacy Day, held every year on January 28, is meant to raise awareness of as well as best practices in data privacy. This day in 2019 is, in my view, a good occasion to take stock of what the stakes of data privacy have become. In short: the stakes for data privacy have gone up. Now it seems, data privacy is a key factor to protect fundamentals of our society such as the autonomy of individual decision making and democracy.
10 years ago, in the U.S. at least, data privacy was generally considered an issue of consumer protection. Identity theft, annoyance with direct marketing, and the creepy feeling of one’s web browsing being followed around by online behavioral advertising were the dominant concerns of the day. Fast forward to today and it’s clear the Cambridge Analytica scandal has changed this perception.
The ever-increasing costs of the abuse of personal data
Examples of how personal data and the user interest profiles built from them have been abused to manipulate electoral behavior are now almost routine. Russian actors have identified and targeted vulnerable demographics with misinformation campaigns in the U.S. national elections of 2016 and 2018 as well as the UK’s 2016 “Brexit” election. Much of the activity by these campaigns leveraged Facebook and other social media outlets.
The use of Facebook’s user profiling for dubious political purposes isn’t limited to the Russians. In 2017, the German nationalist party “Alternative for Germany” (AfD) expanded its group of sympathizers by leveraging Facebook’s “lookalike audiences” feature. This feature allows advertisers to identify and reach out to users similar to their existing customers or supporters. This tactic is one of the reasons the AfD successfully expanded its base of supporters to become the most successful right-wing party in post-war Germany. The examples brought up so far are associated with right-wing politics. In the U.S., it has come out that an organization used similar tactics in support of a Democratic candidate in a 2017 Senate race. So, it seems safe to say that abuse of personal data and profiles is not endemic to any particular political ideology.
Other surprising findings are changing how we view the privacy debate. Machine learning and artificial intelligence technologies now allow the creation of highly sensitive inferences about us from the ordinary data we generate in our online and offline activities. Research studies show that machine learning algorithms using social media data privacy can predict the onset of a depressive episode prior to the individuals themselves knowing, of sexual orientation, or of our personality traits. Data privacy is proving to be an important factor in preserving our control of many factors about our lives.
Regulators are beginning to act
As the German poet and philosopher Friedrich Hölderlin once said, “But where the danger is, also grows the saving power.” Warnings about the possibly catastrophic impacts on society of the loss of privacy and control of our data privacy are not only coming from a small group of privacy experts. Concerns are also reaching Main Street and the good news is it is beginning to have an impact. In California, Alastair Mactaggart and two other citizens started collecting signatures for a ballot initiative for a state privacy law. Despite formidable opposition from the state’s big tech firms, the end result was the state legislature passed The California Consumer Privacy Act of 2018. The law grants California residents important rights such as the right of access to the data a company holds about them, a right to delete data, and a right to object to the selling of their data. Mactaggart noted that the Cambridge Analytica scandal provided the boost needed for the success of the effort.
The other major privacy development of 2018 was the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) going into effect in the European Union. The GDPR grants Europeans a number of rights including rights of access to their data, the right to be forgotten, and to data portability. The GDPR also sets high standards for transparency to individuals about data processing and for obtaining consent.
2019 will be the year to see how effective the GDPR will be at addressing privacy concerns. Expect a major fight between European regulators and big tech! Already, a 50 Million Euro (approximately $57 million) fine was levied against Google for violations of the GDPR’s transparency and consent standards. Will the European Union strictly interpret and enforce the GDPR’s emphasis on specific, informed opt-in consent, data minimization, and data usage purpose limitation? If so, it would limit the aggressive and opaque data privacy handling practices of tech companies that underlie many of the privacy challenges noted above.
It’s complex but not impossible
This is a complex subject technically, economically, and politically, but not impenetrable. The impact on society and our lives suggest a call to action for us to become educated and engaged. We need an effective societal debate on how we want data privacy and control of our data to be addressed. There are concrete avenues where an informed citizenship can make a tangible difference. An important debate will be around a potential Federal privacy law in the U.S. A Federal privacy law will be much contested. It could significantly strengthen privacy protections U.S. citizens receive, but also perversely, weaken them as well. A Federal law would presumably preempt state laws, so it is seen as an opportunity by anti-privacy lobbyists to rollback state-mandated privacy protections such as those granted in California.
The empowering message for this Data Privacy Day is that privacy is not necessarily lost. We as a society can decide on the rules governing how our personal data privacy is to be collected, shared and used. Companies, even the most powerful ones, will have to play by those rules, and if they try to evade them, we can hold them accountable. | <urn:uuid:ac975f2a-aece-4506-a36e-09871cb5fccc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.intertrust.com/blog/data-privacy-reasons-to-be-optimistic/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.946769 | 1,191 | 2.6875 | 3 |
What Is Aeration?
The process of creating small holes in your lawn to allow for water and oxygen to penetrate into the lawns roots by loosening compacted soil and allows vital air, water, and nutrients to reach the roots. This guide will give the insight on “how to aerate my lawn.”
How to Aerate Your Lawn
- The day before aerating your lawn, water to the lawn to soften the soil to 1 inch of saturated soil.
- Avoid accidentally running over any sprinkler heads or shallow irrigation, septic, or utility lines.
- If you’ve never aerated it before or your soil is heavily compacted, go over the entire lawn twice. The second pass perpendicular to the first pass.
- Leave the plugs of soils on the lawn so they can break down and add nutrients back into the aerated soil.
- Once completed aerating, water the lawn very well.
Do not let your lawn dry out, therefore water your newly aerated lawn every 2-3 days during the next couple of weeks.
When to Aerate Your Lawn
Lawn thatch is sure sign of compacted soil. Aerate If you have heavily compacted soil due to high traffic areas or heavy clay soil every year. If you have sandy soil or your lawn is growing well, you can aerate every 2-3 years. Aerate your lawn when your grass is in its peak growing season so it can recover, therefore early spring or the fall for cool-season grasses is ideal. For warm seasonal grasses, late spring through early summer is recommended. | <urn:uuid:1fbd36e4-7d16-470c-a12e-cc0ac5224b84> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jclandscapingllc.com/lawn/how-to-aerate-my-lawn/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.944866 | 331 | 2.671875 | 3 |
In September of 2021, approximately 4,600 Haitian migrants were deported on forty-three flights to Port-au-Prince and Cap-Haitien. Almost thirty percent of children who returned were not born in Haiti, and obtained foreign nationality, including Chilean and Brazilian. Haitian Institute of Social Welfare and Research helps in reunification of families as fifteen unaccompanied migrant kids travelling by sea to the United States were reunited with their families.
Majority of the Haitians that flee to the United States and are in the process of entering the country are susceptible to political and financial instability, violence, trafficking, and migrant smuggling. Those caught without a passport were deported as the arrival of illegal immigrants is attempted to be mitigated. The number of Haitians apprehended between the ports of entry has fallen from 7,694 to 130 according to Internal Customs and Border Protection Data.
In May 2022, more than 4,000 Haitians in 36 flights were sent back to Haiti as part of Title 42. Around 3,643 Haitians were present at the legal ports of entry and were allowed to stay in the United States to be processed and pursue asylum claims. They are allowed entry after legal and immigration advocates file for the individuals to be exempted from Title 42.
The number of Haitians deported by U.S. Immigration and Customs Enforcement reduced drastically in June 2022 as the Biden administration allowed Haitians to enter the country through legal ports of entry to seek asylum. This helps Haitians to come through legal ports of entry. | <urn:uuid:ef7a0e4d-0bd7-4527-b6fc-622a55a3279c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.jeelani-law.com/reduction-in-deportation-of-haitians/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.98041 | 301 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Holy Bible, Containing the Old and New Testaments: Together with the Apocrypha: Translated Out of the Original Tongues, and With the Former Translations Diligently Compared and Revised. With Caine’s Marginal Notes and References, to Which are Added, an Index: an Alphabetical Table of All the Names in the Old and New Testaments, With their Significations; Tables of Scripture Weights, Measures, and Coins, &c. Cooperstown, NY: H. & E. Phinney, 1828. The copy presented here was used by JS in his Bible Revision project and is currently held at CCLA.
Beginning in 1611, the King James Version (KJV) became the standard Bible for English-speaking Protestant churches. Later editions of the KJV corrected errors, altered punctuation, revised spellings, and amended or modernized other minor elements of usage—in particular by supplying word substitutions or clarifications such as “astonished” for “astonied” and “establish” for “stablish,” and so forth.
Prior to the American Revolution, Bibles in British North America were obtained almost exclusively from Great Britain. The first publication of a complete edition of the KJV in the occurred in 1782, by permission of the Continental Congress. Several printers in the early republic subsequently issued editions of the KJV in various sizes. Among the more prominent printers and publishers of that era was Elihu Phinney, who set up his shop and business in Cooperstown, New York, in 1795. He was eventually joined in his enterprise by his two sons, Henry and Elihu Jr. They first published an edition of the Bible in 1813 and continued with more editions for many years. After Elihu Phinney’s death in 1813, his sons operated the business as H & E Phinney (Jackson, “Joseph’s Cooperstown Bible,” 41–42, 45–50, 55–56).
purchased an 1828 Phinney edition of the King James Bible for JS in 1829. The book was quarto-sized (about 9" x 12"), the conventional size for a “family Bible.” On the first page, Cowdery inscribed, “The Book of the Jews And the Property of Joseph Smith Junior and Oliver Cowdery Bought October the 8th 1829, at s Book Store Wayne County New York.” At the bottom of the page he added, “Price $3.75” and “H[o]liness to the L[ord].” The Phinney Bible included the Apocrypha, some illustrations, and a selection of reference material.
This was the Bible used by JS and his scribes when he undertook a revelatory revision of the Old and New Testaments beginning in 1830, an endeavor that came to be known as JS’s “New Translation,” or Bible revision. It is not certain JS used this Bible exclusively for the Bible revisions, but the Phinney Bible was unquestionably used when JS adopted an abbreviated approach to recording changes in the KJV text.
Initially, the entire verse or passage being amended or expanded was recorded by scribes on the manuscripts associated with the Bible revision. Beginning after John chapter 5 in New Testament Revision 2, however, JS marked his copy of the Bible as he read in it, indicating where a change should be made. In the manuscript, the scribes wrote the scripture reference and the specifics of the revisions. The same practice was adopted in July 1832 when JS resumed the revision of the Old Testament, which had been set aside to take up work on the New Testament. (See Old Testament Revision 2.) Thus, for much of JS’s revision of the Bible, both the Phinney Bible and the manuscripts recording the changes to be made constituted the Bible revision.
The Phinney Bible apparently continued in the possession of JS’s family for the remainder of his life, and passed to his son after JS’s death. It is now owned by the Community of Christ at Independence, Missouri, along with the manuscripts for the Bible revision. | <urn:uuid:171cf9f0-c782-4b23-b89b-8015d490cee3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.josephsmithpapers.org/paper-summary/bible-used-for-bible-revision/92 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.963455 | 875 | 2.671875 | 3 |
For the comfort and safety of the community, the City of Karratha maintains a comprehensive mosquito monitoring and control program across the region to reduce the risk of mosquito borne viruses to residents and visitors.
The Department of Health notifies the City on infectious diseases, including mosquito borne viruses, and patients are contacted to assist in identifying mosquito breeding sites. While it’s not possible to eliminate mosquitos from the region, the City undertakes a variety of measures to safely and effectively control mosquitos.
What does the City do to manage mosquitos?
Eliminating mosquitoes entirely is not desirable as they have a role in plant pollination and as food for other animals, but the City does work to control mosquito populations. The controls include:
Cultural controls, including educating the community about strategies to reduce mosquito bites, such as covering with loose-fitting, light-coloured clothing, repelling biting insects with repellents containing DEET or Picaridin and cleaning up sources of standing water around the home.
Chemical controls targeting mosquito larvae and adults, including a growth inhibitor which dissolves in water and prevents larvae from maturing to adults and a surface treatment which kills larvae by suffocation. For adult treatments, surface sprays and fogging are the main approaches.
Physical controls, including modifying drainage systems or channelling in wetlands to improve drainage and alter water flow to interrupt the breeding cycle of mosquitoes
It’s common to see increased mosquito activity after heavy rain, including cyclones, and the inundation of tidal flats and mangroves is a contributing factor to increasing mosquito breeding. The City reviews prevailing weather conditions when choosing which control measure to adopt.
Some treatments, such as fogging, are only appropriate during disease outbreak or following a major climatic event, as this treatment may impact the broader environment.
The City maintains a flock of sentinel chickens that are used to monitor Murray Valley Encephalitis and Kunjin prevalence in the area.
Visit the Department of Health website for information on mosquito borne viruses.
How can I protect myself and stop mosquitoes breeding around my home?
There are a range of things you can do to reduced your risk from mosquitos, including:
- covering up by wearing light coloured long sleeve shirts and long pants that are loose fitting
- applying personal insect repellent containing DEET or Picaridin if possible
- reducing outdoor activities at dawn and dusk, when mosquitoes are more active
- ensuring fly screens to doors and windows are fitted and maintained
- using spatial repellents, such as pyrethroid containing coils
- checking your property for potential breeding sources, such as standing water
- emptying pot plant bases weekly, or filling the base with sand to absorb water
- washing out weekly any plants that can hold water such as bromeliads
- ensuring rainwater tank overflow pipes are screened and access covers are fitted securely
- keeping swimming pools maintained
- ensuring plumbing and vents to septic tanks are screened
- washing out birdbaths, ornamental pools and pet drinking bowls weekly
What does the City do to manage biting midges?
Midges are smaller than mosquitoes, though they are similar in appearance and their bites can be mistaken for mosquito bites.
While the midge bite can be irritating and has the potential to become infected in susceptible individuals, midges are not known to spread disease. For this reason, midges are not included in the City's mosquito management program.
Visit the Department of Health website for more information on biting midges. | <urn:uuid:456c3ede-e18f-4733-86f9-8c604fda63fa> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.karratha.wa.gov.au/community/health/mosquitos-and-other-pests | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.943494 | 725 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Kashmir World Foundation (KwF) focuses on furthering conservation efforts through applications of education, technology, and global collaboration.
KwF’s hands-on, innovative workshop, Fly for Conservation, kicked off February 4th through 9th. The groundbreaking workshop took place in the Brazil Cerrado Protected Area Mosaic in the Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu (MSVP) and hosted over 40 participants. With a goal to train local conservationists in the use of unmanned aerial vehicles (UAV) drones for use in biodiversification and agroforestry efforts, KwF took the initiative to set this mission in motion with the contribution of their time and the drone expertise of many trained experts and participants, as well as the financing of their travel flights to Brazil.
This project was also made possible by WWF Network’s Forest Innovation Fund, which funded the cost of drone kits and equipment, accommodations and meals for all participants. By supporting this project, WWF-Brazil seeks “to explore the potential for low-cost drones to be used in the conservation, protection, and management of forests” (Piovesan, 2019). Other organizations that supported this initiative include Cavernas do Peruaçu National Park, which hosted the event; the Chico Mendes Institute for Biodiversity Conservation (ICMBio), and the Peruaçu Valley Family Farmers and Extractivists Cooperative (COOPERUAÇU).
This has not been KwF’s first project of this nature. Drones took to the sky in Florida (2016), Costa Rica (2017), and Mexico (2018), as Kashmir World Foundation brought its Fly for Conservation workshops to locations across the globe. Previous partners include the Sea Turtle Conservation in Florida, Georgia Sea Turtle Center in Georgia, Reserva Playa in Costa Rica, and Pronatura Península de Yucatán.
About the Cerrado
The Cerrado is one of the planet’s oldest biomes containing a rich variety of species. Its flora, fauna, and culture make this biome one of the world’s most important natural regions that must be preserved for future generations. The Cerrado is located in the heart of Brazil, spans three South American countries and connects four of the five biomes found in Brazil. The region is home to over 5,000 native Brazilian species, such as the maned wolf, the giant anteater, and the jaguar. In addition, it is the source of the water running into the country’s large reservoirs and water basins, and for this reason, it is often referred to as the “Birthplace of the Waters”. The Cerrado is under threat as a result of man’s activities, however, and this particular part of our natural heritage needs to be seen from another perspective (Piovesan, 2019).
More about the Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu Mosaic The Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu Mosaic spans an area covering the north of the Brazilian state of Minas Gerais and the southwest of Bahia. Originally covering 1.8 million hectares, it was recently expanded to cover over 3 million hectares and comprise a total of 25 protected areas. The mosaic, which is located inside the Gerais region immortalized by Brazilian writer Guimarães Rosa, combines environmental diversity – being home to many fauna and flora species endemic to the Cerrado – and the cultural wealth of its traditional people. However, it has also suffered from the conversion of natural vegetation, forest fires, and devastation (Piovesan, 2019). The Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu Mosaic is a protected area in Brazil’s Cerrado which has already lost 50% of its bio-diverse savanna area in the past 50 years due to urbanization, deforestation, and other human activities, putting the unique wildlife there at risk.
In partnership with WWF-Brazil and other organizations, KwF’s workshop laid the groundwork for the realization of a common goal. According to Felipe Spina, a biologist and conservation analyst for WWF-Brazil, “One of WWF-Brazil’s objectives is to introduce new technology into conservation activities. To ensure restoration and conservation efforts are successful, we need to guarantee that local populations play a significant part and combine their traditional knowledge with science and technology. This will pave the way toward consistent conservation practices and the development of innovative public policy. In addition, we obviously need to make sure this knowledge is actually accessible” (Spina, 2019). The workshop aims to combine the forces of technology with the knowledge and expertise of local conservationists and para-biologists.
Also according to Spina, the next stage of this project will continue to involve locals and combine traditional knowledge with drone technologies in an effort to empower members of the Cooperuaçu Agroecology Cooperative in their mission for sustainable extractivism of Cerrado fruit trees which will help to conserve the Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu Mosaic (Spina, 2019). KwF is working on a deep learning neural network for detecting and identifying key tree species for supporting local agroforestry.
Mapping Areas Destroyed by Fire This was the first experience involving drones for Raoni Japiassu Merisse, ICMBio environmental analyst for the Nascentes do Rio Vermelho protected area in Mambaí, in the state of Goiás. “Thanks to the pace that the content is rolled out and the clear instructions from the instructors, I’m not having any difficulty familiarizing myself with this new tool,” he said when asked about the workshops.
Armed with this new tool, Merisse described his plans for the future. “At the ICMBIO in Mambaí, we want to use drones to map areas destroyed by fire and monitor the damage caused. Like any other protected area in the Cerrado region, we have problems with forest fires. However, we are now looking into the various management activities in our protected areas that could really benefit from the use of drones, including the identification of camps set up by hunters and fishermen. This will enable us to improve surveillance efficiency and safety,” he explained (Piovesan, 2019).
Tourism and Intelligent Destinations Hebert Canela, professor of tourism at the Department of Interdisciplinary Humanities, at the Federal University of the Jequitinhonha and Mucuri Valleys, explained that the workshop had boosted activities in the Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu Mosaic and strengthened the integrated management and governance of this incredible territory.
“The powerful connection between travel and new technology, developed with responsibility, enables the transformations that can bring about a potential new world. In tourism, this upholds the principles set out in the Global Code of Ethics for Tourism, values natural and cultural heritage and restores the concept of intelligent destinations,” he said. Canela emphasized that this educational action promotes interculturality and encourages the exchange of knowledge to create public policy (Piovesan, 2019).
KwF’s drone kits are an effective, customizable solution that can make a big difference in how conservationists work to protect ecologically challenged environments and the wildlife species within them. According to KwF Director Ronald Pandolfi, “We designed the drones to be reconfigurable for just about any application someone could envision” (Pandolfi). 2019 Fly for Conservation Brazil trained and empowered the local fire brigade, Brazilian University Professors and researchers, as well as Federal, state, and local park staff with the modern technologies they need to address forest fires, landslides, and habitat destruction in the Sertão Veredas-Peruaçu Protected Area Mosaic. KwF is thrilled with the progress made so far and looks forward to how these drones will be used in the future. | <urn:uuid:98b8e340-08ee-48ac-8443-3bc392729a9f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kashmirworldfoundation.org/post/drones-for-conservation-kwf-takes-on-brazil-s-cerrado | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.929806 | 1,650 | 2.6875 | 3 |
The four main types of anesthesia used during surgery are:
This is usually a one-time injection of medicine used to numb a small area for a procedure such as having a mole or skin cancer removed.
Pain medication to numb a larger part of the body, such as the area below the waist, may be provided through an injection or a small tube called a catheter. You will be awake, but unable to feel the area that is numbed. This type of anesthesia is often used for childbirth and for surgeries of the arm, leg or abdomen.
Monitored Anesthesia Care or Intravenous (IV) Sedation
Your anesthetist will administer medication that will relax you through an IV placed in a vein. Depending on the procedure, the level of sedation may range from minimal — making you drowsy but able to talk — to deep, meaning you probably won’t remember the procedure. This type of anesthesia often is used for minimally invasive procedures such as colonoscopies. IV sedation is sometimes combined with local or regional anesthesia.
This type of anesthesia is provided through an anesthesia mask or IV and makes you lose consciousness. It is more likely to be used if you are having a major surgery, such as a knee replacement or open heart surgery.
The type of anesthesia you receive will depend on a variety of factors, including the type of procedure you are having, your health and in some cases, your preference.
Source: American Society of Anesthesiologists | <urn:uuid:fe1b7526-9f7e-4053-90ed-d803f2e50724> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kch.org/anesthesiology | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.942269 | 307 | 3.25 | 3 |
Most people searching for nutrition services have trouble finding a program that works for them. After all, it's not easy to escape the sugar and carbohydrates present in many food products that populate the shelves of grocery stores. However, the notoriety that some macronutrients have is largely undeserved. In reality, carbohydrates are necessary for your continued health. The real challenge is deciphering the food labels and figuring out which carbs are right for you.
An abundance of nourishment that can be derived from meals is found in the form of carbohydrates. As was mentioned before, a carbohydrate is a type of macro nutrient along with protein and fat. It is of vital importance to get your daily recommended amount of calorie intake through these macronutrients. Carbs are generally found in plant-based cuisine. However, this naturally occurring nutrient is now overused in a number of refined foods that overuse starches and sugars. Sugar is the most natural form of carbohydrate available. It arises from a unique assortment of the molecules oxygen, hydrogen, and carbon. The difference in the arrangement of these molecules results in the multiple forms carbohydrates can come in. The organic sources of carbohydrates include:
- Whole Grains
- Fiber: This kind of carb is created through the chaining of multiple molecules of sugars. It is important to note that are two types of fiber: soluble and insoluble. Fiber can be found in healthy foods such as lentils, almonds, peas and broccoli and much more.
- Sugars: There are two general groups of sugars: organic and added. Organic sugars are found in a variety of fruit while added sugars can be found in pastries, soda, and sweets. The key difference between the two sugars lies in the natural sugars; tendency to also pack key nutrients like fructose. On the other hand, added sugar provides almost no nutritional value besides pure energy. The human body is designed to run on organic sugars and has adapted to deriving this energy from a number of healthy foods such as carrots, bananas, and pineapples.
- Starch: This brand of carb is also a result of the chaining together of sugar molecules. Good sources of starch that are natural include vegetables and grains.
- Legumes: This family of food is as diverse as it is delicious. Legumes encompass a wide variety of beans and are an excellent food that packs a punch on a budget. This mighty food group provides your body with the building blocks for a healthily functioning brain and skeletal system. Some scientists believe the key to cardiac health is choosing legumes over red meat!
- Fiber-Rich: Be sure to choose fiber-rich foods such as vegetables and fruits. A good rule of thumb is to opt for fresh varieties as opposed to those in cans. This is because manufacturers often opt to use preservatives to keep those vegetables and fruits edible. Fiber-rich foods are essential in allowing you to maintain a proper circulatory system.
- Low-fat Dairy: Dairy is an amazing source of nutrients. Apart from offering everything from calcium to vitamins, it also comes in a variety of fat options that allow it to meet the needs of just about any healthy diet. Consuming low-fat dairy is linked to a lower risk of heart attacks and related circulatory system issues.
- Whole Grains: There are many kinds of grains. However, they can easily be organized into two distinct groups: whole and refined. Every kind of grain has carbs, minerals, and vitamins. It is considered a best practice to opt for whole grains because of their organic origin. The fact is, natural grains are not manufactured like refined grains. In addition, research shows that whole grains are able to hold more of the important nutrients (such as antioxidants) as opposed to their refined counterparts.
- Added Sugars…NEVER! The facts plainly show that there is no valid reason for added sugars in your diet. While they may offer a sweet escape from time to time, added sugars over time can lead to an unhealthy weight, tooth cavities, cardiac issues, and more! It's best to stay far away from this deceptively sweet menace! | <urn:uuid:f73ccfd4-4843-4ffd-9fdb-5ce84b63f1e3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kewgardenshealth.com/services/nutritional-counseling | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.957016 | 836 | 3.4375 | 3 |
ABA, Applied Behavior Analysis, is the discipline that studies human behavior and aims to improve social behavior by implementing the fundamental techniques of the learning theory.
Applied Behavior Analysis therapy builds on the principles of learning. This approached is often used to help individuals diagnosed with Autism develop their communication, social and learning skills. By providing in-home ABA therapy in Pasadena, our team creates a customized, personal approach for each child we work with, in the comfort of their natural environment and including their parents, family and at-home care network.
By working in-home, our professionals can delve into the details and possible trigger that might be setting off certain problematic behaviors. We work to help the child find more positive ways of reacting to triggers and helping them replace the negative behaviors with positive tactics.
Analysts evaluate your child via assessments and help them set specific goals to work towards. We’ll help your child develop new skills, advance previously learned skills, and decrease problems in social behavior. | <urn:uuid:53b32ea7-d8b5-41c0-a182-53d7ab466356> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.keyautismservices.com/autism-aba-therapy-in-pasadena/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.933139 | 201 | 2.84375 | 3 |
The concept of conservatism may be defined as 'keeping the status
quo'. This concept is not a well-grounded concept in Turkey, and therefore its content
and variations need to be examined from different perspectives.
Whether conservatism is a political understanding and practice, which tries to
conserve the status quo; or is it a social phenomenon that covers up some concerns
and reactions against change? How does it possible to define conservatism merely
as an ideology; or can we see conservatism in our daily life as a manner and attitude?
To talk about and discuss on conservatism in Turkey where many radical cultural
and civilizational change took place in recent history bring up many questions.
If we consider conservatism as an ideology except a product of an historical
revolution (French Revolution), when did this concept emerge in us? Where should
we begin this process? The reform and improvement movements in the Ottoman times
belong to a significant curve; but the transformation of these reform movements
to revolutions during the Republican period and to a state-supported policy to change
the society indicate a distinct threshold, which led to the emergence of reactions
by some social groups. Other reasons for the reactions may be defined as the targeting
of social institutions as religion as they caused backwardness, and the attempts
to eliminate the influence of these institutions in private, social and political
realms. At this point, the crucial question seems to be whether the Turkish conservatism
is a product of those reactions, or not?
The two keywords in the discussions about conservatism are modernization and
tradition. We should undo the following knot while analyzing the connections between
modernization-tradition-conservatism: On the one hand, a conservatist thesis in
the form of "without having a tradition, it is not possible to experience the modernization";
and on the other hand, a social engineering project that comments on the tradition
as an hobble in the way to live the recent times and to construct the future, and
thinks tradition as the opposite of modernism, and interprets conservatism identical
with religiosity, and religiosity with backwardness.
Another knot seems to emerge in the issue of the reference points of conservatism.
The attributes as national, Islamic, democratic etc. wonder us which tradition or
the thought system will be taken as reference point. This question still expects
Another issue to find an answer may be mentioned as to locate the place of Bediüzzaman
within the discussions on conservatism. Was Bediüzzaman a conservative, if not,
how do we need to understand and interpret his conservative attitudes? Bediüzzaman
mentions his distinctiveness with the following sentences: "They assume me a teacher
in the madrasa who fasted in the scholastic marshes. Nevertheless, I dealt with
every type of natural sciences, and all sciences and philosophies of this age. I
already worked out the deepest problems in these sciences". He also fixed the principles
of faith and unification as the main pillars of the Islamic societies. He had also
a very clear position against the modernization and Wester-nization. He criticized
the activities and ideas which made to raze the religious values in the name of
Westernization and attended those values: "Our desire is the beautification the
civilization, the good deeds benefiting the humanity". Can we argue that Bediüzzaman
was a conservative due to this attitude?
Considering all of those, we designate the dossier subject in this 97th issue
as "conservatism". We plan to analyze this subject around the concepts of "conservative,
conservatism, tradition, traditionalism, culture, reform, change, modernization,
Westernization, religion, family, backwardness, revolution, laicism, politics, order,
status quo etc." and want to ask the following questions.
How can we define conservatism from the point of view of sociology of knowledge?
What are the historical and sociological roots of this phenomenon? What are the
sociological conditions to talk about conservatism? What are the conditions leading
to the emergence of conservatism from the point of view of social dynamics? Can
we consider conservatism a perception of temperament and personality from the perspective
social psychology? What are the cultural, political, literal and ideological dimensions
of conservatism? What are the correlation between conservatism, tradition, traditionalism?
What kind of significance does the Republican Revolution carry for the conservatism?
How do the Republican elite approach to the conservatives and conservatism? What
are the critics of conservatism against the Republican Revolutions and revolutionism?
What are the sociological, political and philosophical tools of conservatives against
the concepts like revolution, change, modernisation etc.? How do we need to comment
on conservatism politically? How can we interpret the relation between laicism and
conservatism? How should be the concept of Turkish conservatism interpreted? How
can we compare this phenomenon with the European counterparts and their representatives?
What is the connection between Islam and conservatism? Does the religious conservatism
stand against the reformation, progress and Westernizaton? How does Bediüzzaman
approach to such kind of issues?
We aim to contribute to the discussions on "conservatism" in our country and
try to bring in some new ideas to our ideological horizont. We believe that many
question will find an answer in our dossier.
We would like to leave the word to our dossier and wish to meet with you again
in our 98th issue with the dossier of "Southeastern Anatolia Question". | <urn:uuid:77b15fb9-785e-4a39-8eb1-5600759f57fd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.koprudergisi.com/editorial/conservatism/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.925265 | 1,143 | 2.546875 | 3 |
The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention estimates about 35% of all Americans have been infected with COVID-19 over the last year.
From February 2020 to March 2021, the CDC estimates 114.6 million Americans were infected with COVID-19, 97.1 million had symptomatic illnesses and 5.6 million were hospitalized with COVID-19.
TheCDC numberswere updated Thursday as part of the agency’s “estimated disease burden,” in which the agency provides estimates of infections, symptomatic illnesses and hospitalizations using statistical modeling to account for cases that current “networks are unable to capture.”
Some of the discrepancy in the number of cases could be because some people have no symptoms when they are infected and do not get tested, the CDC says, or because even if someone does have symptoms, they may not seek medical care or a test to confirm their COVID-19 status.
The U.S. Census Bureau announced the total population of this country in April 2020 was just over 331 million.
That means the number the CDC estimates were infected with COVID-19 is 35% of the total U.S. population, or a little more than 1 in 3 people, and about 1.7% of the population has been hospitalized because of the virus.
Of those infected, the CDC estimates nearly 50% are between the ages of 18 and 49, and 23% are 17 or younger. When it comes to hospitalizations, 47% are estimated to be 65 and older and only 4% are 17 or younger. | <urn:uuid:602f4089-522a-4fa9-bbe5-04348b37d0da> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.kxxv.com/news/national/coronavirus/cdc-estimates-1-in-3-americans-have-been-infected-with-covid-19 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.969439 | 321 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Growing up, science was not my favorite subject. It was a class I attended at my Orlando school; a grade I earned. I did not want to understand chemistry or learn about ecology simply because my science background was abysmally weak. Like most kids, I learned science by reading a science textbook. As I matured, however, I discovered a much more relaxed form of science–curiosity. I started asking questions and relating the answers to my life. When my children were young, I made science an adventure! We would read a science book, then run outside and find an example in our backyard. The natural curiosity of young minds often leads to exciting, exploratory science lessons; and learning the mysteries behind rainbows and metamorphosis, for instance, will stimulate further learning.
To help your child learn more about science outside of their Orlando school, read grade-appropriate, science-based books; assemble puzzles relating to science concepts; combine baking powder and vinegar to see what happens; follow ants from a source of food to their anthill; or trace your shadow on paper during different times of the day. Use a simple question to begin a scientific journey; for instance, if your child wants to know how an elephant drinks water, hand him or her a straw and a glass of water. Once they determine how they drink, they can understand how the elephant drinks.
Giving children the confidence to answer their own questions is also a key component of remembering what was learned. When my son was a preschooler before he attended an Orlando school, he spent the afternoon with his grandmother. He asked her a question and she answered it. He looked at her with a shocked expression and told her, “Mommy never answers my questions. She just asks me another question and makes me figure it out.” Watching your child struggle through a scientific discovery is time consuming, but the results are astonishing and well worth the effort. At Lake Forrest Preparatory School, we encourage parents to become active in their children’s education outside the classroom. Turn over a few rocks in the park to turn on your child’s mind. | <urn:uuid:08b42d06-cc39-496b-953c-6414a20d892b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.lakeforrestprep.com/2014/06/02/encouraging-the-exploration-and-curiosity-of-science-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.977985 | 432 | 3.296875 | 3 |
THE HONEY BEE, POWERHOUSE OF AGRICULTURAL LIFE AND PROVIDER OF EVERYTHING WE EAT.
Modern agricultural practises are destroying the bee. Day by day, the biological diversity that underpins our food systems is disappearing – putting the future of our food, our livelihood, health and environment under severe threat.
Bees and other pollinating insects, play a crucial role in biodiversity and agriculture. They form an integral part of our food system, pollinating crops that end up as food on our dinner tables.
Without bees, a large number of wild and cultivated plant species would no longer exist. For example, the Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations (FAO) estimates
Did you know that 71 out of some 100 crop species that provide 90% of food worldwide are bee-pollinated! Practically everything we eat has been touched by a bee at some point along the food chain.
We work actively to raise awareness of the dramatic decline of bee populations, and also for an end to the use of harmful pesticides and biodiversity destruction associated with this decline.
Our local beekeeper Giovanni Mari has been keeping bees all his life and so has his family and their family before. Without his work, our food would simply disappear.
FILLING UP THE JARS AND LABELING LOCAL HONEY
CHECKING THE DEVELOPMENT OF HONEY COMB AND THE HANDS OF THE MASTER GIOVANNI MARI REGNANO LE MARCHE
LOCAL WALNUT HONEY, DARK, RICH AND OH SO....
Joining the European Citizens’ Initiative “Save bees and farmers”, and commit to enforcing sustainable-bee friendly agriculture throughout Europe.
The European Citizens’ Initiative, led by PAN Europe, calls on the European Commission to introduce legal proposals to:
Phase out synthetic pesticides by 2035: Phase out synthetic pesticides in EU agriculture by 80% by 2030, starting with the most hazardous, to become 100% free of synthetic pesticides by 2035
Restore biodiversity: Restore natural ecosystems in agricultural areas so that farming becomes a vector of biodiversity recovery.
Support farmers in the transition: Reform agriculture by prioritising small scale, diverse and sustainable farming. Supporting a rapid increase in agroecological and organic practices, and enabling independent farmer-based training and research into pesticide and GMO-free farming | <urn:uuid:a43cd5a1-35b7-4eb7-bdd7-91419c4471b2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.laughterintheleaves.com/honey | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.913407 | 492 | 3.328125 | 3 |
keywords : visible learning, John Hattie, student achievement
Visible Learning Guide to Student Achievement (schools edition)
$70.00 inc. GST
Visible Learning Guide to Student Achievement critically examines the major influences shaping student achievement today. A revision of the International Guide to Student Achievement, this updated edition provides readers with a more accessible compendium of research summaries – with a particular focus on the school sector. As educators throughout the world seek to enhance learning, the information contained in this book provides practitioners and policymakers with relevant material and research-based instructional strategies that can be readily applied in classrooms and schools to maximise achievement.
Rich in information and empirically supported research, it contains seven sections, each of which begins with an insightful synthesis of major findings and relevant updates from the literature since the publication of the first Guide. These are followed by key entries, all of which have been recently revised by the authors to reflect research developments. The sections conclude with user-friendly tables that succinctly identify the main influences on achievement and practical implications for educators.
Written by world-renowned bestselling authors, John Hattie and Eric M. Anderman, this book is an indispensable reference for any teacher, school leader and parent wanting to maximise learning our schools. | <urn:uuid:50a159eb-f978-43b4-b3d9-c7931c23560b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.learningnetwork.ac.nz/product/visible-learning-guide-to-student-acheivement-schools-edition/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.902987 | 257 | 2.625 | 3 |
Critical Knowledge for Antibody Testing, Medication Interference and Immunocompromised Individuals
As of today, according to the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC), more than half of all American adults have received at least one Covid-19 vaccine dose and more than 84 million, about one third of all adults in the United States, are fully vaccinated. Now, everyone 16 years of age and older is eligible to get a Covid-19 vaccine to help stop the pandemic.
To ensure that your vaccine is working here are a few things to know about your body’s ability to build antibodies:
Antibody testing shows if an individual has immunity to Covid-19. In a recent report, after the completion of the Pfizer vaccination (2 doses), antibodies are seen for at least six months or longer. It is a good idea to test for antibodies after six months to confirm your immunity status.
Post Covid-19 Vaccine
Medication can negatively impact efficacy of the vaccine. Individuals should avoid taking steroids or other immunosuppressants before and especially after vaccination. These medications will interfere with the immune response and building of Covid-19 antibodies.
Immunocompromised individuals need to check-in with their primary doctor about receiving the Covid-19 vaccine. Most immunocompromised patients will not mount an immune response and produce antibodies to combat infections or diseases as T and B cells may be suppressed.
These are just a few tips regarding the efficacy of your Covid-19 vaccine. To learn more, Dr. Janine Darby of Lifestyle Changes is available to offer highly personalized, concierge primary care to address each patient’s underlying conditions and medication management.
Yours in health, | <urn:uuid:97ad6372-b1f2-4851-9fa7-f90cabaee7f2> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.lifestylechangesllc.com/covid-vaccine-awareness/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.932823 | 364 | 3.3125 | 3 |
There’s more to this ingredient than you may realize. From ingredients to SPF ratings and proper application, getting started with sunscreen can be a little confusing. That’s why we’ve put together this basic guide to sunscreen so that you can face warmer, sunnier days head-on.
First, let’s start with some basic terms. There’s a bunch of jargon that gets thrown around in conversations involving SPF, so it’s best to understand what they mean first!
Broad-spectrum. This refers to both types of ultraviolet rays emitted by the sun which can cause damage to the skin (UVA and UVB). It’s best to get sunscreen with broad-spectrum protection.
Chemical. Chemical sunscreens protect your skin by absorbing UV rays with chemical ingredients, such as octocrylene or avobenzone.
Mineral. Mineral sunscreens, or physical sunscreens, work by reflecting away UV rays with minerals such as titanium dioxide and zinc oxide. In other words, they form a physical barrier between UV rays and the skin.
SPF. SPF stands for sun protection factor. The number next to it measures how much solar energy is required to cause a sunburn on protected skin. The higher the SPF value, the more sunburn protection you get. The minimum recommended value for daily application is SPF 30.
Water-resistant. This refers to sunscreens that stay on the skin even after you get wet to ensure you are protected even after going swimming or sweating.
Zinc oxide. This active ingredient is found in mineral sunscreens, acting as an effective physical blocker that reflects UV rays and offers great protection.
How to use sunscreen properly
There are several things to remember when applying and reapplying your sunscreen.
First, shake the container well to ensure clumped-up particles break apart for easy application.
Applying enough SPF is usually the part most people get wrong. To cover your entire body, use 30 grams, which is about a handful of product. When applying it to your face, you can use the two-finger rule. This means that two strips of sunscreen should be squeezed along your index and middle fingers and then applied to your face.
It is also very important to use sunscreen on all the parts of your skin that are exposed to the sun. Don’t forget your ears, neck, and hands.
Be sure to apply thickly and thoroughly, but also be careful when applying this product around your eyes as it can cause stinging and pain.
What is the difference between UVA and UVB?
The UV rays that cause skin damage are emitted in different wavelengths. UVA rays can cause collagen breakdown and premature aging while UVB rays cause burns and can lead to skin cancer. It’s worth noting that enough exposure to UVA rays can also cause skin cancer eventually. It is best to use a broad-spectrum sunscreen daily for protection.
Do I need to wear sunscreen even on cloudy days?
Yes, sunscreen should be worn on cloudy days. If there is enough light to see your hand in front of you, then it’s safe to assume that there’s enough UV light to cause skin damage. It’s best to be safe and apply sunscreen daily, even if it’s rainy or overcast.
Do I need to wear sunscreen inside?
It is not necessary to wear sunscreen inside unless you are constantly sitting next to a window. UVA rays can penetrate window glass, so it’s best to apply your SPF to be safe.
Do I need to reapply sunscreen if I have makeup on?
As a rule of thumb, sunscreen should be reapplied every two to three hours during active outdoor activities with constant exposure to the sun. If you’re simply going about your day at work, then there is no need to frequently reapply sunscreen over your makeup.
What To Look for When You Buy Sunscreen
Choosing which sunscreen to buy can be difficult with the number of different products out there. It is important to look for a product with broad-spectrum protection. The sunscreen you choose should also have the right formulation for a smooth, non-greasy application that won’t slip and slide throughout the day.
Louis Widmer’s Sun Protection Face 50+ provides high-level protection with a quick-absorbing formula that won’t leave you feeling oily. It also has an anti-aging effect that is perfectly suitable for sensitive skin. Ensure you are always protected while receiving the best skincare with our sunscreen. | <urn:uuid:1f252ff4-cd1e-4a40-b23f-35d187cef105> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.louis-widmer.com/en/skin-consultancy/skin-topics/everything-you-need-to-know-about-spf.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.930718 | 962 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Development of Databases and Database Management
The development of databases and database management software is the foundation of modern methods of managing organizational data. The database management approach consolidates data records and objects into databases that can be accessed by different application programs. In addition, an important software package called a database management system (DBMS) serves as a software interface between users and databases. This helps users easily access the records in a database. Thus, database management involves the use of database management software to control how databases are created, interrogated, and maintained to provide information needed by end users and their organizations. Thus, the database management approach involves three basic activities.
1. Updating and maintaining common databases to reflect new business transactions and other events requiring changes to an organization’s record.
2. Providing information needed for each end user’s application by using application programs that share the data in common databases. This sharing of data is supported by the common software interface provided by a database management system package. Thus, end users and programmers do not have to know where or how data is physically stored.
3. Provide an inquiry/response and reporting capability through a DBMS package so that end users can easily interrogate databases, generate reports, and receive quick response to their unplanned requests for information.
A database management system (DBMS) is a set of computer programs that controls the creation, maintenance, and the use of the databases of an organization and its end users. The four major uses of DBMS are;
Database management package like Ms. Access and Lotus allow end users to easily develop the databases they need. However, large organizations with client/ server or mainframe based systems usually place control of enterprise wide database development in the hands of database administrators (DBAs) and other database specialists. Database developers use the data definition language (DDL) in the database management system like Oracle 8 to develop and specify the data contents, relationships, and structure of each database, and to modify these database specifications when necessary. Such information is stored in a database of data definitions and data specifications called a data dictionary (a computer based catalog or directory containing metadata, that is data about data. It includes software components to manage a database of data definitions, that is metadata about the structure, data elements, and other characteristics of an organization’s databases.), which is maintained by DBA.
The database interrogation capability is a major benefit of a database management system. End users can use a DBMS by asking for information from a database using a query language or a report generator. They can receive an immediate response in the form of video displays or printed reports. No difficult programming is required. The query language features lets the user to easily obtain immediate response to ad hoc (unplanned) data requests. The report generator feature allows die user to quickly specify a report format for information he wants presented as a report.
SQL or Structured Query Language is a query language found in many
database management packages. The basic form of an SQL query is; SELECT..
After SELECT the user lists the data fields he wants, retrieved. After FROM the user lists the files or tables from which the data must be retrieved. After WHERE he specifies conditions that limit the search to only those, data records in which he is interested.
Another query language in some database management package is QBE, or Query By Example. QBE’s point-and-click capabilities make it easier for end users than SQL.
The database of an organization need to be updated continually reflect new business transactions and other events. Other miscellaneous changes must also be made to ensure accuracy of the data in the database. This database maintenance process is accomplished by transaction processing programs and other end user application packages, with the support of DBMS. End users and information specialists can also employ various utilities provided by a DBMS for database maintenance.
DBMS packages play a major role in application development. Application developers can use the internal 4GL programming language and built-in software development tools provided by many DBMS packages i develop custom application programs. For example, a user can use a DBMS easily develop the data entry screens, forms, reports, or web pages of a business application, DBMS also makes the job of application programmers easier. they do not have to develop detailed data-handling procedure using conventional programming language every time they write a program. Ir. they can include data manipulation language (DML) statements in their programs that call on the DBMS to perform necessary data-handling activities.
Rashid Javed writes articles about computer basics such as history of computer and uses of computer. | <urn:uuid:bddb96f9-2b7e-46f3-ae61-27f45aff7374> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.louisvuitton-sac.fr/development-of-databases-and-database-management/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.884764 | 941 | 3.1875 | 3 |
Dept. of Energy
Edited by Robert Repas
Energy-efficient appliances save money on utility bills. An increasing number of consumers who want to get the most bang for their energy buck look for the Energy Star label. Energy Star identifies products that help protect the environment by using energy more efficiently. Buyers now search for the Energy Star label on products ranging from light bulbs to new homes. Many states support utility incentive programs promoting conservation via Energy Star-rated appliances. More than a billion Energy Star-qualified products have sold in the United States since the program began in 1992.
The Energy Star market is large. About 56% of consumers nationwide recognize the Star logo. Of those, 93% say they look for Energy Star qualified products. And the number of consumers who recognize the Energy Star label is growing. The label is influential in expanding the market for efficient products. Indications are that consumers given a choice between similar appliances commonly pick the one with an Energy Star rating.
The Energy Star program is jointly administered by the U.S. Dept. of Energy (DOE) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) with voluntary participation by manufacturers and retailers. Each agency oversees its own responsibilities within the Energy Star program. DOE manages criteria setting and promotion for the residential sector concentrating on appliances, windows, and compact fluorescent lights. EPA does the same for electronic goods, commercial equipment, buildings, and new homes.
Only Energy Star partners may use the Energy Star label on qualified products and advertising. Appliances awarded the Star logo typically fall within the top 25% efficiency rating for the industry. Buildings that meet high levels of energy efficiency and performance also get Energy Star approval.
The creation and revision of Energy Star specifications is an ongoing process. DOE considers several criteria when determining whether to develop or modify specifications. Perhaps most obviously, DOE tries to decide if a new specification will save more energy nationally. There also has to be a way to measure and verify energy consumption. And energy efficiency can't come at the expense of product performance.
DOE develops Energy Star specifications through a systematic process that relies on rigorous marketing, engineering, and pollution analyses. Input from industry stakeholders plays a vital role in developing standards. Periodic reviews evaluate how relevant a specification is to current market conditions. DOE makes sure the resulting specifications differentiate the most efficient products based on performance. At the same time, the goal is to maintain a good selection of cost-effective models for buyers. This means Energy Star-compliant models at the low-end as well as premium models with all the bells and whistles.
The Energy Star label influences energy-conscious buyers. Because it is a buying influence, it gives manufacturers incentive to produce qualified appliances. But Energy Star levels aren't static. When Energy Star products reach a specific level of market penetration, program managers at DOE begin raising the bar for Energy Star compliance to keep the label distinct.
When standards change, appliances are not "grandfathered in." Each appliance stands or falls on the merits of its energy efficiency. Appliances that perform well enough to meet the new standards keep their label. Those that don't either get redesigned for compliance or forfeit their Energy Star designation.
Upgraded criteria do not take effect overnight. Manufacturers typically have a year or more to work on the next generation of Energy Star appliances before the new standards are put into place.
For example, the specifications for clothes washers and dishwashers are currently undergoing revision. Clothes washers serve as a good model for how specifications are developed and then changed.
Residential clothes washers entered the Energy Star program in 1997. By the end of 2004, market penetration for the Energy Star-compliant washers reached 27.23% — one in four buyers now purchase an Energy Star-labeled clothes washer. DOE's goal for each product is only 20% market penetration. Once 20% of a product carries the Energy Star label, DOE thinks about making the criteria more stringent. When clothes washers surpassed that level in 2004, DOE began reevaluating the criteria. The first step was to lay out a timetable for the revision process and identify the date new specifications would take effect.
The timetable lists Jan. 1, 2007, as the date Federal standards will change. DOE notifies all interested parties about launching the revision process. The revision process involves analyzing market conditions, identifying requirements for revision, and a call for comments. Manufacturers then offer their perspective at public meetings.
Last August DOE held a stakeholder meeting with comments due by September. Early 2005 saw the creation and circulation of an initial review draft based in part on feedback from manufacturers. The review process takes about a year, during which DOE circulates prospective criteria that are debated and revised. The Energy Star Web site hosts the minutes, comments, and presentations from these meetings. The entire process is collaborative and all sides weigh in with opinions.
Manufacturer feedback is crucial to this process. After all, the companies that build the machines know them best: They know what's technically possible, where there's an opportunity for a few percentage points in efficiency, and what the American public is most interested in buying. Feedback on the clothes washer process is highly informative and is also posted for viewing on the Energy Star Web site under "Clothes Washer Criteria."
Whirlpool is a corporate partner and stakeholder that collaborates to help Energy Star set criteria that are realistic and achievable. Says J.B. Hoyt, director of Government Relations for Whirlpool, "We try to make sure we have time to react. It's not only development and design. We also need time to produce the new machines in quantity. While the program is voluntary, marketplace competition means compliance is essential; if one manufacturer participates, we all have to. But we all want to participate because the consumer benefits. The challenge is in getting enough lead time for our engineers to turn things around."
From time to time DOE determines there's a need for new or additional standards to supplement the existing ones. For example, Energy Star will incorporate water-efficiency measurements for the first time in its new standards for clothes washers.
The first step toward obtaining an Energy Star label is to become a partner. The Energy Star Web site outlines the steps for joining. Partnership applications and product specifications are there and the site also lists how to submit products for consideration under partner resources. A link to the identity guidelines covers proper use of the logo, certification mark, and promotional marks.
One may ask why such measures are important. The combination of progressive research, appliance standards, and a program like Energy Star yields powerful results. For example, in 1977 the average home refrigerator had 17 ft 3 of interior space and consumed about 3% of the total energy in the U.S. One refrigerator used approximately 1,600 kW-hr over its lifetime to provide only basic cooling and freezing. The average 2005 home refrigerator now has 20 ft 3 of interior space and sports additional features like ice makers and hot and cold water dispensers. High-end models may even have a TV monitor.
A refrigerator built to today's industry standards will use only about 540 kW-hr or one-third the energy of a model built over 25 years ago. Though the number of households with refrigerators rose by millions in 28 years, our total use of energy for home refrigeration has declined to just over 1% of our nation's energy consumption.
As of 2002, Energy Star-qualified refrigerators saved 7.1 trillion Btus of energy annually, compared to units without this distinction. Since 1998 these units saved owners $500 million in utility bills. That averages out to $150 per homeowner over the life of the unit. And these savings are over and above the savings solely from higher industry standards.
In short, we use far less energy today because energy efficiency became a priority for both government and industry. Of course, Energy Star alone does not account for all the savings. It is the hard work of designers, engineers, manufacturers, and retailers who collaborate with Energy Star who deliver these benefits to the American public. | <urn:uuid:4dc2b50d-d66f-427c-8b22-a82008140b97> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.machinedesign.com/archive/article/21813703/star-billing | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.93488 | 1,645 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Two gear noise short courses, one basic and one advanced, will be offered during September at The Ohio State University, Columbus, Ohio. The purpose of the class is to give attendees a better understanding of how gear noise is generated, measured, and predicted, as well as how to reduce it. Engineers involved in the analysis, manufacture, design specification, or use of gear systems may find the course especially useful, as will those working in the automotive, transportation, machine tool, process industry, aircraft, and appliance industries.
Basic course material includes the fundamentals of gearing, noise analysis, and measurement, which make the class well suited for gear designers with little knowledge of noise analysis as well as noise specialists unfamiliar with gear design. The concept of gear transmission error, a major contributor to gear noise, is presented along with methods of predicting transmission errors from design and manufacturing data. Also covered are gear system dynamics and acoustics, gear rattle, and advanced signal processing. The third day of the course discusses gear rattle and the activities of the Gear Dynamics and Gear Noise Research Laboratory. Attendees also will spend several hours in the popular case history workshop discussing approaches to “real life” gear noise and dynamics problems.
The basic course takes place Sept. 12-14, with the advanced course to be held Sept. 17-18. For more information, visit www.gearlab.org. | <urn:uuid:4c67a19b-667e-4464-9fe3-21995627d212> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.machinedesign.com/archive/article/21827606/short-course-tunes-in-to-gear-noise | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.947855 | 282 | 2.546875 | 3 |
This file type includes high-resolution graphics and schematics when applicable.
Researchers have been finding new ways to embed sensors and other value-added devices into what some refer to as “smart materials.” While the definition can be debated, material properties and sensors are working hand-in-hand, opening doors to new applications that could change how engineers test and design parts.
“Engineers have been embedding sensors into materials for over 40 years,” notes Richard Claus, founder of NanoSonic. “I worked on some of this research in the 1970s with NASA, and the field has grown more popular and interesting ever since. It allows for creativity and out-of-the-box thinking, but it also means new challenges.”
For example, stress concentrations are a concern when embedding sensors into materials. Any inclusion can limit a product’s lifecycle or inhibit testing. Designing with new composite material was one way to solve this challenge. Engineers layered composites strategically around inclusions to redirect stresses around any electronics. Many of the electronics used are for testing in order to see stresses on materials during operation. This data can help calculate failure initiation loads.
“However, sensors can only collect data from the point at which contact is made,” says Michael Heflin, CEO for Sensuron. “This is limiting and makes it possible for engineers to design beyond their ability to test.” Using Von Mises criterion and, more recently, computer aided drafting with finite-element-analysis (FEA) software, engineers can predict stresses and strains between sensor contact points.
Although FEA offers accurate calculations on a wide array of materials properties with simulations, some applications require more data. Aerospace engineers, for example, rigorously test designs and materials. In one case, Boeing tested the wing box for the 787 using over 1,700 strain gages, which are still connected and wired manually (the wing box connects the wing to the fuselage and supports other subsystems such as the landing gear). Testing for the wing box required hooking up over 3,400 wires, which increased time spent, weight, and cost.
However, engineers have found new materials that could offer data from any point along a wing. It requires one wire that’s about the diameter of a human hair. By using a laser in the process of drawing out a fiber-optic cable, it makes a Bragg grating in the fiber that’s able to reflect light. These gratings can be put anywhere along the length of the fiber-optic cable.
“Fiber Bragg grating is able to acquire so much data at high speeds you would need a whole new testing platform in order to be able to process it all,” says Heflin. “Allen Parker is a systems engineer and he developed algorithms that made this possible. This platform is changing how we think about testing and design.”
Fiber Bragg Grating
NASA was researching fiber Bragg gratings (FBG) decades ago. “Traditional testing gages were not providing enough data. There are only so many strain gages you can affix to a part.,” says Heflin. “After a lot of research into better testing practices, scientists could use Bragg technology to measure stress at 1,400 points along the distance of a single fiber. It not only saved weight and time, but provided higher fidelity.”
Limiting factors affect the operating temperature and strain range of fiber-optic sensors. “It is the fiber that typically limits these ranges,” says Alex Tongue, applications engineer for Sensuron. “For example, different types of coatings can be used on a fiber-optic sensor to monitor different temperature ranges. Fiber sensors can have operational ranges of –422° to 1292°F, depending on the coating and type of fiber. Individual applications typically do not require this range, so most sensors fall somewhere in the middle. Sensuron usually uses fibers that operate from –422° to 599°F.”
A common coating that covers a wide temperature range is Ormocer, an organic modified ceramic hybrid polymer. It’s possible to reach higher temperatures by coating the fiber-optic sensors with different types of metals.
FBG can detect strain from –18,000 to 18,000 µε (micro-strain). The range depends on the laser used and type of fiber. Some sensors set the strain range using software. With the use of software, it’s possible to alter the strain range.
Companies that make FBG equipment are working with universities to teach students how to use this technology, which has many potential applications. For example, aerospace engineers could use it to determine wing loading while also providing accurate fuel readings. Automotive designers can determine maintenance and operational lives of vehicles. Civil engineers could monitor infrastructure “health” with the sensors. Overall, by embedding these fibers into products, it can save the time, money, and, weight associated with traditional strain gages and other sensors.
Materials Become Sensors
As sensors shrink and consume less power, they become easier to integrate with materials. Two forces driving the demand for smart materials are the need for more information and simplicity. Engineers can make more informed design decisions with more data obtained from testing. Collecting data during operation allows for better maintenance and offers real-world data for design.
Researchers are also working on complexity. Using materials science to generate multifunctional structures helps simplify products. For example, in 2002, the Naval Research Laboratory was developing multifunctional aircraft structures. One idea was to use a lithium polymer to serve as a battery while having the shape and function of a plane’s wing, reducing complexity and weight.
“We made a conductive rubber that measures strain, load, deformation, and extension,” says NanoSonic's Claus. “In its fabric form, it can be incorporated into other fabrics and materials like an embedded sensor. It works well with stiffer matrixes, so when it is deformed, the lower modulus stretchable sensor goes along for the ride without affecting the material’s dynamics.”
Ionomers and nanotechnology lets new flexible materials also be conductive. “Manufacturing them is much more interesting than some of the traditional processes,” says Claus. “Our approach is not taking an ingot and machining it down into a part. Instead, we use self-assembly. Chemists design the molecules, so they essentially grow the way you want them to.”
Simply explained, NanoSonic creates a solid matrix out of metal nano blobs in rubber that lets electrons move more freely than in the original material. Electrons “hop” between these blobs. The electrical resistance changes by altering the distance between blobs. It takes little metal to make some of these materials conductive. In fact, just 0.007% in volume can lead to good conductivities.
However, there are still challenges that lay ahead. Engineers are looking for better ways to communicate with smart materials and the devices inside them. Conductive materials connected by wires would mean stiff or brittle solder joints on what could be a moving, flexible part. In addition, stretching a wire or material that is transporting data or power can alter electrical resistance and interrupt the electric field, which could hinder the electronics performance.
“Designers are looking at the factory workers and field engineers needed to keep equipment functioning. If new materials can generate information to communicate better with these workers, it can save companies time and money,” says Claus. “Imagine if we could have coatings or materials like human skin. Seeing a machine tan or bruise could indicate something is wrong.”
A factory worker might be able to see a problem and prevent unscheduled maintenance, reducing downtime. A big focus for some things in the Internet of Things is a reduction in complexity in order to decrease power, thus allowing remote sensing. Access to remote data has proven to diminish the need for working on location.
A Feel for Applications
Being able to mimic human skin would have more value than just bruises. The ability to feel provides valuable information about the environment in which we interact. Researchers believe if machines were able to feel, it could prove valuable for many markets. For example, automation lines need to be dynamic, handle multiple products, and change easily. Engineers have developed scanners and grippers to accommodate these demands. But researchers are still trying to mimic human touch that can provide data on how to identify, pick-up, and handle a myriad of objects.
For more than a decade, many techniques have processed data that make it possible for a machine to feel. By using sophisticated torque sensors, the U.S. Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency (DARPA) was able to sense the resistance in picking up or making contact with objects. Stanford University was able to collect pressure readings with what are essentially rubber micro-pyramids with conductive nano-carbon tubes. As the material is compressed, the nanotubes become closer, increasing the conductivity. The amount of electricity flowing to the processor would then indicate pressure. These techniques could tell how hard or soft a machine or robot was gripping objects.
Scientists used chemistry to increase the amount of sensing elements on these new materials. Georgia Tech’s Zhong Lin Wang grew thousands of small, hair-like, zinc-oxide piezoelectric nanowire transistors. This technique led to a 15-fold increase in sensor density and spatial resolution when compared to the previous technology.
Beyond growing better sensors, materials science has presented new flexible composites and polymers. These materials are able to connect devices or provide data. A new polymer called polydimethylsiloxane, or PDMS, is a flexible transparent silicone with embedded nanoribbons. The electricity generated when the material is deformed can be processed to present tactical feedback. PDMS can detect temperature and humidity while offering a flexible and stretchable matrix, allowing for more complex electronics work in or on the material.
PDMS is used in the bulk of research for some of the most advanced materials. In general, organic field effect transistors like PDMS are merging materials and sensors.
“Human touch is more complex than just collecting data. Our skin interacts with objects,” says Matt Borzage, the head of business development for SynTouch. “Our sense of touch has three main components. Skin feels an increased surface area as it wraps around an object. A fingerprint and nail can provide micro vibrations, and even the temperature of the skin interacts with the material being touched. Giving a robot features like a fingerprint or nails is not for aesthetics, but can increase sensitivity by a factor of 30. All of these features offer better data that can work with software to interpret hardness, surface roughness, temperature, thermal conductivity, and more. A person uses this information to determine how hard to grip, or what an object is. This is the same data we want a robot to offer to a production line or medical prosthetic.
“A challenge is when you find a blend of materials and sensors to mimic touch, and then realize the component isn’t robust enough for real-world applications,” continues Borzage. “By placing all electronics inside a rigid core and covering them with a compliant replaceable bladder, we came up with a sensor that is able to be more robust while providing sensitive human-like measurements.”
While this might sound like a convenience rather than a necessity, companies face having to justify the resources on an embedded device with the value added by simplifying systems, obtaining more data, or gaining better operation. The ability to "fell" an object to identify, handle, and process multiple objects dynamically has many manufacturers interested to see what will emerge from materials science. | <urn:uuid:e7a701c6-b941-4cb5-95aa-80e30596d474> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.machinedesign.com/materials/article/21834611/new-materials-push-the-embedded-tech-envelope | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.93675 | 2,457 | 3.5625 | 4 |
Pain occurs due to either obstruction (blockage in the passage of urine) or inflammation (infection/swelling) of the urinary system.
TUMOURS USUALLY DO NOT CAUSES PAIN, unless quite advanced.
A) Renal pain:
Starts from upper back (below 12th rib), goes across flank region to upper abdomen/umbilicus or to testis/labium of the same side. It may be quite severe, colicky and may be associated with nausea and vomiting.
Pain associated with fever and chills indicates infection with bugs and is an emergency.
B) Ureteral pain:
It starts suddenly, is usually quite severe, starts from flank and goes down to lower abdomen, testis/labium on the same side. The colicky pain does not afford rest to the patient even as he/she tosses and turns on the bed, and sometimes even after pain-killers. Patient may be nauseated and may puke.
The pain is a result of spasm of ureteric muscles as they go in hyperactivity to relieve of obstruction caused by stone or blood clot.
Any obstructing stone lower down the ureter may also cause symptoms of frequency/urgency/lower abdominal discomfort and feeling of inability to pass urine.
Any associated fever with chills indicates infection, which needs emergent evaluation with urologist.
C) Bladder pain:
Acute agonizing pain associated with lower abdominal fullness usually due to over distension of bladder due to obstruction of urine.
Intermittent lower abdominal discomfort usually due to urine infection. May be most severe when bladder is full or at the end of voiding. It may be associated with frequency and urgency of urine.
D) Prostatic pain:
It is due to infection and swelling of prostate. In acute condition, may be associated with fever and chills. Patient may have symptoms of lower abdominal discomfort, scrotal discomfort, frequency and urgency of urine and even obstruction of urine.
E) Penile pain:
Pain in flaccid penis is usually due to infection/swelling of urinary bladder or urethra.
Pain in erect penis may be due to Peyronie disease or priapism (persistent erection of penis for more then 4 hours, it is a urological EMERGENCY, which needs emergent consultation with urologist or patient may suffer from irreparable damage to the erectile function of penis.
F) Testicular pain
Sudden pain in testis/scrotum is due to infection of testis or torsion (wherein testis rotates on its axis, cutting off its blood supply). Any sudden scrotal pain, especially in sexually naïve teenager is a urological emergency, which may need surgery to save the testis. After the onset of pain, testis with torsion can get permanently damaged after 4 – 6 hours due to blocked blood supply.
Long-standing scrotal pain, usually dull aching/sensation of heaviness can be due to hydrocele (accumulation of water in testicular sac) or varicocele (dilation of testicular veins)
Hematuria (Blood in Urine)
Presence of blood in urine can be a sign of cancer and should never be ignored. This symptom demands complete evaluation under an urologist to rule out any ongoing sinister disease in the urinary tract.
In young patients, small amount of blood can be due to stones in urinary tract. In young women, it can be due to bacterial infection of urinary bladder.
Lower Urinary Tract Symptoms
A) Irritative Symptoms
A normal adult passes urine 5 – 6 times per day, with a volume of approximately 300 – 400 ml. Urinary frequency can be due to increased urinary output (polyuria) or due to decreased bladder capacity.
Polyuria can be due to Diabetes or excessive fluid intake
Decreased bladder capacity can be due to irritation of bladder (infection), neurogenic bladder (secondary to some disease of nervous system/spinal cord), or anxiety disorders.
A normal adult arise no more than twice at night to pass urine. Concentrating capacity of kidneys decline with age, therefore, urine production and frequency increases at night in elderly population.
Nocturia may occur in people who drink large amounts of liquids in the evening, like caffeinated or alcoholic beverages.
Painful urination caused by swelling/infection of urinary bladder. Usually manifests as burning sensation during passing urine or pain at the opening of urethra.
B) Obstructive Symptoms
1. Decreased force of urine:
Usually secondary to obstruction of bladder outflow
Commonly due to benign prostatic enlargement in elderly men or due to stricture urethra
2. Urinary hesitancy:
Delay in start of voiding
Involuntary start/stop of urinary stream
4. Post void dribbling:
Terminal release of urinary drops after end of voiding. This is usually due to small amount of urine in urinary passage, which is normally milked back in to urinary bladder. In men with bladder outlet obstruction, this urine leaks at the end of voiding.
Manually compressing the area between the anal opening and scrotal sac and blotting the urethral opening with a tissue can readily solve this problem.
Using of abdominal muscles to pass urine.
The severity of Lower urinary tract symptoms can be self-judged by patients by checking their IPSS (International Prostatic Symptoms Score). Various calculators are available online which can be searched by name “IPSS SCORE” on Google.
It is the involuntary loss of urine. A common problem in elderly population, especially in elderly females, it is a major social handicap. Fortunately, it is very much treatable. There are various types of incontinence
1. Continuous incontinence
It is usually due to an abnormal opening in urinary tract, which bypasses the urethral sphincter (valve that controls outflow of urine).
Usually secondary to gynecological surgery/radiation or obstetric trauma in females.
May be due to congenital (by birth) abnormality of urinary tract, usually manifests as the child crosses age of toilet training.
2. Stress incontinence
Sudden leakage of urine with coughing, sneezing, exercise, or other activities. It is most common in women after child bearing or menopause. It may occur in men after prostatic surgery.
Significant stress incontinence is difficult to manage with medicines and is usually best treated with surgery.
3. Urgency incontinence
Precipitous loss of urine preceded by a strong urge to pass urine. It is commonly observed in patients with bladder infection, or secondary to neurological disease or advanced bladder outlet obstruction.
These patients are best treated with medicines.
4. Overflow incontinence
It is secondary to advanced urinary retention with dribbling of small amounts of urine as bladder overflows.
Urinary incontinence occurring during sleep (bedwetting)
Normal up to 3 years of age.
Persists in 15% of children at 5 years of age and 1% of children at 15 years of age.
All children older then 6 years of age with bedwetting should undergo urological evaluation; majority will be normal.
A) Loss of libido:
Decrease in sexual desire. May be due to variety of medical illnesses that affect general health and well-being or depression. It can be secondary to hormonal disturbances. Patient needs to contact his urologist for further evaluation
Inability to achieve and maintain erection sufficient for sexual intercourse. Can by psychogenic or due to some underlying disease.
Can be side effect of certain medications like those used for control of blood pressure
C) Failure to ejaculate
Side effect of some medicines like those used for treatment of benign prostatic enlargement
Effect of long standing diabetes
D) Absence of orgasm
Side effect of certain drugs used to treat psychiatric drugs
E) Premature ejaculation
It is common for men to ejaculate within 2 minutes after initiation of intercourse.
If ejaculation occurs within 1 minute of start of intercourse, treatment is required.
Presence of blood in ejaculate
Usually non-specific causes, mostly resolves spontaneously within several weeks.
Hematospermia persisting beyond several weeks needs consultation with urologist for further evaluation
Passage of gas in urine.
Due to abnormal connection between intestines and urinary tract.
Most common symptom of sexually transmitted infection | <urn:uuid:d21a0dbe-9758-4866-85a8-820f43e02ff6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.maheshwariurology.com/Common-symptoms.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.916161 | 1,791 | 2.71875 | 3 |
There are many ways that a woman can increase the likelihood of having a healthy pregnancy and delivery. One lifestyle change that can have a significant impact on the developing baby is cessation of smoking.
How Common is Cigarette Smoking During Pregnancy?
A recent study by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention found that one in 14 women who gave birth in the United States smoked cigarettes during her pregnancy. The study found that women ages 20-24 were most likely to smoke during pregnancy. Additionally, education played a role. Just over 12 percent of women with a high school diploma or GED smoked during pregnancy, while only 1 percent of women with a bachelor’s degree or higher smoked while pregnant.
What Are the Impacts of Smoking on Pregnancy?
Cigarette smoking can impact the health of an unborn baby, including damaging the tissue of the lungs and brain. Additional risk factors of smoking are low birth weight and premature birth. Some studies indicate a correlation between prenatal exposure to nicotine and sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS). There is evidence indicating that even maternal exposure to secondhand smoking can impact the health of the baby.
Why Do Some Women Continue to Smoke While Pregnant?
It is well-established that cigarette smoking is addictive. Smokers can have both a psychological and physiological dependence, and this makes quitting even more difficult. In some cases, women report that they continue to smoke since they did not notice health effects during a prior pregnancy.
What Can I Do as a Pregnant Smoker?
It is important to honestly discuss your situation with your provider. Often, out of fear or shame, women minimize the extent of cigarette consumption. Your provider can provide appropriate options to assist in smoking cessation.
Smoking can have damaging effects on a developing baby. It is important that pregnant women discuss smoking cessation with their providers to optimize pregnancy outcome. | <urn:uuid:a8751e32-0fe9-4103-a55d-d50e4f64f900> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mamasconnected.com/post/where-there-s-smoke-effects-of-smoking-on-pregnancy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.957209 | 378 | 3.015625 | 3 |
Wendy Ann Owen
We all need some help now and then in getting to sleep. Rather than just popping a pill which can be habit forming and lead to more sleep problems in the long term, try these sleeping tips. One or more of them will surely help.
Have a hot bath
Not hot enough to make you uncomfortable though. The heat of the water relaxes the muscles and also causes the core body temperature to drop afterwards which sends a sleep signal to the brain. This is great for children too. It only works for baths though, not showers!
Get more light during the day
This sounds strange, but its vital for good sleep at night. Our brains are hard wired to go to sleep when it’s dark and wake when its light. Not getting enough light during the day will deprogram our biological clock. Once our circadian rhythm has been upset, our brain won’t receive the sleep signal when we’re ready to go to sleep.
Even if you are working long hours try to get outside into the sunshine for a while at lunchtime. If you live in a part of the world which has short days in winter, install a bright light at home and sit under it for at least 30 minutes. This should be enough to keep that biological clock ticking!
This is a good reason not to watch TV in bed. Even if the program is dull, the bright flickering light of the TV screen will be working against your natural sleep patterns!
Don’t lie in bed and worry about not sleeping
This will only cause stress and make sleep even harder to achieve. If you find yourself becoming concerned about not sleeping, get up and make yourself a drink (not coffee!) Find something to read. Stay up until you feel sleepy again and only then go back to bed.
Go to bed at the same time every night and get up at the same time every morning.
This reinforces the natural biological rhythm and helps your brain send a sleep signal. It also reinforces a habit. Habits are an important part of better sleep. Obviously you won’t be able to do this every single night, there will be nights where you might go out to a show or out on the town with friends! However if you manage most nights, this will still work well.
Don’t go to bed until you are tired.
Yes I know! This sound like a direct contradiction of the previous tip! The logic behind this is that is you are not sleepy you will lie in bed awake and will start worrying about not being able to go to sleep. The most important part of all this is to get up at the same time every morning no matter what time you went to bed the night before. Eventually you will feel very sleepy at your normal bedtime. Getting up in the morning when you are still tired is not easy to do but it will help in the longer term. Stick with it!
Keep a sleep diary
This, while rather tedious, will give you an excellent idea of your sleep patterns and will be a necessary record if you ever decide to visit a sleep clinic for help. Some people have done this and found their sleeping problems disappeared of their own accord! A sleep diary should note the following:
What you had for dinner
What drinks you consumed after dinner
Any naps taken during the day
What time you went to bed
How long it took you to fall asleep
If you woke during the night
What time you woke up in the morning
How you rated quality of sleep (1-10)
Any further observations
Do this every days for a few weeks and you should see a pattern emerging. This will give you invaluable information on your personal sleep habits and patterns.
Develop an evening ritual.
Do the same things at the same time each night. This programs the unconscious mind that you are preparing for sleep. Brush you teeth, put the cat out, check the locks on the doors. Do each step in the same order. It may sound simplistic but it can work really well.
Exercise more during the day.
Exercise relaxes the body and mind as well as being good for your health and helping with weight loss. Even walking just 30 minutes a day will help. If walking’s not your thing try Yoga or Qigong. Both are soothing and will relax you totally. If there are no classes near you, videos or CDs are easily available.
Practice muscle relaxation.
You can do this during the day or after going to bed. Practice tensing and relaxing each muscle group in turn, starting at the top of the head and gradually working down to the toes. This relaxes the body and also distracts you from any worrying thoughts while you are performing it. Visit the page on relaxation techniques for some easy to follow techniques.
Write down worries before going to bed.
There’s always something to worry about isn’t there? These are the things that can keep you awake when your mind won’t let go. Solution? Have a worry time before going to bed. Think of all the problems that are currently in your life and write them down. Make a decision to do something about them the following day.
If you are tempted to think about any of those things while you are trying to sleep simply tell yourself, “its ok, I’ve made a note of it and I’ll handle it tomorrow”
Wendy Ann Owen | <urn:uuid:feed7934-4e89-4632-b4e6-6563ed992d08> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.marlandlasers.com/10-tips-for-better-sleep/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.952247 | 1,121 | 2.875 | 3 |
Latest Mind and Matter column in the Wall Street Journal:
Photo: Jon Erlandson
Last week archaeologists working on the Channel Islands of California announced that they had found delicate stone tools of remarkable antiquity-possibly as old as 13,000 years. These are among the oldest artifacts ever discovered in North America. To judge by the types of tool and bone, there was a people living there who relied heavily on abalone, seals, cormorants, ducks and fish for food.
This discovery fits a pattern. From the stone age to ancient Greece to the Maya to modern Japan, the most technologically advanced and economically successful human beings have often been seafarers and fish-eaters-and they still are, as the latest tsunami reminds us. Indeed, it may not be going too far to describe our species as a maritime ape.
The oldest human site with evidence of symbolic culture and sophisticated tools is a cave overlooking the sea at Pinnacle Point in South Africa; it dates from 170,000 years ago. Piles of mussel shells testify to the denizens’ taste for seafood. Around 100,000 years later, another flowering of technology and culture occurred at the Blombos caves further west.
African people subsequently expanded into Asia, and anthropologists now think they did so at first primarily along the shores of the Indian Ocean. The evidence for this “beachcomber express” is chiefly genetic. Genes show that people reached the Andaman islands, Melanesia and Australia, all of which required sea crossings, within a few thousand years-whereas it took them tens of thousands of years even to begin to oust our Neanderthal rivals from Europe and inland Asia.
Further hints of maritime habits abound throughout the prehistoric record, with rich old-stone-age cultures around the Mediterranean, the Red Sea and in parts of Asia. The oldest known Briton of a recognizably modern-human kind-29,000 years old-is the skeleton of a man found in a cave overlooking the sea at Paviland in Wales.
But there is a problem: Sea level is more than 200 feet higher today than it was 15,000 years ago, having risen steadily once the ice age loosened its grip on the continents. So the bulk of the evidence of ancient coastal settlements must be buried beneath the waves. What finds we have are fortuitous: At Pinnacle Point, Blombos and Paviland, hospitable caves a steep climb up from the sea must have tempted people to make a base higher than usual above sea level.
For our ancestors, the shoreline provided a far richer source of calories and protein than the interior of continents-once they had acquired the skills and tools to exploit it. The richest and most socially stratified cultures of hunter-gatherers in recent times were consequently marine ones: the coastal tribes of Peru, California, Oregon, British Columbia and some Pacific islands being prime examples.
Supposing maritime human settlements usually achieved high densities and high birth rates, then it would have been they who gave rise to inland tribes rather than vice versa. Hence many of us-however landlocked our more recent ancestors were-may ultimately be descended from people who once lived off seafood and knew the sea shore.
Does this explain our love of eating seafood, or the high nutritional value that our bodies put on omega-3 fatty acids? Does it explain our obsession with heading for the beach when on vacation?
Back in the 1960s, in order to understand our hairless bodies, upright stance and subcutaneous fat, a British marine biologist named Alister Hardy first floated the idea of an ancestral human species having gone through a wholly aquatic phase. That probably goes too far-the dates are wrong-but there could yet be a germ of truth in it if some modern human traits were honed, more recently, at least partly by life on the ocean shore. | <urn:uuid:2e699798-bdbe-4884-8a62-d96128da1b69> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mattridley.co.uk/blog/maritime-man/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.952504 | 794 | 3.203125 | 3 |
Monitoring the thermal expansion of concrete walls
Electrothermal energy storage systems are filled with volcanic rock, which absorb excess energy in the form of heat and release it back into the power grid when needed. The lava stones are filled into a container made of reinforced concrete. Due to thermal expansion, the reinforced concrete tank must be permanently monitored. For this purpose, optoNCDT ILR2250 laser distance sensors detect the smallest movements of the reinforced concrete walls. The measured values are transmitted to a PLC via the analogue interface. If the setpoint is exceeded, the energy supply to the stones is stopped immediately. | <urn:uuid:06090040-0edb-40f7-bc3a-46282dda739f> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.micro-epsilon.co.uk/applications/branch/building_automation/Ueberwachung-thermische-Ausdehnung/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.900967 | 125 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Block of the Week: Stone
Now we’ve hit rock bottom!
How have we got this far through the Block of the Week series and not mentioned stone? This grey stalwart is one of the original Minecraft blocks, added alongside dirt and wood planks on 16 May 2009, while the game was in its very earliest stages of development. In fact, it’s almost as old as the name “Minecraft” itself – before that date, the game was simply known as “Cave Game”, while afterwards it became “Minecraft: Order of the Stone”.
Stone is probably the most common naturally-generated block in the game, because it’s pivotal to the way a world is created. The seed that you type into the world creation screen (or is generated randomly if you type nothing in) is used to procedurally generate a basic topographical map of chunks out of stone, which are then covered with grass and trees, water, structures, and filled with ores and caves as you travel around.
As everyone who’s played five minutes of Minecraft knows, breaking stone with a pickaxe will get you cobblestone. You’ll need to use a silk-touch-enchanted pick if you want it to drop stone. But far easier than that is just cooking the cobblestone you get in a furnace – which turns it back into its original form again (which is sometimes called “smooth stone”).
If for some reason you need a lot of stone, then you could create a deep quarry, or build a stone generator by flowing lava into water from above. But in either case, keep an eye out for silverfish – they’re able to infiltrate stone blocks, turning them into monster eggs which spawn their own silverfish when broken that immediately attack the player.
Real-world stone is just as common as it is in Minecraft – it comprises almost the entirety of the outermost layer of the Earth. Our tectonic plates are made of stone, and if you dig anywhere on the surface of the planet for long enough, you’ll eventually hit – you guessed it – stone.
Stone is made of minerals, and different combinations of those minerals create different kinds of stone. One of the most common minerals found in stone is silica – made of silicon and oxygen – which makes up about three quarters of the Earth’s crust. Others include calcite, quartz, or feldspar. Some are pretty valuable, making them worth mining for profit.
Humans have used stone for at least 2.5 million years – hence the “stone age”. The techniques developed during this time - like carving tools out of flint - are some of the oldest continually used technologies in the world. So next time you make yourself a stone axe or pick in Minecraft, just remember – you’re continuing a tradition that’s millions of years old.
- Written By
- Duncan Geere
Discover the best add-ons, mods, and more being built by the incredible Minecraft community! | <urn:uuid:dbfaae7a-14e9-4ea3-9cbf-6f8f24db880d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.minecraft.net/en-us/article/block-week-stone | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.957762 | 638 | 2.5625 | 3 |
The measures being taken against COVID-19 aren’t anything new for the several Fort McMurray kids with Cystic Fibrosis.
This genetic disorder mainly affects the lungs making those who have it more prone to lung infections.
Noelle Bunten understands everyone’s frustration as they’ve been practicing these measures ever since her son Cael was diagnosed at a young age.
“This is day to day for us.”
Cael is only eleven, however, throughout his young life, he’s had to avoid any person who was sick – whether it be a cold or worse. In the past, the family has had to avoid visiting family and friends because of this.
COVID-19 attacks the lungs making it hard for anyone who gets it to breathe.
Noelle says if Cael were to get the virus, it could have drastic consequences.
“We protect their lungs all throughout the year, we are constantly making sure they’re not getting these lung infections and if they do get pneumonia or do get COVID it can cause that permanent lung damage.”
The Bunten’s along with the other families of the kids with the disorder are reminding the public they need to follow all these measures.
“Sometimes it is about the other person and it could be someone that’s walking down the street that you could be infecting and these COVID symptoms sometimes aren’t serious so you could be passing it on without even realizing it,” Noelle added.
In Alberta, 29 people have died from the virus – 20 of those being people 80-years-old or older.
Despite many believing this is only deadly to the elderly, Noelle wants the public to know there are many groups, young and old, who can get severely sick.
“It might not be serious for you, but it is for us.” | <urn:uuid:8b3e8246-6cab-4f06-a6c3-8e57aea44ed3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.mix1037fm.com/2020/04/09/83557/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.975512 | 398 | 2.59375 | 3 |
The little Sultanate of Brunei is located on the northwest coast of the island of Borneo. In the 1840s it got under British influence and in 1888 was turned into a British protectorate. One hundred years later the British government and Sultan Haji Hassan al-Bolkiah (since 1967) concluded an agreement after which Brunei was to become an independent state as of January 1, 1984. Brunei's currency, the ringgit Brunei or Brunei dollar, was introduced in 1967. 1 ringgit is divided into 100 sen (or cents). Before Brunei used the Straits dollar, the currency of the southeast Asian colonies of the British East Indian Company, and later the Malaya and British Borneo dollar. | <urn:uuid:16cba225-8b90-475e-8296-21ce5d6f3a45> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.moneymuseum.com/en/coins?&id=2048 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.968395 | 149 | 3.203125 | 3 |
By Maulana Wahiduddin Khan
The Quran (4:128) describes a particular natural law in the following words: ‘[R]econciliation is best’ (as-Sulh Khair). In the event of a conflict between two parties, they can engage in confrontation and violence. But there is another option they can choose: to immediately come to an agreement and end their conflict. This is what reconciliation is.
It is very rare, however, for this sort of reconciliation to completely meet the needs or expectations of both parties. In most cases, it is done on a unilateral basis. That is to say, one of the two parties sets aside its demands or desires and agrees to settle their dispute according to the wishes of the other party.
Why is this sort of unilateral reconciliation termed as best? The reason for this is to be found in the fact that a conflict situation puts a halt to constructive activity. By agreeing to reconcile with the other party, one is spared the need to waste one’s time, strength and resources on useless confrontation. Instead of this, one can focus on making constructive efforts. A policy that is opposed to reconciliation inevitably leads to destruction, while the path of reconciliation is always, in every case, a beneficial one.
History is witness to the fact that whenever any people have attained any sort of success, it is only after walking on the path of reconciliation. Not a single person in history has ever achieved any real and meaningful success through violence and confrontation. The importance of reconciliation lies in the fact that it provides an opportunity to exercise one’s right to fully use available opportunities. On the other hand, the path of confrontation leads one to waste whatever one already has in destructive activity, thus leaving one no time, resources, energy and strength to engage in constructive work. The secret of success lies in positive constructive work, and definitely not in the destruction of one’s imaginary enemies.
No to ‘Corruption in the Land’
The Quran (2:11) describes a certain pattern of human behavior in the following words:
When they are told, ‘Do not cause corruption in the land,’ they say, ‘We are only promoters of peace,’
This Quranic verse deals with people who, on the face of it, are engaged in some reformist effort, but their method is improper. Their method is such that it causes Fasad, that is to say strife or corruption. By Fasad is here meant conflict among people. Their methods lead to stirring hatred between people and to an erosion of their moral sensibilities. They instigate negative thinking and destructive emotions. All these come under the Fasad fil Ardh or ‘corruption in the land’ that this Quranic verse talks about. They cause the disruption of peace, leading to violence and confrontation.
This Quranic teaching tells us that for an action to be considered proper, it is not enough that, on the face of it, it is pursued for a seemingly good cause. In addition to this, it is necessary to keep in mind what the results of activities in the name of reform are. If these activities give birth to hatred, tension, violence and so forth among people, then, despite claiming to be reformist activities, they are definitely not so. Rather, they are destructive activities, leading to ‘corruption in the land’. Those who engage in such activities are criminals, enemies of humanity, certainly not reformers or servants of humanity.
For any activity to be considered to be a noble reformist effort according to Islam, it must be carried out within the limits of peace and humaneness. All activities undertaken in the name of reform that destroy social peace and cause loss of life and property are wrong. Efforts in the name of reform must also necessarily truly bring about reform in terms of their results. If, instead, they produce what the Quran refers to as ‘corruption in the land’, then they are in themselves a form of strife, irrespective of the seemingly beautiful words those who engage in them may seek to disguise them with.
Maulana Wahiduddin Khan heads the New Delhi-based Centre for Peace and Spirituality. | <urn:uuid:eb1f7f03-071a-45f3-8efb-e501a526aaff> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.newageislam.com/spiritual-meditations/maulana-wahiduddin-khan/reconciliation-is-best/d/13886 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.957986 | 863 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Lately, when you think of MarsUS Rovers usually come to mind NASA CuriosityAnd the NASA persevere (With cleverness) or the Chinese rover Zurong. But there’s another mission still running on the surface of the Red Planet: we’re talking about it NASA Insight, which was not so lucky, but nonetheless collected interesting data.
As we know, the nail hammers that was supposed to have entered the Martian soil for a few meters did not work properly. After several trials, this part of the mission was put off by aiming instead On a seismograph which is working properly. In addition to the task It may be long Until December 2022, two years later than expected. This Mars probe However he has a power source with Solar Panels And now you’re trying “dust them”.
NASA Insight and Martian dust on solar panels
Unlike the last two American roving vehicles (Curiosity and Perseverance) to use plutonium, RTG, for the mission insight A dual solar panel system was selected. The reasons are related to the difficulty of finding useful plutonium for RTG, lowering the cost and lowering the weight.
It was also thought that the Martian wind would clean enough Solar Panels To allow generation of useful energy for processes. Despite the high efficiency in the first stage of the mission, NASA wanted to try to remove part of dust of paintings, As explained recently.
thanks for the robotic arm From NASA Insight Some of the sand collected from the roof could have been dumped near the solar panel, helping the wind blow off some of the dust. This simple process made it possible 30 watt gain For every lunar day.
As Mars approaches aphelion, which is the point farthest from the Sun, reducing energy supply. To prevent the batteries from running out completely (also in view of the mission extension), the scientific instruments will be deactivated in the coming months. Thanks to the cleaning process, this limit has been exceeded for more than a few weeks. The power will then be reserved for the onboard computer and heating system. Cleaning operations will be completed by June 5, 2021.
Other Lander Strategies for Cleaning Solar Panels
Engineers previously tried to remove dust thanks to the engines that sprouted in i Solar Panels. However, this operation was not successful. The solar panels do not have the ability to tilt and there are no active cleaning systems (such as brushes or systems “by air”). motivation, As explained by JPL, is the reduction of weak points that can further complicate operations. Moreover, even in this case, there is a tendency to save weight.
The other solution (determined Control – intuitive) had to throw sand near solar panel From NASA Insight. In doing so, the Martian winds by moving the larger grains allow the finer grains to be removed, freeing the solar panels.
For the tests, we chose the time of noon of Mars which is the most windy moment (6 m/s) with a suitable direction for cleaning. There was a degree of uncertainty as to whether the operation would be successful, but fortunately things went as planned.
The Mars solar conjunction (The Sun will stand between Earth and Mars) which makes communication difficult. This means that missions active at that time will no longer receive messages from Earth even though they are still able to send some information. This topic will continue until the end of October. In the future there will be Missions continue with solar panelsAnd the NASA Insight So he will not be the last to adopt this system.
“Incurable internet trailblazer. Troublemaker. Explorer. Professional pop culture nerd.” | <urn:uuid:6dc8a0db-92a5-44bc-a2f8-421b3d946a80> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.newsnetnebraska.org/nasa-insight-is-trying-to-clean-up-its-solar-panels-on-mars/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.957061 | 747 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Long Buckby: Introduction
In the 1850s the boot and shoe trade, strong in Northampton and growing in Daventry, came to the village. A number of entrepreneurs tried their luck here and for 150 years Long Buckby was to be an important footwear manufacturing village.
Long Buckby has long been known for high class handsewn footwear, particularly long boots for horse riders. The skill of these craftspeople also meant that Long Buckby was the place to have bespoke and surgical footwear made. Its shoemakers have several times made the news as the only people able to make size 18 army boots or a pair of first shoes for larger children.
Long Buckby Shoes Limited had a large factory employing many local people, but much of the work was carried out in workshops in people’s back gardens. Clickers cut the uppers in one workshop and were passed on to be sewn in another then delivered to be welted in a third. Shoes passed round the community and were delivered to the factory for finishing at the end of the process.
Although all the shoe factories had closed by the year 2000, there were still men in the village who could make a pair of shoes in their own homes. Many of the houses in the village still have the workshops used by these skilled shoemakers at the end of their garden.
Long Buckby Museum now holds much material relating to the village’s shoemaking heritage. | <urn:uuid:2ac0ebf6-fa92-4812-833f-a7e618c3afbd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.northamptonshirebootandshoe.org.uk/content/category/long-buckby/introduction-long-buckby | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.984011 | 294 | 3.125 | 3 |
NRCC’s Sociology Department offers a variety of courses for students looking to explore the discipline of sociology or pursuing a degree in sociology or related fields. It is the goal that each student who takes a sociology class at NRCC develops a sociological imagination, i.e., the ability to step back and analyze the broader meaning of social life. By developing a social imagination, one is able to better understand how social forces affect theirs and others' life choices which help to foster an understanding of multiple, often differing, perspectives. These are important skills to have in today’s culturally diverse workforce. Please use this webpage to better understand what the NRCC Sociology Department has to offer.
Sociology is the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. More specifically, sociology focuses on understanding social relationships; how those relationships influence people’s behavior; and how societies develop and change as a result of these social relationships. Sociologists use a unique type of critical thinking, the sociological imagination, to understand social behavior. The sociological imagination is the awareness of the relationship between and individual and society. In developing a sociological imagination, one is able to step back and analyze the broader meaning of social life, i.e., to not take things at face value. Sociologists put their sociological imaginations to work to better understand various dimensions of social behavior; e.g., aging, divorce, racism, deviance, and group dynamics. It is through sociology that much of what is considered “common sense” about the social world is scientifically proven or in many cases disproven. Thus, sociology contributes to a better understanding of the social world in which we all participate. | <urn:uuid:8fc2053e-572b-478e-b31b-ddf2c5dca3cd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.nr.edu/soc/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.940364 | 343 | 3.34375 | 3 |
Keeping Misbehavior to a Minimum
So, you’ve been practicing staying calm and compassionate in the face of challenging behavior. You’ve put yourself in their shoes and taken three deep breaths until you’re blue in the face. But keeping the right attitude is only half the battle – every teacher needs to have a wide selection of tools on their belt for assisting those kids who are struggling and express that with their behavior.
Two of the best tools are not tangible, but metaphorical – and with that in mind I will recommend keeping a pair of binoculars in one hand and a magnifying glass in the other. It can be a juggling act to try to look at the big picture at the same time as you deal with the daily grind of guiding behavior, but if you can strike the balance, it will certainly provide great insight and efficacy to your teaching practice.
Look at the Big Picture
I left you last month with the tip that when dealing with children with challenging behavior, you will always make more progress if you focus on the child, not the challenging behavior. I can’t emphasize enough how true this is. The more you know about the child and their situation, the easier it is to put together the pieces of the puzzle and see the big picture of what is going on. If your program doesn’t have a formal method for tracking information on children, it might be helpful to journal for a few minutes in a teaching diary and note all that you know about a child in your care who you find particularly challenging.
What do you know, or how could you learn more about the child’s family and their background? Is it possible that their cultural or behavioral norms are so different than yours that the way the child behaves at school seems defiant to you, but at home would be considered perfectly acceptable?
Does the child or anyone in their family have a significant mental or physical health history? Take into consideration if there have been any major medical issues or procedures for the child, or that the child has witnessed happen to a parent. Are there any developmental concerns? Has there been emotional trauma present in the family’s life? If you aren’t familiar with the many studies related to ACES scores and the myriad repercussions, please try to find a class about Trauma-Informed Care. Challenging behavior can be a way of expressing emotions undealt with about events that may be far in the past.
What is the child’s temperament like? How does it interact with yours as a teacher, and is there anything you can do to ease any strain that might exist? What is their best learning style – auditory, visual, or tactile? What are their basic preferences? If they learn best visually and they absolutely love the color green, can you incorporate that information into the way you plan some lessons?
These questions are really just the tip of the iceberg. As you more intentionally look at all that you know about a child, you will likely start to understand where they are coming from and their behavior will start to make more sense to you as their teacher. The more you understand the function of their behavior, the easier it will be to provide effective guidance and help that student to express their needs in a more socially acceptable manner.
For example, one of my students, Tom, has difficulty staying out of other kid’s space during meeting time. It makes sense to me because his dad comes from a Circus Clown background and loves being the joker in a crowd of people. Naturally, Tom sees our meeting time as the prime opportunity to try and make his friends smile and laugh – when they are already assembled as his audience! Yet he lacks finesse and his humor mainly revolves around sitting on other kids and talking about poop. Understanding his motivation to steal the spotlight did make it a little easier to breathe through it when he came up to me in the middle of a class discussion recently and licked my face—to the delight of the other students. On one hand I appreciated his comedic success, but I also tried to help him understand that this behavior is usually unappreciated.
Oh, a day in the life of a preschool teacher.
Take It Day by Day
When a student in your class is dealing with a problem, you may be in for a long process of discerning the message(s) that their misbehavior is communicating. You observe, assess, and respond as best as you can, then start the cycle again as variables change. You might address problems at home, pointedly teach a missing skill, or reinforce the expectations of the classroom more clearly. For many students, it takes repeated daily practice before their ability to conform to classroom expectations becomes routine. I find it very helpful to give specific coaching right before known difficult times, and keep behavior goals present in their minds.
This strategy is incredibly effective for a kid like Tom who has the skills to attend to a group meeting in a meaningful way, but is distracted by his need for social attention. Knowing this, I often pull him aside for a quick check in about 2 minutes before a meeting starts. After giving him extra transition warnings so he can bring his social interactions with his friends to completion, I quietly pull him aside to review the expectations for our meeting with me. Sometimes I offer him a tool, such as a Bilibo, (or any other fidget toy would have the same purpose) with the reminder that he can use it at meeting to stay in his own space -- not as a toy, but as a tool. Of course, it’s always best if you get a chance to follow up afterwards. If it went well, this is a prime time for positive reinforcement! If there is still room for growth, talk about how it went and how they could plan for a better outcome next time.
There are so many other, more tangible tools I would love to recommend for keeping the peace in a preschool classroom, but that will have to wait for next month! In the meantime, get to know your challenging students a little bit more. Challenge yourself to have a meaningful conversation with their families, not to address difficulties, but to understand more where they are coming from and what is going on in their lives. I hope that it will bring understanding to your work as a compassionate educator.
“Seek first to understand, then to be understood.”
-Stephen Covey, “The Seven Habits of Highly Effective People” (Habit #5) | <urn:uuid:f5caf2d1-89b3-4cbc-b683-f191c6e0ca42> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.oraeyc.org/single-post/2018/02/05/keeping-misbehavior-to-a-minimum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.973978 | 1,329 | 3.21875 | 3 |
Transmissions are essential components of modern vehicles of all kinds– using fluids and pressure, a transmission allows an engine’s power to be redistributed over a series of gears. Changing these gears grants vehicles’ the ability to accelerate smoothly (in stages) from a standstill to their highest speed. They come in a few different varieties…
Standard or manual transmissions require direct input from the driver to change the gears. Most commonly, your off-foot depresses a foot pedal clutch that allows you to operate a small handle known as a “gearshift.”
Automatic: Once an expensive add-on, automatic transmissions have become exponentially more affordable– to a point where many manufacturers charge more to install a manual transmission. These sophisticated devices change gears electronically depending on the driver’s chosen speed and setting (ie: Reverse, Park, Drive, Overdrive, etc.)
Semi-automatic: These modern innovations combine the smoothness of automatic transmissions with the driver-to-vehicle connection of their manual counterparts. Drivers can choose when to engage the controls and then proceed to change gears at the press of a button.
How do you maintain a transmission?
Fluid should be changed in manual transmissions every 45,000 to 95,000 kilometres, while automatic transmissions might have similar instructions or may even feature maintenance-free fluid. These parameters may change depending on the amount and severity of your vehicle’s driving habits. Transmission fluid filters and gaskets should be inspected whenever your vehicle’s oil is changed.
Repairs Vs. Replacement
Some early warning signs of a failing transmission are:
Lag between pressing the pedal and when the vehicle moves;
New sounds like buzzing, grinding, humming or whining;
Transmission fluid leakage/transmission dipstick fluid is low or dirty;
Burning odour during or after driving;
Transmission warning light is activated (see your vehicle’s owner manual).
If you notice any of the above issues, it may be time for a Park Muffler technician to take a look at your vehicle’s transmission. Often repairs are only a temporary solution, as failing transmissions are usually replaced outright or rebuilt with refurbished parts. Each option comes at different levels of expense, but putting off the regular maintenance outlined above can drastically raise the cost of the required labour. | <urn:uuid:b509086f-122f-4bf4-9939-cd8dc94907c3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.parkmuffler.com/blog/transmission-maintenance/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.892074 | 480 | 2.78125 | 3 |
Isoelectric Point Practice Problems
Is the following statement true or false?
The amino acid with the lowest pI value is alanine.
How much of the ⍺-amino group of serine is protonated at its isoelectric point (pI)?
The pI of glutamic acid is equal to the average pKa of its two negatively charged carboxyl groups. Explain. | <urn:uuid:6d5c9346-ec87-4b63-a4e0-cb7c34739230> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pearson.com/channels/organic-chemistry/exam-prep/amino-acids-peptides-and-proteins/isoelectric-point | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.919345 | 87 | 2.515625 | 3 |
Claisen Rearrangement Practice Problems
Allyl groups can be attached to benzene via the initial alkylation of phenol in a Claisen rearrangement. Determine structures A and B in the reaction below. Note: Phenol alkylation is a Williamson ether synthesis.
The following is an example of a Johnson-Claisen reaction, which is a Claisen reaction variant. Provide the possible mechanism for the first step in the reaction.
The following is an example of the Ireland-Claisen reaction, a variation of the Claisen reaction. What is structure B obtained by heating intermediate A?
Eschenmoser-Claisen reaction is a variation of the Claisen reaction. What is the product of the following Eschenmoser-Claisen reaction? | <urn:uuid:347ffa11-e129-466a-a19d-cf025f213787> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pearson.com/channels/organic-chemistry/exam-prep/conjugated-systems/claisen-rearragement | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.865765 | 158 | 2.828125 | 3 |
Gabapentin (Neurontin) for Dogs and Cats
of Gabapentin for Canines and Felines
- Gabapentin, a common human drug known as Neurontin®, is a drug commonly used in veterinary medicine to treat chronic pain and complex seizures disorders in dogs and cats. A seizure is a convulsion or physical manifestation of abnormal brain electrical activity. A partial seizure involves only a portion of the body whereas a generalized (grand mal) seizure involves the entire body. Dogs that are affected by chronic seizures often require treatment to control these events. Gabapentin is typically not given as the primary method of seizure control but administered with other drugs. It is commonly used in dogs that have cluster seizures (several seizures in a short period of time).
- This drug works by inhibiting calcium channels, thus preventing the calcium influx to cells that can cause seizures. The mechanism of action for pain control is not completely understood, however.
Gabapentin is quickly absorbed and reaches peak effect in approximately 2 hours.
- This drug is a prescription drug and can only be obtained from a veterinarian or by prescription from a veterinarian.
Gabapentin is not currently approved for use in animals by the Food and Drug Administration but it is prescribed legally by veterinarians as an extra-label drug.
Brand Names and Other Names
- Human formulations: Neurotin® (Pfizer)
- Veterinary formulations: None
Uses of Gabapentin
for Dogs and Cats
Precautions and Side Effects with Gabapentin
- While generally safe and effective when prescribed by a veterinarian, gabapentin can cause side effects in some animals.
- This drug should not be administered to animals with a known hypersensitivity or allergy, or to pregnant or nursing animals.
- Gabapentin should be used with caution in older animals and those with kidney impairment.
Gabapentin may interact with other medications including antacids, hydrocodone, and morphine. Consult with your veterinarian to determine if other drugs your pet is receiving could interact with this drug.
- One of the most common side effects of bromide is sedation, which is typically transient.
In cases of significant overdose, stumbling, tremors, and profound sedation have been reported.
How Gabapentin Is Supplied
This drug is available in tablets and capsules in 100, 300, 400, 600, and 800 mg dosages. Gabapentin is also available as an oral solution; however, it contains xylitol, a known toxin to dogs, and is not commonly used in dogs due to associated problems such as hypoglycemia.
Dosing Information of Gabapentin
for Dogs and Cats
- Medication should never be administered without first consulting your veterinarian.
- For treatment for seizures in dogs, gabapentin is started at 5 to 10 mg per pound (10 to 20 mg/kg) every 6, 8, or 12 hours. In dogs with cluster seizures, the drug is often used at 10 mg/kg every 8 hours for 3 days.
- For pain control in dogs, Gabapentin doses range from 1.5 to 5 mg per pound (3 to 10 mg/kg) every 24 hours.
- For treatment for seizures in cats, gabapentin is started at 2.5 to 5 mg per pound (5 to 10 mg/kg) every 8 to 12 hours. Does up to 10 mg per pound every 6 hours has been used in some cats.
- For pain control in cats, doses range from 1.5 to 5 mg per pound (1.25 to 2.5 mg/kg) every 12 hours. Higher doses (up to 50 mg per cat 1 to 3 times daily) are recommended by some vets.
- Therapeutic blood monitoring is not routinely recommended. When performed, the suggested therapeutic range is 4-16 µg/mL based on limited data.
- The duration of administration depends on the condition being treated, response to the medication, and the development of any adverse effects. Be certain to have your pet complete the prescription unless specifically directed otherwise by your veterinarian. | <urn:uuid:80187685-d66e-4d6b-81fd-01f399d16f9b> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.petplace.com/article/drug-library/drug-library/library/gabapentin-neurontin-for-dogs-and-cats | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.920863 | 849 | 2.671875 | 3 |
Courses are together with exams the building blocks for modules. Please keep in mind that information on the contents, learning outcomes and, especially examination conditions are given on the module level only – see section "Assignment to Modules" above.
||Students expand their basic knowledge of Russian as a foreign language with a general language orientation while taking into consideration intercultural and cultural aspects. They practice: expressing their ideas on familiar topics in simple and cohesive sentences; to begin and sustain simple conversations in everyday communicative situations. The course will cover grammatical topics and vocabulary requisite for this level of mastery, such as: comparisons between past and present, sentence construction; expressing and explaining likes and dislikes. Students learn how to glean expected information from simple everyday texts. Opportunities will be made available for effective, self-motivated, independent learning. | <urn:uuid:4b2098fd-e880-499f-9ff1-8265e5bf202e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.ph.tum.de/academics/org/cc/course/950159246/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.90526 | 168 | 2.734375 | 3 |
African Animals Nonfiction Animal Research, Reading Passages and Comprehension
African Animals: Informational Article, QR Code Research Page & Fact Sort is a set of 11 informational articles all about African Animals. These articles are full of interesting facts and details that students can use during reading and writing activities.Includes an article about each animal in two formats (two-page color photos & one-page text), QR Codes for online articles and videos about the animal and a fact sort sheet where students can sort facts about each animal's attribute...
13 Colonies Activity with Google Slides and Doodle Notes
What do your students know about life in American Colonies? Allow students to experience what life in the colonies was like by taking them on a “carriage ride” through the American Colonies. Hire Ben Franklin as your “tour guide” and allow him to take you on a carriage ride through the colonies. As your students experience the carriage ride, they will take notes on their graphic organizer about the geography, economy and history of each region. | <urn:uuid:7f11b409-b64e-4c0e-a3e0-60a20f086169> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pinterest.es/bja/continents/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.92709 | 215 | 3.421875 | 3 |
Introduction To The Decentralized World
Before we get into DeFi exchange development, let’s go through the decentralized market of digital assets. After the introduction of Bitcoin in the year, 2009 the market started to grow among investors, traders, and even common people. Bitcoin has changed the global market with its strong presence. After Bitcoin got popular, many different ideas and projects started to get into the market, such as ICO, IEO, DeFi, etc. All these projects, ideas, and services operate on blockchain technology. DeFi is a financial service different from the others; while the others focus on investments and trading, DeFi focuses exclusively on finance. The DeFi Exchange Development is different compared to other Blockchain ideas.
So, What Is DeFi?
A decentralized financial system was neither created by nor dependent on central entities, including banks and governments. Instead, users themselves provide the energy for DeFi systems. Many dispersed participants and organizations work together to offer responsibilities and security. Blockchain-based “smart contracts” ensure that the entire process is fair and so reliable by providing visibility and transparency to all stakeholders.
The DeFi system uses distributed blockchain ledger networks to execute, verify, and store transactions. DeFi allows people to transact with one another directly rather than using a banking system. The default currency in the DeFi ecosystem is Bitcoin (BTC), Ethereum (ETH), and other cryptocurrencies because it uses blockchain technology.
DeFi Exchange Development
A DeFi is a decentralized bank that operates on blockchain technology using smart contracts. DeFi exchange is an online platform that allows users to exchange, lend, and borrow funds from others. DeFi exchange development is an arduous process. It requires time and effort from the creators of the DeFi exchanges. There is another option for DeFi exchange development, i.e., to use support from the Decentralized exchange development company.
DeFi Exchange Development Stages
The first stage in DeFi exchange development is market analysis. Before launching a DeFi platform in the market. It is essential to understand the market and know how it operates. The DeFi market differs from other decentralized markets and also, has a different business purpose.
The second stage is selecting the blockchain technology implemented in the DeFi exchange. Many blockchains are available in the market, such as Ethereum, Solana, Polygon, etc., and each provides different features; selecting the blockchain based on the exchange requirement is crucial and supportive.
The Tokenomics for the DeFi exchange has to be determined and also, minted based on the business requirements of the creators. To manage the platform, the creator must resolve business mechanisms such as staking, liquidity, and digital asset trading.
Designing the platform is important because it directly connects the participants. Through the platform’s front-end, the participants engage with the exchange. Therefore the platform sHould be designed simply and effectively.
Crypto wallet integration is the core of the DeFi exchange platform because the users need a crypto wallet to perform all the transactions such as lending, borrowing, or trading crypto assets. The platform should be compatible with multiple wallets, making it simple for users to utilize.
In the development stage, the platform is developed using the support of blockchain developers. In this process, the smart contracts that manage all the business and finance operations in the DeFi platform are integrated. The developed platform should be efficient and easy to perform all the transactions.
The next stage in the DeFi exchange development process is the testing of the platform. The testing team evaluates all the platform modules and rectifies the error or bugs in the platform. In testing, all the operations are verified for effective functioning.
This is the final stage in the development process, and once the platform is developed, it needs to be launched in the decentralized world with an established marketing scheme.
Services Available In The Market For DeFi Exchange Development
Planning the development process
The DeFi exchange development is a complex process and needs experience in the decentralized world. The development firm in the market guides the creator to understand the market and informs them with the analysis of the current market situation. The firm plans all the strategies for successful development.
White paper creation
The whitepaper is the detailed documentation of the DeFi exchange and its functioning. It is a complete record of how the exchange is developed and operates in the market. It allows the users and investors to understand the business idea of the creator.
Token development is not compulsory but will help the growth of the DeFi exchange in the decentralized world. The native tokens improve the liquidity of the platform.
Designing and developing services
The development organization has a design and developer team experienced in decentralized projects. It can build the DeFi exchange with all the equipped functions such as trading, lending, borrowing, staking, donating, etc., the funds or crypto assets.
Marketing the DeFi exchange
Marketing plays an important to the success of the business. The marketing team uses all the traditional and latest methods and reaches out to all the investors and traders.
Hope this article helped you to understand all the essential details regarding DeFi and DeFi exchange development process; many development firms in the market offer the above mentioned development services. If you are looking for a development firm, select the one that fulfills all your business needs. | <urn:uuid:4690c5f6-e568-4617-8ec0-61bb72b6b839> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.postingtree.com/a-detailed-guide-to-defi-exchange-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.925122 | 1,090 | 2.546875 | 3 |
As a runner, you know that it’s important to have a strong “core” to reduce risk of injury, but do you know why?
The Webster dictionary defines core as “The central, innermost, or most essential part of anything”. Well, if that doesn’t imply some importance, then I don’t know what does! So, let’s take a few minutes to gain some understanding of what the core is, how it functions, and what this means for us as runners.
While many of us think of the 6 pack abs that graces the covers of fitness magazines, the core actually refers to muscles deeper within the cavity of the body. The muscles that make up the true “core” will vary depending on the source or school of thought, but in the Physical Therapy world we are typically referring to the diaphragm, pelvic floor, lumbar multifidi, and transverse abdominus. The reason for this is that these are the muscles that work together to maintain an appropriate pressure in the abdominal cavity and support movement. The rectus abdominis and obliques, which we traditionally think of as core muscles are what we call global movers, responsible for bigger movements of the trunk. These are important, too, but they cannot do their job efficiently without the work of the aforementioned stabilizing muscles.
Think of the difference between hanging from a pull up bar vs. a rope. It will be easier to hold on to the bar, because you aren’t having to constantly compensate for movement of the rope.
While there is nothing wrong with crunches, sit ups, leg lifts, etc. as core exercises, we need to make sure that the deeper muscles are functioning well first. Exercises like planks, bird dog, deadbugs, pallof press, etc. are all targeted at maintaining a stable and strong trunk while the rest of the body is moving. These are also seen as the “boring” exercises, because they usually don’t produce that good muscle “burn” that we’re used to. Since they are demanding on the neuromuscular system (the brain-muscle connection), you might find your brain getting tired before your muscles. It’s important to train that cognitive muscle as well, so that when the going gets tough at the end of a workout or race, you can still activate your stabilizing muscles and reduce risk of fatigue-induced injury.
In addition to preventing injury, a strong core can also improve performance by way of improved force generation from the arms and legs. Going back to our pull up bar vs. rope analogy, we can generate more force pulling from a bar than a rope.
Hopefully by now this is all making sense, but I think we would be remiss to dismiss a more in-depth conversation about the diaphragm. Proper breathing during activity, whether it’s core exercises or running, is crucial to regulate the intraabdominal pressure that lends stability to the trunk. A common pattern seen among the general population is upper chest breathing, which indicates that the diaphragm is not descending fully into the upper abdomen and the lungs are not filled evenly. The goal of diaphragmatic breathing is to fill the lungs circumferentially, so that there is expansion of the entire rib cage: front, back, and both sides. Practicing this with exercise and more controlled environments will allow you to incorporate this while running.
I have a fun, personal anecdote to demonstrate this concept: Last summer I started doing some strides again after a few of my runs each week. Most of the time, I would get a muscle spasm in my mid-back. just below my sports bra line. It seemed to happen whether I was well hydrated or not. So one day, I turned on my PT brain and focused on my breathing, not my running form, with the strides. It worked! No more spasms.
The core is abs-olutely important when it comes to staying injury free. We can teach you the right exercises for your specific need!
Keep Going, you got this!
Kacy Seynders, PT, DPT | <urn:uuid:28387ebc-5a66-4bf6-bd72-b7253b626c7d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.precisionpt.org/post/is-the-core-important-abs-olutely | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.951657 | 874 | 3.0625 | 3 |
What is an attachment? Are you aware of your own attachments? In the dictionaries, attachment is usually linked to feelings of fondness and eagerness. But what is its background? Do your attachments create any pain or suffering?
Attachment is a bond — a real, emotional bond — to a thing, to a person/being, or to a belief/idea. We create our reality based on what we hear from others, what we gain as knowledge throughout our education, and what we see around us. Very often we create our reality based on our circumstances and on the ideas we believe in. Sometimes, these are barriers to finding our ways of being happy.
Initially, an attachment develops from the sense of fondness towards something or someone. This fondness gives us pleasure, fulfillment and happiness. It fills some gap within us. Unfortunately, such a happiness does not last. We require it again and again, even in larger doses (every attachment is addictive).
Can some attachments be good? Yes, as long as they do not cause pain and suffering. For example, one many have an attachment towards knowledge, and strives to learn new things and to have new experiences. As long as the attachment does not hurt you or hinder you, it can be considered good. But be aware of the fine line.
Losing things we are attached to creates pain. Desiring something that is out of reach brings suffering. When you are attached to a person (friend, spouse, parent), separation from that person is painful. But the most dangerous attachment is that to ideas, beliefs and knowledge. It is very difficult to acknowledge that we are attached to our belief system and mindset. They are a part of our conditioning. We are limited by our own beliefs. We do not even realize that we are attached to our believes and, as a result, we get stuck in a situation.
People tend to stay in toxic relationships due to their attachments. They may not even realize that the situation they are in no longer serves them. They may be victims of a limiting belief that there is no other solution but to remain tolerant. There is always a possibility for a change. However, many people resist a change, lack courage to change.
Every single person who comes into your life is a teacher. You need to use the opportunity to learn a lesson. Nothing is an accident. Take the lesson, and then find the courage to change and move on. Do not fight the change. It is important to transcend the situation. But how to let it go? Meditation is the answer.
In attachments, we lose out freedom, we give our power away. Open your awareness, your senses, your mind, your entire being, to everything that happens inside and outside of you.
The first step is to identify what your attachments are. Sit in meditation and clear your mind. Find out the sources of your suffering, and acknowledge them. The second step is to go deep into meditation, and clear your space. Ask for healing and help from your masters and Light Beings that are guiding you. Finally, make a change, do not be afraid, and be consistent in moving forward. Unbind yourself. Drop everything that no longer adds any value to your life.
Watch Denisa Ionica’s Global Master Class here :
Denisa Ionica is a certified mindfulness teacher, mindfulness meditation practitioner, reiki practitioner, personal development coach, international motivational speaker, a Board member of PMSS International, a humanitarian and a relentless promoter & guardian of holistic wellbeing. She is a PMSS meditation master in charge of Belgium and Romania. She has been trained in the USA and India by Brahmarshi Patriji, Brahma Kumaris and many Tibetan monks. She lives in Belgium and works for the EU Research Council. She has been conducting meditation classes and workshops on personal development at the European Commission and in various international meditation networks. | <urn:uuid:b91ba092-b297-48a3-bc05-e5dcef228062> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.pyramidvalley.org/post/let-go-attachment | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.961172 | 794 | 2.859375 | 3 |
Digital Tools & Creations
EXPLORING MATERIALS & TEXTURES WITH YOUR CAMERA
1. Improving skills in visual content making
2. Exploring materials
3. Raising awareness about environmental protection
4. Changing perspective
The exercise can be part of and discovery phase activity or a creative digital activity linked to a virtual exhibition.
Between 15 and 30 minutes
- Previously gathered objects or pieces created within the workshop
It is so fashionable to try out new experiences, it’s a lifestyle, it’s a kind of a philosophy and it is so contemporary: traveling, extreme sports, doing moderately crazy things, whatever... But the idea can also be quite frustrating when you realise that it requires so many things that you may not have, such as time, enough self-confidence, company to encourage you, money or desire... And if we tried to slow down a bit ? What if the new experiences were there, right around you, in the kitchen, in the park nearby and or just had to change perspective and look at those small things from really really close ? How ? You have the tool in your hands right now. Taking pictures in macro mode of the materials that you see and you use nearly every day can open up wholly new perspectives to be inspired and to create...
RE-STOR-E proposes you to create with different kinds of seemingly insignificant objects and wastes that you would not even look at normally.
This short exercise consists of discovering materials from a different perspective, by filming or taking photos with an extreme close-up.
The technique can be used with pieces that the workshop's participants created previously, but it can also be used as a discovery technique of textures and materials that you have found in the nature during an exploration walk.
The aim is to have a different view of materials and materiality in general by discovering structures, forms from this very close perspective and to sensitise participants about the potential and the beauty of normally not that much appreciated things such as organic waste, dead leafs, stones, etc.
The objective of the exercise can be also to create abstract digital works of art...
UP-CYCLED SPICE & PIGMENT TALISMANS
HOUSEHOLD WASTE UP-CYCLING WITH MOLDING TECHNIQUE
Recommendations to use"Exploring Materials" with other activities: | <urn:uuid:99af216b-b4d4-43dd-a393-dd36edbf5a32> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.re-stor-e.com/exploring-materieals-in-macro-mode | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.931618 | 489 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Wildfires capture from Space
Every year significant wildfire activities across Italy and worldwide is registered, especially within national parks and protected areas. Wildfires represent a major threat to environmental resources, with hundreds of thousands of hectares of burnt areas and invaluable loss of woods and biodiversity every year. Over the 2017 summer season, the Alta Murgia National Park (Apulia Region, Southern Italy) faced the lack of actionable information on wildfires for post-fire assessments.
According to the Italian law on wildfires (Law No. 353/2000), the Forest Police is in charge of in situ detection of burnt scars whilst municipalities are in charge of keeping burnt area database up-to-date. Those activities require great effort in terms of money and time.
Moreover, it is difficult to perform accurate field surveys over inaccessible areas. As a result, stakeholders such as national parks, protected areas and natural reserves entities quite often face the lack of actionable information for fire management and recovery planning, which are essential aspects also at European level (e.g. Council Regulation (EEC) No. 2158/92 and further modifications).
Relevant satellite data are now freely available with high temporal and spatial resolutions, thus benefits of using Earth Observation are significant especially for post-fire assessments, as EO by Remote Sensing enables automatic and continual monitoring, regardless of the dimension and morphology of the area of interest.
Rheticus® Wildfires is where the Alta Murgia National Park satisfied its needs. In order to better monitor burnt areas after fire events, the Park activated Rheticus® Wildfires service in July 2017.
Rheticus Wildfires is a high-performing and cloud-based geo-information service for post-fire monitoring. It provides the end-user with key information retrieved from Sentinel-2 imagery together with other open data sources through extensively tested models and algorithms.
Every time a new Sentinel-2 data is available over the area of interest, the service automatically downloads the image, performs some processing and generates thematic maps, dynamic geo-analytics and pre-set reports.
Thanks to the high revisit time of Sentinel-2 over the same area (up to 5-6 days) and the high spectral and spatial resolutions of those data, Rheticus Wildfires provided the Alta Murgia National Park with:
- Burnt area detection and fire severity classification (4 times/month);
- Vegetation regrowth monitoring (1/year);
- Detection of potential illegal infrastructure activities within burnt areas (4 times/year).
Moreover, it helps to prioritise response teams. Data are available through the Rheticus® geoportal and pre-set report as well.
All in all, Rheticus Wildfires was where the Alta Murgia National Park got the needed information to develop and support its management strategies and recovery planning, fulfil its reporting duties and management strategies and overcome the lack of actionable information.
Rheticus Wildfires simplifies burnt areas detection and contouring from various open data sources into an interactive and comprehensive dashboard, to achieve insightful and purpose-built contents from many different perspectives. Public Authorities gain immediate and reliable geo-information, including weekly and summary information over wide areas, based on continual Sentinel-2 monitoring, overcoming the difficulties and costs of field measurement campaigns. The service generates reports, thematic maps and geo-analytics based on Sentinel-2 data, meeting local to national content requirements in the field of burnt area detection and illegal building prevention. It also helps prioritising response teams. Furthermore, a better management of precious vegetation resources is well worth the ecological advantages it gives to the environment and citizens.
“Rheticus Wildfires has helped us to oversee and report fire activity, support our fire management and recovery planning through actionable knowledge on burnt areas.”
Chiara Mattia, Alta Murgia National Park | <urn:uuid:0a03d119-9aa7-4191-ab1f-424c74565cba> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rheticus.eu/case-history/wildfires-capture-from-space/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.907796 | 795 | 2.984375 | 3 |
The Business Cycle
What has upswings and downturns, troughs, peaks, and plateaus? Though such terms could easily describe a roller coaster ride, they are also commonly used to describe the business cycle.
The business cycle – also known as the economic cycle – refers to fluctuations in economic activity over several months or years. Tracking the cycle helps professionals forecast the direction of the economy. The National Bureau of Economic Research makes official declarations about the economic cycle based on specific factors, including the growth of the gross domestic product, household income, and employment rates.
Recovery & Recession
An upswing, or recovery, occurs when the economic indicators improve over time. A recession occurs when the same indicators go through a contraction. A particularly long or severe recession is referred to as a depression.
Despite being called a cycle, it’s important to understand that the business cycle is not regular or even cyclical. Its pattern resembles the movement of waves, and those waves don’t consistently undulate at set, periodic intervals. Some recoveries have lasted several years, while others are measured in months. Recessions, too, can last for a number of years or be as short as a few months.
Moving in Waves
Stages of Cycle
So, how should investors look at information about the business cycle?
Investors who understand that the economy moves through periods of recovery and recession may have a better perspective on the overall cycle. During recovery, understanding whether the economy is at an early or late stage of the cycle may influence certain investment decisions. Conversely, during a recession, deciphering whether the economy is passing through a shallow or deep cycle may be influential as well.
The business cycle will transition from recovery to recession – and recession to recovery – over several months. Understanding that the economy travels through cycles may help you put current business conditions in better perspective.
The content is developed from sources believed to be providing accurate information. The information in this material is not intended as tax or legal advice. It may not be used for the purpose of avoiding any federal tax penalties. Please consult legal or tax professionals for specific information regarding your individual situation. This material was developed and produced by FMG Suite to provide information on a topic that may be of interest. FMG Suite is not affiliated with the named broker-dealer, state- or SEC-registered investment advisory firm. The opinions expressed and material provided are for general information, and should not be considered a solicitation for the purchase or sale of any security. Copyright FMG Suite. | <urn:uuid:7b571e77-c075-47ba-aaab-ba1c5ce32a4e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.rogerharrelsoncpa.com/resource-center/investment/business-cycle | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.953794 | 516 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Building inclusive peace: gender at the heart of conflict analysis
Saferworld’s Gender analysis of conflict toolkit helps peacebuilders understand how gender influences conflict dynamics. This policy briefing, Building inclusive peace: gender at the heart of conflict analysis, explores the toolkit's principles in action and shares findings of participatory conflict analysis and research in Myanmar, Libya and Yemen.
Saferworld's 2016 Gender analysis of conflict toolkit is designed to help peacebuilders integrate gender into conflict analysis, understand how gender influences conflict dynamics, and provide a foundation for designing gender-sensitive peacebuilding programmes.
This policy brief shows how the toolkit can be used in different ways by integrating gender into participatory conflict analysis and research. It shares analysis and findings, combining the expertise of community-based organisations, women’s rights groups, and international and peacebuilding organisations on gender norms and conflict.
Conclusions and recommendations draw from Myanmar, Yemen and Libya, based on findings and funding from country-based women's organisations, Saferworld, the Women’s International League for Peace and Freedom (WILPF), and Oxfam.
For more information, please contact Diana Trimiño Mora, Saferworld's senior gender adviser [email protected]. | <urn:uuid:1c097137-c4d2-4310-b668-bf0a0f77d2cf> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.saferworld-global.org/resources/publications/1167-building-inclusive-peace-gender-at-the-heart-of-conflict-analysis | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.83147 | 263 | 2.59375 | 3 |
"WHEN a man sits with a pretty girl for an hour," said Albert Einstein, "it seems like a minute. But let him sit on a hot stove for a minute, and it's longer than any hour." Einstein was describing one of the most profound implications of his Theory of General Relativity - that the perception of time is subjective. This is something we all know from experience: time flies when we are enjoying ourselves, but seems to drag on when we are doing something tedious.
The subjective experience of time can also be manipulated experimentally. Visual stimuli which appear to be approaching are perceived to be longer in duration than when viewed as static or moving away. Similarly, participants presented with a stream of otherwise identical stimuli, but including one oddball, or "deviant", stimulus, tend to perceive the deviant stimulus as lasting longer than the others. The underlying neural mechanisms of this are unknown, but now the first neuroimaging study of this phenomenon implicates the involvement of brain structures which are thought to be required for cognitive control and subjective awareness.
The apparent prolonged duration of a looming or deviant stimulus is referred to as the time dilation illusion, and three possible, but not mutually exclusive, explanations for why it might occur have been put forward. First, the stimulus might be perceived as lasting longer because it has unusual properties which require an increased amount of attention to be devoted to it. Alternatively, the perceived duration of the stimulus might reflect the amount of energy expended in generating its neural representation (that is, duration is a function of coding efficiency). Finally, the effect might be due to the intrinsic dynamic properties of the stimulus, such that the brain estimates time based on the number of changes in an event.
Of particular relevance to the third hypothesis is the observation that looming stimuli are associated with a distorted subjective perception of time, such that their duration is perceived to be longer than it actually is. Marc Wittmann and his colleagues exploited this in their new study. They recruited 20 participants and scanned their brains as they viewing a stream of five visual events. All five stimuli were static and of an identical duration, except for the fourth. This 'deviant' target consisted of an expanding or shrinking disc - which mimicked an object moving toward, or away from, the participants, respectively - and whose duration was systematically varied for each trial. The participants were required to judge the duration of the deviant stimulus in comparison to the other four, by answering the question, "Is the target longer or shorter than the other events?"
The time dilation effect was only observed in trials which included looming deviant targets. The looming stimulus, which had a duration 409 milliseconds (ms, thousandths of a second), was reported by the participants to be equivalent to the four static stimuli, which lasted 490 ms. The opposite effect was observed in trials including the receding stimulus. The shrinking discs, which actually lasted 511 ms, were also reported to being of equivalent duration to the static stimuli. The extent of this latter effect was, however, lesser than the time dilation effect - whereas looming stimuli were perceived to last 81 ms (or almost one tenth of a second) longer than they actually were, the duration of the receding stimuli was 'compressed' by just 21 ms (just over one fiftieth of a second).
Thus, the participants consistently overestimated the duration of the looming stimulus and underestimated that of the deviant receding stimulus. Analysis of the fMRI data revealed that both types of deviant stimulus produced similar brain activation patterns. When they compared the brain's response to looming versus static stimuli with its response to receding versus static stimuli, the researchers observed increased activation in a network of areas including the left insula and surrounding areas, the anterior cingulate gyrus, the right middle frontal cortex and the left and right superior frontal regions. Additionally, receding stimuli alone activated the right insula and the entire cingulate gyrus in both hemispheres.
The looming and receding stimuli therefore led to asymmetrical activation in the so-called "core control network", which is critical for selecting, switching between and attending to prominent features in the environment. Differences between the two activation patterns further revealed the neural correlates of the time dilation effect. The looming stimulus was found to produce stronger activation of the left middle and superior frontal cortex, including the cingulate gyrus, and the posterior cingulate and pre-cuneus. Some of these structures, which are located near the brain's midline, have been associated with a "default network" which is engaged when the brain is at rest, but whose activity is suspended during any goal-directed action. They are also associated with the processing of self-referential information.
The researchers observed a strong time dilation effect in the looming, but not the receding, condition. They suggest that it is the occurance of a looming stimulus, and not an oddball or deviant stimulus per se, that causes an overestimation of time, but do not rule out that attentional and emotional factors might also be involved. They speculate that the expanding discs - which mimic an approaching object - evoke self-referential processes which act to signal the presence of a potential threat. In such a situation, an illusion of time dilation could facilitate an effective escape. People often report that time seems to slow down during dangerous events, such as a car accident or a robbery, but it remains to be seen whether looming visual stimuli are interpreted as threatening under experimental conditions.
- The brain keeps time with a metronome
- The cognitive benefits of time-space synaesthesia
- The illusion of time: Perceiving the effect before the cause
Wittmann, M., et al (2010). The neural substrates of subjective time dilation Front. Hum. Neurosci. DOI: 10.3389/neuro.09.002.2010.
Eagleman, D. & Pariyadath, V. (2009). Is subjective duration a signature of coding efficiency? Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B. 364: 1841-1851. [PDF]
van Wassenhove V., et al. (2008) Distortions of Subjective Time Perception Within and Across Senses. PLoS ONE 3: e1437. DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0001437.
Tse, P.U., et al. (2004). Attention and the subjective expansion of time. Percept. Psychophys. 66: 1171-1189. [PDF]
wow!this page on time dilation has helped me so much THANKS!!!
I found this blog to be very fascinating and thoughtful!
I make some distinction between the biological and psychological time line perception of the brain, but never thought about the time dilating mechanism to enable fast adaptation in threatening situations.
This must apply to "simulated" threats as well. I remember the first time I played paint ball. When it was announced over the PA "2 minutes down, 8 to go" my brain went "It's ONLY been 2 MINUTES?!"
Evolutionarily, it makes more sense to me that a looming threat would seem to be coming faster (or would seem closer), to ensure a sense of urgency and allow for escape. That being said, the three hypotheses you put forward to explain the opposite effect also make perfect sense to me as well.
Overall, I'm confused. :)
Thanks for a nice post.
This is very interesting research. Is there any data to suggest an effect in autonomic nervous system? Perhaps increased activity in the sympathetic nervous system causes time to move more slowly and vice a versa in the parasympathetic system?
It does make evolutionary sense to extend the perception of time when under threat.
Totally anecdotal: Many years ago I was almost part of an auto accident. Time did seem to slow down and allow me to avoid crashing.
Isn't a there another possibility? It seems plausible to me that there is no fact of the matter as to how long a certain experience seemed at the time, and the phenomenon of time dilation is about our memory of the events.
Anecdotally, I have been in several very hazardous situations while working in an institution for people with multiple disabilities. When I perceived these events as seriously threatening, I often felt my perception of time "slow down" so that I could appreciate the situations in a more complete fashion and react (hopefully) more effectively. In one of these events I was literally thrown across a room (and I have never been a lightweight) and felt quite irked that my reaction time wasn't fast enough to shield me from the inevitable concussion that was the result of hitting the wall. Oddly, though I recall this, I do not recall a few hours of the time thereafter.
The subjective experience of time is much more complicated. I expect that you will find many mechanisms in play. It would be interesting to see a study correlating the following with time perception:
- Level of adrenaline during an incident (or some other measure of the "flight or fight" trigger).
- "Fun factor", i.e. subjective rating of how fun the activity was
- An 'opposite' of adrenaline, such as serotonin, dopamine etc.
Another interesting area, is to look at how people remember events that have long since passed. The more 'eventful', fun or frightening an experience is, the more things you can recall about it. I have a theory that we measure time past by the number of incidents our brains have deemed worthy to record. 10 years in a boring job may therefore be equivalent to 1 minute skydiving. This perceived time is what really matters to us.
I expect that scientists will eventually prove something we have all known for a very very long time: the value of living each moment to the fullest.
Having lived through several seriously hazardous events, I can attest to the fact that time does indeed seem to slow down during those events. This explanation is very interesting.
Great article...love the insight!
I remember once I was on a date with my crush last year and to me it felt like 10 minutes but actually it was AN HOUR I couldn't believe it it really is weird how time works:)
hi, I am writing a poem. can I use the sentence "Time is dilating more adaption", does it make sens? I am norwegian, so thats why I ask :)
per: No, that doesn't make sense. I'm not sure what you're trying to say, so I can't make any suggestions.
There's a couple of things wrong here. First, this dilation effect you're talking about isn't called "time" dilation but "duration" dilation. Time dilation has to do with physics and the physical dilation of time is response to extreme velocities or strong gravitational fields.
Second, the duration dilation test that you are referring to is by David Eagleman and that test has been debunked as a not even wrong by this paper - http://aet-radal.blogdrive.com/
The fact that people claim that they have survived serious harm from accidents because their perception of time seemed to slow down is the first hint that the effect is real, otherwise those people would've been hurt or killed.
Once my leg slipped from a running bus, but to my surprise , it seemed that time had stopped & i was back in the bus in less than i sec. Know i know how it happened.
best for you, http://bactrim.freeforums.org/ bactrim, 90464, | <urn:uuid:45f4d2db-38cb-4dc0-8b57-75b6d7ed72d7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.scienceblogs.com/neurophilosophy/2010/01/23/is-time-dilated-during-a-threatening-situation | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.963884 | 2,394 | 2.78125 | 3 |
ACCUPLACER is a comprehensive computer–adaptive testing system that helps to place students in appropriate courses and maximizes the information SCTC needs to ensure student success. ACCUPLACER consists of three components: Reading, Writing, and Mathematics. The mathematics components consist of Arithmetic, Quantitative Reasoning, Algebra & Statistics and Advanced Algebra. The test questions are based on your responses to each question you’ve already answered. Questions increase or decrease in difficulty depending on your answers as you work through the test.
ACCUPLACER tests are untimed, so you can move at a comfortable pace. It’s important to give yourself enough time to do your best and complete the test because your results are the key factor in determining the courses you can take. Your results will be available immediately after you complete the test. If a student’s scores reflect learning support is needed, students will be placed in the appropriate courses. Your test scores will determine if you need additional courses and fees. A retest is offered if a student does not meet the minimum requirement score for his/her program.
ACCUPLACER's web-based study app is accessible from any internet capable computer, tablet, or mobile device. The free study app may be downloaded from your computer or your app store. | <urn:uuid:f02ee657-769c-47d4-a893-8acb3eb88b3c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.sctech.edu/testing/test-preparation-tools/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.918645 | 273 | 2.546875 | 3 |
11 May 2018–How big is an earthquake? Seismologists have been measuring this feature—the magnitude of an earthquake—for more than a century, but the answers are not always as straightforward as one would think, says Allison Bent, a research seismologist with Natural Resources Canada.
Numbers associated with the Richter scale and the moment magnitude scale (Mw) might be most familiar to the layperson, but seismologists have used different magnitude scales over the years that take into account the distance from an earthquake, the local geology and several other factors. A major part of Bent’s work is to reconcile these scales to make them more useful in seismic hazard assessments.
To understand the problems she grapples with, it may be helpful to start with the basics of what magnitude means to a seismologist. A magnitude scale is an equation, calculated using the amplitude of seismic waves on a seismogram, corrected for the amplification of the instrument and the instrument’s distance away from the earthquake, and sometimes the frequency of the measured wave and the depth of the earthquake. The scales are logarithmic, Bent explains. “That means that a difference of one unit in magnitude corresponds to a difference of a factor of 10 in terms of the amplitude of the seismic waves recorded at the same distance. So a magnitude 6.0 is 10 times greater than a magnitude 5.0 or a magnitude 2.4 is 10 times greater than a magnitude 1.4 earthquake, and so on.”
Magnitude scales don’t directly measure the energy released by an earthquake, she adds, “but a difference of one unit in magnitude corresponds roughly to a factor of 30 in terms of energy.”
Different magnitude scales have been adopted depending on earthquake distance, among other factors, but the moment magnitude scale is “now generally considered the best measure of earthquake size,” Bent says, since it can be related to the physical properties of an earthquake rupture and does not underestimate the size of the very largest (Mw 8.0 and greater) earthquakes.
“When assessing seismic hazard for an entire country—or even a smaller area—it is important that magnitudes are uniform in space and time,” Bent says. “That is to say that magnitude 6.0 should mean the same whether the earthquake occurred in 1948 or 2018 and whether it was in Montreal or Vancouver. To ensure this, it is necessary to develop reliable equations to convert from the various magnitude scales to Mw.”
Bent is now developing those equations, conducting research “that started out quite innocently” to answer questions posed by her colleagues working on seismic hazard. “It seems that each time I resolve one issue, another complexity arises. Magnitude is very simple in concept but more complex in reality.”
Since most of her work involves waveform analysis, Bent is usually behind a desk rather than in the field. But she has had some interesting seismology travel experiences, including one trip to El Salvador in 2001 to help a team of engineers and a landslide expert with their observations following a large earthquake. “We spent about a week driving and flying by helicopter all over the country. Not everything we saw was pleasant but I would do it again in an instant,” she recalls. “I learned so much and there is no substitute for seeing up close and personal the effects the waves I study have on peoples’ lives.”
A past member of the SSA Board of Directors and a current Associate Editor of the Bulletin of the Seismological Society of America, Bent has been working at Natural Resources Canada since receiving her Ph.D. from California Institute of Technology in 1990, following a lifelong interest in earthquakes and volcanoes. “I’m not really sure what sparked my interest originally but I decided at a very young age what I wanted to do when I grew up and never really changed my mind,” Bent says. “I love math and physics but I also like dealing with real-world problems and seismology offers me the opportunity to combine the two.”
Finding time to work on each of her many projects, rather than technical issues, is Bent’s biggest on-the-job challenge. She has a long list of “dream projects,” she says, “but one thing that I think would be really fun to do is pick a random topic in seismology—maybe put four or five in a hat and draw one—where I’ve had little or no experience and spend a year working on just that to see what I could accomplish. “
“Seismology covers such a wide range of topics that most of us are experts in a few areas but have only a general knowledge of the others. So my random topic idea might have to wait until I retire,” she says. | <urn:uuid:13006ab9-c7c9-4df8-9eee-5e901308b8bc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.seismosoc.org/news/at-work-allison-bent/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.962259 | 1,002 | 4.625 | 5 |
I frequently see a variation of the following question on a variety of speech language forums: “My student scored within the average range on all the tested subtests with the exception of working memory and sentence recall. What other testing do you recommend to determine whether these difficulties are impacting their academics?”
First, lets provide a definition of working memory (WM). WM is the memory used for temporarily storing and manipulating information so we can perform a particular task. It’s one of the executive functions (EFs) and contains two important subcomponents: a phonological loop that stores verbal information and a visuo-spatial ‘sketchpad’ which stores visual and spatial information (Baddeley & Hitch, 2007). Together they are responsible for acquisition of sound-letter correspondence, phonemic awareness and ultimately reading comprehension since WM influences the duration the information stays in memory as well as its eventual transfer (or lack of thereof) to long-term memory.
In other words, students with adequate working memory will have enough capacity to appropriately decode, fluently read and adequately comprehend text while students with poor working memory will expend all their capacity on basic tasks such as decoding, which leaves them with very little capacity to devote to comprehension of read material.
Outside of testing, WM deficits typically become glaringly apparent as students move up grade levels and are given challenging subject-specific abstract texts, requiring in-depth analysis. This is when parents and professionals start to see that in addition to experiencing difficulty comprehending the read texts, students with poor WM also tire easily when presented with lengthy texts, and tend to evidence increased frustration and decreased self-efficacy during reading tasks.
Now let’s get back to our original question: “What other testing do you recommend to determine whether these [memory] difficulties are impacting their academics?”
Typically when asked that question I always tend to recommend that a trained SLP performs a series of tests aimed to determine whether the student presents with reading and writing deficits.
In my clinical experience (which is of course substantiated by research) in 99% of cases, reading disabilities are the hidden culprit behind seemingly average oral language skills and working memory deficits. For more information on what testing is recommended to tease out the presence of reading disorders, see my series posts on Comprehensive Dyslexia Testing (HERE) as well as on the validity of (C)APD diagnosis (HERE).
So the next time you encounter this perplexing pattern of strengths and weaknesses don’t just ignore it as inconsequential and not recommend or dismiss the student from language services. Delve into it further! You will often find that it is representative of reading difficulties, the cumulative impact of which may significantly affect the student’s academic performance and ultimately school outcomes, unless appropriate therapeutic interventions are provided.
- Baddeley, A. D., & Hitch, G. J. (2007). Working memory: Past, present…and future? In N.Osaka, R. Logie & M. D’Esposito (Eds), Working Memory – Behavioural & Neural Correlates. Oxford University Press. | <urn:uuid:79aa1c39-6e89-4680-9dc6-d9e4b27c966a> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.smartspeechtherapy.com/what-do-auditory-memory-deficits-indicate-in-the-presence-of-average-general-language-scores/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.937827 | 648 | 2.734375 | 3 |
Sometimes a cell needs to break down its own parts. The process is called autophagy. The term comes from a Greek word that means “self-devouring.” During autophagy, the cell parts to be recycled get isolated in a small sac called an autophagosome. This sac fuses with another sac filled with enzymes. The enzymes break down the junk parts. Those broken down bits can then be used again. Sometimes cells use autophagy when they are starving, eating bits of themselves to keep their energy levels up. Autophagy is thus important in exercise, but it’s also been shown to play a role in cancer and Parkinson’s disease. | <urn:uuid:0234c6ea-2041-4d06-8ce5-9a0e2fd37957> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.snexplores.org/article/scientists-say-autophagy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.958419 | 142 | 3.5625 | 4 |
People once thought stuttering was just a symptom of being overly nervous. No more. Many people inherit their condition, and a new study points to blood flow as a possible contributor.
Stuttering causes halting speech. Myths about its cause and possible cures abound. People once believed tickling a baby too much could lead to stuttering. Others blamed it on having left a baby out in the rain. Some tried to cure the disorder by holding nutmeg under a stutterer’s nose or slapping the victim with a shoe. Some people still treat stutterers as if they’re unintelligent, or overly nervous. Even scientists have been stumped by what’s behind this language disorder.
Brain imaging, however, may just have filled in an important piece of the stuttering puzzle. Jay Desai is a clinical neurologist. He works at the Children’s Hospital of Los Angeles in California. There, he uses a brain-scanning technique called magnetic resonance imaging, or MRI, to observe blood flow in the brain. In a new study, he compared MRI scans of 26 stutterers (both adults and children) to those from 36 non-stutterers. No one spoke or moved while their brain scan was underway. That let Desai look for differences in their brains while “resting.”
These images showed that less blood flowed to the Broca’s area in the stutterers. Near the front of the brain, this region is involved in language and speech production. Blood flow to the Broca’s area was lowest in persons with the most extreme stutters.
Findings by Desai’s team will appear in an upcoming issue of Human Brain Mapping.
Psychiatrists once thought stuttering was due to stress or traumatic experiences. Studies instead have shown that inherited traits can play a role.
“Although we don’t have an answer for what gene may be responsible for stuttering, we now know that there’s a biological basis for it,” Desai says. Does low blood flow mean stutterers have less brain activity in Broca’s area? “We’re still not sure,” he says.
What he does know: Although 5 percent of children develop stutters when they’re learning to talk, three-quarters of them eventually outgrow it.
The new study does not explain what causes stuttering. But it may one day help researchers find a cure. “Is there a way to increase blood flow to this area, and will that work to treat stuttering?” Desai asks. That could prove a useful avenue of research. | <urn:uuid:fa445e27-0cab-4220-b4cb-009921116ea5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.snexplores.org/article/stuttering-blood-flow-brain-may-play-role | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.956999 | 555 | 3.265625 | 3 |
With NASA's Curiosity rover safely on the ground inside Mars' huge Gale Crater, scientists are getting more and more excited about what the six-wheeled robot may discover.
Gale Crater, where Curiosity touched down Sunday night (Aug. 5 PDT), is a unique and intriguing place where Curiosity could make serious scientific hay over the next several years, researchers and NASA officials say.
"We are going to have the opportunity for untold discoveries," Doug McCuistion, director of NASA's Mars Exploration Program, said on Sunday before Curiosity landed. "This location, Gale Crater, is absolutely amazing."
A mountain inside a crater
Gale Crater, which was announced as Curiosity's destination in July 2011, sits a few degrees south of the Martian equator. While the crater is 96 miles wide (154 kilometers), Gale's size is not its most eye-catching feature. That would be Mount Sharp, the giant mountain rising from Gale's center. [Gallery: Gale Crater, Curiosity's Landing Site]
At 3 miles high (5 km), Mount Sharp is taller than any peak in the continental United States. Scientists think it's the remnant of a much larger block that once filled Gale Crater, though they're not sure exactly how the mound formed.
"In one go, you have flat-lying strata that are 5 kilometers thick," Curiosity chief scientist John Grotzinger, a geologist at Caltech in Pasadena, told SPACE.com last month. "There's nothing like that on Earth."
Those strata preserve a record of Mars history spanning perhaps a billion years or more, researchers say. Mars-orbiting spacecraft have spotted evidence of clays and sulfates in Mount Sharp's lower reaches, suggesting that the mountain's base was exposed to liquid water long ago.
On Earth, life tends to thrive wherever liquid water exists. So Curiosity — whose main goal is to determine whether Mars was ever capable of supporting microbial life — will probably spend lots of time poking around Mount Sharp's flanks and foothills.
But Grotzinger and his team also hope to send the $2.5 billion rover higher up the mountain's gentle slopes. About 2,300 feet (700 meters) up, Curiosity would cross a threshold, leaving the hydrated minerals behind and encountering layers that speak of much drier times.
"Something happened on Mars, and it went dry, and that's what we have today," Grotzinger said. "The question is, what was that event? What was that trigger? What happened environmentally? My hope is that we'll get some insight into this Great Desiccation Event."
Lingering near the landing site
Curiosity's team has just begun the months-long series of checkouts that will assure the rover and its 10 science instruments are in good working condition on the Martian surface. But even when the robot is ready to roam, scientists probably won't send it straight to Mount Sharp.
That's because the spot where it touched down is interesting, too. Curiosity hit the red dirt just downslope from an ancient alluvial fan, a feature likely created by water flowing downhill. Data gathered by orbiting spacecraft also suggest that many deposits surrounding the rover may have formed in the presence of water.
Mission scientists are therefore keen to give the area a serious going-over.
"We're really excited about this, and it suggests to us right away that we've got some cool geology to do ahead of us," Grotzinger said.
Curiosity's prime mission is slated to last roughly two Earth years, but the nuclear-powered rover could keep exploring far longer than that if key parts don't break down, the robot's handlers have said. Longevity is key, because it may take a while to unlock the mysteries hidden away in Gale Crater, and in the many layers of Mount Sharp.
"We have chosen the most spectacular field site," Grotzinger said. "It just continues to give." | <urn:uuid:70005022-9d14-4bd9-8e90-84152f923659> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.space.com/17012-mars-rover-curiosity-gale-crater-mysteries.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.965385 | 814 | 3.5 | 4 |
Edexcel 360 science for Edexcel GCSE science: teacher pack
Part of Collins' Edexcel GCSE sciences series, this teacher's guide provides material to prepare students for GCSE science. It has been written in consultation with Edexcel. This teacher's guide is fully integrated with Collins' Edexcel GCSE science student book.
This book will provide teachers with complete teacher support for the Edexcel GCSE science specification, including:
- Lesson plans reflecting the low-to-high demand differentiation in student books allowing easy reference for planning
- Links to relevant activities (provided electronically) so teachers don't need to spend time searching for them
- Original and interesting suggestions for starter and plenary activities to stimulate students
- Comprehensive support for stress-free internal assessment
- Sample exam questions and end-of-unit tests plus answers to questions in the student books
- Extension and support material
- Guidance to practical investigations
- Technician's notes
- Links to other components in Collins' Edexcel GCSE science series as well as links to other Collins GCSE science resources
- Fully differentiated lesson plans for B1, B2, C1, C2, P1, P2.
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Please be aware that resources have been published on the website in the form that they were originally supplied. This means that procedures reflect general practice and standards applicable at the time resources were produced and cannot be assumed to be acceptable today. Website users are fully responsible for ensuring that any activity, including practical work, which they carry out is in accordance with current regulations related to health and safety and that an appropriate risk assessment has been carried out. | <urn:uuid:40b4dcde-6257-4836-9bfc-50f43eca936e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.stem.org.uk/physical-library/resource/201081/edexcel-360-science-for-edexcel-gcse-science-teacher-pack | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.95545 | 345 | 3.859375 | 4 |
Massage has been developed into different ways over all these years, it is one of the ancient medical practices. Chinese used to apply pressure in specific parts of the body to create the effects of healing. In Stone Age people usually massaged parts of their body that had sore or pain. There are various advantages of massage but all the massages are not the same. Massage is used to cure stress and pain in different countries and cultures, so every country and culture has developed their own kind of massage.
In 200 AD, Chinese developed one of the ancient well-known massage forms. Vital points in the body are used in this type of massage to cure particular areas of the body. These massages always focus on particular areas of the body like hands and feet. Theoretically, the feet has lot of pressure points, when you focus on one you hear other parts of the body like heart, liver and some other parts as well.
Another variation of this massage is when they make use of hand, they are similar to feet massage because they target specific parts of the body to give an effect of healing. Shiatsu massage is another type of oriental massage. This type of massage has been there for many centuries even before the introduction of Chinese massage therapy but at first it was referred as Shiatsu in the book Shiatsu Rhoyo by Tenpaku Tamai in 1915.
The focus of Shiatsu massage is in applied pressure through the fingers. Theoretically, the therapist makes use of his or her fingers, palms and thumbs to provide recovery. The hands of the therapist are also used to assist in identifying imbalances in the energy of the subject which appears in the form of soreness, drowsiness and other symptoms. Many universities have reviewed the effectiveness of this type of massage and it was found that it helps in removing the stress and pain in muscle. An independent study in 2007 showed that there were long term advantages for reduction in joint and muscle pain and stress reduction. | <urn:uuid:01939e62-c4eb-4e9a-8470-8a1351757cfc> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.stillpointmassage.net/massage-general-info/different-kinds-of-massage-patterns/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.969342 | 403 | 2.578125 | 3 |
Here students get details about the A level and O Level in Pakistan is Equivalent to?. All the certificates and grades are awarded by the accredited Examination Board/Authority/Syndicate and institutions. While recognized by the Education Authority of the country of origin is considered for equivalence. The conversion of marks/grades is as per the approved procedure reproduced below:-
- General Guide of O and A Level
1. The major principle for equivalence of qualification is to identify the relevant stage in Pakistani System by considering the number of schooling years and the subjects in foreign and local system.
2. The certificates and their marks/grades from accredited/recognized
Examination Boards will be equated with Pak equivalent marks as per approved formula.
3. The actual marks from a recognized Examination Board Authority/Syndicate will not be considered as such, but will be equated to the Pakistani equivalent marks as per approved formula.
4. The certificates/transcripts issued by the foreign institutions / schools / colleges will be considered and their grades/marks shall be subjected to a deduction to maintain uniformity and range of scores with Pakistani system. As per conversion formula the marks/grades will be first equated with Pak equivalent marks as given in the related context and then 10% marks will be deducted from the total marks.
A level and O Level in Pakistan is Equivalent to?
5. Subject group of candidate will be shown in the Equivalence Certificate (i.e.Science Group or General Group), as the case may be.
6. In case exact marks of each subject are available, deduction will be made as:
- 10% deduction will be made on given marks, in case of external examination system.
- 20% deduction on given marks, in case of internal examination system.
7. Only academic subjects will be considered for conversion purposes.
GCE O Level, GCSE, IGCSE and Equivalent:-
GCE O Level and 10 years schooling in any education system is considered equivalent to Secondary School Certificate ( SSC ) subject to meeting the requirements as under:
i. Pakistan Based Examination (local exam): Eight subjects including English, Urdu, Islamiyal, Pakistan Studies, Mathematic and three electives.
ii. Overseas Based Examinations (overseas exam): Five subjects including English, Mathematics and three electives (other than Islamiyat, Pakistan Studies, and Urdu).
To qualify for Science Group it is necessary to pass Physics, Chemistry, Biology or (* Computer studies / * Information Communication Technology / * Information Technology / * Additional Mathematic / * Pure Mathematics). Rest will be placed in General / Humanities Group.
- The relaxation will not be allowed to the students who will pass ‘O’ level examination in the academic year 2009 and onward with the condition that such an equivalence of SSC (Science Group) will not be valid for HSSC (Pre-Medical Group) even if Physics, Chemistry and Biology subjects are passed at ‘A’ level or in any other system.
GCE A Level and Equivalent
GCE O & A Level and 12/13 years of schooling is considered equivalent to Higher Secondary School Certificate (HSSC/Intermediate) subject to meeting the specified requirements for various streams / groups as under:
Pre-Medical Group: Eight (local exam)/Five (overseas exam)
O Level subjects (including English, Urdu, Islamiyat, Pakistan Studies, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics, and Biology/Computer Studies/ICT/IT/Add Mathematics/Pure Mathematics) and Three A Level (Physics, Chemistry and Biology) with minimum ‘E’ Grade.
Pre-Engineering Group; Eight (local exam)/Five (overseas exam)
O Level subjects ( including English, Urdu, Islamiyat, Pakistan Studies, Physics, Chemistry, Mathematics and Biology/Computer Studies/ICT/IT/Add Mathematics/Pure Mathematics and three A Level subjects (Physics, Chemistry and Mathematics) with minimum ‘E’ Grade.
General Science Group: Eight (local exam)/Five (overseas exam)
O Level subjects (not eligible for admission into Engineering and Medical Colleges) and three A Level subjects as per list at SUBJECTS REQUIRED FOR EQUIVALENCE
Eight (local exam)/Five (overseas exam) O Level subjects including English with three A Level subjects ( not eligible for admission into Engineering and Medical Colleges) is authorized to calculate marks on behalf of IBCC.
More A and O Level Guide for Students available Here | <urn:uuid:8d3241ef-c66c-4a1b-84d8-1ff07e48bc2d> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.studysols.com.pk/a-level-and-o-level-in-pakistan-is-equivalent-to/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.899669 | 950 | 2.765625 | 3 |
There are things about the island of Cuba that don’t really appear in the news, for example, that it has the greatest biodiversity of snails in the world.
The painted snail polymite It is one of the most beautiful invertebrates on Earth and is only found on the Caribbean island. Its shell is a wonderful spiral, all in peach, lemon-lime, vermilion, blood orange, red ocher, and even pink.
Unfortunately, the illegal wildlife trade has brought all six species of polymite to the point of being critically endangered, as recommended by Cuban wildlife researchers.
Recently, National Geographic reported on the love of polymite by italian photographer Bruno D’Amicis, who traveled to the island to photograph them in their natural habitat. He hopes to draw attention to the fact that the demand for snails in Cuba and abroad as colorful trinkets is driving them to extinction.
Scientists know that they live in a small vegetated coastal belt along the eastern coast of Cuba, but they don’t know how many there are, or even if they have discovered all the existing species.
In their natural environment, painted snails live in trees and shrubs devouring mineral-rich mosses and lichens, the source of their brilliant colors. Its incessant consumption of this vegetation helps keep trees healthy, even on coffee farms, a large part of the Cuban economy.
As prey, the snail feeds the endangered Cuban kite and other endemic animals. Bold color displays in nature usually come from one of a few different reasons, such as a toxicity warning or to attract mates, but the purpose behind the polymite The painted shells are still unknown.
According to a leading scientist who studies snails, Bernardo Reyes-Tur, speaking with Nat Geo He said, “some people stay in the same place for six months.”
Cuban wildlife biologists are trying to educate both farmers in the region, especially coffee and tobacco growers and foreign visitors, about the importance of the snail to the island. By studying their natural environment, biologists hope to establish a breeding program for them, as their slow and sedentary lifestyle makes them extremely vulnerable to both poaching and climate change.
Biologists, in particular, seek to show people who make a living from tourists that snails are worth more alive than dead, since their only home on Earth is Cuba, which means that although Cuba is a socialist economy, The country has cornered the market for painted snails, forcing wildlife enthusiasts who want to see them to visit them.
Main photo: Rafael Medina
KEEP the Good News – Share this story with your friends … | <urn:uuid:c4a6ce45-8eca-4f21-b1e9-c395e01ef492> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.stufflovely.com/photographer-unites-with-cuban-scientists-to-save-the-worlds-most-beautiful-snail/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.96588 | 542 | 3.203125 | 3 |
DPDT 8A Relay RC Switch
Documentation and Support
This is a RC switch that is activated by a RC signal. A RC receiver ouputs a 1.5ms pulse every 20ms for center stick, about 2ms pulse for a full forward stick posigin every 20ms and about 1ms pulse ever 20ms for a full reverse stick position. A preprogrammed microcontroller is used to read these pulses and drive the relay. When the stick is in center the relays will be off, when the stick is about 1/3 up one relay will pull in resulting in the load going one direction, then the stick is about 1/3 down both relays will pull in resulting in the load going the other direction. To change the direction you can reverse the leads of the load on the board or reverse the transmitter.
This board is set up to drive a load forward and reverse. Close the the single pole relay and the load goes one way, close both relays and the load reverse, the load is off when not relays are pulled in. It also include travel limit switch inputs to stop the motor/load when the limit is reached. There are two limits, one for each direction. If you don't want to use the limits, just jumper them. The circuit also has inductive load transient suppression which occurs when driving such things as coils on relays.
The board has a status LED which will light when the relays are pulled in. It also has a yellow LED for the status of the signal. A solid yellow means the board is receiving a good signal in center stick (1.5ms pulse ever 20ms). If the yellow light is off, the stick is not centered, if the light if blinking rapidly, there is no RC signal detected. The board relays are rated at 8A@120VAC. A 5V power source is required to drive the relays. You can use the power from the receiver for this. Another input voltage is required to drive the motor/load.
If you want screw terminals as pictured, you must select that addition below, else you can solder your wires right into the holes on the PCB. You can also opt for an RC male plug to plug this board directly into your RC receiver
These kits come unassembled, but you can opt for assembly if you wish. All the components are on the top side, and the boards are spaced out to make assembly as easy as possible. Click on the images to view the board in detail.
DPDT 8A Relay RC Switch
- Product Code: TE-082-502
- Brand: SuperDroid Robots
- Availability: 2 In stock | <urn:uuid:5664776f-6f60-47f8-8c69-7e0879ea2001> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.superdroidrobots.com/store/robot-parts/electrical-parts/remote-control/rc-switches/product=766 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.941185 | 552 | 2.578125 | 3 |
There are many challenges for families and individuals who are living with Alzheimer’s disease but one area that is often greatly impacted is sleep.
Vitally important to both physical and mental health, quality sleep supports your brain function and can also affect your quality of life.
If you’re sleep deficient, your risk for certain chronic conditions increases. It also can greatly influence how well you think, react, learn, make decisions, solve problems, cope with change and handle your emotions.
The impact of Alzheimer’s disease and sleep
It is still not completely understood why those living with Alzheimer’s disease experience changes in their sleep. Although older adults may also notice changes in their sleep patterns, they seem to occur more frequently and severely if the person has Alzheimer’s.
The following are two of the more common changes to sleep patterns for those living with Alzheimer’s disease, according to the Alzheimer’s Association:
- Difficulty sleeping
Those living with Alzheimer’s may wake up more often and stay awake longer during the nights. There appears to be a decrease in dreaming and non-dreaming stages of sleep. Wandering may occur or the person might be unable to lie still or may call out often.
- Daytime napping
Individuals may feel sleepy during the day but then be unable to sleep at night. They may experience sundowning, which occurs when the person feels restless or agitated in the late afternoon or early evening. It’s been estimated that in the later stages of the disease, individuals may spend about 40% of their time in bed at night awake and a significant part of the daytime sleeping.
Alzheimer’s disease and sleep: suggestions to help your loved one
Both the individuals and their caregivers need a good night’s sleep. Consider the following recommendations if your family member is facing difficulties. If the problem persists or worsens, talk to the doctor or medical team to rule out any other causes and ask for any suggestions.
The following may help you to help your loved one get a better night’s sleep:
- Maintain a regular schedule for meals, going to bed and waking up
- Make sure your loved one is exposed to morning sunlight
- Encourage regular daily exercise but not within four hours of bedtime
- Ensure there is no pain or condition not being addressed and treated
- Encourage the individual to avoid alcohol, caffeine and nicotine
- Talk to the doctor about any medicines that should not be given before bedtime
- Make sure the bedroom is conducive to sleep, including a comfortable temperature
- When individuals are unable to sleep, encourage them to get out of bed. Use the bed only for sleep
- Discourage your loved one from watching television during periods when they cannot sleep
Source: Alzheimer’s Association
Alzheimer’s disease and sleep: suggestions to help yourself get a better night’s rest
You need sleep. And as a caregiver, it’s essential that you be alert and attentive, which is hard to accomplish if you aren’t getting rest. However, if your loved one doesn’t sleep well, you probably don’t either.
Talk to the medical team early on about any sleep disturbances. They may be able to help you resolve some issues, including if medication might be contributing to the cause or have tips that can help your family member sleep better – which means you will as well.
If your loved one continues to be unable to sleep during the night, you may need to ask for help. Could another family member or friend fill in for a few nights a week? Knowing that your loved one is being watched and well-cared for may help you relax and get a good night’s sleep.
Ignoring the problem rarely works. Your own health will begin to decline without proper rest. You may even handle the times your loved one wakes you up easier if you know that every second or third night you’ll be able to sleep uninterrupted.
You might also check into hiring a home health professional for the night time hours. Again, even if not every night, knowing that you will be able to get some rest while your loved one is safe and attended to can make a big difference.
We often neglect the importance of sleep and the impact it can have on our physical and mental health. But instead of trying to fit it in, we need to prioritize and do what we can to make it happen. Which in the end will also make you a better caregiver.
Life at Tapestry Memory Care communities
We understand the sleep challenges that can occur for those who are living with Alzheimer’s disease. We also know the exhaustion and strain that these difficulties can cause for their caregivers. We hope the above tips are helpful and can assist you and your family member to get some rest.
If you’re caring for a loved one living with a cognitive disease and finding it more difficult to meet the increasing needs, we invite you to consider memory care at one of our communities. We know this isn’t always an easy decision to make and we are here to answer any questions that you may have.
Our staff is specially trained in the best practices to connect with our residents. Our person-centered approach, services, amenities and activities all play an important role in helping both your loved one and your family live a meaningful and connected life.
We understand that choosing the right community is an important decision. We invite you to download our complimentary guide – Family Decision Toolkit: How to choose the right senior living community.
If you have any questions or would like to schedule a personal tour, please contact one of our advisors at a community near you. | <urn:uuid:1da07b83-4d57-4097-b5cf-cd5b09d01a13> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tapestrysenior.com/2021/11/23/alzheimers-disease-and-its-impact-on-sleep-help-for-your-loved-one-and-yourself/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.958314 | 1,182 | 2.9375 | 3 |
Draw.Chat is a free, collaborative online whiteboard tool that doesn't require registration. Use the site's tools to upload images and files from your computer, draw and type onto the workspace, and share discussions via chat. Another handy feature includes a draw-on map. Share any location to begin an online session with a map of the area already in the background. Allow access from your computer to include audio or video discussions. Draw.Chat also offers multiple whiteboard pages for use during sessions allowing for flexibility in sharing different materials. Invite users by sharing the link to your whiteboard, email, or QR code. When finished, save your session as a sketch file. Even without registration, users can access previous work for one month.
tag(s): collaboration (84), drawing (60), iwb (32), painting (55)
In the Classroom
Allow students to create collaborative drawings as responses to literature. They can map out the plot or themes, add labels, create character studies, and more. Share the finished products on an interactive whiteboard, projector, or your class website. Have a group of students create a drawing so that another group can use it as a writing prompt. Use a board as a brainstorming or sketching space as groups (or the class) share ideas for a major project or for solving a real-world problem. Use this site with students in a computer lab (or on laptops) to create a drawing of the setting in a story as it is read aloud. As an assessment idea, have students draw out a simple cartoon with stick figures to explain a more complex process such as how democracy works. If you are lucky enough to teach in a BYOD setting, use Draw.Chat to demonstrate and illustrate any concept while students use the chat and drawing tools to interact in real time. If you are studying weather, have students diagram the layers of the atmosphere and what happens during a thunderstorm, for example. Introduce this tool to students who are working on group projects. Alternatively, have students use this to work as partners or as a small team to complete complex math problems or equations. Give students a problem by typing it on their board. Take advantage of the map feature to share and annotate landforms, historic places, or locations in novels. | <urn:uuid:d86a5b9e-8d39-4497-b4fc-67a787cc0a18> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.teachersfirst.com/single.cfm?id=18332 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.938352 | 465 | 3.296875 | 3 |
Solve these mazes by manipulating numbers using multiplication and division skills.
Fun Multiplication and Division Worksheets
Do you think you have what it takes to find your way out of these math mazes?
The shapes at the bottom of the maze need to leave the maze with certain numbers. They must find a path through the maze, picking up multiplication and division tokens to exit with their correct number.
Use these worksheets as a fun review and problem-solving activity. Students will need to use their number knowledge and process of elimination to determine the correct paths to take.
This resource includes three mazes. They progressively increase in difficulty.
- Maze 1 – multiplying and dividing by 1, 2, 3 and 4
- Maze 2 – multiplying and dividing by 2, 3 and 5
- Maze 3 – multiplying and dividing by 4, 5, 6, 8, 9 and 10
Answer pages are included for each maze to help with easy grading!
Scaffolding & Extension Tips
In addition to individual student work time, use this worksheet as a:
- math center activity
- early finisher activity
- whole-class review (via smartboard)
For students needing extra support, have them start with Maze 1 and provide them with a list of multiplication and division facts.
Task fast finisher students with creating their own multiplication and division math maze.
Easily Download & Print
Use the Download button to access the PDF version of this resource.
Answer pages are included at the end of the PDF document.
Turn this teaching resource into a sustainable activity by printing on cardstock and slipping it into a dry-erase sleeve. Students can record their answers with a dry-erase marker, then erase and reuse them.
This resource was created by Melissa McLaren, a teacher from Massachusetts and a Teach Starter Collaborator.
Don’t stop there! We’ve got more activities to shorten your lesson planning time:
Use a range of strategies to solve multiplication and division problems for times tables facts 1-12.
Warm-up (or assess) with this 10-page booklet of multiplication and division drills.
20 multiplication and division problem solving cards. | <urn:uuid:6166354c-1f1f-4721-8c51-29989ec03729> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.teachstarter.com/us/teaching-resource/math-mazes-multiplication-and-division/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.920574 | 455 | 4.46875 | 4 |
Scientists with the Human Pangenome Reference Consortium have made groundbreaking progress in characterizing the fraction of human DNA that varies between individuals. They have assembled genomic sequences of 47 people from around the world into a so-called pangenome in which more than 99 percent of each sequence is rendered with high accuracy.
For two decades, scientists have relied on the human reference genome as a standard to compare against other genetic data. Thanks to this reference genome, it was possible to identify genes implicated in specific diseases and trace the evolution of human traits, among other things.
However, it has always been a flawed tool: 70% of its data came from a single man of predominantly African-European background whose DNA was sequenced during the Human Genome Project. Hence, it can reveal very little about individuals on this planet who are different from each other, creating an inherent bias in biomedical data believed to be responsible for some of the health disparities affecting patients today.
In this study, scientists found that the layered sequences revealed nearly 120 million DNA base pairs that were previously unseen.
Rockefeller University’s Erich D. Jarvis, one of the primary investigators, said, “This complex genomic collection represents significantly more accurate human genetic diversity than has ever been captured before. With a greater breadth and depth of genetic data at their disposal and greater quality of genome assemblies, researchers can refine their understanding of the link between genes and disease traits and accelerate clinical research.”
The Human Pangenome Reference Consortium (HPRC), a government-funded collaboration between more than a dozen research institutions in the United States and Europe, was launched in 2019 to address the problem of imperfection in the reference genome. At that time, Jarvis- one of the consortium’s leaders- was honing advanced sequencing and computational methods through the Vertebrate Genomes Project.
The project aims to sequence all 70,000 vertebrate species: revealing the variation within a single vertebrate: Homo sapiens.
They turned to the 1000 Genomes Project, a public database of sequenced human genomes, to collect several samples. Most of the samples come from Africa, home to the planet’s largest human diversity.
However, to increase the gene pool, the scientists needed to produce sharper, clearer sequences of each individual. To address this long-standing technological issue in the field, methods developed by participants in the Vertebrate Genome Project and other consortiums were applied.
Since each person receives one genome from each parent, we all have a diploid genome, which has two copies of each chromosome. Additionally, it can be difficult to separate paternal DNA when a person’s genome is sequenced. When integrating parental genetic data for an individual, older methodologies and algorithms frequently make mistakes, creating a hazy perspective.
“The differences between mom’s and dad’s chromosomes are bigger than most people realize,” Jarvis says. “Mom may have 20 copies of a gene, and dad only two.”
With so many genomes represented in a pangenome, that cloudiness threatened to develop into a thunderstorm of confusion. Therefore, HPRC homed in a method developed by Adam Phillippy and Sergey Koren at the National Institutes of Health on parent-child “trios”—a mother, a father, and a child whose genomes had all been sequenced.
They used the data from Mom and Dad to clear up the lines of inheritance. They got a higher-quality sequence for the child, which was then used for pangenome analysis.
Their analyses of 47 people yielded 94 distinct genome sequences, two for each set of chromosomes, plus the sex Y chromosome in males.
Later, by using advanced computational techniques, they could align and layer the 94 sequences. About 90 million of the 120 million previously unknown DNA base pairs, or DNA base pairs that are not in the same place as they were noted to be in the previous reference are the result of structural variations, which are differences in a person’s DNA that result from chromosomes being moved, deleted, inverted, or duplicated more than once.
Jarvis noted, “It’s an important discovery because studies in recent years have established that structural variants play a major role in human health and population-specific diversity. They can dramatically affect trait differences, disease, and gene function. With so many new ones identified, there’s going to be a lot of discoveries that weren’t possible before.”
The team has also uncovered surprising new characteristics of centromeres, which lie at the cruxes of chromosomes and conduct cell division, pulling apart as cells duplicate. Mutations in centromeres can lead to cancers and other diseases.
The current 47-people pangenome is just a starting point, however. The HPRC’s ultimate goal is to produce high-quality, nearly error-free genomes from at least 350 individuals from diverse populations by mid-2024, a milestone that would make it possible to capture rare alleles that confer important adaptive traits.
- Liao, WW., Asri, M., Ebler, J., et al. A draft human pangenome reference. Nature 617, 312–324 (2023). DOI: 10.1038/s41586-023-05896-x | <urn:uuid:ec3562dc-0d2b-45f5-99f5-d316e2e5a206> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.techexplorist.com/groundbreaking-clearest-snapshot-human-genomic-diversity-ever-taken/60213/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.939918 | 1,105 | 3.8125 | 4 |
Building a robot on your own is an excellent way to learn new knowledge and skills in the field of STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics). Aside from gaining new knowledge and skills, it’s also a fun, engaging, and challenging activity to pass your time.
If you’re someone who thinks building robots is cool, stop wasting your time and start realizing your robotics project now. For beginners, building a robot is not really as hard as you think.
Today, you can find a wide range of robotics kits and materials that can introduce you to the basics of building a robot. So, express your creativity and have fun with this list of simple robotics projects that you can do in the comfort of your home.
Six-Legged Robot for Rough Terrain Missions
Although multiple-legged robots can be quite slow and hard to control, they have one ultimate advantage: durability in rough terrain operations. They have the ability to traverse rocky grounds and cross large holes. Such robots can also function even if they lose a leg.
Building a six-legged robot requires you to have an acrylic material for its body and an Arduino microcontroller to control its movements. For coordinated leg movements and better control, it’s necessary to develop logical algorithms.
You also need to equip it with 12 servos and five ultrasonic range finders to make the robot see the objects in its surroundings and keep the bot in a defined range.
Voice-controlled robots provide a new dimension of interaction between robots and humans. For people with disabilities and impaired eyesight, these robots can help them make their everyday lives more convenient. With the use of sound, you won’t need to have remote controls to operate this type of robots.
DC motors and Arduino board power this voice-controlled bot. Using a smartphone app, you can control the robot via Bluetooth connected on the Arduino board. The app is developed to convert voice command to text and transfer it to the connected Bluetooth device.
Every time the transferred text matches with the pre-programmed words of the microcontroller, the Arduino carries out the command.
Robotic Vehicle That Can Detect Metals
Metal-detecting robotic vehicles are typically used by police and military to detect land mines. This type of robots can ensure human safety as it can be controlled from afar and doesn’t need a human driver.
The bot has a metal detector with a buzzer attached to the robotic circuit, and it uses radiofrequency or RF communication for control. A set of push buttons at the transmitter end is interfaced to the microcontroller. If you press a button, it sends a command to the microcontroller which transmits binary code to the switch.
The encoder converts parallel data to serial form, and the command is transmitted via the RF module. Then, a decoder at the receiver end decodes the command. The microcontroller provides signals to the motor driver to move the robotic vehicle according to the command.
Line Follower Robot
This robot vehicle is designed to follow a particular line on which it moves. The line can be anything from a black lane on a magnetic field or a white surface. Today, this type of bots is popularly used to guide automatic vehicles.
The simple line-following robot has a DC supply and two motors controlled via a transistor which serves as a switch. It’s also equipped with a set of sensors comprised of IR LEDs and photodiodes attached under the circuit.
The sensors detect the white surface and execute the given rotation. Then, when one of the motors encounter the colored line on the surface, it will stop to rotate according to the signal from the sensor.
Since the sensors have IR LEDs, it also has a purpose of generating light on the surface and reflecting it. When the photodiode catches the reflected light, it lowers its resistance to control the conduction of the motor switch.
If you want to learn further on how to build an advanced line follower robot, you can visit robots.net to read guides and tips for the project.
Although the discovery of fire by early humans is a great help to the advancement of human life and civilization, neglect of it had caused deaths and property damages over the years. Thus, a robot that can detect and extinguish fires is what we need to prevent and fight fire incidents.
This type of robot does an excellent job for detecting and extinguishing fires using flame sensors like UVTron, a water tank, and pump. It also has IR sensors that can detect obstacles, such as walls and doors, along the way. DC motors enable you to control this fire-extinguishing robot.
Robotic Arm Controlled By Hand Motion
This robotic arm doesn’t need joysticks and buttons as it uses the operator’s very own hand motion to control the bot. This intuitive technology is the latest trend in the capacity of remote controls to operate devices.
The robotic arm controlled by hand motion has gyroscope and bend sensors attached to the glove which sense the movement of the operator’s hand. A microcontroller converts the sensed motion into the action of servos. There are also touch sensors that provide haptic feedback, allowing the user to feel when the device has touched an object.
Spy Robot with Night Vision Camera
This spy robot can capture images in dark places using a night vision camera and send them wirelessly to a TV or computer monitor. You can control it using RF communication with a number of push buttons. This bot is an excellent device for military use, such as spying on enemy lands and sending the data to a control unit.
If you want to build a robot, it’s advisable to start on a simple robotics project. In this way, you can learn the basics of engineering, coding, and designing a robot. The simple robotics project listed above is an excellent start for you on this endeavor. You can even start doing them in your home.
Disclosure: We might earn commission from qualifying purchases. The commission help keep the rest of my content free, so thank you! | <urn:uuid:a9f43491-958c-417f-858a-125b8afa64a9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.techwalls.com/amazing-robotics-projects-you-can-do-at-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.922053 | 1,244 | 3.515625 | 4 |
Right at the bench; left at the table and chairs; straight through the sliding doors.
It may sound like a simple set of directions, but there’s no shortage of benches at the University of California, Los Angeles, the setting for one of the most high-tech yet naturalistic studies of human learning and memory to date. Study participants have to learn to navigate a real-world maze across the sprawling campus. They then don wearable devices that track their movements while electrodes implanted deep in their brains capture electrical changes as they log and retrieve memories along the way.
“We don’t make all our memories sitting in front of a computer in a lab,” says study investigator Cory Inman, assistant professor of psychology at the University of Utah in Salt Lake City. Inman became involved in the memory-maze experiment as a postdoctoral researcher in Nanthia Suthana’s lab at the University of California, Los Angeles because, he says, he was eager to move studies of human learning and memory out of the lab and into the wild.
“The memories we make — the ones that really matter to us, that help shape who we are and our identities — those memories are made at the real scales of life: going to the park; going to the aquarium; going skiing with your family or friends,” Inman adds.
Inman and Suthana are part of a small but mighty league of crafty young researchers collaborating with people with epilepsy to unlock the mysteries of memory. About 2,500 people with epilepsy in the United States have devices implanted in their brains that record the electrical signals associated with their seizures and generate signals to disrupt those seizures. As a bonus, the implants are helping researchers answer questions that have been difficult to pursue in the lab: How do our brains discern relevant people and places from irrelevant ones? What is the brain signature of remembering or recognizing something important? And can we improve the brain’s capacity to form, store and recall memories?
Suthana, associate professor of psychiatry, neurosurgery, bioengineering and psychology — and, by all accounts, the crew’s creative captain — was a postdoc studying the role of the hippocampus in learning and memory when an implantable device made by NeuroPace was approved to monitor and treat epilepsy in 2013. “I knew that a lot of these patients had devices put in the hippocampus,” Suthana says. “I thought, ‘This is going to change everything. We can have those people carry out their tasks of daily living and record from this brain area.’ We’ve never been able to do that before.”
In the 1970s, live brain-recording studies in freely moving rats revealed “place cells” in the hippocampus and “grid cells” in the nearby entorhinal cortex — neurons that encode where the animals are in space and help them get where they want to go, like a GPS system and a compass. The work earned John O’Keefe, May-Britt Moser and Edvard Moser the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 2014.
But many studies of human memory and navigation had to rely instead on virtual tasks, wherein participants navigate a computer maze or imagine moving through the real world, either from the belly of an MRI scanner or tethered by scalp electrodes to other large machines. “In rodents, the way your brain represents all these aspects of navigation is different when you’re sitting or lying somewhere and doing a virtual task,” says Nick Turk-Browne, professor of psychology and director of the Wu Tsai Institute at Yale University, who is an East Coast member of the “memory-in-the-wild league.” It stood to reason, he says, that human brains might treat these tasks differently, too. | <urn:uuid:be8c7160-d8c6-4e2f-9946-6de53433fb7e> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thetransmitter.org/cognitive-neuroscience/into-the-wild-moving-studies-of-memory-and-learning-out-of-the-lab/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.949748 | 796 | 2.984375 | 3 |
NASA experts are slowly making their way to material from the asteroid Bennu, brought to Earth by the OSIRIS-REx space probe – and they were surprised.
HOUSTON – A rock sample from the asteroid Bennu has been on Earth since September 24 and is currently being examined by researchers from the US space agency NASA. But the capsule containing the asteroid material is opening more slowly than expected – and “for the best reasons,” as NASA itself says. The capsule is literally overflowing with asteroid material. There is so much asteroid dust in the capsule that the scientific container containing the actual asteroid rock has not yet been opened.
The capsule itself, which was dropped from NASA’s Osiris-Rex spacecraft over the Utah desert, protects the so-called TAGSAM head, which sampled the asteroid in October 2020. Rock star and astrophysicist Brian May also helped, as the scientific container contains the majority of the material. asteroid. But to get there, it appears researchers will first have to make their way through the material outside the capsule’s TAGSAM head.
NASA “Osiris-Rex” mission: more asteroid material than expected
This is a surprise for the participating scientists. According to NASA, the asteroid material was expected to be found outside the scientific container. But the amount actually found still surprises researchers. “The best problem is that there is a lot of material that is taking longer than we expected to collect it,” says NASA employee Christopher Sneed. “There’s a lot of rich material outside of TAGSAM’s head that is also interesting in its own right. It’s really amazing that we have all this material there.”
Experts are currently conducting rapid preliminary analyzes of the asteroid material located outside the scientific container. The plan is to get a preliminary understanding of the material Asteroid Bennu To happen. The researchers also want to know what to expect from the main sample. “We have all the microanalysis techniques that we can use to actually dissect a sample, almost down to the atomic level,” Lindsay Keller of the Osiris-Rex sample analysis team once confirmed. Advertisement from NASA.
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NASA wants to display the actual asteroid sample to the public soon
In the coming weeks, the actual asteroid sample, including the TAGSAM head, will be placed in a special glove box that is tightly sealed from the outside. The scientific container is then carefully opened to retrieve the actual rock sample. NASA wants to obtain the asteroid sample on October 11 Appearing in public for the first timeSo there is a lot of work ahead for scientists.
Researchers hope to get many Bennu samples. After all, asteroids are remnants of the solar system’s formation, preserved in the cold of space. At stake are some of humanity’s biggest questions: Did asteroids once bring water to Earth? And might they be responsible for bringing some of the essential elements of life to Earth? Many research teams will work on these questions and on samples taken from the asteroid Bennu during the coming months and years. (unpaid bill)
“Prone to fits of apathy. Zombie ninja. Entrepreneur. Organizer. Evil travel aficionado. Coffee practitioner. Beer lover.” | <urn:uuid:0876e0b2-bf4a-496f-a9fe-e31a805753ef> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.thewestonforum.com/nasa-faces-a-surprise-when-opening-the-capsule-containing-asteroid-material-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.948711 | 680 | 2.96875 | 3 |
by Chaim Backman PT, EMT
It’s been a year since the beginning of the pandemic. As we sadly know, we in the Jewish community suffered terrible losses and went through some very tough times. Thank G-D, the rate of infections and hospitalizations is down from the peak, but we are not yet totally done with this virus, especially as there are a few variant forms now emerging.
When the outbreak began, many of our elderly and those with comorbidities were able to survive by quarantining in place, often for months on end. However, once they emerged over the past few months, some of them became infected with Covid-19. In addition, many younger people have also been infected with the Covid-19 virus or one of its newer strains. Once infected, they develop the typical symptoms of shortness of breath, cough and difficulty breathing. Thankfully, there are many more treatments now than in the early days. These can include monoclonal antibodies, steroids, and several other new antiviral medications.
In addition to the new drugs, we now know more about the effects of Covid-19 on the body and what we need to do to decrease its severity and effect on our health.
During the acute stage of the disease, people would often stay in bed and rest. The combination of shallow breathing, lung inflammation and being immobile leads directly to a drop in the blood oxygen levels. Normal level is 99%. As the level drops to the mid 90’s: prompt intervention is needed to avoid a further drop. If it drops below 90%: the person needs immediate care.
Another very common but serious occurrence is the high rate of blood clots that have been found in Covid-19 patients. The rate is much higher than in typical patients recovering from a bad illness such as the flu. The cause is unclear at this time, but may be due to some effect Covid 19 has on stimulating the blood clotting mechanism. This increase in clots can be very dangerous and even fatal, as clots can cause a stroke, heart attack or pulmonary embolism.
After working with hundreds of newly diagnosed Covid-19 patients, I developed a treatment protocol to address the main issues of decreased blood oxygen level and higher risk of clots, that can increase the risk of hospitalization. Initially, all these treatments were done in person. As I got more calls from other areas, I then started to assist them via telehealth sessions.
At the request of several physicians that were referring patients to me for care, I assembled all the breathing exercises and the general exercises and combined them in an easy-to-use ebook. This ebook contains the complete routine in an easy-to-follow step by step order, with each exercise clearly described. There is a video clip attached to each exercise that clearly demonstrates how to perform it properly.
The breathing exercise routine includes deep breathing exercises using the diaphragm muscle, coughing exercises and proper use of the incentive spirometer. To breathe properly, one has to use the diaphragm muscle to expand the lungs and fill them with air. That means, the abdomen should expand (push outwards) and the rib cage should lift up and outwards. This is detailed clearly in the ebook and the attached demonstration video.
After the breathing exercises, there is a general full body exercise program, complete with sheets and videos detailing the proper way to perform the exercises, as well as a tracking sheet to help the person stay on target and not skip anything.
The last step of the routine is a walking program. The person must get up and walk at least 5-10 mins per hour during the day. From the time they wake up, until they go to sleep for the night, they must move regularly. If they feel very weak; they can stand up next to the bed and march in place, or break up the walking to a few minutes every half an hour. Always have someone near them for safety while walking or standing to prevent a fall.
For further information or more specific advice; please visit my website at:
or contact me directly at:
Chaim Backman PT email: [email protected]
Home/telehealth visits available.
Chaim Backman is a physical therapist who specializes in homecare physical therapy and the rehab of the post surgery/illness or hospitalized patient. He is currently working with multiple Covid 19 patients. He is also a member of Crown Heights Hatzalah. | <urn:uuid:a5d42894-58f3-429c-a120-e8fbbc8573e4> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.theyeshivaworld.com/news/promotions/1959657/i-was-just-diagnosed-with-covid-19-what-can-i-do-to-avoid-hospitalization.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.967554 | 925 | 2.625 | 3 |
Mustard is a condiment made from the seeds of a mustard plant (white or yellow mustard, Sinapis hirta; brown or Indian mustard, Brassica juncea; or black mustard, B. nigra). The whole, ground, cracked, or bruised mustard seeds are mixed with water, salt, lemon juice, or other liquids, and sometimes other flavorings and spices, to create a paste or sauce ranging in color from bright yellow to dark brown. The tastes range from sweet to spicy. Commonly paired with meats and cheeses, mustard is a popular addition to sandwiches, salads, steaks, tofu, yogurt, hamburgers, and hot dogs. It is also used as an ingredient in many dressings, glazes, sauces, soups, and marinades; as a cream or a seed, mustard is used as a condiment and in the cuisine of India and Bangladesh, the Mediterranean, northern and southeastern Europe, Asia, the Americas, and Africa, making it one of the most popular and widely used spices and condiments in the world. | <urn:uuid:9015c7ba-3fbb-4b7f-815a-d686a582edb6> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tirunelveli.today/vocabulary/mustard/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.919663 | 220 | 2.78125 | 3 |
A Chupacabra is a mythical creature rumored to inhabit parts of the Americas, specifically parts of Latin America or Mexico. I even recall a Chupacabra being featured on an episode of The X-Files. That alone should give you an idea of its sci-fi-ness.
However, a report has surfaced, including pictures, of three animals found over four days outside the ranch of Phylis Canion in Cuero, TX. Cuero is 80 miles southeast of San Antonio. The animals, according to Canion, are approximately 40 pounds, and she has termed them Chupacabras based on a resemblance to the reputed appearance of the beast.
According to Wikipedia, here’s how the Chupacabra has been described:
The most common description of Chupacabra is a reptile-like being, appearing to have leathery or scaly greenish-gray skin and sharp spines or quills running down its back. This form stands approximately 3 to 4 feet (1 to 1.2 m) high, and stands and hops in a similar fashion to a kangaroo. In at least one sighting, the creature was reported to hop 20 feet (6 m). This variety is said to have a dog or panther-like nose and face, a forked tongue, and large fangs. It is said to hiss and screech when alarmed, as well as leave behind a sulfuric stench. When it screeches, some reports assert that the chupacabra’s eyes glow an unusual red which gives the witnesses nausea.
Another description of Chupacabra, although not as common, describes a strange breed of wild dog. This form is mostly hairless and has a pronounced spinal ridge, unusually pronounced eye sockets, fangs, and claws. It is claimed that this breed might be an example of a dog-like reptile. Unlike conventional predators, the chupacabra is said to drain all of the animal’s blood (and sometimes organs) through a single hole or two holes.
Looking at the pictures, it could be some sort of mutant dog or something. Interestingly, there was a second report of a Chupacabra in OK. What’s also notable is that the pictures of the second animal seem pretty similar to the ones from TX. And the timing is uncannily right around the same time (now).
In the OK case, however, the person who found the Chupacabra in OK wanted to remain anonymous.
What made Canion, on the other hand, believe this was a Chupacabra rather than just a mutant dog is that the chickens on her ranch that she believes were killed by the beast weren’t eaten or carried off. Rather, all the blood was drained from them. The Chupacabra’s Spanish name (literally, goat sucker) comes from its reputation of of attacking and drinking the blood of livestock, especially goats.
Mutant dog or Chupacabra? You decide. | <urn:uuid:c30830c9-8fd8-47de-a362-6b7138ebd818> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.toptodaynews.com/a-mythical-creature-chupacabra-found-in-texas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.967661 | 638 | 3 | 3 |
Construction, planning, structural organisation and finally implementation are the main activities of civil engineers. They not only undertake classical building planning, but are also involved in infrastructural issues, such as how traffic and transport routes and drinking water supplies affect the construction and maintenance of buildings.
Another important part of a civil engineer’s activities include the energy efficiency-related reconstruction and refurbishment of buildings. They look at how buildings and facilities can be constructed to be as energy-efficient as possible, weighing the pros and cons of using renewable resources.
Civil engineers investigate the architectural feasibility of construction projects, oversee funding, and make sure safety standards are considered. They also assume responsibility for facility management.
Civil engineers may be hired by the following employers: construction firms, engineering offices, real estate firms, IT firms, transport firms, government offices and engineering organisations, the construction vehicle industry and the building materials industry.
For this reason it is important to start early in the degree program to gain practical work experience in relevant organisations. In this way students can promote themselves as competent professionals in practice and make important professional contacts. The likelihood of finding a good position is definitely heightened if the student is flexible when it comes to commuting or even moving abroad. Good English language skills are particularly important when it comes to the international job market.
TU Darmstadt Career Service | <urn:uuid:99bdea8f-58ea-486e-bfbb-5373291be588> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tu-darmstadt.de/studieren/studieninteressierte/studienangebot_studiengaenge/studiengang_181568.en.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.952462 | 272 | 2.53125 | 3 |
What & how you will learn
In our Base Camp around the topics of "Management & Technology", you will deepen your knowledge in the areas of "Finance, Accounting & Economics", "Managing Technologies" and "Strategy & Marketing".
Your key learnings in the area of 'Finance, Accounting & Economics'
You will learn
- to explain the basic aspects of internal and external corporate accounting, to apply them independently in the practical working environment and to use them for business decisions.
- to solve practical financing and valuation problems by applying basic financial principles.
- discuss macroeconomic relationships and current economic policy measures, apply central economic theories and concepts, and analyze the consequences of individual decisions in a market economy context
Your Key Learnings in 'Managing Technologies'
You will learn
- the fundamental aspects of data science and technology management
- to select appropriate methods for data collection, apply suitable estimation procedures, and to analyze the results of a routine sample survey.
- describe basic concepts of probability and statistics and apply them to analyze simple data sets.
- assess the impact of big data on businesses and how the analysis of (big and heterogeneous) data can be used in your working environment
- understand the potential applications of new technologies from a management perspective
- present new technologies and assess what influence they have on yourwork environment and how they can be used in the respective context.
- present the basics of innovation processes on a company level, identify and apply important tools, models and methods of innovation management and develop innovation strategies.
Your Key Learnings in the area of "Marketing & Strategy"
You will learn
- to discuss the core topics of marketing and consumer behavior and to apply them in practice to specific situations
- to create specific marketing analyses and strategic marketing plans
- to explain the complexity of global business processes in a dynamic and competitive environment.
- apply knowledge from various business disciplines, both individually and collectively to solve practical problems.
- learn how to strategically manage internationally operating companies using performance indicators and financial ratios.
Your Key Learnings
You will learn
- to explain the basics of behavior and the role of leadership in organizations.
- differentiate between different leadership styles.
- to analyze the behavior of employees and teams in organizations as well as of organizations.
- to develop starting points for change initiatives.
- to set clear priorities in your decision-making processes in order to influence your employees.
- to describe group processes and to design them.
- to define the development dynamics of organizations on a structural, processual and cultural level and to influence transformation processes through the methods learned.
In your Master's Thesis, you will work independently on a problem in a topic area of your own choice, using scientific methods. In most cases, this is a problem with practical relevance to your own working environment.
Our program is designed for professionals and allows you to balance your job, family and MBA. It allows you to work whilst developing new entrepreneurial skills, knowledge and competencies.
The program runs for 10 months and classes are taught in a block format usually from Thursday-Saturday or Friday-Sunday, usually about every 4 weeks. In total, the program consists of 24 teaching days.
All modules are divided into a preparation phase, the in-class time and a follow-up phase.
The individual preparation phase for a module includes pre-readings, preparation of case studies, preparation of presentations, essays, etc.
The MBA classes use a wide variety of teaching and learning methods. These range from interactive case studies, simulations and calculations to classical presentations, but also include discussions, group dynamic exercises and reflections.
Modules take place in full-day blocks and usually last between 3-5 days.
The individual follow-up phase is intended to consolidate or apply what has been learned in class. Depending on the module, the follow-up phase may include writing assignments, case studies, reflections or exams. | <urn:uuid:bb3c00a0-30c7-40a3-b878-6e095c4dbee7> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.tuwien.at/en/ace/mba-programs/management-technology-mba-for-tu-wien-alumni/curriculum | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.90482 | 808 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Python is the world’s most popular programming language, used by both professional engineer developers and non-designers. It is a highly demanded language following its advantage of accessibility on multiple platforms, such as Windows, macOS, Raspberry Pi, and Linux. It has a straightforward syntax that can be learned by non-professionals too. This programming language is used from Netflix’s suggestion algorithm to self-driving automated cars like Tesla, proving its versatility and efficiency.
It can be used for many functions like automation, data science, software designing, and website development. Unlike other programming languages that have complex codings and take long hours to execute a simple program, Python is easy to learn and beginner-friendly. Not to forget, it is easily accessible and is an open-sourced language with a verified license.
Considering all these reasons and more, Python should be your topmost preferred language. Let’s dive in deep to learn all about this high-level language.
Where Can You Use Python?
The reason why Python is one of the most used programming languages is it doesn’t have any specific specialization towards particular programming of software. It can be used as a general-purpose software language that solves all operating systems problems.
As a software developer or a web designer, if you’re constantly thinking, “why learn Python?” or whether it would be the right step, then know that it’s very beginner-friendly. It allows users to write programs using shorter lines against other programming languages.
Origins of Python
The foundations of Python came in the late 1980s. A dutch person named Guido Van Rossum was in the process of creating a programming language for educational purposes. He intended to name it ABC. A fun fact about Python is that it was named after a BBC show. Guido Van Rossum was watching a BBC comedy series called ‘Monty Python’s Flying Circus.’
He wanted to choose a creative name for the programming language, and this series left a mark on him. He was so inspired by it that he named the language ‘Python.’
Rather than focusing more on the mathematical side of programming, he paid more attention to the language and design aspects. That’s when he created Python. His unusual choices to make a very different programming language resulted in the unique characteristics of Python.
In 1991, the first version of Python was released with the name Python 1.0. It included features of the map and location. After three years, in 1994, the second version of Python was released. More features like comprehension, internal bugs, and trouble-collection techniques were included.
After 14 years, in 2008, the third version of Python was also launched. It was also known as Py3K. It had developments focusing on the language foundations for the software. The consistent evolution of Python reflects its improved features and efficient implementations across platforms.
Advantages of Using Python Coding in Today’s World
In light of questioning Python’s ability and significance, let’s take a look at its various advantages.
Python is a better programming experience than other programming languages. If you compare the codings of Python, the numbers and letters are much easier compared to Java, C++, etc.
Unlike other programming languages, Python is continuously developing. It has frequent updates, allowing it to resolve internal problems and add additional features whenever necessary.
It consists of an automated self-preserved memory system with comprehensive features and a substantial spaced library.
Using Python helps developers and beginners who want to try coding to learn it very quickly. It consists of easy, readable syntax which is securely executed. Many scholars and learned professionals share problem-solving ideas while using Python. Any beginner can find these resources efficiently and can develop their skills rapidly.
It is an open-sourced programming language with an OSI-approved license. Developers can use this language to create new operating codes, edit existing codes, make website developments, etc. Its free-of-cost feature allows it to be easily taught and learned by senior and junior programmers.
If you’re ever wondering why use Python to encrypt large amounts of data, then you must know that it has a broad selection of libraries and frameworks that store a vast amount of stacked data.
It helps the developers to have access to such large libraries, which increases their productivity. The developers can manage web browsers, applications, and databases and can use them for data visualization, data analysis, scripting, prototyping, machine learning, data science, website optimization, and much more.
It has a built-in dictionary with many data sets that can be used to build quick, less time-consuming, and efficient data structures.
To create solutions for complex network applications, developers need speedy processing features which can increase text conversions and improve complex integrations.
This programming language is easy to interpret. Since it does not require complex codings, it is easily interpreted. Unlike C++ and Java, which require separate codings to run them separately, Python follows line-by-line encryption. It can be coded and executed simultaneously.
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Features of Python Language
- It is used to create mobile and desktop applications.
- It is used to develop website applications and cloud-based applications.
- It is used to build frameworks used on the web and run operating systems.
- It is used to structurize data science and data analysis applications.
- It provides developmental support to software programs that run Artificial Intelligence (AI), Virtual Reality Assistance (VRA), Augmented Reality (AR), Deep Learning (DL), and Machine Learning (ML).
Reasons to Learn Python Programming Language
‘Why learn Python?’ you must have wondered when so many other programming languages exist. Python offers several conveniences over other languages. It includes:
1. High-paying Job Opportunities
Unlike other programming languages, which do not guarantee much stability with their learning and execution, Python, on the other hand, is a globally popular programming language. This means that this skill will provide opportunities in many good companies. Some companies that use Python programming language are as follows:
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2. Easy Learning and Execution
It is an open-sourced and free-of-cost programming language. It is accessible to all developers and budding design professionals. Its simple and easy-to-understand syntax allows developers to grasp its features quickly. It has an efficient execution as it does not require a large number of coded inputs. Instead, it uses codes line by line while executing them simultaneously.
3. It Covers Many General-purpose Functions
Rather than having specialized inputs for specific outputs, Python uses a generic coding system that provides a wide range of executions. The functions are:
- Computation of mathematics and science.
- Finance and merchandising.
- Software developments for games, computer graphics, website applications, data analyst applications, etc.
- Administration of system structures and automation.
- Security strengthening and penetration testing.
- Geography and network mapping.
Job Opportunities That You Can Get if You Learn Python
- Web Developer
Individuals with Python skills can become Web Developers and Software Engineers. They will be required to write coding programs and test their execution.
- Data Scientist
Their primary job is to find data sources and automate them. They will implement data visualizations, design models predictive of the trending market, and create predictive algorithms.
- Development and Operations (DevOps) Engineer
They will update the system and fix any recurring bugs. They will ensure that the programs run smoothly by checking their maintenance and analyzing them. They will create scripts for automation. They will also offer technical security and support for level 2.
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- Machine Learning Engineer
The primary aim of a Machine Learning Engineer is to create programs that can be run and tested on machines. Python is used for all computer-based systematic structures to create predicted algorithms and capable data automation.
- Full Stack Developer
This requires the developer to be thorough in their concepts. They need to know all the functions of a front-end and a back-end developer. They should be well-versed in all the user experiences, developmental programs, codings, data visualizations, etc.
The reason why Python is the best choice for learning programming languages is due to its efficient learning system and great execution results. Unlike other programming languages, which are too complex to understand for basic budding developers, Python is an easy and simple language that is free of cost. Developers should set a goal while learning Pthon so that each criterion is well touched upon.
For better assistance with efficient learning, you should check out upGrad’s Master of Science in Data Science course, offered under IIIT-Bangalore. Strengthening your foundation must be your number one priority while learning Python language, and upGrad intends to offer the same with this expert-led course. | <urn:uuid:624820e1-b57d-43f3-8618-9527fb1540a8> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.upgrad.com/blog/why-should-one-start-python-coding-in-todays-world/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.925387 | 1,885 | 3.125 | 3 |
In the realm of digital video, the choice of codec can significantly impact the quality, compatibility, and size of your files. This piece aims to dissect the differences between WebM and MP4, two popular video codecs, to help Utubster.com users make an informed decision.
WebM vs MP4: A Comparative Look for Utubster Enthusiasts
Below is a comparison table that outlines the key differences between WebM and MP4 video formats:
|Developer||Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG)|
|File Size||Generally smaller||Generally larger|
|Video Quality||Good at lower bit rates||High quality at higher resolutions|
|Compression||VP8, VP9 (video) and Vorbis, Opus (audio)||H.264, H.265 (video) and AAC, MP3 (audio)|
|Browser Support||Broad (especially in modern browsers)||Almost universal|
|Device Compatibility||Limited compared to MP4||Wide|
|Additional Data Support||Limited||Supports subtitles, still images, and other data|
|Editing Flexibility||Moderate||High due to additional data support|
|Usage||Streaming, especially where bandwidth is limited||Professional use, streaming, storing multimedia|
|Supported on Utubster||Yes||Yes|
WebM: An Open-Standard Choice
WebM, introduced by Google in 2010, is an open standard video format aimed at providing high-quality videos with less bandwidth. It’s a favorite among video content creators for several reasons:
- Open Source: Being an open-source format, WebM is accessible and customizable, making it a darling among developers.
- Quality: WebM offers good video quality, especially at lower bit rates, which is beneficial for streaming applications.
- Support: It has broad support among modern browsers and platforms, including YouTube, making it a convenient choice for online video sharing.
MP4: The Universally Accepted Codec
On the other hand, MP4, developed by the Moving Picture Experts Group (MPEG), is a digital multimedia format most commonly used for storing video and audio. Here’s why it stands out:
- Compatibility: MP4 boasts wide compatibility with a plethora of devices and platforms.
- Quality: It maintains a high level of video quality even at higher compression rates, making it a suitable choice for professional use.
- Support for Additional Data: MP4 can store additional data such as subtitles and still images, enhancing the user experience.
Comparative Analysis: WebM vs MP4 on Utubster
- File Size: WebM files tend to be smaller than MP4 files, which could lead to quicker upload and download times on Utubster.
- Quality Retention: Both codecs retain video quality well, but MP4 might have a slight edge, especially at higher resolutions.
- Browser Support: While both are widely supported, MP4 has a slight advantage in terms of universal browser support.
- Editing Capabilities: MP4’s support for additional data types makes it a bit more versatile for editing purposes on platforms like Utubster.
The decision between WebM and MP4 is dependent on your specific needs. If you are looking for a more open, developer-friendly format, WebM could be the right choice. Conversely, if universal compatibility and higher quality at large file sizes are your priority, MP4 might suit you better. Whichever codec you choose, Utubster.com is here to ensure your video downloading experience is seamless and enjoyable.
Crafting your videos with the right codec is the stepping stone to delivering high-quality content to your audience on Utubster. Hence, understanding the differences between WebM and MP4 is crucial for any content creator striving for excellence in the digital space. | <urn:uuid:27388dcc-39f2-4ee6-bc03-4b141a1c6033> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.utubster.com/blog/webm-vs-mp4/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.855529 | 792 | 2.703125 | 3 |
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Hybridization of birds is the next topic for the weekly summer lecture series scheduled Thursday, Aug. 2, at the University of Wyoming-National Park Service (UW-NPS) Research Center. The center is located at the AMK Ranch in Grand Teton National Park.
UW Vertebrate Collections Museum Curator Matt Carling will discuss hybridization in birds at 6:30 p.m. at the AMK Ranch, located north of Leeks Marina. A barbecue, at a cost of $5 per person, will take place at 5:30 p.m. Reservations are not required. For more information, call the UW-NPS Center at (307) 543-2463.
“Hybrids between bird species are undeniably fascinating, in part because of the crazy plumages that are produced. But are they useful for understanding bird ecology and conservation?” ask Carling, who has cataloged more than 2,500 bird species in the museum. “This talk will explore both the reasons why birds hybridize and what scientists can learn when they do.”
The UW-NPS Research Center provides a base for university faculty members and government scientists from throughout North America to conduct research in the diverse aquatic and terrestrial environments of Grand Teton National Park and the greater Yellowstone area. | <urn:uuid:135cab05-e30d-4d8c-ab47-608b83218f3c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.uwyo.edu/news/2012/07/bird-hybridization-topic-of-amk-ranch-talk-thursday.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.914376 | 300 | 2.546875 | 3 |
Benedict Arnold and The Battle of Saratoga
"....You Desired Me to Send Morgan and the Light Infantry, and Support Them With My Division."
An examination of the role of Benedict Arnold during the Battle of Saratoga on September 19, 1777by Mark Nichipor
Did Benedict Arnold exercise field command on the battlefield of the American force at the battle on Freedman's Farm on September 19, 1777? Or was this a battle fought by Colonels and Brigadiers with little direction from higher up the chain of command? The historical fact is that Arnold's division was engaged that day, but where was Arnold?
"It is worthy to remark, that not a single general officer was on the field of battle the 19th September until evening when General Learned was ordered out...(1)." With these few words, American Colonel James Wilkinson would provoke a heated controversy that continues to this day. The individual at the center of the controversy was Benedict Arnold; and the controversy centers around his actions during the first battle of Saratoga on September 19, 1777. Did Arnold deserve as his aide Lt. Richard Verick said "all the credit of the action of the 19th...." (2). Many popular authors over the years have suggested so. In his classic book, War of the American Revolution, Christopher Ward (3) gives a dramatic account of Arnold leading his troops and having final victory snatched away by Gates' refusal to send reinforcements. Ward, along with Hoffman Nickerson in his Turning Point of the American Revolution (4) included detailed appendixes to their works supportive of Arnold personally commanding troops on the front line. Both are indebted to Isaac Arnold's (no relation) early biography of Arnold (5). Another historian, George Bancroft, wrote a multi volume history of the United States in 1837 and followed Wilkinson's suggestion that Arnold was not present on the battlefield(6). It is most curious, that both Ward and Nickerson relied heavily on secondary sources rather than the accounts of those who were present at the battle to prove their point.
Arnold's early role in the War
At the time of the battles of Saratoga, Benedict Arnold had already established a reputation of bravery and being in the thick of any action. His capture (with Ethan Allen) of Fort Ticonderoga, the epic march up the Kennebec river to Quebec and the naval engagement at Valcour Island were already legendary in the new country. Yet there was another decidedly less attractive side of Arnold. When relieved of command at Fort Ticonderoga, he threatened to take his ships and go over to the British. His fellow officers Hazen and Brown had brought charges against him in Canada. In addition, over $55,000 out of $66,671 entrusted to him for the Canadian army could not be accounted for (7). Passed over for promotion, as had so many other talented and deserving men, Arnold withdrew more than once in protest and like Achilles sulked in his tent. More than once he had tendered his resignation on the grounds his honor had been slighted.
On July 11, 1777 Arnold had again submitted his resignation to Congress. He had been passed over for promotion by the Continental Congress by men whom he felt were less senior and experienced then he. But there were still many members of Congress who felt Arnold deserved promotion. Following his actions as a volunteer during the British raid on Danbury Connecticut, Congress reversed its decision and promoted him to Major General dated May 3, 1777. Not satisfied, Arnold requested that his new commission be predated to make him senior to those men who had been promoted over him. This Congress, after a long debate and close vote, refused to do (8).
Feeling his honor yet again insulted, Arnold requested a leave of absence so he could threaten Congress with his resignation from the army. The commander of the American Northern Army, Philip Schuyler, requested that he stay; that his departure at this critical time would leave the army without a talented field officer (9). With his pride still smarting from his "treatment" by Congress, Arnold stayed.
Up to this time the performance of the American Northern Army had done little to inspire confidence in its leaders. Caught flat footed and unprepared, they had withdrawn from Fort Ticonderoga and Mount Independence and in the process lost most of their supplies. Aside from two rear guard actions fought by detached elements of the army at Fort Ann and Hubbarton, the army had withdrawn steadily in the face of Burgoyne's Crown forces (10). After that, Schuyler was forced to withdraw steadily from one defensive position after another.
Before the war, Schuyler was involved in the border dispute with New York and New Hampshire over Vermont. Therefore, there was much ill feelings amongst the New England troops within the army against him. On top of that, the constant retreating caused many within the army and Congress to lose all confidence in the man (11).
West of Albany, New York along the Mohawk river, a second British column under Lieutenant Colonel Barry St. Leger had besieged Fort Stanwix and was threatening to form a junction with Burgoyne. Arnold, alone among Schuyler's officers, suggested dividing the army and sending a force to relieve the Fort. Arnold was appointed commander and set out on August 15, 1777 (12). While carrying out this successful mission the command of the American army in the North had changed.
The Arrival of Gates
For well over a year Philip Schuyler and Horatio Gates and their partisans in Congress had fought each other over the command of the Northern Army. Now, due to the capture of Ticonderoga and the retreat of the army, Congress had recalled Schuyler (13). Gates, who was very popular with the New England troops, arrived to take command on August 19. "General Gates takes command of the Northern Army this day, which I think will put a new face upon our affairs," wrote Major Dearborn in his journal. Gates' first command was to move the entire army forward toward the enemy. He would "not wait to be attacked, but endeavor to turn the tables on my antagonist (14)." This forward movement, along with the victories at Fort Stanwix by Arnold and at Bennington by John Stark, restored the morale of the army, which was tired of running from the enemy.
Arnold had served under both Schuyler and Gates, and was friendly and cordial in his relations with the both of them. But Schuyler was aloof, especially to those who were not from the same social class as he. Gates on the other hand had defended Arnold during his troubles with Brown and Hazen, and the court martial that followed. Arnold and Gates had worked well together during the summer and fall of 1776 around Fort Ticonderoga and at the time of the Valcour Island battle. Despite what later writers contend, there was as yet no evidence of any conflict between Gates and Arnold
One seed that would bear bitter fruit later was Arnold's decision to take in two members of Schuyler's staff for own his divisional staff, Richard Verick and Harry Livingston. Both young men were bitter enemies of Gates, and almost fanatical in their devotion to Schuyler. Both men's continued correspondence to Schuyler was filled with blind hatred towards Gates. On 5 October 1777, James Lovell was to warn Gates that, "I fear that sprightly gentleman (i.e., Arnold) will be duped, by an artful senior now disgraced (i.e., Schuyler), so as to become a tool for base purposes. I will do my best neither one nor the other shall distract from your reputation here, if they should basely attempt it. You ought not to suffer yourself to be embarrassed there a moment after discovery of plain intention in any man to do it (15)." Why Arnold made such a poor decision, and accepted these two men on his staff, is unknown. Verick and Livingston were bound to antagonize Gates. There can be no doubt, when reading their correspondence over two hundred years later, of the malice they felt for Gates. They held him responsible for the removal of Schuyler, their mentor, and enjoyed with relish any problem thrown in the way of the new commander. Nor can there be a doubt that both verick and Livingston worked hard to cause a major confrontation within the army itself. As the British invaders marched towards them, the American chain of command would be bitterly divided by petty bickering.
American fortifications at Bemis Heights
On September 9, 1777 the American Northern Army reached the town of Stillwater New York. Schuyler had started to fortify a position near there on August 8, but retreated toward Albany after detaching Arnold to save Fort Stanwix instead. Having restored the army's morale in advancing to confront the enemy, Gates was planning to put his superior numbers in a good defensive position so that Burgoyne would be forced to attack him. Although Gates thought at first of making a stand at Stillwater, his engineering officer Tadeusz Kosciuszko advised against it. Instead, at Bemis Heights, a better position offered itself. The river road was pinned against the Hudson by a long series of Bluffs. Only a narrow strip of land bordered the Hudson river, which could be controlled by placing artillery on these bluffs overlooking the road. This effectively stopped any movement along the river or road. To the west of the bluffs were thick woods that would make any movement of an army with artillery and baggage very difficult (16). Burgoyne would have to muscle his way through the Americans here, or fall back toward Canada.
Time was on the side of the Americans. Reinforcements would continue to come into their camp, which already outnumbered the invader's forces. While the British under Burgoyne were cut off from their from his supply line to Canada, Gates was near his supply base at Albany. Gates could afford to wait out the British who would soon have to retire to Canada or else be stranded in the American wilderness with winter coming on. Gates' entrenchments provided excellent cover for his militia, while his light troops would prevent the British from surprising him. Although not a dashing battlefield commander, Gates' plan took advantage of his superiorities while down playing those of Burgoyne's.
Within the fortified lines along Bemis Heights, Arnold commanded a division that protected the American left flank. The division consisted of General Poor's (1st, 2nd & 3rd New Hampshire and 2nd & 4th New York regiments and two militia regiments) and General Learned's (2nd, 8th, 9th Massachusetts and 1st Canadian regiments) brigades. Colonel Morgan's Light Corp (made up of his Rifle regiment and a Light Infantry battalion commanded by Major Dearborn) guarded the exposed ground west of the American lines outside the encampment. Although not included in Arnold's command in any official document, by posting the Light Corp on the left everyone in the army assumed they would be commanded by Arnold (17).
The First Battle of Saratoga, September 19, 1777
The early morning of September 19th was cold and foggy. As the morning mist lifted, scouts brought word to Gates that Burgoyne was moving forward toward the American works in three columns. General Fraser's column of elite British and Brunswick soldiers was moving to the west to outflank the American works. General Hamilton's column of four British regiments supported Fraser but marched toward the center of the American works. General Riedesel's Brunswick column was to advance along the river road and pin down Gate's right flank. Burgoyne appeared to have been hoping to either outflank the American works (as Gates' scouts and local guides had warned him) or draw the Americans into battle in the open where he felt his regulars could beat them.
"On the 19th, just when advice was received that the enemy were approaching," wrote Arnold to Gates on September 22, "I took the liberty to give you as my opinion that we ought to march out and attack them, (italics mine) you desired me to send Colonel Morgan and the Light Infantry, and support them, I obeyed your orders, and before the action was over I found it necessary to send out the whole of my division to support the attack no other troops were engaged that day except Colonel Marshall's regiment of General Patterson's brigade (18)."
As one would expect from any army command structure, the commanding general would digest any information that came to him, along with advice from his subordinates. According to Arnold himself, Gates ordered him to commit his light troops and support him with the remainder of the division.
Morgan's brigade advanced along a wide front searching for the enemy. Strung out in a extended skirmish line, Dearborn's Light Infantry held the left while the rifles, slightly ahead held of them held the right. First blood went to the rifles, about noon, when they ran into Hamilton's advanced piquette led by Major Forbes near Freeman's farm. Although they routed Forbes' command, the rifles then ran into Hamilton's deployed brigade. At the same time, Fraser detached two companies of the 24th regiment that hit them in the flank which scattered the riflemen. Also, Dearborn's Light Infantry had engaged the Canadian volunteers and Captain Fraser's British Marksmen company (19).
To support the light troops the Americans then committed the remainder of Poor's brigade. But they were sent out in a piecemeal fashion. The 1st New Hampshire regiment blundered forward into the gap between the rifles and the light infantry. Lt. Blake of that regiment wrote about the initial fighting,
"about 12 o'clock the First New Hampshire regiment marched out to meet the enemy. We met them about one mile from our encampment, where the engagement began very closely and continued about 20 minutes, in which time we lost so many men, and received no reinforcements, that we were obliged to retreat, but before we got to the encampment we met two regiments (2nd and 3rd New Hampshire regiments) coming out as a reinforcement, when we returned and renewed the attack which continued very warm until dark..." (20)
By three o'clock, both the 2nd and 3rd New York regiments had also arrived on the field. Further reinforcements were sent out later in the afternoon as the fighting grew. While the majority of the American forces engaged the British center column under Hamilton and Burgoyne, Dearborn and Lattermore's militia regiment skirmished against Fraser's troops (21). Leading the 2nd New York regiment to support Dearborn was Colonel Philip van Courtlant:
"On the forenoon of the 19th of September, the enemy were discovered towards our left, and the action commenced first with Colonel Morgan's riflemen and reinforced by regiments, one after another, as the enemy also reinforced until the battle became very general, although conducted by the Colonels until about two o'clock. My regiment was ordered to march on, keeping to the left in order to opposite their right, and engage if I found it necessary, and if I did, that regiment commanded by Colonel Livingston (i.e. 4th New York regiment) who had joined me but two days before, should reinforce 'em: this was given me first by General Poor on my parade; and as I was marching also, by General Arnold (22 van Courtlant)."
Colonel van Courtland, thinking the 4th New York was supporting him, joined up with the light infantry. The 4th New York instead wandered off to their right and joined Morgan. Of the two militia regiments, Cook's appears to have joined Dearborn while Lattimore's moved to the right (23). For the remainder of the afternoon, the American right pounded Hamilton's brigade in a back and forth battle around the farm. Isolated by ravines, hills and woods, Fraser guarded Hamilton's right flank and skirmished against the remaining Americans closer to him. Fraser did send reinforcements to Hamilton during the day (i.e. Brunswick Jagers, Chasseurs and possibly some companies of Light Infantry) (24). No orders appear to have come from Burgoyne, who stayed with Hamilton and occupied himself rallying stray fugitives from the fight. In addition to the Brigades of Poor and Learned, an additional reinforcement also reached the battle line. Major William Hull, of the 8th Massachusetts regiment was doing duty with the piquetts in front of the American encampment. Hull is usually remembered today as the elderly commander who surrendered Detroit to the British in 1812. Completely forgotten is the first class service he gave as a young combat officer during the Revolution.
According to Hull's memoirs:
"...General Arnold rode to the ground which was occupied by the guard of Major Hull. He called the officers around him, and inquired what number of men was at that post. He was informed that it consisted of the guard of two hundred and fifty men, and two regiments. General Arnold then said, that three hundred volunteers, to be commanded by a field officer, must immediately reinforce the troops which were engaged....As none of the field officers offered their services, Major Hull observed to him, that he commanded the guard on that day... but if he could be excused from duty, he would be happy to command the detachment. General Arnold replied, that he would excuse him, and directed the colonels of the two regiments to call for three hundred volunteers and a suitable number of captains and subalterns to command them. In a few moments, the number required was paraded and formed into four companies, with officers assigned to them. We at once commenced our march to the center of the engagement. Major Hull was directed to receive his orders from General Poor of the New Hampshire, who commanded the troops then closely engaged with the enemy (25)."
As darkness descended on the battlefield, Hamilton's brigade of four British regiments appeared to be almost overwhelmed by the superior American numbers. General Reidesel, commanding the Brunswick troops on the left flank detached part of his force that now arrived to take the Americans in the flank. In addition, Fraser's grenadiers had stopped Learned's brigade (who were committed very late in the day) before they could deploy into action (26). Both sides had had enough by now and disengaged. Although Burgoyne claimed a victory, his forces had suffered twice the losses the Americans had. And Gates' army still barred the way towards Albany.
The question arises, does anyone on the field confirm or deny the presence of Arnold on the firing line? And if not, where was he that day?
Most writers have followed the lead of Arnold's two orderlies Verick and Livingston in assigning credit for the strategy and battle to Arnold. Most of these same writers usually disparage Wilkinson's statements (already quoted) due to his moral deficiencies later in life. Left unsaid is the fact that both Livingston and Verick were not unprejudiced observers. Both men continued a long correspondence to Schuyler that was filled with unbridled hate towards Gates. They would be most reluctant to give any credit to Gates and therefore motivated to attribute any major successes to someone else within the army. Perhaps this accounts for their journal entries describing the heroics of Arnold that day.
Verick, although muster master of the army considered his higher duty to Schuyler. In this he once went so far as to steal a letter from Gates, copy it and sent it to Schuyler. In another letter dated September 22, 1777 to Schuyler (27), Verick would write about Arnold's role in the battle:
"This I am certain of, that Arnold has all the credit of the action on the 19th, for he was ordering out troops to it, while the other was in Doctor Potts tent backbiting his neighbors for which words had like to ensure between him and me and this I further know, that he asked where the troops were going, when Scammell's battalion marched and upon being answered, he declared no more should go, he would not suffer the camp to be exposed. -Had Gates complied with Arnold's repeated desired (sic), he would have gained a general and complete victory over the enemy. -But it is evident to me, he never intended to fight Burgoyne, till Arnold, urged, begged and entreated him to do it...."
Despite the motivation of his loyalty to Schuyler, many historians continue to use Verick's analysis as an assessment of the battle. Another point that seems to be overlooked is that nowhere does Verick state that Arnold personally led out his division or that he was with it in the field. In his statement that Arnold "was ordering out troops to it" Verick does not confirm that Arnold was in the field, nor that he was personally leading his troops. Furthermore, Arnold, in his letters to Gates on September 22 and 23, never complained of Gates withholding reinforcements. Had there been any truth in Verick's remarks, Arnold would have been the first to remark on them. After Morgan'a command was engaged, the entire Brigades of Poor and Learned were sent out as reinforcements (28). So there does not appears to be any evidence that Arnold was denied reinforcements.
Wilkinson's memoirs, aside from a youthful delight at crediting himself with being the start of any positive action, is generally reliable. No matter his later transgressions or perfidy, his early service during the war is that of a dedicated, but self centered young officer fighting for his country. His statement that "not a single general officer was on the field" is what started the controversy. Yet many writers tend to omit his writings as unreliable, while treating Verick's as credible.
What did the battalion commanders say about the fighting? Although Dearborn made no mention of Arnold in his journal, he did write in his narrative (published in 1815) that during the second battle on October 7 , "I saw no General Officers in either of the actions, except General Arnold and General Poor (29)." Because Dearborn had two accounts of the battles, one written at the time and the other in 1815, many authors have confused the two accounts.
No account by Colonel Scammell of the 2nd New Hampshire regiment has come to light. Nowhere is Arnold mentioned in Lieutenant Blake's account of the opening stages of the battle. Blake also confirms that there were no field officers in the opening stages to direct troops. Dearborn confirms this when he states the 1st New Hampshire had engaged the enemy and been defeated before he could support them. The initial attacks were piecemeal in nature against an unseen enemy by individual regimental commanders. Colonel van Courtlandt's account has been used by some authors to prove Arnold was on the front lines. But a careful reading could also suggest otherwise. Poor and Arnold appear to be giving orders within the camp.
Hull's account is very interesting as Arnold is once again not on the front line in the midst of the battle, but carefully gathering reinforcements and sending them forward. "Major Hull was directed to receive his orders from General Poor of the New Hampshire, who commanded the troops then closely engaged with the enemy." Once again, General Poor is seen directing his brigade in the main fight against Hamilton's British line around Freeman's farm.
Few enlisted men's accounts of the fighting have survived. In the files of Saratoga National Historical Park is an account by a Sergeant Armstrong who served in the Light Infantry. He does not mention Arnold commanding this force (30). In the Jared Sparks collection at Harvard University there is a letter that is variously attributed to either General Learned or Poor. "Arnold," the writer states, "rushed onto the thickest part of the field with his usual recklessness, and at times acted like a madman. I did not see him once, but S (ed Alexander Scammell?) told me this morning that he did not seem inclined to lead alone, but as a prominent object among the enemy showed itself, he would seize the nearest rifle-gun and take deliberate aim (31)." Interestingly, the author of this letter dated 20 September 1777 does not state he personally saw Arnold on the battlefield, but rather what others told him later. Nor is it a positive confirmation of the command ability of a field officer who appears to be much more interested in acting as a common foot soldier.
Robert R. Livingston wrote in January 1778 to Washington on behalf of his brother; who was Arnold's aide as well as commanding officer of the 4th New York:
"I take the liberty to enclose to your excellency an extract of a letter to him, written under General Arnold's direction, by a gentleman of his family, he being unable to hold the pen himself. After a warm recommendation of his conduct, both in camp and in the field, and giving him and his regiment a full share of the honor of the battle of the 19th of September (in which General Arnold, not being present, writes only from the reports of those who were)...(32) "
Livingston's statement is very definitive regarding Arnold "not being present." This is of especial interest in that no one has accused Livingston of being disloyal to Arnold. However, Robert Livingston was not involved in the battle, and, like Poor's statement, relies on hearsay.
There remains three other sources that are neither first person nor secondary but are still important. Chaplain Smith, who served in Nixon's Brigade during the battle is often quoted as saying Arnold commanded the troops. He was recorded as saying, "A warm battle was fought between General Burgoyne's army and one division of our army commanded by General Arnold (33)." Nixon's Brigade was not involved in the fighting on September 19, so he is possibly repeating camp gossip (34). His account was not published until 1885, well after the participants had died and the controversy was well under way.
William L. Stone, in his Visits to the Saratoga Battlefield, quotes a Captain E. Wakefield from Massachusetts who was then serving with Dearborn's Light Infantry battalion (35). Once again this source comes up many years later and may be an old man remembering with advantages, deeds done in his youth. Wakefield recorded many conversations that would have been impossible for him to hear and records actions that never happened:way.
"I shall never forget the opening scene of the first day's conflict. The riflemen and light infantry were ordered to clear the woods of the Indians. Arnold rode up, and with his sword pointing to the enemy emerging from the woods into an opening partially cleared, covered with stumps and fallen timber, addressing Morgan, he said, "Colonel Morgan, you and I have seen too many redskins to be deceived by that garb of paint and feathers; they are asses in Lions' skins, Canadians and tories; let your riflemen cure them of their borrowed plumes." This account is seriously at odds with Armstrong's account, who was also serving with the Light Infantry. Nor does it match the known movements of those troops in the field. An examination of the book Massachusetts Soldiers and Sailors of the Revolution failed to locate a Captain E. Wakefield. There were two privates of that name who both served in Militia regiments that saw service near the end of the campaign at the time of the surrender (36).
The early American historian Jared Sparks, visited the battlefield in 1830 and interviewed Ezra Beul, a "local veteran" of the battles and John Neilson in whose house Arnold, Poor and Morgan made their headquarters. Both men told Spark's that:
"Arnold was inactive, and took no part. In fact, there was no general officer in the action. At one time Beul says he saw General Poor, with two or three other officers, quite in the rear of the American army, and taking no part in the action. The fighting was chiefly under the eyes of Morgan, Scamnell and Cilly (38)."
John Neilson's son Charles would later write a long, rambling account of the campaign based on local oral traditions.(39) Unlike his father, who was there at the time of the battle, Charles places Arnold on the front lines within the battle leading his regiments.
I have not used any British or German accounts, simply because they repeated what was told to them after the surrender or as prisoners. Because they were informed that it was elements of Arnold's division that faced them they almost all report that they fought Arnold. Clearly, they fought his division, it is unclear if they actually saw Arnold in the field.
After reviewing the contemporary evidence of those who took part in the fighting what can we conclude? Was Arnold, like Ward and Nickerson suggest, personally active on the front lines leading the regiments of his division and directing troop movements? All sources agreed that the troops of the left wing of Gates' army were engaged in the major fighting that day. Wilkinson makes the statement that Arnold was not on the field. He is supported by the statements of John Neilson and Ezra Beull. Chaplin Smith, Captain Wakefield and possibly Brigadier General Poor on the other hand state that Arnold was on the field. Except for Poor (if that is who it is) all of these statements were recorded many years after the event. The credibility of the statements of Wakefield, Beull & both Neilsons is questionable. Chaplin Smith was not an eye witness, and may be reporting camp gossip or knowing that Arnold's Division was involved assumed he was with them. Poor's account appears at first glance to be the most supportive statement of Arnold's involvement. But a careful reading suggests that Poor is recording what others saw.
Dearborn, Livingston, van Courtlant and Hull suggest that Arnold was not on the front lines directing the battle. Both Hull and Courtlandt received orders from Arnold either within or near the American lines. Robert Livingston reported what others told him but supports Wilkinson's statement. Dearborn's journal makes no mention of Arnold; and his later narrative speaks of Arnold only at the second battle on October 7. Blake, van Courtlant and Dearborn suggest that the battle was a piecemeal series of engagements by battalion commanders with little overall leadership. If this is true, then Colonel Morgan and Brigadier Poor deserve more credit then past historians have given them.
The statements of those individuals involved in the fighting do not support the contention of Ward and Nickerson. Arnold did not appear dashing along the front line personally leading regiments. The main battle against Hamilton's center column appears to have been conducted by first Colonel Morgan and later Brigadier Poor. Nor does there appear to be any attempt to withhold reinforcements from Arnold. Not only were Morgan's and Poor's brigades committed, but so too were Learned's brigade and even the advanced pickets. Arnold's presence along the front line in the fighting is not confirmed by his commanders. This begs the question, where was Arnold?
Following his suggestion to Gates, Arnold was ordered to commit the Light troops of Morgan's Corps to locate the enemy. He was then to support then with his division. This Arnold did. Elements of his division continued to arrive on the battlefield throughout the day. We can guess that Arnold must have also have given them careful suggestions of where the fighting was and who to report to.
Hull and van Courtlant suggest that Arnold was near the American works, or out by the advanced pickets. Throughout the action Arnold did a fine job of carrying out his superior's orders. Reinforcements continued to arrive throughout the battle against Fraser's and Hamilton's British columns. Gates maintained a healthy reserve to man the works as well as repulse another British attack elsewhere should it develop. But the actual placement of troops on the front line and how the battle was fought was in the hands of junior officers like Poor, Morgan and Dearborn.
Was Arnold himself deliberately held back, out of the actual fighting? Possibly. Most secondary authors say so. Gates, although a good administrator and organizer was a most timid battlefield commander who might panic in a crisis. He must have remembered Arnold as a headstrong junior officer that lost the entire American fleet to Carleton in 1776 at Valcour Island. Because of this Gates wanted to keep Arnold close to home, to prevent him doing anything rash. There is also a suggestion that a Canadian/Loyalist/Indian scouting party had probed within the American lines by Patterson's brigade. In a short, sharp fight the enemy were chased out (40). If true, this explains the role of Marshall's battalion (which was thanked in Gates' general orders after the fight). Gates already knew that he was fighting a major portion of Burgoyne's army on his left flank; now here were reports of fighting on the right flank also. Gates held his headstrong divisional commander, as well as the entire right wing of the Army out of the fight because of this possible threat. Perhaps Arnold, not allowed on the front line, contented himself with observing from a distance and sending in what units he could.
Romantic images aside, a commander on the front lines cannot be as effective as the commander a distance away who can view the entire battle. Burgoyne, although commander of the entire Army, placed himself with Hamilton's troops. Not only did he appear to have forgotten that both Reidesel and Fraser were left without orders (Reidesel's last minute reinforcement of Hamiliton was on his own initiative) but left others to carry on as best they could. Arnold by staying back out of the actual fight was able to feed in elements of his division as needed while also maintaining contact with Gates. Unlike Burgoyne, Arnold was certainly better informed of the overall picture of what was happening all along the front. Therefore though there is strong evidence erasing the image of the blazing figure on horseback in the thick of battle, Arnold illustrated a maturity in battlefield command, and certainly fought a better battle then did Burgoyne, and undoubtedly did assist in the American victory in the Battle of Saratoga.
1. Wilkinson, James. Memoirs of My Own Times Philadelphia, Pa., 1816, 3 volumes, pp 245-6.
2. Schuyler Papers, New York Public Library September 22, 1777
3. Ward, Christopher. The War of the revolution. Macmillian Co., New York, 1952, 2 volumes.
4. Nickerson, Hoffman. The Turning Point of the Revolution. Houghton Mifflin, Boston, 1923.
5. Arnold, Issac. "Arnold at Saratoga" Magazine of American History, May, 1879.
6. Bancroft, George. History of the United States. Boston, 1837-74, 10 volumes.
7. Luzader, John. Preliminary Documentary Report on Benedict Arnold At Saratoga. Saratoga National Historical Park, October 27, 1958, page 2. Higginbotham, Don. The War of the American Independence. Northeastern University press, 1983 ed., pp 402-3
8. Rossie, Johnathan G. The Politics of Command in the American Revolution. Syracuse University Press, 1975, p. 169. See also: The Journals of the Continental Congress pp. 623-24.
9. Gerlach, Don R. Proud Patriot Syracuse University Press, 1987, p. 269. Luzader p. 3.
10. Rossie, p. 16. But the entire chapter is required reading in understanding the feud between Gates and Schuyler for command of the Northern Army.
11 Muller, H. N. and Donch, David. "The Path Not Taken." Fort Ticonderoga Bulletin, #13, 1973.
12. Gerlach p. 289.
13. Rossie p. 164
14. Ibid p. 166
15. Ibid p. 166
Dearborn, H. Journal Boston, 1823
16. The River battery wayside at Saratoga NHP makes this very clear.
17. Snell, Charles. A Report on the Numbers and organization of Gate's Army, September 19, and October 7, 1777. Saratoga NHP Library, Feb. 2, 1951
18. Arnold to Gates, 22 September 1777 Gates Papers. Library of Congress.
19. Snell, Charles. Primary Sources for Drawing No. NHP-SAR (2 Sheets) Dated 12/11/50: Troop Movements: Battles of September 19, 1777, pp 1-13
20. Kidder, Frederic. History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of the Revolution. Albany, 1868, p.34
21. van Courtlant, Philip. "Autobiography of...." Magazine of American History, 11, (1878) pp. 286-7.
22. Snell Troop Movement Maps
23. van Courtlant pp 286-7.
24. Snell Troop Movement Maps
25. Campbell, Maria. (ed) Revolutionary Services and Civil Life of General William Hull: Prepared from his Manuscripts. New York, 1848
26. Elting, John. The Saratoga Campaign Momouth Beach, New Jersey, 1977, p 54
27. Schuyler Papers New York Public Library
28. Cuneo, John. The Battles of Saratoga, The turning of the tide. New York, 1967, p. 51.
29. Dearborn Narrative
30. Armstrong Account Saratoga NHP Library
31. Jared Sparks Collection Widener Library, Harvard University
32. Wharton, F. Revolutionary Diplomatic Correspondence of the United States. Washington, 1889, vol. 2, p. 14.
33. Guild, Reuban Aldridge. Chaplain Smith and the Baptists; or Life, letters and addresses of the Rev. Hezekiah Smith, DD of Haverhill, Mass. Philadelphia, American Baptist Pub., 1885, p. 209
34. Snell, Charles. A Report on the Numbers and organization of Gate's Army, September 19, and October 7, 1777. Saratoga NHP Library, feb. 2, 1951
35. Stone, William L. Visits to the Saratoga Battle Grounds. Albany, NY, 1895, p. 153.
36 Massachusetts Soldier and Sailors of the American Revolution
37. Jared Sparks Collection Widener Library, harvard University.
38. Nielson, Charles. An original, Compiled and Corrected Account of Burgoyne's Campaign, and the Memorable Battles of Bemis Heights, September 19 and October 7, 1777. Albany, NY, 1844, p 148
39. Nickerson, Hoffman. Turning Point of The American Revolution. Houghton Mifflin Co., Boston, 1928, p.315.
40 Neilson p. 146-7.
Armstrong Account Saratoga NHP LibraryArnold, Issac. "Arnold at Saratoga" Magazine of American History, May, 1879. Bancroft, George. History of the United States. Boston, 1837-74, 10 volumes. Burgoyne, John. State of the Expedition from Canada. J. Almon, London, 1780. Dearborn, Henry. A Narrative of the Saratoga Campaign. Fort Ticonderoga Bulletin, Vol. 1, No. 5, Jan. 1929, PP. 2-13 Dearborn, Henry. Journal. Boston, 1823. Gates Papers New York Public Library. Gates Papers Library of Congress. Guild, Reuban Aldridge. Chaplain Smith and the Baptists; or Life, letters and addresses of the Rev. Hezekiah Smith, DD of Haverhill, Mass. Philadelphia, American Baptist Pub., 1885. Jared Sparks Collection Widener Library, Harvard University. Kidder, Frederic. History of the First New Hampshire Regiment in the War of the Revolution. Albany, 1868. Luzader, John. Preliminary Documentary Report on Benedict Arnold At Saratoga. Saratoga National Historical Park, October 27, 1958, page 2. Livingston Papers New York Public Library. Rossie, Jonathan G. The Politics Of Command in the American Revolution. Syracuse University press, 1975. Schuyler Papers, New York Public Library, ltr., Verick Papers New York Public Library. Wilkinson, James. Memoirs of My Own Times. Abraham Small, Philadelphia, 1816, 3 volumes. | <urn:uuid:b496b367-6aff-4f46-8ed2-f89a1fd6c61c> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.varsitytutors.com/earlyamerica/lives-early-america/benedict-arnold-battle-saratoga | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.97833 | 8,374 | 2.640625 | 3 |
The Density of a Cylinder calculator computes the mean density (ρ) of a cylinder based on the mass (m), height (h) and radius (r).
INSTRUCTIONS: Choose units and enter the following:
Density of a Cylinder (ρ): The calculator returns the mean density (ρ) of the cylinder in kilograms per cubic meter. However, this can be automatically converted to other volumetric density units (e.g. ounce per cubic inch) via the pull-down menu. The calculator also returns the volume in liters, which can also be automatically converted to compatible units via the pull-down menu.
. The is:
In this case, the radius (r) and height (h) are used to compute the. | <urn:uuid:10a646aa-5c49-43a7-8462-35cceda5a267> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.vcalc.com/wiki/cylinder-density | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.772264 | 160 | 3.140625 | 3 |
“It is my object, as an architect”, Charles Barry told MPs considering the decoration of the New Houses of Parliament in 1841, “to give the most striking effect to the building as a whole, and I think that the effect of architecture can in no way be so highly enhanced as by the arts of painting and sculpture”.
Given the purpose of the Palace of Westminster and its national role, the subjects most applicable would be those which referred to famous events in British History and should – in his view - “most decidedly” not be allegorical. The purpose should be celebratory, and the walls should not all be decorated at the same time: each successive generation should have the opportunity of adding its own people and events to the scheme.
The walls of Westminster Hall could be experimented upon, he thought, or several of the corridors off the great Central Lobby he had designed. His plans for Westminster Hall were startling, despite having ruled out the possibility – suggested by one MP – of transferring all the burial monuments in Westminster Abbey and St Paul’s Cathedral there. He thought it would be best to utilise St Stephen’s Hall for art and sculpture, site of the former St Stephen’s Chapel which Barry had determined to ‘restore’ on the same footprint following the terrible fire of 1834.
“I should say that the Hall might be appropriated to the reception of statues of eminent public men of past times, to be arranged on each side, and at a short distance from the walls, and so fitted for the reception of a distinct subject of painting…the whole would have a peculiarly striking appearance, and tend to awaken old and interesting associations connected with our national history.”
Sir Charles Barry, Architect of the New Houses of Parliament.
These ideas seem in autumn 1842 to have inspired one of the rare holidays which Barry took during his life, to the kingdom of Bavaria. He enjoyed the mountains just as much as he had crossing the Alps on his Grand Tour twenty-five years before, and toured Munich, Regensburg, Nuremburg and Constanz, sketching as he went. But he also took the opportunity to visit the newly-opened Valhalla, perched on a cliff above the Danube at Regensburg. This neo-classical temple honouring the achievements of ethnic Germans since ancient times contained a Hall full of statues and plaques commemorating kings, politicians, men of letters, artists and scientists – exactly the sort of thing Barry had envisaged for Westminster.
Happily, his plans for Westminster Hall were not executed, but instead a Valhalla was created by Barry in St Stephen’s Hall, which during his lifetime was lined with monumental sculptures of Walpole, Pitt the Younger, Fox and other notable Parliamentarians – all, obviously, male. In the twentieth century, the Building of Britain murals completed the national celebration, again populated by a majority of men, with the honourable exceptions of Elizabeth I sending Raleigh off to find the New World and Queen Anne assenting to the union of Scotland and England. But the west wall over the door into St Stephen’s Hall remained without decoration for over 150 years.
Now a new artwork by sculptor Mary Branson called New Dawn has been installed above the entrance to the quintessentially masculine St Stephen’s. Measuring over six metres high, the massive scale of New Dawn is intended to reflect the size of the campaign to get women the vote. The unique hand-blown glass scrolls that make up its dawning sun reflect the many individuals who were involved in the movement and the special contribution they made to modern democracy.
There are multiple layers of meaning to the light sculpture. New Dawn was unveiled on the one-hundred and fiftieth anniversary of the first petition to Parliament for women’s suffrage. The glass discs are a direct reference to the parchment scrolls which line the famous Act Room of the Parliamentary Archives in the Victoria Tower, and where the legislation which brought women the vote and a say in the laws that govern them is stored.
The coloured glass roundels are mounted on a metal grid or Portcullis structure – the principal emblem of Parliament, selected by Charles Barry as the badge which identified his otherwise-anonymous entry for the 1835 competition to build a new Houses of Parliament, and which became thereafter its universal symbol. The Portcullis frame is raised over the entrance to St Stephen’s Hall, symbolising women’s long-awaited access to democracy.
Together, the circular scrolls combine with the metal Portcullis to create 168 distinct ‘Venus’ symbols, representing the women who fought for their right to vote, while the vertical metal shafts of the Portcullis literally and metaphorically stake women’s claim to a place in this previously male space.
This is the first piece of abstract art commissioned for the Houses of Parliament. The title of the piece comes from the language of the campaigners themselves, many of whom conceived of the vote as offering a ‘new dawn’ for women. Its sun shape will rise and fall over a twelve and half hour cycle, linked to the tide of the Thames: the ebb and flow of the illumination reflects the struggle to achieve the campaign’s ends despite numerous setbacks.
Each scroll is individually lit, and the appearance of the artwork changes from moment to moment, encouraging onlookers to consider the work more deeply and to reflect on the value of the vote and women’s role in democracy. Finally, looked at from afar, the light installation cleverly forms a ‘rose window’ on what would once have been the west front of the gothic chapel, in a subtle nod to its history as the place of royal devotions in the medieval Palace of Westminster.
This isn’t the first time that women have tried to storm this bastion of maleness. St Stephen’s was the scene of many suffragette protests before the First World War and in 1909 a suffragette chained herself to the statue of the civil war hero, Lucius Falkland, in the Hall, her chain breaking off part of the spur of his boot when she was forcibly removed from it. But unlike those temporary protests, New Dawn is here to stay and, even though it is “decidedly allegorical”, Charles Barry would I hope have approved of our generation’s intention in marking one of the most celebrated events in twentieth century political history: the granting of ‘Votes for Women’ in 1918.
Caroline's latest book, Mr Barry's War: Rebuilding the Houses of Parliament after the Great Fire of 1834 was published by Oxford University Press on 8th September 2016. | <urn:uuid:eb4f4d54-381d-4ec4-ad6f-72830931e527> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.virtualststephens.org.uk/blog/new-dawn-houses-parliament | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.966831 | 1,391 | 2.53125 | 3 |
It’s COP 26 and everyone’s talking climate change. Even the Primary Fives. Last week, I was with a class taking our ‘Rivers & Water’ programme, learning about how the water cycle works on the river and—best of all—searching in the river for invertebrates, as indicators of water quality. As we strolled along, a girl turned to me and her classmate and asked, “So, what do you think the worst thing about climate change is?” Before I had time to form a reply, she added. “I think it’s that all the fish are going to disappear from the sea.” “I think the worst thing,” mused the boy, “is that everyone’s going to get flooded out of their houses.”
As much as we might want to shield children from the horrors of climate change—not least because these children have already led close to a quarter of their lives in a global pandemic—climate change is everywhere and teachers across Scotland are rightly bringing it into their classrooms. We know that children process fear and grief differently from adults. When told of the death of a beloved grandparent, a child might ask a few questions and shed a tear, but then want to go play with friends or ask what’s for tea. But six months later, they start wetting their bed and they tell you they’re sad about Gran.
In the same way, the children in the woods were chatting about climate change in a very matter of fact way. The conversation quickly moved on to the contents of our packed lunches, but that’s not to say that they aren’t deeply affected by the potential impacts of climate change. It left me thinking again about the best ways to positively engage children in environmental issues, most specifically climate change.
American environmental educator David Sobel warns that if we introduce children to the environment as a problem, before they have made a personal connection with the natural world, children will shy away from nature as a place to be avoided and even potentially feared. He calls this ‘Ecophobia’. Instead, Sobel advocates introducing children to nature in an age appropriate way. In early childhood (ages 4-7), children’s geographic world is close to home and they should be learning and building empathy with the natural world on their street. As they begin to explore the world further afield (ages 8-11) they benefit from spending time in their local woods and park, building dens, or finding out what animals or plants live where and how they rely on each other for food. During early adolescence (12-15), many children spend less time in their local parks and more time going skateboarding with friends or going into town to the shops. This is a time when they are exploring community—a good time, according to Sobel, to start to engage them in social issues like climate change.
I have always closely followed Sobel’s guidelines in my own teaching practice here at the Water of Leith Conservation Trust. However, children are learning about climate change at an earlier age, partly because of the prevalence of media in our lives but also because children themselves have emerged as passionate advocates for climate action, led by Greta Thunberg and other inspiring youth leaders. So, how do we avoid our children developing ecophobia and seeing ‘nature’ as a traumatic problem, too large for them to fix?
Firstly, get children out of the house and classroom and into gardens, streets, parks and woodlands. After all, they cannot care for what they do not know and they cannot miss something they never knew they had. Bring their favourite toy and build a toy house out of sticks and dried leaves. Have them entranced by the lateral line of a fish, feel the softness of moss against their cheeks, take them on a night walk and see their fear of the dark transform into wonder at a crescent moon. Encouraging children to learn about and to be confident in their natural world is the most important contribution that we as educators and parents can make towards helping our children to become responsible stewards of the environment.
Climate change is a big and an overwhelming problem for children and adult alike. We all have our moments of ecophobia. But we at the Trust believe that the best way to counter moments of environmental fear is to take action. Sometimes we describe these actions in vague ways as ‘good for nature’. But be specific and explain to the children in your life how turning off the lights when you leave a room or recycling your clothes when you grow out of them reduces your carbon footprint; or how building a bug hotel in a park or woodland helps overwintering invertebrates find shelter in winter and protects biodiversity, thus building climate resilience. That way, children can feel proud of how they are actually taking positive action.
You can also bring children along as volunteers with us and come pick rubbish out of the river, create safe pathways for active travel through winter, or plant bulbs in our meadows. All these individual actions have a direct impact upon the planet and help children—and adults—feel part of a movement for positive change. This way we can enjoy the many wonders of the Earth and make positive steps towards protecting a planet upon which our children are learning—quite rightly—that our future depends. | <urn:uuid:70b172ce-b36f-42af-ac1e-87a0bc822bea> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.waterofleith.org.uk/blog/2021/11/talking-to-primary-school-children-about-climate-change/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.963104 | 1,109 | 3.140625 | 3 |
Also known as
Cardiospermum halicacabum, heart seed vine
Where is it originally from?
North and Central America, West Indies and Africa
What does it look like?
Perennial climber with yellow hairs on a ribbed stem, and compound leaves of 9 thin, coarsely toothed, light green, hairy leaflets (2.5-10 cm long) arranged in groups of 3. Clusters of white to pale yellow flowers with 4 petals (7-9mm long) are produced from summer to winter, with tendrils growing from the base of the flower stalk. Balloon-like fruit has 3 thin, papery walls (4-8cm long), ripens from green to straw-coloured in autumn and contains 3 black seeds (7mm wide).
Are there any similar species?
Small balloon vine (Cardiospermum halicacabum) is very similar, but smaller and not hairy. Clematis and old man's beard (Clematis species) have leaves composed of 3 leaflets, and white flowers with four petals, but seeds have a fluffy 'parachute' of hairs attached rather than a capsule.
Why is it weedy?
Grows vigorously, climbing up to 10 m high or spreading along the ground, blanketing all vegetation.
How does it spread?
Seed capsules are spread by wind and water, and spreads also by suckering and root fragments.
What damage does it do?
Grows rapidly into the tops of trees, excluding light and forming a thick curtain of stems, the weight of the vines can contribute to canopy collapse and ecosystem destruction.
Which habitats is it likely to invade?
Moist areas along river edges, forest margins and road edges in warmer areas. Tolerates flooding and part shade, but prefers full sun and well-drained soil. Seedlings germinate on disturbed land.
What can I do to get rid of it?
Contact your regional council to determine the status of this species and responsibility for control and/or advice on control.
1. Hand pull plants and seedlings (all year round).
2. Cut and paint stump (spring-summer): glyphosate (333ml/L).
3. Cut stems at waist height (dense infestations), leaving foliage over supporting vegetation in place to rot away. Leave the stems to resprout then spray the foliage with glyphosate (10ml/L).
What can I do to stop it coming back?
Remove the seed source, the original parent plant. Monitor the site and pull out or spray seedlings and regrowth. Seed viability is relatively short (approximately 18 months). | <urn:uuid:af20a59f-e682-47c4-b02d-f5b52cc253c1> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.weedbusters.org.nz/what-are-weeds/weed-list/balloon-vine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.90688 | 555 | 3.484375 | 3 |
Basic Wiring Methods: Guides to a Successful Installation
Installing electrical wiring in a home or commercial building can be a daunting task. But with the right tools and knowledge, the job can be made much simpler. In this article, we will discuss some of the basic wiring methods and components to help you complete a successful installation. We will also provide tips on how to read wiring diagrams and select the right wires and cables for your project.
Understanding Wiring Diagrams
Wiring diagrams are used to help visualize the components of an electrical circuit. They are usually drawn as a schematic showing how the component parts of the circuit interact. The diagrams can be quite detailed and include symbols to identify each component and the connections between them. It is important to understand these diagrams in order to properly install your wiring.
Types of Wire and Cable
When selecting the type of wire and cable for your project, there are several key considerations. You should always make sure to select the correct gauge (thickness) of wire depending on the voltage of your system. For example, a higher-voltage system requires a thicker wire. Additionally, some types of wire and cable have built-in insulation that helps protect against electrical shock. It is important to choose the right type of wire and cable to ensure your project is safe and up to code.
Choosing Electrical Boxes
Electrical boxes are enclosures that house the wiring and electrical components of a system. They are typically made of metal or plastic and come in a variety of sizes and shapes. When selecting the right electrical box for your project, you should consider the number of wires and components that need to fit inside it. Additionally, you should make sure to use boxes that are rated for the voltage of your system.
Selecting Switches and Outlets
Switches and outlets are the devices that control and power the electrical components of a system. They are typically rated for the voltage of your system, so it is important to select the right switches and outlets for your project. Switches come in a variety of styles and can be used to control lights, fans, and other electrical components. Outlets provide power to devices such as TVs, computers, and other appliances.
Tools for Installing Wiring
Installing wiring is a complex task that requires the right tools for the job. Some tools are needed for cutting, connecting, and testing the wiring. A good set of wire strippers can help you quickly and safely strip the insulation from the ends of the wires. A multimeter is a device that can measure the current and voltage of the circuit to make sure everything is working correctly. Other tools such as crimpers, heat shrink tubing, and wire cutters are also essential for a successful wiring installation.
Basic wiring methods are essential for any electrical installation. With the right tools and knowledge, you can ensure that your wiring project is a success. Always read wiring diagrams carefully and make sure to select the right type of wire and cable. Additionally, select the right electrical boxes, switches, and outlets for your project. And finally, make sure to use the right tools for the job. Following these tips will help ensure that your project is safe and up to code.
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Methods Of Wiring Assignment Help Homework Online Live Physics Engineering Tutoring | <urn:uuid:619d34a4-b827-47ed-80b1-b88eeb2684d3> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wiringdigital.com/basic-wiring-methods/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.871369 | 884 | 3.171875 | 3 |
HONOLULU (AP) — A pond in Hawaii has turned so bubble-gum pink it could be from the set of “Barbie,” but the bizarre phenomenon is no cause for a dance party. Drought may be to blame for the strange hue, scientists say, and they’re warning against entering the water or drinking it.
Staff at the Kealia Pond National Wildlife Refuge on Maui have been monitoring the pink water since Oct. 30.
“I just got a report from somebody that was walking on the beach, and they called me up like, ‘There’s something weird going on over here,’” said Bret Wolfe, the refuge manager.
Wolfe was concerned the bright pink could be a sign of an algae bloom, but lab tests found toxic algae was not causing the color. Instead an organism called halobacteria might be the culprit.
Halobacteria are a type of archaea or single-celled organism that thrive in bodies of water with high levels of salt. The salinity inside the Kealia Pond outlet area is currently greater than 70 parts per thousand, which is twice the salinity of seawater. Wolfe said the lab will need to conduct a DNA analysis to definitively identify the organism.
Maui’s drought is likely contributing to the situation. Normally Waikapu Stream feeds into Kealia Pond and raises water levels there, but Wolfe said that hasn’t happened in a long time.
When it rains, the stream will flow into Kealia’s main pond and then into the outlet area that’s now pink. This will reduce the salinity and potentially change the water’s color.
“That might be what makes it go away,” Wolfe said.
No one at the refuge has seen the pond this color before — not even volunteers who have been around it for 70 years. The pond has been through periods of drought and high salinity before, though, and Wolfe isn’t sure why the color has changed now.
Curious visitors have flocked to the park after photos of the pink pond appeared on social media.
“We prefer that they come to hear about our our mission conserving native and endangered waterbirds and our wetland restorations. But no, they’re here to see the pink water,” Wolfe joked.
He understands everyone’s fascination.
“If that’s what gets them there, it’s OK,” he said. “It is neat.”
The wildlife refuge is a wetland that provides nesting, feeding and resting habitat to the endangered Hawaiian stilt, known as aeo, and the Hawaiian coot or alae keokeo. It also hosts migratory birds during the winter.
The water doesn’t appear to be harming the birds, Wolfe said.
As a wildlife refuge, people aren’t supposed to wade into the pond or let their pets in the water regardless of its color. But officials are taking an extra precaution to warn people not to enter the water or eat any fish caught there because the source of the color has yet to be identified. | <urn:uuid:64f03eb1-5ae5-4644-81d7-8ecbc07c30e5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.wlns.com/news/science/ap-science/ap-wildlife-refuge-pond-in-hawaii-mysteriously-turns-bright-pink-drought-may-be-to-blame/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.949425 | 673 | 2.5625 | 3 |
First came the devastation of hurricanes Harvey in Houston and Irma in Florida. Now, an even more terrible disaster is unfolding in the U.S. territories of Puerto Rico and the Virgin Islands in the aftermath of Hurricane Maria. And all in little more than one month.
And these are just the areas ruled by the United States. Many other nations in the Caribbean have been hit equally hard.
The U.S. has the biggest, most expensive state apparatus in the world. There is a government body supposedly prepared to handle disasters — the Federal Emergency Management Agency. It failed in 2005 after Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans. It’s had 12 more years to get its act together. Why hasn’t it?
The truth is that FEMA was never set up to mitigate the effects of natural disasters.
It was originally a super-secret agency tasked with providing a safe place for the evacuation of the U.S. government in the event of a nuclear war.
And that is still a large part of FEMA’s budget, according to a very detailed expose of the agency, “The Secret History of FEMA,” by Garrett M. Graffe. (Wired, Sept. 3)
Tool of the Cold War
Originally set up under President Harry Truman as the Federal Civil Defense Administration, it was renamed in 1979 and eventually wound up as part of the Department of Homeland Security in 2003. Its secret plans for “continuity of government” were to be downplayed once it became responsible for dealing with natural disasters.
However, “The majority of its funding and a third of its workforce was actually hidden in the nation’s classified black budget. The agency’s real focus and its real budget was known to only 20 members of Congress.”
FEMA still maintains “a bunker in Virginia’s Blue Ridge Mountains that has served as the civilian government’s primary emergency hideaway since the 1950s.” A bunker could sound like a small thing. Not this one.
A small city was built inside Mount Weather, which had been hollowed out for the purpose. Elaborate plans were drawn up for the evacuation of top government officials in the event of a nuclear war. Besides providing shelter for politicians, bureaucrats and military officers, it was used as a center to develop advanced computing.
How they spend their money
FEMA’s Project 908, drawn up in the 1980s, mapped out how to evacuate the major cities of the U.S. It estimated that 65 percent of the people in these cities could be evacuated in one day and 95 percent in three days. The agency distributed films to convince the people that they would be protected if a nuclear war began.
While the assumptions made were preposterous, they were backed by elaborate documents — one of them was a 152-page plan for evacuating New York. “Each of the five boroughs would rely on different transit modes to evacuate over the course of precisely 3.3 days.”
New Yorkers now going through daily crises just trying to get to work and home via antiquated subways and overcrowded buses can roll their eyes at that one.
With the end of the Cold War, FEMA began losing some of its funding. But the attacks on 9/11 provided the rationale to bulk it up again as part of the Department of Homeland Security. Its emphasis was on “terrorism preparedness,” not natural disasters.
In December 2003, it carried out an exercise code-named QUIET STRENGTH, in which it evacuated 300 of its own employees to Mount Weather.
In May 2004 “a much larger FEMA-led exercise, known as FORWARD CHALLENGE, brought together upward of 2,500 federal officials from 45 different departments and agencies to test emergency preparedness procedures. The exercise began with an imagined suicide bombing on the Washington DC Metro, followed by the death of three Cabinet secretaries leaving an event at the National Press Club. Then hackers began an attack on government computers systems, air traffic control networks, and even the nation’s power grid. That evening, a person playing the president activated continuity of government measures.”
No mention of how much all this cost. That budget, of course, is secret.
The next year, Hurricane Katrina hit New Orleans, and the federal government showed it was entirely unprepared to respond to this major disaster.
‘Continuity’ of class oppression
Graffe writes that “today, FEMA still spends tens of millions on its continuity programs — the unclassified portion of that budget is around $50 million a year. Mount Weather, whose annual operating costs are more than $30 million a year, is in the midst of what FEMA calls ‘a significant infrastructure upgrade to replace old infrastructure, correct life/safety items, upgrade IT, and develop a more resilient facility capable of supporting 21st century technology and current federal departments and agencies requirements.’”
The “continuity programs” are meant to protect the politicians in the White House and Congress as well as the top military brass in any situation where their ability to rule might be in question.
FEMA is a quasi-civilian agency, but it is totally integrated with the military. When disaster strikes, there is no real civilian infrastructure to deal with the deadly consequences.
By contrast, in a socialist country like Cuba the people are organized block-by-block to help one another when another hurricane rips through, and the government provides transportation to evacuate those along the coast.
But the workers and poor in affected areas of the U.S. are on their own to either evacuate or hunker down in a fierce storm. State governors may tell people to leave their homes, as happened recently in Florida. But how? There is no mechanism in place to make it happen, no training, no martialing of public transportation. The roads become clogged with cars. If you don’t have one, you’re out of luck.
One thing emerges clearly every time disaster strikes here: There are thousands of volunteers who want to help their neighbors. They come out in little boats during floods, or help people find shelter during intense winds. They search for those who may be trapped in their homes or are washed away in a flood.
Instead of aiding such self-organization with material assistance, the local and national authorities focus on protecting the bigwigs and the property of the rich, personal as well as corporate.
Social change must come
The weather systems on our planet have been deeply impacted by capitalist development, which puts profits before anything else. At the same time, great advances in science and technology have provided us with the knowledge and means to plan our economy on a rational basis and put the needs of the people in sync with our environment.
And yet we’re stuck with a social and political system that can plan to evacuate “leaders” like Trump and his ilk, but can’t get water and power to working people in dire need.
As the threats of severe weather grow, the failings of FEMA underscore the need to build a revolutionary movement of the working class and all the oppressed against the billionaire class of exploiters. We must liberate the wealth that our labor has created and use it for the benefit of humanity, not to rescue the warmongering profiteers. | <urn:uuid:fa7a613f-dbc0-4c12-9f8f-90878b435dfb> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.workers.org/2017/10/33568/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.971506 | 1,514 | 3.171875 | 3 |
Since the temperatures are already touching 40 degrees Celsius, it is very important to keep the body refreshed and change the food habits to guard against dehydration, heat boils, dry skin, vomiting, diarrhea and other summer ailments.
Hot and spicy foods should be avoided as far as possible and should be replaced by cooling and less spicy foods. Bottle gourd, green leafy vegetables, green beans and pulses such as green mung dal, barley, sago, ragi and sabja seeds (tikmuriya) soaked in water are few of the cooling foods which can be taken to maintain hydration in the body.
Usage of ragi powder to make buttermilk, barley with lemon juice, mint water with ginger, buttermilk with jeera and fresh ginger are some of the suggestions by nutritionists to cool your body.
Fruits such as water melons, musk melons, coconut and other water based fruits and fresh juices; sweet curd mixed with rice is refrigerated and small portions can be had during the day; however it is not suggested for the people who are diabetic since it has lot of sugar content in it.
Since the direct heat affects the head, massaging the head or body with gingely or coconut oil helps to improve blood circulation and lower the body temperature. The American Nutrition Association recommends eating rice cooked the day before as it has been found to contain beneficial bacteria and neutralises excessive body heat and also helps those with constipation and maintains body energy.
Cucumbers, Watermelons, Peaches, Apples, Pineapples and other water rich fruits are the answer to most of your problems in summer. Along with these fruits, mint vegetables, leafy vegetables, lemon, zucchini help you to gain the energy and are known to protect your body from heat.
Apart from all this, drink loads and loads of water and keep yourself charged this summer!! | <urn:uuid:1295d850-0250-4c93-8c77-41dbd7038dcd> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.yovizag.com/keep-cool-summer/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.956037 | 392 | 2.703125 | 3 |
During the earliest months and years of life, the architecture of the brain is being built at an unparalleled rate in response to nurturing early experiences. Caring adults have a wonderful opportunity to foster feelings of trust and safety in babies, which helps toddlers establish a sense of self and become confident explorers.
Research shows that, to ensure a good start in life, all infants and toddlers need good health, strong families and positive early learning experiences.
Why It Matters
Optimal child development, including during the perinatal period, is based on feeling safe, secure and loved.
Primary caregivers should have the capacities to be attuned, consistently meet their child’s needs, and nurture healthy attachment, though these relationships are often dependent on the caregiver’s own mental health and well-being.
Healthy development isn’t always a clear path for infants and toddlers. Early identification and intervention for children with developmental delays or disabilities can improve cognitive and social skills, lead to higher achievement and greater independence and promote family competence and well-being.
By the Numbers
Earlier identification and intervention is more effective and less costly.
Approximately 16% to 18% of children have disabilities or developmental delays.
Infants and toddlers who have been maltreated are six times more likely than the general population to have a developmental delay.
1 in 3 infants and toddlers who received early intervention services did not later present with a disability or require special education in preschool.
Source: ZERO TO THREE (2010, February 8). Making hope a reality: Early Intervention for infants and toddlers with disabilities.
Science tells us that early experiences really do matter, and the connections that we have with the caregivers in our lives make a real difference in how we see and understand the world. ZERO TO THREE occupies a unique position in the early childhood landscape. We focus on a relatively small age range, but our reach is broad—from family, to policies, to all the service settings that touch the lives of infants. In terms of giving voice to the needs of babies, we don’t leave any stone unturned.
Brenda Jones Harden, PhD
Policymakers must understand the critical early years.
We use evidence-based frameworks to develop early development resources for parents, professionals and policymakers.
Through regular professional development opportunities and our ZERO TO THREE Journal, we provide early childhood professionals the latest research on the science of early development. Our team of experts works to raise awareness among parents and providers for early intervention services, as well as advocate for the expansion of those services to meet all children in need.
We host an expansive library of early development resources, including our latest Podcast, The Earliest, which focuses on the role that caregiver and infant mental health play in early development.
Craving the latest news in early childhood development?
Check out our Journal library, with the option to earn continuing education credits (CEUs) just for reading. Or, become a ZERO TO THREE Member to get free access to all Journal articles. | <urn:uuid:1943759c-205b-4f53-a4c8-470798da6750> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.zerotothree.org/issue-areas/early-development/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.944593 | 618 | 3.25 | 3 |
Whether it’s Meatless Monday, Weekday Vegetarianism or simply cutting down meat consumption – people from developed countries are eating less meat, and it’s already making a difference. Even though some argue that cutting-back-consumption campaigns don’t push enough of a paradigm-shift, we’re already seeing the changes: 400 million animals were spared in the US alone in 2014 because people ate less meat.
Some 93 percent of people still eat meat and it’s difficult to imagine a future where most people won’t, but a world that eats less meat is already on the right way. According to a new report, meat consumption has been steadily declining in the U.S.—by 10% per capita since 2007. In 2014, the U.S. raised and killed 9.5 billion land animals for food, but 400 million (almost 4%) were saved simply because people skipped a few meaty meals.
Paul Shapiro, Vice President, Farm Animal Protection for The Humane Society of the United States explains:
“What that means is that compared to 2007, last year almost half a billion fewer animals were subjected to the torment of factory farming and industrial slaughter plants–and that’s despite the increase in the U.S. population,” Shapiro explains.
Things are starting to change in the US when it comes to meat – and the same trend can be noticed in most of the developed world. In 2012, the average American consumed 71.2 pounds of red meat (beef, veal, pork, and lamb) and 54.1 pounds of poultry (chicken and turkey), according to the U.S. Department of Agriculture, and that number has went down significantly.
It’s worth noticing that on the other hand, developing countries are generally increasing their meat consumption so that on a global level, meat consumption has actually grown by a small margin – but this takes nothing away from the people who actually made a difference and consumed less meat; and as more and more countries go through this cycle, they too will ultimately reduce their consumption.
So why is this a good thing? Aside for the ethical reason of saving the animals themselves why is eating less meat a good thing?
The reasons can be split into two main categories: it’s good for you, and it’s good for the planet.
Why eating less meat is good for you:
- reduce cancer risk; hundreds of studies suggest that diets high in fruits and vegetables may reduce cancer risk. Both red and processed meat consumption are associated with colon cancer.
- reduce heart disease risk; it’s well known that (especially red) meat increases heart disease risk and can damage blood circulation.
- reduce diabetes risk; research suggests that higher consumption of red and processed meat increases the risk of type 2 diabetes.
- reduce obesity; people on low-meat or vegetarian diets have significantly lower body weights and body mass indices.
- live longer; red and processed meat consumption is associated with increases in total mortality, cancer mortality and cardiovascular disease mortality.
- improve the quality of your diet; if you eat less meat, you’ll have the chance to substitute it with a healthy alternative. For example, consuming beans or peas results in higher intakes of fiber, protein, folate, zinc, iron and magnesium with lower intakes of saturated fat and total fat.
Why eating less meat is good for the planet:
- reduce your carbon footprint; the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organization estimates the meat industry generates nearly one-fifth of the man-made greenhouse gas emissions – far more than even transportation. Other foods don’t generate as much greenhouse gas.
- reduce water usage; the water needs of livestock are huge, far outweighing vegetables or grains. An estimated 1,800 to 2,500 gallons of water go into a single pound of beef. Soy tofu produced in California requires 220 gallons of water per pound.
- reduce fossil fuel dependence; on average, about 40 calories of fossil fuel energy go into every calorie of feed lot beef in the U.S. Compare this to the 2.2 calories of fossil fuel energy needed to produce one calorie of plant-based protein. | <urn:uuid:5eb318bb-1467-486a-b1c2-4b5f04c642e9> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://www.zmescience.com/ecology/animals-ecology/eating-less-animals-30062015/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.945674 | 869 | 2.9375 | 3 |
In addition to emphasizing evidence-based and evidence-informed approaches, the Federal government is also investing in innovative approaches to develop knowledge about what works to improve outcomes for children and youth. In some areas with little research, and for some populations of vulnerable children and youth, little is known about effective approaches.
Learn more about the Federal policy initiatives that support research and demonstration projects to develop, replicate, refine, and test innovative strategies. Some projects are based on preliminary evidence of effectiveness, some test new and innovative approaches in areas with little research, and others adapt existing evidence-based strategies. These initiatives are expected to generate lessons learned so that others can benefit from these strategies and innovative approaches. | <urn:uuid:f2d88c9e-1fcb-4af5-9cc8-220edf67c1b5> | CC-MAIN-2023-50 | https://youth.gov/evidence-innovation/innovating?page_manager_page_variant_weight=5&overridden_route_name=entity.node.canonical&base_route_name=entity.node.canonical&page_manager_page=node_view&page_manager_page_variant=node_view-panels_variant-15 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2023-50/segments/1700679100527.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20231204083733-20231204113733-00400.warc.gz | en | 0.947085 | 137 | 3.171875 | 3 |
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