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https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4948 | Zhumeken Nazhimedenov | Zhumeken Sabyruly Nazhimedenov (November 28, 1935, Koshalak, Kurmangazy district, Atyrau region - November 22, 1983, Almaty) is the author of the National Anthem (text) of the Republic of Kazakhstan, an outstanding poet, winner of the Kazakhstan Youth Union Award.
## Biography
* Zhumeken grew up and was educated by his grandfather Nazhimeden Stamgaziev. He was the one who formed a warm love for speech, history and traditions of his native people in a child. He used to tell his grandson about his famous ancestors Kartpanbet Zhyrau (sixth grandfather) and his sister Kosuan (Mahambet Utemisuly's mother). Bayuly tribe of Kishi Yuz originates from Alasha clan.
* In 1956-59 he studied at the Faculty of Folk Instruments of the Kazakh State Conservatory.
* 1959-74 editor of "Zhazuchy" publishing house
* department head at "Leninshil Jas" newspaper
* literary consultant at Kazakhstan Writers' Union
* 1974-78, Kaz. SSR Publishing, polygraphy and Editor of the State Committee on Book Trade * 1978-83. Worked as a department head at the "Mektep" publishing house.
## Creativity
Zhumeken Nazhimedenov's first lyric collection "Egis" was published in 1961. Four years later, a collection of poems titled "No, can't be forgotten" was released. During his lifetime, Zh. Nazhimedenov published a total of ten collections of poems and three novels, "White Pebbles" (1973), "Kishkentai" (1975), "Fame and Dagpyrt" (1978).
Poems, poems, short stories and novels, articles and translations that were not published during his lifetime were included in the ten collections published after the poet's death, as well as nine compositions. His works have been translated and published in many languages. The poet translated the works of A. Voznesenskyi, E. Yevtushenko, N. Hikmet and A. Fayzi.
Akin's collections of poems translated into Russian by the poet "Vesennie vetry" (1969), "Moe rozhdenie" (1982), "Tebe govu, potomok" (1986), "Solntsevorog" (1994) were published. In 2003, a collection of poems and poems entitled "Я есть" was published in St. Petersburg.
## National Anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan
Zhumeken Nazhimedenov is the author of the text of the current national anthem of Kazakhstan. The song "My Kazakhstan" was written at the beginning of his creative career, when the poet was 21 years old. According to his wife Nasip, Zhumeken wrote the song 50 years ago, in 1956, in Almaty, in the house of the well-known skier Gulsara Pirzhanova. At first glance, this poem seems to have been written for the fact that Kazakhstan collected a billion bushels of grain, but it was mainly born out of opposition to the colonialists who claimed that "the country and the land are mine". When the communists felt it and decided not to release the song at all, Jamal Omarova intervened and had the opportunity to sing it on the air. Thus, the song started to be persecuted before it reached the people, and thanks to independence, it became an official anthem.
On January 11, 2006, the song "My Kazakhstan" was performed as the country's national anthem for the first time under the roof of the capital's "Akorda" residence, at the moment of the inauguration of Nursultan Nazarbayev as the President of Kazakhstan.
## Works
In the second half of the fifties, in the beginning of the sixties, Zhumeken's poems were often published in the republican press. Since the sixties, his poems and works, three novels, translated books were published by "Zhazuchy", "Zhalin" publishing houses: \< "Balausa" (1961) "Light and Heat" (1966)
* "Book of Moods" (1967)
* "My Birthday" (1972)
* "Songs of the Season" (1968)
* "My Son, To You say" (1970)
* "Ballad of Roses" (1971)
* "Ak Chagyl" (1973)
* "Kishkentai" (1975)
* "Fame and Glory" (1977)
* "Seven Colors" (1977)
* "Sun" (1980)
* "Iron Pile" (1981)
* "Open Sky" (1981)
* "My Soil" (1985). Courage" (2001)
* "Zhumeken" (2002)
* "Echo" (2003).
* "The sky is calling" (2005)
* "The brown tone of the drum: What are the acoustics of the drum that came down to us from ancient times?" (2007)
The poet's poems have been translated into several foreign languages.
* In 1967 "No, we cannot forget!" He was awarded the prize of the Lenin Komsomol of Kazakhstan for his poem.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7498 | Askar Uzakbayuly Mamin | Askar Uzakbayuly Mamin (October 23, 1965, Astana) is a Kazakh economist, politician and former Prime Minister of Kazakhstan (2019-2022). President of National Company "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy" JSC (2008-2016). The Argyn tribe originates from the Kanzhigaly clan.
## Short biography
* The Argyn tribe comes from the Kanzhigaly clan.
* Graduated from Tselinograd Institute of Engineering and Construction.
* G.V. He graduated from Plekhanov Russian Academy of Economics. Civil engineer, economist.
* He started his career as a constructor of "Tselintyazstroy" trust.
* Later he engaged in entrepreneurship.
* Deputy Chairman of the Administrative Council of Akmola Special Economic Zone
* He became the first deputy mayor of Astana.
* Vice Minister of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* First Vice Minister of Industry and Trade.
* In 2005-2006, served as the Minister of Transport and Communications of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* Mayor of Astana in 2006-2008.
* In 2008-2016, he served as the president of the national company "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy" JSC.
* In 2016-2019, he was the First Deputy Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* He served as the Prime Minister of the Republic of Kazakhstan from February 25, 2019 to January 5, 2022.
## Awards
* Medal "For Merit" (1998)
* Order "Kurmet" (2006)
* Order "Barys" 2 degree (2011) \ <> * Celebratory medal "10 years to Astana" (2008)
* Order of St. Maniil of Moscow, 3rd degree (ROC, 2010) (Russia)
* Order of the Legion of Honor (2013) (France)
* Recognition Grand Officer of the Cross (2013) (Latvia)
* Grand Cross of the Order "For Civil Service" (2014) (Spain)
* Honored Citizen of Astana (2011)
* Honored Railroad Worker (2012) \< > * Honored Builder of Kazakhstan (2013)
## Sources
Sample: Cabinet of Ministers of Askar Mamin |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7328 | SuperStar KZ | -{SuperStar KZ}- is a reality show based on the popular British show Pop Idol. Every Saturday at 18:50 is a reality show on the Eurasia First channel. This competition-show was organized to identify young singers in Kazakhstan. Voting by SMS or phone every Saturday from 22:40, and the results from 22:30 to 23:00. SuperStar KZ is the second purchased license project in Kazakhstan television. SuperStar KZ is presented in Russian, and the songs are in Russian, Kazakh and English.
## -{SuperStar KZ}-. The first season
The first season ran under "Full License" and lasted nine months. The project consisted of hearings in 16 cities: Astana, Taraz, Aktau, Semey, Pavlodar, Atyrau, Shymkent, Kyzylorda, Taldykorgan, Karaganda, Kokshetau, Aktobe and Almaty, as a result, the jury heard 5563 people. The second stage — Elimination, lasted 3 days from August 27 in Almaty. According to this competition, 50 out of 100 people will be selected. The third stage is called "Work Shop". It ran for five weeks from November 1 to 30, 2003. Every week, 10 contestants come to Almaty for vocal, choreography and style lessons, and every Saturday, viewers can see what they have learned on the live broadcast. Only two out of every ten. 10 people in the final. But the organizers held it on December 13. "Lucky Ticket" 8 participants were given the opportunity to reach the finals. The selection of 8 participants took place as follows: the members of the jury each named one participant without agreement. The two participants were selected by the jury through discussion among themselves. A series of final concerts followed. There, one participant from the 12 finalists left the project every week.
The theme of each concert:
* Top 12: Foreign hits.
* Top 11:
* Top 10:
* Top 9:
* Top 8: Kazakhstan hits.
* Top 7: San Remo 80's Disco Hits.
* Top 6: Hits of the Soviet period.
* Top 5: Foreign current hits
* Top 4: Love songs.
* Top 3: current hits of Russia.
* Top 2: Grand Final
In the Grand Final, the number of phone calls and SMS reached 622394. 295,807 votes were given to Kim Roman, and 326,587 votes to Almas Kishkenbaet. The difference was only five percent.
-{SuperStar KZ}- Sponsors of the first season were Kazkommertsbank and the chain of Elektronika Olemi stores.
### Hosts
* Serik Akishev
* Irina Kordyukova
### Jury
* Batyrkhan Shukenov - singer and musician
* Roman Raifeld - music critic
* Arman Murzagaliev - violinist
* Laila Sultanovna - TV and radio editor.
## -{SuperStar KZ}-. Second season
SuperStar KZ. The second season. Hearings were held in the cities of Taraz, Kyzylorda, Atyrau, Aktobe, Almaty, Ust-Kamenogorsk, Pavlodar, Karaganda and the final destination, Astana, from July 23 to 30, 2004. The premiere of the second season of SuperStar KZ took place on September 25, 2004 on the First Eurasia Channel. On November 6, 2004, the "Workshop" period was held. During five weeks, out of the contestants that the audience immediately liked after watching the contestants live, only two contestants who got the most votes of the audience made it to the finals. They are Alisher Karimov from Taraz and Kairat Tyuntekov from Shymkent. The 19-year-old Kairat Tyuntekov won the competition after performing 3 identical songs. The sponsors of the second season of {SuperStar KZ} are Kazkommertsbank and LG.
### Drivers
* Eric Solo
* Ulpan Kuraisova
### Jury
* Dariga Nazarbayeva - President of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev's daughter
* Almas Amirseitov - president of Premier Records KZ
* Oleg Markov - chief producer
* Diana Snegina - DJ on "Europa Plus Kazakhstan" radio
## -{SuperStar KZ} -. Season Three
Auditions for the third season took place between November 2 and October 7, 2005. 12,000 people were heard from the following cities:
* Almaty: October 7, October 8, November 1, November 2
* Aktau: October 10, October 11
* Aktobe: October 13, October 14 \< > * Pavlodar: October 15, October 16
* Kostanay: October 18, October 19
* Karaganda: October 20, October 21
* Astana: October 22, October 23
* Ust-Kamenogorsk: October 24 , October 25
* Shymkent: October 27, October 28
The premiere of the third season of SuperStar KZ took place on November 26, 2005 on the First Eurasia Channel. On November 7, 2006, the jury selected 40 leaders from 143 candidates for the title of SuperStar KZ 3 who came to the "True Choice" Almaty tournament. As usual, the participants were divided into 5 groups of 8 people, and their musical talents were evaluated every Saturday.
### The first group (January 7, 2006)
* Adilzhan Umarov — Lyubit Tebya by Santos and Yulia Nachalova
* Ayan Birbayev — Aisulu by Bangor
* Daniyar Otegen — I Believe I Can Fly by R. Kelly
* Ekaterina Revanova (Karagandy) — Landysh Serebristy by
* Marzhan Makishev — Lebedinaya Vernost by Yevgeny Martanov
* Meruert Musrali -
* Nurzhan Kermenbaev -
* Zarina Yeleusizov — All At Once by Whitney Houston
Second group (January 14, 2006)
* Aliya Abilkayrova (from Almaty) — Je T'Aime by Lara Fabian
* Altynai Sapargaliyeva (Zhanaozen) — The Voice Within by Christina Aguilera
* Arstan Myrzagereev (Karagandy) — Gde Je Ty? by K-7
* Dauren Orazbekov (Karagandy) — Noch Podruga by A-Studio
* Gulmira Irzhanova (Kostanay) — Underneath Your Clothes by Shakira
* Gulmira Zakiryanova (Kostanay) — Omir-Ozen by Altinay Zhorabayeva
* Sarman Tulebayev (Karagandy) — Belle
Vyacheslav Balashov (Uskemen) — Unusual Eyes by Rashid Beibutov
lodar) — Alatau by
* Irina Pisareva (Pavlodar) — Vishe Oblakov by Slivki
* Karlygash Tastambekova (Almaty) -
* Marat Orazbaev (Zhanauzen) — Razluka by 101
* Meruert) — Niyazveeva Nothing by Whitney Houston
* Nailya Zaitova (Almaty) — Beautiful by Christina Aguilera
* Rinat Maltsagov (Pavlodara) — A little sorry by Philip Kirkorov Daria Akparova (Karaganda) — I Will Survive by Gloria Gaynor
* Dinara Koskeldieva (Almaty) — Hero by Mariah Carey
* Erlan Alimov (Kostanaya) — Ty Made From Fire by Vadim Usbolatna
Almaty) — Wall by Larisa Dolina
* Timur Kalekperov (Uskemen) — How Beautiful You Are Today by Valeriy Meladze
* Vladimir Kim (Karaganda) — Eternal Love by Andre Makarskiy —Meyzhgan Beyna
* Nami Zima by Dilnaz Akhmadieva
* Zhanara Khamitova (Karaganda) -
Besenshi top (2006 4 akpan)
* Anastasia Usova (Aktube) — Adagio Istan by\ Lara Fabian ) — Jamaica by Robertino Loreti
* Asem Tasbulatova (Shymkent) — Zhalt Etip Ötken by Asem
* Evgeny Gartung (from Rudny) — Tequila-love by Valery Meladze
* Irina Iskel Kononova) — (Uskem Kononova) Good (I Got You) by James Brown
* Marat Nigmanov (Astana) — Serenade 2000 by Bravo
* Timur Akhmetzhanov (Aktube) — Insatiable by Darren Hayes
* Vera Kan (Almaty) — Hero Not Mine Romana by Yulia Nachalova
Bakytty ticket (2006 18 akpan)
* Anastasia Usova — Bakyt Kushagynda by Shamshi Kaldayakova
* Ayan Birbaev — As Long As You Love Me Daniyar by Backstreet Boys Otegen -
* Daria Akparova -
* Erlan Alimov — Heart, Tell by Ivan Breusov
* Gulmira Irzhanova — Don't Speak by No Doubt
* Marat Orazbaev — I-Eto You by Murat Nasyrov
* Marzhan Makisheva — Karma by Alicia Keys
* Mnash Zhanbolatova -
* Nailya Zaitova -
* Sarman Tulebaev — Voice by Aleksandr Panayotov
* Vera Kahn — Sometimes by Aleksandr Panayotov > ### Top 12/Takyryptar
* Top 12: concert dedicated to Tomas N'Evergreenge
* Top 11: Network hits
* Top 10: Council<> *Top film festivals 9: Latin American hits
* Top 8: Kazakh hits
* Top 7: Fast hits
* Top 6: My Idol
* Top 5: 70s hits
* Top 4: Zhanna myzhyldyk hits
* Top 3: Love Songs
* Top 2: Grand Final
### ZhūrgіzuŖler
Sabina Sayakova
* Alan Cherkasov
### Jury
* Nagima Eskalieva — People's Artist
* Lyudmila Kim — VJ
* Kairat Kulbayev — Vice of HiT TV channel -president
* Igor Syrtsov - general director of KTK TV channel
## -{SuperStar KZ}-. The fourth season
Final season held in the first half of 2007. Auditions of the fourth season were held between January 30 and February 14 in the following cities:
* Atyrau: January 30 Philharmonic in Zhantorin Atan
* Ural: January 30 Central Palace of Youth Culture
* Karaganda: February 1 Karaganda City Circus
* Aktobe: February 2 Zhubanov Regional Philharmonic
* Pavlodar: February 2 "Bayanaul" cultural and entertainment center
* Astana: February 5, February 6 sports complex "Alatau"
* Shymkent: 6 February, February 7 "Dostyk" hotel complex
* Taraz: February 8 "Balashogun" cultural center
* Ust-Kamenogorsk: February 9 "Bolshevik" entertainment center
* Almaty: February 13, February 14 "Da freak » night club
The premiere of the fourth season of SuperStar KZ was on February 17, 2007 on the First Eurasian Channel. In the fourth season, the selection of ten finalists was carried out as follows: 12 girls appeared in the first week, and 12 boys in the next week. Out of these, 8 boys and girls will come out. Then 4 contestants out of 8 and 8 finalists. Also, a lucky ticket that allows two participants to reach the finals.
### The first group. (Girls. March 14, 2007)
* Daria Akparova - I understood
* Ardak Zinali - Native Earth
* Mariam Dumanova' - Kolybelnaya
* Aida Zhakupova - Pod espanskim nebom \ <> * Banu Lehaveva — Ake Turaly Zhai
* Stepanida Basyuk — Eş lyublu
* Elena Psaryova — This love
* Guzel Lukhmanova — Little Prince
* Gulim Aitkazina — Lebedinaya vernost
* Ainur Nazarbekova — Men Zhaily
* Zarina Kurmanbayeva — Ya tova
* Albina Oganesyan — Ostanus
### The second group. (Guys. March 31, 2007)
* Oleg Karezin — Zhan Syrym
* Daulet Suleymenov — Since U've Been Gone
* Talgat Kenzhebulatov — Razluka
* Anatoly Tsoi — Lady Dozhdya
* Daulet Bolatbaev — Kakhaz Keme
* Vladimir Kim — Ya Ne mogu bez tebya
* Nurlan Tolepbergenov — Suygenym
* Igor Tukhvatov — Nevomzho zvojmo
* Oleg Nikitin — Cosa Sei
* Azamat Bersembayev — Because I love you
* Rustem Nurgaliyev — Ya etu zhizn tebe otdam
* Adilzhan Umarov — Kto-to prostit
### 8 — 4. (Girls. 2007 April 7)
* Aida Zhakupova - My angel
* Gulim Aitkazina - My guardian angel
* Mariam Dumanova - My soul
* Albina Oganesyan - Zima
* Elena Psaryova - Mother soul
* Daria Akparova — Because You
* Stepanida Basyuk — The year of Makhabat
* Aynur Nazarbekova — Ne smotri
### 8 — 4. (Guys. April 14, 2007) \< >
Igor Tukhvatov — You are made of fire
* Vladimir Kim — Even if you leave
* Adylzhan Umarov — Sex bomb
* Oleg Nikitin — Opera No. 2
* Oleg Karezin — I'm with you mind
* Daulet Bolatbaev — My story
* Anatoly Tsoi — Mama
* Talgat Kenzhebulatov — Stand for me
Oleg Karezin and Daulet Bolatbaev are ready for the final.
On May 30, 2007 SuperStar KZ 4 champion Oleg Karezin (59%)! 2nd place Adylzhan Umarov (41%).
### Zhūrgіzushіler
* Irina Kordyukova
* Adil Liyan
### Juryler
* Nagima Eskalieva — People's Artist
* Taras Boychenko -
* Serik Akishev — TV tournament
## Statistics is a matter
### My mouse grows
#> \< # Fourth mouse
## Link
* SuperStar KZ Posted on November 21, — Official website
* [1] Village of May 18, — Production studio SuperStar KZ season 1 4.
* [2] — Zhemmpaz fourth season |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5297 | People's Liberation Uprising of 1836-1838 | People's liberation uprising in Kazakhstan in 1836-1838 - peasant uprising led by Isatai Taimanuly and Makhambet Utemisuly (1836-1838) It was one of the largest national liberation uprisings. The main reason for the uprising was the lack of land. For example, about 20,000 family farms in the Inner Horde were affected by land shortage. All the nearest desirable lands were divided among themselves by the big landowners and the rich. Ordinary Kazakhs rented the land from them and used it. The Kazakh nobles leased the lands they had rented from the Russian landlords to the Kazakh villages at high prices. Thus, he repeatedly collected various fines and taxes from the Kazakhs.
Russian landowners Yusupov and Bezborodko owned huge plots of land on the shores of the Caspian Sea. The Zhayik military council seized the lands along the Bolshoi and Kishi Ozen and around the Kamys-Samara lakes for its own benefit. The lands along Zhayik were occupied by Zhayik Kazakh troops. It was strictly forbidden for Kazakhs to cross and use the coastal pastures. Field Kazakhs could not cross to the inner side, and inner Kazakhs could not cross to the outer side of the field. Due to the lack of land, Kazakhs had to rent and use land at high prices from the peasants of the Astrakhan province, Zhaiyk Kazakhs, large landowners and rich Kazakhs. The types of tribute imposed by Jangir Khan also crushed the soul. He introduced a single type of tax collected for his personal benefit. The tsar's government did not interfere with the fiscal and financial system created by the khan himself.
In 1836, a popular uprising began. Its driving force was ordinary shepherd Kazakhs. A number of elders also gathered under the flag of rebellion. The sultans, wondering what the outcome of this would be, looked behind the alphabet and remained neutral or opposed the rebels.
People's uprising was led by famous heroes Isatai Taimanuly (1791-1838) and Makhambet Utemisuly (1803-1845). Both of them were from the common ancestor of Berish clan.
Isatai Taimanuly was born in 1791. In 1808, when there was a severe famine on the left bank of Zhaiyk, his clan was forced to move to the Ishki Horde in search of better conditions. At the age of 21, Isatai was appointed as the elder of his tribe. He gained great respect and honor among his relatives.
Isatai Taimanuly's closest companion was the poet Makhambet Otemisuly. He knew Tatar and Russian languages well. He lived in Orinbor for some time. Makhambet Otemisuly, a well-known Russian writer and ethnographer V. I. Dalman was well acquainted. V.I. Dal worked as an official on special assignments under the governor-general of Orynbor. Makhambet traveling scientist G.S. He had a close relationship with Karelin. G.S. Karelin served in the Inner Horde and Orinbor. All Kazakhs are familiar with Mahambet's fiery poems condemning the tyranny of the tyrant Khan, sultans and those around him.
"I wanted to raise the voice of the khans like themselves, the fat-bellied princes like a father, call my position to the sky, cut off their heads, I wanted to plant a thicket along the Volga, I wanted to settle the country, I wanted to fill the country with livestock!", -
\ <> "I wish I could cut off the heads of the khans like themselves, the fat-bellied princes, calling my position to the sky, I wish I could settle the country, I wish I could fill the bordering country with livestock!", -
"Khans like themselves, I wish I could raise the voice of the rich princes like the father, I would call my position to the sky, I would cut off their heads, I would like to settle the country, I would like to settle the country, I would like to fill the land along the coast with cattle!" I wanted to call my position to the sky, I wanted to cut off his head, I wanted to plant a country in the Volga, I wanted to fill the country with cattle!", -
"I wanted to raise the voice of the khans like themselves, the fat-bellied rulers like the father, and I wanted to take my position to the sky I wanted to call him, I wanted to cut off his head, I wanted to make a thicket along the Volga, I wanted to settle the country, I wanted to fill the country with livestock!", -
Mahambet sang with inspiration about the goal of the people's liberation struggle.
In February 1836, the rebels launched an open attack against Jangir Khan. The main reason for this was Isatai Taimanuly's showing favor to the Khan Horde. He categorically refused to go to the invitation of the Khan. In addition, he evacuated the villages belonging to him from wintering and gathered a large group of insurgents.
In the spring of 1836, an armed khan squad led by Karaulkozha Babazhanuly approached the rebel camp. Isatai Taimanuly himself led 200 well-armed men against him. He came out with a flag in his hand. He challenged his opponent to a duel. But Karaulkoja Babajanuly and those around him refused to fight and did not accept the offer of the hero. Khan's army retreated, unable to engage in a major battle. The rebels returned to their camp. Isatai Taimanov's reputation as the leader of the uprising was known to the entire Kishi Hundred.
Jangir Khan and those around him moved to slander Isatai. One of his horsemen, who was killed by a machete during a hostage situation, tried to prove that Isatai and his men were involved in the death of the old man. Isatai Taimanuly understood well that Karaulkozha organized this slander with the consent of Zhangir Khan. It was decided to complain to Jangir Khan about Karaulkoja.
In 1836 and 1837, by filing complaints and petitions, Isatai Taimanuly tried to publicly expose Jangir Khan and the people around him. Sending complaints and petitions was followed by a mass protest. A large number of people participated in the first such march in 1836, and Jangir Khan was shocked by the anger of the people. Isatai Batyr presented his request in the Tolybai gorge, where the people had gathered. Jangir Khan listened to all his demands and promised to solve the accumulated problems within 12 days. But he did not keep his promise. So Jangir Khan began to lose his reputation in front of the people.
In the fall of 1836, Isatai Taimanuly visited the villages of different clans and invited Zhaiyk to seize the lands owned by the Kazakh troops on their own. The reputation and honor of the leader of the uprising among the people increased day by day. The insurgents repulsed the khan's army in shock. One of the people around the Khan, B. Kudaibergenuly attacked the Kazakhs of the Serkesh clan. Serkes were on the side of the rebels. Isaiah used an armed force of 270 soldiers to punish the attackers. They attacked the village of that dancer and completely destroyed it.
At the beginning of 1837, the famous elder of the Baybakki clan, Zhunys Zhanteliuli, joined the rebels. Now the territory of the rebellion has expanded. The ranks of the rebels continued to grow. Fearing the scope of the uprising, the Orinbor Border Commission arrests Isatai Taimanov and instructs him to consider his case in court. Against this, the leader of the rebels, Governor-General V.A. Complained to Perovsky. The head of the region's attitude towards the Kazakhs was not bad. It was known that once, for attacking and robbing Kazakhs who were celebrating a wedding, Perovsky's centurion Bukhmatov and a group of Kazakhs passed through the middle of a line of a thousand people and beat them up and expelled them from military service forever. But he, as the ruler of the region, carried out the colonial policy of the royal government.
Isatai Batyr wrote in his petitions and complaints: "No one listens to our petitions and complaints. Our property will be looted and looted. Therefore, even though we have taken an oath that we are faithfully surrendered to the emperor, we live in terrible fear every day.
In the summer and autumn of 1837, the rebels intensified their attacks on the villages of the rich. In the fall of the same year, a detachment of 200 soldiers attacked the village of Karaulkozha Babajanuly and destroyed it. 50 people, including 2 sultans, were captured. The considerable strength of the rebels was gradually approaching the Khan Horde. The insurgents seized the property and pastures of Jangir Khan's supporters.
Insurgents also crossed the territory of Chernoyar district of Astrakhan province. There they attacked and destroyed the villages of Kalmaks, Karakalpaks and Tatars.
Another small group of rebels destroyed the village of Sultan Medetkali Shokauly near the Balshikty Castle. Property and cattle of the Sultan were captured.
## Arrest of the Khan's Horde by the rebels
The rebels led by Isatai Taimanuly came close to the Khan's Horde about ten kilometers at the beginning of October 1837. Both Jangir Khan and his entourage were besieged. The total number of rebels would exceed two thousand people. However, Isatai did not want to conquer the Khan Horde by force. The insurgents demanded that Jangir Khan expel Balky and Karaulkhoja princes from their area and hand over the power to the heads of the clan.
Zhangir Khan was not afraid. He moved to negotiate with the rebels. A new petition was handed over to Khan. It warned that if the demands made to the khan were not fulfilled, the rebels would leave the Inner Horde with the entire countryside and move uphill. It was signed by 300 clans, chiefs and heroes who are influential among the people. This situation worsened the situation of Jangir Khan.
The administration of the royal government was also very worried. In case the rebels break out of Zhaiyk and move to the outer surface, they began to take urgent measures against it. The border fortress began to be strengthened.
Isatai tried to convince the tsar's administration that the tense situation between him and Taimanuly Khan could be resolved through peaceful negotiations. The hero thought to waste time. As soon as the winter came and the ice of Zhaiyk froze, it was going to move to its left side. And in the meantime, Orinbor administration and Zhangir Khan managed to mobilize the military forces of the Kazakhs urgently. Jangir Khan's troops were also ready to carry out punitive measures. Thus, in a short period of time, more than 1000 people were concentrated against the rebels.
## The battle at the bottom of Tastobe
The time has come for the tension to be resolved on the battlefield. On November 15, 1837, a bloody battle took place between the rebels and the punitive detachments in Tastobe. As a result of being able to skillfully use the blue dive, choosing suitable horses, and being familiar with the conditions of the place where the battle took place, the rebels dominated the first half of the battle and won a significant victory. However, the executioners of the insurgents began to fire incessantly with cannons. The rebels could not stand it and had to retreat. They were chased for several kilometers. Dozens of people were killed. During the chase, some livestock of the rebels remained in the hands of the enemy.
After the defeat at the foot of Tastobe, the rebels split into small groups and dispersed to the territory of the Inner Horde. The strength of the insurgents has weakened and their morale has also decreased. The punitive army used all its strength to capture the leader of the rebellion. 500 soms of silver money was placed on Isatai's head.
On the night of December 13, 1837, the rebels crossed the Zhayik River. Sultan Baimagambet Aishuakuly with 80 Kazakhs and his men went after the rebels from Sarayshik fortress. Several rebels were captured during the chase. No matter how much Sultan Aishuakhuly tried, he could not capture the leader of the rebellion. At the beginning of 1838, Isatai Taymanuly and his troops followed him to the edge of the Shekti clan in Bolshoi Borsikty kum. Here he was joined by other Kazakhs in groups.
## Efforts to unite the forces of the rebels
With the spring, the movement of the Kazakhs became stronger in places. For example, Zholaman Tilenishuly's squad took action along the Elek River. Yusup Batyr's troops appeared in the Aral-Caspian region. And in the steppes of Central Kazakhstan, a powerful uprising led by the "rebellious sultan" Kenesary Kasymuly spread widely.
In this situation, Isatai Taimanuly decided to join forces with Sultan Kaipkali Yesimuly, who broke away from Khiva Khanate. Sultan declared himself Khan. There were about 3000 soldiers in his squad. These two squads joined each other in the villages of the Shekti tribe at the mouth of the Oyil river.
A very serious and dangerous situation has developed for the tsar's government. Moreover, the desire to unite the forces of the entire Little Hundred in rebellion was also observed. Therefore, the Governor-General of the Orinbor Region sent a large army to suppress the movement of the Kazakhs. In addition to the mountain fortress, Sultan B. Aishuakuly's camp came out. It included 100 Cossacks of the Zhayik regiment. In the detachment led by lieutenant colonel Geke from Orynbor, there were two hundred soldiers of the Orynbor Kazakh regiment, one hundred and fifty soldiers of the Zhayik Kazakh regiment, fifty soldiers of the border line fortresses and two cannons.
## Reasons and consequences of the defeat of the uprising
The superiority of the punitive detachment from a military and technical point of view was immediately noticeable. On July 2, 1838, a decisive battle took place between the rebels and the executioners along the Kiyl and Akbulak rivers. In the course of it, the leader of the uprising, Isatai Taimanuly, was killed. The remaining group of rebels then retreated and disappeared into the field. The punitive army organized a chase after them. About 80 people were killed by the rebels in the battle.
After the death of Isatai Taimanuly, the uprising began to slow down. Separate detachments were acting only in places close to the Lower Zhayik border, along the Oyil River.
Makhambet Otemisuly was forced to go into hiding for a while. Later, he incited the Kazakhs to rise against Zhangir Khan and the royal government. In 1845, the ruler-sultan Baimagambet was killed in a battle with the people of Aishuakuly. After the uprising was suppressed, the persecution of those who participated in it began. It was fatal to many people. A number of rebels were sent to hard labor, their property was confiscated. The most active participants in the uprising were permanently exiled to Eastern Siberia.
The main reasons for the defeat of the uprising were as follows: first of all, the movement was not carefully organized in advance, it did not have a clear program, the uprising took a local scattered character. The leaders of the uprising could not communicate with the militias led by Kenesary Kasymuly and Zholaman Tilenshiuly. The troops of the tsarist government were equipped with rifles and cannons. Sometimes even a few rounds from the cannons forced the insurgents to retreat. Kazakhs did not have such weapons. One of the main reasons for the defeat of the uprising was that this time, like Syrym Datuly's troops, the struggle was carried out in two directions - against the royal government and the Khan's rule. This made the situation of the participants of the uprising much more difficult. Moreover, the rebels were surrounded almost entirely by the Cossack troops and units of the Turkic Russian army. It was also impossible to expect help from the Kazakhs in the steppe part of the Little River. Because the Russian troops on the border line did not allow contact with relatives outside of Zhaiyk.
## Historical significance of the uprising
The uprising led by Isatai Taimanuly and Makhambet Utemisuly had a great historical significance.
This was a major uprising of Kazakhs against colonialism in the territory of the new administrative-territorial unity created by the tsarist government. Its character of national liberation prevailed. Even after the uprising was brutally suppressed, it continued. In 1842, there were uprisings led by Abbas Koshayuly and Laubai Mantayuly against Zhangir Khan.
Jangir Khan had to comply with some of the demands of the rebels. In particular, the amount of taxes collected from the people has been significantly reduced. He realized that he had to take into account the opinion of the elders who protested against the tsar's government.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6254 | Solomon Islands | This article is about the country of Solomon Islands. For Toparal, see Solomon Islands (archipelago).
Solomon Islands or Solomon Islands (English. Solomon Islands) is an independent country belonging to the Melanesian region. The country of Solomon Islands is located in 6 large and more than 900 small islands in Oceania, most of which belong to the archipelago of the same name. The land area is 28,400 square kilometers, the population is 700,000. The state is a member of the Commonwealth of Nations and its head is the British monarch.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1039 | Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic | The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic is one of the allied republics that were part of the former USSR; he was born in 1920 It was founded on August 26 and was initially called the Kyrgyz AKSR and became part of the RKFSR in 1936. On December 5, it became an allied republic. It is located in the south-west of the Asian part of the USSR, it borders the RKFSR to the north, the Turkmen SSR to the south, the Uzbek SSR and the Kyrgyz SSR, China to the east, and the Caspian Sea to the west. The Kazakh SSR was the second allied republic after the RKFSR in terms of land area, and the third allied republic after the RKFSR and Ukraine in terms of population. The area is 2724.9 thousand km². The capital is the city of Almaty. Administratively, it was divided into 19 regions, 210 districts, and had 82 cities.
## State structure
The Kazakh SSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, an allied Soviet socialist republic that is part of the USSR. The Constitution was adopted at the Extraordinary 10th Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh SSR in 1937. Approved on March 26. The supreme body of the state government is the unicameral Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, elected by the people for 4 years with one deputy per 27,000 inhabitants. During the sessions of the Supreme Council, the highest body of the state government is the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. The Supreme Council established the government of the Republic - the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, adopted the laws of the Kazakh SSR. In regions and districts, cities, villages, the relevant councils of workers' deputies are local bodies of government. People elected them for 2 years. The Kazakh SSR sent 32 deputies to the Council of Nations of the Supreme Council of the USSR. The Supreme Court is the Supreme Court elected by the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR for 5 years. It includes 2 judicial panels (for civil and criminal cases) and a Plenum. At the same time, the Presidium of the Supreme Court was formed. The prosecutor of the Kazakh SSR was appointed by the General Prosecutor of the USSR for 5 years.
### Leaders of the country
Secretaries of the Kyrgyz Regional Committee of the Communist Party:
## Population
Local people of the Kazakh SSR Its population was Kazakhs (according to the 1970 census, 4234 thousand). Other peoples also lived in the republic: Russians (5,522 thousand), Ukrainians (933 thousand, who lived mainly in the developed virgin and fallow lands in the northern regions, as well as in cities), Tatars (288 thousand), Uzbeks (216 thousand), Belarusians (198 thousand ), Uighurs (121 thousand, living along the upper reaches of the Ile River), Koreans (82 thousand, mostly in Almaty region and Kyzylorda region), Dungyns (17 thousand), etc. b. nations. Compared to 1913, the population of the Kazakh SSR increased by 2.5 times until 1974.
The population of the republic grew at the expense of the people who immigrated from other republics due to natural growth and the rapid development of industry, as well as the development of virgin and fallow lands. In terms of natural population growth (in 1972, it increased by 17.2 people per thousand people), the Kazakh SSR was ahead of most of the other allied republics (9.6 people on average in the USSR).
The average population density in the republic is 5.1 people per 1 km². However, the location of the population was uneven. In the southern part of the Kazakh SSR, in some places where irrigated agriculture is developed, the population density exceeds 100 people per 1 km; It was also somewhat higher in the north: 20 people per 1 km² in the black-soil forest steppe and steppe region. The population was densely settled in cities and districts with strong industrial development. And the west, center of the Kazakh SSR; in the southern parts of the vast expanses of desert and wilderness, on the contrary, it is sparsely populated; the average population density in these regions did not exceed 1.4-1.8 people per 1 km².
1972 4,971,000 people (5.4 times more than in 1940) worked in the republic, including 1,095,000 in industry, 568,000 in construction, 1,002,000 in agriculture, and 588,000 in transport and communications. 48% of workers and employees in all sectors of the economy were women. During the construction of the social society under the Soviet government, the relationship between the urban and rural population changed. More than 200 new cities and towns in the Kazakh SSR. etc. a settlement appeared. Before the October Revolution, there was no city with a population of more than 50,000. the number of such cities reached 27, there were 16 cities with a population of more than 100 thousand, including 2 cities with a population of more than 500 thousand (Almaty 813 thousand. Karaganda 559 thousand). Karaganda, Temirtau (192 thousand), Balkash (80 thousand), Zhezkazgan (74 thousand) in the Central Kazakh SSR, Shevnenko (89 thousand) in Mangistau, Rudny (105 thousand), Yermak, Arkalyk, Ekibastuz in the North Kazakh SSR , large industrial centers such as Karatau, Kentau, Tekeli were established in the South Kazakh SSR. The population of old cities also increased: in Almaty in 1926. In 1974, the population was 45.4 thousand, but in 1974 it was 813 thousand, 284 thousand in Shymkent, 265 thousand in Semey, 252 thousand in Ust-Kamenogorsk, 228 thousand in Pavlodar, 228 thousand in Taraz, 170 thousand in Aktobe.
## Economic system of the Kazakh SSR
The basis of the economic system of the Kazakh SSR was the socialist ownership of production equipment in the form of state and collective farm-cooperative ownership. Also, the property necessary for the implementation of the statutory duties of the trade union and other public organizations was found to be socialist property. The basis of self-property of the citizens of the Kazakh SSR was the hard-earned income. The state protected the private property of citizens and their inheritance.
Production equipment and other property necessary for the implementation of the statutory duties of collective farms and other cooperative organizations, their associations, were found to be the property of that organization. The land occupied by collective farms is approved for their free and indefinite use. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5193 | Қастеев | Abilkhan Kasteev (1904-1973) is a famous Kazakh painter, graphic artist, one of the founders of Kazakh fine art. His birthplace is Zharkent district of Almaty region. The place where the soil is ordered is the city of Almaty. People's Artist of Kazakhstan (1944). Chairman of the board of the Union of Artists of Kazakhstan (1945-1956).
## Life
Ulyu Yuz came from the Elshibek branch of the Suan clan.
He started his career as a worker in Turksib railway construction. He took lessons from N.G. Khludov and I. Brodsky in the art studio in Moscow (1929-1936). He created more than a thousand works of art that realistically depict various scenes of people's life.
Abilkhan was inclined to crafts, and then to art from an early age. His mother, Aigansha, was a skilled person in weaving carpets, rugs, ropes, embroidery, and making chim shi. Abilkhan was fascinated by this folk art from childhood, helped his mother to make ornaments, and grew up learning art. His works "Portrait of a Sister" and "Self-Portrait" painted by him in 1930-1931 are distinguished by their similarity to the original and their attempt to reveal the nature of the character. Gradually, he began to pay attention to the various aspects of the country's life and to look at the historical and social changes with the intelligence of an artist. His "School" (1930), "Turksib" (1932), "Portrait of Zhambyl" (1937), "Old and New Life" (1937-1941), "Soldiers of Amangel" (1970), "Young Abay" (1945) His works are like an artistic genealogy of a talented artist, who has honestly engraved the past and present.
Abilkhan is an artist who was able to depict the beautiful nature of his native land and the creative changes of human hands in it with great inspiration. His paintings such as "High Mountain Ice Rink" (1954), "Blooming Apple" (1958), "My Homeland" (1959), "Zhailau Auto Shop" (1963), "Kapshagai Hydroelectric Power Plant" (1972) are epic. attracts attention with his attitude and sincerity.
As an artist, Abilkhan Kasteev not only distinguished himself with his own unique signature, but was also able to sing about his birthplace and the country where he grew up with filial love.
Celebrating the hundredth anniversary of Abilkhan Agha at the level of UNESCO: a tribute to all Kazakh art. We learned a lot from this simple and holy master of the brush. He was the first person who overcame the ban on art and brought the original art to the fore. He was a patient person who did not get up without finishing a painting he had started. While talking at your grandfather's house, he said: "I strangled people I didn't love!" - means. And he did not abuse the ant. The meaning of this is that I did not portray a person I did not like. Indeed, the spiritual life of a person who is drawn to the artist's pen is prolonged and remains in history. Even after we leave, he will continue to create art. In general, there is no language in the picture, there is understanding. In other words, the language of the picture is a language without a language, which can be understood by any nation. But it feels different. My favorite artist is Vereshchagin. He wrote about the horrors of war that he saw. Kasteev also copied what he saw into art. That's why it's immortal. Their painting is a life for the future... If Abilkhan Agha is free from painting, he cannot sit still for a minute. Fix the mother and do this... Neighbors were looking at them who had moved to a new house with special admiration. Once, Abilkhan brother was working in his garden with a hoe in his hand, and one of his neighbors was watching from the other side of the tree. After peace, the neighbor said: "They say that a big, famous artist has moved into this house. You probably know him. What is he like?" could not hide his interest. Maybe he didn't think that the person who looked like a legend would be so simple.
— When we all went out with our family, we could hardly walk a block in forty minutes. Few people do not know my father. A country that prayed for safety and health, - aunty Gulnaziya remembered those days. - The cat used to follow my father around until he became a cat. There are villagers in our narrow house, we are there, and one day when we are all having a good time, my father brought an owl. We still have leprechauns... My father, who loves animals like himself, was also amazed at the life of an ant, and asked him to take an example from this insect. He especially paid a lot of attention to his dog named "Tiger". He had a tender soul and a tender heart. He had several heart attacks. When the car that brings home from the hospital is seen around the turn, Tholbarys first runs in front of it. Both are silent. Zholbarys also disappeared a day before Abilkhan Akhba passed away. A good dog does not show its deadness... This is a sign that the dog, which is one of the seven treasures of Kazakhstan, feels that its owner will pass away, and that the country will lose its talented son.
Brother Abilkhan's heart was born of pure admiration. He looks at the plane in the sky and says, "how many tons are floating in the air" and marvels again at the human mind. "What a wonderful system," he says, looking at every creature of nature. Isn't all this surprise poured out of his brush as a picture? Maybe this is a feature that is unique only to the great ones. "God is within the man". Abilkhan's speech. "God gives the garden equally to everyone. It's up to you to keep it. If you let it go, no one is to blame but you," he said. It is this position that made Kasteev Kasteev, this is the legend.
We carved out the world of a simple father from the nostalgic stories of aunt Gulnaziya, the beloved daughter of Abilkhan Agha, one of the unique personalities of the nation, whose birth is 100 years old. Perhaps you want to visit the simple world of Kasteev, who rose to fame forever, because you miss the wise old people of Kazakhstan, the treasured old people of the village. A. is a rare person who gave happiness to his children and hearth, and an anniversary to his vast Motherland. It is clear that opening a private museum of Kasteev is something to be done in a country that is taking stock of its existence and its absence.
Therefore, it is necessary to pay due respect to our sage whose pictures "smell the smell of the field".
## Popular works
"Dairy farm on the collective farm", "Gathering cotton", "Wedding of the collective farm", "Elopement with the girl", "Bought bride", "Golden grain" ", "Aksai Quarry", "Medeu Ice Rink", "Turksib", "Talas Coast", "Kapshagai Field". Also portraits of Kenesary Kasymov, Abay, Shokan Ualikhanov, Zhambyl; He has famous paintings such as the portrait "Amangeldi Imanov", which is especially popular.
## Awards and positions
* Awarded the "October Revolution" order, the "Labor Red Flag" order twice, the "Badge of Honor" order.
* Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1942).
* People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR (1944).
* The state award of the Kazakh SSR named after Shokan Ualikhanov (1967), for the works entitled "Kazakh land".
* In 2004, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of A. Kasteev, the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan issued a 50 tenge commemorative coin.
* In 2014, the Kasteev House-Museum was opened in Almaty.
## Memory
* The State Art Museum of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as streets in several cities, are named after Kasteev.
* The art college in Shymkent is named after Kasteev, in 2009, a monument to the artist was opened in front of the college.
* In 2004, postage stamps were issued for Kasteev.
## Sources
## References
* Abylkhan Kasteev — Almaty: "Edebiet elemy", 2014.
* Abylkhan Kasteev's specialty in visual arts Archived November 17, 2021.
* Amazing life Abylkhana Kasteeva Archived November 24, 2021. (photo report)
* Abylkhan Kasteev. Первый народный
* Artist Abilkhan Kasteev on YouTube |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7051 | Деңгене | Level (tradition). One of the traditions that has been forgotten in recent years is this level. Two or three guys get together and say that they have come to a rich house to eat. Its condition is as follows: the owner of the house puts a fat sheep in front of those two or three young men. They should drink and eat the meat of one sheep with soup. If they eat a sheep, the price of the sheep is free, and if they cannot get enough of the meat, they must pay the owner two sheep. In some places it is also called "molasses". Another interesting thing is that in the past, there were many people who would eat a single sheep in the country. At the end of the 19th century, there was a famous settlement called Shintan in the Tinet clan in Argyn. It seems that one sheep will not be infected with its poison. In the southern part of Kazakhstan, the use of "level" is different. In this area, 4-5 houses together slaughter one animal. After he finished, he slaughtered another animal together. So it goes on and on. This is mainly because of the warm weather in winter, so it is not possible to store a lot of meat.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5056 | Gabit Musirepov | Gabit Makhmutuly Musirepov (March 22, 1902 - December 31, 1985) is a Kazakh folk writer, dramatist, critic, state and public figure.
Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1958), Man of Socialist Labor (1974), People's Writer of Kazakhstan.
Chairman of the Union of Writers of Kazakhstan (1961), secretary of the Union of Writers of the USSR, deputy of the 5th convocation of the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR.
## Biography
Gabit Musirepov was born in the village of Zhanazhol, Zhambyl district of today's North Kazakhstan region. He came from the Siban clan of the Kerei tribe of Orda Yuzh.
At first, he learned Arabic letters from the village mullah, and graduated from a two-year rural Russian school from a young age, and then from a four-year high Russian school.
Being able to read the works of famous Russian poets and writers while studying at a Russian school, the literary teacher Beket Otetileuov, who taught him in a rural school, helped the future writer to become especially interested in literature.
While studying at the Rabfak in Orynbor, he improved his literary knowledge and aesthetic sense even more. In the years 1923-1926 spent here, he studied with Sabit Mukanov at the workers' faculty in Orynbor and met Saken Seifullin.
In 1927, he graduated from the Ombi Agricultural Boarding School;
In 1927 - 1928, he worked as a teacher at the Burabai Forestry Technical College;
In 1928 - 1932, he worked as the editor-in-chief of the Kazakh state publishing house;
in 1933 - worked as the head of the art sector of the People's Education Commissariat of the Kazakh SSR;
since 1934, he has been the editor-in-chief of the newspapers "Kazakh literature" and "Socialist Kazakhstan" (now "Egemen Kazakhstan") (1935);
in 1936 - in the position of deputy head of the press department in the Kazakh Regional Committee; Since 1937, he has been the head of the political and educational department of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan;
in 1938-1955 engaged in single creative works;
1956-1957 editor-in-chief of "Ara - Shmel" magazine;
in 1956 - 1961, the 1st secretary of the board of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan;
since 1958, a member of the Committee on Lenin and State Prizes in the fields of literature, art and architecture under the Council of Ministers of the USSR;
in 1964 - 1966 became the 1st secretary of the board of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan;
In 1959-1985, he served as secretary of the USSR Union of Writers.
## Creativity
In 1925, the story "Edige" was first published in the newspaper "Enbekshi Kazakh". Among Musyrepov's first short stories are the works "Tulagan Tulganda" and "American Wheat", which were published in Kyzylorda in 1928. These works, which give hope for the future of the young writer, deal with the civil theme. Despite the loose structure of the plot, the story "Tulagan Tulganda" was a work of the young writer that demonstrated his landscape, humor, dialogue creation skills and showed his artistic side.
M. made a great contribution to the development of the story genre. He was recognized for his writing skills from his first works. "Kos Shalkar" (1928), "Neighbors in the Blue House" (1929), "Life Story" (1930), "First Steps" (1932), "Hurry" (1934), "Continuous Growth" (1934), "Zhailau" on the way" (1936), "The Captive Girl" (1938), "The Defeated Esrafil" (1939), and many other stories describe the hard life of working people and the civil war, the turbulent events during collectivization.
Musirepov created a composite image of the Kazakh woman in his works on the theme of mother written in each period. In many stories and novels, the image of Woman - Mother was exalted, and the gallery of Woman - Mother figures in world literature was enriched. "Mother's Mother" (1933), "Mother Overcoming Death" (1933), "Angry Mother", "Mother's Intercessor" (1934), "Mother's Mother" (1942), "Aklima" (1944), "Amina", He brought a new artistic expression to the art of speech through the works "Ana Zhyry" and "Ana". Although the first stories written about the mother were taken from M. Gorky's poem, the image of the mother was artistically expressed with Kazakh qualities. The real scenes of Kazakh life are described through the images of mothers such as Kapiya and Aklima, born from Musirepov's pen.
Musirepov's first novel is "Kazakh soldier". The story published in 1945 under the name "Kazakh batyr" was edited and supplemented by the writer and republished in 1950. This work was the first work dedicated to the theme of World War II in the field of prose of Kazakh literature and a very significant work that took its rightful place in the category of selected works written on the theme of war in Kazakh literature. The main character of the novel is Kairgali Smagulov, the prototype of Kairos Sartaliev. In the novel, which realistically depicts the patriotism and struggle of the people against the invaders during the war, the writer created an artistic chronicle of the fiery years with his own creative expression. It showed the bravery of the whole people and the country through the collected images of real heroes.
In the historical novel "Oyangan olke" (1953), the life of the Kazakh people in the 19th century is depicted with great artistry, and the beginning of the establishment of production facilities on the Kazakh land is realistically described. In the work, the writer criticized old customs and showed that some traditional traditions have started to decline in the Kazakh steppe. The creation of the Karaganda mine and the Akbuirat copper smelter on Kazakh soil, the fate of people striving for a new life, character tensions, various conflicts - everything is reflected in the novel. The first book of the three-volume work describes the entire era of the Kazakh steppe by comprehensively showing the conflicting relations between the Kazakh rich, the Russian rich, and the working class, such as Zhuman and Igilik. Artistic philosophy. The novel, dominated by tension, was recognized as a masterpiece of Kazakh prose.
The novel "In the hands of a foreigner" (1984), which is the legal continuation of "Oyangan olke", was published after 30 years. This book can be called an independent work in itself. Because the period of life depicted in the novel is new, and so are the characters. The novel is a historical depiction of the British and French rule over production centers and the people's life at that time (end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries), a society in the Central Kazakhstan region. It is valuable because it seriously describes the reality of life on a large scale. The historical period full of tumultuous events depicted by the writer passes through the reader's mind and imagines before his eyes through the characters, various actions and destinies of individual people who lived at that time.
Along with voluminous novels, Musirepov also developed a small genre in prose. "Autobiographical Story" (1956), "Ethnographic Story" (1956), "There Are No Words, Its Traces" (1962), "Life Journey" (1963), "One Day of Aigul Shepherd" (1964), "Nights of Aizhan Shepherd" , "First Fountain", "Eagle Song" (1967), "Japanese Ballad" (1967) and other works raised various issues and created various images. Through "Stories of the Back, the Eye, the Stone" and on the basis of its artistic images, he exposes people who bring endless suffering to humanity.
His story "An image that did not meet" (1966, RK State Prize, 1970) is a classic work. The story showed Musyrepov's literary skills and talent as a true jeweler of words. In this work, which is like a poem written in black words, civic heroism and noble art of poetry, moral highness and love are beautifully expressed with deep lyricism. The writer has achieved great artistic success in rendering the human image, behavior, and actions with beautiful stroke details. The energetic personality of the main character Erkebulan, the various secrets of his spiritual world are beautifully illustrated with artistic paint. Poet Saken Seifullin was taken as his prototype. The image of Yerkebulan, sung with deep lyricism and various emotional waves, enriched the list of pleasant images in Kazakh literature and was considered a great success in the art of speech.
The image of Ulpan (the novel "Ulpan", 1974), which the writer came up with after a lot of research and preparation, is a unique, isolated literary image in Kazakh literature. It can be seen that the writer has been preparing for the creation of the image of Ulpan, which is characterized by its uniqueness, artistic finish, and the abundance of aesthetic influence, throughout his life, and he has searched a lot and was excited. He wrote in his diary: "In my mind, Ulpan was together for 40 years. I tried to show that image from every angle - thoughts, feelings, appearance, youth, adulthood, character, kindness, and more." wrote. Ulpan and Yeseney in the work are not fictional characters, but people who existed in history. In addition, the socio-historical life of the Kazakh people in the 2nd half of the 19th century, which is the basis of the work, is historically comprehensively studied and selected events and data.
Musirepov's contribution to the field of dramaturgy is huge. His plays "Kyz Zhibek" (1934), "Kozy Korpesh — Bayan Sulu" (1939), "Akan Seri — Aktokti" (1941) were based on lyric-epic poems. Keeping the ideological and thematic line of folklore works, he created fresh expressive worlds. The author's plays have a permanent place in the repertoire of the Kazakh theater. "Kozy Korpesh — Bayan Sulu" was performed on the stages of Uyghur and Korean theaters, Vinnytsia Theater in Ukraine and theaters in Moscow, and in Nancy Theater in France (1984). This play took 1st place at the theater festival held in Paris (1981).
Musirepov is also the author of opera librettos such as "Kyz Zhibek", "Kozy Korpesh - Bayan sulu". He wrote dramatic works based on the lives of historical figures: "Amangeldi" (1939), "Akan Seri - Aktokti" (1942), "Bolashakka Amanat", "Kypchak Kyvny Appak", "Kairan Maira". Musirepov's dramaturgy is based on a tense social struggle, the actions are lively, the dialogues are accurate, the monologues are dynamic inspired by poetic pathos, the language is fertile and figurative: these qualities served to reveal the characters' characters in depth. The film "Amangeldi" (1938), written together with B. Mailin and V. Ivanov, is considered the first stage of Kazakh cinematography, while the films "The Saga of Love" and "Kyz Zhibek" (1970) are the works of the golden fund of Kazakh cinematography. Musirepov is a Kazakh. made a great contribution to the development of genres of essays and journalism in literature. His work "Traces of Time" (1977) was distinguished by its ideological finality. The vast majority of the writer's essays, with their depth of content and true artistry, fully corresponded to the requirements of the time in which he lived. Since 1970, Musirepov has made a habit of writing a diary. More than 300 notebooks of the writer are stored in his archive (museum). 1997 Musirepov's book "Kundelik" was published (edited by A. Narymbetov).
The writer made a great contribution to the development of the science and criticism of Kazakh literary studies. From the 20s of the 20th century until the end of his life, his works on literary issues were continuously published in the Kazakh and Russian languages. Literary and critical articles were collected and published in the books "Artist's duty" (1970), "Time and literature" (1982), "Dawir didary" (1986), "Literature is not a profession, but art" (1987). Here, he looked at the period of development of literature and art in the 20th century, as well as their individual significant phenomena from the perspective of a high position, and made scientific groupings. Analyzing the history of literature, he evaluated every success of the art of speech as a valuable addition to the spiritual treasure of the people. He kept the high artistic idea and creative skill as a firm and unchanging measure in the analysis of every work of literature and art, and actively and continuously fought for the literary work to remain a valuable heritage of the people.
In artistic translation O. Henry, S. Tagarao, M. Gorky, M. Sholokhov, V. Vasilevskaya, I. Ehrenburg, U. Shakespeare, A. Ostrovsky, J. Moliere, Y. Galan, K. Simonov, A. Leonov, A. Safronov, A. Shtein and other writers translated their plays into the Kazakh language. Musyrepov, as the well-known scientist G. Lomidze pointed out: "He is a very subtle, patterned master who works with great precision and harmony. Musirepov was an artist who created a vivid image, a living form, and depicted human behavior and phenomena with a wide breath and scale.
## Society and statesman
Musirepov is an outstanding society and statesman. On July 4, 1932, together with well-known people of the republic, he sent a "Letter of Five" to the Kazakh regional committee of the BKP(b) about the famine that befell the people. The content of the letter and the issue raised by Musirepov prove that he was a citizen who fought for the welfare of his people and faithfully fulfilled his duty to the society.
In 1990, the play "Letter of Five" was staged at the Musyrepov Republican Theater for Children and Adolescents. The author of the play is Sh. Murtaza, the stage director is R. Seitmetov). Musirepov's actions as a public figure, which testify to his moral positions among ordinary people, are enough. One of them, in 1937, at the meeting of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan, whose fate was discussed, interceded for B. Mailin, who was being arrested, and his words "If Beimbet is an enemy, I am an enemy" have become a legend today. As a result, he was expelled from the party in 1938. He was also one of the active organizers of the conferences of writers of Asian and African countries in Tashkent, Beirut, Delhi, and Almaty.
As a peace fighter, the writer spoke at international conferences held not only in Almaty and Moscow, but also in Paris, Rome, Jakarta, Tokyo, Cairo, and other cities, raising serious issues. He was the 5th elected deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, several times the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR.
He was a deputy of the fifth elected Supreme Council of the USSR and the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th elected Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. In 1974-75, he served as the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR.
## Screenplays
* 1938 - Amangeldi
* 1942 - Military film collection #12
* 1950 - Soviet Kazakhstan
* 1954 - Kozy Korpesh - Bayan Sulu
* 1969-1970 - Kyz Zhibek
* 1972 - Arman Asu
* 1977 - One video that was missed
## Awards
* "One video that was missed 1968 for the book " Received a republican award named after Abay.
* Received the award named after Sh. Ualikhanov of the Kazakhstan Academy (1977).
* 3 times Lenin (1962, 1972, 1974),
* 2 times the Red Banner of Labor (1957),
* "Friendship of Peoples" (1982), awarded with many medals.
* The name Musirepov was given to a district in the North Kazakhstan region, to a boulevard in Almaty, to a street in Nur-Sultan.
* The Kazakh State Theater for Children and Adolescents was named, and a monument-statue was placed in front of the theater (2002).
* In 2002, the 100th anniversary was celebrated at the level of UNESCO.
* A postage stamp and a commemorative coin were issued on the occasion of the 100th anniversary.
## Sources
## Links
* Autobiographical story
* Gabit Makhmutuly Musirepov Archived July 23, 2020. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6124 | Neighbor (magazine) | "Kurshi" magazine is a monthly publication published in the Kazakh language in Cyrillic script, 2006. published in March.
Places of publication: Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region Society for Cultural Relations with Foreign Countries, "Rukh-Miras" public association under the National Library of Kazakhstan.
Chief editors: Auelkan Kaliuly (China), Murat Auezov (Kazakhstan).
Editorial board:
* Ding Shaulun
* Auelkan Kaliuly
* Murat Auezov (Kazakhstan)
* Chin Zyfin
* Mukhtar Magavin (Kazakhstan) \< > * Zhakip Myrzakanuly
* Klara Hafizova (Kazakhstan)
* Ibrahim Koshkari (Kazakhstan)
* Mellat Abizkhanuly
## External links
* Official of "Kurshi" magazine site Archived October 1, 2010. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7105 | Ualikhanov Shokan | Shokan Chingisuly Ualikhanov (real name Muhammed Kanafia; 1835, Kostanay region, Sarykol district, Kusmuryn region - April 10, 1865, Kushentogan, Zhetysu) is a great Kazakh scientist, one of the first representatives of the democratic, enlightened culture born in Kazakhstan in the second half of the 19th century, orientalist, historian , folklorist, ethnographer, geographer, educator. He was called "Shokan" because his grandmother affectionately called him "Shokanym" in his childhood.
## Biography
Shokan was born in November 1835 at the Kusmuryn station in the Kusmuryn area of the Auliekol district of the present Kostanay region in the family of the famous senior Sultan Chingis Ualikhanov. His father, Chingiz Valikhanuly, was the senior sultan of Amankaragai duan (the center is Karaoba) at that time. After the district center was transferred to the Kusmuryn castle in 1844, the duan name was changed to Kusmuryn. Shokan's own grandfather, Wali, was the khan of Orta Yuz. His great-grandfather was Abylai, Great Khan of the Kazakh Horde, and Shokan was his great-grandson. Shokan's childhood was spent in the Kuntimes Horde near Obagan in the winter, and in the ancestral pasture in the Akanburlyk basin, the right tributary of the Esil, in the summer. Having spent his youth in the Khan Horde in Syrymbet, where his grandmother Ayganym lived, being of the khan family "who should know the languages of seven people", Shokan learned letters at the village school opened by his father in the Kuntimes Horde, learned the medieval Kypchak-Chagatai language, Persian and Arabic in that school. apparently, he was inclined and passionate about education since childhood. Shokan was interested in historical legends from an early age. From a young age, he grew up listening to the stories of wise men and poems of poets. His grandmother Ayganim, who came from the sultan's family, had a strong influence on his upbringing. He often told young Shokan ancient Kazakh legends, tales, proverbs and words of wisdom. Shokan studied at school in Kusmur until he was 12 years old and got acquainted with the teachings of the Muslim religion. Shokan learned the basics of Arabic, Persian, and Chagatai languages even while studying in a rural elementary school. According to the memories of Shokan's close relatives, he was inclined and passionate about education since childhood. Shokan was interested in historical legends from an early age. He grew up listening to the stories of wise men and poems of poets with great interest. His grandmother Ayganim, who came from the sultan's family, had a strong influence on his upbringing. He often told young Shokan ancient Kazakh legends, tales, proverbs and words of wisdom. Shokan studied at school in Kusmur until he was 12 years old and got acquainted with the teachings of the Muslim religion. Shokan learned the basics of Arabic, Persian and Chagatai languages while studying in a rural elementary school.
Shokan's ancestors belong to the family of famous sultans. His great-grandfather Abylay Khan was one of the great Kazakh rulers of the 17th century. His grandfather Wali Khan was the last Kazakh khan officially approved by the royal government. Shokan's father - Chingiz Ualikhanov was an educated man. In 1834, he graduated from the Cossack military school of Siberia in Omsk, received the rank of colonel in the Russian army and held several responsible positions in the administrative apparatus of Kazakhstan: he was the senior sultan of the Kusmuryn district, the adviser of the regional administration of the Siberian Kyrgyz, the senior sultan of the Kokshetau district. For his meritorious service to Russia, he was awarded the title of nobleman as a lifetime legacy. Shokan's maternal uncles were the famous Shormanov family from Bayanaul region. Shormanov Musa was a colonel of the Russian army, a well-known Kazakh dancer, senior sultan of the Bayanaul outer district.
### Cadet Corps
In 1847, 12-year-old Shokan was placed by his father to study at the Siberian Cadet Corps, which was considered the most selective educational institution at that time. This educational institution was of special importance in opening Shokan's future and his talent in the field of science and art. Although it is a closed military educational institution, in addition to military lessons, Russian and Western literature, geography and history, philosophy, physics, the basics of mathematics, foreign languages are taught here, taught by representatives of advanced Russian intellectuals. The teachers included many educated and progressive people.
When Shokan first entered the cadet corps, although he did not know Russian, he quickly learned the language with his intelligence. G.N., who studied with Shokan in the corps. Potanin: "Overtaking his Russian comrades, Shokan matured quickly... Many people paid attention to him. "He was so capable and knew how to draw before entering the school." Kostyletsky, a teacher of Russian language and literature, orientalist, and Gonsevsky, a history teacher, had a strong influence on him. Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Herzen, Belinsky, etc. He was one of the most intelligent citizens of his time, who read Russian classics and works of Dickens, Thackeray, Rousseau from Western literature, and "Sovremennik" magazine without stopping.
Already in the last years of studying in the Siberian cadet corps, Shokan showed that he is intelligent, deep-thinking, comprehensively educated, has his own point of view, can judge and understand the needs of his native people, and is ready to serve them in the most useful way. Thanks to his high ability and talent, under the good influence of teachers such as Kosopletsky, Toneevsky (Russian literature and language, history), he was able to read and familiarize himself with the best examples of Russian and world literature, and make scientific judgments and conclusions. His research ability was gradually formed and developed while studying in this corps. It is interesting to write down folk songs and epics of the country and collect legends, especially during summer holidays. For example, "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu song" was one of the first works written by Shokan. I.I. Berezin, an outstanding Oriental researcher, professor of St. Petersburg University, paid attention to these studies and wrote down the versions of the samples of Kazakh oral literature, "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu song" collected by Shokan. The scientist, who noticed Shokan's research ability, engaged him in the study of old writing monuments. From his first scientific works, it was clear that he would be a great scientist and researcher. His teachers and peers were particularly interested in his acquaintance with the advanced ideas of that time. "Even though he was younger than us, compared to us, he was very shy, and we were like children compared to him, even if he didn't try to express that he knew more than us or that he was superior to us in terms of knowledge, even in a simple conversation, his knowledge was superior to ours. In general, to his comrades, including me, he inevitably "opened a window to Europe" - writes G. I. Potanin. This alone shows that Shokan's reputation among his comrades is very high.
Vigilant and attentive to Shokan, the art of drawing even at that time; is an excellent means of depicting people's life. He is engaged in drawing pictures of summer meadows and settlements of his native Syrymbet. Shokan calls the pictures he made in 1847-1852 "pictures he drew when he went on vacation from the corps to the country". G. N. Potanin: "When we were studying in the last courses of the cadet corps, Shokan filled my notebook with his stories. We wrote down the Kazakh tradition of building falcons and building huts. Shokan knew very well how to take care of a falcon. He would add his pictures to my post," he wrote. This alone proves that Shokan's art is versatile, that his fellow students were interested in him and treated him with special respect. Even when Shokan was studying in the cadet corps, he looked at and got acquainted with works written about the life and work of travelers with great interest. Influenced by these works, he dreamed of becoming a traveler and getting to know Central Asia. Therefore, the works written about the life of travelers became a starting point and showed the way for the future traveler.
## Service path
Shokan, who graduated from the cadet corps in 1853 at the age of seventeen, was left to work in the office of the Governor General of Western Siberia. A year later, he was appointed adjutant to General Governor Gasforth, who was in charge of Western Siberia and the north-eastern regions of Kazakhstan. While performing this activity, he is actively involved in the study of the history, ethnography and geography of the peoples of Central Asia. In 1854, at the request of Kostyletsky, his teacher in the cadet corps, he fulfilled the tasks of N.I. Berezin, an outstanding orientalist, professor of Kazan University. Berezin was familiar with the version of Kazakh oral literature collected by Shokan, the song "Kozy Korpesh Bayan sulu". The young scientist carefully analyzes the works on the decree of Tokhtamys Khan and other khan decrees, published by the famous professor Berezin. This was one of his first scientific studies. Despite his youth, his knowledge, especially the knowledge of Eastern literature and history, was high even among Russian scientists of that time. begins to appreciate and recognize. Just as the world of plants requires favorable conditions for its unhindered development, the scientist distinguishes between nature and society. If the development of nature is based on physical characteristics, in society they are different, that is, social characteristics In 1855, Orynbor, together with the governor-general of Western Siberia, came back to Almaty through Semey, Ayagoz, and back. collects samples of Kyrgyz oral literature, materials of history and ethnography. On the basis of these materials, he later writes the works "Tangiri (god)", "Remains of shamanism in Kazakhs". After that trip, his military position was promoted to the rank of lieutenant.
In 1856, Colonel M.M. He participated in the Issykkol military-scientific expedition led by Khomentovsky and thoroughly explored the Kyrgyz country. He collects information about the history and ethnography of the Kyrgyz and Great Hundred Kazakhs, writes down versions of oral literature. For the first time among the scientists of the world, the poem "The Tale of Koketai Khan", the most important part of the "Manas" epic, is recorded. "Manas is a product of folk wisdom, an encyclopedic collection of all folk tales, stories and legends, geography, religion, customs and traditions - Iliad of the field." K. Ritter, A. Humboldt, orientalist Scientists criticize the works of Schott and Klaprot. After that, he visited the city of Kulja and wrote researches about the past and present of East Turkestan. about the types of poetry", "The Diary of the Issykkol", "The Western Region and the City of Kulja". Shokan describes the country's life with skill. This is why his Russian friends called him "a Russian writer on the subject of history". , whose fame in the field of geography has reached St. Petersburg scientists, elects Shokan, who is just over twenty years old, as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society.
A young scientist with excellent education actively participated in various scientific expeditions. He dreamed about this when he was studying in Omsk. Russian researchers were also very interested in Shokan, who knew well the Kazakh steppe and the territory of neighboring countries, the history and conditions of the peoples there, and needed his help. In 1855, Shokan was appointed by the Governor-General of Western Siberia G.H. Participates in Gasfort's trip to Central Kazakhstan, Tarbagatai and Zhetysu region. During this trip, he got acquainted with the life of ordinary people and wrote down historical legends and poems of the Kyrgyz people.
Sh. Ualikhanov in 1856, a prominent scientist, well-known geographer P.S. He got acquainted with Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. He sincerely admired the talent of the young Kazakh scientist. In 1857, P.S. With the recommendation of Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Sh. Ualikhanov was accepted as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. His visit to East Kazakhstan and Zhetysu, Kyrgyzstan increased Shokan's fame as a scientist. In 1857, Shokan traveled to Alatau Kyrgyz and studied its history, ethnography and folk poetry. He recorded the encyclopedic epic of the Kyrgyz people "Manas".
In 1858-1859, Shokan went on the famous trip to Kashgaria. Before Shokan, not a single researcher had the chance to return to that region. German scientist R. Schlagingweit's journey to a region completely closed to Europeans ended tragically, and he was brutally executed. Shokan risked his life in a very difficult secret situation and collected very valuable data about the history, ethnography, culture and geology, geographical situation of the Kashgaria region, which was completely unknown before. Based on this, he wrote the famous work "On the condition of six eastern cities of Altyshar or Nan-JIy province (Little Bukhara) of China". The work was highly appreciated by orientalists both in Russia and abroad.
The royal government highly appreciated the scientific feat of the young scientist. In 1860, in St. Petersburg, he was awarded an order and was promoted to a military rank. It was accepted by the Russian Tsar Alexander II. During this meeting, Shokan boldly conveyed his request to the king that the Russian officials should treat the Kazakh people well.
During his stay in St. Petersburg (1859-1861), Shokan Ualikhanov worked in various military and scientific institutions. It has become a real god of worship for Russian orientalists and diplomats, writers and poets. Shokan worked tirelessly to create maps of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and East Turkestan. He also continued to carefully study the manuscripts of Eastern countries. He was invited by the Russian Geographical Society to give lectures on the history of the East.
However, the wet weather of Petersburg did not suit his health. Due to the deterioration of his health, he had to return to his homeland. He went to Ombi and took part in measures to reorganize local management in the field. His main thoughts are presented in "On Muslimism in Kyrgyzstan", "On Migration of Kyrgyz", "Notes on Judicial Reform". In 1864, Shokan took part in the military expedition of General Chernyaev to South Kazakhstan. But his military service did not last long, due to the general's excessive cruelty to the local population, he voluntarily left the army.
### The saga of Manas
### Visit to Kashgaria
Shokan's visit to Kashgaria in 1858-1859 was a way for his work in the field of science and education to rise to a new level. opened. At that time, Kashgaria was an unexplored territory of Russia. Shokan, who secretly visited Kashgaria as a merchant, studied the economic and political structure of the region and collected a lot of materials from its history and ethnography. From his trip to Kashkaria, the work entitled "Altyshahar, i.e., six cities in the east of the Nanlu region of China" was born. This was the first research work in the world, dedicated to the history and social structure of the peoples of East Turkestan, written at the high level of the science of that time.
After his visit to Kashgaria, he arrived in St. Petersburg at the special invitation of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and stayed there for about a year, engaged in scientific work. However, due to tuberculosis, he returned from Petersburg to the country, to Syrymbet. Seeing that his native people were oppressed in two-sided exploitation, he tried to become the senior sultan of Atbasar district in the elections of 1862. "I wanted to become an elder sultan to benefit my countrymen. I wanted to protect them from officials and rich Kazakhs. The first thing I wanted to do was to show my compatriots, through my own example, that the older Sultan I read was useful," he wrote about this to his friend Dostoevsky. But he cannot fulfill this goal. Although Shokan won with more votes than his opponent, the governor-general, fearing that his influence and reputation among the people would be great, did not confirm him to the senior sultanate under the false pretext that he "relinquished his position due to his campaign".
In March 1864, Shokan joins the Aulieta campaign at the invitation of Colonel Chernyaev. He took part in this campaign aimed at subjugating South Kazakhstan and Central Asia of the Russian Empire to Russia, a translator, he participated in making peace agreements with the local people, he was upset and later returned when he saw the cruelty of Colonel Chernyaev to the people of the city during the capture of Aulieta (now Taraz). Then he came to the city of Verny (now Almaty) and then settled in the village of Tezek (former Taldykorgan region, Kurenbel meadow in summer, Altynemel pass in winter). Then he marries Tezek's cousin Aysary. Meanwhile, the old lung disease flared up again, and Shokan died in April 1865. His remains are buried in Kushentogan, on the slopes of Altynemel Mountain.
### Field of local studies
He traveled to the Ulytau-Zhezkazgan region and described architectural monuments such as Alasha Khan's mausoleum, Zhuban Ana mausoleum, Aqaqamyr dome. Er Edige, Koylybai baksy, Baigozy, Zhaulybai and Orazymbet (Orazai) left valuable historical data about heroes.
### Shokan and Dostoevsky
### Shokan and Abai
In the worldview and creative direction of Shokan and Abai, great Kazakh intellectuals, history and understanding and analysis of contemporary issues, especially in the attempt to learn and develop cultural heritage, to create it for the spiritual needs of the country, there is a lot of harmony. This is the wealth of stories, sagas, legends, epics, and ghazals in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages, which spread from the Far East countries, from the rich examples of Abay and Shokan's oral literature from a young age, from receiving an indelible education, from listening to the witty words of some orators and poets. It can be seen from the fact that he studied independently and enriched his knowledge, as well as from his deep familiarity with Russian and European books, including their folklore versions. While Shokan considered folk literature to be the most valuable monuments of historical knowledge, Abai considered literary wealth to be a means of teaching and educating the people to perfect humane ways, showing virtues as morals, and exposing evil and ignorance. Aiming at this goal, Abai used in his works a number of proverbs, proverbs, regular expressions that were formed in oral literature. Abai's use of traditional yukas and syllabic measures in folk songs, folklore genres such as dedication, mourning, lamentation, and consolation shows this. Based on fables from Eastern folklore, he created great works such as "Iskender", "Masgut", "Azim's story" also proves that the poet has mastered the spiritual treasures of the peoples of the world.
Shokan and Abai's thoughts about Kazakh history were born from the need to digest the experience of the past and find a way for a reliable future of the people. Like Shokan, Abay was well acquainted with the historical chronicles of the East and the West, although one of them evaluated historical phenomena as a scientist and the other as an artist, he was interested in the ideals of spreading the lessons of the past, ridding the people of the fog of darkness that had been suffocating for centuries, and putting them on the path of civilization. thoughts are very consistent. If Shokan in his historical-ethnographic and folklore works showed that the way to beautify the Kazakh people is to improve the educational system, this animal became the actual fruit of Abai's works. When talking about the genetic, cultural unity and historical destiny of the Turkish people, great thinkers speak the same voice. All this can be considered as phenomena caused by the succession of historical and social needs and rewards of the era in which Shokan and Abai lived.
The heritage left by the figures who shined on the horizon of the society during the time when the Kazakh people lost their independence and became subordinate to Russia, is among the world's most advanced monuments of the 19th century in terms of the breadth of the topic, the depth of analysis, and the height of their thoughts
\< > ## Shokan Valikhanov's works
Russian scientists have done a great job in collecting and publishing Shokan's works. Academician Nikolay Ivanovich Veselovsky wrote in the preface to Shokan's works published by the Russian Geographical Society:
"When Shokan Valikhanov appeared like a comet in the world of Oriental studies, Russian Orientalists recognized him as a special phenomenon and had great significance for the fate of the Turkic people. He was expecting to discover great news. But Shokan's untimely death broke our hopes!" wrote.
But in his short life, he managed to prove the amazing possibilities of human ability, the height of humanism, the unwavering example of patriotism, the amazing character of scientific ability and bravery with all his being and concrete actions.
One of the legacies left by Shokan are works of fine art. They prove that Shokan was the first professional Kazakh artist in this field of art. The scientist was mainly engaged in depicting portraits, landscapes and people's lifestyle. About 150 pictures remain.
### The imprint he left in psychology
Shokan's works contain data of various nature related to psychological issues. Among these issues, the one that was discussed more than other issues was the issue of the national consciousness of our people, including its own psychological characteristics. It is known that in the works of chauvinist Russian scientists who studied the history and ethnography of Kazakhstan before the October revolution, the culture of our people with a history of tens of centuries was abused, and even our national psychology was smeared with soot, and it was called a second-class people. It is completely wrong to zealously defend the national honor of the native people and to consider the Kazakh people as "another people" in such a negative situation. This is a word uttered out of ignorance. , is a people with a rich spiritual world, striving for progress, and prone to innovation. It is not like an Eastern epic, but an Indo-Germanic epic," he concluded, and he compares the spiritual wealth of Kazakhs with the rich civilization of large countries. Shokan assessed the ability of Kazakh poets to sing well as one of their main features.
According to Shokan Ualikhanov, One of the signs of the people's psychology is the richness of the language, the art of speech, and he considered the art of speech to be a sign of the great talent and poetic power of the people, he wrote will also be more visible. Reverence for the past and abundance of legends is a special characteristic of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia. The Kazakh language does not have artificial coloring words like the Arabic language, it is a truly pure language. Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish intellectuals who visited our vast country also add to these opinions of the learned scientist. Another channel of Shokan's psychological opinions is interwoven with his concerns about religion.
The learned scientist says that the imagination and religious beliefs of the first man appeared as an image of his direct relationship with nature. When Shokan explained the origin of shamanic concepts in the Kazakh people and revealed their psychological aspects, Shokan firmly held a materialist position. Shokan chose various aspects of the customs of his native people, criticized some negative customs among the Kazakhs, looked into their psychological underpinnings, and considered these to be syphilitics that keep the Kazakh community from progressing. For example, he emphasized that one of the culprits is hostage-taking, which many people mistakenly believe is the easiest way to get rich and collect livestock. A person who is engaged in such a "profession" has no motivation to work, his soul and body are sterile and ugly. He rightly concluded that doing a certain profession requires time and great enthusiasm. In this way, he called on young people to stay away from dirty professions, saying that this disgusting quality pushes people to dishonesty and laziness, and emphasized that this bad habit will ultimately hinder the development of various professions in the Kazakh steppe.
## named after Shokan Ualikhanov
* Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Institute of History and Ethnography named after Sh.Sh. Ualikhanov
## Bibliography
\< > * Shokan Ualikhanov - orientalist, R.B. Suleymenov, V.A. Moiseev, "Gylym" publishing house, Almaty, 1985
* F.M. Dostoevsky and Chokan Valikhanov - Auezov M.O., Moscow, 1960
* Shokan (Muhammad-Khanafia) Life and work of Chingisuly Valikhanov
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5084 | Ibray Altynsarin | Ybyray Altynsarin (1841–1889) is a prominent Kazakh educator, writer, ethnographer, folklorist, public figure.
Ybyray Altynsarin is a person who left a deep mark on the history of education of the Kazakh people and the formation of the national school. He was born in 1841 in the territory of the present Kostanay region. Having lost his father early, he was brought up by his grandfather - a well-known dancer and singer Balkozha Zhanbyrshin. Since childhood, Ibray has shown that he is inclined towards education and learning independently. He studied a lot, often interacted with educated people of Russian society. While studying in Orinbor, he got to know VV Grigoriev, an orientalist. He allowed Ibray Altynsarin to freely use his rich library. Ybyray Altynsarin, who was eager for knowledge, spent all his free time in that library. The desire to learn more than what he already knew and the pursuit of the noble dream of benefiting his people as much as possible became the life credo of young Ybyray. He dreamed of learning more about his achievements. He tried to use his knowledge for the benefit of his people.
## Biography
Ibray was born on October 20, 1841 in Kostanay district, present-day Kostanay region. Altynsary's father died when he was three or four years old, and he was brought up by his grandfather Balgozha. He came from a long clan of the Kypchak tribe. His grandfather, Balgozha Bi, was one of the famous people of his region. A dancer who held a lot of power in the country, he was a well-known and respected person even before the administration of Orinbor. So, his grandson enrolled the little Ibray in the Russian-Kazakh school, which was expected to open in Orinbor, a day earlier. Bi's goal is, of course, not to educate children and become a teacher, but to work in administrative offices, become an official, a "judge" who studied Russian, and support his parents. Balgozha expressed this idea in a poem-letter addressed to Ybyray, a teenager studying in Orynbor:
That school was finally opened in 1850, and nine-year-old Ybyray was one of the thirty Kazakh children admitted to it. Ibray studied with enthusiasm at school, graduated in 1857 with the grade "excellent", and worked as a translator in his native country until August 1859. Staying in the country for about two years allows an intelligent young boy, who studied in the city, learned about news unknown to the Kazakh steppe, and broadened his horizons, to gain a deeper understanding of the state of Kazakh society, to feel it in a new way, to come up with his own ideas. gets to know the chairman, a well-known orientalist, professor V.V. Grigoriev. He takes care of Ibray and allows him to freely use his rich library. From the library of Ibrai Grigoriev, he read works of Russian writers, works of Russian and world educators, books about the lives of great people. He used to read periodicals. After doing a lot of research on his own and expanding his knowledge base, Ybrai set himself the goal of not becoming a translator, but of doing something more useful to his native people. His passion was for enlightenment. In 1860, when four elementary schools were opened for Kazakhs in the east of Zhaiyk, Ybrai himself came to the Torgai school after being asked to be a teacher. But the school will not open immediately. In the meantime, Ibray explained the benefits of schools in the country and taught some children in his home. Torgai school was opened only in 1864. "On January 8 of this year, the long-awaited event came to fruition and the school was opened. 14 Kazakh children entered it. All are good, intelligent children. I began to teach children with enthusiasm like a hungry wolf on a sheep," he writes, a well-known orientalist, professor In his letter to N. I. Ilminsky. Ibray built lessons and educational work in the school on the model of Russian schools of that time. Conducting lessons in the Kazakh language, he tries to teach children the Russian language, to educate them on the basics of the subject. He adapts the work of education to bring up a new generation with a lot of morals. Ibray understands well that his people are very enthusiastic about culture and education. This will encourage him. "Kazakhs welcomed me with open arms. The school is full of people eager to send their children," he wrote in one of his letters. In his letter to N. I. Ilminsky, Ibray once again says: "I believe that you, who traveled the Kazakh steppe for three years, say that the Kazakh people are intelligent, intelligent, talented, but uneducated people. The Kazakh people are a simple, unskilled people, but we are more than simple we will find good". Such a thought about the native people was the basis of Abraham's democratic vision and inspired him to work with faith. At the same time, Ibray was able to see the social inequality and injustice in the country. He criticized the violent actions of the governors. They protect ordinary people from them. In 1864, he wrote to Ilminsky in 1864, he wrote to Ilminsky, "In matters of service, I often clash with Kazakhs, including my own relatives. I know their secrets well, I even hate most of them, and I don't even like the servicemen among the Kazakhs. They are poor Kazakhs - Unable to resist, the defenseless, who are prey in the wolf's mouth, goes beyond the limits of humanity, robs and robs them. This is how Ibray's enlightened and democratic views were formed and developed. In order to fight against social injustice and unpleasant human characteristics, he believes that it is necessary to expand the work of spreading knowledge and art in the country. With that intention, he spends all his efforts on school affairs and improving the system of child education. In 1876, Ibrai went to Petersburg and Kazan. He studies the educational system of Russia, the works of Russian intellectuals. In 1879, Ibray was appointed inspector of schools in Torgai region. This paves the way for his educational activities to expand. He is engaged in opening European-style schools. Between 1879 and 1883, he opened new schools in four districts of Torgai region (Torgai, Yrgyz, Troitsk, Aktobe). In 1883, a craft school was opened in Torgai. It was the first educational institution providing technical education in the Kazakh steppe. Ibray pays special attention to the education of Kazakh girls. This is considered in the report, one way to fight against old-fashioned customs. He organized a girls' school in Yrgyz in 1887 - his great educational work. Due to the increase in the number of schools in the Kazakh steppe, Ibray began to open a school for training teachers. In 1881, the first teacher's school was opened in the city of Ombi. Ibray did not limit himself to opening schools. He paid special attention to education and training in those schools. Organized educational work in a new direction. At the same time, he highly appreciated the role played by the teacher. "The most important thing for public schools is a teacher," he wrote. Neither excellent pedagogical tools, nor the best government orders, nor the careful supervision of an inspector can equal a teacher." . Therefore, the people carried out the work of education with special inspiration. In his report to the military governor of Torgai region in 1883, he wrote: "It is very necessary to give the Kazakhs - this talented, intelligent people - the right direction that will sooner or later enter the path of spiritual and social development." also encountered difficulties. Old fashionedness, bribery and gossip in the country depressed his soul. "Since the times are like this, it is necessary to find a way and continue to fight against the brutality that destroys the country of the Kazakh people and destroys their future wherever possible." , was honored. In the way of creating a textbook, Ibray regards the textbook as the main tool for education and upbringing of Kazakh children at school. He teaches children the native language cleanly and carefully, and aims to teach them good behavior through small works of art. Ibray knew that it is necessary to publish children's books whose content will raise their knowledge, whose subject will interest them... in Kazakh's own language... He started writing "Kazakh Chrestomatiya" from 1876 and published it in 1879 in Orinbor. "When I compiled this book," he wrote in the preface to Ibrai's anthology, "first of all, I aimed at the fact that this book, which is about to be published for the first time in our native language, could become a textbook for Kazakh children educated in Russian-Kazakh schools." "Kazakh Chrestomatiya" was composed of poems and short stories for children. He wrote some of them himself, and freely translated some of them from the Russian textbooks of that time. Samples of Kazakh folk literature were also included in the chronology.
## Enlightenment work
Ibray also raised the idea of public education in his poems included in the "Kazakh anthology". His poems "Come, children, read!", "People with art and knowledge" were created for this purpose. "Come, children, let's study!" The poem invites young people to read and learn:
In each stanza of the poem, the poet always repeats the last lines, saying the various benefits of reading.
Thus, the poet, on the one hand, urges young people to study and acquire knowledge, on the other hand, strikes an old attitude that does not care about education, art, science and education, and its necessity for the general population. Saying that knowledge is an inexhaustible wealth in life, he explains that in order to attain knowledge, one must study hard and work tirelessly. In his poem "People with Art and Knowledge", Ybyray speaks extensively about the purpose of learning and acquiring knowledge. The main idea of the poem is to show advanced cultured countries as an example to the Kazakh community.
Ibray knew that the goal of young people when they become educated people is to serve their people, to bring them to the ranks of countries that "build stone palaces and send fast news from distant places in the blink of an eye." Ibray, who has faith in the future, said that youth is the beauty of life and the owner of the future.
The method of comparing good and bad, knowledge and ignorance in these poems aims to make them clearer to young children. That's why Ibrai makes comparisons, making it easy for readers of his era. Many phrases of these poems have become proverbs today. Ibray's poems "River" and "Summer" are intended to describe natural scenes. Such whole lyrical, landscape poems are not found in Kazakh poetry before Ibray. Patriotic poems that educate the readers to love the country, love the land, love the motherland by drawing the attention of the readers to the beautiful scenes of nature were an example of democratic, humanistic Russian literature. Ibrai's poems are a significant step taken by singing the nature of his native country and thereby inculcating feelings of love for nature and Motherland in his young students. In both poems, Ibray shows that nature can be seen in connection with people's lives. In this way, it depicts the connection between nature and man, the lively influence of nature on human work, work, and thoughts.
The poet described the mountain river clearly and impressively. A clear description of how all life "finds pleasure in the river" makes the reader feel good. The poem "Summer" contains harmonious images of spring nature. "Sunlight from the plane falls on the ground", "When the sun rises from the sky with grace", "A young child who opens his eyes from sleep, a flower of the land that will come out in bloom", "In the evening, the sun sets over the mountain, shining a red-gold light on the hat", etc. pictures and figurative words show the depth and artistry of Ibray's perception of natural scenes. The poet depicts the existing life in connection with the kind spring day. Admiring the summer scenery in the countryside, the joy and happiness of the cattle-raising country, which has come out of the winter and is breathing in the summer.
Calling, standing up and laughing: "Come, - say, - here..." Through these poems, Ibray started the nature lyrics in Kazakh written literature. Later, Abai brought it to the high level of world poetry: Loving and valuing work is the main theme of Ibrai's stories. The writer gives it in the form of an exhortation and commandment in short stories, and in some of his works he portrays it through realistic pictures that educate the public consciousness of the people. In the story "Spider, Ant, Swallow", Ibray shows that even the smallest insects work tirelessly for survival, and makes them an example for children. "Swallow, spider, you are not a thief, work hard, don't be idle," he says. In the story "Atymtai Zomart" the writer gives a new content to the legends about Atymtai Zomart among the people and sums them up in his own way. Atymtay is an example of a working man. Even if he doesn't need anything, Atymtai always works. "Every day, if I buy bread with my own image and eat it with the money I have earned, it will spread to me as nourishment. The sweetness of the hard-earned taste will be different," he says. In the story "Father and Child" there is a simple saying. "A man was walking from the field with his ten-year-old son. He saw an old horse on the road and said to his son: "Take that horse, my son." The boy said to his father: "What should I do with the broken old horse?" His father did not say anything. He took the horse and went on. After reaching it, he begged them for three shillings. After that, he bought a cherry for 3 shillings After a while, a cherry fell from his father's hand After a while, another cherry, and after a while, the boy bent down and picked a cherry. You bent down to pick up the cherry that fell on the ground, instead of bending down ten times. Remember from now on: if you try less work, you will find more work; "If you are not satisfied with a little, you will be lost for a long time."
It is not uncommon in life to neglect something, not pay attention to it, to be difficult to do a little work, and to be depressed. This is not a good habit. That's why Ibray paid special attention to the fact that children should not be lazy and lazy, and should be hardworking.
In his story "Rich son and poor son", Ibray depicts the social and class attitude towards work. By describing the experiences of two children who remained in the people of the country they moved to during one day, it gives social importance to the problem of the children's knowledge of life and flexibility in life.
The secret of the writer taking two children of the same age in the work and depicting them as representatives of the rich and the poor is also evident from his idea. Usen, a poor boy, is a working man who is tired of the hardships of life. Usen's ingenuity and hard work are the reason why two children who have moved away from their village and are left with people find food in the field, understand where the village has moved, and stay away from dogs and birds when they spend the night in the field. And Asan, the rich boy, is impatient and hardworking, who does not know how to fight for life. By describing the helplessness of a rich son who grew up to be carefree and earn his living by hard work, the writer makes it clear that the future is on Usender's side. Thus, he preached to young people not to be like a rich child who grew up lazy without learning anything from life, but to grow up like Usen, a poor child who is resistant to difficulties, inclined to art, and loves work. "One beautiful summer day, a man went to the garden with his son, and both of them were looking at a planted tree. "Why is this tree straight, and why is the other one crooked?" - asked his son. "If you take your parents' tongue, you will grow up like a tree. If you don't take care of it, you will grow up like this tree without taking care of it." There is a lot of meaning in caregiving," said his son. "There is no limit to caregiving, you can learn from it yourself, you are a young tree, you need to take care of your mistakes If I teach you, you will grow up to be a good person, he said in his story "Garden Trees". That is, education plays a big role > One of them is demand. People would not have progressed if they did not strive. Youth is a time when good qualities are brought to light. demand. Get what you need from life.
Ibray raises the same idea in his story "The benefits of demand". When Tsar Peter I went to worship in the church, he saw a boy drawing a picture in the back, and when he came up to him and asked what he was drawing, the boy said: "I'm drawing your picture!" - says. When Peter saw the picture, there was nothing wrong with it. But the clever Tsar Peter realized that the boy had a need for painting and sent him to study painting. Later that boy will become a great artist. In the meantime, the goal of the teacher is to show the young child's demand, why he achieved it thanks to that demand, and to prove that whoever demands it can achieve his goal.
Kindness begins with a child's love for his family. First of all, everyone loves and respects their parents and their relatives. Ibray attaches great importance to such a warm relationship between parents and children. In the story "Kind Child" he writes that a 13-year-old girl asked to cut off her own hand instead of her father's. The girl says: "Lord, cut off my hand, leaving the hand of my grandfather, who works and takes care of his children."
In the writer's story "Pity is stronger than illness", it is said that a boy named Seyit, who had a broken leg, did not raise an eyebrow in order not to cause pain to his mother, no matter how bad his illness was. "It is not painful, my soul is visible in my eyes, but seeing my soul is in pain, I want my grandmother to be in pain and not to cry," he says.
Both the girl in the first story and Seyit in the last story are distinguished by their truly kind behavior, which is based on good feelings that love people in general.
## Works
* Basic guide to teaching Kyrgyz Russian language, Orenburg, 1879;
* Kazakh anthology, Orynbor, 1906; Letter, October, 1896, 1899;
* Kyrgyz anthology, Orenburg, 1879, 1906;
* Select. exit 3 volumes, A., 1943, 1953;
* Collected essays in 3 vols. T. 1–3, A.-A., 1975, 1978;
* Stories, A., 1980.
* Poems
* The Khans of Azgan Country
* A letter written by Balgozha Bi to his son
* Write
* Come, children, read
* Swallow
* Crow and fox
* Hey, my friends
* Hey, guys
* River
* Art - educated people
* Testament poems
* Stories
* Izbasty
* A beast has a lot of memory, but it doesn't have a full mind like a human
* A golden horse
* A golden herd
* A noble herb
* A foolish friend
* The benefits of knowing
* One a handful of cotton
* The rich boy and the poor boy
* The rich man
* The trick of the boy
* The trees of the garden
* The wise judge
* The world is what you do
* The bad friend \< > * Good for evil
* Argument between animals and animals
* Disgusting eloquent
* Generous
* Zhanibek batyr
* Intelligence
* Yurt and wooden house
* Lukpan akim \ <> * Bringing cattle to profit
* Kind boy
* Mischievous and creative
* Man without sadness
* Ignorance
* A letter to the home of school children
* The investigation of Tsar Peter
* A dog named Polkan
* Negligence
* Miserliness and thrift
* A crow and a crow
* Sakyp
* A lady named Silinshi
* Satemir Khan
* A clear spring
* The benefit of the demand
* The mouse's will
* The fox and the goat
* Pride
* Sheshe and the child
* Satisfaction
* The crow and the worm
* Kipchak Seyitovich
* Indian
* Three Thieves
* Justice
* Manners
* Father and Son
* Wise Man
* Spider, Ant, Swallow
* Harm of Lies
## Sources
History of Kazakhstan (XVIII century - 1914). Textbook for the 8th grade of a general education school. 2nd ed., revised. Almaty: Atamura, 2012. — 344 pages, pictures, maps.
## Links
* Ibray Altynsarin
* Children's and Adolescent Library named after Ibray Altynsarin Archived March 31, 2022. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3633 | Фенербахче | Fenerbahçe SC (type: Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü — Fenerbahçe Sports Club, commonly known as Fenerbahçe) is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It is located in Fenerbahçe district of Istanbul. The name of the district and sports club comes from a certain white house in that district (typ. Fener - "white house"). The most famous chapter of this club is the long-standing football team, although the club competes in other chapters, namely: basketball, volleyball, rowing, boxing, sailing, athletics, swimming and table tennis.
## Football Honors
* Turkish League Championships (17): 1959, 1960-61, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1967-68, 1969-70, 1973 -74, 1974-75, 1977-78, 1982-83, 1984-85, 1988-89, 1995-96, 2000-01, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2006-07
* 1959, 1960- 61, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1967-68, 1969-70, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1977-78, 1982-83, 1984-85, 1988-89, 1995-96, 2000-01, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2006-07
* Turkish Cup (4):1968, 1974, 1979, 1983
* 1968, 1974, 1979, 1983
* Balkan Cup (1):1966 -1967
* 1966-1967
* Atatürk Cup (2):1964, 1998
* 1964, 1998
* President Cup (6):1968, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1985, 1990 * 1968, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1985, 1990 1950, 1973, 1980, 1988, 1992, 1998
* TSYD Cup (12):1969, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995
* 19 69, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995
* Turkish Football Championship (3): 1932-33, 1934-35, 1943-44
* 1932-33 , 1934-35, 1943-44
* Fleet Cup (4):1982, 1983, 1984, 1985
* 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985
* Istanbul Football League (11):1911-12 , 1913-14, 1914-15, 1929-30, 1932-33, 1934-35, 1935-36, 1936-37, 1943-44, 1946-47, 1947-48
* 1911-12, 1913- 14, 1914-15, 1929-30, 1932-33, 1934-35, 1935-36, 1936-37, 1943-44, 1946-47, 1947-48
* Istanbul Entrepreneur League (3):1952- 53, 1956-57, 1958-59
* 1952-53, 1956-57, 1958-59
* Istanbul Amateur League (1):1914-15
* 1914-15
* Istanbul Friday League (2):1920-21, 1922-23
* 1920-21, 1922-23
* Istanbul Cup (1):1944
* 1944
* Istanbul Shield (4):1930, 1934, 1938, 1939
* 1930, 1934, 1938, 1939
* National Award (6):1936-37, 1939-40, 1942-43, 1944-45 , 1945-46, 1949-50
* 1936-37, 1939-40, 1942-43, 1944-45, 1945-46, 1949-50
* Sport Toto Cup (1):1967
* 1967
## External links
* Official website (Turkish)
* Official website (English)
* Fenerbahçe Ulker (Ürker) basketball sports club Archived from the original on March 13, 2007. (eng.)
* Free MP3 files about Fenerbahçe club Archived 19 March 2006. (Turkish) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2398 | Aliya Nurmukhamedovna Moldagulova | Aliya Nurmukhambetovna Moldagulova (real name Ilya, nicknamed "Liya" by front-line friends) (June 15, 1925 (in some sources, October 25, April 20), Aktobe region, Kobda district, Kaz SSR - January 14, 1944, Novosokolniki, Pskov region district, village of Kazachikha, RKFSR) — Kazakh Hero of the Soviet Union (1944), marksman, corporal.
## Biography
1925 Sarkulov was born on October 25 in Bulak village, Kobda district, Aktobe region, in the family of Nurmuhammed Sarkulov and Moldagulova Marzhan. The Jhetiru tribe comes from the Tabun clan. He lost his mother as a child (in 1933), then lived with his brother in Almaty, and in 1935 He was brought up in orphanage No. 46 on Gurdin Street, Krasnogvardeisky District, Leningrad. He studied at the 9th secondary school in St. Petersburg. For her excellence in studies and exemplary behavior, Alia is sent to the All-Union pioneer camp in Crimea - Artek. Along with such heroes as Ruben Ibarruri and Timur Frunze, Aliya Moldagulova's photo is included in Artek's board of heroes. After the start of the war, the orphanage was evacuated to the village of Vyatskoye, Yaroslavl region. After graduating from the 7th grade from the Vyatskoye secondary school, he entered the Rybinsk aviation technical school, but soon (1942) sent a request to be sent to the front in the LLC (Worker-Peasant Red Army).
1943 Snipers will complete the central women's school. 1943 was a sniper of the 4th battalion of the 54th special infantry brigade (22nd army, 2nd Baltic front). More than 30 soldiers and officers of the enemy's army were killed. 1944 He was killed on January 14 in the Novosokolniki district in the north of the Pskov region.
Aliya Nurmukhambetovna Moldagulova in 1944. On June 4, he was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. Awarded the Order of Lenin.
He was buried in the village of Monakova, Novosokolniki district.
Streets, dozens of schools (high school No. 891 in Moscow, high school No. 29 in Shymkent, high school No. 72 in Novosokolniki, high school No. 38 in Ural), ships of the Navy, and the Caspian cargo ship are named after Alia. Monuments were erected in Aktobe, Astana, Almaty, Moscow, St. Petersburg, and Novosokolniki. A regional memorial museum works in Aktobe.
## Monuments named after Alia
* City of Novosokolniki (author M. Ainekov)
* Aktobe (L. Raputov, E. Shtamm)
* Memorial complex in Aktobe (author B. Abishev)
* Alipbaisai village (B. Abishev)
* Memorial complex dedicated to Aliya and Manshuk, named "Double Star of the East" in Almaty
* Monument in Moscow (B. Abishev)
* Memorial bust in the museum (O. Shanov).
## Streets named after A. Moldagulova
in Aktobe, Moscow, St. Petersburg, Taraz, Astana
## Pictures
" Aliya" (S. Alimbetov), "A trip to eternity" (A. Anufriev), "Village Bulak" (A. Korvat), "Sniper Aliya Moldagulova" (A. Sapugov), "Sniper Aliya"/made of rice/ (F. Tereshchenko), "Aliya" (O. Nurjumaev), "Aliya's House in the Spring" (N. Otegenov), "Last Spring" (T. Teleushev).
## Tapestry
"Aliya" (M. Nartov, N. Rakhmankulov), triptych "Aliya" (B. Atyraubayev).
## Museums dedicated to Aliya
Regional memorial museum /Aktobe city/, in Moscow secondary school #891, St. Petersburg secondary school #140, patriotic center in Alipbaysay.
## Works about Aliya
Collection "Aliya-Manshuk", "Pesn Pramateri Hobdy" (A. Utegenov), poem "Gul-gumyr", song "Nineteen Years "(E. Ashikbaev), "Kyzgaldak-gumyr Aliya" and "Sagynysh" song (G. Aimakhanova), "Aliya" song (B. Tazhibaev and S. Baiterekov), "Aru kiz, zhurzhurek kiz, Aliya kiz" song ( composer K. Kozhanbayev), the song "Aliya" (A. Saduakasova), the documentary "Aliya" (A. Oralbai), the poem "Aliya-Manshuk" (T. Moldagaliev), "Aliya's heart" (Ya. Helemsky), " Aliya Moldagulkyny" story (Zh. Zhumakanov), "Aliya" saga (S. Zhienbaev), "Eastern sycamore" story (A. Nurmakhanova), "Aliya" poems (K. Derkachenko, R. Trofimov), ballet "Aliya" ( M. Sagatov), the documentary film "Aliya" (director Y. Piskunov) and the film "Snipers" (director B. Shamshiev), the play "Aliya" (A. Tarazi), the poem "Bright Stars" (S. Zhienbaev) .
Singer Roza Rymbaeva, who performed Seydolla Baiterekov's song "Aliya", became a laureate at the world competition.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5229 | Altynsarin | * Altynsarin is a village in Kamysty district of Kostanay region.
* Altynsarin is a village in Kostanay district of Kostanay region.
* Altynsarin is a village in Zhetysai district of Turkestan region. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6104 | Tanzania | The United Republic of Tanzania (Swahili: Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania [tanzaˈni.a], English: United Republic of Tanzania [ˌtænzəˈniːə] or [tænˈzeɪniə]) is a country located in East Africa. Part of the Commonwealth of Nations. It borders Kenya and Uganda to the north, Rwanda, Burundi and the Democratic Republic of the Congo to the west, and Zambia, Malawi and Mozambique to the south. The Indian Ocean is the eastern border. The capital is Dodoma. The currency is the Tanzanian shilling. The population is about 61 million.
## Vocabulary
The toponym "Tanzania" was formed as a combination of the names of two former colonies that were part of this country: -tan from Tanganyika and -zan from Zanzibar, and the ending -iya is usually for the names of countries. Tanzania has two capitals: the administrative center is the historic capital Dar es Salaam, and the legislative center is Dodoma, where the government transferred the main bodies in 1970.
## Geography
Most of the country is covered by vast plateaus. The coastal plain stretches along the coast of the Indian Ocean.
The territory of the country includes some of the largest lakes in Africa: Lake Victoria in the north, Lake Tanganyika in the west (it is often called the twin of Baikal) and Nyasa in the south.
The highest mountain in Africa Kilimanjaro stratovolcano (5895 m) is located in Tanzania.
The total length of land borders is 3402 km, including 451 km with Burundi, 769 km with Kenya, 475 km with Malawi, 756 km with Mozambique, 217 km with Rwanda, 396 km with Uganda and 338 km with Zambia. .
### Climate
The climate of Tanzania is sub-equatorial. There are two rainy seasons in the north (March-May and September-November), and one (November-April) in the south.
The climate on the islands of the Zanzibar archipelago is humid, the average daytime temperature is from +28 to 30 ℃, and the sea breeze makes the weather very pleasant. The water temperature in the Indian Ocean is 24-26 ℃. In the central part of the country (1200-1700 m above sea level) the average temperature is 22-25 ℃, it can be cool at night.
## History
### Pre-Colonial Period
Since ancient times, peoples similar to the Bushmen and Hottentots, engaged in hunting and gathering, lived in the territory of modern Tanzania. . Then, in the 1st millennium BC, the Kushite tribes came from the highlands of Ethiopia. Bantu tribes arrived at the beginning of our era.
In the middle of the 1st millennium, Persian and then Arab slave traders appeared on the coast of modern Tanzania. It was then that a new Swahili ethnic community began to form. It included the indigenous coastal tribes of Iran, Arabia, and also India and newcomers.
Swahili engaged in international trade, exporting slaves, ivory, gold from Africa, importing handicrafts, textiles, food.
At the beginning of the 16th century, the Portuguese appeared on the coast of present-day Tanzania. From 1505, they occupied almost all the port cities, but in the second half of the 17th century, the Arabs and Negroes succeeded in driving out the Portuguese.
After the expulsion of the Portuguese, the Arabs and local inhabitants were actively involved in the slave trade. Negro slaves were transported to the countries of the Middle East, as well as to India and to European planters on the islands of the Indian Ocean. As a result, in the 18th century, some areas in the hinterland of today's Tanzania were largely depopulated.
The foundations of statehood began to form among the peoples of Shambala, Jagga, Hehe, Haya, and Nyamwezi. For example, the state of Kimveri, the supreme leader of the Shambal tribe, stretched from the slopes of Kilimanjaro to the shores of the Indian Ocean. The country of the Hehe tribe also emerged under the leadership of the high chieftain Muyugumba.
In the middle of the 19th century, many Europeans appeared on the coast of present-day Tanzania: traders and missionaries from Great Britain, France, Germany and the United States. The British were particularly active, forbidding the Sultan of Zanzibar from engaging in the slave trade.
### Colonial period
In 1885, 29-year-old German Karl Peters landed on the coast of Tanzania. He quickly negotiated a protectorate with the chiefs of 12 tribes, that is, handing them over to German rule, and in 1888 he leased the entire coastal part of present-day Tanzania from the Sultan of Zanzibar for 50 years.
Concerned about this, the British signed a protectorate agreement with the Sultan of Zanzibar in November 1890, and in 1891 Peters announced the establishment of an imperial colony in German East Africa.
The Germans wanted to make German East Africa their settlement colony. They established plantations there and grew rubber, coffee, cotton, and sisal plants. Starting in 1902, they began to build railways connecting coastal ports with inland areas. By 1914, the number of German settlers reached 5,400.
In 1905-1907, there was a suppressed Maji-Maji rebellion in Tanzania.
In August 1914, the First World War began, Tanzania became a theater of military operations. The German troops, which also mobilized the local population, were led by Colonel von Lettow-Vorbeck, who, together with his soldiers, fought against the British, Belgian and Portuguese troops, attacked the colonies of these countries, and until November 1918, he was informed that Germany had signed an armistice with the Entente.
After World War I, Tanzania was under British rule. The British continued to develop the plantation economy, primarily sisal, as well as cotton and coffee.
### Period of independence
On December 9, 1961, Great Britain granted independence to Tanganyika, the present Tanzanian mainland, and on December 10, 1963, to the remaining sultanate of Zanzibar. However, on January 12, 1964, a rebellion broke out in Zanzibar, the Sultan's power was overthrown, and on April 26, 1964, the leadership of the Republic of Tanganyika and the People's Republic of Zanzibar and Pemba announced the formation of the United Republic. Tanganyika and Zanzibar. On October 29, 1964, this name was shortened and the country was called Tanzania.
The direction of nation building in Tanzania led by Julius Nyerere has been announced. "Voluntary campaign" for the participation of young people, women, and the elderly in the construction of public facilities, roads, and bridges was launched throughout the country. This task was combined with military training. At the same time, many leaders of the ruling TANU (Tanganyika African National Union) party took up personal enrichment. In 1966, students who refused to fulfill their labor duties caused protests. Tanzanian authorities suppressed this demonstration with military force.
In January 1967, the leadership of TANU announced a program to build communism in Tanzania. After that, banks, industrial enterprises, foreign trade organizations, as well as agricultural plantations, including plants owned by foreigners, were taken into state ownership.
In rural areas, collective farms began to be established according to the concept of the Tanzanian Communism Collective. The news met with particular opposition in Zanzibar, where a key party leader was assassinated in 1972. In retaliation, Tanzanian authorities executed several dozen conspirators.
In the mid-1970s, Operation Maduka was launched to fully nationalize all retail trade in the country, but it failed.
The one-party system of government established since the 1970s ceased in 1995 after multi-party elections were held.
## Cities
Tanzania has 200 cities with more than 12,000 inhabitants.
## Population
As of 2019, the population of the country is about 60 million people. The population is unevenly distributed. About 80% of the country's population lives in rural areas. The largest city in Tanzania is Dar es Salaam, where more than 4 million people live. There are about 120 different ethnic groups living in the country, most of them are: Sukuma, Nyamwezi, Jagga, Ngonde, Mkhaya, Hehe, Bena, Gogo and Makonde, Kuria, Chagga, Waha, Niaturu. Most of the ethnic groups belong to the Bantu group, some belong to the Nilotic and Khoisan. A small number of Tanzanians are of Indian, Arab, European, Chinese and other origins.
share of people under 15 years old - 44.3%; People over 65 years old - 2.6%.
Average age - 17.8 years.
In 2011, the average life expectancy is 58 years.
Average population growth is about 2%. The birth rate is 32.64 per 1000 people; death - 12.09 per 1000 people. Fertility is 4.16 births per woman.
Human immunodeficiency virus infection (HIV) - 6.2% (estimated in 2007).
## Languages
The official languages of Tanzania are English and Swahili. Swahili is generally the language of inter-ethnic communication, which is especially important in a country with a great deal of ethnic and linguistic diversity. However, the mother tongue of most Tanzanians is the language of their ethnic group. English and Swahili are often second and third languages.
According to Tanzania's language policy, Swahili is to be used in public and political spheres, primary and adult education, English is the language of secondary and higher education, technology and the country's supreme court. In recent decades, there have been trends of decreasing role of English and increasing role of Swahili in various fields.
## Religion
Read more: Christianity in Tanzania and Islam in Tanzania
More than half (55-60%) of Tanzanians are Christians. The share of Muslims is estimated at 30-32%. Another 12% of the population adhere to local autochthonous beliefs. Ethnic minorities include Hindus, Baha'is, Buddhists, Sikhs, Jains, and others.
Major Christian denominations are Catholics (12.4 million), Lutherans (5.8 million), Pentecostals (2.35 million) and Anglicans (2 million).
Muslims are the majority in Zanzibar (97%), most of the coastal areas, as well as some urban areas in the interior of the country. Almost all Muslims are Sunnis (from 80 to 90%), with a minority of Shiites.
## Political structure
Republic. The head of state and government is the president. He has the opportunity to run for a second consecutive term of 5 years, elected by the people.
In the presidential election on December 14, 2005, the candidate of the ruling Revolutionary Party, Tanzania's Minister of Foreign Affairs Jakaya Kikwete, won with more than 80% of the vote. His main opponent was Ibrahim Lipumba, a candidate for the opposition Civil United Front. In 2015, John Magufuli, the ruling party's candidate, replaced Jakaya Kikwete as president. Although he faced severe criticism from opposition candidate Edward Lowassa, in the October 25, 2015 election, Magufuli was declared the winner of the presidential race with 58% of the vote. He was sworn in on November 5, 2015. Kikwete remained as leader of the Revolutionary Party.
Parliament is a unicameral National Assembly (Bunge) with 274 members, of which 232 are elected for 5 years, 37 female members are appointed by the president, and 5 are appointed by the Zanzibar Autonomous Parliament.
Political parties (according to the results of the December 2005 elections):
* Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party) - 206 parliamentary seats;
* Civil United Front - 19th place;
* Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendelelo (Democracy and Development Party) - 5 seats.
According to the Economist Intelligence Unit, the democracy index classified the country as a hybrid regime in 2018.
## Foreign Policy
Tanzania is the only East African country to be a member of the Southern African Development Community (SADC). From 2005 to 2006, Tanzania was a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council.
## Economy
Read more: Tanzania's energy
Tanzania's GDP is 33 billion dollars in 2014. PPP GDP per capita was 1813 dollars.
Natural resources: hydropower, tin, phosphates, uranium, iron ore, coal, diamonds, precious stones, gold, gas, nickel. At the end of February 2012, the Zafarani gas field was discovered on the Tanzanian shelf.
Despite the richest natural resources, Tanzania's economy is based on agriculture, which employs about 80% of the workforce. GDP per capita in 2012 - 3.4 thousand dollars (156th place in the world).
Agriculture (27% of GDP) - coffee, sisal, tea, cotton, cashews, tobacco, cloves, corn, grain, tapioca, bananas, fruits, vegetables; cattle, sheep, goats are raised.
Industry (23% of GDP) - processing of agricultural products (sugar, beer, tobacco), diamonds, gold, iron ore, salt, shoe production.
Service industry - 50% of GDP.
### Foreign trade
Exports in 2017: 5.19 billion dollars - gold, coffee, tea, cashews, cotton.
Main buyers: India - 21.8%, South Africa - 17.9%, Kenya - 8.8%, Switzerland - 6.7%.
Imports in 2017: 8.61 billion dollars - consumer goods, cars and vehicles, fuel.
Main suppliers: India - 16.5%, China - 15.8%, UAE - 9.2%, South Africa - 5.1%.
Part of the International Organization of ICT Countries.
## Culture
The culture of the people of Tanzania has a rich tradition. This is a wood carving, they are famous for their masks, sculptures, and household items. In Zanzibar, the tradition of coconut shell carving and wood carving has been preserved. The Tingatinga style of painting was born in Tanzania, named after the artist Eduardo Saidi Tinginga.
## Sports
Read more: Tanzania at the Olympic Games
Football in Tanzania (the strongest clubs are the capital "Young Africans" and "Simba"), boxing, volleyball, athletics, rugby are popular. The Tanzanian national football team, managed by the Tanzania Football Federation, has never qualified for the World Cup finals and has played its only African Cup of Nations in Nigeria in 1980, where it lost both of its group matches and drew with Côte d'Ivoire. Almost all players of the Tanzania national team play for local clubs.
Although it has a very large population by African standards, Tanzania has not achieved significant success in any area of sports, even at the regional level.
Tanzania first competed in the Olympic Games in 1964 in Tokyo as the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar. At the 1980 Games in Moscow, Tanzanians won their first and so far only Olympic medal: runner Suleiman Nyambui won silver in the 5,000-meter distance, and Philbert Baillie was second in the 3,000-meter steeplechase. Tanzanians have never participated in the Winter Olympics. In addition to the Olympic Games, Tanzania participates in major international competitions such as the Commonwealth Games, the All-Africa Games, and the African Athletics Championships.
One of the most famous athletes from Tanzania is basketball player Hashim Thabit, who was selected 2nd overall in the 2009 NBA draft and played more than 220 games in the league with Memphis, Houston and Oklahoma City.
## Education
The literacy rate in Tanzania was 73% in 2011. Seven years of education is compulsory, but many students leave school early, and some children do not attend school at all. As of 2000, only 57% of children aged 5 to 14 went to school.
## Healthcare
Mortality rate among children under 5 years is 76 per 1000 newborns. The average life expectancy is 51.45 years (50.06 years for men, 52.88 years for women). About 5.7% of the country's adult population is infected with HIV. Malaria is the most common cause of death among children. Among adults, this cause is HIV AIDS. As of 2006, approximately 55% of the population had access to improved drinking water sources. 33% have access to improved sanitation.
## Media
There are 693 periodicals registered in Tanzania, of which 171 are published regularly. The most popular publications include the following newspapers (all published in Dar es Salaam):
Daily News - government publication, published in English since 1972 with a circulation of 50,000; The Guardian - since 1994 with a circulation of 70,000 in English and published in Swahili languages; Uhuru - published in Swahili since 1961, with a circulation of 120,000. State television and radio company TBC (Tanzania Broadcasting Corporation) includes the TV channel of the same name, TBC Redio ya Taifa, TBC FM and TBC International radio stations.
Radio broadcasts have been in the country since 1956, television since 1994 (in Zanzibar - since 1972). Less than 5% of the population has television receivers.
State news agency - Press Services Tanzania.
## Armed Forces
## Read More
* History of Zanzibar
* Republic of Tanganyika
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4722 | Amangeldi Smagulovich Shabdarbaev | Amangeldi Smagulovich Shabdarbayev (August 1, 1950, Kaskeleng district, Almaty region, Kazakh SSR) is the chairman of the National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## Short biography
1950 He was born on August 1 in Kaskeleng district of Almaty region. He comes from the Isty clan.
Graduated from the Kazakh Institute of Physical Education, Higher Courses of the Moscow State University of the USSR, teacher-coach, lawyer.
1974 Served in the Armed Forces of the USSR.
1976 Transfers to the State Security Committee of the Kazakh SSR. Worked in the positions of operative representative and senior operative representative.
1986 resigns from state security agencies. At first, he worked as a foreman, and later as a deputy head, in the "Kazmunayzholkurylisi" trust.
1992 It was the initiative of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan to create an independent security service.
1995 In November, he was appointed as the deputy chairman of the State Investigative Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
1997 Manages Service "A" of the National Security Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
A.S. Shabdarbayev will return as the deputy head of the President's Security Service during the transfer of central state bodies to the new capital.
2002 From January - Head of the Security Service of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2006 On March 2, by the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Lieutenant General A.S. Shabdarbayev was appointed the chairman of the National Committee of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## Awards
Awarded with the Order of Glory II degree, as well as many governmental and departmental awards of the CIS countries.
## Marital situation
Married with four children.
## External links
* National Security Committee
## Links
* NSC
* Glory
* Kazakhstan
* CIS
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5102 | Qazybek would | Kazybek bi, Kazybek Keldibekuly, is one of the three great bis of the Kazakh people of the XVII-XVIII centuries, an outstanding public figure and statesman. He was born in 1667 along the Syr River, from his grandfather, a steelworker belonging to the Karakesek clan of the Orta-hundred Argyn tribe. His great-grandfathers, Abbot Shanshar, Bulbul, and his own father Keldibek, were righteous judges whose names were known throughout the country.
There is no specific information about the places where Kazybek studied and received knowledge. However, the eloquent words that came from folk tales, legends and dance clearly show that he was a well-educated and well-informed person in his time, well versed in folk literature and traditions, symbols, ancestral laws, advanced thinking, fair and visionary, brave and heroic man. . For his justice and courage, Tauke Khan made Kazybek the Chief Dancer of Orta Yuz. During the reign of Bi Az Tauke, he was one of the prominent members of the khan's council, and during the reigns of Sameke, Abilmambet, and Abylai, he often intervened in the affairs of state administration and gave advice on internal and external politics.
Bi's youth and his entire conscious life were faced with a period of increasing tribal-tribal divisions within the Kazakh country and the struggle for khanate power, increasing the attention of neighboring states, and the acceleration of the Dzungar invasion. According to folk tales, he was 14 years old when he first went to the Kalmyk villager Tsevan Rabdan, following the embassy of Tauke Khan led by well-known dance heroes. At the moment when the Kazakh dancers showed timidity in front of the angry Kalmyk Khan, who was bleeding from his sword, the teenager Kazybek said: "Dat, my lord!" "Kazakh is a country that grazes cattle, a country that rests without harming anyone. We are a country that wears horse hair on its spear so that blessings do not escape from our country, so that the enemy does not encroach on the edge of our land. We are a country that has not been conquered by the enemy, and we are not overpowered." Our country. We are a country that knows how to protect our friends, a country that knows how to justify its taste. But if there is a proud khan, we are a country that knows how to tame a khan's horde. If a son is born to a father, he is not born to be a slave, if a daughter is born to a mother, she is not born to be a slave. We are a country that cannot sit still. If you are iron, we are coal - we came to melt, we came to make the Kazakh-Kalmak child whole. .If you make a deal - tell me your situation, if you don't - tell me where you live!" - he said.
The Kalmak khan, who understood the bravery of the young boy and the goodness that called for solidarity, was satisfied with justice and was pleased with his eloquence and eloquence: "Your voice is like the voice of a goose, from now on your name will be Kazybek with the voice of a goose." . Thanks to that, the embassy took back 90 prisoners from the hands of the enemy, with their cattle and looted property, and returned to the country with loot. After that, Kazybek went to the Dzungars as an embassy twice, and without tarnishing the country's honor, he fulfilled his goal.
Tole, Alchin Aiteke, and Argyn Kazybek of the Tauke Khan House drew up a new draft law - "Seven Charters" for the princes and accepted it in front of the whole people at the beginning of Kultobe. Thus, with the help of the three great dances, norms of customs within the country, land and water, size of estates, widow's dispute, payment of price, revenge, prohibition of theft, disputes between brothers and relatives, clan, unity of the country, the state management, protection of the Motherland, repelling the attacks of external enemies, raising children, etc. the problem solving system has been established anew.
During the period when the country was under severe stress due to "Aktaban Shuburindy, Alkakol Sulama", Kazybek Bi, together with other princes, tried to reconcile between Sultans Sameke, Abilmambet, Barak, Batyr, Abylay, and called them to mutual solidarity. He was in favor of establishing friendly relations with the Russian king. When Sultan Abylai was captured, Kazybek bi did all possible diplomatic tricks to save Abylai. In 1762, Bi advised Sultan Abylay to keep away from the Chinese gardens. In addition to state affairs, Kazybek asserted his just authority over inter-clan disputes and disputes between sultans. It is known that Karasakal, the leader of the Bashkir rebellion of 1740 against the tyranny of the Russian king, took refuge in Kazybek Bi before going to Kabanbai Batyr. And when Sultan Barak brutally killed Abul Kayir, the Khan of Kishizhuz, on August 24, 1748, he considered it a crime that undermined the unity of the country.
At the beginning of the 40s of the 18th century, Bi moved from the Syr River to Arka, settled in Ulytau, Karkaraly region, and settled on the slopes of Mount Semizbugi. Five sons were born from Kazybek: Bekbolat, Kazymbet, Bazargeldy, Barky, Syrymbet, and one daughter named Mankan (Kamka). Descendants of Kazybek followed the path of their ancestors and became wise and fair judges who kept their word. His son Bekbolat, after him Tilenshi, Alshinbaylar were fair and honest judges who made the people happy. The well-known singer-composer Madi Bapiuly is also a descendant of Kazybek Bi.
Kazybek bi died in 1764 at the age of 97 in Terekti winter at the foot of Semizbugi mountain. His son Bekbolat took his body to the Khoja Ahmet Yasawi mausoleum in Turkestan and buried it, and placed a tombstone on his head. Aleksey Levshin, Shokan Ualikhanov, Shahabuddin Marzhani, Baltabay Adambaev, Nysanbek Torekulov, etc., talk about the artistic activities and oratories of Kazybek Bi. studies have been preserved. In the novel "Elim-ay" by the writer Sofy Smataev, a harmonious personality of the talented dancer was created. One district in Karaganda region, streets in Almaty and Shymkent were named after the dance, and a monument was erected in Astana, the capital of the country. Literary heritage of Kazybek Bi is included in collections of eloquent words published in print.
## Additional information
Kazybek Keldibekuly (1667-1764) was born in a village on the banks of the Syrdarya River and spent his youth in the Karatau and Ulytau valleys. According to the Kazakh genealogy, Kazybek is from the Karakesek (Bolatkozha) clan of Argyn. Bulbul and Shanshar were born from one of Karakesek's ancestors. They studied and knitted a lot, were intelligent and eloquent.
Shanshar's second wife Aibike gave birth to Keldibek, Tynybek, Zhanibek, Esyrkep (they were also called "four begs" by the country). During Keldibek's time, he was a well-known orator and dancer. He remained unmarried until he reached the age of thirty. The reason for this is the legend of the country: Grandfather Nightingale dreamed - you will not marry, you will not set your eyes on any woman. The woman you will get will be like this: a tall blond girl, with a limp in her right leg, a mole the size of a mole at the base of her right ear, and a palm-sized mole between her nipples. "You marry him," he said. As he said, Keldibek met and got to know that girl later. That girl's name is Tokmeyil. When he was about to tell his parents:
- My son, when other beautiful girls were standing, she was a girl who did not like her. - when Keldibek said:
Creamy milk floats in front of me, even though its legs are lame, it is more than worth it. His eyes are bright, his words and deeds are straight. "My whole body melted from the conversation," he said. Another time, his peers were sitting at Keldibek's house, stuttering and making fun of him. Then the newly married young woman is polite and polite:
My eyes are black, I don't hide it, I'm lame. I am so friendly with you. As a sign of peace, I'm going to find a boy who will dance the Four Boshans. As it is said, the famous Kazybek bi was born from mother Tokmeyil. Six sons were born from that Tokmeil: Kazybek, Sadimbek, Asan, Balapan, Usen, and Quail. The country calls them the "six of the lame". When Kazybek was born, his mother said:
"If I grow up full of excitement,
If I forgive my white milk,
Your fate may be honest.
Your profession may be due to your tongue." When Sadimbek was born, he said: "This ugly man would be angry, he would suck my nipples and scratch me in anger."
When Asan was born, he said, "This ugly mess will happen." When the baby was born, they said, "This ugly eloquent." He said to Usen, "You will be a kerbez". When the quail was born, they said, "Will you be a hero?" Everything happened as the plaintiff's mother said.
Kazybek grew up with an aptitude for oratory since childhood. He remembers the wise sayings, proverbs, proverbs, sayings of the poets of the past, rhymes, rhymes of the poets, orators and dances. Especially, father's education helps him a lot. He gets involved in the country's government from an early age. [7][edit] Stories about Kazybek Bi[edit] Story about Kazybek Bi
According to one legend, Kazybek's eloquence and justice began to show at the age of seven. In the early days, when food is served and races are being held, one colt is ahead of hundreds of horses. A young man at the party said:
- This is my butt that I lost on the Thai day, - and went back to her. The person who is riding the horse does not give him the victory by saying:
- My horse was born from my own mare. In the meantime, a dispute arises.
The crowd follows them saying:
- Go to the Keldibek dance. Keldibek came to ask both sides and was not sure what to do. Then the seven-year-old Kazybek, who was sitting next to his father, looked at the two boys and said:
Tell me what evidence you have? - says. The man who entered Kula Kaska in the race:
- If I see his mother-in-law, I can tell the offspring born from her.
The guy who said "I lost my butt on Thai day":
- We are Kazakhs who grew up raising cattle. I will see my mother-in-law, I will find my mother-in-law without nausea.
- In that case, - says the boy Kazybek, - the lamb, the kid, two lambs that are standing in the yard, should you two bring them?! Two young men are leading two lambs from the garden.
- Now, - says Kazybek, - you two go to the field and find the mothers of these two lambs?
The two go to the field and bring two health.
- Put the lamb to its mother, - says the boy. If the young man with the horse puts the lamb in his mother's house, she will not receive the good health he brought, and the lamb will run away. And when the guy called "I lost my foal" puts the lamb to health, he sniffs it and continues to nurse the lamb. Then Kazybek said to the owner of the horse:
- Well, brother, do you have any doubts about this guy's ability to find cattle? - he asks. He looks down and remains silent. Kazybek looked at the crowd:
- How do you feel about this, the public? - the people standing around said:
- The boy made a big decision, thanks to his grandfather, it belongs to the boy who lost the race on the day of the race, - they said and left.
Story about Kazybek dance
Once upon a time, when Akbalyk, the only daughter of a rich man, grew up, she fell in love with Kozybak, the shepherd of her family, who had nothing to blame but poverty. The girl's father is meek, but his brothers are known as "five people" and "you stand and I will be special". Parents and close relatives joined Akbali to their beloved without crying.
Akbalyk was unable to make a thread from his turban, so he planted a weed on the edge of the kotan. The heads of the clan, who were proud of this, called Kazybek. In order to test the girl, Kazybek intentionally talks to Akbalyk with a group of people.
Kozybak left the sheep and just came home. Kazybek beat the beautiful Akbalyk in the middle of the dance:
- Hey, sister, meaning comes out of meaningful words, what comes out of meaningless words? Zhapalak hanged the swan, what does it mean?! - says.
The beautiful girl from Akbal, meanwhile, mumbled:
- It is true, meaning comes out of meaningful words, what comes out of meaningless words? "You will be surprised that the jalapok is a swan, it has the taste of a yellow goose," he said. Kazybek was satisfied with the girl's love for the shepherd, and said to his honor-seeking brothers: "Wealth is not an ideal, Poverty is not a shame, Give what you earn for free, Let it be white with your money."
Story about the dance of Kazybek
While the three of them, Kazybek, Zhanibek, and Alibek, were traveling through the country, they met an old man on the road. Saluting the old man, Janibek asks the following question:
- Oh, elder, will the prosperity of the village go away? The elder thought for a while and said:
If the village elder is premature, if his boys have six mouths, if they say A, they say Ma. If the older one says you are the younger one. The prosperity of that village will disappear.
Goose-voiced Kazybek stood up:
If your daughter-in-law is fit,
If your daughter is sumac,
All the blessings of that house will disappear,
- If your wife is good,
Your friend will gather around you and be your happy guest.
If your wife is bad.
Your friend is disgusted with you,
Your guest will leave your house, -
- O old man, will the blessings of the house leave? - says.
- If your wife frowns,
If you pour tea,
If your son is fit for battle, the old man said without a sigh. Alibek asks the following question:
- Yes, elder, what is good? The elder answered without stumbling:
- If your name is good, you are riding a horse in life. If your child is good, you are a burning candle.
- Well, what's wrong?
- If you have a bad name, you will suffer in life, if your child is bad, you will suffer in life.
said.
The princes, who were pleased with the elder's witty answer, went to their villages, entertained them, dressed them in robes, and sent them on horseback.
Story about Kazybek bi
Kazybek bi with a voice of a goose comes to Bukhar Zhirau in his old age.
Bukar Zhyrau lying in bed:
- No one could tell me the meaning of the number from one to ten, Kazybek, can you tell me? - said. Then Kazybek's answer:
- You mean that a country with lost unity is bad.
What you mean is that a grown man is bad.
What you mean by three is that a horse is worse than a three-legged friend.
What you mean by four is that it is bad to not have a well-known child from a qualified person.
What you mean by six is to rule the region, I'm a bad person.
If you mean seven, it is bad that you did not reach your goal.
What you mean by eight is that it is a bad thing to start without a care.
Nine means you are excited.
What you mean by ten is your past, your arrival in the other world.
Story about Kazybek dance (Another version)
Goose-voiced Kazybek was traveling around the country and stopped at a house. Although her husband was not at home, the wife welcomed the guests. Then Kazybek said, "His wife is like this, what kind of husband is he?" - while sitting, her husband comes home. When he looked, he was just a man, Kazybek joked and looked at his comrades and said:
- Citizens, this word has meaning, what does Mansiz have to do with meaning? If I look at the power of God, Japalak has something to do with the duck. Then the woman understood Kazybek's words and said:
- Bieke, your words have a meaning, Mansiz has more to do than the meaning. He said that he did not catch the bird that was clapped, Or he has a brown goose.
Then Kazybek was pleased with the woman and said:
If your child is bad,
Isn't it a mockery of what you see!
If you have a bad name,
Isn't a fly a pain in the soul!
If it's really bad,
Isn't this a liar's hell!
He said if your born child is good.
Isn't it a candle of body and soul!
If your riding horse is good,
Isn't this the glory of the world!
If the wife you get is good,
Isn't it the place of your neighbor and your hotel! - together: "In Kalmak, is it really true that our son has become a slave and our daughter has become a slave? How about joining hands and fighting?" - came in front of Abylay. Then Abylai said: "We didn't send a dead and sharp-tongued messenger to test. Let's choose a messenger, and if he doesn't respond, let's fight!" - says. The people are conspiring against this. Karakesek assigns this work to Keldibek Bi. Keldibek couldn't go by himself, he couldn't find someone like him, and finally he sent his son Kazybek to test him. My son tries to see if he knows how to say the right way.
- My child, whose child are you? - says.
- My name is Kazybek, my father is Keldibek, I will be Shanshar's grandson, - says his son.
- My son, is it better for you to play and teach Thai in such a hurry, or is it better to follow the good ones and get to know the country, get to know the land, and learn the language?
- Childhood will also pass, I don't want to leave it, but it will not be bad to follow good people and get to know the country, land, and words, - says Kazybek. - So, my son, go home! - says his father.
...He took ten people with him and sent a foal named "Telkonur" under him, and sent his son Keldibek to the Kalmyk khan.
There is a reason for calling "Telkonur" as well. One day, while packing his horse, Keldibek noticed that the black-maned foal had scratched the ground, could not follow the horse, and was walking awkwardly. - says.
Every day, the mare foals, and the foal plays on the mare's neck. Keldibek:
- What do you think will happen to the milk of one trick, let him milk the milk of two mares, the mother red tarlan was a milk mare, slaughter her foal yourself and send it to the horseman. The foal was named "Telkonur" because it nursed the milk of those two mares. It turns out that Keldibek has a good boyfriend who won't turn away from the mountains.
He chose his horse, filled ten people, and added that guy to Kazybek.
- No matter how much you say, this is a child, you are watching, - he handed over his child to the boy. So:
- Go, greet Abylai Khan! - he said.
The group led by Abylay was going to the top of a hill, he put his horse's forehead directly on the yellow hand that was holding a samsa, reached it and greeted Kazybek Abylay. After receiving Abylai's greeting:
- Whose child are you? - he asked.
- My name is Kazybek, my father is Keldibek, - said the boy.
- When I was in the village, I was the leader of the children, now I came to be a horseman for my brothers. "I watched the Thai race and the Kunan race, now I came to join the horse race," said the boy. Then Abylai burst out laughing:
- It's okay, my son, it's okay, you can go. The foal is good, and your words are good! - says.
So Abylai says: "Come on, I will take you to some place and come back."
Hand knocks the alarm and walks away. The goose neck, reed ears, and meat are hot, one of them is blowing, the other is crawling. Every time Telkonur's meat gets hot, it foams from its mouth, wraps itself around itself and plays like an orke. When he was about to cut off the boy's hand with his mouth, Abylai turned his attention to the boy again.
- Son, why don't you come? - he calls Kazybek to him. - Tell me the truth, do you want to be a rider or a leader? - says. Then the boy:
- Well, what am I going to do as a leader next to my brothers who have seen the road, even if I am a horseman! - says.
Then Abylay stood at the top of a hill and said:
- Well, guys, go! May your roads be full of spoils, may your leaders be Taikeltir Bi, your khans may be Karkaraly Khan Bertis, your heroes may be Malaysary, and your horsemen may be this boy Kazybek. Respect your elders and your younger ones. Among the many, listen to the words of this Kazybek sikyldi junior. Children of a good country, vomit in front of a foreign country. The khan of Kalmak was the khan carrying Kontazhi! "I am a hero who starts the way, I am a leader who starts the way, it is more expensive to be a hero who starts the way, it is also more expensive to be a leader who starts the way. It is more important to make peace than an ambassador, and to make an enemy. "You can shoot with a gun, you can shoot with words. You can't take back a word when you speak," said Bertis If we don't boil milk this time, it will be more difficult than us, we will put our lives like flies.
So Abylai went back, the ambassadors went through several difficulties On the day, the horses will be trampled by snow, they will go over some difficult passes, and the water will be over bitter lakes. In the evening, Kazybek arrived and asked: "We have arrived, the ambassador of the Kazakh country, where will we stay?" - says the message to the khan. Then the Khan was meeting with his viziers in the Horde.
- Don't spend a lot of money by slaughtering, - the khan orders his ten or five viziers. Then Kazybek said: "I have a hundred horses, I don't have a hundred horsemen, I can't give them away, let me give them a place somewhere." All the horses did not fit in the other's albar, so the khan tied them to his albar. Kazybek tied the horses in groups of ten and arranged them while standing on the horse. Then the khan's wife asked: "Has the boy also come riding on the horse?" - he went out into the field and looked at Kazybek. That evening, the khan gathered his viziers and dances and consulted with his lady. He started the speech himself:
- The Kazakh people are arresting us, they sent a child on a horse. Abylai made fun of us! My idea is this: how about making a mockery of them, butchering their people and putting their horses on horses? - he said. All the Kalmyks shouted "yes-yes". Then the lady stood up:
- Khan, it will not be right. Kazakh is a walled country. "There is no death for the messenger." When the ambassador of a foreign country comes, you should keep your royal character and listen to his words. You can't kill a hundred people and get rich, you can't get rich by adding a hundred horses to a horse. It is necessary to observe that the horse should not act like a horse, and the child should not act like a falcon. Then the khan stood up and said: "Then gather the ambassadors to the Horde tomorrow. If there is a person who agrees with me, I will see him, and if he does not, I will punish him immediately," he dismissed his viziers. The next day, the khan got up early, he had a wise old critic, and he called that critic and said:
- These Kazakh ambassadors are coming, if we listen to their word, will they be able to pull out our sube, you go and test them, - says. The old man said: "Okay", he took his stick in his hand, came to the crowd and had two or three words with each of them, and it was as if he could not find anything among them. "It's a country from far away, what kind of horse is it, is it good?" he asked. When he went inside the horse, Kazybek was sleeping on his back inside the horse. He has two hands on both sides, two legs on both sides, flames are shooting out of his mouth. The old man stood around the child. He said this to the khan: "I couldn't find a person in this crowd that you were shocked by, but I was shocked by something else," he said. Khan said, "What are you scared of?" - says.
- A child is lying inside the horse, his legs are on both sides, his hands are on both sides, and he is beating his ears. Flames are coming out of his mouth. "I talk as long as I can, I don't shake as much as I can, I walk as much as I can, I can talk to the four corners of the neighborhood, I gather people into my mouth like black flies," he says. Then the khan stood up and said:
- You should keep your mouth shut and be confused. If he is a child, if he is inside a horse, this time he will return the horse. He will live many lives until he becomes a man. If so, let's not arrest them, says Khan.
After that, their young men, as if riding a comfortable horse and wearing compact clothes, came and called: "Don't hesitate to speak." Kazybek does not stay inside the horse, but enters the khan's court with the young men. Then the khan stood up with an angry face, cooled down his face, straightened his mustache and said:
- Yes, Kazakhs, what have you come here for, if you have something to say, say it. The leader of them is a man who does not exaggerate, he is a man who says that we will come back with a smile and a smile:
We gave the poem to others, we gave the Orlik to the bottom. Lord Aldiyar, we have come to you.
If you give it, we got it, if you don't give it, we left it, we put the word on you! - and dropped the word with three or four words. Then the arrogant Kontaji Khan Merei prevailed and said: - Then, I will give you an answer before evening, and if there is no answer, it will not be bad if you find the country in the safety of the horses. Thus, Taikeltir had given up the speech with three or four words, and the khan interrupted him with two words. No one from the Kazakh side could say anything to continue the interrupted speech. Kazakh-Kalmak seemed to be on the same scale. The Kazakh ambassadors seem to be in a deadlock. Then Kazybek was sitting by the door, looked around, and when no one said anything, he jumped up and said:
- What is better than a man, better than a word of praise. What is cattle better than cattle, A piece of meat is better, What is earth better than earth.
But a handful of grass is more than enough. They say that the gall of a dead bear is better than a promise, than a man who retreats. Then he reached Kontazhi and stood up and said:
- The country is not a country, the man is not a country, a Danish! - says. Then the Khan:
- Oh, tell me about yourself, what is your name? - he said.
- My name is Kazybek, my father is Keldibek, my people are Kazakh, my clan is Karakesek, - he said.
- Your voice is quacking like a goose, tell me what you are saying! - said Khan. Then Kazybek said:
- We, Kazakhs, are a country that raises livestock, but we are a country that is quiet without hitting anyone. We are a country that has put an owl on a spear so that blessings do not run away from our country, so that enemies do not invade the edge of our land, we are a country that no enemy has conquered, we are a country that has not spoken too much. We are a country that has been able to protect our friends, a country that has been able to justify its taste and salt, a country that has been able to trample the khan's horde if it is a proud khan. If a son is born to a father, he is not born to be a slave, and if a daughter is born to a mother, he is not born to be a slave. We are a country that cannot lock up boys and girls.
You don't want to stay, we are Kazakh,
We came from Karpysya,
You are iron and we are coal,
We came from Eritkel,
Two We came to tell about the fawn of the deer
.
To an unfamiliar foreign country
We came to meet,
If you don't want to meet,
We came to attack,
You are a leopard and we are a lion,
We have come from afar,
A newly trained young horse,
We have come to compete,
We are sticky yellow glue
\< > We have come to stick together,
If you give, tell me the peace,
If you don't give, tell me without trembling,
Tell me where you live! -
said. Then Kolgazhi stank without knowing what to do.
- If you were a child who could speak, how low your seat would be, come up, up! - he opened his arms. Then Kazybek said:
- According to our Kazakh custom, he sits and speaks to the side. Then Kazybek's words went over the khan's head, and the khan did not know what to say.
- They are staying at every house they come to, they are ambassadors from far away, they are angry, take them to a hotel and take care of them somewhere, - he said. Then the khan's servants said:
- Well, Kazakhs, go to the hotel, take care somewhere, - he took them out.
Kazakhs leave, Kalmyks remain united. All the Kalmyks gathered and came to the khan:
- Why are you shaking so much when you look at a child the size of a fist? - said. Then Kontazhi stood up:
- You didn't know. As soon as I said the words, two bears stood on my two shoulders, spitting fire from their mouths and saying "touch me" and "let me see". Well, I was very shocked. It was not visible to you, but it was visible to me. I don't have anything to say in return for this, count the cattle and lives and put them in front of you, he said. The khan counted the cattle and souls and sent back his men:
- I have never bowed to anyone since I became a khan, so I will express my displeasure and give you some gift, - the leader of these gave a gift of nine to each of them. Looking at Kazybek:
- My dear, Kazybek, you are a newly trained young horse, I couldn't resist what you said. Therefore, I will give you two different signs. One - your voice sounds like a goose, so your name will be "Goose-voiced Kazybek" from now on. - he said.
As soon as the settlement was over, the Kazakhs were about to return. The khan went out to say good-bye to them, putting livestock and animals in front of him. After that, he curled up on top of a hill to say goodbye. Then a young Kazakh man came out and shouted.
- Oh, gathered people, this is what I want to say, - he said.
— At first I was a Kazakh horseman. While taking care of the horse, I fell into the hands of the Kalmyk with my horse. After arriving here, a vizier beat me and took my coat, I didn't give it of my own free will, he beat me and broke my tooth. was walking with my horse, my tooth was broken, my speech was broken, what will the crowd say about this? - he said. Then Kontazhi stood up and said:
- What is this, is it right to keep arguing after a truce at the beginning? A tone is the skin of a donkey, a horse is a foal with hair on the outside and shit on the inside; and if a tooth is broken, it is in the mouth, and if a hand is broken, is it not in the sleeve? - he said. Kazakh and Kalmyk seem to be in the balance again. No one said anything, so the boy Kazybek stood up later, pulled his horse into the fight and came to Kontazhi Khan:
- If a tooth is broken - in the mouth, if a hand is broken - in the sleeve, what is the meaning of that? What is the only thing on him that doesn't burn? Thirty teeth in the mouth, what if not steel? What is a single horse without wings? If it is true that the Khan made peace with us without fighting, then it should be said that he was not a slave bought by the Kazakh Kalmak. This is someone's son who was raised with honor. "A volunteer boy should return free," he said. When Kontazhi Kazybek spoke, his spirit was overpowered and he could not speak:
- "Yes, I will burn you," he said, unwrapping his stomach, "Yes, I will burn you" and handing him his steel sword: "Yes, I will burn you." my wing" he says, dropping his horse to the undergrowth. After he was convinced that this time he would achieve equality, the young man, who was angry with him, put on a red wine, put on a steel sword, rode on a black-browed horse and said:
- Well, my argument is over, now you can say goodbye. After that, the Kazakh ambassadors, led by Kazybek, gathered all their cattle and went away like a country, and Kontazhi, with a group of people by his side, stayed on top of a hill in a state of confusion.
Story about Kazybek Bi (Another version)
When Kazybek Bi was famous, he went to visit Saryarka in search of a comfortable place in his country. Kontazhi, a Kalmyk who heard this from outside, immediately marched with a large force and attacked the country facing Kazybek. The Khan's hands tied up hundreds of men with cattle. Among them, Kazybek's own son Kazymbet also leaves. Because the khan had a direct order to bring back someone from Kazybek's family. Kazybek, who liked Saryarka as a settlement and returned to the country, after seeing his country cut down, set out for Kalmyk for the second time as a leader.
Kontazhi Khan, afraid of Kazybek, who turned his back on the fourteen-year-old boy with witty words, agrees to make peace. He engages in various tricks with the aim of getting what he needs from different children. Then the khan's intention was not to return Kazymbet. "Not alive" means the intention to pay for the child. Then Kazybek stood up and said to Kontazhi:
- Don't beg me, the gray one with two legs. Take care of my four-legged animals. will die without a day for my brother, and if my gray eyes are gone, I will get double the price. If I don't say this, I will demand it in the middle of the night - Kontazhi said:
- Kazybek Bi, we thought you should say that I will die without living for your husband. And let me tell you that I can double the payment of my debt! - he said. Then Kazybek:
- The reason for the payment of the bozym is twofold: among the large crowd that came out of the riot, the one who illuminated it is as stunned as Kontayzhi. If it is paid in full, it will be remembered now, - he says. So, Kazybek this time will return with the children who were attacked, the eyes of the Kosa cattle and the full payment of the ones without eyes.
The third rule: as soon as he returned from this peace, he moved the country of Kazybek to Saryarka and made this place a domestic settlement. But Kontazhi will take the last part of the country that he has not yet moved to, as well as a part of the small hundred that is intended for Kazybek. A messenger arrives from a country that has been attacked in Kazybek. So Kazybek once again attracts Kalmyk. This time, Bi sets his sights on Kontazhy and sets out to make this type of grazing never happen again or to end the road once and for all. When he got close to Kontazhi's place, a young girl standing at the crossing asked Kazybek where he was going. Kazybek told the girl that he was going with an embassy to Kontazhi Khan. The girl said to him:
- If you become an ambassador, you will be Kazybeg of the Kazakh people, and you will remember me when you are finished. Kazybek went to Kontazhi's court and said:
- O khan, you did not stop raiding the country, I did not refuse to come to the embassy. Kontazhi replied:
- Kazybek Bi, you are right, I heard what you said in your 14-year-old days: "Shirkin-ay, could he get a seed from this?" Then I went and delivered your son Kazymbet. But you came and said "I will not make peace until my husband returns." You didn't leave us with your tongue cut out. Then you moved away from me. In order to bring you back, I attacked the country that was left behind. I want to be friends with you right now. They used to say, "After the quarrel, the girl ends, and after the water, the grass ends." So he said either get a girl or give a girl. He says to Kazybek Khan:
- I don't have a daughter to give you, if you give me a daughter, I will take it. Khan asks Kazybek "how old was your son?" Kazybek:
- I have a son and a half, - answers. Khan was surprised by this:
- How about one and a half? I heard that you have five sons.
Kazybek said to him:
- I have only one son who will own the country, his name is Bekbolat, and I counted on him. And I didn't take into account the three who only have letters, - he looked at Kontazhi.
Kontazhi gave his daughter and asked her to join Bekbolat. It is said that Kazakh and Kalmyk grazing has stopped. On this trip, Kazybek brought a young girl whom he met on his way to the khan's court and said: "Educate her," and handed her over to Bekbolat.
Story about Kazybek dance
Bekbolat, the son of the goose-voiced Kazybek, had eighteen brothers. While his younger brother was on a campaign, he accidentally grabbed a herd of Abylai's horses and took them away. Abylay knew it. "He insulted me," he said proudly, and came to the village of Bekbolat.
Bekbolat crawled in front of Abylay and said:
...You got away with nine accusations, and then you accidentally killed a child. Bekbolat's friends next to the Khan:
- You know that this is a sign of the kyr, you need to suppress it, - they cut and turn it off. Abylay:
- I can't take care of cattle, I can't suppress my anger without killing my naughty brother, - he says.
- I cannot help killing my own brother, - says Bekbolat.
Abylay leaves without saying a word. He came again with three hundred men, grabbed Bekbolat's younger brother, put a rope around his neck and left. That day, after landing on a lawn, Abylay said:
- Watch to see if anyone will come after us. At the time of death: " - "It looks like a black man", - then Abylay said:
- He might be Bekbolat, when he comes, call him to come down, - he says. As he said, it is Bekbolat.
He did not come down. "Hey, Abylay, what was I like before, what were those around you?" - says Abylay.
Then Bekbolat cut in the direction he came from, and came back in the dead of time, looking at him like this:
- The mountain fox of the Ural mountains,
If you really want to, just don't go, \< >
If the dog is not enough,
the white shoulder of the mountain, - he took off his younger brother and sent him away Abylay, knowing that he was sitting there, said to his neighbors, "What do you think about Bekbolat's coming and going?"
- We can't tell the difference! - after that, Abylay:
- If you don't know, don't argue with him anymore, - explained Bekbolat's words like this. - "A fox of the Ural Mountains," he said. He told you that "a dog is not enough if it runs around". "He called me ``the white shoulder of the Ural Mountains.'' "Don't die there" means that the people are stronger than the khan, and the people are powerless, even if you are a khan, make up your mind and let my brother go, and if you are a slave, you will be fined.
As he said, Bekbolat sent nine fines. "He scares a lot, he sinks deep," he said. It is said that six old khans of Abylai Sikyldi's tusks were afraid of the Kazakh crowd and returned.
Story about Kazybek dance
He had a fight with a rich herdsman named Zhantai, and in that fight one of the rich man's spade teeth broke. The hired man asks for payment saying "I will leave you". A rich man does not pay for "you broke my tooth, I took it to pay for it." Both of them come to Kazybek.
Standing on the side:
- This was my servant, he fought with me and broke one of my teeth. I don't want to ask for the price. They are asking to give me the rent, he says. Then the hired man stood up and said:
I was renting to Zhantai, I didn't light my strength.
For six months trying to get one Thai. After that, a fight broke out,
He didn't break a bone, and the spade tooth was broken.
- Isn't the rich man's name rich, he doesn't give me money, he kicks him out of his house. Father Bi, I want to appeal to your justice, - he finished his speech. Kazybek gave the following authority to this dispute:
- It was a human burden. Where is the strength for a hired man if he does not have enough to eat? You were the cause of the "hungry man fighting" fight. So pay for this, your spade teeth are sunless. If a man's remaining teeth are safe, there is no harm in having a spade tooth, and a woman's spade tooth is both beauty and a weapon for cutting strings. [edit] Story about Kazybek dance (Another version)
When Kazybek became known in the country, two women came to him after arguing. One of the women: - I lost this child at a young age. I don't know if this woman found him or blew him away, but somehow he adopted her. Today, if I recognize him and ask him, he won't say "my son".
The second woman stood up:
- The child is mine, I'm tired, this is wasted. - Kazybek listens to the words of two women and thinks for a while. Then: - Let us confirm that one of you has lost your child, and the other has found it, there is no other witness here. That's why I want to have the following rule here, - he said, holding the two women by the boy's hands and raising the black ax: "I will divide the money between you two, are you satisfied with this?" - says. Then the woman who owns the honey said:
- Until I leave someone alive, let me keep even half of it, if you have to share it, share it! - he says standing up. And the woman who recognized the child:
- Oh no, bitch! Wherever he goes, let him live, don't rush! - he said. Then Kazybek went:
- The child belongs to the woman who lost it, because she wished for the child to be alive, so give the child to her, - the authorities say
Story about the dance Kazybek
Kazybek and Aiteke came together to discuss an issue, agreed on a place, and called Tole Bi the father of the country. On this day, there was talk in Tole Bi's village. After saying hello and greeting, Tole starts talking.
- O people, you are coming from a faraway place, the back of a dog that loses its wings when it gets cold and burns its hooves when it walks, where is the strength of this horse? - says. Then someone says "in front of the horse's power", someone "behind the horse's power", and someone says "the horse's power is in the middle". Tole stared at the one in the middle and said: - Why is the power of the horse not in front, not behind, but in the middle? - says.
- The head is the head, the back is the joint, there are four supports under it - isn't the middle one a beam? That's why the power is in the middle, says the last narrator. Tole again:
- The ancients said, "If there are two people, there will be four people," and how would it be if the three countries took sides and called it a battle, so as not to break the truce? - says. The community says it is "correct". But there is a struggle for power. Big face says: "We will be, because we are older brothers", Small face: "We will be, because we are the youngest in the black family." Then the guy who said that the manat is in the middle of the horse's power sat:
- The elder will not be a judge - there will be no benefactors in front of him, there will be no younger judge - there will be no benefactors behind him. He has a brother before his death, a younger brother behind him, and he has love from both sides. - says. The old man asks the boys for marriage. "The power of the horse is at the beginning", "the power of the horse is at the beginning", "the power of the horse is behind" Aiteke, and the guy "the power of the horse is in the middle" will be Kazybek.
"Don't be in a hurry,
Take care if you can.
Don't say he's young,
He's a brother if he's wise," - said the old people. , my dear, Kazybek, we have given you the supreme power, let your words be a project, - Tole sits on his right side and blesses.
Story about Kazybek bi
About thirty thousand Oirats, led by the Dzungar commander Sary Manzhi, marched through Saryarka and conquered the Karatau Gorge and the entire Turkestan region from there. During that battle, Abylai Batyr fought with Sharysh, the hero son of Kaldan Ceren, and killed Sharysh. A thick curtain is closed and Abylay and some of his men are captured and taken away. Kazakhs will not be able to mediate between them. So about a year passes. Abylay Batyr lies handcuffed. Dzhongar Kontaichyshi didn't let the determined Kazakhs who went looking for him. Now the people discussed together, "Who will save Abylai?" At that time, the people unanimously said: "Let Kazybek dance, there is no other person except him." With this public request, Kazybek went to Dzongaria as an embassy.
Kontayshi, who already knew Kazybek's boldness, courage, and eloquence, could not stand him for long this time. He waited as much as possible and made the following conditions: First of all, Abilkhair, Abilmambet Khan, Barak Sultan, Zhanibek Batyr and ten other famous people should give guarantees from one guy. Secondly, you will break away from the Russian kingdom and join Dzongaria, only then will your Abylai heroes be returned. "Thirty-two cities around ten of Khosa Turkestan will be given to you," they say.
Goose-voiced Kazybek is coming back. He consulted with the leaders of the country. Abylaydai, who is a bulwark for the care of the whole nation, insists on partially fulfilling Kontayshi's demand for the sake of the hero. Abilmambet and Barak are entrusted to the sultan by one of the young men. It means that it will not be surrendered to either the Russian kingdom or Hungary. He warns that if he does not agree to this, he will launch an attack together with the Russians. For Kazybek, this was a trick, to scare Kontaychy. Kontayshi thinks over Kazybek's agreement and fears that "if the Kazakhs unite with the Russians, the situation will become miserable," he agrees with Kazybek.
Abylai frees the hero from captivity. He returns Turkestan and thirty-two cities in its territory. Abul Mambet Khan is elected to Turkestan. Abylay Batyr is designated as a sultan on Arka's side. At this time, the Kazybek village of Ulytau was grazing. This is how the wise priest and peacemaker, Baba Kazybek, rescued Abylai Khan from Dzhongar captivity.
Story about Kazybek dance
Kypchak and Karakesek countries fought for pasture. To resolve this dispute, the people of Kaz elected Kazybek. Dance of Kipchak after peace:
- Speak thin dance of Argyn. - he said. Then Kazybek:
- I'm not thin, I'm not thin,
If you see an orphan, a girl will lose weight,
I've been pretty since childhood.
Men decrease during warfare,
Camels decrease during migration,
Country decreases with men,
Mares decrease in spring,
In the field the khan said, and he divided the land between two countries and made the whole country happy. [8]
Story about Kazybek dance
A rich man named Baganaly Borbas had a black-browed horse named "Shappai Ber" who did not give in to many temptations.
Ahmet hai, who was interested in a zhorga at a wedding, was disappointed to make black eyebrows. He said to his subordinates Omenke, Kultas, and Zhyntas, "Please come and ask for a blanket": "Let me press the roots", "If they say yes, I will ask." "I'll go, but a stingy rich man can't afford it," he hesitated. After feeling their face:
- What do you think of the sly eagles who come only to catch mice, - said the khan, a passionate young man - Shorman, who had been involved in speech contests since his childhood and stumbling many orators.
When Balabi went to Borbastyk, he was staying with the above-mentioned three women. A rich man who saw a seventeen-year-old boy: Stop stuttering, go straight! Dancing in the herd will decrease. A careless dance like you will dig the bottom of Argyn!
- What kind of product did you have, are you talking? - said Shorman boy:
- I brought greetings from the Khan,
My columnist Borbas.
My face is generous,
May your glory be revealed.
The prisoner said what he wanted,
Let the weight of him shake.
He said to give it without being offended,
Let him crawl to the black brow.
Khan is generous like you,
Like the eyes of a burning mountain
What he says is a lesson to the people,
Like the words of these three dances.
You are deaf too,
It is attractive to the eyes.
Even if you ride to the enemy,
He will not take any blame.
Even if you put it on ice like glass,
Stone hooves will not slip.
He used to play,
His behavior ??? ?
Like a stilt,
He used to play in the blue sky.
If you are a captor, you will escape,
If you chase, you will not be enough,
You will not be denied by your pace,
If you ride a year, you will not get tired.
Black-eyed creeper.
I gave it to you, lady,
You are bound to the soul, - he said.
If you don't want to say it, tell the country, Thirty clans know what comes out of thirty teeth.
- He who hides his illness will die without death, He who is afraid of violence will give in without help. Let me tell you, I was sorry for this,
I was not giving a reason to these dances. Okay. Go back with Khan's wishes. There is a saying "The hand that I give is the palm of my hand." Perhaps she also has an expensive side... You said, "The lady is generous," said Borbas Bai.
## Additional information
Kazybek Keldibekuly (1667-1764) was born in the village of Karatau, Ulytau, according to Kazakh genealogy. Bulbul was born from Karakesek's grandfather Abyssian, Chechen dance. From Shanshar's second wife, Keldibek, Zhanibek, and Esirkep (they were also called "four begs") were born He went unmarried until he reached the age of 15. The reason for this is the legend: Bulbul's grandfather dreamed that you will not marry, you will not set your eyes on any woman. Your wife will be like this: a tall blonde girl, with a lame right leg, a mole like a mole between her two nipples. "You will marry her," he said. That girl's name is Tokmeyil. When he was about to tell his parents:
- My son, when other beautiful girls were standing, she was a girl who did not like her. - when Keldibek said:
Creamy milk floats in front of me, even though its legs are lame, it is more than worth it. His eyes are bright, his words and deeds are straight. "My whole body melted from the conversation," he said. Another time, his peers were sitting at Keldibek's house, stuttering and making fun of him. Then the newly arrived young woman is only polite with manners:
I'm blind, I don't hide it, I'm lame. I am so friendly with you. As a sign of peace, I'm going to find a boy who will dance the Four Boshans. As it was said, the famous Kazybek bi was born from mother Tokmeyil. Six sons were born from that Tokmeil: Kazybek, Sadimbek, Asan, Balapan, Usen, and Quail. The country calls them the "six of the lame". When Kazybek was born, his mother said:
"If I grow up full of excitement,
If I forgive my white milk,
Your fate may be honest.
Your profession may be due to your tongue." When Sadimbek was born, he said: "This ugly man would be angry, he would suck my nipples and scratch me in anger."
When Asan was born, he said, "This ugly mess will happen." When the baby was born, they said, "This ugly eloquent." He said to Usen, "You will be a kerbez". When the quail was born, they said, "Will you be a hero?" Everything happened as the plaintiff's mother said.
Kazybek grew up with an aptitude for oratory since childhood. He remembers the wise sayings, proverbs, proverbs, sayings of the poets of the past, rhymes, rhymes of the poets, orators and dances. Especially, father's education helps him a lot. He gets involved in the country's government from an early age. [1]
## Stories about Kazybek dance
### Story about Kazybek dance
Kazybek's eloquence and justice qualities from the age of seven According to a legend, it started to appear. In the early days, when food is served and races are being held, one colt is ahead of hundreds of horses. A young man at the party said:
- This is my butt that I lost on the Thai day, - and went back to her. The person who is riding the horse does not give him the victory by saying:
- My horse was born from my own mare. In the meantime, a dispute arises.
The crowd follows them saying:
- Go to the Keldibek dance. Keldibek came to ask both sides and was not sure what to do. Then seven-year-old Kazybek, who was sitting next to his father, looked at the two competitors and said:
- Tell me what evidence you have? - says. The man who entered Kula Kaska into the race:
- If I see his mother-in-law, I can tell the offspring born from her.
The guy who said "I lost my butt on Thai day":
- We are Kazakhs who grew up raising cattle. I will see my mother-in-law, I will find my mother-in-law without nausea.
- In that case, - says the boy Kazybek, - the lamb, the kid, two lambs that are standing in the yard, should you two bring them?! Two young men are leading two lambs from the garden.
- Now, - says Kazybek, - you two go to the field and find the mothers of these two lambs?
The two go to the field and bring two health.
- Put the lamb to its mother, - says the boy. If the young man with the horse puts the lamb in his mother's house, she will not receive the good health he brought, and the lamb will run away. And when the guy called "I lost my foal" puts the lamb to health, he sniffs it and continues to nurse the lamb. Then Kazybek said to the owner of the horse:
- Well, brother, do you have any doubts about this guy's ability to find cattle? - he asks. He looks down and remains silent. Kazybek looked at the crowd:
- How do you feel about this, the public? - the people standing around said:
- The boy made a decision, thanks to his grandfather, saying that it belongs to the boy who lost the race on Thai day, and left.
### Story about Kazybek dance
Once upon a time, when Akbalyk, the only daughter of a rich man, grew up, she fell in love with Kozybak, the shepherd of her family, who had nothing to blame but poverty. . The girl's father is meek, but his brothers are known as "five people" and "you stand and I will be special". Parents and close relatives joined Akbali to their beloved without crying.
Akbalyk was unable to make a thread from his turban, so he planted a weed on the edge of the kotan. The heads of the clan, who were proud of this, called Kazybek. In order to test the girl, Kazybek intentionally talks to Akbalyk with a group of people.
Kozybak left the sheep and just came home. Kazybek beat Akbalyk on the dance floor and said:
- Hey, sister, meaning comes from meaningful words, what comes from meaningful words? Zhapalak hanged the swan, what does it mean?! - says.
The beautiful girl from Akbal, meanwhile, mumbled:
- It is true, meaning comes out of meaningful words, what comes out of meaningless words? "You will be surprised how much the slap is like a swan, it tastes like a yellow goose," he said. Kazybek said to his brothers and sisters who were happy that the girl had kissed the shepherd sincerely: "Wealth is not an ideal, Poverty is not a shame, Give freely what you have earned, and let him shine with his hand." , stopped.
### Story about Kazybek dance
While the three of them, Kazybek, Zhanibek, and Alibek, were traveling through the country, they met an old man on the road. Saluting the old man, Janibek asks the following question:
- Oh, elder, will the prosperity of the village go away? The elder thinks for a while and says:
- If the village elder is premature, if his young men have six mouths, he says ``A''. If the older one says you are the younger one. The prosperity of that village will disappear.
Goose-voiced Kazybek stood up:
If your daughter-in-law is fit,
If your daughter is sumac,
All the blessings of that house will disappear,
- If your wife is good,
Your friend will gather around you and be your happy guest.
If your wife is bad.
Your friend is disgusted with you,
Your guest will leave your house, -
- O old man, will the blessings of the house leave? - says.
- If your wife frowns,
If you pour tea,
If your son is fit for battle, the old man said without a sigh. Alibek asks the following question:
- Yes, elder, what is good? The elder answered without stumbling:
- If your name is good, you are riding a horse in life. If your child is good, you are a burning candle.
What's wrong?
- If you have a bad name, you will suffer in life, if your child is bad, you will suffer in life.
said.
The princes, who were pleased with the elder's witty answer, went to their villages, entertained them, dressed them in robes, and sent them on horseback.
### The Story of Kazybek Bi
Kazybek Bi with the voice of a goose comes to Bukhar Zhirau in his old age.
Bukar Zhyrau lying in bed:
- No one could tell me the meaning of the number from one to ten, Kazybek, can you tell me? - said. Then Kazybek's answer:
- You mean that a country with lost unity is bad.
What you mean is that a grown man is bad.
What you mean by three is that a horse is worse than a three-legged friend.
What you mean by four is that it is bad to not have a well-known child from a qualified person.
What you mean by six is to rule the region, I'm a bad person.
If you mean seven, it is bad that you did not reach your goal.
What you mean by eight is that it is a bad thing to start without a care.
Nine means you are excited.
What you mean by ten is your past, your arrival in the other world.
### Story about Kazybek dance (Another version)
Kazybek with a goose voice was traveling around the country and stopped at a house. Although her husband was not at home, the wife welcomed the guests. Then Kazybek said, "His wife is like this, what kind of husband is he?" - while sitting, her husband comes home. When he looked, he was just a man, Kazybek joked and looked at his comrades and said:
Citizens, this word has meaning, what does Menziz have to do with meaning? Looking at the power of God, Japalak has something to do with a duck. Then the woman understood Kazybek's words and said:
- Bieke, your words have a meaning, Mansiz has more than meaningful things to do. He said, "He doesn't smoke his clapped bird, Or he has a brown goose."
Then Kazybek was pleased with the woman and said:
If your child is bad,
Isn't it a mockery of what you see!
If you have a bad name,
Isn't a fly a pain in the soul!
If it's really bad,
Isn't this a liar's hell!
He said if your born child is good.
Isn't it a candle of body and soul!
If your riding horse is good,
Isn't this a feather of the world!
If the wife you get is good,
Isn't it the place of your neighbor and your hotel! - nodded: "In Kalmak, is it really the case that our son has become a slave and our daughter a maid? How about joining hands and fighting?" - came in front of Abylay. Then Abylai said: "We didn't try by sending a dead and sharp-tongued messenger, let's send a selected messenger, let's fight if he doesn't respond!" - says. This is why the people are conspiring and colluding. Karakesek assigns this work to Keldibek Bi. Keldibek couldn't go by himself, couldn't find someone like him, and finally sent his son Kazybek to come to his house as a test money, but Kazybek was not at home, and he found him at the beginning of the line. My son tries to see if he knows how to say the right way.
Son, whose son are you, tell me about you? - says.
- My name is Kazybek, my father is Keldibek, I will be Shanshar's grandson, - says his son.
- My son, is it better for you to play and teach Thai in such a hurry, or not, is it better to follow the good ones and get to know the country, get to know the land, and learn the words?
- Childhood will also pass, I don't want to leave it, but it will not be bad to follow the good ones and get to know the country, land, and words, - says Kazybek. - Then, my son, go home! - says his father.
...He took ten people with him and sent the boy "Telkonyr" under him and sent his son Keldibek to the Kalmyk Khan.
There is a reason for calling "Telkonur" as well. One day, while packing his horse, Keldibek noticed that the black mane was crawling on the ground, unable to follow the horse, and walking awkwardly. - says.
Every day, the mare grunts and plays with her foal on the mare's neck. Keldibek:
- What do you think will happen to the milk of one cow, let him milk the milk of two mares, the mother of the red tarlan was a milk mare, slaughter her foal yourself and send it to the horseman. The foal was named "Telkonur" because it nursed the milk of those two mares. It turns out that Keldibek has a good boyfriend who won't come back even if he throws stones at her.
He chose his horse, filled up his body to ten and added that guy to Kazybek.
- No matter how much you say, this is a child, you are watching, - he handed over his child to the boy. So:
- Go, greet Abylai Khan! - he said.
The group led by Abylai went to the top of a hill, put their horse's forehead directly on the yellow hand that was holding a samsa, arrived and greeted Kazybek Abylai. After receiving the price, Abylay said:
- Whose child are you? - he asked.
- My name is Kazybek, my father is Keldibek, - said the boy.
- When I was in the village, I was the leader of the children, now I came to be a horseman for my brothers. "I watched the Thai race and the Kunan race, now I came to join the horse race," said the boy. Then Abylai laughed out loud.
- All right, my son, all right, go. The foal is good, and your words are good! - says.
So Abylai says: "Come on, I will take you to some place and come back."
Hand knocks the alarm and walks away. The goose neck, reed ears, which have been selected and made comfortable, are hot, one is blowing, the other is crawling. As Telkonur's meat heats up, it foams from its mouth, wraps itself around itself, and plays like a duck. When he was about to cut off the boy's hand with his mouth, Abylai turned his attention to the boy again.
- Son, why don't you come? - he calls Kazybek to him. Tell me the truth, do you want to be a rider or a leader? - he says. Then the boy:
- Well, what am I going to do as a leader next to my brothers who have seen the road, even if I am a horseman! - says.
Then Abylai stood on the top of a hill and said:
- Well, guys, go! May your roads be full of spoils, may your leaders be Taikeltir Bi, your khans may be Karkaraly Khan Bertis, your heroes may be Malaysary, and your horsemen may be this boy Kazybek. Respect your elders and your younger ones. Among the many, listen to the words of this young Kazybek sykildi. Children of a good country are vomiting in front of a foreign country. The khan of Kalmak was the khan carrying Kontazhi! "I am a hero who leads the way, I am a leader who leads the way, it is more expensive to be a hero who starts the way, it is also more important to be a leader who starts the way. It is more important to make peace than an ambassador, and to make an enemy. "You can shoot with a gun, you can shoot with words. You can't take back the words that come out of your mouth." "If we don't boil milk this time, we will put our lives like a spoon," said Abylai , on a frosty day, the snow kicks at the horses, it is difficult to pass, and the water is bitter. In the evening, Kazybek arrived and asked: "We have arrived, the ambassador of the Kazakh country, where will we stay?" - says the message to the khan. Then the Khan was meeting with his viziers in the Horde.
- Don't spend a lot of money by slaughtering, - the khan orders his ten or five viziers. Then Kazybek said: "I have a hundred horses, I don't have a hundred horsemen, I can't give them away, let me give them a place somewhere." All the horses did not fit in the other's albar, so the khan tied them to his albar. Kazybek tied the horses in groups of ten and arranged them while standing on the horse. Then the khan's wife asked: "Has the boy also come riding on the horse?" - the older brother came out and looked at Kazybek. That evening, the khan gathered his viziers and dances and consulted with his lady. He started the speech himself:
- The Kazakh people are arresting us, they sent a child on a horse. Abylai made fun of us! My idea is this: how about we kill these people and put their horses on horses? - he said. All the Kalmyks shouted "yes-yes". Then the lady stood up:
- Khan, it will not be right. Kazakh is a walled country. "There is no death for the messenger." When the ambassador of a foreign country comes, you should keep your royal character and listen to his words. You can't kill a hundred people and get rich, you can't get rich by adding a hundred horses to a horse. It should be observed that the horse should not be a horse, and the child should not be a hawk. Then the khan stood up and said: "Well then, gather the ambassadors tomorrow, if there is a person who agrees with me, I will see him, and if he does not, I will punish him immediately." There was an old man who was a wise critic, and he called his critic and said:
- These Kazakh ambassadors are coming, if we listen to their words, will they be able to pull out our sube, go and test them. The old man said, "Okay," he took his cane in his hand, came to the crowd, and as soon as he got into two or three words, it was as if he could not find anything in them. "It's a country from far away, what kind of horse is it, is it good?" he asked. When he went inside the horse, Kazybek was lying on his back inside the horse. Both hands are on both sides, both feet are on both sides, flames are shooting out from the mouth. The old man stood around the child. He said this to the khan: "I couldn't find a person in this crowd that you were shocked by, but I was shocked by something else," he said. Khan: "What are you afraid of?" - says.
- A child is lying inside the horse, two legs on both sides, two hands on both sides, and he is beating his ears. Flames were shooting out of his mouth. "I talk as much as I can, I don't shake as much as I can, I walk as much as I can, I can talk to the four corners of the neighborhood, I can gather people into my mouth like a black fly," he said. Then the khan stood up and said:
- You should keep your mouth shut and be confused. If he is a child, if he is inside a horse, this time he will return the horse. He will live many lives until he reaches maturity. If so, let's not arrest them, says Khan.
After that, their young men, as if riding comfortable horses and wearing compact clothes, came and called: "Don't hesitate." Kazybek does not stay inside the horse, but enters the khan's court with the young men. Then the khan stood up with an angry face, cooled down his face, straightened his mustache and said:
- Yes, Kazakhs, what have you come here for, if you have something to say, say it. The leader of them is a man who does not exaggerate, he is the kind of person who says that we will come back with a smile and a dance:
We gave the poem to others, we gave the Orlik to the bottom. Lord Aldiyar, we have come to you.
If you give it, we got it, if you don't give it, we left it, we put the word on you! - and dropped the word with three or four words. Then the arrogant Kontaji Khan Merei prevailed and said: "In that case, I will give you an answer before the evening. If there is no answer, it will not be bad if you find the country in the safety of the horses." Thus, Taikeltir had given up the speech with three or four words, and the khan interrupted him with two words. No one from the Kazakh side could say anything to continue the interrupted speech. Kazakh-Kalmak seemed to be on the same scale. The Kazakh ambassadors seem to be in a deadlock. Then Kazybek was sitting by the door, looked around, and when no one said anything, he jumped up and said:
- What is better than a man, Better than a word of a man. What is cattle better than cattle, A piece of meat is better, What is earth better than earth.
But a handful of grass is more than enough. It is said that the gall of a dead bear is better than a promise, than a man who retreats. After that, when he reached Kontazhi, he stopped and said:
- The country is not a country, the man is not a country, a Dane! - says. Then the khan:
- Tell me about yourself, what is your name? - he said.
- My name is Kazybek, my father is Keldibek, my people are Kazakh, my clan is Karakesek, - he said.
- Your voice is quacking like a goose, and say Danish! - said Khan. Then Kazybek:
- We, Kazakhs, are a country that raises cattle, but we are a country that does not attack anyone. We are a country that has put an owl on a spear so that no blessing will escape from our country, so that no enemy will invade the edge of our land, we are a country that has not been conquered by any enemy, we are a country that has not spoken too much. We are a country that has been able to protect our friends, we are a country that has been able to justify its salt, we are a country that has been able to trample the khan's horde if it is proud of the khan. If a son is born to a father, he is not born to be a slave, and if a daughter is born to a mother, he is not born to be a ransom. We are a country that cannot lock up boys and girls.
You don't want to stay, we are Kazakh,
We came from Karpysya,
You are iron and we are coal,
We came from Eritkel,
Two We have come to Telitkeli for the fawn of the deer.
To an unfamiliar foreign country
We came to meet,
If you don't want to meet,
We came to attack,
You are a leopard, we are a lion, \ <>
We came from a distance,
A newly trained young horse,
We came to compete,
We are sticky yellow glue
We came to stick,
\ <> If you give it, tell me the peace,
If you don't give it, tell me without trembling,
Tell me where you live! -
said. Then Kolgazhi stank without knowing what to do.
- If you were a child who could speak, how low your seat would be, come up, up! - he opened his arms. Then Kazybek said:
- According to our Kazakh custom, he sits down and speaks to the side. Then Kazybek's words went over the khan's head, and the khan did not know what to say.
They are staying at the guest house, they are an ambassador from far away, they are angry, take them to a hotel and take care of them somewhere, - he said. Then the khan's servants said:
- Well, Kazakhs, go to the hotel, take care somewhere, - he took them out.
Kazakhs leave, Kalmyks remain united. All the Kalmyks gathered and came to the khan:
- Why are you shaking so much when you look at a child the size of a fist? - said. Then Kontazhi stood up:
- You didn't know. As soon as I said the words, two bears stood on my two shoulders, spitting fire from their mouths and saying "touch me" and "let me see". Well, I was very shocked. It was not visible to you, but it was visible to me. I have nothing to say in return for this, count the cattle and lives and put them in front of you, - he said. The khan who counted the cattle and lives and returned his people:
- I have never bowed to anyone before I became a khan, and happiness came to me. "Let me express my gratitude and give you some gift," said one of their leaders, who gave one-ninth gift to each of them. Looking at Kazybek:
- My dear, Kazybek, you are a newly trained young horse, I couldn't resist what you said. So I will give you two different signs. One - your voice sounds like a goose, so from now on your name will be "Goose-voiced Kazybek". - he said.
As soon as the settlement was over, the Kazakhs were about to return. The khan went out to say good-bye to them, putting livestock and animals in front of him. After that, he curled up on top of a hill to say goodbye. Then a young Kazakh man came out and shouted.
- Oh, gathered people, this is what I want to say, - he said.
— At first I was a Kazakh horseman. While taking care of the horse, I fell into the hands of the Kalmyk with my horse. After arriving here, a vizier beat me and took my coat, I didn't give it of my own free will, he beat me and broke my tooth. I was walking with my horse, my tooth was broken, my speech was broken, what will the crowd say about this? - he said. Then Kontazhi stood up and said:
- What is this, is it right to keep arguing after a truce at the beginning? A tone is the skin of a donkey, a horse is a foal with hair on the outside and shit on the inside; and if a tooth is broken, it is in the mouth, and if a hand is broken, is it not in the soul? - he said. Kazakh and Kalmyk seem to be in the balance again. No one said anything, and the boy Kazybek was later, dragged his horse into the fight and came to Kontazhi Khan:
- If a tooth is broken - in the mouth, and if a hand is broken - in the sleeve, what does it mean to walk! What is the only thing on him that doesn't burn? Thirty teeth in the mouth, what if not steel? What is a single horse without wings? If it is true that the Khan made peace with us without fighting, then it should be said that he was not a slave bought by the Kazakh Kalmak. This is someone's son who was raised with honor. "A volunteer boy should return free," he said. When Kontazhi Kazybek spoke, his spirit was overcome and he could not speak:
- "Yes, I will burn you," he said, unwrapping his stomach, "Yes, I will burn you" and handing him a steel sword: "Yes, I will burn you." my wing" he says, dropping his horse to the undergrowth. After he was convinced that this time he would achieve equality, the young man, who was angry with him, put on a red wine, put on a steel sword, rode on a black-browed horse and said:
- Well, my argument is over, now you can say goodbye. After that, the Kazakh ambassadors, led by Kazybek, gathered all their cattle and went away like a country, and Kontazhi, with a group of people by his side, stayed on top of a hill in a state of confusion.
### The Story of Kazybek Bi (Another Version)
When Kazybek Bi was famous, he went to visit Saryarka in search of a comfortable place in his country. Kontazhi, a Kalmyk who heard this from outside, immediately marched with a large force and attacked the country facing Kazybek. The Khan's hands tied up hundreds of men with cattle. Among them, Kazybek's own son Kazymbet also leaves. Because the khan had a direct order to bring back someone from Kazybek's family. Kazybek, who liked Saryarka as a settlement and returned to the country, after seeing his country cut down, set out for Kalmyk for the second time as a leader.
Kontazhi Khan, afraid of Kazybek, who turned his back on the fourteen-year-old boy with witty words, agrees to make peace. He engages in various tricks with the aim of getting what he needs from different children. Then the khan's intention was not to return Kazymbet. "Not alive" means the intention to pay for the child. Then Kazybek stood up and said to Kontazhi:
- Don't beg me, the gray one with two legs. Take care of my four-legged animals. I will die without a day for my brother, and if my gray eyes are gone, I will get double the price. If I don't say this, I will demand it in the middle of the night - Kontazhi said:
- Kazybek Bi, we thought you should say that I will die without living for your husband. And let me tell you that I can double the payment of my debt! - he said. Then Kazybek:
- The reason for the payment of the bozym is twofold: among the large crowd that came out of the riot, the one who illuminated it is as stunned as Kontayzhi. If it is paid in full, it will be remembered now, - he says. So, Kazybek this time will return with the children who were attacked, the eyes of the Kosa cattle and the full payment of the ones without eyes.
The third rule: as soon as he returned from this peace, he moved the country of Kazybek to Saryarka and made this place a domestic settlement. But Kontazhi will take the last part of the country that he has not yet moved to, as well as a part of the small hundred that is intended for Kazybek. A messenger arrives from a country that has been attacked in Kazybek. So Kazybek once again attracts Kalmyk. This time, Bi sets his sights on Kontazhy and sets out to make this type of grazing never happen again or to end the road once and for all. When he got close to Kontazhi's place, a young girl standing at the crossing asked Kazybek where he was going. Kazybek told the girl that he was going with an embassy to Kontazhi Khan. The girl said to him:
- If you become an ambassador, you will be Kazybeg of the Kazakh people, and you will remember me when you are finished. Kazybek went to Kontazhi's court and said:
- O khan, you did not stop raiding the country, I did not refuse to come to the embassy. Kontazhi replied:
- Kazybek Bi, you are right, I heard what you said in your 14-year-old days: "Shirkin-ay, could he get a seed from this?" Then I went and delivered your son Kazymbet. But you came and said "I will not make peace until my husband returns." You didn't leave us with your tongue cut out. Then you moved away from me. In order to bring you back, I attacked the country that was left behind. I want to be friends with you right now. They used to say, "After the quarrel, the girl ends, and after the water, the grass ends." So he said either get a girl or give a girl. He says to Kazybek Khan:
- I don't have a daughter to give you, if you give me a daughter, I will take it. Khan asks Kazybek "how old was your son?" Kazybek:
- I have a son and a half, - answers. Khan was surprised by this:
- How about one and a half? I heard that you have five sons.
Kazybek said to him:
- I have only one son who will own the country, his name is Bekbolat, and I counted on him. And I didn't take into account the three who only have letters, - he looked at Kontazhi.
Kontazhi gave his daughter and asked her to join Bekbolat. It is said that Kazakh and Kalmyk grazing has stopped. On this trip, Kazybek brought a young girl whom he met on his way to the khan's court and said: "Educate her," and handed her over to Bekbolat.
### Story about Kazybek dance
Bekbolat, the son of Kazybek with a goose voice, had eighteen brothers. While his younger brother was on a campaign, he accidentally grabbed a herd of Abylai's horses and took them away. Abylay knew it. "He insulted me," he said proudly, and came to the village of Bekbolat.
Bekbolat crawled in front of Abylay and said:
...You got away with nine accusations, and then you accidentally killed a child. Bekbolat's friends next to the Khan:
- You know that this is a sign of the kyr, you need to suppress it, - they cut and turn it off. Abylay:
- I can't take care of cattle, I can't suppress my anger without killing my naughty brother, - he says.
"I can't let my brother be killed," says Bekbolat.
Abylay leaves without saying a word. He came again with three hundred men, grabbed Bekbolat's younger brother, put a rope around his neck and left. That day, after landing on a lawn, Abylay said:
- Watch to see if anyone will come after us. At the time of death: " - "It looks like a black man", - then Abylay said:
- He might be Bekbolat, when he comes, call him to come down, - he says. As he said, it is Bekbolat.
He did not come down. "Hey, Abylay, what was I like before, what were those around you?" - says Abylay.
Then Bekbolat cut in the direction he came from, and came back in the dead of time, looking at him like this:
- The mountain fox of the Ural mountains,
If you really want to, just don't go, \< >
If the dog is not enough,
the white shoulder of the mountain, - he took off his younger brother and sent him away Abylay, knowing that he was sitting there, said to his neighbors, "What do you think about Bekbolat's coming and going?"
- We can't tell the difference! - after that, Abylay:
- If you don't know, don't argue with him anymore, - explained Bekbolat's words like this. - "A fox of the Ural Mountains," he said. He told you that "a dog is not enough if it runs around". "He called me ``the white shoulder of the Ural Mountains.'' "Don't die there" means that the people are stronger than the khan, the people are powerless, even if you are a khan, put your mind to it and send my brother, if you have a nephew, you will be fined." It is said that Abylay sikyldi's canine lost his way to six old Kazakhs and returned home. He broke a shovel. He asked for the money. "You broke my tooth" and he didn't pay for it.
- This is mine "I was a renter, he broke my tooth. I didn't want to pay for it," he said > I tried to get one for six months Isn't the rich man's name rich, he doesn't give me money, he kicks him out of his house. Father Bi, I want to appeal to your justice, - he finished his speech. Kazybek gave the following authority to this dispute:
- It was a human burden. Where is the strength for a hired man if he does not have enough to eat? You were the cause of the "hungry man fighting" fight. So pay for this, your spade teeth are sunless. If a man's remaining teeth are safe, there is no harm in having a spade tooth, and a woman's spade tooth is both beauty and a weapon for cutting strings.
### Story about Kazybek dance (Another version)
When Kazybek beri became known in the country, two women came to him after arguing. One of the women:- I lost this child at a young age. I don't know if this woman found her or stole her, but somehow she adopted her. Today, if I recognize him and ask him, he won't say "my son".
The second woman stood up:
- The child is mine, I found it myself, it is wasted. - Kazybek listens to the words of two women and thinks for a while. Then: - Let's confirm that one of you lost your child, and the other one found it, there is no other witness here. That's why I want to have the following rule here, - he said, holding the two women by the boy's hands and raising the black ax: "I will divide the money between you two, are you satisfied with this?" - says. Then the woman who is having a child:
- Let me keep even half of it, if you have to divide it, until it goes to someone alive! - he says standing up. And the woman who recognized the child:
- Oh no, bitch! Wherever he goes, let him live, don't rush! - he said. Then Kazybek went and said:
- The child belongs to the woman who lost it, because she wants the child to be alive, give the child to her, the authorities say.
### The Story of Kazybek Bi
Kazybek and Aiteke came together to discuss a problem, agreed on a point, and called Tole Bi the father of the country. On this day, there was talk in Tole Bi's village. While sitting in the field saying hello and greeting, Tole starts talking.
- O people, you are coming from a faraway place with the back of a dog, whose wings are broken when a bird flies, and whose hooves burn when it walks, where is the strength of this horse? - he says. Someone says "in front of the horse's power", someone says "the horse's power is behind", and someone says "the horse's power is in the middle". Tole stared at the one in the middle and said: - Why is the power of the horse not in front, not behind, but in the middle? - says.
- The head is the head, the back is the joint, there are four supports under it - isn't the middle one a beam? That's why the power is in the middle, says the last narrator. Pay again:
It was said by the ancients that "if there are two people, there will be four people in the dispute", how would it be if three countries pulled each other to different sides and held a dance without breaking the peace? - says. The community says it is "correct". But there is a struggle for power. Big face says: "We will be, because we are older brothers", Small face: "We will be, because we are the youngest in the black family." Then the guy who said that the manat is in the middle of the horse's power sat:
- The elder will not be a judge - there will be no benefactors in front of him, there will be no younger judge - there will be no benefactors behind him. He has an older brother before his death, a younger brother behind him, and he has love from both sides, and the middle son deserves the power to rule! - says. The old man asks the boys for marriage. "The power of the horse is at the beginning" is the great hundred guy, "the power of the horse is at the back" is Aiteke, and the guy who is "the power of the horse is in the middle" is Kazybek.
"Don't be in a hurry,
Take care if you can.
Don't say he's young,
He's a brother if he's wise," - said the old people. , my dear, Kazybek, we have given you the supreme power, let your words be a project, - Tole sits on his right side and blesses.
### The Story of Kazybek Bi
About thirty thousand Oirats, led by the Dzungar commander Sary Manzhi, marched through Saryarka and conquered the Karatau Strait and the entire Turkestan region. During that battle, Abylai Batyr fought with Sharysh, the hero son of Kaldan Ceren, and killed Sharysh. A thick curtain is closed and Abylay and some of his men are captured and taken away. Kazakhs will not be able to mediate between them. So about a year passes. Abylay Batyr lies handcuffed. Dzhongar Kontaichyshi didn't let the determined Kazakhs who went looking for him. Now the people discussed together, "Who will save Abylai?" At that time, the people unanimously said: "Let Kazybek dance, there is no other person except him." With this public request, Kazybek went to Dzongaria as an embassy.
Kontayshi, who already knew Kazybek's boldness, courage, and eloquence, could not stand him for long this time. He waited as much as possible and made the following conditions: First of all, Abilkhair, Abilmambet Khan, Barak Sultan, Zhanibek Batyr and ten other famous people should give guarantees from one guy. Secondly, you will break away from the Russian kingdom and join Dzongaria, only then will your Abylai heroes be returned. "Thirty-two cities around ten of Khosa Turkestan will be given to you," they say.
Goose-voiced Kazybek is coming back. He consulted with the leaders of the country. Abylaydai, who is a bulwark for the care of the whole nation, insists on partially fulfilling Kontayshi's demand for the sake of the hero. Abilmambet and Barak are entrusted to the sultan by one of the young men. It means that it will not be surrendered to either the Russian kingdom or Hungary. He warns that if he does not agree to this, he will launch an attack together with the Russians. For Kazybek, this was a trick, to scare Kontaychy. Kontayshi thinks over Kazybek's agreement and fears that "if the Kazakhs unite with the Russians, the situation will become miserable," he agrees with Kazybek.
Abylai frees the hero from captivity. He returns Turkestan and thirty-two cities in its territory. Abul Mambet Khan is elected to Turkestan. Abylay Batyr is designated as a sultan on Arka's side. At this time, the Kazybek village of Ulytau was grazing. This is how the wise priest and peacemaker, Baba Kazybek, rescued Abylai Khan from Dzhongar captivity.
### Story about Kazybek dance
The countries of Kypchak and Karakesek fought for pasture. To resolve this dispute, the people of Kaz elected Kazybek. Dance of Kipchak after peace:
- Speak thin dance of Argyn. - he said. Then Kazybek:
- I'm not thin, I'm not thin,
If you see an orphan, a girl will lose weight,
I've been pretty since childhood.
Men decrease during warfare,
Camels decrease during migration,
Country decreases with men,
Mares decrease in spring,
In the field the khan said, and he divided the land between two countries and made the whole country happy.
### Story about Kazybek dance
A rich man named Baganaly Borbas had a black-eyed horse named "Shappai Ber" who did not give in to many temptations.
Ahmet hai, who was interested in a zhorga at a wedding, was disappointed to make black eyebrows. He said to his subordinates Omenke, Kultas, and Zhyntas, "Please come and ask for a blanket": "Let me press the roots", "If they say yes, I will ask." "I'll go, but a stingy rich man can't afford it," he hesitated. After feeling their face:
- What do you think of the sly eagles who come only to catch mice, - said the khan, a passionate young man - Shorman, who had been involved in speech contests since his childhood and stumbling many orators.
When Balabi went to Borbastyk, he was staying with the above-mentioned three women. A rich man who saw a seventeen-year-old boy: Stop stuttering, go straight! - Dancing in the herd will decrease. A careless dance like you will dig the bottom of Argyn!
- What kind of product did you have, are you talking? - said Shorman boy:
- I brought greetings from the Khan,
My columnist Borbas.
My face is generous,
May your glory be revealed.
The prisoner said what he wanted,
Let the weight of him shake.
He said to give it without being offended,
Let him crawl to the black brow.
Khan is generous like you,
Like the eyes of a burning mountain
What he says is a lesson to the people,
Like the words of these three dances.
You are deaf too,
It is attractive to the eyes.
Even if you ride to the enemy,
He will not take any blame.
Even if you put it on ice like glass,
Stone hooves will not slip.
He used to play,
His behavior ??? ?He used to play in the blue sky, as if he were standing.
If you are a captor, you will escape,
If you chase, you will not be enough,
You will not be denied by your pace,
If you ride a year, you will not get tired.
Black-eyed creeper.
I gave it to you, lady,
You are bound to the soul, - he said.
If you don't want to say it, tell the country, Thirty clans know what comes out of thirty teeth.
He who hides his illness will die without death, and he who is afraid of violence will succumb without help. Let me tell you, I was sorry for this,
I was not giving a reason to these dances, it is true that "There is no world that does not agree to its request." Okay. Go back with Khan's wishes. There is a saying "The hand that I give is the palm of my hand." Perhaps she also has an expensive side... You said, "The lady is generous", - said rich Borbas.
## See more
* Tole bi
* Aiteke bi
## External links
* I'm not thin, I'm strong
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6173 | Ботсвана | Botswana (eng. 'and tswana Botswana), the full official name of which is the Republic of Botswana (eng. Republic of Botswana) is a country located in South Africa. The area is 600.4 thousand km². Population — 2.3 million. The capital is Gaborone (139 thousand). The official languages are English, Setswana. The inhabitants are Christian and adhere to local religious beliefs. Indigenous people: Tswana, Bushmen, Beguan, Herero, etc. tribes. The head of state is the president. The legislative body is a unicameral National Assembly. The House of Leaders works as an advisory body.
80% of Botswana's land is occupied by the Kalahari Desert. The climate is subtropical. Solt. side is tropical. Average annual precipitation amount. 500 — 600 mm. It is very rich in animal world. There are lions, leopards, cheetahs, elephants, crocodiles, and ostriches. The land of Botswana was once inhabited by Bushmen, who were later displaced by Bechuans from the south. Europeans started coming to the country from the 19th century. 1885 the British conquered the Bechuan tribes and established the Bechuanland Protectorate. 2nd world. during the war, about 10,000 citizens of present-day Botswana fought in the ranks of the British army. After the end of the war, the national liberation movement spread widely in the country. 1960 Due to the formation of political parties, the struggle for independence intensified. 1965 The British government gave the country the right to self-govern. And in 1966 The Republic of Botswana declared its independence. Since 1980, the country has been ruled by Kwet Ketumile Joni Masire. 1994 He won the election again. Botswana is a member of the United Nations, the Organization of African Unity and the British Commonwealth. 42% of its economy consists of mining. It ranks 3rd in the world in terms of diamond production. 75% of the population is engaged in agriculture. 2.8 mln. cattle, 2.6 million. sheep are raised, millet, corn, and wheat are planted. Diamonds and non-ferrous metals are exported, machinery, equipment, food products are imported. In recent years, tourism has been developing rapidly. Main trade partners: Republic of South Africa, USA, Great Britain.
## Etymology
During colonial times, the country was a British protectorate known as "Bechuanaland" ("Land of the Bechuanas") - the name of the Bechuanas (an obsolete name for the Tswana people who make up the majority of the country) and from the (English) roots of earth. land) — "country". On September 30, 1966, Bechuanaland declared its independence within the Commonwealth of Nations and changed its name to "Botswana" - "Tswana country" (bo- is a prefix of the class of objects, Tswana is an ethnonym). In turn, the word "Batswana" means "people".
## Physiographic characteristics
### Geographical location
Botswana is located in South Africa. The territory of the country is 581,730 km², its land area is 566,730 km². The length of Botswana from northeast to southwest is 1110 km, from southeast to northwest - 960 km. The country shares borders with South Africa (1,840 km) to the south and southeast, Namibia (1,360 km) to the north and west, Zambia (less than 1 km) and Zimbabwe (813 km) to the northeast. 2]. The total length of the borders is 4013 km.
### Climate
Most of the country's territory is located in the subtropical climate zone with distinct continental features. The average maximum temperature in January is 33 °C, in July — 22 °C, the average minimum temperature is 18 °C in January, and 5 °C in July. The average temperature in January is from 22 to 27 °C, in July - from 14 to 16 °C, the daily temperature range reaches 22 °C, in winter (from June to September) there is frost. In most areas, the hottest month is October, and with the onset of the rainy season, which in many areas occurs between November and March, the average temperature drops by 1.5–2 °C.
Average annual precipitation is 460 mm, ranging from 127 mm in the southwest to 635 mm in the northeast. Almost all precipitation falls in the summer months (December-March). The relative humidity of the air in the summer months is 60-80% in the morning and 30-40% in the afternoon, in winter it is 40-70% in the morning and 20-30% in the afternoon. Seasonal westerly winds begin in August, often turning into sandstorms.
### Terrain
70% of Botswana is located in the gently sloping Kalahari Basin. The highest point is in the Tsodilo hills (1489 m), the lowest is at the confluence of the Limpopo and Shashe rivers (513 m).
A wide plateau with an average height of 1200 m, stretching from the north of Kanye to the border with Zimbabwe, divides the country into two topographical zones. The eastern region is a mountainous region dominated by shrubs and grasses. To the west of the plateau lies the Okavango swamp and the Kalahari desert.
### Soils
The soil of the eastern and central parts of the country is a mixed chalk and sandy savanna with dry, red clay mokata soils found in the plains or brown stony seloko soils found in the hills and its surroundings. consists of soil. Seloko soils are the best in Botswana for growing cereals. Soil fertility is limited by low rainfall. Alluvial soils at the ancient lake site include gray-green saline soils in wetlands, gray-green saline soils in wetlands, gray clay soils to yellowish sandy soils around wetlands, and chalky light gray soils around wetlands. In the past, areas with gray and black clay soils are also found in wet areas.
### Water resources
The largest river in Botswana is the Okavango. In the north-west of the country, it has a large inland delta with its lower reaches and an area of about 16,000 km² (up to 22,000 km² when it overflows). The Okavango Delta is full of lakes, the largest of which is the freshwater Lake Ngami. From Atyrau, along the drying river Buteti (Cholemek), it flows evenly through the Tskau salt lake to one of the largest salt marshes in the world - Maggadykgadi (area about 40 thousand km²). In the wettest years there is also a flow from the Okavango Delta to the Zambezi River.
In the southeast of the country there are left tributaries of the Limpopo River, which flows along the border with South Africa; in the northeast are the right tributaries of the Chobe River, which flows along the northern border. In the rest of the territory, there are dry rivers that are filled with water only during the rainy season, as well as stagnant salt lakes. Most of the rivers in Botswana originate in South Africa or Angola.
The country has 2.9 km³ of renewable water sources, 46% of which is used for agricultural purposes. Almost all urban residents and 90% of rural residents have access to clean water.
### Minerals
Deep in the country there is a large amount of minerals; diamond, gold, oil, nickel, copper, manganese, cobalt, lead, zinc, coal, asbestos, sulfur, talc, bromine deposits were discovered. There are also deposits of soda ash and caustic soda, platinum, uranium, common salt, silver and chromium.
Diamond is the most important mineral resource for the economy. In 1967, the first kimberlite pipe was found near the village of Orapa, 240 km from Francistown, and later pipes were found in Letlhakan and Tswanenga districts. Botswana diamonds are known for their high quality, 30% of which are used to make jewelry.
Other major mineral deposits include copper-nickel ore deposits near Selebi-Pikwe and high-grade coal near the village of Mmamabula.
### Flora and Fauna
Most of the country is covered by desert trees and scrub savannas. In the south-west of the country, sandy semi-deserts with succulent bushes and shrubs are common. Near the border with South Africa, there are "living stones", representatives of the supersucculent genus Lithops. Grassy savannas are developed in the eastern and northern parts of Botswana, partly used for grazing and agriculture. These areas are adversely affected by soil erosion and salinization. The far north of the country is covered by forests and park savannas with acacia, baobab, marula, commiphora, breadfruit, etc. Here too, but to a lesser extent, gallery forests along river valleys are represented. The Okavango Delta is characterized by tropical swamps of reeds, papyrus and elephant grass.
The fauna of the country belongs to the Southern African subregion of the Ethiopian region. It is rich and diverse: elephants (the largest population in the world[19]), lions, leopards, cheetahs, jackals, hyenas (brown and spotted), zebras, buffaloes, giraffes, various antelopes (wild, eland, Congo), oryx, big kudu, springbok, stenbok, duikers, etc.).
Many birds (African ostrich, black sparrow, etc.), lizards, snakes (pythons, shield cobras, black mamba, etc.) can be found here. Crabs are common among arthropods.
Many species of fish live in the rivers and lakes of Botswana — in particular, tiger fish, tilapia, African clear catfish, sticklebacks and others are common. Endemic to Botswana is the fish Petrocephalus magnitrunci, a member of the family Mormyridae and only in the Boro River, part of the Okavango Delta. Also, carp, bass and Nile tilapia have been introduced into the rivers of Botswana.
The richest fauna of the Okavango Delta includes hippopotamuses, sitatunga antelopes and red leeches, waterbucks, African fishing kites, African fish owls, honey birds, kingfishers, flamingos, storks, ibis, herons, ducks, shining butterflies, It is home to several species. . In total, 500 species of birds, 89 species of fish, 128 species of mammals, 150 species of reptiles and amphibians are registered in the river delta.
### Protected areas
Due to the growth rate of livestock development and the negative effects of a number of anthropogenic factors that threaten plants and wild animals, a number of nature reserves and national parks have been established in Botswana to protect the environment. they take about 18% of the total volume. the territory of the country. The largest of them are:
* The Central Kalahari Reserve (area 52,800 km²) is the largest reserve in the world by area. It was established in 1961 in the center of the country, where it protects natural complexes of savannas and deserts with unique fauna. In addition, the nomadic San tribe (Bushmen) lives in the territory of the reserve;
* Chobe National Park (area 10,566 km²) was declared a national park in 1967 (previously it had the status of a nature reserve). The park is known for its biodiversity, with four distinct ecosystems and the largest elephant population in the world;
* Moremi Reserve is located in the eastern part of the Okavango Delta and covers an area of 4871 km²;
* Gchvihaba caves located in the territory of the North-West district.
### Cities
The country is experiencing a very high rate of urbanization: if in 1981 the urban population was only 18% of the population, in 2005 it was already 53.6%. According to United Nations estimates, in 2000-2005, the growth of the city's population was 2.2%. The country's largest city is its capital, Gaborone, with a population of 199,600 (2004). Other major cities (2004 population in brackets): Francistown (population 89,100), Molepolole (population 58,600), Selebi-Pikwe (population 53,500), Maun (population 47,000).
## Administrative division
Administratively, the territory of Botswana is divided into 9 districts:
* Central district;
* Ganzi;
* Kgalagadi;
* Kgatleng;
* Kweneng;
* North-East district;
* North-West district;
* Southeast district;
* Southern district.
In turn, they are divided into 28 small districts.
## Population
In Botswana, the last census was conducted between August 9-18, 2011. The population of the country in 2011 was 2,024,904 people.
### Demography
The national composition of the country's population is dominated by the Tswana (80%), followed by: Shona (10%), Ndebele (1.7%), Herero ( 1.4%), Bushmen (1.3%), Africans (1.3%) and others. Population density is 3.2 people/km². 53.6% of the country's population lives in cities (2005).
In terms of gender, there is a slight preponderance of women (50.07%) over men (49.93%) (2007). 35.8% of the population is under 15 years old, 33.7% is from 15 to 29 years old, 16.3% is from 30 to 44 years old, 8.7% is from 45 to 59 years old, 3.9% are between 60 and 74 years old. old, 1.2% — from 75 to 84 years old, 0.4% — 85 years and older (2007) . Average life expectancy (2007): 51.6 years (men), 49.6 years (women).
Births — 23.2 per 1000 inhabitants (2007), deaths — 13.6 (2007). Natural increase is 9.6 per 1000 inhabitants (2007). The total fertility rate (in 2007) is 2.73 children per woman. According to the estimate of 2007, 23.9% of the adult population (15-49 years old) is infected with the immunodeficiency virus.
The number of economically active population is 587,882 people (2001), that is, 35.0% of the total population. 57.6% of the economically active population are workers aged 15 to 64, the number of women is 43.8% of the economically active population. Unemployment is over 20% (2004).
### Religion
About 70% of the country's population is Christian, the most common of which are Anglicans, Methodists and adherents of the United Congregational Church of South Africa. [46] Lutherans, Catholics, Mormons, Seventh-day Adventists, Jehovah's Witnesses, Baptists, Dutch Reformed Church, Mennonites, and other Christian denominations are also represented.
Pentecostals (43 thousand) joined the Pentecostal Protestant Church (36 thousand), Pentecostal Holiness Church, Assemblies of God, Church of God in Christ.
According to the 2001 census, about 5,000 people follow Islam in Botswana, mostly from South Asia, 3,000 follow Hinduism, and about 700 follow Baha'i religion. 6% of the population is engaged in badimo - local traditional beliefs. About 20% of the population does not follow any religion.
### Languages
The official languages of the country are English and Tswana. The people also speak other languages, the most common of which are:
* Kalangga - 150 thousand native speakers (2004) In the North-East District, in the eastern part of the Central District, the most common dialect is Lilim;
* Kgalagadi — 40 thousand people. (2004);
* Herero - 31 thousand native speakers in North-West district, Central district, Ganzi district, Kgalagadi district, Kgatleng district (2006);
* Africans - 20 thousand people. (2006) in Ganzi district, southern part of Kgalagadi district (especially near the South African border), Kweneng district in Takatokwane;
* Mbukushyu — 20 thousand people. (2004) in the North-West region;
* Yeyi — 20,000 native speakers in the North-West and Central regions (2004);
* Ndebele — 17 thousand people. (2006) in the North-East district;
* Birva — 15 thousand people. (2004) in Bobonong District, Central District;
* Nambia — 15 thousand people. (2004);
* Lozi - 14 thousand people (2004);
* Dzezuru — 11 thousand people. (2004);
* A person is 10 thousand people. (2004) in Ganzi district.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2744 | Fenerbahçe (football club) | Fenerbahçe SC (type: Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü — Fenerbahçe Sports Club, commonly known as Fenerbahçe) is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It is located in Fenerbahçe district of Istanbul. The name of the district and sports club comes from a certain white house in that district (typ. Fener - "white house"). The most famous chapter of this club is the long-standing football team, although the club competes in other chapters, namely: basketball, volleyball, rowing, boxing, sailing, athletics, swimming and table tennis.
## Football Honors
* Turkish League Championships (17): 1959, 1960-61, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1967-68, 1969-70, 1973 -74, 1974-75, 1977-78, 1982-83, 1984-85, 1988-89, 1995-96, 2000-01, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2006-07
* 1959, 1960- 61, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1967-68, 1969-70, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1977-78, 1982-83, 1984-85, 1988-89, 1995-96, 2000-01, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2006-07
* Turkish Cup (4):1968, 1974, 1979, 1983
* 1968, 1974, 1979, 1983
* Balkan Cup (1):1966 -1967
* 1966-1967
* Atatürk Cup (2):1964, 1998
* 1964, 1998
* President Cup (6):1968, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1985, 1990 * 1968, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1985, 1990 1950, 1973, 1980, 1988, 1992, 1998
* TSYD Cup (12):1969, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995
* 19 69, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995
* Turkish Football Championship (3): 1932-33, 1934-35, 1943-44
* 1932-33 , 1934-35, 1943-44
* Fleet Cup (4):1982, 1983, 1984, 1985
* 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985
* Istanbul Football League (11):1911-12 , 1913-14, 1914-15, 1929-30, 1932-33, 1934-35, 1935-36, 1936-37, 1943-44, 1946-47, 1947-48
* 1911-12, 1913- 14, 1914-15, 1929-30, 1932-33, 1934-35, 1935-36, 1936-37, 1943-44, 1946-47, 1947-48
* Istanbul Entrepreneur League (3):1952- 53, 1956-57, 1958-59
* 1952-53, 1956-57, 1958-59
* Istanbul Amateur League (1):1914-15
* 1914-15
* Istanbul Friday League (2):1920-21, 1922-23
* 1920-21, 1922-23
* Istanbul Cup (1):1944
* 1944
* Istanbul Shield (4):1930, 1934, 1938, 1939
* 1930, 1934, 1938, 1939
* National Award (6):1936-37, 1939-40, 1942-43, 1944-45 , 1945-46, 1949-50
* 1936-37, 1939-40, 1942-43, 1944-45, 1945-46, 1949-50
* Sport Toto Cup (1):1967
* 1967
## External links
* Official website (Turkish)
* Official website (English)
* Fenerbahçe Ulker (Ürker) basketball sports club Archived from the original on March 13, 2007. (eng.)
* Free MP3 files about Fenerbahçe club Archived 19 March 2006. (Turkish) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3883 | Identification | Determinant is an indefinite article that describes the article based on a noun in terms of criticism, quality, number, quantity, and ownership.
What are the identifiers? which one where? (what?) when? what's how much how many back? what did answers one of the questions. It is indicated by a zigzag line.
## Determining word classes
Determining word classes:
* Main, derivative adjectives are determinative: Example: A white and yellow horse is a ball.
For example: A white and yellow horse curled up in a ball
* It can be a noun: For example: He heard the sound of an electric motor in front of the sheepfold.
For example: The sheep heard the noise of an electric motor in front of the barn.
* Numbers can be from nouns: For example: In the tenth grade, we covered this topic.
For example: We covered this topic in the tenth grade.
* Occurs from a noun: Example: Ospan even admired this movement
Example: Ospan even admired this movement
* Occurs from the pronoun form of the verb: Example: The books I read made me active \< > For example: The books I read started me to work. The hard work of the demanding one will burn.
## Types of determiner
The determiner that answers the questions "What, which, which, where" is called a qualitative determiner, and the one that is in the accusative case is called a possessive determiner. A determiner consisting of only one word is called a single determiner, while a determiner consisting of two or more words is called a compound determiner.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5252 | Salkam Jangir Khan | Salkam Zhangir Khan (1610-1652) was the Kazakh Khan who ruled in 1643-1652, the son of Esim Khan. He ascended the khan throne after the death of Yesim Khan. Jangir Khan was a short but full-bodied man. That is why the people called him "Salkam Dzhangir". During his reign, the Dzungar-Oirats, led by Batyr Kontayshi, became stronger. They continuously attacked the Kazakh Khanate.
## Biography
The years of Jangir Khan's reign correspond to the period of continuous campaigns of Dzungar feudal lords to conquer the Kazakh lands. According to some information, Zhangir Khan's horde was located near Turkestan. Dzhangir Khan signed an alliance agreement with Bukhara Khanate and fought against Dzonghar invaders. At the same time, he sought to establish such relations with the Kyrgyz. All this was born from the purpose of defense against Dzonghar attack. It was during this period that armed conflicts between the Kazakh Khanate and the Oirat Dzungars became more frequent. Leaders of both sides fought for convenient places to move and trade centers along the Syrdarya River. According to the historical data of that period, there were three major battles between the Kazakhs and the Oirat Dzonghars during the reign of Zhangir Khan:
* The first battle - in 1635
* The second battle - in 1643-1644
* The third battle - in 1652 In the battle of 1635, the Kazakh army was opposed by a strong army led by Batyr Kontayshi. There is no information about the exact results of this battle, but there are reports that Jangir Khan was captured during the battle and escaped after some time. Since then, Jangir Khan has been constantly attacking the Dzhungars.
The second major battle began in the winter of 1643 with the attack of Batyr Kontaysh on the Kazakh lands. The Dzungars conquered a large part of the Zhetysu region and captured about ten thousand people. Salkam Jangir Khan marched along the Orbulak River with 600 soldiers to repel the Dzonghars. The famous battle of Orbulak takes place here. Jalangtos Bahadur, the ruler of Samarkand, comes to help Jangir Khan with 20,000 soldiers. Thanks to the help of Jalangtos Bahadur's hand, Jangir Khan wins this battle. Hero lander will be forced to retreat. The defeated Dzhongars lost about ten thousand people in this battle. According to the preserved historical data, in this battle, Jangir Khan was able to show great leadership skills and military skills.
Jangir Khan made some efforts to get help from the Mughal side in the fight against the Dzungars. He sent ambassadors twice to establish good neighborly relations with them. This diplomatic task was entrusted to the sons of Jangir Khan, Tauke and Apak sultans.
Dzungars, who were not completely defeated in the battle of 1643-1644, began to carefully prepare for the future war. After the defeat in 1643-1644, the Dzungar governor united his scattered possessions and bought weapons and ammunition from Russian cities in Siberia.
In 1652, in the third major battle between the Kazakhs and the Dzungars, the Kazakh troops were defeated, and the son of Dzhangir Khan Ochiritsu Tsetsenu Khan was killed by Galdaman Noyon.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4820 | Палеозой | Abbreviated name of the terms "Paleozoic group" and "Paleozoic era".
Paleozoic group (erathema).
The rock layers belonging to the Earth's crust belong to the Phanerozoic eonoteme, that is, the first group calculated from the Proterozoic eonoteme (pre-Cambrian eonoteme); classified into six systems, which are (from bottom to top): Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous.
* perm
systems.
Paleozoic era. Belongs to the Phanerozoic eon of the earth's development, that is, the first era after the end of the Proterozoic eon (the pre-Cambrian eon); It is believed that the total duration is about 290 million years, covering the period of 540-250 million years; divided into six periods:
* Cambrian period,
* Ordovician period,
* Silurian period,
* Devonian period,
* Coal (Carboniferous) period
* Permian period.
## Paleozoic
Paleozoic (Ancient Greek: παλαιο - "ancient" and Ancient Greek: ζοιον - "insect", together meaning "ancient life") is the first of the Phanerozoic eon eras (542- 251 million years).
The Cambrian, Ordovician, and Silurian periods make up the Lower Paleozoic sub-period, and the Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods make up the Upper Paleozoic sub-period. Two major orogenies occurred during the Paleozoic: the Caledonian in the Lower Paleozoic and the Variscan in the Late Paleozoic.
Paleozoic faunas are marked by the presence of many invertebrates, including trilobites (Trilobita), grabtoliths (Grabtolithina), brachiopoda (Brachiopoda), cephalopods (Cephalopoda) and corals. At the end of time, amphibians and reptiles became a large component of various biological groups, and Cyathea arborea (Cyathea arborea), horsetail (Equisetum) and cicadas contributed to the spread of forests.
The term Paleozoic was first used in 1838. proposed by the English geologist A. Sedgwick (1785 - 1873). Paleozoic period from 540 to 250 million. It started years ago and lasted for 290 million years. year-long era. It includes the Cambrian, Ordovician, Silurian, Devonian, Carboniferous, and Permian periods. These eras are divided into lower Paleozoic (Cambrian, Ordovician), middle Paleozoic (Silurian, Devonian), upper Paleozoic (Carboniferous, Permian) on the geological map. At the beginning of the Paleozoic, Gondwana and the northern continents (North America, Eastern Europe, Siberia, China, Korea) and the oceans separating them (Paleoatlantic, Paleotethys, Paleoasia) were defined. These oceans are thousands of kilometers wide and thousands of meters deep. Their life expectancy is also different. The first Paleo-Atlant (Iapetus) was closed at the beginning of the Devonian, Paleotethys lived until the middle of the Carboniferous, and Paleoasia was closed at the end of the Paleozoic, forming the supercontinent Laurasia.
## World of Life
The obvious change here was in the Vendian and Cambrian line, skeletal organisms - trilobites, molluscs, etc. came to life. This change was the basis for the classification of Proterozoic and Phanerozoic. At first, the widely distributed grains were not carbonated, but phosphated. In the Ordovician-Silurian period, the first vertebrates - fish, appeared in the Carboniferous - amphibians, that is, land animals. In the Silurian-Devonian, the first land plants grew, and in the Late Devonian-Carboniferous, a thick vegetation cover appeared, as a result of which coal mining became widespread.
## Minerals
Ural, Saryarka, Altai-Sayan, Tien-Shan, etc. chalcedony and hercyne intrude in folds. there are many metal ores related to rocks. Along with sedimentary rocks, oil and gas, large coal basins (Karagandy, Ekibastuz, Donbass, Irtys near, Kuzbass, Gondwana, etc.), combustible shale (Baltyk near), copper sandstones and shales (Zhezkazgan, Ural foothills, Mangystau, Atbasar, etc.) mines were created. In addition, phosphorite (Karatau, USA), bauxite (Ural, Salair), sedimentary iron-manganese deposits (Atasu, Zhezdi, Rhine basin, Sayan, etc.), salt deposits (Solikamsk, Iran-Pakistan, etc.). ) also coexist with Paleozoic rocks. There are a lot of building stones of various types, cement raw materials, precious, ornamental, and cladding stones located in favorable conditions.
## Sources
* Bespalov V.F., Geological structure of the Kazakh SSR, A.-A., 1971;
* Khain V.E., Koronovkiy N.V., Yasmanov N.A., Historical geology, M., 1997;
* Baibatsha A.B., Historical geology, A., 2004.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6585 | Женминби | Renminbi (simplified Chinese: renminbi; traditional Chinese: 人民幣; pinyin: rénmínbì; literally "people's money") is the official currency of the People's Republic of China (PRC), commonly known as yuan (simplified Chinese: 元 or圆; Pinyin: yuán; Wade-Giles: yüan). It is issued by the People's Bank of China, the highest monetary authority of the PRC. The official abbreviation according to ISO 4217 is CNY, although "RMB" is also commonly used. The Latinized symbol is ¥.
## History
## Banknotes
## Coins
## Exchange rate \ <>
## See more
* Yuan renminbi - Historical and current banknotes of China (CNY / RMB) 1953-2019 (German) (English) (French) \< > * Yuan Certificates - Currency Certificates of the People's Republic of China (FEC) 1980-1994 (German) (English) (French) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7316 | Ашиде | Ashina (Old Turkic -{Ačïnu}-; other names: ashina, asena, asen) is an ancient Turkish name.
The noble family that ruled the First Turkic Khanate. According to legend, Ashina was adopted by a wolf and then conquered all the Turkic nations.
## Etymology
It is said that the term was created by adding the sound "a" to the word "shonochino", which means wolf in the ancient Mongolian language, meaning the character of respect. Therefore, the word ashina means "sacred wolf". This was the basis for connecting their origin to the legend of the prince who was raised by wolf blood.
## History
According to Chinese sources, the "Five Hundred House Ashina" tribe inhabited the western part of Shaanxi region in North China. This place was conquered by the Huns and Sanbi in the 4th century. At that time, Ashinalar was under the Hun emir Mugan.
In 439, after the Tobas defeated the Huns and added their possessions to the Wei kingdom, Ashinas with five hundred houses fled to the Zhujans, settled on the southern side of the Altai Mountains, and began to produce iron for the Zhujans. Thanks to this iron production, they became a warrior community and established the first Turkish khanate in 552 "with the tip of the spear and the blade of the sword". This Khaganate was divided into regions by the Ashinas by way of inheritance.
Ashina kagans were called "tu-kyu" by the Chinese. It has been proven that this is the word "Turk", i.e. "Turk" with the plural ending "t". In general, the Chinese data show that the Turkic people of this period are the descendants of the Huns. They were a single military community. The Turkic Khaganate (Turks) ruled by the Ashinas gradually became a great kingdom and lasted until 658, that is, for more than a hundred years. Ashina is the name of all the rulers of the Turkish community in the western and eastern part of the Turkic Khaganate. Among them, only those who submitted to the Sui and Tang kingdoms of China were forced to change their names.
The ruling group of the Khazars, who ruled in the eastern part of the North Caucasus and along the Volga after the collapse of the Western Turkic Khaganate, also used the name Ashina.
## Flag
The Turkic flag had the image of a wolf. "Berili Bairak" has been recognized and sanctified by the Turkic people until our time as the spirit of the ancestors. This is what Suyinbai said:
Ancient Turks were called čïnuw-a > čïnu > čon > chono (wolf, wolf) by ethnic groups of Mongolian origin. Ačï+de is its personal plural grouping meaning (in the sense of wolves, wolves). This is probably what the Chinese learned from the Mongols - Ačïnu, Ačïde. These names are not found in Turkish monuments and monuments, nor in any ancient Turkish texts.
And this was done by Yu.A. Zuev, K. Sartkozha and others. scholars consider assejna-"blue" in Khotan-Sak language, ashide - azdahak-"dragon" in Middle Persian, and consider Zoroastrianism to have originated from those words.
N.Y. It is said in Bichurin's work:
dom Tugyu po mongolski zaytsya kak nizhe uvidim dulga ...prinyal slovo shelm — na mongolskom ...tukyu
This is probably the Mongolian name yürüg/türük read as Chinese dulga/duluga.
## Literature
* Yu.A. Zuev Early Turks: historical and ideological essays, Almaty, 2002, 25, 86-87. ;
* S. Karzhaubai United Kaganate of Turks (on the materials of runic inscriptions) Astana, 2002, P.97-99, 178. (ashina (day sky, kek Turk) Kagan, ashitak / Kit. Ashide; Dr. Turk. azhdaha- drakon / Katunsky line «iki jyltyz»).
## See also
* Dynasty of Assen
## Reference |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3853 | Abdirahim Shanbaev | Abdirahim Shanbaev (ٵبدـﺮاﺣيم شانےﺒۺ۹) is an outstanding poet, journalist (1930-1985).
## Biography
1930 He was born in the family of a herdsman in Abdyra, Shaueshek district, Tarbagatay region.
1937 In 1946, his father sent him to a new primary school. studied at the central school.
1948 participates in public services.
1953 Becomes a member of the Communist Party of China.
After crossing the threshold of the society, Aben will be in the field of education and other public services.
1955 Will be posted to "Xinjiang Newspaper".
After that, he worked until the end of his life as a reporter, editor, deputy head of the editorial department in the Kazakh editorial office of "Ile newspaper".
1979 He was admitted to the membership of the Xinjiang branch of the China Writers' Union.
The poet, who devoted himself to the field of information and the garden of literature until his last breath, could not recover from a long illness
1985. He died on May 23 in the city of Kulja.
## Works |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7457 | Жүрек | The heart is a hollow muscular organ. The weight of an adult human heart is 250-300 grams. The heart is located on the left side of the chest cavity. It is covered by a pericardium made of connective tissue. The inner surface of the pericardium secretes a fluid that moisturizes the heart and reduces friction during contraction.
Cardiac muscle (Gr. myocardiummys — muscle, kardia — heart) is the muscular shell of the atria and ventricles of the heart (myocardium). The muscular shell of the atrium consists of superficial and deep layers of flesh. Cardiomyocytes of the superficial meat layer are located horizontally. It covers the right and left atria from the outside and is a common layer for them. The deep fleshy layer is located individually in each atrium. Cardiomyocytes of this layer are located longitudinally. The muscular membrane of the ventricles of the heart has five distinct layers of flesh. Their outer surface and inner muscle layers are formed by oblique cardiomyocytes, and the middle three meat layers are formed by cardiac muscle cells arranged in the shape of an octagon.
## Structure
The structure of the heart corresponds to its function. It is divided into two parts - left and right. And each part of the heart consists of two interconnected parts: upper — auricle and lower — ventricle. Thus, the human heart, like all mammals, is four-chambered: it consists of two atria and two ventricles.
The wall of the auricle is much thinner than the ventricle. This is due to the lack of ear work. When it contracts, blood flows into the ventricles. The ventricle does a lot of work by pumping blood along all the veins. Due to the increased work, the left ventricle muscle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle. At the border of each auricle and ventricle are framed valves, which are attached to the wall of the heart by tendinous fibers. These are framed flaps.
When the atrium contracts, the valve frames sag into the ventricle and become loose. Therefore, blood flows freely from the auricle to the ventricle. When the ventricles contract, the valvular frames close tightly, blocking the entrance to the auricle, so blood flows only in one direction - from the auricle to the ventricle, and then to the blood vessels.
Central organ of human and animal circulatory system; pumps blood into the arterial system and returns it to the veins. In some types of invertebrates (worms, molluscs, arthropods), the heart is located on the dorsal side, consists of one ventricle and several atria. In all vertebrates and humans, the heart is located in the chest cavity of the body. In rotifers and fish, the heart consists of two chambers - one atrium and one ventricle. The wall of the atrium becomes thinner, and the wall of the ventricle becomes somewhat thicker. Fishes have an axilla of veins near the atrium, and a conus of arteries near the ventricle (in cartilaginous fishes), and in bony fishes, an aortic valve. Venous blood flows through the heart of rotifers and fish, their blood circulation consists of only one circle. In accordance with the life of amphibians on land, the heart has three chambers (two atria, one ventricle), and an additional small circulatory circle (or pulmonary circle) has appeared. Reptiles also have a three-chambered heart, but because the ventricle is divided into two by a semi-thin membrane, the blood does not mix well in the ventricle. Only in the crocodile, the heart is divided into 4 chambers (two atria, two ventricles). Birds and mammals have a 4-chambered heart (two atria and two ventricles). The heart is basically divided into two parts by thick muscle at the tip and the chambers of each part communicate only with each other. The right part of their heart is called the venous part because only venous blood flows, and the left half is called the arterial part because only arterial blood flows. During the development of the fetus of mammals, the right atrium and the left atrium are connected by an oval hole (Botalov's nucleus), which becomes blocked after the birth of the offspring. The human heart is mainly located on the left side of the chest cavity, two-thirds of it is located on the left side of the chest cavity, and one-third is located on the right side of the chest cavity. In very rare cases, there is also a deviation of the heart. The shape of the human heart is similar to a cone, the flattened part on the right is called the base, and the pointed part on the left is called the apex. The tip of the heart corresponds to the cartilaginous edge of the 5th pair of ribs on the left side. The connective tissue sheath outside the heart is called pericardium. Since the heart is free inside the membrane, it contracts and relaxes freely. The external transverse fibers separate the atria and ventricles. The atria are located at the base of the heart, and the ventricles are located at the tip. The atria have extra auricles on the outside, sometimes called auricles. The heart consists of three layers. The outer thin layer is the epicardium, the middle thick muscular layer is the myocardium, and the thin layer lining the chambers is called the endocardium. Myocardial muscle fibers are located outside the atria in two different directions. The muscle fibers in the outer layer surround both atria as a whole, while the muscle fibers in the inner layer surround each atrium separately. The layers of muscle fibers in the ventricles (external and internal) surround both ventricles as a whole, and the middle layer surrounds each ventricle individually. The myocardial layer of the left ventricle is 2-3 times thicker than the myocardial layer of the right ventricle. Because the aorta, which spreads throughout the body, starts from the left ventricle. The opening between the atria and the ventricles is closed by the frame valves (valves). The cuspid valves open into the ventricles. Between the right atrium and the right ventricle are covered by tricuspid valves, and between the left atrium and the left ventricle by double-cusped (mitral) valves. The rim of the frame valves is attached to the nipple-like muscles, which are located inside the ventricles, and open the frame valves towards the ventricles. There are three hemispherical valves between the ventricles of the heart and the arterial blood vessels originating from them. These valves open inside the blood vessels. Myocardial layer of the heart also consists of transverse striated muscle tissue, which differs from skeletal muscle tissue - the muscle fibers of the heart are arranged in a mesh and are connected to each other. Myofibrils with few myofibrils and muscle fibers rich in sarcoplasm are concentrated in the layer of the myocardium. They regulate the rhythmic work of Z. It is called the conductive system of Z. Excitatory impulses appear in the muscle fibers from time to time, and the cells in the conduction system contract by themselves. The weight of Z in adults. About 250 - 330 g, length 10 - 15 cm, width 8 - 11 cm, thickness. 6 - 8.5 cm. Approximately the size of Z is the size of everyone's closed fist. The function of the heart is performed by alternate contraction (systole) and relaxation (diastole) of the atrial muscle and the ventricular muscle with a certain rhythm. First of all, the atrium contracts and pushes blood into the empty ventricle, which takes 0.1 s; the second stage is the contraction of the ventricles (blood is pushed to the aorta and pulmonary artery), which takes 0.3 s, and the third stage is the relaxation (diastole) of both the atria and the ventricles, which is called the general pause, which takes 0.4 s. Such work of Z takes 0.8 s. An adult beats 72-75 times per minute. The amount of blood pumped by the heart into the blood vessels in 1 minute is called the minute volume of the heart. The work of the liver is regulated by the hormones that come with the blood, as well as by the peripheral nervous system. Z has a special place in the human body.
The function of the heart is the rhythmic alternation of three phases of the cardiac cycle: atrial contraction, ventricular contraction, and general relaxation of the heart.
The total duration of the heart cycle is about 0.8 seconds. The total relaxation phase of the heart takes about 0.4 seconds. Such a rest between contractions will be enough to fully restore the work of the heart muscles.
## Regulation of cardiac activity
The frequency and strength of heart contractions depend on the external and internal environmental conditions of the body. If the frequency and force of heart contractions increases, more blood is pumped into the vascular system per unit of time. If the contraction of the heart slows down and weakens, the amount of blood coming to the body's blood vessels decreases. Thus, the blood supply to all organs in the body changes. Cardiac activity changes reflexively in relation to the autonomic nervous system. Impulses coming through the parasympathetic nerves slow down and weaken the contraction of the heart, while impulses coming through the sympathetic nerves increase it and make it more frequent. Humoral regulation has an opposite effect on the cardiac function of adrenalin, calcium salts and other biologically active substances, which increase the frequency of the adrenal hormone, which increases and increases the contraction of the heart. Nervous and humoral regulation allows very precise adaptation of cardiac activity to environmental conditions. When doing physical work, impulses from muscles and tendons reach the central nervous system, which regulates heart function. This increases the flow of impulses to the heart along the sympathetic nerves. At the same time, the amount of adrenaline in the blood increases. The frequency and force of heart contractions increases. Slowing of the heart rate is called bradycardia, and its acceleration is called tachycardia.
## Heart and lungs
Deficiency in the heart and lungs is the inability of the heart to supply the organs with the same blood without the participation of an additional compensatory mechanism, which cannot be brought into service in this case if the heart has little ability to function.
The heart and lung ratio is the relationship between the heart width and the chest cavity width, determined by research using modern teleradiation; it increases in heart disease and is shown in a red shade, decreases in emphysema of lung alveoli.
Heart and lung disease is a disease in which the right blood cavity of the heart abnormally increases and (or) expands due to blood pressure in the lungs; It is usually caused by damage to the laryngeal tendons, lungs, pulmonary blood vessels, diaphragm, mucous membrane, and chest cavity.
Chronic diseases of the heart and lungs — in chronic diseases of the lungs, for example, lung tissue is mixed and hardened into connective tissue, lung alveoli expand, chronic inflammation of the lungs develops gradually over many years.
Cardiopulmonary drug. Cardio-pulmonary drug is used to separate the lungs and heart from the larger circulatory system without disrupting the blood circulation for the purpose of studying the heart and lungs. Warm blood can be pumped artificially using a cardiopulmonary device. This method was first used by I.P. Pavlov used.
Dullness of heart sound, suffocation. Dullness, suffocation of the heart sound occurs when the heart contracts (beats), in the upper part of the heart and in the front of the chest. The sound produced between the heart and lungs is called absolute sound, and the sound produced in front of the heart is called relative sound.
## Sources
## External links
* Serdtse (Russian)
* Heart (English) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2890 | Open List | Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors.
List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed.
## External links
* Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016.
* Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project
* Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project
* Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project
* Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1705 | Kazakh clay instruments | Kazakh clay instruments are one of the cultural heritages that have been handed down from generation to generation for centuries. In ancient times, clay instruments were made from wood, various plants, animal skin, bone, horn, hair and other various materials. We can find descriptions and pictures of ancient instruments from the legends, epics of our people, and from the works of travelers and scientists of the past centuries. Kazakh musical instruments can also be found in museums in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Almaty, and Semipalatinsk. At this time, it was determined that there were more than 20 types of indigenous instruments. In ancient times, musical instruments were used to inform people, hunters to frighten birds and beasts, witches used them to speak incantations, and to chant slogans during military campaigns.
## Grouping
Instruments can be divided into five groups:
* wind instruments - instruments whose sound is produced by blowing: clay trumpet, double trumpet, reed trumpet, horn trumpet, whistle, trumpet, slogan, trumpet;
* stringed instruments - belonging to those whose sound is produced through the strings: yetigen, cherter, two- and three-reeded dombras, kylkobyz;
* an instrument whose sound is produced through a thin wire: shankobyz or shankauz;
* Percussive instruments - those that produce sound by means of a string drawn to the instrument: dangira, daulpaz, shingdaul, dayl, kepshik, chyng;
* several types of asatayak, a group of sound produced by strings and bells attached to the head of the instrument.
## Personal comments
A harp is a two- or three-stringed finger-plucked instrument. The body of the lion is covered with skin. It was often attracted by shepherds who cared for cattle.
Asatayak is an ancient musical instrument that produces sound by shaking. Length - 110-130 cm. Made of solid wood in a special mold. The head is spade-like. Rattles made of various iron rings are worn on the head and decorated with patterns. Asatayak is distinguished by its own sound. Plays by swinging and shaking the instrument. In ancient times, the instrument of the staff was often used by shamans. Nowadays, old models have been recreated and added to the group of percussion instruments.
Dombyra is one of the two-stringed, percussive musical instrument that was very early and widespread among the Kazakh people, and has kept its secret for centuries. It belongs to the group of stringed and click instruments with its own characteristics. Dombra is carved or carved from whole wood in different patterns. Keys from nineteen to twenty-two are tied around the neck. A special ear is adjusted. In addition to two-stringed drums, there are also three-stringed, double-sided, wide-body hollow neck, and so-called shinkilyk types. His voice is soft, brown, pleasant to the ear.
Duvalpaz is one of the ancient percussion instruments. Widely used in people's life. Especially in the past, it was used to sound the alarm and give a signal during warfare. The construction of the instrument is more complicated. It is carved from whole wood. The facial body is covered with skin. A special hanging strap is attached to the belt for hanging over the shoulder. The storm is sounded by hitting it with a wooden mallet. At present, the instrument of the storm is widely used in many folklore ensembles. For example, in Uzbek people it is called "Tablbass", in Kyrgyz it is called "Doolbass".
Zhetygen is a seven-stringed click musical instrument of the Kazakh people from very early times. The instrument is made of wood. The construction is very simple. Even after many hundreds of years, the Jatigen instrument is still in the same simple condition. In the advanced form, thirteen strings are tied and special rods are placed. The sound of the instrument is very gentle and pleasant to the ear. There are many legends about the origin of the instrument. In one of those legends, it is said that it was caused by the terrible grief of an old man who lived in the past who lost his seven children. This is how we got the name "satisfied". At present, the instrument is played in many ensembles and is widely promoted.
Zhelkobyz is one of the ancient musical instruments belonging to the group of wind instruments, which has been neglected since ancient times. The instrument is made of tanned animal skin. The appearance is similar to copper. It has a plug that secures the mouth, and two trumpet tubes that emit music. It is convenient to carry around the neck, and a special strap is attached. Very easy to carry. The famous composer N. Tylendiev used the "Zhelbuaz" instrument in the "Otyrar sazy" orchestra.
Kylkobyz is one of the two-stringed percussion instruments of the Kazakh people from ancient times. It is a complex instrument, full of its own hidden secrets, which does not give in to the will of man. The gut is made of horse hair. Along with the two-stringed Kobyz instrument, there are also three- and four-stringed ones, as well as the so-called "nar kobyz" and "brass kobyz". Kobyz is made by cutting or carving wood. The face is partially covered with skin. It is necessary for sound reproduction. In ancient times, kobyz was kept only by shamans-Balgars. It is also said that the appearance of kobyz is closely related to the name of Grandfather Korkyt.
Shangkobyz is an ancient musical instrument of the Kazakh people, with a distinctive tune and unique playing style. The sound is pleasant to the ear, close to the human voice. Playing an instrument is directly related to the cavity between the lips and teeth. While playing, the performer hits the tip of the tab with his right hand and makes a quick sound. The sound comes out when you move the tablet. It is possible not only to perform individual songs on the instrument, but also to accompany folk tunes with other ancient musical instruments. The construction of the Shangkobyz instrument is simple, made of a thin plate.
Konyrau is one of the oldest rattling musical instruments of the Kazakh people. This instrument is made of different sizes of metal that makes the sound ring out. The appearance is spherical, the inside is hollow, and there is a tab in the middle. The instrument has seven musical sounds. In the past, it was widely used in domestic life, among herdsmen. Cattle grazing freely in the field wore a bell around its neck, because the wolf was afraid of the sound of metal. The call is also used in school. This instrument is sounded by striking with a special small hammer.
### Current situation
In connection with the discovery of ancient musical instruments, new tasks have been assigned to music experts. Those tasks include the improvement and manufacture of ancient instruments, the training of performers, the organization of various ensembles, etc. With the aim of improving the sound of Kazakh musical instruments, in 1932 in Almaty, in 1947 in Osakarovka, in 1957. Workshops were opened near Almaty Conservatory (now Kazakh National Conservatory). It was Professor A. Zhubanov who presented the first samples of dombra and kobyz to the Kazakh folk instrument orchestra (newly made). Masters of musical instruments Orazgazy Beysembayev and Abuzar Aukhadiev renewed some types of ancient instruments. Masters K. Kasymov, A. Ermekov, E. I. Romanenko, O. Beysenbaev, A. Aukadiev, etc. made the first models of musical instruments. We also have young musicians who have mastered many types of zhetigen, sherter, three-reed dombra, flute, shankob, kylkob, asatayak, and join the ensemble, performing solo songs. Some of the ancient dances that are performed represent the way of life and nature of our people in the past and have been forgotten until today.
## Gallery
* Kazakh musical instruments
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## See more
* Museum of Kazakh folk musical instruments
## Sources
* Kazakh culture. Encyclopedic handbook. Almaty: "Aruna Ltd." LLP, 2005 ISBN 9965-26-095-8 |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5280 | Сақтар | Sakas (Sakas) — B.C. An ancient tribe that inhabited the territory of Central Asia, Kazakhstan, East Turkestan in the 1st millennium. Their powerful tribal alliance consisted of Massagets, Issedons, Alans, Caspians, and Sarmatians.
## Name
This people called themselves Saka (Akkad ashkuza; Kyth. 塞 — Sai, ancient Chinese: *sək).
The ancient Greeks called them Scythians (Gr. skythai). The Greek historian Herodotus wrote about him in his work "History", volume 5, and the physician Strabo wrote about him in his "Jagyrapia".
Saka tribe had different names. The ancient Greeks called them "Asian Scythians", and the Persians called them "Mighty Men".
## Settlements
B. h. b. In the 1st millennium, many tribes called "Sak" lived in a vast territory covering Northern India, Afghanistan, Central Asia and southern Kazakhstan. Herodotus (5th century BC) and other ancient historians called them Asian Scythians.
In science, there are many assumptions about the concentration of these groups of Sakas in the territory of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. According to one of them, Shash (Tashkent district), Tigrahauda-Saks lived in the territory of Northern Kyrgyzstan and in the south of Kazakhstan, the ethnic territory of these Sak tribes was wider, they lived in the South Ural region and the Altai Mountains. In the cuneiform monuments of Achaemenid Iran, Sakas are divided into three groups. They are: Khaumavarga Saktis (drinkers of Khaomu wine or Amurians); in tigrahauda, Saktars (pigtails); paradaraya Sakas (those beyond the sea). They inhabited the south of Central Asia, the vicinity of the Aral Sea, along the Syrdarya River, and the Zhetysu Valley. Many ancient tribes, such as Yaksart, Massagets, Issedon, Dais, Astak, Kamak, Arimaspi, were united in Sakt alliances. They called the Caucasus (Kapkaz) mountain "Kaz" mountain. There were big rivers Yaksart (Syr Darya), Oksus (Okissu - Amu Darya) in the Sakh land. Syrdarya was called Yaksart by Bakhtyars (Bakhtiars), and Siles (Sile, Silety) by Saks. The Sakas in B.C. There is a lot of evidence that it was a cultured country. Archaeologists have found mounds and settlements of the Sakt tribes in the southern region of Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Tajikistan and Altai. In the stone inscriptions of the Persian king Darayavaush in Nakshirustam near Parsa (Greek: Persepolis), the Sakas were distinguished into three groups:
* paradaraya (Sakas on the other side of the sea) — European Sakas-Scythians or those beyond the Aral Sea, Syrdarya;
* Khaomavarga (Saks who make Khaoma drink) — inhabitants of the Ferghana Valley;
* tigrahauda (Saks with shaggy fur) — inhabitants of the middle reaches of Syrdarya and Zhetysu.
## History
Cyrus II, king of the Persians, with Croesus, king of Lydia, BC. 558-529 allied with Sakas during the war. Later, Kurysh decided to subjugate the Sakhs, including the Massagets. Kurish then invaded the land of Sak. However, when the Persians claim to have defeated the Sakas, the Saka warriors abandon the ambush. Both armor and troops will be killed. This is when the legend of the amulet came out. This legend is true - Kambujiya, the son of Kurish, sent his representatives to the Massagetae and retrieved his father's body.
Some ethnonyms in cuneiform texts are strikingly similar to the names of tribes in Greek sources. For example, according to Herodotus, the Orthokaribants, who were part of the tenth administrative district of the Achaemenid empire (Herodotus, Sh, 92), correspond to the Tigrahauda-sakks, the Amurgian Saks to the Haumavarga-saks (Herodotus, VIII, 64), and the Dais correspond to the Avesta and the inscription of Xerxes.
Like most other Greek authors, Herodotus sometimes refers to the Scythians as Scythians, adding the term "Asiatic Scythians". This name was mentioned in reference to the nomadic Scythian tribes of the Northern Black Sea region and Eastern Asia, well known to Greek historians. But there are other names in the Greek sources that do not appear in the Achaemenid cuneiforms: Massagetes, Sauromatians (later Sarmatians), Argippei, Arimaspis, Assi, Pasians, Sakarauli (Sakaraukians) and others.
The problem of placing the tribes in Persian and ancient sources on the modern map of Kazakhstan and Central Asia has not yet been finally resolved. Until recently, there were two views on the isolation of the overseas territories. According to the first point of view (V.V. Struve), the Paradarya should be located east of the Aral Sea and in the lower reaches of the Amu Darya and Syrdarya rivers. The basis for putting the problem in this way was to propose a reconstruction of the second half of the fifth column of the Behistun inscription, which tells about the course of the campaign of Darius I against the Sakas. Based on the comparison of the restored part of the text from Behistun, and then the Naqshi-Rustem and Persepol inscriptions with the data of ancient sources, it was assumed that the Paradraya Saks and the Saks "beyond Sogdi" correspond to the Massagetgers, Dais, and Caspis.
V.V. Grigoriev has a different point of view, according to which the Paradraya Scythians should be understood as the European Scythians who inhabited the territory of South Russia and its neighboring regions. A new study and translation of the Behistun inscription led to a different view and interpretation of column V of the Behistun inscription. Currently, it is considered more correct to say that the Paradraya Sakas were located in the northern region of the Black Sea. Two other groups of Sakas of Central Asia and Kazakhstan (Haumavarga and Tigrahauda) were more familiar to the peoples of the Middle East. In Tigraha, where Cyrus and Darius campaigned, Sakas are depicted several times on Achaemenid reliefs and seals. The face of their leader, called Skunha, along with the kings of other subjugated peoples, was engraved on a rock at Behistun in Iran by order of Darius I. Column V, 20 of the Behistun Inscription, which is rightly considered one of the oldest and most important political documents of the Ancient East, deals with the capture of the Saka leader. - line 30 reads as follows:
"King Darius says: after that I set out with my army to the Sakhtis. The Sakas, who wore a beret, went into battle. I reached the sea and crossed over with all my army. So I defeated one part of the Sakas and captured the other part... They captured my leader Skunha and brought him to me. There I appointed another as their leader. After that, the country looked at me."
This text is the only surviving written document that provides information about the Sakas in Tigraha, who wear pigtails. It also says that there is a water in Tigrahau where the land of the Sakas begins.
The expeditions of the Achaemenid kings Darius and his predecessor Cyrus II to the land of Sakas and Massagetae are among the historically determined facts. Herodotus, who talks about these events in detail, places the land of the Massagetae east of the Caspian Sea, "in the direction of the sunrise beyond the Arakys Oze (Herodotus, I, 201, 204). The routes of campaigns of Cyrus II and Darius I are disputed. Some believe that Darius, retracing the path of his predecessor, met the Sakas on the other side of the Amudarya near the Aral Sea, others believe that Cyrus II fought with the Massagetae on the other side of the Uzboy River (the western tributary of the Amudarya, which has been withdrawn today), and Darius crossed the middle of the Amudarya to the territory of the Sakas. . One thing is clear: despite the conflict of opinion, in both campaigns the Massaget was directed against the Saka tribes; it should be grouped that the territory of these coincides fully or partially with the territory of Herodotus' Orthocaribantii or Tigrahauda Sakas in the Behistun inscription. Geographically, this is the area of the Aral region, including the eastern vicinity of the Caspian and from Uzboy to the Syrdarya river. The Massaget Union probably united tribes such as the Derbics, the Abiys, and the Apasiaks.
There is also an opinion that Sakas inhabited Shash, Tan-Shang and Zhetysu in Tigrahu. According to Strabo, to the north of the Massagetae, "above the Meotidas" (Strabo, XI, 9,2), the Dai tribes settled. On the other side of the Syrdarya, they were also known to the contemporaries of Alexander the Great. Ancient authors place them in places owned by the Massagetae, as Herodotus wrote earlier. The name "Spot" is also known in the earliest sources - "Avesta" and Xerxes's writing about "devs". All this indicates that the Daks (Dais) originally inhabited the region to the north of the Massagets, or joined the Massagets community. BC In the middle of the 3rd century, the Dais, according to history, took the place of the Massagetae and came from the southeast of the Caspian Sea, from the border of Parthia. Since that time, "many Scythians, from the Caspian Sea, are called Dais" (Strabo, XI, 8,2).
The Khaumawar Sakas are the largest tribe or group of tribes of the Persian cuneiform inscriptions, and are called Amurgian Sakas in Greek sources. Many researchers place the Amurian Sakas in the regions of ancient Bactria and Margiana (the banks of the Amu Darya and Murgab rivers). These were the first Saka tribes that the early Persians met. Herodotus writes: "This is a tribe called the Amurgian Scythians (which is actually a Scythian tribe). Because the Persians call all Scythians Sakas.
## Scythians' tyzazan
The Scythians made a tyzazan, put horse meat on it and gave food to their ancestors. That tradition has been preserved in Kazakhs to this day. A sign of our tradition that has been unbroken since the Taikazan-Scythian era standing in the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi in Turkestan. king named Ariant wanted to know the number of Scythians and said, "Each Scythian should bring an arrowhead!" he orders. There were so many arrows that the king melted down the brass on the arrowheads and poured them into a cauldron. Herodotus, who saw the Scythians' bowl with his own eyes, wrote: "If you haven't seen that pot, I'll describe it: it can hold 600 buckets of water, and the thickness of this Scythian vessel is six countries." Another tradition of Scythians is milking mares and fermenting reeds.
## Opinions of ancient historians about the Sakas
“The Sakas are excellent horsemen and infantry armed with bows, swords, armor, brass axes; in battles, he wears a golden belt and ties a golden bandage. The reins and bridles of the horses are also decorated with gold. They have no silver, little iron, and plenty of copper and gold." (Strabo, ancient Greek geographer, historian)
"If you gave up all your wealth, armed yourself with a bow and arrow, and lived among the Sakas, then you would be a free man." (Anacharsis, Saka scholar
"Even the European kingdoms cannot compare with them. Not even in Asia, there is no nation that can face the Scythians individually." (Thucydides, ancient Greek historian)
"Yes, in fact , the Turks were the leaders, the main figures of this history." (Aleksei OKLADNIKOV, academician, historian) "There is no jealousy, no serious quarrels between the Sakhs. No one hates anyone , on the contrary, they help and support each other as long as they can. They are friends and share their feelings with each other despite the scarcity of food." (Plano CARPINI, Italian traveler)
### Invasion of the Saka army in 530 BC. At that time, the Saka ruler was Tumar and was not afraid of the enemy's invasion," writes the Roman historian Pompeius Trogus.
Saka queen Tumar refuses to negotiate. Cyrus, the king of Persia, goes on the offensive against the Sakas. Believing it to be suitable for fighting on his own land, Tumar deliberately allows the Persians to cross the water. Cyrus led his army across the river, and after a long journey, he pitched his camp. The next day, he thought of a trick: he deliberately pretended to be scared, leave his camp and start to run away. Ispargapis, the queen's son, chased after the enemy and, being an inexperienced young man, fell into a trap. Hearing about the death of his son, Tumar marches to Cyrus with a large army.
## The Hero of the Lamp
11 years after the death of Cyrus B.C. In 519, the Persians again attacked the Sakas. This campaign is led by King Darius I. The words of Darius I "I went on a campaign with my army to the land of Saka" are mentioned in the Behistun inscriptions. The Sakas are led by a chief named Skunha. Skunkha lost the war and the Persian army crossed the Syr Darya.
One of the amazing events of this war is described by the ancient Greek historian Polyenus as follows: "A Saka named Syrak wounded his body with a dagger and fled to the Persians, pretending that he had been tortured by his leader. He deceived the Persian army into leading the Sakas and led them astray in the waterless desert. Then Shirak The Persian troops, who found out that he had cheated, killed him. As a result of this, Darius I could not stand the war anymore and returned to Persia. The Persians subdue the Sakas for a short time. 6th century end — 5th century At the beginning (500-449 CE) in the Greco-Persian war in the ancient East, the Saka tribes were on the side of the Persians. 490 In the battle of the Greek-Persian army at Marathon, the Sakas fought against the Greeks together with the Persians.
4th c. 330 Macedonian troops of Alexander the Great defeated the army of the last Achaemenid, Darayavaush III Kodoman, and invaded Central Asia. They take Marakand (Samarkand) and come to Syrdarya. Alexandria builds a city called Eschata (Outer Alexandria) to strengthen itself along the Syr. However, although the Macedonians won, they could not tolerate the hot weather, and Alexander's illness forced the Macedonians to retreat to Samarkand. Alexander in 323 He died of typhus in the city of Babylon. His checkered empire crumbled. But the inhabited territory of Khaomavarga Sakas is not limited to the level of Bactria and Margiana. There is reason to believe that the grouping of the Amurian Sakas included the Sakas "beyond Sogdy" according to the cuneiform data. They lived on the other side of the Syrdarya, in the areas of today's Tashkent region and partly in the Ferghana Valley".
Old Persian cuneiform texts do not say anything about the tribes and peoples who lived north of the Sakhar. Only the Avesta mentions the name sayrim, but this There is no information about the place where the people lived. There is more information in the ancient Greek sources, which mentions the Sauromata tribe, which can be compared to the Sayrim of Avesta. the land possessions are in the hands of the Sauromatians. The Sauromatians inhabit the area that can be crossed in fifteen days to the north..." This corresponds to the territory from the confluence of the Don to the mouth of the Volga. Like the later terms "Turks", the term "Sauromats" was often used by authors in two senses: as the name of the tribes themselves, and as a term that united a large group of tribes related by language and culture. Greek-Latin sources often use this ethnonym in a collective sense, directly indicating the composition of various tribes of the sauromate community (Pliny the Great, Ephorus, Pseudo-Scylacus, Eudoxus).
## Wars
According to ancient records, the kings of the Achaemenian dynasty, Cyrus II, Darius I, fought with various tribes of Sakas, sometimes they won and sometimes they lost. Sakas participated in the Greco-Persian wars as part of the Persian army and served in the Achaemenid army. Alexander and later the Seleucids also fought against the Sakas. BC In the middle of the 2nd century, the Sakhs, displaced from the nomadic tribes, settled in the Drangian region during the war, and called this region Sakhstan (now Seistan in Iran, Afghanistan). Sakas in today's Central Asia, Pakistan, Afghanistan, North India BC. They assimilated with the local people before the middle of the 1st century. The Sakas language was preserved until the 10th century. In the language of today's Turkic peoples, the word "sak" is often encountered. For example, the name of the Yakuts is saka, in Kazakh: saka man, sakshi, saka is a proof that they are the descendants of the sakas.
## Archaeological monuments
These are cemeteries, rock paintings, burials of sak products.
### Zhetysu and South Kazakhstan
This is a large area inhabited by Saka tribes: Tigrahouds - in Zhetysu, and Massagets in the Aral region and along Syr. Besshatyr, Yesik, Turgen, Kegen, Alekseev villages were found in the Ile Valley.
The Saka culture in Zhetysu has two periods: the early period (8th-6th centuries BC) and the later period (6th century BC).
Besshatyr burial ground and Esik settlement belong to the royal settlement of the last period. The Besshatyr burial ground consists of 31 tombs in Shylbyr, on the right bank of the Ile River. All graves of the cemetery are divided into two groups, large graves - diameter from 45 m to 105 m. Height 6-18 m. It was built in BC. V century
### East Kazakhstan
It is found in the Altai region, Chingistau and Tarbagatai slopes. There are large royal plagues. It is concentrated in the Shilikti Valley. The culture of this region consists of three periods. Mayemir period (VII-VI centuries BC), Berel period (V-IV centuries BC), Kulazhurgin period (III-I centuries BC). At the end of the Mayemir period, tombs appear where the ritual person is buried with his name.
### Central Kazakhstan
Tasmola culture (VII-III centuries BC) was discovered here. The research was carried out by archaeologists A. Margulan, M. Conducted by Kadyrbayev.
The peculiarity of these plagues is that they have a stone mane, "mustache". It consists of several versions. Adjacent to the main floodplain or on its eastern surface, under the chin, there is a small floodplain, which bends in an arc to the east, is 1.5-2 m wide and 2-200 m long, and sometimes even longer. A dead man's body is buried in a grave dug out of the ground under the mound of a large mound, and a horse and wooden utensils are kept in a small mound under the mound.
### Aral region
Aral region Sakt culture Tegisken, Uygarak, South Tegisken burial grounds.
### West Kazakhstan
Burials from the region between the Volga and Zhaiyk are most concentrated - along the Big and Small rivers, the regions of Kamys-Samar lakes, the banks of Elek, Shagan, Embi. Most of the villages have mounds, and the largest ones are surrounded by moats. Pits with piles of stones or piles of mixed soil and stones are rare. Graves are conveniently dug from east to west, and the dead are not placed in graves, but in specially prepared areas under the piles of plagues.
## Agriculture
He was engaged in animal husbandry and crop cultivation.
Raised by a horse. It was found that there were two breeds. One of them was a recumbent horse with a big head, thick legs, and a slender body, and the other was a tall, graceful horse, which was ridden by armed warriors.
He was also engaged in sheep farming. There are a lot of large sheep with forehead bulges in Sakyts. They were close to the breed of modern Kazakh sheep.
Camel farming is also widely developed.
And the difference of this breed of cow adapted to nomadic life is low yield, low live weight, and does not eat a lot of fodder. He was an animal that did not hide in the cold, had thick fur, and had legs.
Farming and irrigation. It supplied grain to the farmers near Kistau. They planted millet, barley and wheat. In the South Syrdarya valley, it was found in the settlements of Sakhs, such as Shirik Rabat, Babish-molla, Balandy.
## Professions
Metal production and processing, especially bronze casting, were developed among the Sak tribes. BC In the 1st millennium, Saka tribes inhabiting Kazakhstan and Central Asia learned to make things from iron.
The production of iron and copper, tin and lead, gold and silver is highly developed. For example, 3 million in the Imantau deposit. copper ore, and 10,000 and 26,000 pieces of ore were mined from Zhezkazgan and Uspensky, and it was found that most of that ore was mined during the Sakas.
Saka goldsmiths made bronze daggers, arrowheads and spearheads, horse harnesses, ornaments and mirrors, pots and sacrificial vessels.
### Description of the life and economy of the Sakas
Herodotus, the father of history, said about the Sakas: "The clothes and lifestyle are similar to the Scythians. They do not plant crops, but feed on livestock and fish caught from the river . Drinks milk." Most of the Saks were engaged in nomadic animal husbandry. Sakas moved and landed on two, four, six-wheeled carts with two or three pairs of oxen or horses and camels. Men were on horses, and women, children and the elderly sat in horse-drawn carts covered with felt. Sakas also made carts for hunting and war. They are two-wheeled and differ in the construction of wheels. War chariots were often horse-drawn. Carts were pulled by two horses or camels.
### Agriculture of the Saks
The main economy of the Saks was animal husbandry, raising horses, sheep, camels, and cows. They ate the meat and milk of these animals and used their skin and fur in their daily life. The basis of the herd was a hardy horse that grazes in the fields all year round and is adapted to trampling. The Saka nobility kept more stable horses and used them for military campaigns. Sheep wool was used for felting, rope weaving and thread spinning. Sakas raised a lot of tailed and beautiful sheep. Along with animal husbandry, Sakas engaged in agriculture. Archaeologists found traces of irrigation canals near the herdsmen's settlements near the town of Shirik-Rabat in the present-day Kyzylorda region. The Sakas grew carabid, barley, and millet. He was able to catch fish as an additional occupation.
## Trade
When the Sakas ruled the steppes of Eurasia, the transitional international trade that connected the West and the East, the Mediterranean Sea and China began. BC A field road appears in the middle of the 1st millennium. According to the writings of Herodotus, the steppe route went along the Karatengiz region, reached the Don coast, then reached the land of the Sauromatians in the South Ural region, along the Irtys, and then reached the country of the Argyppians in the Altai, and then went to Mongolia and China. Part of this road passed through the territory of Kazakhstan.
## Society
It is assumed that there were three groups of people in Sakh society. It is based on a legend told by the Roman historian Quintus Cursius Rufus. These are:
* warriors - spears and arrows ("ratayshtars-those standing in carts"),
* priests - with a sacrificial plate and a special headdress,
* communal saks, i.e. "octopus" (plow those who have two oxen to graze).
These three parts had their own traditional color. For soldiers - red, yellow-red; even to priests; yellow and blue colors for community members. There were also chieftains and kings. They were representatives of military units. The Greeks called them basileps - king. The symbol of the king is a bow with arrows.
## Culture
Sakas adopted the beast style during their forays into Asia Minor and Iran. This art dates back to B.C. It was formed in the 7th-6th century. Animal style means that images of various animals were painted on dishes, clothes, household items, various ornaments, and weapons. Sakas worshiped the sun, thunder, wind and storm. In the mythology of the Sakas, the horse was associated with the Sun and fire. There were gods like Mitra, the god of the sky who created the world, Varuna of the earth, and Indira of the underworld.
### Craftsmanship
Craftsmanship is well developed in the Saktis. Craftsmen made items needed by the community members. Jewelers were engaged in melting gold and silver and pouring it into molds. In the art of jewelry, the business of gold plating of carved wooden images and decorative items is well developed. Saka craftsmen made jewelry from stones such as carnelian, chalcedony, agate, and agate. Necklaces with eyes, rings and earrings, rims and belts were made from precious stones. Blacksmiths cast pots and forged weapons using molds made of stone and clay. He prepared swords and spears, daggers and arrowheads for the cavalry.
### Religious Beliefs and Rituals
Saks have three concepts of world structure. They believed that there is a world of heaven, a world of earth and a world under the earth. According to Sakas, the four corners of the world were right, left, back and front. The Saka concept of space is depicted in the headdress of a Saka prince found in the Esik fortress. These are pictures of the sun, wings and 4 golden arrows. This is considered a special sign of God's rule over the world.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4899 | Golden star | Gold Star "Hero of the People" is a high-ranking special sign of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The title of "People's Hero" in 1993. established.
The title is awarded for outstanding service to the Republic of Kazakhstan, for civil and military valor in the cause of its freedom and independence.
People who have been awarded the title of "Hero of the People" are given special distinctions - the Golden Star and the Order of "Motherland".
## See more
* State awards of Kazakhstan
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6680 | white road (ritual) | White road (superstition). This "white road" treatment is a bigger criticism for noblemen than for wounded people" (I. Esenberlin).
According to this superstition, the illness will be cured if the husband's "woman who has not put grass in his eyes" jumps over the injured person. If the married woman is sinful, the disease will die under her feet. Writer I. Esenberlin wrote about this superstition in his novel "Khar". Here:
Zhanaidar gave birth to more than one, A bullet hit Zhanaidar's ankle. Not a single woman to shoot was found, Judges are disappointed because of her husband! The poem "
spread through the country by word of mouth. It was believed that if the woman was innocent, the bullet in the body would come back. Since he is a healer without any medicine or tools, he is honest, so he called this treatment of women "white road treatment". The author gives an explanation for this: "Ak zhol" remedy was a remedy that Abylay himself produced to protect the female sex of the tribe from childishness and from putting grass in the eyes of their husbands. ("Wrath", p. 626). The "White Way" rite should be intended to test the virginity of a woman rather than a cure.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4945 | Chapagat medal | "Shapagat" medal is a state award of the Republic of Kazakhstan established on the basis of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 12, 1995 No. 2676 "On State Awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan".
## Regulations about the medal
The medal is awarded to citizens for active and fruitful charity work and kindness.
The medal was produced at the Kazakhstan Mint in Ust-Kamenogorsk.
## Gallery
*
*
## See more
* State awards of Kazakhstan |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7496 | Umirzak Estayuly Shokeev | Umirzak Estayuly Shokeev (December 12, 1964, Turkestan) is a Kazakh statesman, economist-mathematician, candidate of economic sciences.
Formerly the akim of Shokeev Turkestan region (2019–2022; 2006–2007), Deputy Prime Minister — Minister of Agriculture (2017–2019), Chairman of Samruk-Kazyna (2011–2017), Akim of Astana (2004– 2007), was the holder of various positions, such as akim of Kostanay region (1998–2004) and minister of economy and trade (1995–1997).
## Biography
His origin is from the Shmyr clan, Dulat tribe of Uly Yuz.
### Education and early career
Shokeev was born on December 12, 1964 in the city of Turkestan. In 1986, he studied at the Moscow Economic and Statistical Institute and became an economist and mathematician. Later, he completed postgraduate studies at this university.
In 1991, he was a candidate of economic sciences, and in 2002 he obtained the position of doctor in the same field.
Shokeev started his career in 1986 as a junior researcher at the Research Institute of Automated Planning and Management Systems (AIMS) under the State Planning Committee of the Kazakh SSR. He held this position until 1988.
In 1991-1992, he was a leading researcher at the Research Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences, and in 1992-1993 he was a consultant to the High Economic Council under the President of Kazakhstan.
In 1993, he was the deputy head of the Finance and Labor Department of the President's Office and the Cabinet of Ministers. In 1993 and 1995, he served as deputy akim of the South Kazakhstan region.
### Political career
In November 1995, Shokeev was appointed Minister of Economy. During his tenure, he was the Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan from July 1997 until the dissolution of the government in October 1997. From February to November 1997, Shokeev was a member of the High Economic Council under the President, then from November 1997 to August 1998, the National Council for Sustainable Development of Kazakhstan. In March 1997, Shokeev became the chairman of the Supervisory Board of "Kazakhoil" and held this position until December 1997. In April 1998, Shokeev became the deputy head of the Administration of the President of Kazakhstan.
On August 19, 1998, Shokeev was appointed akim of Kostanay region. Later, from March 20, 2004, until September 20, 2006, he was appointed as the akim of the South Kazakhstan region.
On August 27, 2007, Shokeev was appointed Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan in Masimov's cabinet, from March 3, 2009 until becoming First Deputy Prime Minister, making him the first person to hold such a position since 2004. On December 26, 2011, he was dismissed, and the next day, on December 27, Shokeev became the chairman and member of the Board of Directors of "Samruk-Kazyna".
On December 15, 2017, Shokeev became the Minister of Agriculture. After the resignation of the government on February 21, 2019, he served as the akim of Shokeev Turkestan region from February 25, 2019 to August 26, 2022.
Since March 2019, Umirzak Shokeev is a member of the Bureau of the Political Council of the Nur Otan Party.
## His life
Umirzak Shokeev has an entrepreneur brother: Serik Estayuly Estaev.
Shokeev is married, his wife is Zaure Sovetkalievna Mukhamedzhanova. He has three children: two daughters - Nurbala, Nurgul and one son - Nurasyl.
## Awards
Shokeev's awards and honors:
* Order of Nazarbayev (2005);
* Order of Reason (1991);
* Order of the Leopard (2012);
* 10-year medal for Astana (2008);
* Medal for meritorious service to the creation of the Eurasian Union, 1st class (2015);
* Honored citizen of Shymkent (2007).
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5296 | Sirym Datuly uprising | The national liberation movement of the Kazakhs led by Syrym Datuly is the movement of the Kazakhs of Kishi Yuzyn under the leadership of Syrym Datuly in 1783-1797.
After the suppression of the peasant uprising led by Emelyan Pugachev, the tsarist government intensified the colonial oppression of the nomadic community of Kishi Yuz Kazakhs.
That is why the uprising of the Kazakhs was not even a coincidence. He had his own reasons.
* Firstly, the requirements for Kazakhs who temporarily moved to the inside of the border line became too strict. There, any Kazakh could be arrested and charged for a crime committed by another of his clans.
* Secondly, the "military searches" in the fields were still not stopped by the Ural Cossack troops.
* Thirdly, the reputation of Nuraly Khan and those around him decreased year by year. He gradually became a puppet in the hands of the royal government.
For example, Nuraly Khan received a salary from Orynbor every year. They did not pay attention to the needs of the people. The members of Khan's family divided the cattle pastures as they wanted and for their own benefit.
The uprising was led by Syrym Datuly, a hero widely known to the people. He was a prominent person from the Baibak clan of the Twelve Ata Bayuly Association among the Small Hundred. (In the course of the peasant uprising led by Datuly Emelyan Pugachev, he proved himself as a skilled diplomat, military commander, and outstanding organizer. The leader of the rebels became famous as an orator and dancer. He was called "Bala Bi" as a child for his great intelligence and wit. Sirym Datuly was also very strong. He was distinguished by his bravery and indomitable willpower among his contemporaries. D.C. Bulger, who lived in the second half of the 19th century, wrote: "Syrym Batyr is an energetic, deep-thinking, brave, resourceful, cunning individual. He is loved by the people, and the people worshiped him." and batyrs took an active part in. They were all representatives of all tribal associations in the Little Yuzh, especially the tribes bordering Russia. Because they were the ones who bore the burden of the lack of pasture and saw the extreme tyranny of the Ural Kazakh troops. Among the rebels there were also those from the group of sultans. For example, Zhantore, the son of Aishuak Sultan, was one of the close companions of the famous hero.
The main demand of the rebels was to stop the seizure of Kazakh lands by the tsarist government, to ban the tyranny of sultans, khans and their entourage.
## Reason for departure
At the end of 1782, a decree of the tsar's government was issued, in which Kazakhs were allowed to temporarily move to the regions on the right bank of Zhaiyk during the winter season only by renting pasture lands. The Ural Cossacks used this decree in their own interests - it was forbidden to lease Kazakh lands. The security of the fortresses on the Ural border line has been strengthened. Kazakhs had to give deposits.
In the winter of 1782-1783, the Cossacks forcibly seized more than 4 thousand horses from the Kazakhs inside the border line. The extremely cold winter made the situation even more difficult. Swallowing has begun. More than 10,000 horses and cows of the steppe inhabitants were killed. In such a difficult situation, a mass movement began in the villages near the border of Kishi Yuz, which soon turned into a struggle for freedom.
In the spring of 1783, the Kazakhs began to attack the Ural border. Kazakh troops captured the soldiers of the Giryal fortress and drove away their cattle. Troops of the Tama clan were attacking in the northeast of Orinbor. The commandant of Orinbor sent 1,500 soldiers of Orinbor Kazakhs and Bashkirs to the Kazakh steppe. Kazakh rebels stubbornly resisted them. The stone fortress of the Kazakhs was captured during the attack of the enemy. 56 arrested people were sent to do treasury work.
## First period
In the summer of 1783, Cossack attacks on military fortresses and trade caravans became more frequent. This alone caused the level of trade of the Russian state with Central Asian khanates to decline. An immediate attack was made on the Karagai fortress. The rebels took control of the avenue connecting the two defenses of Orinbor and Elek. The movement of the rebels in the Or (Zhamankala) fortress and the Lower Ural region was particularly active.
In 1785, Kazakh troops fought a fierce battle with the troops of the tsarist government in the area of the Lower Ural border. Syrym Datuly commanded a detachment of 2,700 soldiers, Barak Zhanuzakuly led a detachment of 2,000 soldiers, Tilenshi Batyr led a detachment of 1,500 soldiers. Three detachments of Cossacks were formed against them.
In 1785, the struggle between the elders of the clan with Nuraly Khan and those around him intensified. Khan did not want to suppress the popular uprising. The rebels demanded that he should be removed from his position because he was hated by the people. In 1786, Nuraly Khan, who lost his reputation in the eyes of both the Kazakhs and the colonial rulers, was permanently expelled from Kishi Yuz. He was now taken under the protection of the royal authority. For some time, Sergey Kalmykov lived secretly in his fortress. Then Nuraly Khan was exiled to Ufa in 1790 and finally died there.
### Baron Igelstrom's reforms and attempts to destroy the Khan's power in Kishi Yuz
In the current situation, the task of the tsarist government was to invent new ways of governing the Kazakhs of Kishi Yuz.
In 1784, O.G. became the head of Orinbor province. Igelstrom arrived. He was known as a person capable of conducting a flexible policy on the management of the region. Kishi Yuz quickly understood the situation among the Kazakhs. Syrym, who was in favor of transferring power to the Council of Judges, tried to weaken Batyr's influence.
In 1786 O. Igelstrom proposed a project to reform the Khan's power. The essence of that reform was the complete abolition of the Khan's power and the establishment of the Border Judiciary in Orinbor. According to the clan-tribal system, it was proposed to divide Kishchizhuz into three groups - Alimuly, Baiuly and Zhetiru. In each of them, administrative bodies exercising judicial power - "raspravas" - were to be formed, to which clan elders had to enter. It was to include a chairman, two deputies appointed from the nobility, and a mullah. For their work, it was planned to pay salaries from the treasury.
Catherine II supported this proposal of Igelstrom. Two or three towns, several mosques, and schools for the children of the nobility were to be built on the territory of the small hundred. All these measures were supposed to eliminate the political isolation of the Kishi Yuz Kazakhs from the Russian Empire. But Igelström's reform caused discontent among the Sultans and elders of the Small Face. Because they did not want to lose their influence in the Kazakh steppe. The Chinggis dynasties of the Middle Hundred and Great Hundred thought so and cooperated with them.
That is why the new governing bodies proposed by Igelström turned out to be unsustainable. The administrative body - the hearings did not meet in practice and did not perform any work. The sultans supporting the khanate elected Kaipyt Khan, the son of Batyr Sultan.
In 1786, a congress of elders was held. Only the establishment of the Border Court was agreed there. Six heads of clans were elected to the court. Among those elected to the new administrative body were Kazakhs with a strong reputation, such as Tilenshi, Zhanibek and Tilep. This showed that the heads of the Kazakh clan began to supplant and replace the sultans in their official administrative positions.
However, such elections were held in only three clans of the Small Hundred. Thus, the Border Court could not communicate with all the clans of Kishi Yuz through a group of high-ranking judges. As a result, it became impossible to influence the political situation in Chichi Yuz. The sultans were categorically opposed to the establishment of disputes in the Kazakh steppe.
Elders who took advantage of the creation of the border court began to raise questions about land and increasing the amount of winter grazing between the Volga and Zhaiyk. They also proposed to abolish the practice of leasing vacant pastures. The governor-general abolished only the order of renting vacant pastures and paying for them. And the procedure for renting out privately owned land has been preserved. At the same time, a deposit procedure was established for crossing the Border Line.
In the winter of 1786-1787, a mass migration of Kazakhs between the Volga and Zhaiyk began. The elders intensified their demands. They also raised the issue of the return of slaves who escaped to Russia.
Igelstrom only partially satisfied the demands of the elders. But he made it a condition to stop the attacks of the Kazakhs on the fortresses on the border line. In response, the Kazakh leaders demanded that the border administration and the Ural Kazakhs stop using force and arbitrariness against the Kazakhs. The creation of a new administrative body - "raspravas" - played a significant role in excluding the sultans from the system of ruling the Kazakhs of the Little Hundred.
This situation intensified the discontent of the sultans against the royal government. Because they began to lose their privileges. Thus, the struggle between the sultans and elders on the issue of the exercise of power in Kishi Yuzh continued. The conflict between the princes and the sultans began. Sirym Batyr began to take measures aimed at getting out of the influence of the tsar's government once and for all. Even the royal government did not like this. Igelstrom's reform failed.
Syrym Datuly negotiated with the Khiva khanate to help the Kazakhs with weapons, cavalry, and food, and to give livestock pastures from one end of the Khiva khanate for migration in the event of the defeat of the rebellion.
In 1789, Igelstrom proposed a new project for managing the Kazakhs of the Little Hundred. It took into account the wishes of the tsar's government: it was intended to restore the khan's power and to further divide Kishi Yuz into six divisions. A general board headed by Khan was established. Syrim Batyr was offered the position of prosecutor.
According to the new project, the royal government refused to limit the rights of the khans and sultans in the Small Face. But this project did not come to fruition either. Now the tsarist government tried to limit the rights of Kazakhs to use cattle pastures between the Volga and Zhayik. This has intensified the conflict in the region. Kazakhs frequently attacked the fortresses on the Ural border.
In 1791, Sultan Yeraly was elected Khan of Kishi Yuz. And after his death, the son of Nuraly Khan became Esim Sultan Khan. In 1792, Syrym Datuly attacked the defense of Elek with 1000 soldiers. Then he tried to take the fortress of Krasnogorsk by an immediate attack. But strongly fortified fortresses and well-armed defenders did not realize the plan of the rebels. Kazakh troops were especially active in 1796. Because of this year's winter, cattle were killed en masse, and the condition of the people worsened.
## The final period
In the spring of 1797, Syrym Datuly's troops attacked the khan's horde and killed Yesim Khan. In response to this, the tsarist government sent punitive detachments to the Kazakh steppe. But they could not meet the rebels. A fight for the throne of the Khan began in the small village. Igelstrom proposed that the administration of the Little Face be handed over to the Khan Council.
So, from August 1797, the Khan's Council began to work. The colonial authorities supported the candidacy of Sultan Aishuak, who was getting old and weak. But the Kazakh aristocracy, consisting only of sultans, rushed to elect Karatai Sultan Khan without holding a traditional public meeting. This was a sign of the opposition of the sultans to the Khan's Council. Because the influence of elders in the Khan Council would be strong.
Syrim Datuly Khan was not elected to the council and moved to the Syrdarya river. There, he received the support of Alimuly seniors and presented the issue of improving the situation in Kishi-zhu to the Khan's Council. Sirym Batyr tried to stop the inter-tribal hostage-taking and the conflict with the Ural Kazakhs.
In 1797, Ayshuak was elected Sultan Khan. This candidacy was supported by both sultans and clan heads. Khan was an old man. He was not able to play a role among the Kazakhs. Reconciliation between minor sultans and clan chiefs deprived Syrim Datul of the opportunity to gather clan chiefs around him and to continue his struggle against the sultans and the royal administration. Sirim Batyr moved to Khiva Khanate. According to popular legend, Syrym Datuly was killed by his political opponents in 1802, according to some sources.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6252 | Тонга | Tonga (Tong. Tonga, English. Tonga [ˈtoŋa]), the official name is the Kingdom of Tonga (Tong. Puleʻanga Fakatuʻi ʻo Tonga, English. Kingdom of Tonga) is the right of the Pacific Ocean. the state located in the part. Includes Tonga, Vavau, Haapai, Tongatapu, etc. small islands (total 172) are included. Earth area. 748 km2. The population is 104 thousand (2001). The official languages are Tongan and English. About 50% of the population are Protestants, the rest are Catholics and local Christian sects (Mormons). The country is mainly inhabited by Polynesian-Tongans (98%), as well as English and Anglo-Australians. The head of state is the king. No. The legislative body is a unicameral parliament. The capital is Nuku'alofa. (Located on Tongatapu Island). National holiday - Independence Day - June 4 (1970). Administrator. It is divided into 5 districts. The monetary unit is paanga. Tonga is a member of the United Nations and the British Commonwealth.
## Nature and climate
Tonga's chain of islands is located on underwater mountain ranges. The highest point is 1031 m (on Khao Island). The eastern part is surrounded by a deep watery abyss. The western chain consists of mountainous volcanic islands (700 km long), the eastern limestone chain consists of atolls and coral islands. The climate is tropical and maritime. The average monthly temperature is 20-26°C. Amount of annual precipitation. 2000 mm. The land is fertile, red soil. A thick humid tropical forest grows on the islands. The main forest massif is on volcanic islands. Animal world is poor. More than 30 species of birds, snakes, lizards and sea turtles live there. Tonga islands have been inhabited by Polynesians since ancient times.
## History
Around the 10th century, the first meml. structure appeared. 1643 Tonga islands were discovered by the Dutch sailor A. Tasman. 1773 Captain D. Cook came to the islands and saw the warm reception of the local people, so they called them the islands of Goodwill. At the end of the 18th century - the beginning of the 19th century, Europeans came to the island. missionaries began to arrive. 1845 After a long civil war, the islands became a single state, an independent kingdom. 1900 An English protectorate was established in T. The country was under the control of the British consul. 1958 Tonga's autonomy has been somewhat expanded. The Tongan government had the right to enter into trade agreements with other countries. Under the 1968 agreement, British control was somewhat restrained. 1970 Tonga declared independence as part of the British Commonwealth. Tonga is an agricultural country.
## Economy
The main branch of economy is a. sh. The main crops are banana, coconut palm, vanilla bean tree, copra, citrus, pineapple. In summer, cassava, yams, taro, garden crops, vegetables, and mangoes are planted. Cattle, pigs and goats are bred. Poultry breeding and fishing are developed. In industry a. sh. raw material processing enterprises, sawmills, and sewing factories work. Iron, copper, zinc, silver deposits have been discovered, oil deposits are being explored. Tourism is the main source of income. The length of the highway. 680 km. The main seaport (trade center) is Nuku'alofa and Neiafu. Copra, tropical for export. produces fruit, beer, seafood, clothing, mini excavators. Food products, industrial goods, machines and vehicles, mineral oils are imported. National income per capita. 2790 USD. The main trade partners are the USA, Japan, Great Britain, Australia, New Zealand, Fiji Islands.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1479 | leopard (animal) | Snow Leopard, Leopard (lat. Uncia uncia) is a cat that inhabits the mountains of Central Asia, Northern India, Pakistan, Baikal, and Tibet.
For many Turkic and nomadic countries, the leopard is a national symbol. On the coat of arms of the city of Almaty - a leopard, on the coat of arms of the Republic of Tatarstan - a winged leopard.
Since ancient times, Kazakhs have admired the nobility, courage, and cunning of the leopard. The third year of our traditional calendar is the Year of the Leopard. The leopard is depicted on the coats of arms of the cities of Almaty and Astana.
## The history of the name
In Tuva, this species was called irbish, in Zhetysu region, ilbers, in the east of Almaty, irviz, and in Turkic languages, irbiz. That's why it was called a devil or a leopard.
## Distribution
Carnivorous Order - Carivora. The cat family is Felidae.
The distribution of the species includes the mountains of Central Asia and South Siberia. In the Altai Mountains, the encounter with a wild animal was observed in Kurchum, Kholzun, Southern Altai, Tarbagatai, as well as in the upper reaches of the Buktyrma and Karakaba rivers, near Markakol. Distributed in the high ridges of Tien-Shan, Tarbagatai, Sauyr and Altai; inhabits rocky and rocky areas in the alpine and subalpine zones of the mountains. Karatau (Syrdariya) XX century. It disappeared in the 40s. Not very high ridges of Ile and Dzungar Alataus - Toraigyr, Sogeti, Kishi and Bolshoi Begeti, Katutau, Aktau, Sholak, Matai, Altynemel, the leopard does not live permanently, but it is observed that it enters them from time to time.
Stony cliffs, mainly in the subalpine and alpine zones of the mountain. At the same time, it is exposed in the not so high mountains on their steep, stony slopes.
Very few everywhere; only slightly more common in the Almaty reserve. 30-35 leopards live in Ile Alatau, 2-3 in Teriskey Alatau, and 2-3 in Ketpen. XX century In the 1960s and 1980s, its traces were often found in Kungei Alatau. In those years, 50 leopards lived in Dzungar Alatau, and only traces were seen in Sauyr. Only 2-3 leopards live in the Aksu-Zhabagyly Nature Reserve, rarely in the Western Tien Shan. XX century In the 1970s and 1980s, it was determined that there were 180-200 leopards in Kazakhstan, and now this figure is only 120-130. Rarely, the area of distribution is narrowing and the number is decreasing. Today, the total number in Kazakhstan does not exceed 200 heads; The main reasons for the decrease in the number are poaching and the decrease in the number of the main food objects (tauteke, arkar, roe deer).
In 1976 and 1985, leopards grew up in Almaty Zoo. It is protected in Aksu-Zhabagyly, Almaty and Markakol nature reserves and three nature reserves. It is necessary to organize the Dzungar reserve and improve protection works in the existing reserves.
## Biological features
The leopard is a predatory animal belonging to the cat family. Body height 125-135 cm, height 60 cm (from the withers), tail 90-100 cm, weight 30-40 kilograms. The color is blue-gray, scaly, with ring-shaped round black spots, the fur is long and thick. It is found in the high mountains of Kazakhstan and Central Asia (more than 2000 m). Its most common places are steep stony slopes and valleys covered with permanent snow. In winter, when the snow is thick, the leopard descends to the forest belt of the mountain. The leopard catches and eats ungulates, especially ibex, mountain goats, mountain goats, roe deer, and birds and partridges. Food is mainly caught in the morning or at night. The number of leopards in Kazakhstan is about one hundred and eighty - two hundred. They mainly live in Aksu-Zhabagyly, Almaty, Markakol nature reserves and Almaty, Lepsi, Tokti nature reserves. Hunting is prohibited, due to the decrease in numbers, it was included in the international and national "Red Book" (1996).
Lives permanently in one place, but can sometimes migrate far away when living conditions deteriorate. In winter, when ungulates descend to the foothills, leopards migrate to that area. Its main foods are roe deer, wild boar, roe deer, deer, hares, woodpeckers, deer and partridges. Sexual maturity occurs at the age of two. Maturing - in February-March, giving birth to children in May-June. Usually 1-5, rarely 2-3 young leopards are born.
## Breeding in hand
Kept in zoos and breed well.
## Conservation measures
The main limiting factors are poaching, decrease in the number of food sources.
included in CITES Annex 1. It is protected in Aksu-Zhabagily, Almaty, Markakol, Western Altai reserves, Sayram-Ogem, Ile-Alatau, Katonkaragay national parks and a number of reserves.
Necessary protective measures: It is necessary to organize specially protected natural territories, increase the efficiency of curtailment and strengthen the fight against poachers.
Research Recommendations: There has been no scientific research on the leopard in the last dozen years. Therefore, it is necessary to deeply study the current situation of leopards in Kazakhstan.
### Status
Category III. Its area is shrinking and its number is decreasing. The leopard should be transferred to the 2nd category. It is included in the Red List (EN category) of the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN), in the Red Books of Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, and Russia.
### The importance of the taxon for the preservation of the gene pool
The only representative of the family in the fauna of the world and Kazakhstan.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5192 | Хасенов | Khasenov's last name can mean the following:
* Abiken Khasenov - Kazakh musician-drummer, master of percussion, actor, Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR.
* Abulda Hasenov is a shepherd. 2-time winner of the Order of Red Banner of Labor, 1st degree of the Patriotic War, Red Star.
* Amedi Khasenov - linguistics specialist, candidate of philological sciences, professor.
* Ermekbai Kayipuli Khasenov
* Jarmukhan Khasenovich Khasenov
* Manap Khasenov
* Madi Khasenov
* Mukash Khasenov
* Muhammetkali Khasenov
* Nurkenje Khasenov |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7050 | Horse investigation | The negative name is an allusive name, an equivalent of taboo (prohibition) in the speech culture of women formed in traditional marriage-family relations.
He hinted without mentioning the names of his parents who were old and wealthy, alive, and even passed away. Speaking or narrating about a person without an indirect or implied name, if necessary, it was considered "bad name" (atteris) without mentioning his name according to female etiquette. In addition to this definition phrase, negative name neighbor, negative child, grandfather's name negative root, children's (family head) grandmothers with negative name, etc. expressed in ways.
"You idiot, you are saying the wrong thing" (M. Auezov). There are many ways to show respect to a person in folk tradition. One of them is horse investigation. According to the national tradition, women do not name their grandfather, father-in-law, or sister-in-law, but name themselves appropriately: "myrza kaynaga", "bai atam", "bi atam", "Jalki bala", "tengim", "erkem", and for women, "sheber chechey" , "white grandmother", "shirgalym", "shashbaulym", "kulimkozym". The aunts also give some funny names. For example: a tramp is called "sungagim", a jaybasar is called "zyurigim". All this is really a special sign of respect and honor. Men also respected elders and elders as "grandfather", "father", "Ereke", "Akha", "Zhake", "Sake". This is also a form of this ritual. Horse investigation is a high expression of our people's respect for people, respect, and humility. It is motherly to call someone who is older than you by name. There is an interesting story in the people's mouth: A woman is "behind the waterfall, on one side of the waterfall, she is eating the food for my son!" "I don't know, come to me quickly!" he said. However, he could not name his father-in-law, father-in-law Uzenbay, Kamysbay, Koylybay, Kaskyrbay, Kairakbay, Pyshakbay! Passengers asked the woman who was bringing water: "Whose village is this?" Then the woman said, "It's my grandfather's village, as if it exists only in him, as if it doesn't exist anywhere else." It turns out that this is the village of Kotibar. "Horse investigation" is also used in other cases. For example, the people call a wolf "dog-bird", and diseases such as chicken pox, measles, and rubella are called "saints". It is a superstition to avoid such troubles.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5050 | Momyshuly Baurzhan | Bauyrzhan Momyshuly (December 24, 1910, Kolbastau - June 10, 1982, Almaty) is a famous Kazakh military commander, a famous strategist and tactician in the Great Patriotic War, writer, Hero of the Soviet Union. 8th Guards Infantry Division since November 1941) 1073rd Infantry Regiment (19th Guards Regiment since November 1941) and battalion commander. In the Great Patriotic War, Major General I.V. From September 1941, he participated in the famous division headed by Panfilov. As a battalion commander, senior lieutenant Baurzhan Momyshuly participated in 27 battles in the battle for Moscow. On November 16-18, 1941, during the second campaign of the Wehrmacht in the direction of Moscow, the battalion led by senior lieutenant Momyshuly bravely fought on the Volokolamsk highway, near the village of Matronino. Thanks to the leadership of a skilled combatant, the battalion repulsed the fascist attack for 3 days and left the encirclement in a combat-ready condition without major losses.
Baurzhan Momyshuly is an individual who left an invaluable legacy enriching military pedagogy and military psychology. His fame, glory and heroism were described in the book "Volokolamsk Highway" by A. Bek. The book is in German, Czech, Hebrew, English, French, etc. translated into foreign languages. After the war, Baurzhan Momyshuly graduated from the Higher Military Academy of the General Staff of the Soviet Army. He works as a military teacher and teaches at the Military Academy of the Soviet Army.
After the country gained independence, he was awarded the title of "People's Hero" by the decree of the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, N. Nazarbayev.
## Biography
### Childhood
Baurzhan Momyshuly was born on December 24, 1910 in Kolbastau village, Zhualy district, Zhambyl region. From the Shmyr clan of the Dulat tribe.
Imash's grandfather died in 1911 at the age of 92. His father, Momysh, was one of the brightest people of that period who was literate in the old fashioned way on his own and learned to read the Cyrillic alphabet. He was a carpenter and shoemaker, known for his jewelry. In his old age, grandfather Imash handed over all the farm to his son Momysh. His grandmother's name is Kyztumas, in his old age he was called "yellow old lady" by his relatives. His mother, Razia, passed away early, and Baurzhan was raised by his grandmother Kyztumas from the age of 3.
In 1921, he entered Asa boarding school to study primary class. Since 1924, he studied at a seven-year school in the city of Shymkent. It was the first seven-year school in that region, opened in 1924. Abdilda Tazhibaev and Kurmanbek Sagindykov study in the same class as Baurzhan. In 1928, he graduated from school with honors and entered the Kazakh Pedagogical Institute in Orinbor. The director of the institute was a man named Tokhtibaev. Seeing that the young boy was walking in thin clothes in the cold, he invited him to his office. He writes a note to the accounting office in the child's hand and says that he will receive money on this note and return to the village with that money. Due to such a living situation, he leaves school.
### Life before the war
* In 1928-1930 he was a teacher in an elementary school. For some time he works as the executive secretary of the district executive committee. He has been working in the district militia for about 6 months.
* Between 1932 and 1934 he served in the ranks of the Red Army. He graduated from the regimental school in 1933.
He returned to his native village and worked in a financial institution for several years.
* With the support of Timofey Dubovik, Baurzhan, who stood out for his work in the executive committee, will become the economist of Shymkent Industrial Bank. While working in this position, in 1936 he completed a one-year course at the Financial Academy in Leningrad with the referral of B. M. Barkhan, the head of the Republican Bank. Having assessed his qualifications, the management appoints him as a senior consultant to the republican management of the Industrial Bank of the USSR.
* In 1936, he was invited to the platoon command of the newly formed unit. At this time, he will be the company commander, the assistant to the chief of the regimental staff.
* In 1939, his father Momysh died.
### During the Second World War
* In 1941, he worked as an instructor of the Kazakh military commissariat. He participated in the Great Patriotic War from September 1941. He took an active part in the formation of the 316th infantry division and went to the front as part of that division.
* On November 26, 1941, Marshal Rokossovsky appointed him as the regimental commander.
* In 1941-1945, he was the commander of the battalion and regiment of the 8th Guards Division named after Panfilov, and in the last years of the war he was the commander of the said division.
* On June 6, 1942, he was awarded the "Red Star" Order.
* In 1944, due to his health, he was sent to the Almaty hospital.
* Baurzhan, who came to Almaty on January 16, 1945, was invited by scientists to give a lecture on the war and organized a meeting. The transcript of this lecture was later published as a book under the name "Psychology of War". At first, this work was published only in Russian, but in 2010, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of Bauyrzhan Momyshuly, it was also published in Kazakh.
During the war, he stands out for his personal heroism and military skill in fighting. Several times he safely took out his soldiers from the enemy's encirclement. His bravery in the battle near Moscow already became a legend throughout the Union. Based on this, the well-known Russian writer A. Bek wrote the story "Volokolamskoe Shosse" (Kazakh "Arpalys"). This work will later be translated into several languages.
The inclusion of methods of withdrawal and retreat related to combat actions into a special chapter in the military statute, the formation of the concepts of "focal" and "flexible defense" in tactics are a set of such experiences of Baurzhan Momyshuly. Baurzhan Momyshuly was one of the first to use and develop the theory of infiltrating enemy lines in war practice.
Battle for Moscow
The battle at the bottom of Moscow was a special period in the life of Baurzhan Momyshuly. Young commander, battalion commander of the 1073rd infantry regiment, senior lieutenant Baurzhan Momyshuly, walked with his soldiers in the deep snow of the Moscow region, breached the fence five times, went into battle a total of 27 times, performed tactical maneuvers unprecedented in the history of war, and introduced innovations in military art. Commander Momyshuly was a perfect strategist, a great tactician, and a psychologist.
From November 16 to 18, 1941, during the Wehrmacht's second attack on Moscow, the battalion led by B. Momyshuly fought bravely on the Volokolamsk highway, far from his division, near the village of Matronino. Thanks to the talented leadership of Kombat, the German army hesitated in this area for 3 days. After this feat, the young combatant led his soldiers out of the siege in a fighting condition.
However, in times of chaos, some regiments, which are in a difficult situation, lose contact with their battalions and companies, and it becomes difficult to know where and in what condition the soldiers are. Baurzhan's first battalion was one of those who faced such a situation. Bauken now makes a concrete plan of retreat. A scout consisting of 15 people who walk in front of the battalion (reconnaissing the front) decides to move separately from platoon to platoon, following each other. Scouts in front of the battalion are led by senior lieutenant Rakhimov and political leader Mukhametkul Slamkulov.
He orders his soldiers to walk at night so as not to be seen by the enemy during the day. During the day, breathing in the dense forest, and at night, the soldiers, who are walking carefully along the route determined by the scouts, show perseverance and endurance, walking through the thick snow in the thick pine forest, after two days they will leave the distance between the villages of Novlyansk and Ivanovsk. According to scouts, the first battalion of the 1075th Panfilov regiment lives in this village of Ivanovsk. These are fresh because they haven't fought yet.
Methodical, experienced commander I.V. Panfilov is keeping this regiment in temporary reserve on purpose. Hearing the nickname "the entire battalion led by B.Momyshuly was killed by the enemy and destroyed", they greeted the soldiers who returned alive with great joy. I. V. Panfilov burst into tears of joy when he saw the soldiers of the battalion led by Baurzhan. Ivan Vasilyevich took Bauyrzhan in his arms as if he had met a long-lost brother, kissed him on the cheek and said: "Well done, my hawk!" he patted him on the back.
As the commander of the 19th Guards Rifle Regiment, on November 26-30, 1941, Guards Captain Momyshuly successfully fought back the attack of the German army for 4 days near the village of Sokolovo, Moscow Region. On December 5, 1941, he was wounded by a bullet in the spine. In the book "Truth and Legend" by Azilkhan Nurshaiykov, Baurzhan says that when Baurzhan brought him to the sanbat, the doctors decided to take him to the hospital immediately, but he threatened the doctor with a pistol and ordered him to take out the bullet there. After removing the bullet and dressing the wound, Captain Baurzhan Momyshuly returns to the battlefield.
The soldiers of the regiment led by Baurzhan Momyshuly of the 8th Guards Division stood out in the battles of the Soviet troops in January-February 1942. Within two months, the division advanced 500-600 kilometers to the west, demobilized thousands of Nazi soldiers and officers, and destroyed many enemy vehicles.
In 1944, when he was a Comdiv, he was wounded again during the battle near the village of Dubrovka. According to him, he fell on a piece of metal sticking out of the ground. For some time he could not sit on a horse and could not lie on his back, but he did not go to the hospital.
From that time until March 1944, he was in the hospital. In the same year, he graduated from the training courses for officers at the Military Academy of the General Staff.
Since January 21, 1945, Guards Colonel Baurzhan Momyshuly commanded the 9th Guards Rifle Division of the Second Baltic Front, 6th Guards Army, 2nd Guards Rifle Regiment. In February-March 1945, the division led by Baurzhan Momyshuly broke through three fortifications of the German army located on the northwestern side of the Priekule station. As a result of the division's attack, 15 settlements were liberated, and the enemy army suffered great damage.
Our people remember the proverbial words of Baurzhan Momyshuly about ordinary soldiers. The famous commander was able to appreciate the soldier's behavior, intelligence, bravery to sacrifice his life for his country. Thanks to that, he led them to heroic victories and encouraged them.
Baurzhan Momyshuly was not only a skilled and strict military leader during the war years, but also a wise leader of the soldiers and officers under his command, intelligent and knowledgeable, serious and kind educator.
On the 80th anniversary of his birth on December 12, 1990, Guards colonel Baurzhan Momyshuly was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union. B. Momyshuly's words "Justice always wins, even if it comes late" became true and the nation's wish was fulfilled.
### In the post-war years
* In 1946-1948, he was a trainee at the Voroshilov Military Academy.
* In 1948-1950, he served as the deputy commander of the 49th Infantry Brigade.
* In 1952, he graduated from the Higher Military Academy at the General Staff of the Soviet Army.
* In 1953, he meets the Chinese delegation led by academician Wang-Chong-Hu.
* After the war, in 1950-1955, he taught at the Military Academy of the Soviet Army.
* At the end of December 1955 (when he turned 45), he retired with the rank of colonel and returned to the country. There will be no work in the country for some time. Umirbek Zholdasbek will be employed at the military department of the Kazakh National University. However, it seems that there was also opposition to it. The hero is now fully engaged in creativity. He writes both in the Kazakh and Russian languages and uses what he has seen in his life in his works. His wonderful novels, stories, and short stories based on the reality of life from his pen have become sought-after works by many students. They were reprinted several times.
Visit to Cuba
Bauyrzhan Momyshuly visited Cuba in 1963 at the invitation of Fidel Castro. During the trip, he did not have the opportunity to meet with the Cuban leader Fidel Castro, but he met with his younger brother Raul Castro and made a great impression on him. He gave a lecture to the Cuban military (mostly to a diverse audience) ("Cuba Meetings" ("Кубинские встречи"; a report prepared in Russian, with information from the records of November 11-21, 1963, to the second volume of a two-volume collection of works in Russian, published in 1986 by the Almaty publishing house "Zhazuchy"). It was included as a 13-page text; it was first published in the same year)). "Impressions of Cuba" about his trip to Cuba (in 1975, three stories ("On the road", "They are in my memory", "He and I") were included in the collection "The Flying Nest" together with the story "The Flying Nest", including the volume of the travelogue - 130 pages) writes a travel book. Baurzhan Momyshuly was a role model for Fidel Castro and Ernesto Che Guevara.
In November 1963 (November 11-21), he went on a 10-day visit due to repeated invitations from the Cuban government.
He died in Almaty on June 10, 1982 at the age of 71. He was buried in the Kensai cemetery.
100th anniversary of the hero
On September 14, 2010, the documentary film "Kazakh's Baurjan" was presented to the public in Almaty. The film was commissioned by the government and directed by Kalila Omarov for the 100th anniversary of Baurzhan Momyshuly.
On December 10, 2010, a monument to the hero of the Soviet-German war, writer Baurzhan Momyshuly was opened in a solemn ceremony in the park of 28 Panfilovshirs in Almaty. The base of the 6-meter-high monument is made of granite, and the statue of the hero is made of bronze.
In 2010, celebrations dedicated to the 100th anniversary of Baurzhan Momyshuly were held across the Republic.
In September 2010, Baurzhan Momyshuly's 30-volume collection of works was published (published by "Oner" publishing house in Almaty).
## Literary work of Baurzhan Momyshuly
Baurzhan Momyshuly wrote love songs and poems dedicated to his friends and compatriots in his youth. Articles and poems written by him from the front lines, translations were published in front-line newspapers, "Socialist Kazakhstan", "Kazakhstanskaya Pravda", "Kazakh Literature" and other publications.
On the front, he wrote a diary and wrote down what he saw and experienced on the battlefield. He recorded under all conditions, in snow, rain, and even under siege. Thus, he wrote 38 combat notebooks. It tells about the course of the war, the thoughts and actions of the soldiers. His main literary works amaze the reader with their honesty. "The Story of One Night" was his first work that announced that he was a talented writer.
During the war, Baurzhan wrote "Comrade", "To the writer", "Aga Kalybek", "To others", "To Omarbek", "Sadness of my husband", "To G", "Respect your mother tongue", "To my friend". , wrote poems called "Tolgau".
In 1952-1956, his first books "Officer's Diary", "The Story of One Night", "Our Family" were published.
### Works
## Family
* Bibizhamal Mukankyna Momyshkelini is two years younger than Baurzhan, fair-skinned, beautiful person. Bakytzhan Momyshuly, the first child, was born to Bibijamal Mukankyny.
* Korkina Klavdiya Grigorievna is an opera theater artist, a gypsy girl. Elena Bauyrzhanovna was born from this man (September 16, 1947)
* Bakytzhamal Kalibekovna is a postgraduate student of the Institute of Foreign Languages, they have been together for 13 years.
* Bakytzhan Momyshuly is the son of Baurzhan Momyshuly.
* Zeynep Akhmetova Bauyrzhankelini (born January 18, 1945) is daughter-in-law, wife of Bakytzhan Momyshuly, writer, promoter of Kazakh traditions. He writes memoirs and articles about his father-in-law.
## Objects named after Bauyrzhan Momyshuly
In Kazakhstan, Almaty, Taraz, Atyrau, Semey cities and a street in Asa village of Zhambyl region were named after the batyr:
# ## In Astana
* Avenue named after Baurzhan Momyshuly
### In Almaty
* Street named after Baurzhan Momyshuly
* Metro station named after Baurzhan Momyshuly
* School-lyceum No. 131 and military school "Young Ulan"
### in Shymkent
* Avenue named after Baurzhan Momyshuly
* Schools No. 44 and No. 120
### In Zhambyl region
* Former Burnoe village of Zhambyl region was changed to Baurzhan Momyshuly village.
* Bauyrzhan Momyshuly rural district
* Kazakh classical gymnasium No. 45 was named after Baurzhan Momyshuly and a bust of Baurzhan Momyshuly was placed in front of the school.
There is a Victory Park named after Baurzhan Momyshuly in Taraz.
### Monuments
*
*
*
*
## Awards
During War
\ <> * June 6, 1942 with the Order of the "Red Flag";
* on June 6, 1944 with the medal "For the defense of Moscow";
* In July 1945, he was awarded the 1st degree "War of the Fatherland", "Badge of Honor" orders, and the "Red Star" order 2 times
After the war
* In 1970, he was awarded the "Red Banner of Labor" order, " With the Order of the Badge of Honor
* 1990 of the President of the USSR. By the decree of December 11, B. In 1941-1945, Momyshulyna was awarded the "Hero of the Soviet Union" (medal No. 11637) for his bravery and heroism in the war against the German-fascist aggressors.
* Recognized as "Man of the Century" in 2000
## Interesting facts
Only two Kazakhs led divisions during the Great Patriotic War. The first one is Baurzhan Momyshuly, the second one is Abulkhair Baymoldin.
Baurzhan Momyshuly was born after three daughters, when his father was 53 years old.
## About Bauyrzhan Momyshuly
* 1967 "Za nami Moskva", Director: Majit Begalin, played by Baurzhan Momyshuly: Kauken Kenzhetaev
* 2010 - Kazakh's Bauyrzhan (Documentary ) Kazakhfilm. Kalila Nematuly Omarov
* 2013 - Baurzhan Momyshuly (TV series) Director: Akan Sataev.
* Truth and legend - author Azilkhan Nurshaiykov
* Volokolamsk Highway - author Alexander Bek
* Voschodje k ottsu - author Bakytzhan Momyshuly
* Vo imya otsa - author Bakytzhan Momyshuly
* Synovya viliogo volka - author Bakytzhan Momyshuly
* Sunny days - author Zeynep Akhmetova
## Winged words of Baurzhan Momyshuly
## See more
* Sabyr Omaruly Rakhimov
* Rakymzhan Koshkarbayev
* Ivan Vasilyevich Panfilov
* Panfilovshir Division
* Alexander Alfredovich Bek
## Sources
## Links
* Baurzhan Momyshuly. Opinion about the Kazakh language
* 13 facts about Baurzhan Momyshuly
* He was born with honor
* "There is no need to test the same person twice" Archived on April 19, 2017. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6122 | Aksay Kazakh Autonomous District | Aksai Kazakh Autonomous District is an administrative district established on April 27, 1954 in the Gansu Region of the People's Republic of China. The center is Bolojanzy. The land area is 33733 km2. In addition to Kazakhs, Chinese, Uyghurs, and Dunges live in the district. The number of Kazakhs is 2847 people (1991). The district is located at the junction of Gansu, Xinjiang and Qinghai regions. The terrain is complex, surrounded by mountains, high plateaus, sandy deserts. The air is dry, the annual average amount of precipitation is 110 mm. The region is rich in natural resources. Residents are engaged in animal husbandry and fishing. 1934 — 1939. As a result of the strict policy applied by the governor of Xinjiang to the Kazakhs, about 30 thousand people from the Kazakhs of the Barkol district of the Altai region fled to the Gansu region in the east of Xinjiang. The Kazakhs were attacked by the governor Ching Shisai and Ma Bufang's troops. 1950 The PRC government returned the Kazakhs who wanted to return to Xinjiang in Gansu and resettled the rest there. There are 4 villages and 13 summer cottages belonging to the district. In 1955, the first rural school was opened. Kazakh language is taught in Kazakh schools. A professional Kazakh entertainment team has been working since 1972. Kazakhs here have preserved their religion and national traditions. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7103 | Курув | Kurów is a village in southeastern Poland, located on the banks of the Kurówka River, between the cities of Pulawy and Lublin. It is the center of a gmina, that is, a district, in the Lublin Voivodeship, with a population of 2,781 (2007).
## History
Between 1431 and 1442, the village was granted city rights based on the laws of Magdeburg. As a privately owned town, it was the center of the food trade in the surrounding area. There were several fur and leather processing facilities here. Since many Polish brothers settled here in the 16th century, Kurów became one of the centers of Calvinism. By the 1660s, the vast majority of the population had converted to Arianism.
After the 1660s, the history of Kuruv became the same as the history of the whole region. After the third partition of Poland in 1795, the city was annexed by Austria. In 1809, Kurów became part of the Kingdom of Poland. During the November Uprising of 1831, the Battle of Kurów took place here, where the Polish army under the command of General Jozef Dwernicki defeated the Russian troops. During the January Uprising of 1870, Kuruv lost its city status and has not regained it to this day. In 1918, Kurów again became part of Poland.
On September 9, 1939, the city was heavily bombed by the German Luftwaffe during the Polish War of Defence. One of the destroyed targets was a civilian hospital (it was attacked even though it was marked with red crosses) and there were many casualties. During World War II, Germany established two slave labor camps. In 1942, he was placed in a small ghetto. However, the vast majority of Poles captured in Kurów escaped and joined the Polish People's Army fighting in the surrounding forests.
## Ancient buildings and places
* church (founded 1452, renovated 1692), which contains the tomb of the Zbanski family and sculptures by Santi Gucci (1587).
* bell tower (built in 18th century)
* gate (built in 1911)
* rectory () (built in 1778-1782)
* vicar's building and church school
* cemetery
* Community building (built in the 19th century)
* post office (built in the 18th century)
* natural hot water bath (built in the 19th century)
* other buildings \ <>
## Educational facilities
* kindergarten
* primary school
* preparatory school for higher education
* secondary school for adults
## Sports
* Football club and stadium "Garbarnia"
* tennis court
## Famous people
* Wojciech Jaruzelski - general, former president of Poland (born in 1923 in Kurów )
* Jacek Janczarski - satirist, playwright, screenwriter (born in Kurów in 1945, died in Warsaw in 2000)
* Czeslaw Janczarski - poet, writer of fairy tales for children (born in Hrushwicka in 1911, died in Warsaw in 1971 )
* Klemens Kurowski - Polish nobleman and senator, owner of Kurów (born around 1340, died before 1405)
* Piotr Kurowski - owner of the fortress, owner of Kurów (died in 1463)
* Grzegorz Piramowicz - priest, writer, philosopher from Kuruw (born in 1735 in Lviv, died in 1801 in Mjondzyrzecz Podlaski)
* Ignacy Potocki - nobleman, owner of Kuruw (born in 1750, died in Vienna in 1809)
\ <> ## Sources
## External links
* About Kuruv Wiki |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5081 | Tilepbergenuly, Kazangap | Kazangap Tilepbergenuly (1854 - 1921) is a famous Kazakh singer-composer.
## Genealogy
According to the genealogy, one of the generations descended from Ulyhuz Akaristan was Keiki bi, from whom Tobey was born. Tobey gave birth to four sons: Maiky, Sovet, Mekire, Kuyildar. Kanly and Shanishkyly were born from their society. Four sons were born to Shanishkyly: Korbaka, Darkan, Kyryksadak, Bektau. Among these, the ancestors of Kazangap came from Kyryksadak.
## Biography
He was born and raised in Shalkar district (a place called Akbaur, belonging to the village of Aishuak. The land he was assigned to is near Akbaur, the foundation of the village of Aishuak. His family name is Uly One of the indigenous tribes in the Hundred is Shanyshkyli. The entry of the Little Hundred into Russia caused an early change in the social and political structure of the country, and the early destruction of the inter-tribal unity The destructive uprisings led by Makhambet Utemisuly and the recent uprising led by Beket Batyr were a testament to the modern times that Kazangap had seen from infancy , he practices expressing his feelings in the language of kuy. Then, when he starts to know the right and left, he wants to devote his life to kuy and gets permission from his parents - in Donztau-Akkolka - Orynbay, Kurmaniyaz - in Orynborda. occurs. He travels around the Aral Basin, Ustirt, Mangistau region, Aktobe, Yrgyz, Kostanay, Troitsk, Orynbor and absorbs the country's internal conditions without a dream. He takes part in various competitions and improves his skills. All this will make Kazangap's spinning talent shine and become a source of inspiration. While he was among the Karakalpaks, Kazangap reconciled with a girl named Balzhan and made a promise to marry him. However, Kazangap cannot come to Balzhan on time due to the condition of his elderly parents, who are living in poverty. Later, by fate, she falls in love with Balzhan, who is married. Then Balzhan:
Kazangap was a testimony of loyalty and beauty, and Miss Balzhan was a source of support and inspiration throughout her life. Among the tunes produced by Kazangap, the cycle of tunes dedicated to Balzhan is one of the brightest groups of Kazakh tune art.
## Creativity
In general, Kazangap is an epic poet. His moods are deeply rooted in the Kazakh past, present and future. The people of Kazangap complain about the backward Almagaip period of the people's history as "Refugee of Nogayly", feeling the tsar's decree of the sixteenth year like a wound, "Lost in the country", "Okop". The radical changes in the life of the country after the October Revolution are likened to the great march and called the "Red Caravan". And such tunes as "Maida konur", "Uchitel", "Otti-au dosnoy", "Blue" are full of thoughts about the meaning and end of life, about the present and the future. If we pay attention to the state of Kazangap, we should recognize him as a very talented representative of the anti-utopian movement, kertolgau ulaan, and the theme of the old age, which appeared in the spiritual world of the Kazakh people at the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3627 | Fenerbahçe sports club | Fenerbahçe SC (type: Fenerbahçe Spor Kulübü — Fenerbahçe Sports Club, commonly known as Fenerbahçe) is a sports club in Istanbul, Turkey. It is located in Fenerbahçe district of Istanbul. The name of the district and sports club comes from a certain white house in that district (typ. Fener - "white house"). The most famous chapter of this club is the long-standing football team, although the club competes in other chapters, namely: basketball, volleyball, rowing, boxing, sailing, athletics, swimming and table tennis.
## Football Honors
* Turkish League Championships (17): 1959, 1960-61, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1967-68, 1969-70, 1973 -74, 1974-75, 1977-78, 1982-83, 1984-85, 1988-89, 1995-96, 2000-01, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2006-07
* 1959, 1960- 61, 1963-64, 1964-65, 1967-68, 1969-70, 1973-74, 1974-75, 1977-78, 1982-83, 1984-85, 1988-89, 1995-96, 2000-01, 2003-04, 2004-05, 2006-07
* Turkish Cup (4):1968, 1974, 1979, 1983
* 1968, 1974, 1979, 1983
* Balkan Cup (1):1966 -1967
* 1966-1967
* Atatürk Cup (2):1964, 1998
* 1964, 1998
* President Cup (6):1968, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1985, 1990 * 1968, 1973, 1975, 1984, 1985, 1990 1950, 1973, 1980, 1988, 1992, 1998
* TSYD Cup (12):1969, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995
* 19 69, 1973, 1975, 1976, 1978, 1979, 1980, 1982, 1985, 1986, 1994, 1995
* Turkish Football Championship (3): 1932-33, 1934-35, 1943-44
* 1932-33 , 1934-35, 1943-44
* Fleet Cup (4):1982, 1983, 1984, 1985
* 1982, 1983, 1984, 1985
* Istanbul Football League (11):1911-12 , 1913-14, 1914-15, 1929-30, 1932-33, 1934-35, 1935-36, 1936-37, 1943-44, 1946-47, 1947-48
* 1911-12, 1913- 14, 1914-15, 1929-30, 1932-33, 1934-35, 1935-36, 1936-37, 1943-44, 1946-47, 1947-48
* Istanbul Entrepreneur League (3):1952- 53, 1956-57, 1958-59
* 1952-53, 1956-57, 1958-59
* Istanbul Amateur League (1):1914-15
* 1914-15
* Istanbul Friday League (2):1920-21, 1922-23
* 1920-21, 1922-23
* Istanbul Cup (1):1944
* 1944
* Istanbul Shield (4):1930, 1934, 1938, 1939
* 1930, 1934, 1938, 1939
* National Award (6):1936-37, 1939-40, 1942-43, 1944-45 , 1945-46, 1949-50
* 1936-37, 1939-40, 1942-43, 1944-45, 1945-46, 1949-50
* Sport Toto Cup (1):1967
* 1967
## External links
* Official website (Turkish)
* Official website (English)
* Fenerbahçe Ulker (Ürker) basketball sports club Archived from the original on March 13, 2007. (eng.)
* Free MP3 files about Fenerbahçe club Archived 19 March 2006. (Turkish) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2397 | Manshuk Zhiengalikovna Mametova | Manshuk Zhiengaliovna Mametova (real name Mansia) — 1922, Bokei Ordasy district, Ural region — 1943. October 16 - a heroic Kazakh girl, Hero of the Soviet Union (1944).
## Childhood
* Real name is Mansia. Since her mother fondly called her Monchagym, Mansiya did not know her language and called herself Manshuk. Bayuly tribe, descended from Sherkesh.. Manshuk's own father - Zhiengali Mametov. But since Zhiengali's younger brother Akhmet Mametov had no children, in 1925 Manshuk was given to him.
* Since Ahmet is studying in Saratov, he takes Manshuk there with him. Soon, a turbulent time will begin, and Ahmet will not be able to communicate with his brother for several years. Later, after coming to Almaty in 1931, at the end of the year, he heard only one thing: his brother Zhiengali died of hunger. Ahmet Mametov is one of the first doctors from Kazakhstan, he was closely associated with Alashordashy, Beimbet Mailin, Kudaibergen Zhubanov. That is why he was arrested in January 1938.
* Ahmet's wife Amina Mametova is a descendant of Abulkhair Khan. His grandfather was a mullah, his father was a man of honor to the country, he studied at the women's gymnasium during the tsar's time, graduated from postgraduate studies in Saratov, after coming to the country he became a teacher of literature and wrote critical articles for the newspapers of that time.
## Biography
* When the Great Patriotic War began, Manshuk was studying at the Almaty Medical Institute.
* 1942 In August, he voluntarily enlisted in the Red Army and participated in the battle as part of the 21st Infantry Division.
* Senior sergeant, machine gunner Manshuk stood out in battles with his marksmanship and bravery in his group. In the decisive battle for the city of Nevel, Manshuk was killed heroically by machine gun fire before his last breath.
## Respect given to her
* Kolkhoz farmers of Pavlodar region collected funds to create a tank column named after Manshuk in honor of Batyr Kyz.
* A monument was erected to him in his birthplace.
* Nevel, Almaty, Ural, etc. b. there are streets named Manshuk in cities.
* Dozens of schools of the republic, Kyzylorda Girls' Pedagogical School are named after Manshuk.
* A feature film about the life and indelible courage of the heroine called "Song of Manshuk" (author - A. Mikhalkov-Konchalovsky, director M. Begalin) was shot.
*
*
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5228 | Walking Moses | Zhayau Musa Baizhanuly (July 30, 1835, Semey region, Bayanaul district, shore of Zhasybai lake, Akshok valley - 1929) is a famous Kazakh singer-musician, poet.
The origin of the family name is the Idabol section of the Suyindik clan in Orta Yuz, Argyn.
## Biography
At first he studied at the village mullah and became literate. After getting to know the right and the left, he came to the cities of Kyzylzhar and Ombi to pursue art and education. He studies at the Russian school in Omsk, communicates with the artists of the city, learns to play the dombra, trumpet, and violin instruments, practices adding his emotions to songs, participates in musical and literary evenings. He begins to show his art in public.
During the years he spent in the city, Zayau Musa got to know the political and social life of that time, studied the plight of the peasantry of his native country, and returned to the country when his mind was full. He is not just an observer of social injustices and external tyranny in the country, he shows his position in the appropriate place with his art and actions. Songs exposing social inequality, such as "Ak sisa", began to spread throughout the country.
In the end, Zayau Musa was accused of being "a person dissatisfied with the policy of the king" and was exiled to Tobyl. In Tobyl prison, he wrote a letter to the governor-general and was asked to join the army. Moses' request is accepted. Thus, his complicated life in the army begins. It will be held in Tobyl, Orinbor, Kazan, Novgorod, Moscow, Vladimir, St. Petersburg, Poland and Lithuania.
Later, as part of the army of Colonel M. Chernyaev, who was used against the policy of the Kokan Khanate, he participated in the campaign of Alatau, Auli-ata, and Shymkent. Yayau Musa, who witnessed the violent actions of the Russian army during this campaign, was very angry and sang songs.
## His works
While traveling far away, he sings the song "Suyindik" as he misses his native land. The songs "Tolgau", "Arap Uryga", "Boztorgai", "Khaulau" will be filled with hardships experienced in life.
Jayau Musa, who returned to his country after experiencing a lot of hardships in life, continues to write songs about social and political inequality. He reconciles with Sapar, the granddaughter of a rich man named Kulbay, who belongs to Akmola province, and is engaged in politics.
Zhayau Musa is a very talented composer who enriched the Kazakh song art in terms of content and form, introduced creative innovations and raised the music to new heights. In his works, he lamented the sadness of the Kazakhs, mourned their loss, and was able to engrave the dreams of his time with songs. His social views and civic positions were intertwined with the advanced democratic and enlightened ideas of that time.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6103 | Тунис | Tunisia (Arabic: تونس), official name - Republic of Tunisia (Arabic: الجمهوريه التونسية, al-Jumhuriyya at-Tunisiya) is a country located in North Africa, on the coast of the Mediterranean Sea. The area is 163.6 thousand km². The population is 9.3 million. (2003). The capital is the city of Tunis. Administratively, it is divided into 20 provinces. 98% of the population are Arabs and Berbers, and the rest are Europeans (mainly French and Italians). The official language is Arabic. 98% of believers are Sunni Muslims. The form of government is a republic. The head of state is the president, who is also the head of the State Council. The legislative body is a unicameral parliament - the Chamber of Deputies. The currency is the Tunisian dinar. National holiday - National Day - March 20 (1956). Member of United Nations (1956), Organization of African Unity (AU) (1957).
## Nature
About 1/3 of its territory is occupied by the Atlas Mountains (the highest point is 1544 m) and the inter-mountain plateau (Northern and High Tel), the rest of the plateau and Lowland plains prevail. There are deposits of phosphorite, oil, and iron deposits. The climate of most of Tunisia is Mediterranean subtropical, in the south it is tropical. In the north, the average temperature in January is 10°C, in July it is 26°C, and in the south it is 21 and 33°C, respectively. The highest amount of precipitation (1000-1500 mm per year) falls in the mountains and the northern Tel plateau, and in the northern and southern parts - from 400 to 600 mm. The largest river in the country, Mezher, is used for land irrigation and electricity generation. Evergreen forests, maquis bushes grow in the mountains, and rare herbaceous plants grow in the plains. Ashkel, Bu-Kedma, etc. There are national gardens.
## History
In the 12th century BC, Phoenician colonies appeared on the territory of Tunisia. The main one among them is Carthage. In the 2nd century BC, the Romans conquered the northwestern part of Tunisia, and later the rest of it. From the 5th century, Tunisia was under the rule of the Vandals, and then of Byzantium. From the 8th century it became part of the Arab caliphate. In 909 - 1160, Tunisia was ruled by the Fatimid state, and in 1229 - 1574 by the Hafsid dynasty. In 1574 - 1881, it was part of the Ottoman Sultanate, and in 1881 - 1956, it was a French protectorate. An independent state since March 1956.
## Economy
Tunisia is an agrarian country with a relatively developed mining industry in Africa. The annual per capita national income is 1,820 US dollars (2003). Tunisia's economy is based on oil, phosphorite production and tourism. 32% of the country's territory is suitable for agriculture. The main branch of agriculture is farming. Wheat, rye, olive trees, dates, citrus fruits, grapes are cultivated. Central and Southern regions are dominated by animal husbandry (sheep, goats, cattle). A small amount of wood is produced. Fishing industry (84 t per year), electricity production, processing industry is developed. There is handicraft production (carpets, pottery). Main ports: Tunis, Sfax, Bizerte, Gabes, Sehira. Exports textiles, leather, phosphorite, olive oil, wine, early ripening vegetables, oil and oil products. Brings machinery and equipment, food and consumer goods. Main trade partners: France, Italy, Germany, USA, Belgium, Libya, Japan.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7315 | Асен | Ashina (Old Turkic -{Ačïnu}-; other names: ashina, asena, asen) is an ancient Turkish name.
The noble family that ruled the First Turkic Khanate. According to legend, Ashina was adopted by a wolf and then conquered all the Turkic nations.
## Etymology
It is said that the term was created by adding the sound "a" to the word "shonochino", which means wolf in the ancient Mongolian language, meaning the character of respect. Therefore, the word ashina means "sacred wolf". This was the basis for connecting their origin to the legend of the prince who was raised by wolf blood.
## History
According to Chinese sources, the "Five Hundred House Ashina" tribe inhabited the western part of Shaanxi region in North China. This place was conquered by the Huns and Sanbi in the 4th century. At that time, Ashinalar was under the Hun emir Mugan.
In 439, after the Tobas defeated the Huns and added their possessions to the Wei kingdom, Ashinas with five hundred houses fled to the Zhujans, settled on the southern side of the Altai Mountains, and began to produce iron for the Zhujans. Thanks to this iron production, they became a warrior community and established the first Turkish khanate in 552 "with the tip of the spear and the blade of the sword". This Khaganate was divided into regions by the Ashinas by way of inheritance.
Ashina kagans were called "tu-kyu" by the Chinese. It has been proven that this is the word "Turk", i.e. "Turk" with the plural ending "t". In general, the Chinese data show that the Turkic people of this period are the descendants of the Huns. They were a single military community. The Turkic Khaganate (Turks) ruled by the Ashinas gradually became a great kingdom and lasted until 658, that is, for more than a hundred years. Ashina is the name of all the rulers of the Turkish community in the western and eastern part of the Turkic Khaganate. Among them, only those who submitted to the Sui and Tang kingdoms of China were forced to change their names.
The ruling group of the Khazars, who ruled in the eastern part of the North Caucasus and along the Volga after the collapse of the Western Turkic Khaganate, also used the name Ashina.
## Flag
The Turkic flag had the image of a wolf. "Berili Bairak" has been recognized and sanctified by the Turkic people until our time as the spirit of the ancestors. This is what Suyinbai said:
Ancient Turks were called čïnuw-a > čïnu > čon > chono (wolf, wolf) by ethnic groups of Mongolian origin. Ačï+de is its personal plural grouping meaning (in the sense of wolves, wolves). This is probably what the Chinese learned from the Mongols - Ačïnu, Ačïde. These names are not found in Turkish monuments and monuments, nor in any ancient Turkish texts.
And this was done by Yu.A. Zuev, K. Sartkozha and others. scholars consider assejna-"blue" in Khotan-Sak language, ashide - azdahak-"dragon" in Middle Persian, and consider Zoroastrianism to have originated from those words.
N.Y. It is said in Bichurin's work:
dom Tugyu po mongolski zaytsya kak nizhe uvidim dulga ...prinyal slovo shelm — na mongolskom ...tukyu
This is probably the Mongolian name yürüg/türük read as Chinese dulga/duluga.
## Literature
* Yu.A. Zuev Early Turks: historical and ideological essays, Almaty, 2002, 25, 86-87. ;
* S. Karzhaubai United Kaganate of Turks (on the materials of runic inscriptions) Astana, 2002, P.97-99, 178. (ashina (day sky, kek Turk) Kagan, ashitak / Kit. Ashide; Dr. Turk. azhdaha- drakon / Katunsky line «iki jyltyz»).
## See also
* Dynasty of Assen
## Reference |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4711 | New York | New York City (English. New York City) is the most densely populated, largest city in the United States, and the most urbanized city in the world. It has been the largest city in the United States since 1970, and was the first capital of the United States, where George Washington was inaugurated as the country's first president. It has been the main commercial and financial center of the world for more than a century. It is considered a leading center of global influence in media, politics, education, entertainment, art and fashion. The UN headquarters is located in New York.
New York consists of 5 districts (boroughs): Bronx, Brooklyn, Queens, Manhattan and Staten Island.
The main tourist facilities are located in Manhattan. Among them: historical tall buildings (Empire State Building, Chrysler Building), Rockefeller Center, Woolworth Building, Metropolitan Museum of Art, Metropolitan Opera, Solomon Guggenheim Museum of Modern Art, American Museum of Natural History (dinosaur skeletons and planetariums). , the legendary Chelsea Hotel, UN Headquarters, Harlem.
New York is also home to many colleges and universities, including the world's top 50 Columbia University, New York University, and Rockefeller University.
## Religions
Representatives of all world religions and religious sects live in the city. Followers of Christianity and Judaism dominate in numbers. New York has religious buildings of all major religions.
## Climate
According to the Köppen climate classification, New York's climate is described as humid subtropical with hot summers. According to Alisov's classification, the climate of the city is temperate continental, but with subtropical influence. Precipitation is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year. The average annual number of sunlight is 2680 hours. Despite the fact that the city is located on the ocean coast, the temperature difference between summer and winter is quite large, because the main movement of air masses comes from the mainland. The influence of the ocean is minor, but moderates the temperature fluctuations somewhat. Another factor is dense urban development, which contributes to the creation of a microclimate with high average temperatures. In winter, the average temperature in New York is between -2 °C and +5 °C, with frequent deviations from the norm. It snows almost every winter, an average of 60 cm per year. Spring is mild, with temperatures ranging from 7 °C to 16 °C. Summer in New York is relatively hot, with average temperatures of 19 °C to 28 °C, with periods of high humidity. Most often, the temperature exceeds 32 °C, and sometimes the heat reaches 38 °C. Autumn in New York is mild, with temperatures ranging from 10 °C to 18 °C.
## Economy
New York is the most important financial and economic center of the United States and the world. Along with New York, London and Tokyo, it is the three most important economic centers in the world. The city's Gross Regional Product was $1,210.2 billion in 2007, ranking first among US megacities.
By the end of 2008, New York financial organizations managed 40% of the world's finances. New York is represented by Citigroup, JP Morgan Chase & Co., American International Group, Goldman Sachs Group, Morgan Stanley, Merrill Lynch and others. chosen by large financial organizations as their headquarters. In addition, the headquarters of major oil corporations such as Verizon Communications, Pfizer, Alcoa, News Corp., Colgate-Palmolive are also located here. The city has the New York Stock Exchange, NASDAQ, the American Stock Exchange, the New York Mercantile Exchange and en:New York Board of Trade. New York's financial industry is concentrated on Wall Street in lower Manhattan.
Traditional production industries have not lost their important role, although recently their share has been decreasing. The main industries developed in the city are: engineering, chemical industry, light industry, food industry. New industries are also rapidly developing: biotechnology, software development, Internet business. The space for construction and development is also huge: New York real estate is known as the most expensive city in the world.
Although New York was originally the center of American cinematography, it was taken over by Hollywood, although films and television programs are still shot in New York. New York is the fashion capital of the USA, where many fashion designers of the world have their headquarters. There are many publishers in New York. Tourism is also intensively developed. 50 million visitors come to New York every year.
### Historic Sister Cities
New York is sister cities to ten historic cities:
## Interesting Facts
* In 1886, on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the independence of the USA, the country of France presented Bartholdi's "Civil Statue" in honor of friendly relations.
* Yellow taxi is a special symbol of New York City. Manhattan has 11,000 cabs.
* November 11, 1965 is called "Thieves' holiday". On this day, 25 million people in New York and the North-East of the USA. the resident's electricity was turned off for 24 hours.
## See also
* Statue of Liberty
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5101 | It would be difficult | Aiteke Bi Baibekuly (1644-1700) is one of the three famous bis who made a great contribution to strengthening the unity of the Kazakh people, a statesman. He came from the Tortkara clan of the Alimuli clan union of the Alshin tribe. Amir-Temir's chief advisor is the fifth generation of Oraz Haji. The third generation of Saint Seyitkul, whom all Persian, Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Kazakh people called "Sinesof bua" (pure soul). A Kazakh dance that followed the words of Kishi Yuz until Abulkhair Khan. Esim is a close relative of Jalangtos Batyr, who ruled Samarkand during the reign of Jangir Khans. At the age of five, he started studying under a mullah.
## Childhood
The influence of his father and Kosuak dance affected the discovery of eloquence. From the age of seven, Aiteke Jalangtos was brought up by his grandfather Aksha Khan. He first studied at the Ulykbek madrasa, then at the famous "Tilla-kari" (Golden) and "Sherdor" (Arystandy) madrasas built by Jalangtos. As a result, he learned religion, law, celestial world, history, mathematics, Arabic, Persian, Chagatai, and Uzbek languages.
### Country manager dance
Aksha learns the ways of embassy and country management from his grandfather. And Jalangtos taught military command skills.
Aiteke, who graduated from the madrasa, returned to his native village and began to get involved in country management with his father. At the age of 21, he became the main dancer of the Kazakh, Uzbek, Karakalpak peoples around Bukhara and Samarkand. And at the age of twenty-five, the people of Kishi Hundred elected him as chief dance. In 1680, Salkam played a special role in electing Tauke, son of Jangir, as Khan. Later, Tauke Khan elected the rightful "Khan Council", and Aiteke was elected a member of this council on behalf of the Little Hundred. At this point, the country had to create new legal models. Tauke Khan, Anet Baba, Sokir Abyz, Mayly, Tole, Kazybek, etc. "Seven Charters" were adopted in 1684 with the participation of judges. This set of laws played an important role in strengthening feudalism in Kazakh society.
Aiteke officially became the Khan's advisor. He actively participated in the creation of a unified, centralized Kazakh Khanate. It seems that Tole and Kazybek carried the baton of Kazakh statehood from Khan Tauke to Abylai. He was a guardian who cared for the three hundred people of the Kazakh country to live in unity and harmony. He was able to show himself as a wise, fair dancer, eloquent orator, judge in solving domestic and international complex issues, a forward-thinking figure who made a great contribution to the organization of persistent resistance to the Dzhongar invaders.
### Little Hundred Dance
Aiteke dance, from the age of 25, as the main dance of the Little Hundred, first in Ordabasy, then in Kultobe and Ulytau, the leaders and influential people gathered together regularly attends gatherings. In these gatherings, which have been a tradition since Tauke Khan, issues of strengthening national unity were discussed and disputes arising from mutual disagreements between faces and clans were resolved. At the moment when heated arguments escalate, Aiteke dances a song that stops people like a knot of ninety words.
## The Seven Statutes
Among the articles proposed by Aiteke in the "Seven Statutes" - "cost of bones" and "cost of art" are known. In 1685, a big conflict between Ali Sultan and the common people almost turned into a dispute. The sultan's mischievous son was angry with the beautiful, poet, singer-drummer daughter of a poor man because he did not agree to his request. One day, when the girl pulled on a red scarf and left the house, he hatched a conspiracy. The eagle kills the girl by beheading her. His angry brothers ask the judge for a ransom. Still, the sultan does not allow them to come near him, but chases away the judges with dogs. Finally, the country begins to split into two. Finally, the side of the price seekers comes to Aiteke Bi and makes a request. He goes to Sultan Ali accompanied by his brave hero Kazybekuly Zhabai and brave hero Sholan. Ali sultan, who is repulsed by Aiteke's words, agrees to pay a forced price. However, in addition to the girl's price, he claims that she is an artist and demands to pay the "cost of art" and the "cost of bones" for breaking bones, mocking the girl's mourners. Each of these two costs is equal to half of the main cost. So, Ali Sultan, who was upset by Aiteke's anger, was forced to pay two full prices. It shows special respect to the artistic person along with his knowledge of ancestral traditions.
## Descendants
Aiteke's authority, eloquent words, struggles, and blessings have been preserved in the mouth of the country. The people called Bi "Aiteke of a different language". After the death of Aiteke, most of the villages of Alshin-Tortkara, who lived in the Nurata mountains, moved to the Syr river. His sixth-seventh generations and cousins live in Kyzylorda and Aktobe regions, some of them live in Nurata district of Uzbekistan. The former Karabutak and Komsomol districts of Aktobe region were merged and are now called Aiteke bi district. In large cities of Kazakhstan, the name of Aiteke dance is given to the streets.
Aiteke bi Baibekuly was buried in Nurata district, Navoi region.
## From the mouth of the country
Aiteke dance Baibekuly is a famous Kazakh eloquent dance from Alshin. According to the genealogy, Kyduar/Kudiyar is a bastard from Alshin Alau emir, and Kadyrkoja descends from him. Kadyrkoja's son Kairbai became poor and was named Karakesek. Alim spreads from Karakesek. The Shekti, Tortkara, Shomekei, Kete, Karakesek and Karasakal clans are descended from Alim. Tortkara's ancestor was Oraz, Orazgeldi, Zhanshukyr, Karash from Karamashak. Oraz was a person who visited Mecca three times and became a Haji, and was the chief adviser of Amir Temir. The brother of that Lent is from November to February, Tokpan. Seiitkul was born in Tokpan. Seyitkul had eight sons. One of them was the famous Jalangtos Bahadur who ruled the city of Samarkand for about 40 years. There are many written records about Jalangtos Batyr and his bravery and authority in ruling the country.
Saint Seyitkul has another child, Aksha. The descendants of Shan, Baibek, Konysbek, Zholaman, Bekbembet, and Bokenshi grew up from him. Keshubai, Kashkyn, Aiteke were born from Baybek. Aiteke left two sons, Konysbay and Zaltyr. The generations descended from them lived in the vicinity of Samarkand and Nurata mountain for many years.
Aiteke was brought up by his grandfather Aksha Khan from the age of seven. He was involved in the administration of the country, reception of guests from other countries, disputes between the people, agreement, peace.
On the other hand, he taught village mullahs. From the age of ten, his grandfather sent him to the madrasa in Bukar together with the children of Zhalants Batyr. He graduates with honors. He learns Arabic and Persian languages. "At the age of twenty-five, Aiteke becomes the chief of the Tortkara country. And at the age of thirty, he is elected the top chief of the entire Kishi Yuz, consisting of 24 clans, i.e. Alshin (Alimuly and Bayuly) with 18 clans and Zhetiru, consisting of 7 clans." and the country will be under my rule until he passes away from this world.
People tell the story of the first time Aiteke was noticed by his power and wit in the country:
## Folk legends about Aiteke dance
### Aiteke Folk legend about dance (Childhood)
As a child, Aiteke meets three passengers. Then he:
- Assalamualaikum, khakoar! - Says and respectfully greets the elders.- The older passenger:- Hello my son, which village is this?- Seyitkul village.- Whose son are you?- I am Baibek's son.- What is your name?- My name is Atyk.- Where is Kosuak Bi's house?- What were you doing under that? - asks the boy. - We are arguing, - says the old passenger. - Our child, who was playing, was kicked and killed by the horse of a passenger from that village. We have been arguing about its value. However, think for a while: - If the horse kicks your child in the threshold - you will get a whole day, if he kicks in the closed - half a day, if he kicks on the straight - you will get one of four. Kosuak Bi will say this, if he does not say this, he will add more. May you have ways - they say.
Three passengers go over the edge and go to the house of Kosuak Bi. He tells about the disputes of his house. Koswak Bi, Aiteke, who was playing in the field, told the story of the boy and said that if a horse kicks your child, he will endure one of the four. Then the father of the boy said: - Don't worry, the boy who was playing in the field told us this rule first. that boy will be a fair dance.
### Folk legend about Aiteke dance
Once upon a time, a girl was betrothed to a handsome man: one of her daughters ran away with a young man. It starts between two countries. One of them takes his horse hostage. A fight breaks out. People from both sides turn to Tole bi and Kazybek.
- You are the first to be born as an older brother, You take hostages and chase my horse, You are the man who follows me, Why do you take your wife while your brother is still alive? - he complained. The two of them argue for a long time, but they do not come to a conclusion. Then Aiteke danced from the middle:
- Calm down, brother! Where there is anger, there is no reason. - Anger is a river, you should not speak to a relative. ,Kazybek, you are a widow! said, Tole said to him and shook hands in agreement. The people were satisfied with this rule of Aiteke, and the two sides came to peace.
### Additional information
After all, he was a very fair and expert eloquent, who used proverbs and sayings to express power and resolve disputes. That's why he became the elder prince and ruled the Kishi Hundred country for many years. One of Tauke Khan's advisers like Tole Bi and Kazybek Bi, a citizen who created the "Seven Charters" law.
Folk poet Kazangap Baiboluly's saga dedicated to Tole Bi describes Tole Bi and Kazybek with the voice of a goose, and Aiteke sways like this when Aiteke dances. Such an eloquent person does not exist. It makes your body sour, It rises more and more. Kiyu finds words like a mountain and speaks. If he dies, he will bury him in the Black Earth with someone. How many so-called dilmars will not come to the quarter...
However, expert scientist Baltabay Adambaev, who respectfully collected the eloquent words of the dance and wrote a research article about it, writes:
"The heads of Kazakh clans united Aiteke was one of the advisers and assistants of Tauke Khan, who united the related Kazakh, Karakalpak, and Kyrgyz peoples to one center and formed a united people's front against the Dzonghar-Kalmak invasion. public figure who contributed to strengthening"
### National legend about Aiteke bi
If we take some of the eloquent heritage left behind by Aiteke bi, we can see from him the care of the country and the sorrows of his people We understand what he said. This is exactly what he said to Ormambet Bi:
- If you are rich, you will benefit your people; - If you are a hero, your spear will touch the enemy. let your foreign house burn!
Aiteke Baibekuly once meets Kazybek Bi. Then Kazybek with a goose voice, who got involved in the country's government and became famous, danced:
If a good son is born from the father, the country will be good. If a bad son is born from the grandfather, it will be the end of his life, which one of those sons will you be? - he said. Then Aiteke dances:
The sight of fasting, It becomes a treasure in old age. Arazdy's vision is that he will become a khazymyr when he gets old, so which one will you be? - he asked jokingly.
The goose-voiced Kazybek was pleased with the courage of Aiteke:
- Hey, brother, if my people listen to my words, I will be a treasure, - he says. Aiteke: "I will be great if my people welcome me, my country will speak well of me," he said to him.
## See more
* Tole dance
* Kazybek dance
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6172 | Боливия | Bolivia (Is. Bolivia, Ketch. Buliwya, Aym. Wuliwya, Guar. Volívia), the official name is the Multinational State of Bolivia (Is. Estado Plurinacional de Bolivia [esˈtaðo pluɾinasjoˈnal de βoˈliβja]) is a country in the center of South America.
Bolivia borders Brazil to the north and northeast, Paraguay to the southeast, Argentina to the south, Chile and Peru to the southwest and west. Chile lost access to the sea after the capture of the Antofagasta port in 1879.
## History
* 1532-1538 - the present Bolivian territories are conquered by Spanish conquistadors led by Francisco Pizarro and Diego de Almagro.
* 1542-1776 - Spanish Viceroyalty of Peru under the name of Upper Peru. The territory of Bolivia was given to the Spanish landlords. Indians joined the encomienda system.
* In the 16th and 17th centuries, the Bolivian city of Potosi was the largest city (160,000 inhabitants) in the Old World and the New World as part of the Royal Audience of Charkas, and the largest industrial center in the world (during the development of silver mines).
* 1776-1810 - part of the Spanish viceroyalty Rio de La Plata.
* 1825 — Declaration of independence of Upper Peru. The country is called Bolivia after Simon Bolivar.
* 1879-1883 — the Second Pacific War with Chile, ended in defeat and lost its access to the Pacific Ocean and the saltpeter deposit in the Atacama Desert.
* 1903 - November 17, an agreement is signed with Brazil to give it the state of Acre.
* 1932-1935 — unsuccessful Chak war with Paraguay over the Chaco-Boreal oil field.
* 1952 - the Bolivian revolution, when the government of Victor Paz Estensoro began to nationalize tin production.
* 1964 - military coup led by General Rene Barrientos Ortuño. Later, in 1966, Rene Barrientos Ortuño was elected president under the constitution.
* 1966-1967 - Ernesto Che Guevara organizes an uprising with a group of guerrillas to overthrow the government. In October 1967, the government army, with the active help of the U.S. Army, destroys Che Guevara's forces.
* 1969 - President Rene Barrientos Ortuño dies in a plane crash. As a result of the September 26 military coup, General Alfredo Ovando Candia comes to power.
* 1970 — on October 7, as a result of a military coup, left-wing officers led by General Juan Jose Torres came to power
* 1971. — On August 21, a military coup led by Colonel Hugo Banserom Suarez (187th in 1825) takes place
* 1978. — Resignation of Hugo Banzer. The new president, Juan Pereda, was overthrown on November 24 by military constitutionalists led by General David Padilla Arancibia. He appoints holding general elections in 1979
## State structure
Republic. The head of state and the head of government - the president, are elected by the people for a 5-year term. From January 22, 2006 — Juan Evo Morales. The president heads the government, appoints the cabinet of ministers, is the supreme commander of the armed forces.
In the election, the candidate with the most votes (over 50%) is recognized as the president. If it cannot be determined, the parliament chooses one of the two candidates who received the majority of votes at a joint session.
As a result of a referendum in January 2009, changes were made to the constitution (about special rights for Indians and state control over the economy), and the next presidential and parliamentary elections were held ahead of schedule, on December 6, 2009. Morales was allowed to run for a second term and won the election clearly (with more than 60% of the vote).
Bicameral parliament — 36 senators and 130 deputies, elected for 5 years.
### Political parties
according to the elections of December 2009:
* Movement towards socialism - left (Morales at the beginning), 26 senators, 88 deputies.
* Progressive Plan for Bolivia — center-right, 10 senators, 37 deputies
* National Unity Front — centrist, 3 deputies
* Social Union — centrist, 2 deputies
6 more Bolivians have no seats in parliament there is a legal party.
## Political Situation
Evo Morales (nickname El Evo) is the first Indian president in the history of Bolivia.
## Administrative division
From the administrative-territorial point of view, Bolivia is divided into 9 departments. Departments are divided into provinces.
## Geographic information
The land area of Bolivia is 1,098,580 km². It is in the 27th place in the world in terms of land area.
Bolivia has been landlocked since 1879 — the same year it ceded its coastal region of Antofagasta to Chile as a result of the Second Pacific War. However, Bolivia has access to the Atlantic Ocean through the Paraguay River.
The territory of Bolivia has a variety of eco-regions. In the west of the country is the Andes mountain region, together with the Altiplano plateau. In the east, the lower plains include the vast Amazon rainforest and the Chaco region. The highest point in the country is the extinct volcano Sahama (6542 m) located in Oruro. Lake Titicaca is located on the border between Bolivia and Peru. The world's largest Uyuni salt pan is located in Potosida, in the southwest of the country.
Major cities of Bolivia: La Paz, El Alto, Santa Cruz de la Sierra and Cochabamba.
Bolivia has land borders with five countries: Argentina — 832 kilometers, Brazil — 3,423 kilometers, Chile — 860 kilometers, Paraguay — 750 kilometers, and Peru — 1,075 kilometers.
## Foreign trade
Export — 6.4 billion dollars. (2008) — gas, soy, crude oil, zinc ore, tin.
The main buyers are Brazil 60.1%, USA 8.3%, Japan 4.1%.
Import — 4.6 billion dollars. (2008) — oil products, food, cars.
The main sellers are Brazil 26.7%, Argentina 16.3%, USA 10.5%, Chile 9.5%, Peru 7.1%, China 4.8%.
## Population
Population — 11.8 million (2021 estimate).
Annual growth — 1.7% (fertility — 3.1 births per woman).
Average life expectancy — 64 years for men, 7 years for women.
National-racial composition — Indians 55% (mainly Quechua and Aymara), mestizos 30%, whites 15%.
Languages — 3 official languages: Spanish 60.7%, Quechua 21.2%, Aymara 14.6%; other languages 3.6% (2001 census).
Religion — Catholic 95%, Protestant (Bible Methodists) 5%.
Literacy — 93% male, 80% female (according to the 2001 census).
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2689 | Windows dictionary | ## А
Removable disk (Floppy disk) 3.5-inch diameter reusable magnetic tape. Currently, removable disks with a capacity of 1.44 MB are used. The covers of the first models of discs were flexible, so they were English. called floppy disk.
Move (Move) Move across the screen by holding down the mouse button over the selected element. For example, you can drag the window title name to reposition the window on the screen.
Media Any fixed or removable device suitable for data storage. For example, hard drives, removable drives, magnetic tapes, compact discs.
Pull Down Menu A menu that opens when you click on the menu bar. The menu remains open, but no further action is taken until the user clicks the mouse button again or selects a menu item.
up ↑
## А
Admin (Administrator) in Windows XP Professional — installation and management of home controllers or local computers, their user accounts and group accounts , the person responsible for assigning passwords and permissions and assisting users with online issues. Admins are members of the Admins group and have full control over a home or computer.
In Windows XP Home Edition, the person who can make system-wide changes on the computer, install programs, and access all files on the computer. A person with a computer administrator account has full access to all other user accounts on the computer.
Command (Command, Macro, Script) An instruction given by the user to the program in order to perform a certain action. Commands are usually typed from the keyboard or selected from the menu.
Command Prompt window (Command Prompt window) is a desktop window for interacting with the MS-DOS operating system. MS-DOS commands are typed at the entry point indicated by the flashing cursor. See also MS-DOS.
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## B
Program (Program) Programs are designed to perform certain tasks, for example, word processing, accounting or data management. Programs are also called applets.
Linked Object (Linked Object) An object that is embedded in a document, but remains in the original file. Linked data is updated when changes are made in the source document. Double click on the associated data to change it. Menus and toolbars of the program in which this data was created will appear on the screen. If both documents are on the same computer, changes made to the linked data will also be reflected in the original document. See also the term source document.
Minimize Use the "Minimize" button to the right of the window title to minimize the window to the size of the button on the toolbar. See also maximize, window title name terms.
Maximize Maximize the window to the maximum size using the "Maximize" button to the right of the title of the window. See also minimize, window title name terms.
Primary document (Main document, Original document, Master document) A primary document is a document in which a linked or embedded object is created. See also embedded object, bound object.
Printer (Printer) A device for printing text and images on paper or other printable media.
Printer driver (Printer driver) is a program that allows other programs to work with a particular printer regardless of its hardware and internal language. Because the driver handles the interaction with the actual device, programs can successfully use a variety of printers. See also the term device driver.
Printers and faxes (Printers and faxes) Folder in the Control Panel ("Start" menu), which contains the printer installation wizard, as well as icons for all printers installed on the computer.
Print queue manager (Print queue manager) Software that receives a document sent by the user for printing and stores it on disk or in working memory until the printer starts printing this document.
Printer window (Printer window) A window that displays information about print jobs waiting to be output to the printer. For each installed or connected printer, you can find out the number of documents in the print queue, their owners and their size.
Video adapter (Display card, Display adaptor) An extension board on a computer that allows data to be displayed on the monitor screen. The quality of the data display depends on both the video adapter and the monitor.
Screen resolution (Display resolution) A parameter that determines the amount of information displayed on the screen, measured in pixels. A lower resolution such as 640 × 480 will make the elements on the screen appear larger and the free area on the screen will be smaller. Magnify an entire area on a high-resolution screen, such as 1024 × 768. makes individual elements smaller.
Icon (Icon) A small image that appears on the screen and represents an object that the user can perform some actions on. Icons allow you to control certain computer actions without having to remember commands or type them on the keyboard.
Active Describes the window or icon currently in use or highlighted. The operating system automatically applies the next keystroke or command you choose to the active window. Unselected windows or icons on the desktop are inactive. Click on a window or icon to make it active.
Active elements (Active elements) Information whose displayed data is updated, for example, stock data, weather chart or news. Active elements are usually updated over the Internet.
Highlighting (Select) Marking data or text on the screen with the help of the keyboard or the mouse, where any action should be taken.
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## В
Web (World Wide Web, WWW) System for browsing the Internet using hyperlinks. When you use a web browser, this system is represented as a collection of text, graphics, audio and video objects. See also the term Internet.
Anti-virus software (Antivirus software) Anti-virus programs check e-mail and other files on the computer for viruses, "worms", "Trojan horses". If a virus, "worm" or "Trojan horse" is found, the anti-virus program will quarantine or completely remove the virus before it can harm your computer and files.
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## Г
Gigabyte (GB) (Gigabyte, GB) Data measurement unit, equal to 1024 MB. Also kilobyte (KB); See megabytes (MB).
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## D
Disk (Disk) A data storage device that can be attached to a computer, for example, a removable disk or a permanent disk (a permanent internal device of a computer). .
Disk, drive letter (Drive, Drive Letter) A data storage area formatted for a specific file system and with a drive letter. You can use a removable disk, a compact disk, a permanent disk, or any other type of disk to store data. Drives are labeled with letters starting with the letter A followed by a colon. You can view the contents of the disk by clicking on its icon in the drive or in the My Computer window. See also the term file system.
Sound card (Sound card) An expansion board that provides sound recording and playback capabilities for personal computers.
Audio file (Audio file) An audio file contains data that Windows uses to play audio recordings on a computer. The extension of sound files in Windows is wav.
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## E
Input Language Language and keyboard layout corresponding to the language in which data is entered.
Embedded object Inserting data created in another program into a document. Embedded data can be modified in a new document using the menus and toolbars of the program in which they were created. To change embedded data, highlight it and double-click on it. Menus and toolbars of the program in which this data was created will appear on the screen. The embedded data does not retain any connection with the original document. This means that if data is changed in the original document, it will not appear in the new document.
Hyperlink An underlined colored text or image that can be clicked to go to a file, a specific location in a file, or a web page on the Internet.
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## J
Hardware The physical components of a computer system, including peripherals such as printers, modems, and mice.
Network (Network) A group of computers and other devices, such as printers and text devices, which are connected by communication networks that allow all devices to interact with each other. Networks can be small or large, connected permanently (using cables) or temporarily (via telephone lines or wireless channels). The largest network is the Internet, which is a group of world wide webs. See also the term network adapter.
Firewall A combination of hardware and software that provides a security system, usually to prevent unauthorized access to an internal network or Intranet from the outside. A firewall prevents direct communication between the network and external computers by routing the communication path through an offline proxy server. proxy file determines whether transmission over the network is secure. A firewall is also called a secure edge gateway.RAM (Random Access Memory) RAM is used by a computer to perform computations that run software programs. In addition, the data displayed on the screen is temporarily stored in the RAM. An increase in the amount of RAM does not allow the computer to run complex programs and process large files. When the computer is turned off, the data stored in the RAM is lost.
CC (hidden copy) (Carbon Copy, CC) A hidden copy of the message. The recipient whose name appears in this field of the e-mail message will receive a copy of the message, and the recipient's name will not be visible to other recipients.
Delete (Delete) The act of deleting program files and folders from the local disk, as well as deleting relevant data from the system registry.
Desktop (Desktop) The Windows desktop is an area organized like a real desktop on a screen. There are various elements such as icons, menus and windows; with their help, you can run programs and perform various tasks. On the Windows desktop, you can move and rearrange these objects, and start and end work, just like on a regular desktop. See also the term graphical user interface.
System board (Motherboard) The main assembly board of the computer. The system board has latches for attaching additional boards.
High-speed connection (Broadband connection) A high-speed connection to the Internet, for example, via DSL or using a cable modem.
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## И
Internet (Internet) is a network connecting servers located all over the world. When you have access to the Internet, you can access data from millions of sources, including educational institutions, government organizations, commercial enterprises, and individual users. See also the term web. => More...
Internet Service Provider (ISP) is an organization that provides access to the Internet. The Internet provider provides the phone number, username, password, and other information needed to connect to the Internet. Typically, ISP services are billed monthly or hourly. See also web server.
Intranet (Intranet) An intra-organizational network that uses Internet technologies and communication methods, but is accessible only to certain people, such as company employees. An intranet is also called a private network.
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## K
Queue A list of programs or tasks that are waiting in line for the execution of actions specified by the user. A print queue is a group of documents waiting to be printed. See also the term printer.
Kilobyte (Kilobyte, KB) Data measurement unit, equal to 1024 bytes. See also gigabyte, megabyte.
Client (Client) A computer that uses shared network resources on another computer called a server. See also the term server.
Copy (Copy) A copy of the message. The recipient whose name appears in this field of the e-mail message will receive a copy of the message, and the recipient's name will be visible to other recipients.
Standby mode In this state, the computer consumes less electricity, but its performance can be restored instantly. When the computer is in standby mode, the data in the memory is not written to the local disk. If the power supply is interrupted, the data stored in the memory will be lost.
Input area (Input area, input box) Place where text is placed when entered from the keyboard. In a program window or dialog box, the insertion point is usually indicated by a blinking vertical line (runner), which is why it is often called the runner position.
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## К
Folder (Folder) A container for programs and files, which is displayed on the screen using an icon (small image) in the form of an office folder. Folders can contain files as well as other folders and are used to organize programs and documents on the disk.
Font (Font) A set of typographic symbols for representing letters, numbers and special characters. See also the term font font.
Font family (Typeface, Font family) A set of characters with common characteristics, such as stroke width or presence of indentation characters. See also the term font.
Parallel port (Parallel port) An input-output connector for connecting devices with a parallel interface. Most printers connect to a parallel port. See also the term serial port.
Security center (Security center) is a program designed to display the state of the computer's security system, as well as to notify about actions that can be taken to improve the level of system protection. Security Center controls three main security tools: firewall, anti-virus software, and self-updater.
Remote access connection (Remote access connection) Connecting to a local network using a device that uses a telephone line.
Tab A part of a dialog box, similar to a bookmark in a notebook, and allows you to move between different settings of the dialog box.
Resource Any part of a computer or network (such as a disk, printer, or memory) used by a running program or process.
Double click (Double click) Quickly press the mouse button twice without moving it and release it. Allows you to quickly select and launch a program or its feature. See also click, drag.
Download Copying a copy of a file to the requesting computer from the Internet via a modem or local network.
Password (Password) A protective tool for restricting access to the computer and user accounts. A password is a set of characters that must be entered to access resources. The password consists of letters, numbers and other characters, and here they are case sensitive.
Toolbar (Tools, toolbar) A row, column or block of on-screen buttons or icons in a program's graphical interface. By pressing these buttons or clicking on the icons, the user activates certain features of the program. For example, Microsoft Word's toolbar contains (among others) buttons for italicizing or bolding text, as well as buttons for saving and opening documents. Usually, the user has the ability to customize the toolbars and move them around the screen.
Device Any piece of equipment that can be connected to a local network or computer, such as a computer, printer, card, adapter, modem, or other peripheral device. Devices usually need a driver to work with Windows. See also device driver, peripheral device.
Device driver (Device driver) A program that allows a specific device, such as a modem, network adapter, or printer, to interact with the operating system. Even if the device is installed on the system, Windows may not recognize the device until the appropriate driver is installed and configured. Installed and configured device drivers are automatically launched during computer startup and are inadvertently consumed by the user. Drivers can usually be downloaded from the hardware manufacturer's website.
Checkbox (Checkbox) Checkbox sources are used to enable or disable individual features or settings in a set of settings. If a parameter is selected, an x sign or a check mark will appear next to it. Uncheck (Uncheck) Disable the parameter by removing the check mark. To remove a checkmark, click or highlight it and press SPACEBAR.
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## Л
Shortcut A link to any item located on a computer or network (for example, a program, file, folder, drive, web -page, printer or other computer). Nicknames can be placed in different areas, such as the desktop, the Start menu, or folders. See also desktop, icon terms.
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## M
Menu (Menu) A list from which the user selects commands to perform certain actions, for example, to format a highlighted part of a document.
Menu bar (Menu bar) is a rectangular table at the top of the program window, where the names of the available menus are located. If you highlight one of the menus with the help of a mouse or keyboard, the list of its commands will be displayed on the screen.
Text box (Textbox) is a rectangular field on the screen, where the necessary data to execute commands is typed.
Megabyte (MB) (Megabyte, MB) Data measurement unit, equal to 1,048,576 bytes. Also gigabyte; see the words kilobyte.
My Computer (My Computer) is a folder that displays the contents of your hard drive and removable drives, CD, as well as any attached peripherals. To access this folder, select My Computer from the Start menu.
My Documents (My Documents) is a convenient folder for storing documents, pictures and other files that require quick access. Programs such as WordPad or Paint automatically save files to the My Documents folder unless specified elsewhere. To access this folder, select My Documents from the Start menu.
My Music is a convenient folder for storing and editing audio files. To access this folder, select My Folder from the Start menu.
My Pictures (My Pictures) A convenient folder for storing and editing graphic files. To access this folder, select My Pictures from the Start menu.
Modem (Modem) A device for sending and receiving digital data over a telephone line.
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## Н
Thumbnail A reduced version of an image, often used to quickly view a set of graphic images.
Click Move the main (left) mouse button over the element, click, then release the button.
Dot (Pixel) The smallest element that software, a screen, or a printer can use to create letters, numbers, or images. The area where the approximate lines of a quadrilateral grid intersect, which is a simple fraction of the thousands of dots that make up the image that a computer produces on a screen or printed paper. See also the term image resolution.
Object (Object) An element (file, folder, printer) distinguished by a unique set of labels. For example, a file's name, location, and size are its identifiers. See also Printer permissions.
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## О
Game port (Game port) A socket for connecting a computer or other game devices. See also the term serial port.
Right click Move the second (right) button of the mouse over the object and click, then release the button. Clicking with the right mouse button opens a context menu with useful commands, the list of which varies depending on the selected object and situation.
Installation (Install) Adding program files and folders to the computer for the first time. Installation is different than updating, in that during an update, existing folders and files of the program are replaced with newer versions.
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## Э
Automatic update (Automatic update) is a security feature of Windows that sends security updates, critical updates, and update packages according to a user-specified schedule. for independent download and installation. Also, with this feature, you can get notifications about important updates.
Background Windows desktop image. Any pattern or image that can be saved as a bitmap (BMP file) can be selected as the background image of the screen.
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## П
User (User) A person who uses a computer.
Username (Username) A unique name that identifies a user account in Windows. An account's username must be unique among other group usernames and usernames within its home or workgroup.
User password (User password) The password stored in each user account. Each user usually has a unique password, and must type it when logging in or accessing the server.
User profile (User profile) A file containing infrastructure information such as desktop settings, persistent network connections, and application settings for a specific user. Each user's settings are stored in a user profile, which Windows uses to configure the desktop every time the user logs on.
User account (User account) A record containing all the information that identifies the user of the Windows system. It includes the user's name and the password required to log in to the system.
Graphical User Interface (GUI) A visual computer environment in which programs, files, and other items correspond to small icons on the computer screen. Graphical interface elements are icons, menus, and dialog boxes. Selection of these elements is carried out using the mouse or keyboard. Most navigation objects (such as scroll bars) behave the same way in all programs.
Peripheral device (? )A device connected to a computer and controlled by its processor (for example, a disk drive, printer, modem, or card). See also the term device.
Keyboard layout (Keyboard layout) Correspondence of signs and symbols of various alphabets to the keyboard keys. What kind of symbol appears on the screen depends not only on the pressed key, but also on the current keyboard layout.
Keyboard language (Keyboard language) The language used for typing text. Only some programs for the Windows platform recognize this setting. When a new keyboard language is available, the keyboard layout for that language is also available.
Port (Port) A socket for connecting data devices from the computer and to the computer. For example, printers are usually connected to parallel (LPT) ports and modems to serial (COM) ports. Also worth noting is the serial port (mainly for data transfer), as well as the USB port used for peripherals. A USB port is usually located on the front or back of the computer, next to the serial or parallel port.
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## Р
Permission An object-specific rule that governs how and in what way users can access an object. Permissions are granted or denied by the facility owner.
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## C
Trash (Recycler) Trash is located on the Windows desktop. To delete a file, drag it to the trash. You can also recover accidentally deleted files from the Recycle Bin. To delete the contents of the Recycle Bin and free up more disk space, right-click on the Recycle Bin icon and select Clean Recycle Bin. See also right-click.
Server (Server) A computer that provides shared resources (files, folders, data and mail services) to network users. See also the term client. Drag and drop. For example, to delete a document, just drag it to the trash icon and release the mouse button. Place the document over the trash can icon, wait until the icon is highlighted, and then release the mouse button. See also the terms drag and drop, graphical user interface.
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## T
Taskbar (Taskbar) The table that appears by default at the bottom of the screen, where the "Start" button is located. You can switch between running programs using the taskbar buttons. You can also hide the taskbar, move it to the top or side of the desktop, or customize it in other ways. See also desktop, taskbar button, taskbar.
Window (Window) A part of the screen where programs and actions are implemented. For example, you can open an e-mail program in one window, and search for the necessary data on the Internet in another window. Windows can be closed, resized, minimized as toolbar buttons, or maximized to the entire screen.
Window title (Window title) is a slanted bar along its upper edge with the name of the window. Most windows have a program icon in the title area, as well as maximize, minimize, and close window buttons. See also maximize, minimize.
Read-Only Memory (ROM) A memory with program instructions and data installed on a computer during manufacturing. The instructions in the manual can only be read and not changed.
Hard Disk A device for recording and storing data. A hard drive is usually located inside the computer.
Serial port (Serial port) This connector is usually located on the back panel of the computer and is used to connect a printer.
Dialog window (Dialog window, Dialog box) A special window displayed by the program, with buttons and other elements for performing certain commands or tasks.
Mouse (Mouse) The usual pointing device. The basic components of a mouse are a flat base (held with one hand), one or more buttons on top, a tracking device that moves in many directions (usually a small ball), and a connecting cable for connecting to a computer. By moving the mouse, the user controls the slider on the screen of the monitor. Click on one of the mouse buttons to select an object or command on the screen.
Mouse cursor An element that changes its position on the screen as the user moves the mouse. Depending on the location of the mouse arrow, as well as the capabilities of the active program, pressing one of the mouse buttons causes a certain action to be performed in the area where the arrow is located.
Mouse pad (Mouse pad) A pad that is placed under the mouse, usually it is a four-cornered rubber covered with fabric (provides a better grip of the mouse pad than a wooden or glass surface of the table).
Primary mouse button A button often used to highlight or open objects with a single or double click. Usually, the main button on most mice is the left button (on some trackballs - the bottom button). You can change the functionality of the buttons by setting the appropriate check box sources in the Mouse folder of Control Panel.
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## Н
Sleep mode (Sleep mode) In this state, the computer stops working after all the contents of the memory on the resident disk are saved. When you wake the computer from sleep mode, all open programs and documents are restored to the desktop. See also the term waiting pattern.
## Ф
File A file is a storage unit that allows a computer to distinguish one set of data from another. Like a paper document containing text and images, a file is a collection of data that can be retrieved, modified, deleted, stored, or sent to an output device such as a printer or email program. A file can contain a program, data used by the program, or a document created by the user.
File name extension File names in Windows always end with a three-letter extension. The extension follows the dot in the file name and indicates the type of data stored in the file. For example, the txt extension in a file named Example.txt indicates that the file is a text file. You don't need to add the extension when you save the file — the program does it automatically.
File type Definition of file characteristics. The file type determines the program used to open this file (eg Word). File types are associated with file name extensions. For example, files with txt or log extensions are of type "Text Document" and can be opened in any text editor, such as Notepad or WordPad (you can open these programs from the "Format" folder of the "Start" menu).
Fragmentation (Fragmentation) Splitting a file into several parts that are stored at different locations on the hard drive. Fragmentation occurs when files on a disk are deleted and new files are created. As a result, the speed of disk access slows down, and as a result, the overall speed of performing disk operations decreases. To solve this problem, the "Disk Defragmentation" program was developed (it is located in the "System Tools" folder in the "Format" folder of the "Start" menu).
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## Х
Notification area (Tray) The area in the taskbar located to the right of the taskbar buttons. Here you can see icons that provide quick access to some programs, such as the current time, volume changer, and power settings programs. Some icons may appear temporarily to show the status of tasks. For example, after sending a document to print, a printer icon appears in the notification area and disappears after printing is complete.
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## Ш
Wizard (Wizard) Guides the user during a certain task by asking questions or offering options to choose from program. For example, a wizard can help a user start working with a text document, install software, or create a database.
Browser Software that formats and displays HTML files as web pages. Some browsers also allow you to send and receive e-mail, read newsgroup messages, and play audio and video recordings embedded in Web documents. Internet Explorer is a web browser. See also the term web.
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## A—Z
MS-DOS (Microsoft Disk Operating System) An operating system for use on personal computers and compatible devices. It converts the commands that the user types on the keyboard into actions that the computer executes. Interaction with the MS-DOS system is carried out in the command line window, and access to its programs can be implemented using desktop aliases. See also command line window, MS-DOS program terms.
MS-DOS Program (MS-DOS Program) is a program designed to be implemented under the control of the MS-DOS system. Such programs may not be able to use all the features of Windows. See also MS-DOS program, program information file (PIF).
URL-address (Uniform Resource Locator, URL) An address that uniquely identifies a resource source on the Internet. A URL for a website starts with the prefix http://, for example http://www.example.microsoft.com Archived 9 August 2003..
## See more \< >
* Short dictionary of computer terms
* Wikipedia: MediaWiki glossary
## External links
* Language portal Microsoft - Search terms |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3877 | Баяндауыш | Narrator is a part of the sentence that expresses the action, action, state, who and what of the subject in the sentence.
Narrators often stand at the end of sentences and what do they do? what happened what does how about what is how much who? what? answers the questions.
## Narrative word classes
Narrative word classes:
* Verbs are spoken in the following persons and become narrators: verbs in the open mood Example: I have a very important job I'm coming. Verbs in the mood of command and desire. For example: Don't be proud of not finding science. Let's read children. It would be good if he came back before seven o'clock. Nominative form and conjugated form of a closed verb. Example: One way to learn to write correctly is to read a lot of books. Pronouns.
For example: I am here with a very important job.
* verbs in imperative and desire moods Example: Don't be proud of not finding science. Let's read children. It would be better if he came back before seven o'clock.
For example: Don't be proud of not finding science. Let's read children. It would be better if he came back before seven o'clock.
* noun form and passive form of a passive verb Example: One way to learn to write correctly is to read a lot of books.
For example: One way to learn to write correctly is to read a lot of books.
* pronouns For example: Ayanshil at arymas
For example: Ayanshil at arymas
* Nouns (nouns, adjectives, numerals) and pronouns without any suffix, plural, dependent, partitive Conjunctions and adverbial adverbs continue to be the narrator. For example: The critic of the man is the country
For example: The critic of the man is the country
* Adverbs of time and place (before, after, up, down, tomorrow, evening, last year , during the day, etc.) the noun is in the first person, and some of them remain the narrator. For example: It is too late to go to the cinema
For example: It is too late to go to the cinema
## Singular and complex
A single narrator is a narrator consisting of a single word. For example: They came unexpectedly.
A complex narrative is a narrative that consists of two or more words and expresses a single concept. For example: The village is growing culturally.
Complex narratives are formed in the following ways:
* From a complex verb
* A noun is formed from a sequence of words and auxiliary verbs
* A noun in the subjunctive is formed by combining words and auxiliary nouns
* A complex number is formed from a noun
* A noun is a combination of words and words denoting a unit of measure
* Words such as no, have, should, should, should, need, and auxiliary verbs combine to form a complex narrative
* It is also formed from regular word sequences (idioms).
## Sources
## Literature
* S. Amanzholov, Kazakh language grammar, 1966 |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5251 | Khan Khaqnazar | Khaqnazar Khan (Akhanazar Khan, Russian: Aknazar Tsar, Oknazar Tsar, 1509 - 1580) was a khan who ruled in the Kazakh Horde (1538-1580). Kasym Khan's son from Khanyk Sultan. During the reign of Khaqnazar Khan, the Kazakh Khanate was reunited and developed. Khaknazar ruled the Kazakh Khanate for 42 years. In the 300-year history of the Kazakh khanate, there was no khan who ruled the country for as long as Khaqnazar. He was a hardworking and capable figure in the field of country management, hardships, military and political affairs. In addition, he showed that he is a very talented diplomat in very difficult external situations.
## Power
After Khaqnazar Khan ascended the throne, he worked tirelessly to strengthen and strengthen the power of the khan government. He reunited the Kazakh Khanate, which had fallen into disunity under his predecessors Tahir Khan and Buydash Khan. He continuously strengthened the Kazakh-Kyrgyz union, which was published in 1523-1524, and even in the historical records of that time, Khaqnazar Khan was called "King of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz". Based on this Kazakh-Kyrgyz alliance, he resisted the attempts of the Mongol khans to conquer the Zhetysu and Issykkol basins.
In the period when the Khaqnazar khanate was established, very important historical events took place in the external conditions of the Kazakh khanate. At that time, the Russian state, which became stronger in the west, expanded its base to the east and captured the Khanate of Kazan in 1552 and the Khanate of Astrakhan in 1556. Due to this situation, the Nogai Horde, which inhabited the vast region between Volga and Zhaiyk, began to disintegrate.
## Changes
The disintegration of the Nogai Horde, the annexation of Kazakh tribes belonging to it and their inhabited areas to the Kazakh khanate caused changes in the situation in the west, north and south of the khanate. The disintegration of the Nogai Union, which occupied a large area between the Russian state and the Kazakh khanate, one part of it joined the Kazakh khanate, and now another part submitted to the Russian king, brought the border of the expanding Russian state closer to the Kazakh khanate. In 1563, Kochim Khan, who seized the power of the Siberian Khanate, took a hostile position to the Kazakh Khanate. Moreover, there were conflicts between the Mongol rulers and the Kazakh khans. Considering such complex conditions, Khaqnazar Khan changed the foreign policy of the Kazakh Khanate. He sought to establish an alliance with the Shaibani family in Mauarannakhr, with whom the previous Kazakh khans had always been enemies. Military operations aimed at capturing Tashkent, one of the largest cities of Central Asia, have been suspended. Thus, Bukhara khan Abdolla II, who came from the Puckani dynasty, and Kazakh khan Khaqnazar concluded an "alliance treaty" to "be friendly and mutually help each other". This diplomatic measure of Khaqnazar Khan was positive. In the late 60s and early 70s of the 16th century, hostilities stopped, peace was established, and trade and economic relations between the Kazakhs and the people of Central Asia continued to develop. This was effective in improving the internal situation of the Kazakh Khanate and improving the economic life of its people. At the same time, the Kazakh khanate was strengthened.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4816 | Chuvash language | Chuvash language (proper name — чаваш челхи, чавашла) belongs to the Ugric group of Turkic languages. A language spoken mostly by the Chuvash people who inhabit Chuvashia.
## Alphabet
## Classificatory pronouns
## See also
* Chuvash Wikipedia
## Sources
## External links
* Hector Alos-i-Font. Evaluation of language policy in Chuvashia
* Picket in defense of the Chuvash language in Cheboksary
* Hector Alos-i-Font, "Teaching the Chuvash language and the problem of language behavior of parents", Chuvash State Institute of Human Sciences, 2015, Shupashkar.
* Soon the Chuvash language will remain "some kind of cultural tradition"
* About the threat of the country's collapse in the future, at the Congress of the National People's Congress, and about the appeal to the president |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6582 | Юань | Yuan (common: 元; Old Chinese: 圓; Light Chinese: 圆; pinyin: yuán; Wade-Giles: yuen; literally "round") is the common name for money in Chinese. For example, the US dollar will be Meiyuan (结果). But internationally, the yuan is pegged to several Chinese currencies, including the renminbi (CNY) and the New Taiwan dollar (TWD).
One yuan is divided into 10 jau (角) or colloquially mau (毛). An enemy is divided into 10 fyn (分). In the Yue language, which is widely spoken in Hong Kong and Macau, Zhao and Finn are called ho (母) and xin (仙). The word "criticism" is English. derived from cent.
Yuan is the monetary unit of the People's Republic of China, equal to 10 zhao and 100 feng. The first copper coins in the form of yuan were minted in the 6th century. 1933 The yuan was declared the single currency of China.
## Context
During the Qing Dynasty, China began to produce round silver buckets, so the buckets were called yuan ("round").
Like Chinese numerals, there are two types of yuan characters: less interpretable - 元, and more interpretable - 圓 or 圆, the latter is used to avoid coloring and calculation errors. The original Japanese width used to be written as 圓, but was changed to 圓 in 1946. Toyo kanji is written as 円 as published. The Korean won was marked with the 圓 character after World War II and also with the 圜 character - 1902-1910, but currently it is written only as 원 hangul in the two Korean states. Hong Kong dollar and Macau pataca are written as yuan in Chinese.
In stores in China and Taiwan, prices are marked with the character 元 after the numbers. Again, in China itself, numbers are denoted by the Latin symbol ¥ (similar to the Kazakh letter Н with two sticks).
The Chinese word yuan is pronounced with one syllable accent, close to /yen/. In many areas of China, it is also spoken colloquially as kuai (orally Chinese: 塊; lit. Chinese: 坝; pinyin: kuai; literally "piece").
## See Also
* Renminbi (Chinese Yuan)
## Link
* Yuan - Historical and Current Banknotes of China (CNY / RMB) 1953-2019 (German) (English)
* Yuan - Currency Certificates of the People's Republic of China (FEC) 1980-1994 (German) (English) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3841 | Astana (cycling club) | Cycling club "Astana" (English: 'Astana Pro Team') is a professional cycling team organized under the auspices of the Union of Kazakh Companies (previously known as Liberty Seguros-Würth Team, Würth Team and Astana-Würth Team). He is currently ranked 4th in the world by the UCI Po Tour organization with 229 points.
May 25, 2006 Liberty Seguros, which has been the main sponsor until now, withdrew from the main sponsorship due to the doping scandal associated with the sports director of the team, Manolo Saiz.
July 3, 2006 Although the team was sponsored by the Würth company (Germany), in 2006 the team After the Tour de France was outnumbered, it also announced its withdrawal from sponsorship.
The height of the team's honor was when Kazakh cyclists Alexander Vinokurov and Andrey Kashechkin took 1st and 3rd place in the 2006 Spanish multi-day race.
After the victory in the time-trial stage of the Tour de France in 2007, the leaders of Vinokurov's team, who failed a recent doping test, were asked by the International Cycling Union to completely withdraw the Astana team from the competition. In addition, Vinokourov's teammates Andrey Kashechkin and German Matthias Kessler, who were accused of blood transfusion, failed a doping test, thus, according to ProTour rules, the main stars of the team, Vinokurov and Kashechkin, were removed from the team.
In 2013, Alexander Vinokurov, the champion of the London Olympics, was appointed as the general manager of the team, and the famous Vincenzo Nibali and his colleagues moved from Liquigaz to Astana and won the first major victory - the Giro.
## Team Form History
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*
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*
## Achievements
\ <> * American Levi Leipheimer brought the first victory of 2008 to Astana in the eight-day "California Tour", which ended on February 24.
* Tour of the Basque Country - Contador came 1st (April-2008)
* In Tour de Romandie 5-stage race, German Andreas Kluden came 1st
* Astana team in Pro-Tour rating on May 4 It ranks first with 90 points.
* On June 1 - Contador won the Giro d'Italia-2008 tour.
* Contador and Levy took 1st and 2nd place in Spanish Vuelta-2008 multi-day
* 2013 Giro di Italia was won by team captain Italian Vincenzo Nibali
## Sports Directors
* Alexander Vinokurov
* Guido Bontempi
* Dmitry Sedun
* Gorazd Stangeli
* Alexander Schefer
## Composition
* Yanets Brajkovic
* Asan Bazaev
* Borut Bozic
* Alexander Dyachenko
* Dmitry Fofonov
* Enrico Gasparotto
* Francesco Gavazzi
* Andrey Grivko
* Dmitry Gruzdev \ <> * Jacopo Guarnieri
* Maxim Iglinsky
* Valentin Iglinsky
* Tanel Kangert
* Andrey Kashechkin
* Fredrik Kessiakoff
* Robert Kiserlowski
* Roman Kreutziger
* Francesco Mascharelli
* Yevgeny Nepomnyachy
* Yevgeny Petrov
* Simone Ponzi
* Sergey Renev
* Kevin Seeldreiers
* Egor Silin
* Paolo Tiralongo
* Alexander Vinokurov - general manager (since June 2013)
* Andrei Zeits
* Dmitry Muraviev
## 2011 year
For team captain Alexander Vinokurov, in his last year of professional sports, the goal was to participate in the Tour de France, wear the yellow jersey for a few days or win one or more stages. Approaching the top ten in the overall standings, he broke his back bone in a fall on the 9th stage of the Tour de France and soon announced his retirement. In this case, Andrey Kashechkin, who was named the second hero of Kazakhstan in 2006, rejoined the Astana team. Although Kashechkin declared the group eligible at the Vuelta, his performance there was too poor. At the same time, in the Vuelta, the Swedish legionnaire Frederik Kessiakoff, who had won the Tour of Austria this year, was in the top three overall (on the 11th stage), but dropped out of the race due to fever.
## 2012 year
On January 31, in the Spanish city of Calpe, the composition of the professional cycling team "Pro Team Astana" for the season of 2012 was presented. In the sixth season, the leadership of the team will be increased by the main confidant Roman Kreutziger, Janec Brajkovic and the leader of the team Alexander Vinokurov. The main goal for 2012 is to achieve good results in the Giro, Tour de France and Vuelta races. However, one of the goals is to win one-day competitions.
The Court of Arbitration for Sport banned Alberto Cantador from professional sports for two years. The removal period began in August 2010. The court decision was based on the discovery of banned clenbuterol in Cantador's blood. Therefore, the title of the Spanish rider won in the "Tour de France" race in 2010 as part of the Astana team was also canceled. Andre Schleck is automatically considered the winner of "Tour de France-2010".
* 1st 3 stages Volta a Catalunya, Janez Brajkovič
* 1st Amstel Gold Race, Enrico Gasparotto
* 1st Liège-Bastogne-Liège 2012, Maxim Iglinsky
* 2nd "Tour of Turkey - 2012" Team rider Alexander Dyachenko took 2nd place in the overall standings and broke the team in the "Astana" team competition.
## 2013 year
This season, Alexander Vinokurov moved to the position of sports director, and the team was filled with the famous Italian Vincenzo Nibali and the young Kazakh youth world champion - Alexey Lutsenko.
## External links
* Club's official website-2010
* Club's official website-2009 Archived November 20, 2020.
* Fan site
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7456 | Қан | Blood (Greek: haemo; Latin: sanguis - blood) is one of the internal liquid environments in the body. It flows along the closed system of blood vessels and performs a transport function. Blood supplies nutrients and oxygen to the cells of all organs and transports the products of vital activity to the urinary organs. The activity of humoral regulation of biologically active substances in the body takes place with the participation of blood. Blood provides a protective reaction of the body against infection.
Blood — the body of an adult has about five liters of blood. Blood is a type of connective tissue in the body. Its main part consists of intercellular liquid substance - plasma. Blood cells - erythrocytes and leukocytes and blood platelets - thrombocytes are formed from plasma. Platelets are formed from cells in the bone marrow fat. Their maturation, accumulation and destruction take place in other organs. Erythrocyte transport, leukocyte phagocytosis, and platelet blood flow are involved.
Plasma consists of water with dissolved organic and inorganic substances. Changes in plasma composition are very dangerous for the body. Despite the constant addition of many substances to the blood, the composition of plasma does not change. Surplus substances are removed from the plasma through the urinary organs: blood is removed from carbon dioxide in the lungs, and excess water and dissolved mineral salts are removed from the kidneys in the kidneys.
## Blood plasma
Blood plasma is a yellowish liquid part of blood. If the non-coagulating blood mixed with the solution is poured into a vessel and deposited, 3 layers are clearly visible in the vessel. The uppermost orange transparent layer is plasma. Plasma contains 90–92% water; 7-8% sugar (protein;) 0.12% glucose; 0.7–0.8% fat; Contains 0.9% salt. In addition to these, there are lactic acid, enzymes and hormones. Proteins in plasma are divided into 3 groups: albumins (4.5%); globulins (1.7–3.5%) and fibrinogens (0.4%). Fibrinogen is involved in blood clotting. Blood plasma without fibrinogen is called blood serum. The difference between plasma and serum: plasma is the liquid part of blood, serum is the liquid after the blood has clotted (blood clot extract). Albumin and globulin proteins are involved in the regulation of water in cells and fluid in the body. Mineral substances include sodium, potassium, calcium, and magnesium salts. Nutrients take part in blood clotting and give viscosity to plasma.
## Functions of blood
Blood performs the following functions:
* digestion - blood transports nutrients, water, mineral salts and vitamins to tissues and organs;
* excretory - the blood releases decomposition products through excretory organs;
* breathing - provides the process of gas exchange between the lungs and tissues;
* regulatory - determines the humoral regulation of various organs, delivers hormones and other substances in the body, which affect (strengthen or slow down) the function of organs
* protective - the blood contains cells with phagocytic ability and special proteins - antibodies, they prevent the reproduction of poisonous organisms and excrete them.
thermoregulatory - the blood maintains a constant body temperature.
## Physiology of the blood system and its age characteristics
The life of the human body is maintained by taking nutrients that give energy to the body and digesting them. Nutrients contained in food are digested in the body and release energy during oxidation in the presence of oxygen. As a result of these changes in nutrients, in the human body, in addition to the substances necessary for the body, produced by the metabolism, unnecessary and even toxic substances appear in the body. All this is carried by the blood in the body. Blood circulates throughout the body, bringing chemicals necessary for metabolism in the cells of its tissues and removing unnecessary substances. In addition, blood participates in maintaining a stable body temperature, provides immune properties of the body, and participates in the humoral regulation of organ activity.
Blood in the human body is the main liquid internal environment of the body. The total amount of blood in an adult is about 4.5-6 l, that is, 6-8% of the total body weight. It is 10-20% in a newborn, 9-13% at 1 year old, 7-8% at 5-7 years old. 50% of all blood in the body is stored in blood depots. Such organs include liver, spleen, lungs and skin. Blood is formed in the liver, spleen, bone marrow
## Composition and properties of blood
Blood consists of blood cells and liquid plasma. Blood cells include erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. These blood cells make up 40-45% of the whole blood, and plasma makes up 55-60%.
The composition of blood plasma is also complex: about 90% of it is water, 7-8% are carbohydrates, 2% are various organic and inorganic substances. It contains sugar 0.3-0.6%, fat and lipids 0.1%, glucose sugar 120 mg/%, carbohydrates 0.9%, minerals - sodium, potassium, calcium, chlorine compounds, amino acids and polypeptides 4 -10 mg%, urea 10-25 mg%, various enzymes, hormones, cholesterol, etc. b. there are things.
Albumins 4.5%, ά,β,γ-globulins 2-3%, fibrinogens 0.2-0.3% are the main proteins of plasma. Plasma osmotic pressure and active reaction are important physical and chemical properties of blood. The osmotic pressure of plasma is the pressure that creates solutions of organic and inorganic substances in it. The osmotic pressure of the plasma depends on the amount of mineral substances in it: the greater their concentration in the plasma, the greater the osmotic pressure.
The osmotic pressure of plasma is very important for the survival of blood cells and body tissues. The active reaction of the blood depends on the concentration of hydrogen ions in its content and is designated as the pH reaction (hydrogen indicator). The stability of the active blood reaction is important for reactions involving all enzymes in the body.
Under normal conditions, the pH of blood is equal to 7.36. This is a reaction of a weak alkali. The buffer system of the blood is of great importance for the stability of the active reaction of the blood. As a result of the metabolism of some inorganic compounds, nutrients entering the blood, they form compounds with substances that have acid or alkaline properties. For example, during physical labor, acidic substances produced by metabolism enter the blood. The buffering properties of blood depend on the buffer systems of hemoglobin, carbonates, and plasma proteins. The most important of these are the hemoglobin and carbonate buffer systems.
The specific weight of blood in an adult is 1.055-1.063 kg/m3. The specific gravity of the blood of a newborn baby is slightly higher at 1,060-1,080 kg/m3. In the first month of a baby's life, it decreases to about 1,050 kg/m3, and then rises again to the level of an adult, and remains at that level throughout life.
Another physical property of blood is its viscosity. The viscosity of blood is compared to the viscosity of water. If the viscosity of water is taken to be equal to 1, the viscosity of the blood of a newborn baby in the first days will be 10.0-14.8. At the end of the 1st month, it decreases to 4.8 and remains approximately constant. Its deviation is not so much, on average it is 4.6 for the first 1 year, 4.57 for 1-3 years, and 4.61 for 3-15 years. However, there are reports that only between 8-11 years of age, blood viscosity significantly varies from 2.9 to 5.5 (the average is about 3.9). Blood viscosity does not depend on gender, on average it is equal to 4.6 in boys and 4.58 in girls. The viscosity of blood plasma is less than its total viscosity, which is only 1.88.
So, the composition of blood, its size, physical and chemical properties should be approximately constant. This stability is regulated by the nervous system and humoral systems. Human blood temperature is constant. During one day, the temperature of the child's body changes only about 36.6-37°С. A small increase in temperature is a sign of illness in the body. And if the temperature drops, a person "still dries up", that is, weakness is observed. Blood is heated in the liver and muscles and cooled in the skin. Changes in the amount and composition of blood depending on age. The amount of blood of a newborn baby, when combined with its body weight, is much more than that of older children and adults. The total viscosity of blood is high in the first days, decreases at the end of the 1st month, and stabilizes at this level, but varies depending on the number of cells in the blood. And the viscosity of blood plasma decreases up to 4 years of age, and only after that it becomes thicker. It is known from the child's food analysis that the amount of some substances in the blood is insufficient for the child's body. For example, if there is a lack of calcium, children will eat chalk, coal, lime and mud from the walls of the house, and if there is a lack of glucose, they will be attracted to sweet foods. When there is a lack of oxygen in the outside air, many children develop "altitude sickness": weakness, frequent headaches, and sleepiness. And if the lack of oxygen lasts for a long time, the child will become restless, lose interest in life, walk like a madman, and may even die.
There are also age differences in the ratio of the types of nutrients in the blood. For example, albumin in the blood of a newborn baby is 57.71 - 56.78%. There are also age differences in the amount of types of proteins in the blood: globulins are 42.29 - 43.22%. Albumins gradually increase up to 6 months (59.25%), at 3 years 58.97%. And globulins decrease and become more stable at the age of 3 years. At the age of 7-15 years, the albumin of an adult is equal to the ratio of msi globuli. Blood globulins are high at birth and decrease after 1 year of age. The amount of types of globulins is also observed in this behavior. Globulins are high (4.23-5.43%) up to the age of half a year and become 3.09% at the age of 3 years; The amount of ά-globulins is higher in the first six months (10.73-11.45%), and it is the same as in adults over 7 years old (9.20-9.98%). β-globulins are also high at birth and approach adult levels over 7 years of age. γ-globulins are abundant at birth, and in the first 3 months, fetal globulins break down, and at the age of 3 years, they reach 17.39% of the adult level.
The total amount of mineral salts in an adult is 0.90-0.95%. These include potassium, sodium, calcium, phosphorus, copper, silicon, titanium, manganese, iron, etc. b. There are many elements. The content of potassium, calcium, and sodium salts is slightly higher up to the age of 3, and stabilizes after the age of 6. Erythrocytes. Formed elements of blood include erythrocytes, leukocytes and platelets. Most of them are erythrocytes, i.e. red blood cells. Their number depends on the sex of a person: 4.5-5 million in 1 microliter of blood in men, 4-4.5 million in women. Red blood cells are without nuclei, 7-8 microns in diameter, and 2 microns in thickness. The shape of erythrocytes is like a lens with concave sides on both sides. This shape increases the surface area of the cell and makes it easier to carry out transport, especially oxygen from the lungs to all the cells and tissues of the body. This function is performed with the participation of hemoglobin, a protein contained in erythrocytes.
Hemoglobin is a complex substance. It consists of a pigment called heme, containing divalent iron, and the protein globin. Hemoglobin easily combines with oxygen in the lung cavity and turns into oxyhemoglobin. Oxyhemoglobin is transported by blood to the tissues of the body, and when it reaches the tissues, it is easily broken down, resulting in the formation of globin and 02. Freed oxygen participates in the oxidation of tissue cells, and globin protein turns into carboxyhemoglobin by adding carbonic acid obtained from metabolism in tissues. This is also a compound that decomposes easily, goes to the lungs with blood, releases carbon dioxide, oxygen is added to globin again. Thus, hemoglobin transports oxygen from the lungs to the tissues, and carbon dioxide from the tissues to the lung cavity. Carbon dioxide is exhaled with the breath. The addition of oxygen and hydrocarbons depends on the properties of divalent iron. In some cases (when poisoned by snake venom or poison gas), divalent iron in hemoglobin turns into trivalent iron, which turns into a strong compound called C02 carboglobin, then the body of the poisoned person lacks oxygen for oxidation, and when a large amount of hemoglobin turns into carboglobin, the child dies. it is necessary to quickly remove the poisoned person to a place rich in oxygen, so that the hemoglobin with bivalent iron is properly restored and the person remains alive. decrease in osmotic pressure destroys erythrocytes, and the hemoglobin contained in it is released into the blood plasma. As a result, erythrocytes lose their ability to carry oxygen. The release of hemoglobin into the blood plasma is called hemolysis. As a result of hemolysis, the viscosity of the blood increases significantly and complicates the blood circulation. If the blood is taken and placed in a test tube for some time, the erythrocytes in it begin to settle, and yellow water of the blood appears on the surface. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is normally 3-9 mm/h in men and 7-12 mm/h in women. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is a very important indicator in the diagnosis of the disease. There are 2 types of erythrocytes in the blood of a newborn baby: a) fetal erythrocytes; b) normal erythrocytes. Before birth, a large number of normal erythrocytes are added to his blood. Therefore, in the first hour of a newborn baby, 1 mm3 of blood contains 6.5-7.2 million erythrocytes. New erythrocytes are added to the blood of a newly born child, and in the first 5-6 hours 1 mm3 contains 6.62-7.5 million erythrocytes. But from the first day, fetal erythrocytes break down and replace them with new erythrocytes, so their number starts to decrease from the first day. After 24 hours there are 6.11-7.06 erythrocytes in 1 mm3 of blood, after 1 week it decreases to 5.54-6.21 million, and after 10 days it decreases to 4.80-5.70 million. This is a condition due to the breakdown of fetal erythrocytes in the liver. In the first 1-2 years, the number of erythrocytes depends on the child's living conditions, weather, etc. changes due to external and internal influences. Such strong changes are also observed between the ages of 5 and 7 and 12 and 14. In general, the number of erythrocytes in the blood of children is variable. Its amount is affected by the child's sleep, the composition of his food, and the violation of the daily schedule. For example, if a child sleeps less than his age, the number of erythrocytes in his blood will decrease to 0.7-1.2 million. The amount of hemoglobin in erythrocytes is higher in a baby than in an adult. If we consider the hemoglobin in the erythrocytes of an adult to be 100%, then the hemoglobin in the blood of a newborn baby will be 140-145%, that is, 100 ml of blood contains 17-25 g of hemoglobin. At the same time, the capacity of hemoglobins of babies to absorb oxygen is slightly higher: 1 g of hemoglobin in an adult can absorb 1.34 ml of oxygen, and 1.40 ml of oxygen in a baby. Therefore, the oxygen capacity of a newborn baby is 35 ml (18-21 ml in an adult), which allows rapid metabolism. Between two and three years old, the number of erythrocytes is 5-5.5 million/imcl. At this time, the diameter of erythrocytes decreases slightly, and the amount of hemoglobin increases to 80-90% at the age of 2 years, and again to 100% at the age of 3 years, that is, it is the same as in adults, and the oxygen capacity is still higher than that of adults. Only at the age of 4-6 years, the number, shape, size and properties of hemoglobin, oxygen capacity of erythrocytes become the same as in adults. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate is 0.5 mm/h in a newborn, and it gradually increases after birth: 2 mm/h at 1 year, 3 mm/h at 2-3 years, 4-5 mm/h at 5-6 years, 7-11 at girls. age, in boys 7-13 years old it is 3-9 mm/h, approaching the sedimentation rate of erythrocytes of adults (7-12 mm/h).
The lifespan of erythrocytes in the human body is about 90-120 days, but they are constantly renewed: old ones are broken down in the liver and other organs, and new young erythrocytes are produced in the bone marrow and enter the blood circulation. During the first week, the iron ions released during the breakdown of erythrocytes are stored in the baby's skin, and the child's skin turns yellow when oxidized. It's called infantile jaundice, but it's not caused by contagious Botkin's jaundice, but by oxidation of stored iron. Later, the iron ions in the skin are used to create new blood cells, and the skin color is restored.
### Leukocytes
Leukocytes are blood cells with a nucleus. An adult has 6-8 thousand leukocytes in 1 ml of blood. The child's immune ability (resistance to disease, ability to protect) depends on leukocytes. Leukocytes ensure that the child's body resists infectious diseases. This important function of blood cells was discovered by Nobel laureate Russian scientist I. I. Opened by Mechnikov.
There are several types of leukocytes:
* granular leukocytes or granulocytes;
* leukocytes without grains, i.e. agranulocytes;
* monocytes.
There are 3 types of granulocytes:
* neutrophils,
* eosinophils, and
* basophils. And agranulocytes include lymphocytes.
Types of leukocytes in the blood are approximately constant in the amount appropriate for the age of the person. This stability is called the leukocyte formula. The number of leukocytes and their relationship to each other, that is, the leukocyte formula, changes due to various effects (illness, heavy physical work, eating, sleep, etc.). The number of leukocytes also constantly changes under the influence of external and internal influences.
Although the total number of leukocytes in a newborn baby is about 10-20 thousand, its number increases sharply in the first hours of life. For example, if it is 19,500 at the moment of birth, it increases to 22,000 in 6 hours, 28,000 in 24 hours, and starts to decrease on the second day: it becomes 19,500 in 48 hours. And on the 5th day, the child's leukocytes decrease sharply, and on the 7th day, they reach the limit of 8000-11000, approximately equal to the high level of an adult. The number of leukocytes of premature babies varies from 3600 to 36000. At the age of 10-12, the number of leukocytes in the blood of girls is 6000-8000, that is, it is like an adult.
After 1 year, the total number of neutrophils increases, and the total number of lymphocytes and leukocytes decreases.
### Platelets
The third form of elements in the blood are platelets or platelets. They are oval or rounded with a diameter of 2-5 µm. The total number of platelets in 1 μl is from 300 thousand to 100 thousand. Platelets are formed in the bone marrow. Their maturity period is 7-8 days, and in the blood circulation is 5-11 days. The number of platelets increases after eating, when doing heavy physical work, when a woman is pregnant. There is also a diurnal change in its amount: more during the day and less at night. Platelets have many functions. They also produce enzymes, have phagocytic ability, and affect the permeability of small blood vessels. The number of platelets varies a lot depending on the age of the child: from 150,000 to 600,000 in 1 μl of blood. On average, the blood of a newborn baby has about 150-350 thousand platelets, while children under 1 year have from 15 thousand to 424 thousand (250,000 on average). However, the number of platelets in an individual child is relatively constant. The average number of platelets in 1 μl of blood from 1 to 16 years old is 300,000, at 20-40 years old it is 311,000, further from about 114,000 to 335,000 (average number 224,000), and over the age of 70 the number of platelets decreases: on average 208,000.
\< > The unstable period of the most strongly changing platelets is up to 1 year. At this time, there is a lot of its young, immature form in the blood. As the child grows older, the production of platelets decreases, and as the child ages, the reverse development of blood platelets increases. Blood clotting.
The main function of platelets is to participate in blood clotting. When a blood vessel is injured, the surface of the wound is usually quickly covered by a deposited sac called a thrombus. After a while, it becomes compacted and closes the wound. If blood did not have this quality, a small wound would bleed continuously, and a person would become weak and even die.
Blood coagulation is a complex enzymatic phenomenon that can be roughly divided into 3 stages:
* Formation of thromboplastin in blood and tissue;
* Conversion of thromboplastin to thrombin;
* Under the influence of thrombin, plasma fibrinogen protein turns into insoluble fibrin fibers and forms a network on the surface of the wound. Erythrocytes and leukocytes get stuck in this network, and a thrombus is formed. The thrombus is compressed and freed from the serum. The surface of the wound becomes scaly and hard, and the injured root heals. Subsequently, the blood clot falls off.
Several enzymes and calcium ions contained in erythrocytes and blood plasma, vitamin K produced in the liver are involved in blood clotting. Blood coagulation of a newborn baby is slow in the first days of its life, especially on the 2nd day, and from the 3rd to the 7th day it accelerates and approaches the blood clotting time of adults. However, there is a slight difference in blood clotting time depending on the individual characteristics of the child. At the age of 5.5-6 years, blood clotting begins after 1-2 minutes and is detected in 3-4 minutes. In addition, thromboplastin, which is small in the first days, becomes the same as in adults at 3 weeks, and fibrinogen in the blood plasma is slightly less than in the mother's blood. From 1 year to 12-14 years, the factors involved in blood clotting are approximately normal, but variable.
After the end of the endocrine system and other functional changes in the body of young adolescents, which have an influence on blood clotting properties, blood clotting stabilizes until the age of 50-60.
## Blood reserves in the body
Spleen is a blood reserve in the body. At rest, the spleen is filled with blood and its area increases. When the muscles begin to work, blood is transferred from the coccyx to the working muscles. Erythrocyte breakdown occurs in several organs, including the spleen. Along with this, there are factors that inhibit the destruction of leukocytes in the spleen, although some leukocytes are also destroyed here. Together with the thymus gland and lymph nodes, the spleen participates in the germination, growth and development of lymphocytes. In addition, the spleen produces a certain amount of antibodies and detoxifies toxins. In addition to the spleen, a large amount of blood accumulates in the skin, muscles and other organs. If the body needs a lot of blood, the stored blood is immediately poured into the circulatory system, and the working organ is fully supplied.
## Effects of study and physical labor on blood
Although the composition of blood is approximately constant, when the child's work is demanded beyond the amount, this stability changes. The work of a school-age child is mostly study, brain work. Studying, like brain work, also affects the blood system. Leukocytosis, i.e. an increase in leukocytes, occurs in children up to 12 years old, if the educational program of the student is not appropriate for his age. In the child's blood, especially neutrophils and lymphocytes increase. Erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) in primary school students (ages 7-11) slightly changes due to the increase in education, but it depends on the pre-school condition. For example, if the ESR is high before the lesson, it slows down towards the end of the lesson. Blood viscosity also depends on the level before the lesson, like ESR. There is information that students whose average GPA was 3.7 before the lesson, 5.0 at the end of the lesson, and 4.4 before the lesson dropped to 3.4 at the end of the lesson. In general, the effect of reading on blood composition is directly related to their normal amount.
Physical work changes the function of physiological systems of the body, especially the composition of blood. After physical work, myogenic leukocytosis is observed in children and young people, as in adults. When a child runs, lymphocytes increase slightly in light physical activity, such as moving games, and neutrophils increase in work that requires black energy, such as cycling. In 16-18-year-old girls and boys, all types of leukocytes increase when they participate in sports such as running and swimming. But, even then, the proliferation of lymphocytes prevails. It can be safely said that there are no gender differences between girls and boys. In general, myogenic leukocytosis is caused by long-term muscle dysfunction, and age-related features are not observed. The increase in the number of erythrocytes from such short-term physical labor is not very strong.
## Blood groups
When a person is wounded and half of the blood flows from his body, he becomes weak and dies. In such a case, one person's blood can be transfused to another person, and the injured person can be saved. But if the composition of people's blood does not correspond to each other, the person who received a blood transfusion may die. Therefore, when the blood of the donor (the person who donates blood) is transfused to the recipient (the person receiving the blood transfusion), the compatibility of their blood is first checked.
Erythrocytes in the blood contain two types of substances called agglutinogens: A and B agglutinogens. Blood plasma contains ά and β agglutinins, which cause blood to coagulate when they meet this arm. If agglutinogen A meets agglutinin alpha or agglutinogen B agglutinin beta, the erythrocytes of the blood stick to each other, break down, the blood clots, and the erythrocytes cannot perform the function of carrying oxygen to the body, and the person is in danger of dying.
The ability of these substances to combine with each other is 4 different, and because of this, the blood of people was divided into 4 groups and called the ABO system:
* . People who do not have agglutinogens in their erythrocytes, but have both agglutinins ά and β in their plasma. 40% of such people belong to group I;
* . 39% of people with agglutinogen A in their blood erythrocytes and agglutinin β in their plasma belong to group II;
* . 15% of people with agglutinogen B in their erythrocytes and agglutinin ά in their plasma belong to the Х-group;
* . erythrocytes have agglutinogens A and B, 6% of people without agglutinins in their plasma belong to group IV.
The blood of the donor and the recipient is checked to ensure that these agglutinogens and agglutinins do not meet each other. In addition to the ABO system, it has been found that there are blood defense systems found in different groups of people. Among them, the substance called rhesus factor, which was first discovered in the blood of macaque-rhesus monkeys, is of great importance. 85% of people have this substance, and 15% do not. People with the Rhesus factor are called Rhesus positive (Rh+), and people without it are called Rhesus negative (Rh-). If an RҺ- person receives blood from an RҺ+ person, the recipient will develop antibodies against that factor. And if such blood is transfused for the second time, the special agglutinogens that have appeared before will stick erythrocytes together and cease to function, and a person's life will be in danger. Due to this Rhesus factor, when Rh+ father's factor is inherited to the fetus of Rh- pregnant women, antibodies against the fetal factor appear in the pregnant woman's blood and miscarriage occurs. Therefore, if this factor is not present in the blood of a pregnant woman, her husband's blood factor is checked, and if he is Rh+, he is given special treatment to prevent miscarriage. Therefore, it is necessary to check the ABO and Rh-factor of the recipient's blood for blood transfusion.
Some people are born with a blood clotting disorder. Such people can lose blood and die from minor injuries.
Blood coagulation is the tendency of the body to protect itself from bleeding.
## See again
* Blood buffer systems
* Circulatory system
* Bleeding
* Blood loss
* Blood coagulation
* Blood vessels
* Lymph
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2889 | Open Listing Project (ODP) | Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors.
List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed.
## External links
* Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016.
* Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project
* Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project
* Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project
* Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1703 | Ясы | ## The origin of the word Yasi
"The city of Yasi" by Imam al-Tabari (838-923) Tarikh ar-rusul wa-l mulk - "History of Prophets and Kings", by Al-Muqaddasi (946-1000 ) "Ahsan at-taqasim fi magrifat al-aqalim" - "Effective ways to know the climate", by Al-Istahri (850-934) "Al-Masalik wal-l mamalik" - "Roads and states", by Al-Bakri (?- 1094) "Al-Mugjam ma al-mustajjam" - "On punctuation marks of the incomprehensible", "Al-Ansab" - "Nasabname" by Al-Sam'ani (1113-1167), Yaqut al-Hamawi ar-Rumi (1179-1229) " Mugjam al-buldan" - "About countries (geographical dictionary)", by Ibn Said al-Maghribi (1214-1286) "Kitab al-jugrafia" - "Book about geography", by Ibn Fadl Allah Al-Umari (1301-1349) " Al-Masalik wal-l absar fi mamalik al-amsar" - "Description of the major roads of the states" in his works, if not simply mentioned, the meaning is not clearly indicated. Why the city is called that is not explained.
The medieval historian Ibn Taghriberdi (1411-1465) says that the word "Yasi" means "regulating, putting in order" in the ancient Turkic language. "This word spread especially when Mamluks ruled Egypt and Sham," he says. In another part of his book, he says, "Yasa is an ancient Mongolian word." However, the scientist did not reveal whether this Mongolian language is a separate language or a dialect of ancient Turkic languages.
According to another spiritual source, "Yasa" is not a city, but a winter farm. For example, the well-known Indian historian Abd al-Hayy ibn Fakhr al-Din al-Hasani al-Hindi (?-1922) wrote "Nuzhat al-Hawatir wa Bahjat al-Masamigh wa-n Nawazir" - "Mental walk and beauty of ears and eyes." In his work, talking about Maulana Abd Allah al-Kashmiri (?-1757), Ash-Sheikh mentions the name of his grandfather as Muhammad Fadl al-Yasawi, which means that he is a native of Yasylik. He writes, "He was from Yasy in the Turkestan region."
In addition to Turkestan, As-Suyuti also mentions Yasy. Many Arabic-language books praise Yasi, saying that "this holy city gave birth to famous people whose creativity enriched the spiritual heritage of Islam."
Above we quoted the opinion of the writers of the Muslim East. And now, as to the question of what domestic written data says about Yasi, one of the encyclopedias of our country says: "Yasi is the ancient name of the city of Turkestan. Kazakh archaeologists prove that the place of ancient Yasy corresponds to modern Kultobe. In the 7th-12th centuries, Turkestan was called Shaugar (in the Saka language it means Karatau). This region belonged to the Turkic Khaganate. 9th century was under the rule of the Karluks and Oghuzs. This region was visited by Al-Mamun, the ruler of Khorasan in 809-819. in the end, the Samani ruler Nasr launched a campaign of conquest. 12th century After the fall of Shaugar due to the attack of the Khitans in the 1st quarter, Yasi became the center of the region. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi became famous when he came and settled here.
The first data about Yasi date back to the 13th century, except for Muslim historians. It is also found in Kyrakos Gandzakentsi's work entitled "History of Armenia". There, the city of Yasi is named Asan. The name of the age is from the 14th century. often appears on the pages of historical works.
The age of Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi (15th century) is also encountered. This city developed in the Middle Ages according to the trend of Central Asian buildings: a castle, a city, a rabat were formed. 15th century In the 1st half, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi described Yasin as "a small settlement", and in the 16th century. Ruzbihan Isfaghani in "Mikhmannama-i Bukhara" - "Bukhara guest's writings": "The city of Yasi is a wide and fertile land, the center of the Turkestan region. Goods and expensive, valuable things are delivered to the city of Yasi, and their sale begins there. That is why it was a place where merchants unloaded their cargo and sent groups of travelers to different countries. [Turkistan. International encyclopedia. Almaty, 2000, page 590].
Abd al-Hayy al-Hasani al-Hindi mentions the names of a number of thinkers from Turkestan in this age. They are Abu-l Abbas Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Yasawi, Ash-Sheikh Shams al-Din Ahmed bin Abd al-Mumin al-Turkimani al-Banipati, Sheikh Mirza Kamil bin al-Sheikh Ahmed bin Malik Al-Yasawi Tashkandi, Sheikh Ahmed bin Mustafa ibn al-Muin ar-Rafiki al-Kashmiri, Ash-Sheikh Muhammad bin Mustafa bin al-Muin ar-Rafiki al-Kashmiri, Sheikh Tayyib bin Ahmed ar-Rafiki, Ash-Sheikh Maulana Abd Allah al-Kashmiri, Maulana Nur al -huda bin Abd Allah bin Muhammad Fadl al-Yasawi, Abd al-Wali al-Tarhani al-Kashmiri, Mufti Abd al-Mumin al-Kashmiri, Imam Zamini Turkestani.
## Origin of the word Yasi
"Tarikh ar-rusul wa-l mulk" - "History of Prophets and Kings" by Imam al-Tabari (838-923) of Yasi ", Al-Muqaddasi (946-1000) "Ahsan al-taqasim fi maghrifat al-aqalim" - "Effective ways to know the climate", Al-Istahri (850-934) "Al-Masalik wal-l mamalik" - "Roads and states", Al-Bakri (?-1094) "Al-Mughjam ma al-mustajjam" - "On punctuation marks of the incomprehensible", "Al-Ansab" - "Surname" by As-Sam'ani (1113-1167), Yaqut al-Khamawi al-Rumi (1179-1229) "Mughjam al-buldan" - "About countries (geographical dictionary)", Ibn Sa'id al-Maghribi (1214-1286) "Kitab al-jugrafia" - "Book about geography", Ibn Fadl Allah In Al-Umari's (1301-1349) works entitled "Al-Masalik wa-l absar fi mamalik al-amsar" - "Description of the major roads of the states", the meaning is not clearly indicated, if not simply mentioned. Why the city is called that is not explained.
The medieval historian Ibn Taghriberdi (1411-1465) says that the word "Yasi" means "regulating, putting in order" in the ancient Turkic language. "This word spread especially when Mamluks ruled Egypt and Sham," he says. In another part of his book, he says, "Yasa is an ancient Mongolian word." However, the scientist did not reveal whether this Mongolian language is a separate language or a dialect of ancient Turkic languages.
According to another spiritual source, "Yasa" is not a city, but a winter farm. For example, the well-known Indian historian Abd al-Hayy ibn Fakhr al-Din al-Hasani al-Hindi (?-1922) wrote "Nuzhat al-Hawatir wa Bahjat al-Masamigh wa-n Nawazir" - "Mental walk and beauty of ears and eyes." In his work, talking about Maulana Abd Allah al-Kashmiri (?-1757), Ash-Sheikh mentions the name of his grandfather as Muhammad Fadl al-Yasawi, which means that he is a native of Yasylik. He writes, "He was from Yasy in the Turkestan region."
In addition to Turkestan, As-Suyuti also mentions Yasy. Many Arabic-language books praise Yasi, saying that "this holy city gave birth to famous people whose creativity enriched the spiritual heritage of Islam."
Above we quoted the opinion of the writers of the Muslim East. And now, as to the question of what domestic written data says about Yasi, one of the encyclopedias of our country says: "Yasi is the ancient name of the city of Turkestan. Kazakh archaeologists prove that the place of ancient Yasy corresponds to modern Kultobe. In the 7th-12th centuries, Turkestan was called Shaugar (in the Saka language it means Karatau). This region belonged to the Turkic Khaganate. 9th century was under the rule of the Karluks and Oghuzs. This region was visited by Al-Mamun, the ruler of Khorasan in 809-819. in the end, the Samani ruler Nasr launched a campaign of conquest. 12th century After the fall of Shaugar due to the attack of the Khitans in the 1st quarter, Yasi became the center of the region. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi became famous when he came and settled here.
In addition to Muslim historians, the first data about Yasi date back to the 13th century. It is also found in Kyrakos Gandzakentsi's work entitled "History of Armenia". There, the city of Yasi is named Asan. The name of the age is from the 14th century. often appears on the pages of historical works.
The age of Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi (15th century) is also encountered. This city developed in the Middle Ages according to the trend of Central Asian buildings: a castle, a city, a rabat were formed. 15th century In the 1st half, Sharaf ad-Din Ali Yazdi described Yasin as "a small settlement", and in the 16th century. Ruzbihan Isfaghani in "Mikhmannama-i Bukhara" - "Bukhara guest's writings": "The city of Yasi is a wide and fertile land, the center of the Turkestan region. Goods and expensive, valuable things are delivered to the city of Yasi, and their sale begins there. That is why it was a place where merchants unloaded their cargo and sent groups of travelers to different countries. [Turkistan. International encyclopedia. Almaty, 2000, page 590].
Abd al-Hayy al-Hasani al-Hindi mentions the names of a number of thinkers from Turkestan in this age. They are Abu al-Abbas Ahmed bin Muhammad al-Yasawi, Shaykh Shams al-Din Ahmed bin Abd al-Mumin al-TurkĖmani al-Banipati, Shaykh Mirza Kamil bin al-Yakhan al-Malik Ahl Shaykh Mustapha ibn al-Muin al-Rafiqi al-Kashmiri, Ash-Shaykh Muhammad bin Mustafa bin al-Muin ar-Rafiqi al-Kashmiri, Shaykh Tayyib bin Al-Ahmed al-Abd al-Rafiqi, Every -huda bin 'Abd Allah bin Muhammad Fadl al-Yasawi, Abd al-Wali al-Tarkhani al-Kashmiri, Mufti Abd al-Mumin al-Kashmiri, Imam Zamini Turkestani. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5279 | Қаңлылар | The state of Kangli is known in Chinese records as Kanju, BC. 2nd century is said.
Kanlys have a special place among the major tribes that make up the Kazakh nation today. Neighboring countries used to call them "kankh" and sometimes called them "kan". The origin of this name is connected with the name of a common cart in the legends that have come down to us.
It is located along the Syrdarya and Talas rivers. They came from Central Asia with 600,000 people and 120,000 troops. The capital was the city of Bityan.
## History
B. h. b. As a result of historical events in the second half of the 2nd century, known as the "Great Migration of Peoples", new state associations were formed in Central Asia, including the states of Uysin, Yantsai, and Kanly. The latter played a significant role in the history of Kazakhstan.
In spite of the extensive historiography, the study of the people is still not satisfactory. The reason for this is the rather limited written data, moreover, the data are fragmentary and contradictory, which causes different interpretations of the problem. The territory of the state covered an immense area: South Kazakhstan, including the Tashkent Jizira and the ancient channels of the Syrdarya, Zhanadarya, and Kuangingiya basins, and the southwestern part of Zhetysu. At its most powerful, it was subject to five "small estates" such as Suse, Fumo, Yuini, Ji, Yujian, as well as Yangtsi. However, their location remains controversial. In the said region, archaeologists highlight three main cultures of that time - Kaunyshi, Otyrar-Karatau, and Zhetiasar cultures, which correspond to the Kanly culture. The study of these cultures, which was actively developed in the 70s and 80s, significantly complements the data on the nature of the material culture, economy, and crafts of the inhabitants of Kanly.
The characteristics of the Chinese historical chronicle data are as follows: only by looking at them, it is impossible to clearly determine the time of the emergence of this state, its exact borders, the location of the capital city of Bitian, the location of the five dependent estates, and many other things.
Location issues. The history of the location of the Kanly state and its possessions I. It begins with Bichurin, which indicated its location as the plains on the northern side of the Syrdarya River. In his commentary on the text of "Shizzy" in "The Story of Davan", he noted that "Kangyu's estate now occupies the steppes on the northern side of the Syrdarya River, where the Great River and the Middle River of Kazakhs pass." About the location of Kanli in "Schizhi" it is said: "Kanly is located approximately 2000 li to the northwest of Davan. It is a nomadic possession, usually resembling the Yuezhi, with an army of 20,000. Kangyu borders Dawan and, due to its lesser power, recognizes the rule of the Yuezhi in the south and the Huns in the east.
The Qian Hanshu, another chronicle of the Great Han Dynasty, in the chapter "describing the location" contains a section on the Kangli, which reads verbatim: "The ruler of the Kangli resides in the city of Bitian, 12,300 li from Wu'an, in the country of Luoyen. It does not depend on the governor. It takes seven days to reach Amirshi. The population consists of 120,000 people. The customs are the same as those of the Huns. By the middle of this century, there are mainly two views on the issues of their location: 1. The Kanlys occupied a vast land between two rivers from the Tashkent Jazira to Khorezm; 2. Opinions were formed that the Kanly estate was concentrated in the valley from the mouth of the Syrdarya River to Tashkent, and its indigenous lands were located from the middle course of the Sarysu River to Ulytau, on that river and the Shu River.
## Political history
In various early written sources, the name of the country of Kanly is p. h. b. Although known since the 14th century, in Central Asia h. b. The authors of antiquity, who are well aware of the events of the end of the IV century, do not dwell on the khanals. In the region along the Syrdarya River, "House of Blood" b. h. b. It can be assumed that ΙΙΙ, in fact, was raised in II century. This was due to the strengthening of the dominance of nomads in that period. If p. h. b. In the second half of the 2nd century, Zhang Qian said that Kangli lands depended on the Yueji in the south and the Huns in the north, but in the 1st century AD, the situation here changed. If Zhang Qian reported that the Yuezhi army was 100-200 thousand, and the Kangli army was 90 thousand, now Tsang-Han-Shu says that the Kangli army was 120 thousand, and the Yuezhi army was 100 thousand14. It should be noted that the shift to Bactria, settlement of the land, was divided into five separate estates, which did not lead to their weakening compared to the Kanly, and the opportunity for expansion to the south and west opened up for the Kanly. At that time (the end of the 2nd century - the beginning of the 1st century BC), the above-mentioned five dependent estates of the Kanlys probably appeared, and they subjugated Yantsai (the union of the Sarmatian tribes in the Aral-Caspian region), Yan (the Sarmatian tribes in the Ural region). . The rulers of China behaved independently and even boldly, see p. h. b. At the end of the 1st century, the Han viceroy of the Western Region reported to the emperor: ".. .Kanlyga, on the other hand (compared to Yusin), is prouder, bolder and does not bow before our ambassadors." There, the officials sent by the namestnik are placed lower than the ambassadors of the houses. Food is served first to their princes and elders, and then to the ambassadors of the namestnik..."15. Early on, during the Ferghana-China war, only the intervention of the Khans saved the Ferghana people from the destruction of their capital and helped the Ferghana people to make an effective peace16. Later, p. h. b. In the years 47-46, the ruler of the Kanglians supported Zhi Zhi, the Northern Hun Shanyu, in his struggle against the Han dynasty, and the ally of the Han Dynasty was the powerful China17. Before that, the power of the Huns was divided into northern and southern Huns. Shanyu Huhanye, the leader of the Southern Huns, who probably represented the interests of the majority of clan nobles and ordinary community members, surrendered to China and signed a treaty of peace and friendship with it. Shanyu Zhi Zhi, the ruler of the Northern Huns, unsuccessfully attempted to subjugate the Southern Huns and was forced out of his native Hun territories after breaking ties with the imperial court. He conquered Uge, Gyangun, and Dinglin, but he could not resist the powerful, moreover, Chinese-backed dynasties. In turn, the houses b. h. b. In the middle of the 1st century, pressure was exerted on the eastern border of the Khanty. At that time, the Kanglians decided to form an alliance with a force that could oppose both the Uysin and China. Such a force was Zhi Zhi, the Shanyu of the Northern Huns. To Zhi Zhi, the ruler of Kangyu sends his daughter, allocates land from the eastern borders of his possessions, gives part of his army under his command. Although Zhi Zhi made a series of successful invasions of the Yuxin's land, this army could not defeat the Yuxin once and for all. Zhi Zhi could not objectively fulfill the conditions of Kanlyi (security of the eastern border of the state), and on this basis a conflict broke out. Zhi Zhi's apparent reluctance to follow the customs of the people made him angry. He killed the daughter of the ruler of Kangli, as well as "his famous people and hundreds of ordinary people or threw them into the river Dulai (Talas)". According to written sources, up to 500 people worked daily to build the city. Shanyu received the money for the construction as a tribute from the rulers of Ferghana and Parthia, and he probably invited builders-masters from there. The city, which was built in two years, was firmly fortified, it was surrounded by two ramparts, the outer one was wooden, and the inner one was earthen with towers. Inside, there were buildings and a castle, where the Shanyu and his immediate neighbors lived. The rise of Zhi Zhi and his continued incursions into the Chinese empire greatly disturbed the Chinese Empire. The diplomatic neutralization of Zhi Zhi failed, and the Chinese began to prepare for war. Chinese officials have preserved the following records about the case: "The western region belonged to the Xiongnu, and now the famous name of Zhi Zhi Shanyu is known far and wide. He is displacing Yuxin and Dayuan through invasion and is determined to conquer Kangli. If he invades these states, in a few years all the settled countries will be threatened. In addition, his soldiers are fast and brave, they fight well and have won many times. In the meantime, while waiting for the cattle (which must come and go to feed the army), the Western Lands will inevitably be in danger. Although their location was far from China, the thrones had no fortified cities for their own defense. If the army is raised from the military settlements, forces the people and troops of N to go on the offensive, and leads them to the walls of the cities of Zhi Zhi, if he does not want to flee, he will not find shelter, and if he wants to defend his home, he will not be able to defend himself. Then the case that started a thousand times will be heard in one day." 19. Soon the Chinese army went on a campaign. He traveled along the Great Silk Road in two directions. Three detachments passed through Kashgar, Ferghana, through the Shanash and Karabura passes on the Shatkal ridge, on the southern route, three detachments on the northern route - from East Turkestan, through the Bedel pass in the Issykkol pot hole, where the Uysin's Chiguchen Horde is located, and then headed to Talas through the Shu valley. The troops joined near the fortress of Zhi Zhi city. Shanyu himself was prepared for the siege, he deployed his troops along the walls, and on either side of the city gates he placed a detachment of foot soldiers in an unusual "fish-scale" formation.
## Archeological monuments
Sasanian embossed precious stones found in Kanly oba in Konyrtobe (IV-V centuries BC): 1 - carnelian, 2-4 - chalcedony. Archaeologists have found settlements and cemeteries in the areas inhabited by the Kanlians. These monuments were attributed to Kaunysh, Otyrar-Karatau, and Zhetiasar archaeological cultures. The first is distributed in the Tashkent basin, the second - in the areas from the slopes of Karatau to Talas in the middle course of the Syrdarya, and the third - in the valleys of Kuangniya and Zhanadaria. A single cultural and economic region from the mouth of the Syrdarya to Fergana is defined when giving a comparative description of the regions of Central Asia in the Kanly era. The region was characterized by a sedentary agricultural-pastoral economy, basic architecture and defensive phenomena, small fortified settlements as the leading model of settlement, poor development of handicrafts, limited money circulation and other features. is found. It is located on the left bank of Syrdarya. The city is surrounded by a wall on three sides, and a moat dug from the Syrdarya side. A 20-meter-high round hill located in the center of the city (Shoki, Oba) looks special. Excavations were carried out in the area of the hill and in other parts of Aktobe 2.
The Palace House was completely stripped from one of the excavations. It turned out to be rectangular, 28x18.5 m in size. The palace consisted of five square buildings, an entrance complex and two corridors that wrapped around the building from west to east. In its center there is a square hall (3.6x3.6 m), which is connected to all other spaces by rope ways. At one time it was covered with a flat roof. The height of the walls of the hall currently reaches 6 meters. There is a well in the middle of the hall floor. The house was built in the north-west corner and was heated by a chimney-type hearth. The rooms around the hall are curved, and one of them is covered with a dome, this dome is one of the earliest covered domes in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. There is a ladder in one of the rooms, which leads to the roof of the house. The entire structure of the palace - walls, pillars, back ways - is made of rectangular, oblong and square, raw bricks. During the excavations, a rich set of ceramics was collected: bowls, handles, pans, sand jars, jugs with taps, which are similar to the materials of the monuments of the first half of our era. In addition to ceramic products, we found bull heads, three-pointed arrowheads, gold earrings, single-edged knives, bone awls, a bronze ring, a gold staple with a red glass eye, which belong to the 1st - 4th centuries of our era.
## Kaunshi culture
Kaunshi and Otyrar-Karatau culture, which archeologists call large monuments.
Burial. There are large cemeteries near the settlements of the Kanlyi period. They have different burial structures in different regions. The most characteristic of the Kanly people is to dig (two types), make lakat and bury them in simple pits, then pile up an oba on top of it and build it in a river. As in other cemeteries belonging to the Otyrar-Karatau and Zhetiasar cultures at that time, the dead were buried with their clothes and personal belongings. Ceramic vessels filled with food and water were placed together in the graves. In men's graves, weapons (swords, daggers, arrowheads, bows made of bones) were found, and in women's graves, mostly jewelry: beads, mirrors, earrings, remains sewn on clothes. The analysis based on the comparison of the materials taken from the burial equipment provides a reason to establish the date of the grave as the first half of the 1st millennium AD. Kok-Mardan, Kyrkesken, Mardan cemeteries were studied in the Otyrar Valley and nearby areas. Here, too, it was revealed that there are various burial structures. A very valuable material was obtained during the study of a cemetery near Mardankuyik (Konyrtobe). The city itself appeared in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. There is a large cemetery on its eastern side. Excavation was carried out on an oval roof whose roof had been trampled and collapsed. Its height reaches 2.5 meters, its size is 35x45 m. It was found that there are graves at a depth of 0.4 to 1.5 meters from the top of the hill. Basically, the corpse was buried in rectangular pits. Raw bricks were laid at the bottom of the pit, and the gutters were also covered with raw bricks. About a hundred graves were cleaned. Among them, in 12 cases burials in ceramic vessels were found. Basically, these are children, teenagers. And adults were buried at the bottom of the pit, with their clothes, personal accessories (decorative items, weapons), placed food and water in ceramic vessels (jugs, mugs). The analysis of burial rites and accompanying tools makes it possible to assign the main part of the exhumed graves of the Konyrtobe burial ground to the last period of the culture of the sedentary Kanly tribes and to determine its date as the III-V centuries of our era.
## Zhetiasar
There are cemeteries with thousands of burial structures around every town in Zhetiasar. They are of two main types: buried in the ground and buried in the ground. Most of them are pits dug from the ground under the plague. It is clear that a small pit was dug around the plague. Burial pits are usually oriented longitudinally from north to south. The corpse of a dead person is wrapped lengthwise on a mat woven from reeds and placed at the bottom of a pit or in a lakat. 2-3 ceramic dishes are placed next to it. The men's graves usually yielded knives, swords, and elaborate bows and arrows with bone shafts. Bronze mirrors, scales, earrings, beads, bracelets are often found in women's graves. The second group of graves in Jetiasar are brick segneas. A sloping corridor-dromos leads to the burial chamber, which is also covered in the form of a dome. Inside the rectangular chamber (on average 3.5x2 m) there are sakis along two or three walls. The dead body was wrapped in silk or felt and placed in a coffin. Around him are placed the things he needs, a ceramic bowl filled with food and water. The types of segneas on the surface are similar to the underground ones, but they are built on low plinths-stylobates made of burnt pieces, and they are probably covered with piles. The analysis of the materials found in the graves gives reason to conclude that the graves excavated from the ground existed throughout the Zhetiasar culture, and the appearance of segneas belongs to a more recent period - the II-IV centuries of our era.
In this regard, there are no significant ethnic-cultural, anthropological differences between the graves dug from the ground and those buried in the graves.
The first of these is in the territory of Tashkent, and the second is in the middle course of the Syr and from Karatau to Talas. The settlement of Aktobe, belonging to the Kaunshi culture, was studied more. The found monument - the palace consists of five houses built in the shape of a cross, two corridors.
Monument belonging to Otyrar-Karatau culture - Otyrar region. Excavated houses had one room, the second room was a storeroom. A rectangular hearth is made in the middle.
## Farming, profession
Some of the Kanly people were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. The next part was settled agriculture. Chinese records indicate that they raised horses, camels, mules, donkeys, and cows. One of their main livestock was sheep.
Gold, precious stones, aromatic teas, carpets, and expensive furs were sold from the lands of the Kanly people. Hoes, hoes, plowshares, containers for storing grain, harrows and kambas, used in farming by the Kanly people, were found in abundance.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6679 | Casting white | White casting (ritual, rite). "A snake that enters the house is thrown white" (proverb). Our people don't spill whites on the ground, they don't step on them. And sometimes there are superstitions that pour white on that place. For example, when there is a big fire, it will spray white in front of it. Similarly, when a snake enters the house, pour white (milk or kefir) on its head, take it out of the house and kill it. Such a habit must have come from the fact that people first treat friends and enemies who come to their village or home with respect.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4943 | Medal for meritorious service | Medal "For Eren's work" is a state award of the Republic of Kazakhstan established on the basis of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 12, 1995 No. 2676 "On State Awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan".
## Regulations on the medal
The medal is awarded to citizens for labor achievements in the economy, social sphere, science, culture and public service. The inscription "For Merit" is embossed inside the round medal, highlighted with Kazakh carving and the image of an oak leaf.
The medal was produced at the Kazakhstan Mint in Ust-Kamenogorsk.
## Gallery
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## See more
* State awards of Kazakhstan
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7494 | Taiyr Aimukhameduly Mansurov | Taiyr Aimukhameduly Mansurov (January 1, 1948, Sarkand, Taldykorgan region) is the General Secretary of the Eurasian Economic Community, former mayor of North Kazakhstan region, ambassador.
## Brief biography
Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary Diplomat. degree, International Academy of Engineering, Eurasian Academy of International Economics. In 1971, he graduated from the Polytechnic Institute of the Republic of Kazakhstan (KazNTU), in 1978 from the Higher Party School in Almaty. He started his career as an engineer in the construction institutions of Almaty. From 1973 to 1979, he was the secretary of the Komsomol Committee of Almaty city and Almaty region, from 1979 to 1987, he was the deputy head of the construction department of the Almaty regional party commissariat, then the 1st secretary of the Lenin district party commissariat, from 1988 to 1991, he was the instructor of the construction department at the Central Committee of the CPSU, Karaganda. 2nd secretary of the regional party commissariat, head of the sector of the economic department of the Central Committee of the CPSU, member of the Supreme Council of the USSR in 1990-94, deputy of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Kazakhstan, coordinator of the inter-parliamentary commission of Kazakhstan and Russia, in 1991-93 the president of the "Kazakhstan" development fund in Moscow, In 1994 - 2002, the extraordinary and plenipotentiary ambassador of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation (in 1996 - 2002, he also served as the ambassador of Kazakhstan to the Republic of Finland), in 2002 - 03, the ambassador of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan on special assignments, and the adviser to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, in 2003 - 07, North Kazakhstan served as akim of the region. From October 6, 2007, the general secretary of the EurAsEC. Tair Aimukhametuly Mansurov "[[Kurmet]]" (1996), 2nd degree "Dostyk" (2001), "Druzhba" (RF, 2002), "Svyataya knyazya Daniila Moskovskogo" ( Russian Federation, 2002) awarded with orders, orders, and many medals. He is the author of several monographs and scientific, literary and artistic books about the diplomat and public figure Nazir Torekulov.
Graduated from Kazakh Polytechnic Institute, Higher Party School in Moscow, doctor of political sciences. He has the diplomatic rank of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary.
After graduating from the institute, he worked in his specialty, became an engineer, chief engineer in the construction department of "Almatycentrostroy".
held executive positions in state administration bodies of Almaty, Karaganda, Moscow.
Appointed to the positions of Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation, Ambassador on Special Assignments of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs.
Recently, he worked as an adviser to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
2003 Akim of the North Kazakhstan region since December.
2007 since October 8, he has been appointed as the General Secretary of the Eurasian Economic Community.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1650 | Akmola region | Akmola region is an administrative-territorial unit located in the north of Kazakhstan. Founded in 1939, in 1961-1992 it was called Tselinograd region.
The land area is 146.2 thousand km². The population is 738,611 people, with an average density of 5.05 people per 1 km² (2018). It borders North Kazakhstan in the north, Pavlodar in the east, Karaganda in the south, and Kostanay in the west. It is divided into 14 rural and 2 urban administrative districts. There are 10 cities, 13 villages, 245 rural administrative districts. The administrative center is the city of Kokshetau. Akmola region is located in the north-western part of Saryarka, in the steppe belt of the upper reaches of the Yesil river. Most of its land is a low-lying, small-hilled plain with an absolute height of no more than 400 m. In the north are the ranges of the Kokshetau plateau (Sandyktau, Dombyraly, etc. low mountains). The western, central and eastern parts of the region are occupied by Esil, Atbasar and Sileti plains. In the south-west there is the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn depression. In the western part of the region, the eastern edge of the Torgai plateau extends to the Yesil river. The right bank of the Esil River is bordered by Atbasar, and the left bank by the Tengiz plains. The forested and picturesque Ereymentau region is located in the southeast. Its main part consists of a chain of rocky ridges (100-500 m). The geological structure of the land was formed during the Caledonian and Hercynian folds. At the end of the Paleozoic era, the period of continental formation began. The highlands formed as a result of long-term flattening gradually turned into plateaus during the Mesozoic era. The territory of the region is mainly formed from Paleozoic metamorphosed shales, quartzites, sandstones, albitophyrites, limestones, conglomerates. Along with them, intrusive (granite, diorite, gabbro, etc.) and effusive rocks are widespread. Ancient rocks are covered by thick layers of yellowish sediments of the Neogene and Quaternary ages.
## Mineral resources
Mineral resources include gold, uranium, bauxite, antimony, copper, molybdenum, cobalt, coal, kaolin clay, quartz sand, construction materials, etc. is produced.
## Climate
The climate is too continental, the winter is long (lasting 5.5 months) and the summer is moderately hot. The average temperature in January is -16 - 18°С, in July - 19 - 21°С. Permanent snow cover is formed in the middle of November and lasts 130-140 days in the south and 150-155 days in the north. The average snow thickness is 20-22 cm. The annual average amount of precipitation in the north is 400 mm, in the south it is 250 mm. Dark brown, brown, light brown soil belts alternate from north to south in the region. Most of them are torn.
## Rivers and lakes
Large rivers Esil, its tributaries - Kalkutan, Zhabai, Terisakgan, Nura, Sileti, Ulenti, Kulanotpes, etc. There are many lakes in the region, 94 of them are fresh. Large freshwater lakes Korgalzhyn, Kozhakol, Sholakshalkar, Balikkol, Uyalyshalkar, etc. There are large salt lakes Tengiz, Kerei, Itemgen, Kypchak, Mamai, Bolshoi Saryoba and Astana and Sileti Dam. In addition to them, 37 ponds were built for irrigation, the total water is a lake. The total area is 180.6 million m3. 70 - 74 million m3 of Irtysh water will be supplied through the Nura River in order to supplement the Korkalzhyn lake system with water and improve the water supply to Astana's industry.
## Flora and fauna
There are 73 genera and more than 800 species of plants. Mainly sedge, sedge, fescue, field alfalfa, horsetail, yarrow, sedge, carrot, wormwood, etc. On river floodplains and lake shores, there are meadows of cereals and various grasses, pines, birches, aspens, and various shrubs grow on small hills. According to the nature of the region, there are 55 species of mammals, 80 species of birds, 8 species of reptiles, 3 species of amphibians, and 30 species of fish. In the forests in the north of the region, moose, Siberian roe deer, lynx, white hare, squirrel, European hedgehog, forest birds (black grouse, woodpecker, woodpecker, etc.), birds of prey (black hawk, bald eagle, vulture, red-tailed hawk, red-tailed hawk). ), healthy, alakarga, jaukara, etc. occurs. From water birds, flamingos, geese, ducks, etc., from reptiles, yellow-bellied snakes, striped snakes, gray snakes, jumping lizards, etc. lives. In its waters, bream, bream, roach, perch, roach, pike, and bream grow. There are Korgalzhyn, Ereymentau, Atbasar state reserves. 4.9% of the population of the republic lives in the region. Northern and central areas are densely populated.
## Cities and industry
Cities - Astana, Stepnogorsk, Atbasar, Makinsk, Akkol, Esil, Ereymentau, Shchuchinsk, Kokshetau. The industry of the region consists of manufacturing and processing industries. Specialized in making agricultural machinery, grain production, dairy and beef cattle breeding. Agricultural land is 12,501.1 thousand ha, of which 4806.1 thousand ha is arable, 287.8 thousand ha is meadow, 72.2 thousand ha is pasture (2006). The forest covers 224.3 thousand hectares. The length of the railway in the region is 1531 km. Petropavl - Astana - Karaganda, Karaganda - Astana - Pavlodar railways, Kokshetau - Astana - Karaganda, Kostanay - Astana - Pavlodar, Astana - Almaty highways pass through the territory of the region.
## Population
Population of Akmola Oblast
## Administrative division
Akmola Oblast is a Kazakh lowland in the north of the central part of the Republic of Kazakhstan It is located between Beldi-Betegeili field (Saryarka) and Teniz plain. It was established on October 14, 1939. It borders Kostanay in the west, North Kazakhstan in the north, Pavlodar in the east, and Karaganda in the south. Its size is 146.2 thousand square km. The population of the region is 739,042 thousand people (data until 01.07.2006). The northern part of the territory of the region is the Kokshetau ridge with the mountains of Kokshetau (Kokshe mountain - 947 m), Zhakshizhalgytau (730 m), Zhylandy (665 m), Zerendy (587 m). the middle points are occupied. The southern part of the region is a rugged, ridged plain with an average height of 300-400 meters. Sandyktau and Dombyraly mountains are located in the central part, and it continues with the Tengiz-Korgalzhyn valley in the southwest. The climate of Akmola region is continental, summers are hot and dry, and winters are harsh.
## Investment attractiveness
### Developed transport and transit potential
Kokshetau International Airport, six-lane 205-kilometer Nursultan-Shchuchinsk highway on the territory of the region there is Funding for improving the condition of local highways is increasing every year. The region has a developed railway network. 4 branches of railways pass through the city of Kokshetau. In the region, the highest density of railways in the republic is 10.66 km per 1000 square km (the average for the Republic of Kazakhstan is 5.53).
### Access to transmission markets
In the territory of the region, the capital of the state is Astana. is located. The region borders with 4 regions - Kostanay, North Kazakhstan, Pavlodar and Karaganda regions. Nearby regions of the Russian Federation: Ombi, Novosibirsk, Korgan, Chelyabinsk, Tumen, Sverdlov regions, which can be reached within a day by car.
### Rich natural resources
The region is rich in minerals and occupies one of the leading positions in the mineral and raw material complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The region has a unique gold reserve in terms of its composition and size (Akkol, Astrakhan, Birzhan Sal, Burabay, Bulandy, Zerendi, Shortandi districts and Stepnogorsk city), uranium (Akkol, Birzhan Sal, Zerendi Sandyktau districts), molybdenum (Birzhan Sal, Ereymentau, Sandiktau districts), technical diamond, kaolin, muscovite and dolomite (Zerendy district), iron ore (Akkol, Birzhan Sal, Zharkayin districts), hard coal (Ereymentau, Akkol districts). minerals, mineral waters are concentrated. The total land reserve is 14.6 mln. ha, including agricultural land - 10.8 mln. ha: arable land - 6 mln. ha, pasture - 4.4 million. ha. Forest reserve - 522.7 thousand ha, water reserve - 201.2 thousand ha.
### Agriculture
More than 25% of grain, 7% of milk, 8% of meat and 16% of eggs produced in the republic come to Akmola region. The share of the region in the production of the total agricultural product of the country is about 10%. Akmola region in the republic - the largest grain harvest trial in the country - 4.8 million. ha, including grain and grain-legume crops - 4.4 million. ha. The average annual production of grain is 5.0 million tons, the average annual export of grain is 2 million tons. tons, the share of crop production in the last 3 years was 70% on average. All regions of the region have opportunities for the development of animal husbandry. Arshaly, Atbasar, Burabay, Zerendy, Ereymentau and Tselinograd districts are the most promising for attracting investments.
### Industry
In the industrial sector, the region specializes in the production of gold-bearing ores, uranium, engineering, chemical industry. 100% of the country's railway bearings, 36.3% of trucks, 30.2% of unprocessed gold, processed milk are produced in Akmola region. 12.1% and 9% of flour. In the structure of industrial production, processing industry takes the main share - 80.4%, where products worth 533.1 billion tenge were produced. The processing industry of the region includes the production of food products, light and chemical industries, the production of rubber and plastic products, the production of other non-metallic mineral products, non-ferrous metallurgy and machine building. Gold mining factories of JSC Kokshetau, JSC "Kazakhaltyn TKMK", LLP "Kazakhaltyn Technology", LLP "Agrofirma TNK" agricultural products production and processing company, JSC "EPK-Stepnogorsk" bearing factory.
### Tourism
Akmola region is one of the five leaders of the tourist region of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The tourist cluster of the region includes more than 700 enterprises in the field of tourism (407 accommodation facilities, 45 sanatorium-resort institutions, 178 roadside service entities, 68 travel agencies with a license to carry out tourist activities, "Kokshetau", "Burabay", "Buyratau" State National Natural Park, Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve, "Burabay Development" LLP. The cultural and historical segment of the cluster It consists of 900 monuments, most of them are protected by the state and are used in the provision of excursion programs. There are about 80 tourist routes that are successfully implemented by tour operators and included in the state register of tourist routes. Among them, tour operators developed tourist routes on historical and sacred places of Kokshetau, Burabay, Zerendi, Korgalzhyn and Ereymentau districts and Birzhan Sal district of Akmola region. Among them are 8 approved holy places. Tourist flow is 813 thousand visitors per year.
### Alternative energy
Akmola region, based on the world trend, is conducting planned work on increasing the number of renewable energy sources. The average annual wind speed is more than 6 m/s, which makes them energy makes it attractive for development. Arshaly and Ereymentau districts are promising areas for the development of wind energy. Despite the fact that Akmola region is located in the northern part of the country, the potential of solar radiation in the region is significant. In addition, solar energy can be used not only for the production of electricity, but also for heat, which allows the possibility of point introduction of solar installations, including in areas far from central electrical and heating equipment. must. In particular, electricity can be obtained due to the recycling of agricultural production waste.
## Religion
As of January 1, 2020, according to official data, 191 registered religious associations work in Akmola region:- 90 Islam- 45 Orthodox- 11 Catholic- 43 Protestant- 1 Bahá'í.- 1 Society of Krishna Consciousness of Akmola region. In addition, it was officially reported that 10 unregistered Evangelical Christian-Baptist religious associations were working in the region.
## Tourism
Recreation and tourism industry is one of the main sectors of the economy. The tourist cluster of the region includes more than 700 enterprises in the field of tourism (375 accommodation facilities, 45 sanatorium-resort institutions, 266 roadside service entities, 68 travel agencies with a license to provide tourist services, 3 state national natural parks - "Kokshetau", " Burabay", "Buyratau", Korgalzhyn State Nature Reserve, "Burabay Development" LLP). The cultural-historical segment of the cluster consists of 900 monuments, most of which are used for the protection of the state and providing excursion programs. The state register of tourist routes that are successfully implemented by tour operators in the region About 80 introduced tourist destinations are working. Among them, 10 tour operators develop and use tourist routes in Kokshetau, Burabay, Zerendi, Korgalzhyn and Ereymentau districts and historical and sacred places of Birzhan sal district of Akmola region. Among them, there are 8 routes approved for special places. According to statistical data, the number of places of accommodation in the first quarter of 2019 was 375 units, the total capacity of the Fund is 5159 rooms, the one-time capacity is 13327 beds. Places of accommodation provided services worth 1108.1 million tenge, which is 9.4% more than the corresponding period of last year. The number of visitors served at the accommodation was 67,950 people (statistical information for the first half of 2019 has not yet been established). In 2018, the "ZERENDA PARK" hotel received the "3-star" category. Hotel "Rixos Borovoe" operates under a franchise within the framework of international standards and has a "5-star" category. 7 accommodation facilities ("Ok-Zhetpes" ESK resort, "Park House Kokshetau" hotel, "Almaz" resort, "Green Which Hotels" " hotel, "Altyn Kun" hotel, "Zeleny Bor" spa, "HOTEL INSAR" hotel) renewed their certificates for 2018. There are 9 certified accommodations in the region. As part of the digitalization process, a 3-language www.visitaqmola.kz internet - the resource works, it includes the mobile application "Visit Aqmola", its functionality includes scanning the QR-code of popular places of the region. This site is synchronized with electronic information kiosks (Tourist information kiosks are located in Astana — at Nursultan Nazarbayev International Airport, in Burabay village — at the base of Burabay Damu LLP visit center, in Astana at Nurly Zhol railway station). The official tourist card "Burabay PASS" (road map, smart card and Beeline SIM card) was put on sale. A.j. More than 600 sales were registered.
## Sports
There are 2,408 sports buildings in Akmola region, including 1,690 in rural areas. Compared to last year, the number of sports buildings has increased by 53 units. 2108 civil servants work in rural districts, including 1177 people in villages. Among them there are 1117 teachers of general education schools, 160 teachers of higher and secondary educational institutions, 414 trainers. 172 sports instructors work in enterprises and rural districts, including 160 people in rural areas 68 of is 7%.
## Culture
694 cultural objects of all types of ownership are operating in Akmola region, 663 of them are state-owned, 31 are other-owned objects:-276 clubs (including 256 state and 20 private);-378 libraries (including 370 state and 8 departmental ones); - 11 museums; - 2 theaters; - 21 state archives; - regional philharmonic; - center for the protection and use of historical and cultural heritage; - regional folk creative and cultural recreation center; - 3 private cinema. There are 2,513 club structures in the region. 81 people with the title "People's" and 18 people with the title "Exemplary" in the region. 99 teams work: choreography — 31; chorus — 18; folklore — 18; vocal groups — 14; amateur theaters — 4; family ensembles, circus studios, Russian folk instrument ensembles, song and dance ensembles, Kazakh folk instrument ensembles — from 2, VIA, photo studio, Russian folk instrument orchestra, poetic studio — from 1.
## Health care
568 health care organizations provide medical care to the population: 23 (4%) hospital organizations, emergency medical centers, blood centers, 537 outpatient clinics organization (94.5%): (3 city clinics, 1 primary care center, 2 district clinics, 1 AIDS center, 100 medical clinics (DA), 44 paramedic-midwifery centers (FAP), 386 medical centers (MP)).Other and medical organizations — 6 (1.6%).
## Internal policy
### Akimat
Akmola regional akimat — Akim's office of Akmola region manages and controls the activities of the city akimat and akim, organizational , provides legal, informational analysis, consulting and material and technical support.
### Maslikhaty
Akmola regional maslikhaty is a local unicameral legislative body of Akmola region, established in 1993. From 2021, all members of the maslikhat are elected by the proportional representation of the people of the region according to the party list, and are responsible for deciding the necessary steps and monitoring their implementation in accordance with Kazakhstan legislation.
## Development of languages
According to the plan, the share of adult residents of the region who have mastered the state language is 70% in 2017, 74% in 2018, and 76% in 2019. According to the plan, the share of adult residents is 83.6% in 2018, and 84.3% in 2020. The share of English-speaking residents in the region is planned to be 8% in 2018, and 9% in 2019. Three languages in the region (state, Russian and English) ) is planned to be 5% in 2018 and 5.5% in 2019. According to the plan, the share of ethnic groups covered by Kazakh and native language courses at ethno-cultural associations is 26% in 2018 and 27% in 2019. Today in the region There are 614 preschool institutions. total of 37,675 children study in them, 23,835 of them (63.3%) are educated in the Kazakh language. This year, there are 560 secondary schools in the region, including 159 Kazakh schools, 217 mixed schools, and 184 Russian schools. The total number of students is 121521, 58393 of them, i.e. 48%, study in Kazakh classes. The dynamics of the number of children studying in Kazakh classes in the last three years: in 2015 — 47%, in 2016 — 47.6%, in 2017-2018 — 48%. Now there are 33 colleges in the region (Kazakh language — 2, mixed language — 26, Russian language — 5). 6,232 of 21,351 students study in them, that is, 29.1% receive education in the Kazakh language. Currently, 20 centers are working in the region (17 district, 2 city and regional centers). In all of them, the state language is taught, and in 18 of them, along with Kazakh, English is taught. In the 2017-2018 academic year, the number of students studying the state and English languages is 5,320, including 4,761 students studying the state language.
## Youth policy
The youth population in the region consists of 148,996 people, which is 20.2% of the total population of the region. "Kazakhstan 2020: the way to the future" of the state youth policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan Within the framework of the implementation of the concept until 2020, youth resource centers (17 centers) are working in the cities and districts of the region, in these centers, everyone can receive psychological, legal, methodological help free of charge, and assistance in finding a job is provided. According to the Statistics Committee, the level of youth unemployment in the 4th quarter of 2019 was 3.1%, which is 0.8% lower than the national level. As of January 1, 2019, the share of NEET youth (not studying, not working, and not improving their qualifications) was 5.9%. , which is 1.1% lower than the national level. Within the framework of the implementation of the state program "Labor" for the years 2017-2021 for the development of effective employment and mass entrepreneurship. At the beginning, there were 2,059 youth representative participants, including 2,784 people from rural areas. 82 people were sent to social workplaces, and 179 people were sent to youth work experience. In general, at the beginning, 1251 people were employed by the employment agencies. In order to provide employment to the population, to create conditions for the integration of personnel potential in rural areas, the "Diploma to the village" program is being implemented in the region. As of May 1, 2019, 211 people received wholesale benefits in the amount of 372.9 million tenge, including along professions: education — 169 people; healthcare — 25 people; social security — 1; culture — 2; sports — 7; agro-industrial complex — 7 people. Budget loans in the amount of 374.5 million tenge were received by 502 people, including by specialists: education — 72 people, healthcare — 21, culture — 5, agro-industrial complex — 4 people. In the region with akims (regional, district and city) there are 20 councils on the implementation of the State Youth Policy (1 regional, 19 district and city). There are 24 youth associations working in the region. In order to support youth organizations, involve them in social programs and projects, funds are considered every year by the Department of Youth Policy Issues for the implementation of the state social order. In the region, a named apprentice of the regional governor was appointed to support young people in socially unprotected categories and to encourage them to get quality vocational education. In the 2018-2019 academic year, the number of named apprentices reached 275 people. In 2019-20, 102.0 million tenge was allocated from the regional budget for the appointment of the named apprentice. Committees on youth affairs work in 3 of the 4 higher educational institutions of the region, 38 organizations of vocational training and vocational training and 3 large enterprises of the region.
## Agriculture
In 2020, summer sowing is 4.9 mln. ha is planned for the area, including grain and leguminous crops - 4.4 million ha. It is planned to plant 254.0 thousand ha of oilseed crops, 16.1 thousand ha - potatoes, and 3.4 thousand ha of vegetables. Livestock It is planned to place the summer sowing of food crops on an area of 181,000 ha. More than 16,100 units of seed drills and 1222 units of high-productivity sowing complexes will participate in the sowing campaign of 2020. They plan to sow 65% of the grain field this year, which is a moisture conservation. 3.3 million acreage according to technologies. According to statistical data, as of August 1, 2019, the total number of livestock in all categories of regional farms is 466.4 thousand (104.5% compared to the corresponding period of 2018), including 219.9 thousand cows. (106.5%). The number of horses was 204.3 thousand (108.9%), poultry - 8094.0 thousand (122.8%). Sheep and goats were 589.8 thousand (101.1%). ), pigs made up 111.0 thousand heads (94.1%).
## Education
### Preschool education and training
As of January 1, 2020, there are 614 preschool educational organizations in Akmola region, including 240 kindergartens and 374 small pre-school centers that include 37,955 children.
### General secondary education
There are 579 schools in the region, including 560 state day general education schools, 10 evening, 5 special corrections, 2 non-departmental, 1 non-state, 1 Nazarbayev Intellectual School. The contingent is 124,228 children.
### Technical and professional, post-secondary education
33 institutions with a total contingent of 21600 people make up the network of VET organizations of the region. Among 33 colleges: 26 — State and 7 — private property. Training is carried out in 94 professions (specialties) and 139 qualifications, such as agriculture and forestry, construction and public utilities, pedagogy, medicine, mining, service industry, art and culture, energy, engineering technology, vehicle operation. Training of specialists for industrial and innovative development projects of the regions of the region is a priority.
## Sources
## External links
* Akmola region Archived March 9, 2017.
* Astana |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5295 | Kazakh Khanate | The Kazakh khanate, the Kazakh horde, the Urys khanate, the Zhosh khanate - the Kazakh state formed in 1465 during the collapse of the Golden Horde and the Uzbek khanate in 1468, on the territory of present-day Kazakhstan and neighboring states. Most of its territory is in Central Asia, and part of it is in Eastern Europe. In the 15th century, Kazakhs were tired of the corruption, political instability and weak government in the Uzbek Khanate, and Kerei and Zhanibek Khan, who gathered the Kazakhs in Zhetysu, founded the Kazakh Khanate in 1465. Throughout history, the Kazakh Khanate expanded its territories and acquired most of the territories of modern Kazakhstan. In the 17th century, the Kazakhs fought with the Dzhungars and became weaker, and in the next century, the Khanate was conquered by the Russian Empire.
The Kazakh Khanate covered the territory from the Volga to Zhaiyk, the distance between the Syrdarya and Amu Darya rivers, and the land of Khorasan.
The state structure of the Kazakh Khanate is based on a monarchy based on field democracy. The head of the state - the khans exercised political power. They were elected on the basis of choice among sultans from the noble family.
The first khan of the Kazakh khanate is Kerei, the last khan is Kenesary Kasymuli.
## Etymology
## History
### Kerei and Zhanibek khans
The emergence of the Kazakh khanate 14-15 centuries in Kazakhstan. It is a legal phenomenon born out of socio-economic and ethnic-political processes. The development of productive forces, the increase in the economic power of the nomadic aristocracy, the striving for independence of the feudal groups, the escalation of the conflict between the Abulkhair Khanate and the Mongols, and the acceleration of social conflicts in the 15th century. In the 2nd half, this led to the collapse of the states.
Especially the great khanate of Abulkhair (1428-1468) Joshi-Shayban-Daulet-Shaykh Oglan was very bad. Its territory covered the land from Zhaiyk in the west, to Lake Balkash in the east, from the lower part of Syr and the Aral region in the south, to the middle course of Tobyl and Irtys in the north. There was no state subordinated to one center. It was divided into many parts. At their head were the descendants of Genghis dynasty, rulers of nomadic tribes. During the reign of Abulkhair, the people were tired of mutual strife and war. 30 years he defeated Mahmut Khojakhan, a descendant of Shaibani, along the Tobyl. He defeated Mahmutha and Akhmetha (Toka Temir breed) of the Joshi family in the field along the Syr River.
In 1446, Abulkhair captured the cities of Syganak, Sozak, Akkorgan, Ozgent, Arkuk from the descendants of Temir and the descendants of the Khans of the White Horde along the Syr and Karatau slopes.
1457 From the beginning, Uz-Temir was defeated by the Oirats (who were looking for pasture land) in the Turkestan region. A disgraceful treaty was concluded, and the Oirats went to their lands through Shu. And Abulkhair begins to establish strict discipline measures in his son. This increased the hatred of the masses towards him. As a result, half of the population would move from Eastern Desh Kypchak to Turkestan valleys and from the Karatau foothills to the western region of Zhetysu. It was led by Janibek and Kerey.
The nomadic masses of Deshti Kypchak and Zhetysu moved away from the hands of khans and feudal lords as a protest against the increase of feudal exploitation and wars. So, in the 15th century. 50-70 years, i.e. 1459. From the Khanate of Abulkhair, he moved to the west of Zhetisu to the estate of Esenbuga Khan, to the plains of Shu and Talas rivers. One of the reasons for their migration was the step and activities of Kerey Khan and Janibek Khan from the Chinggis dynasty to create an independent state of the newly formed Kazakh people, to ensure its independent political and economic development. Zhetysu clans and tribes became the center of the state union. Their number reached 200 thousand people. The Mongol khan wanted to use Esenbuga to protect his northern border, as well as to protect his western border from the attack of Yunus, who was supported by his brother Timurid Abu Said. Zhanibek is the son of Barak Khan, who built the first house of the Kazakh Khanate, and Kerey is the son of his brother Bolat Khan. It is a natural phenomenon that his own son and grandson will continue the struggle for independent Kazakh statehood, which began with Barak. Mirza Muhamed Haidar Dulati attributes the establishment of the Kazakh Khanate to 870 A.H. (1465-1466).
Kerei was declared the first Kazakh khan (1458-1473). After that, Zhanibek was elected as the Kazakh khan (1473-1480). Among them, the people of Zhetysu contributed to the strengthening of mutual solidarity after the death of Esenbuga Khan, the Mongol Khan in 1462. Immigrants from the Abilkhair khanate strengthened the Kazakh khanate of Janibek and Kerey. Zhanibek and Kerey, who had already gathered military strength and had a strong defense in Zhetysu, joined the struggle of the sultans from the Joshi dynasty to rule over Eastern Desh Kypchak. This struggle took place in 1468. After Abulkhair's death, it flared up again. The main enemies of the Kazakh khans were the heirs of Abulkhair - his son Shaykh Haidar and his grandsons Muhammad Shaibani and Mahmud Sultan.
The Syr region and Karatau were the closest to the properties of the Kazakh khans in West Zhetysu. Janibek and Kerei khans tried to establish their rights to the cities along the Syr, which were important centers of trade and economic relations and strong fortresses. Also, the lands of the lower and central mouths of the Syr were winter pastures for nomadic Kazakh tribes.
In the 70s, there were big battles at the foot of Sauran, Sozak. Asyn (Turkistan) and Syganak were occupied either by Kazakh khans or by Muhammed Shaibani. In one of these battles, Muryndyk, the son of Kerei, was a prominent commander. He became a khan from 1480. As a result, in the 15th century In the 1970s, the borders of the Kazakh Khanate continued to expand. The wars between the Shaibani family for the cities of South Kazakhstan did not continue even during the reign of Belubydik Khan (1480-1511), who ruled the Kazakh Khanate after Janibek Khan. Relying on their possessions in Western Zhetysu and the cities they looked after in the south (Sozakh, Syganak, Sauran), the first Kazakh khans defeated all the khans who claimed the power in Deshti Kypchak and enlarged their possessions. The establishment of the power of the Kazakh khans in Deshti Kypchak forced Muhammad Shaibani to leave for Mauerennahr with some of the tribes in Deshti Kypchak. Here he took advantage of the rivalry between the Temir dynasty and seized power.
Thus, the reasons for the creation of the Kazakh khanate were political and ethnic processes. Its main stage is when Kerei and Zhanibek, together with their subordinates, left Abilkhair, the leader of the nomadic Uzbeks, and moved to the west of Mongolia. The important event here is that the supporters of Kerei and Zhanibek were called Uzbek-Kazakhs, and later only Kazakhs. After the death of Abulkhair, Kerei and Zhanibek came to the Uzbek dynasty and took over the government. The new state union began to be called Kazakhstan.
### Kasym Khan period
16-17 centuries. The Kazakh khanate strengthened and its borders increased significantly. Kasym, son of Zhanibek, is one of the prominent khans who quickly implemented the process of "unification of the land" during his reign. During the reign of Kasym Khan (1511-1523), the political and economic situation of the Kazakh Khanate strengthened. During the years of his rule, the current settlement of the Kazakh people was formed. Several cities were added, and in the north, the territory of the Kazakhs under Kasym Khan exceeded Ulytau. In the southeast, most of Zhetysu (Shu, Talas, Karatal, Ile regions) looked after him. During the reign of Kasym Khan, trade and diplomatic relations were established with Central Asia, the Volga River, and Siberia. There was contact with the Russian state. It was the Muscovite state during the reign of Great Prince Vasiliy III (1505-1533). Western Europe also recognized the Kazakh Khanate at this time.
Kazakh laws were created on the basis of the rules of custom "Kasym Khan's Kaska zholy".
However, during the reign of Kasym Khan, the Kazakh Khanate was not a state subordinated to one center. It was noticed immediately after Kasym's death. Mutual quarrels and a fight for the throne began. An alliance of Mughal and Uzbek khans was formed against the Kazakh rulers.
Mamash, the son and successor of Kasym Khan, was killed during the conflict. Kasym Khan's nephew Tahir (1523-1532) became Khan. He did not have exceptional diplomatic or military abilities. Military conflicts began with the Khans of Mangit and Oirat. These wars were not successful for the Kazakhs. The Kazakh Khanate lost part of its land in the south and northwest, and its influence remained only in Zhetysu. Feudal conflicts and wars did not stop even during the reign of Tahir Khan's younger brother Buydash (1533-1534).
### Khaqnazar Khan period
16th century. 2 years Khaqnazar (1538-1580), the son of Kasym Khan, contributed to the consolidation of the weakened khanate. He successfully used the discord in the Nogai Horde and annexed the land on the left side of the Zhayik River. During his reign, a rational struggle was waged against Mughal Khan Abd-Rashid, who wanted to conquer Zhetysu and Tien-Shan. By supporting the Uzbek Khan Abdullah in mutual conflict, Khaqnazar conquered the cities along the Syr (Sauran, Turkestan). Afraid of his association with Abdullah, the prince of Tashkent, Baba Sultan, killed Khaqnazar with poison through his soulless.
During the reign of Khaqnazar Khan (1538-1580), the son of Kasym Khan, the Kazakh Khanate was reunited and developed. He worked tirelessly to strengthen and strengthen the khanate. He reunited the Kazakh Khanate, which had fallen into disunity before him. Khaknazar further strengthened the Kazakh-Kyrgyz union, in the historical records of that time he was called "king of Kazakhs and Kyrgyz". Based on this Kazakh-Kyrgyz alliance, he resisted the attempts of the Mongol khans to conquer the Zhetysu and Issykkol basins. At the time of the establishment of the Khaqnazar khanate, major historical events were taking place in the external environment of the Kazakh khanate. In the north of the country, Russia has significantly moved its possessions to the Kazakh steppe. After the capture of Kazan and Astrakhan, the entire valley of the Volga River came under the control of Russia. After the Bashkir and Siberian khanates became part of Russia, the Nogai began to move to the northeast of the Kazakh khanate. They moved from Volga to Irtysh. Bashkirs and Siberian Tatars also did not stop entering the Kazakh lands. Karakalpaks started coming to the lower reaches of Syrdarya.
The Nogai Horde, which inhabited the region between Volga and Zhayik, began to disintegrate. The Nogai Union fell apart and faced a serious crisis. Part of the nomadic tribes belonging to it joined the Kazakh Khanate. Khaknazar took many nobles of the Nogai Horde (most of them tribes that were part of the Kazakh Kishi Yuz - alchyn union) against him. In historical records, Khaknazar was called "Khan of Kazakhs and Nogais". Thus, in the 60s of the 11th century, the Nogai Horde disintegrated, and the Kazakh tribes and their ethnic territory, which were dependent on it before, were united to the Kazakh Khanate. The city of Sarayshik, which used to be the capital of the Nogai Horde, also passed to the Kazakh Khanate. This situation caused a change in the situation in the northwestern and northern part of the Kazakh Khanate. The disintegration of the Nogai Horde, which occupied a large area between the Russian state and the Kazakh khanate, a part of it joined the Kazakh khanate, and now another part submitted to the Russian king, brought the border of the expanding Russian state closer to the Kazakh khanate.
In 1563, Kushim Khan, who came to the power of the Siberian Khanate, followed a policy hostile to the Kazakh Khanate. Moreover, there were conflicts between the Mongol rulers and the Kazakh khans. In such difficult circumstances, Khaqnazar Khan changed the foreign policy of the Kazakh Khanate. He sought to establish an alliance with the Pakuban family of Mauerannakhr, with whom the previous Kazakh khans had always been enemies. Thus, Pakban signed an alliance contract with Bukhara Khan Abdolla II. Hostilities stopped, peace was established, trade and economic relations between Kazakhs and the people of Central Asia increased. This was effective in improving the internal situation of the Kazakh khanate and improving economic life. The Kazakh khanate became stronger. But in 1580, the rival of Abdullah Khan, the ruler of Tashkent, Baba Sultan, killed Khaqnazar Khan by sending his own men. According to Kadyrgali Jalayir, "There is a lot of talk about his fame and honor. However, Khaqnazar Khan was killed in the clashes between them."
### Risky Khan Period
The heir of Khaqnazar was the aged Shygai (1580-1582), son of Zhadik and grandson of Zhanibek Khan. He came to Bukhar Khan Abdolla in his fight against Baba Sultan together with his son Tavekel (Khan 1586-1598). Abdolla gave Shigai the city of Khujand and joined him in the Ulytau campaign against Baba Sultan. Shygay died in this campaign. The ownership of the Kazakh Khanate will now be transferred to Tawaekel.
After the death of Shigai Khan in 1582, Tavekel (1582-1598) took the throne. Risky Khan broke the treaty with Abdullah Khan of Bukhara, and hostilities between the Kazakh and Uzbek rulers reignited. The reason why Tavekel Khan refused the alliance with Abdullah Khan was, firstly, Abdolla refused his promise to give four cities from Turkestan, and secondly, in our opinion, the main reason is that Abdullah began to fear the authority, heroism and courage of Tavekel Khan, that is, he felt threatened by Tavekel Khan as his rival. . Because at that time the entire Mauerennahr was united under the Shaibani state with the help of Tawaekel. Tavekel Khan was also a descendant of Joshi, so he had full right to rule the whole of Central Asia.
In his foreign policy, Risk tries to strengthen the power in the southern cities of the khanate. Now he starts a fight with Abdullah for the cities along the Syr.
In 1586, he tries to take Tashkent. Abdullah's main forces were concentrated in the north of Mauerennahr. Knowing this, Tavekel Khan attacks the southern regions of Mauerennahr. His attack threatens the cities of Turkestan, Tashkent, and Samarkand. But the first campaign of Tavekel Khan to take Tashkent will be unsuccessful.
In the course of strengthening the foreign policy of the Kazakh khanate, Tavekel Khan revived diplomatic relations with the Russian state. The Kazakh Khan was looking for allies to support him in foreign policy.
In 1594, Tavekel Khan sent the first official embassy of the Kazakh Khanate led by Kulmuhammed to Russia to conclude a friendly treaty. The purpose of Tavekel Khan was to revive the struggle against Abdullah with the help of the Russian state, to form an alliance against Sibir Khan Kushim, and to free his nephew Orazmuhammed, the son of Ondan Sultan, who was captured by Russian troops in 1588. The famous Kazakh historian Kadyrgali Zhalayr was with him.
In 1595, the ambassador was handed a letter of reply from the Russian king. There, the Russian tsar promised Tavekel Khan that he would "take the Kazakh Khanate under his royal hand" and send "firearms". At the same time, he made the following demand: "since our kingdom is in our hands and according to our royal order, you will fight against the king of Bukhara and the king of Siberia, who betrayed us, Kushim, and make way for our majesty king." Although the Russian state refused to establish a military alliance with the Kazakh Khanate, Tavekel Khan did not break diplomatic relations with the Russian state. In 1595, the Russian ambassador Velyamin Stepanov came to the Kazakh Khanate from Moscow. As a result, the trade relations between the two countries were revived. At that time, a part of the oirats depended on Tavekel Khan. That's why he called himself "King of Kazakhs and Kalmyks" in his letter to Moscow.
In 1597, an internal conflict and strife began in the Bukhara Khanate, where Abdullah's son Abdylmomin, with the support of influential people, opposed his father. Taking advantage of this trick, Tawakel defeated the army of Abdolla Khan in the foothills of the city of Tashkent. Abdolla Khan died in March 1598, and Abdylmomin Khan became the ruler. Taking advantage of this opportunity, Tavekel Khan invaded Mauerannakhr with a hundred thousand troops and captured the cities of Ahsi, Andijan, Tashkent, and Samarkand. But during the siege of Bukhara, Tavekel Khan was seriously wounded and died after returning to Tashkent. Thus, he took advantage of the peaceful situation in the north-western border of his state and the disunity of the Pakkhanids in Central Asia, the replacement of this dynasty by the new Ashtarkhanid dynasty, and successfully ended the long-lasting struggle for the Syrdaryan cities. As a result of power struggle between Abdullah's descendants, the Shaibani family ceases to exist.
In the campaign to Central Asia, the risk relied not only on armed forces, but also on certain social groups of Central Asian peoples. In particular, religious leaders supported Tavekel Khan. At the same time, Iskender Munshi says that the Tawaekel army included soldiers from "Tribes of Turkestan and Uzbeks from the border". In general, it is not wrong to say that the majority of the people of Central Asia, tired of the mutual conflicts of the Shaibani generations, supported Tavekel Khan. Because the descendants of Zhoshi, descended from the Shaibani branch, expressed their intention to replace the Shaibani family with the family of Kazakh khans in Mauerannakhr. Unfortunately, Mauerannakhr did not completely pass into the hands of the Kazakh khans. However, Tashkent and its region were part of the Kazakh Khanate for 200 years. The city of Turkestan became the center of the Kazakh Khanate.
### Kazakh Khanate under Esim Khan
Esim Khan (ruled 1598-1628 (1645)) Shygayuly Esim Khan (1628-1645) - Kazakh Khanate Khan, son of Shygai Khan, younger brother of the famous Tawakel Khan. There are many legends, stories, epics about the name of Khan. His people honor him as "The name of a tall tall man".
Esim Khan came to power after the death of his brother Tavekel. At that time, the situation in the east of the Kazakh Khanate was much more complicated than at the time of Tawakel. The process of unification of Oirat tribes was going on here. Therefore, he closely followed the situation in his neighbors and tried to resolve the conflict between their tribes in his favor.
On the one hand, the conflict of the Oirats with the Nogays along the Embi, Zhaiyk, and Volga rivers, and on the other hand, the conflict with the garrisons of the Russian fortresses, created significant conditions for the influence of Yesim Khan's policy. In the end, Oirat princes, who felt that a three-sided war would be a massacre for them, were forced to recognize the supremacy of Yesim Khan, make an offer to live in a friendly neighborhood, and send their ambassadors.
Having decided the situation in the east of his khanate in this way, Yesim Khan does not think about the south either.
He boldly pursued the policy of expanding the borders of his khanate here as well. The situation will help him. Because at that time, his younger brother Wali Muhammad and Dinmuhammed's son Imankuli, the ruler of Herat-Khorasan, were fighting over the place of the deceased Baki Muhammad Khan. Esim Khan shows great dexterity in using this conflict to his advantage. At first, he promised to help Wali Muhammed, and then moved to Imankuli's side. As a result, he united with him, killed Wali Muhammad, formed an alliance with Imankuli, and in the same year opposed Imankuli and sent an army to Samarkand.
At that time, Imankuli did not have the courage to fight with Esim. Therefore, signing a contract with him, he officially recognizes that Tashkent and its surroundings are the property of Kazakhs.
After that, Esim Khan married Padshah, the daughter of Mughal Khan Abdirahim, gave his brother Kushik Sultan's daughter to Abdirahim, made her his supporter by betrothal, and with the help of this, he defeated Tursyn Khan, who had betrayed him, and gained sole power.
It is known that during the rule of Esim Khan (1598-1645), there was a constitutional document that formed the norms of customs, which remained in the memory of the people under the name "The old road built by Esim". It should be called "The Law of the Name". But it is better not to forget that it was not taken from heaven, it is a version of the same "Kasym built road" edited and supplemented by Yesim Khan and his advisers according to the circumstances and requirements of his time. After all, the meaning of the phrase "The old road built by Esim" is related to the wise laws created during the reign of Esim Khan. At this time, the decisions of disputes arising in relation to housing, property, and relations between people were differentiated.
This became the basis for Tauke's famous "Seven Charters" and contributed to the strengthening of the cultural-spiritual and traditional patterns of the Kazakh people. Like the khans of the nomadic state in general, Yesim Khan is a unique person who is equally recognized on the throne and on horseback. It seems to be true that the year of the death of the famous khan, who was called "Yer Esym" by the people, is 1645.
After the death of Esim Khan, Zhangir Khan (1643-1652) ascended the throne of the Kazakh Khanate. The people called him "Salkam Dzhangir" because of his bravery for the country. The keeping of the Khan Horde in the city of Turkestan began during the reign of Jangir Khan.
Esim Khan was famous in Kazakh history as "Esem, a tall man", this title was given to him because he stood out in the campaign to Maurennahr in 1598 together with his brother Taukekel Khan. Esim Khan is the son of Shigai Khan, who used to live in the khan court in the city of Turkestan of the Kazakh Khanate. After taking the throne, Khan concluded a peace treaty with Bukhara and sought to establish peaceful and economic relations with the cities of Central Asia. He intended to create the Kazakh Khanate as a state subordinate to one center. He created the law called "Esim Khan's old way". The sultans, who were opposed to Esim Khan's policy of subordinating the Kazakhs to one center, tried to divide the Kazakh Khanate.
After the city of Tashkent became a Kazakh khanate, it was ruled by Tursyn Muhammed Sultan, the grandson of Zhanibek Khan, the son of Zhalim Sultan. He soon tried to become an independent khan. He even minted money in his own name and collected "customs and kharaj" taxes. Thus, the Kazakh khanate was divided into two, ruled by Esim Khan, whose center was the city of Turkestan, and Tursyn Khan, whose center was the city of Tashkent. There were wars between them. These two sides started looking for allies and supporters from the Uyghur, Kyrgyz, Karakalpak rulers. Esim Khan's group allied with Abdirahim Khan who ruled Turpan against the Yarkent Khanate. And Tursyn Muhammed Khan was a supporter of Yarkent ruler Shajay Ahmet. Abdirahim and Ahmet, who were allied with them, were rulers who were at war with each other. In order to make Esim Khan a strong support for himself, he established a relationship with Yarkent Khan Abdirahim.
Esim Khan married Abdirahim's daughter Patsha, and his brother Kushik gave Sultan's daughter to Abdirahim. The struggle between Esim Khan and Tursyn Khan continued to intensify. In 1627, Esim Khan killed Tursyn Khan and united the Kazakh Khanate under his control. Esim Khan's struggle to overcome feudal disunity and unify the Kazakh khanate was the subject of the Kazakh historical poem "Yensegei boyly er Esim". Esim Khan entered the city of Tashkent unannounced at night, tied up the guards of the palace and killed Tursyn Khan while he was sleeping in a corner, then Tolegen (Markaska) next to Esim Khan woke him up with the following song: "Hey, Katagan, khan Tursyn! Who swears an unholy oath. You make the innocent country cry, You are the god of the earth, You are not a Khan, You are a wolf, You are an impregnable leader! Even if you lay a golden plate, You have reached your goal, you are a crowd! A tall man is coming to your door. you're next!"
Esim Khan takes the head of Tursyn Khan, who wakes up in shock.
According to Mahmud ibn Wali, the author of "Bahir al Astar", Yesim Khan died in 1628. And according to the "Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia" it is said that he died in 1645.
### Tauke Khan period
1680 Jangir's son Tauke (1680-1718) became khan. During his reign, the "Seven Statutes" were compiled. The seven statutes are the nomadic rule of law. The content of its main articles: taking blood for blood, i.e. if someone is killed, paying the man's price (1000 sheep for a man, 500 for a woman); theft, robbery, violence are punishable by death, the punishment can be reduced by paying the man's price; if he causes bodily harm , the price is paid according to it (the thumb is 100 sheep, the palm is 20 sheep); if a woman kills a lip, she will be sentenced to death (if her brothers forgive her, she will be freed only by paying the price, if a woman commits such a crime twice, she will be released from punishment); the cost of the court and the master is 7 times the November overpaid; if a husband kills his wife, the wife pays the price.
### Kazakh khanate under Abylai Khan
On August 20, 1742, a negotiation was held in the city of Or with the participation of representatives of Russia, Dzhungar and Karakalpak, the Small, Middle and Great hundred of Kazakhs. There, the representative of Russia was going to speak about the conflict between the Kazakhs and the Dzhungars. But the Dzonghars did not listen to him. They kept 20,000 troops near Russian fortresses and Kazakh settlements and did not bother the Kazakhs. Now the Kazakhs had to rely only on their own strength. Abylai Khan made great efforts to establish this idea.
Born in 1711, Abylai Valiuli's original name was Abilmansur. He was orphaned at a young age. In 1731, he stood out in the battle with the Dzonghars.
Khan of Jungaria, Kaldan Seren, died in 1745, and his heirs contested the throne. At this time, the Qin Empire began to touch him. Abylai used this opportunity. He began to liberate the cities along the Syrian border. In this campaign, he divided the Kazakh troops into three groups. His first group was led by Kanzhigaly Bogenbay and Umbetei Zhyrau. 10,000 troops led by Bogenbai were supposed to go to the northern side of Turkestan and touch the fortress of Sozak.
The second hand was led by Zhanibek Batyr. Tatikara valley was added to it. They went to Syr's lower brother. The third main hand was led by Abylai himself. The participants of the march moved along Shieli, Zhanakorgan to the southwestern part of Turkestan. Kabanbay, Bayan, Syrymbet, Malaisary, Zhanuzak were in this group.
Tseven Dorji, the middle son of Kaldan Seren, who led the Dzungar army, also divided his army into three. He directed his main force towards Abylai. He had weapons and 15 cannons mounted on camels. Kazakh troops were armed with clubs, clubs, and bows.
Tseven Dorji with his heavy hand came before Abylai's troops and fortified Zhanakorgan. Abylai entrusted Kabanbay to capture the Zhanakorgan fortress. Syrymbet was placed on the right wing, and Bayan was placed on the left wing of the army. Outside of them, Malaysary and Orazymbet gathered an army of heroes with three thousand arms.
This war lasted two months. Kazakh troops cleared Zhanakorgan and Shymkent of the enemy. He reached Turkestan. Sozak and Sairam were liberated by the troops led by Bogenbai. Batyr Bayan went to Talas river. The troops of Zhanibek Batyr liberated the Karakalpak region and the Kalmyks retreated to the high quality of Syr. Exhausted, Tseven Dorji had to ask Abylai for peace.
According to the agreement, the cities of Sozak, Sayram, Mankent, Shymkent were transferred to Abilmambet. The issue of Turkestan was to be resolved later. Abylai considered his victories this time to be the beginning of the collapse of the Dzungar Khanate. The war of 1745 ended with this.
In 1750, the Kazakh troops led by Abylai, with the aim of completely ridding the Kazakh land of the Kalmyks, defeated the enemy near the Dzungar Gate.
In 1755, the Dzhongars were divided into several small estates. After that, in 1758, the Dzungar state fell forever. The Qin Chinese conquered what is now Xin-Jian in East Turkestan. The western border of the Qin Empire bordered on Kazakh land. The Chinese did not give the Kazakhs a break by repeatedly attacking. Abylai sent people to Beijing to reach an agreement. So, he looked for ways to establish trade and economic relations with China. He also established relations with Russia.
After the death of Abilmambet Khan in 1771, Abylai was elected Khan of Orta Yuz in Turkestan. A year later, in 1772, Vice Chancellor M.L. By Vorontsov's decree, a wooden house was built for Abylay in Zhangiztobe near the Esil River. Abylai died in May 1780 in Tashkent at the age of 69. Wali was elected instead.
## Struggle of the Kazakh people with other tribes
### Struggle of the Kazakh people against the Oirats
At the end of the 16th century, the Oirats (Kalmaks) consisted of four tribal associations . They were the Torgauts occupying the region east of Tarbagatai, the Derbets who settled in the upper reaches of the Irtys, the Khoshauts near the modern city of Dikhua, and the Shoros above the Ile River.
The struggle for grazing land between Kazakhs and Oirats began in the 15th century. 16th century in the end, a small part of the Oirats surrendered to the Kazakh Khan Tawakel. 1635 The Dzungar Khanate was founded by Khontayshi Batur. Kazakh-Dzungar relations became tense during the rule of Batur Khontayshi (1634-1654). After him, the Dzonghar khans (Senge, Khaldan) tried to control South Kazakhstan, the cities along which important trade routes passed.
### Struggle of the Kazakh people against the Dzungars
In 1718 Tauke Khan died and Bolat Khan succeeded him. During his time, the Kalmyks march to the Kazakh land intensified. Swedish artillery sergeant Johann Gustav Renat had a strong influence on the success of these campaigns. In 1709, Renat was captured by the Russians at the foot of Poltava and was driven to the city of Tobyl, where he was captured by the Kalmyks in 1715 near the town of Kereku as part of Buchholz's expedition along the Irtysh. It was in the hands of the Kalmyks until 1733. He teaches the Kalmyks how to cast cannons, build a printing press, and cast letters.
Dzungars with comprehensive military training in 1710-1711. invaded the Kazakh land and waged war. In the summer of 1717, they defeated 30 thousand troops of Kazakhs on the banks of the Ayakoz river. The following year, the Dzungars massacred the Kazakhs again along the Bogen, Shayan, and Arys rivers.
### Aktaban was muddy, Alkakol was beautiful
In the early spring of 1723, the Dzungars came to the Kazakh land to fight again. This battle, led by a Kalmyk named Shuna Dabo, was to go in two directions. The first route was to cross Karatau and reach the Shu and Talas rivers, the second route was to attack the Kazakhs and reach the Shyrshik River. To implement this plan, the troops were divided into seven groups, one of which was grouped along four rivers that flow into Lake Balkash at the foot of Zhetysu Alatau. Another group of 70,000 people led by the great commander of Kalmak, Amursana, settled along the Ile River, on the northern bank of the Kegen River, on the slopes of Mount Ketpen, on the southeastern side of the Naryn River.
The Kazakhs who were left without mercy were killed mercilessly. The Dzungars massacred Zhetisu, the Great Hundred and reached the lands of the Great Hundred and the Small Hundred. The people rushed to the Afghan side. Kazakhs of Uly Yuz and Orta Yuz rushed to Samarkand and Khodzt. Hundreds of young Kazakhs flocked to Khiva and Bukhara. Some of the refugees gathered near Alakol on the left side of Syr. The people called this period "Aktaban Shubyrundy, Alkakol Sulama". The song "Elim-ay" was born.
The people finally understood the need to unite. In 1728, troops from Abulkhair, Kishi Hundred, Tailak Batyr, and Saurik Batyr attacked the Kalmyks in a place called "Black Cow" on the banks of the Bulanty River in the south-eastern part of Yrgyz province.
In the spring of 1730, another war broke out near Lake Balkhash. Kazakh troops, such as Bogenbay, Kabanbay, Nauryzbay, etc., mercilessly attacked the Dzhungars. This place was later called "Anyarakay". From the beginning of Shuno Dabo, the Kalmans were forced to flee to the east along the Ile River. In order to successfully end the war for the liberation of the Kazakh land, the troops of the Three Hundred gathered in Ordabasy, near Shymkent. Abulkhayr and Bogenbai were elected commanders.
Bolat Khan, the owner of Bolshoi Orda, the son of Tauke Khan, died at this point. The fight for the throne began. Bolat Khan's younger brother, Khan of Orta Yuz, Sameke (Shahmuhamed) was a candidate for the throne. Also, Khan Kishi Yuz, who showed great bravery in killing the Kalmyks, was deposed from the throne in Abulkhair. However, Bolat's third son, Abul Mambet, was elected as the elder khan. Abulkhair was dissatisfied with this and took his army from the front line. Sameke also took his army along Shu to Betpakdala. The front against the Dzungars began to weaken. Khan of Uly Yuz, Zholbarys, was forced to go to war with the Dzonghars.
At this point, the disunity of the feudal lord increased within each hundred. Batyr and Nuraly (Abilkhair's son) ruled the country independently. In the same way, Kushik and Barak sultans had their own estates in Orta Yuzd. The relations of the Kazakh Khanate with Bukhara and Khiva were also bad. Along the Volga River, Kalmyks and Bashkirs attacked the land of the Little Hundred and created a constant threat.
## Political and social situation of the Kazakh khanate
### Mutual political relations of the Kazakhs
In the 16th century, the Kazakh khanate was established in the north with the Siberian khanate ( the center was bordered by Tumen). In 1563, after a long struggle between the Shaibani family and the Taibugi clan, the Khanate of Siberia passed into the hands of the Shaibani family, Kushim Khan.
The people of the Siberian Khanate consisted of forty Turkic-speaking clans and a combination of Ugric tribes. The main population of the khanate was known as the Turkic Tatars of Siberia. The Khanate of Siberia had political and trade relations with the Khanate of Kazakhstan.
1552 After Russia conquered the city of Kazan, it became a neighbor of the Siberian Khanate. 1581 Yermak's campaign to Siberia began. Although Kushim Khan was defeated, Yermak could not claim the victory, and in 1584, died. But the Khanate of Siberia did not rise either. So it became part of Russia in 1598.
17th century. 2 years The condition of the Kazakh Khanate was bad. The Dzungars, who used the mutual Kyrgyz, captured a part of Zhetysu and subjugated the Kazakhs and Kyrgyz who were moving in this region. When the Bukhara troops took Tashkent and began to displace the Kazakhs, one of the Kazakh khans, Dzhangir, persuaded the Bukar emir to form a military alliance to fight against the Dzhungars. In 1652, during the campaign against the Dzonghars, Dzhangir. died. 17th century In the 1990s, the Dzungars' attacks on the Kazakh lands slowed down. At that time, the strengthening of the Kazakh khanate, the union between the Kyrgyz and the Kazakhs, and the addition of the Karakalpaks to it were going strong.
### Political and social period of the Kazakh Khanate
Feudal exploitation introduced many types of taxes. Zakat was collected from the herdsman and alms from the farmer. The highest rulers were khans. They came only from the Genghis family. Feudal contractual land ownership, permanent forms of land ownership were formed, especially in the southern regions of Kazakhstan, in the region of cities along the Syr. They had such types as soyirgal, ikta, milk, and waqf. The owners of the gift land, who received the right of tarkhan from the Khan, collected taxes for their own benefit from the farmers and artisans living there. The division of the Kazakh society into social-class groups was based on the social origin rather than the state of well-being. The high aristocratic group consisted of Genghis families, khans, sultans, Oghlans, nobles, and lords. And other people, regardless of their well-being, were classified as black bones.
## Regional-administrative division of the Kazakh Khanate
During the time of Kasym Khan, the Kazakh Khanate was divided into provinces.
During the time of Tauke Khan, the Kazakh Khanate was divided into hundreds.
## Khans of the Kazakh Khanate
### The tradition of electing khans
After receiving the consent of the majority of sultans and nobles who are candidates for the throne, the most influential sultans and The dancers sat him on a thin white felt, lifted him three times by the edge of the felt, and repeatedly shouted "Khan! Khan! Khan!” shouted. While the white felt touched the grass, many people lifted it to the sky again and again. After that, the gathered public made "Khan Talapai" and divided the felt from the throne where the Khan was sitting as a witness and tabarik of their participation in this historical event. Then the wedding began and lasted for several days. Many people who came to raise the Khan rested here for several days, as well as famous figures. discussed important matters. He informed the new khan about the affairs of the country.
### List of khans
* Kerey Khan, son of Bolat Sultan, great-grandson of Orys Khan ruled in 1465-1473.
* Az-Zhanibek Khan, son of Barak Khan, great-grandson of Orys Khan ruled in 1473-1480.
* Former Khan, son of Kerey Khan, ruled in 1480-1511.
* Kasym Khan, son of Az-Zhanibek Khan, ruled in 1511-1521.
* Mamash Khan, son of Kasym Khan, ruled in 1521-1523.
* Tahir Khan, son of Adik Sultan, ruled in 1523-1533.
* Bauysh Khan, son of Adik Sultan, ruled in 1529-1533.
* Buydash Khan, the son of Adik Sultan, ruled the Zhetysu region in 1533-1538.
* Togym Khan, the son of Zhadik Sultan, ruled in 1533-1537.
* Akhmat Khan, the son of Sultan Zhanysh, ruled the Syrdarya region in 1533-1535.
* Khak-Nazar Khan, son of Kasym Khan, ruled in 1538-1580.
* Shygai Khan, the son of Jadik Sultan, ruled in 1580-1582.
* Tavekel Khan, son of Shigai Khan, ruled in 1582-1598.
* Esim Khan, son of Shigai Khan, ruled in 1598-1628.
* Zhanibek Khan, son of Esim Khan, ruled in 1628-1643.
* Salkam Jangir Khan, son of Esim Khan, ruled in 1643-1652.
* Batyr Khan, son of Bolekei Sultan (son of Az-Zhanibek Khan, descendant of Useke Sultan), ruled in 1652-1680.
* Tauke Khan, son of Jangir Khan, ruled in 1680-1715.
* Kayip Khan, the son of Sultan Kusrau (descendant of Esim Khan), ruled in 1715-1718.
* Bolat Khan, son of Tauke Khan, ruled in 1718-1729.
* Abul Mambet Khan, son of Bolat Khan, ruled in 1740-1771.
* Abylai Khan, the son of Kurkem Wali Sultan, ruled in 1771-1781.
* Kene Khan, son of Sultan Kasym, (grandson of Abylai Khan) ruled in 1841-1847.
*
## Culture of the Kazakh Khanate
Shalkiz (15th century), Dospambet (16th century), Zhiembet (17th century) are the greatest figures of Kazakh poetry. Kazakh heroes' songs are based on historical events. For example: Kobylandy, Er Targyn, Alpamys, Er Sayin, Kambar batyr sagas. Islam spread completely. Arabic script was used.
In the 18th century, Kazakhs lived separately. Each face had its own Khan. Small-faced Abilkhair, Middle-faced Sameke (Shahmuhamed), Great-faced Tiger - Tauke, Khan of the Great Horde, who made the city of Turkestan the capital. Neighbors decided to use the lack of a centralized state in the Kazakh land to their advantage. Bashkirs and Kalmyks from the Volga River, with the support of Zhayik Cossacks from the southwest, relentlessly attacked Kishi Yuzh. The Siberian Cossacks from the north did not give rest. The Bukhara and Xiua khanates in Central Asia also came from the Kazakh land. They were the Dzhungars who surpassed them all.
## Heroes of the Kazakh Khanate
* Otegen batyr — Dulat
* Raimbek batyr — Alban
* Eset batyr — Tama
* Kabanbai batyr — Naiman \ <> * Eset batyr — Shekti
* Bakay batyr — Tama
* Tolen batyr — Aday
* Bayan batyr — Wak
* Toksanbai batyr — Tama
* Bayan batyr — Tama
* Bak batyr — Tama
* Buzau batyr — Tama
* Khokai batyr — Naiman
* Koigeldy batyr — Dulat
* Akpan batyr — Dulat
* Nauryzbai batyr — Shapyrasht
* Alatau Batyr — Konyrat
* Altai Batyr — Kete
* Aral Batyr — Kete
* Esberdi Batyr — Naiman
* Er Kaptagai Batyr — Naiman
* Zainak Batyr — Zhalayr
* Bolek Batyr — Suan
* Barak batyr — Naiman
* Jidebai batyr — Argyn
* Doskara batyr — Kerey
* Koktaubai batyr — Esentemir
* Kobek batyr — Argyn
* Turlan batyr — Sherkesh
* Saurik batyr — Shapyrashti
* Smail batyr — Konyrat
* Zhantai batyr — Argyn
* Janazar batyr — Tolengit
* Zharilgap batyr — Argyn
* Elshibek batyr — Suan
> * Baubek batyr — Argyn
* Er Zhanibek batyr — Kerey
* Sypatay batyr — Dulat
## 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate
The cost of the anniversary is about 23 billion tenge ($124, 19 million) is expected. The 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate is celebrated in all regions of Kazakhstan. Important events will be held in Taraz, Zhambyl region in September. Because it is believed that the Khanate was founded in this territory. 13.47 billion tenge will be spent on events in Taraz. However, some historians criticized the anniversary plan, saying that the center of the state of Khans Zhanibek and Kerey was in the territory near Almaty. As part of the celebration of the anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate, a 10-part TV series titled "Kazakh Country" will be shot for 1 billion tenge and an animated series with the same title for 375 million tenge. 250 million tenge will be allocated for making a documentary film about the Kazakh Khanate. 106.6 million tenge will be allocated for the publishing of Ilyas Esenberlin's "Nomads" trilogy. There will be a theatrical performance in Taraz with a cost of 506.8 million tenge. A poets' debate will be held on the theme of "Eternal Land". A monument will be built in honor of the 550th anniversary (501.8 million tenge). The exhibition "Taraz is a witness of centuries" will be held. An international tournament will be held in Kazakh wrestling and other national sports. Other costs: filming of the film "Uly Koch" (150 million tenge), construction of the State Historical and Cultural Natural Reserve-Museum "Tamgaly" (100 million tenge), production of the plays "Kerey-Zhanibek", "Kazakh Country" and "Kazakh Khanate" " ballet (68 million tenge), restoration of the mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi (20.4 million tenge).
## Sources
## External links
* Ministry of Foreign Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived September 29, 2011.
* Russian Khan. Kazakh Khanate
* Turkistan - the capital of the Kazakh Khanate
* History of Kazakhstan on the UNESCO website
* Site dedicated to the 550th anniversary of the Kazakh Khanate Archived on September 10, 2015. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6251 | Лесото | Lesotho (in Sesuto, English Lesotho) or the Kingdom of Lesotho is a country in southern Africa (known as Basutoland until 1966).
Land area is 30.35 thousand km². Population - 2.1 million. The majority of the ethnic composition is made up of representatives of the Basuto people (79%). The capital is Maseru. The official languages are English and Sesuto.
42% of the population are Protestants, 38% are Catholics, the rest follow various religious beliefs. The state structure is a constitutional monarchy (royal). The legislative body is a bicameral parliament consisting of the Senate and the National Assembly. Executive power is exercised by the government headed by the prime minister. National holiday - Independence Day - October 4 (1966). Member of the UN and the Organization of African Unity (AU) since 1966.
Currency unit - loti.
## Nature
Located on the Basuto Plateau, bounded by the eastern and southern Dragon Mountains of Lesotho. The highest point is Mount Tabana Ntlenyana (3482 m). The climate is subtropical, the average temperature in January is 25-26С, in July 15С. The annual amount of precipitation is 750-1000 mm. The main river is Oranis. The landscape is characterized by grassy meadows of the grain family, and shrubs grow predominantly in the Dragon Mountain. The main minerals are diamonds, coal, uranium and quartz.
## History
The ancient history of Lesotho is little studied. The indigenous people of Lesotho were the Bushmen. In the 17th and 18th centuries, the Basuto tribes displaced them. 1860 The country was occupied by the British, 1868-1966. was a protectorate of Great Britain. 1966 Although Lesotho gained independence, political instability prevailed in the country, with frequent military coups. 1993 On March 27, under the pressure of international forces, democratic elections were held in the country, and the military regime left power. On April 2, the parliament adopted the new constitution of Lesotho. Lesotho follows a policy of non-alignment in foreign relations.
## Economy
Lesotho's economy is based on agriculture. Main crops: corn, sorghum, wheat, barley. Animal husbandry, wool and soil production are developed. Foreign trade is mainly directed to the Republic of South Africa (export - 85%, import - 90%). Gross national product per capita is equal to 2480 US dollars (1997). Exports raw materials, wool, diamonds, wheat, vegetables. They mainly bring fuel, food, and household goods from abroad.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5191 | Хамзин | The word Khamzin means the last name of the following persons:
* Abulkarim Khamzin - doctor of medical sciences, professor.
* Adilzhan Akzhigituly Khamzin
* Magauiya Khamzin
* Mauen Khamzin - doctor of philological sciences, professor.
* Nurlan Kaskyrbayuly Khamzin
* Satybaldi Khamzin - doctor of medical sciences, corr. of the Kazakhstan Academy of Natural Sciences. member.
* Sabit Kurashuly Khamzin - doctor of technical sciences, professor, honored high school employee of the Kazakh SSR. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7049 | Horse oil (dastur) | Horse oil (tradition). "Horse oil" is back. Tigeni spotted mare (I. Zhansugirov). People's tradition has never neglected the people living in the country. He listened to his sad needs and social and household conditions. For example, he helped the poor, orphans and widows. One of them is horse oil. In the past, poor people without Miner's name came to rich and wealthy people or neighbors and relatives to ask for "horse oil". That means asking for a ride to go somewhere or ride for a few months. The meaning of this is that a horse that has ridden a long way gets tired and loses its condition. This is what the asker is referring to. In such a situation, not everyone disappointed the inquirer. This is also a sign of Kazakh philanthropy. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5049 | Mukan Tolebaev | Mukan Tolebaev (March 13, 1913(19130313), Karashigan gorge, Sarkan district, Zhetisu region - April 2, 1960, Almaty) is a prominent Kazakh composer, public figure, People's Artist of the USSR (1959), laureate of the State Prize of the USSR (1949), former One of the authors of the national anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## Biography
* Mukan Tolebaev was born on March 13, 1913 in Borlitobe district, former Taldykorgan region.
* After graduating from high school, Tolebayev studied at the Almaty Pedagogical School (1933). At this time, the regional "Working Youth" theater is organized.
* Participated in the 1st All-Kazakhstan Festival of Folk Artists held in Almaty (1934) and stood out as a singer.
* Enters the Kazakh studio opened by the head of the Moscow Conservatory (1936).
* 1941-1945 E. He learned from Brusilovsky. He wrote the opera "Amankeldi" together with E. Brusilovsky.
* Works as a conductor of the Kazakh Folk Instruments Orchestra (1942-1944).
* He graduated from the Moscow Conservatory (in the composition class of Mayakovsky and Feren) (1951).
* Mukan Tolebaev died at the age of 47 after the wound he received in the war turned into cancer.
## Creativity
Mukan's mother Tazhibala and his maternal uncle Apyrbay are people known around for their poetry, singing, and music. This caused the future composer to adapt to art from an early age and to develop his talent. In general M. The fact that the musical-epic trend in Tolebaev's works is determined indicates that he is constantly leaning on folk art and drawing inspiration from the rich musical treasure of the people.
Each of the operas, orchestral or vocal-symphonic works, chamber-instrumental pieces, songs and romances created by M. Tolebaev is distinguished by its deep sensitivity, the sincerity of its musical language, and its own signature. The artistic power of his works is sharp, his wisdom is strong, his artistic-ideological direction is clear, and his national-communal color is rich.
M. Tolebaev created more than a hundred musical works in his short life. Opera, cantata-oratorio and song-romantic works are especially important among them.
In particular, the opera "Birzhan-Sara" is not only the peak of his compositional talent, but also one of the most outstanding achievements of the Kazakh musical culture of the 20th century. Despite its polyphonic nature, the opera "Birzhan-Sara" is a work of national richness. The nature of real art can be clearly seen in the performance of the opera "Birzhan-Sara".
M. Tolebayev is one of the special talents who formed and established Kazakh professional musical culture.
## Interesting facts
* One of the authors of the first national anthem of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* Mukan Tolebaev is an innovative composer. He was the first to write a cantata, a symphonic poem.
* M. Tolebaev, A. Zhubanov, E. Brusilovsky, V. Velikanov, L. Hamidi, S. Shabelsky, B. Erzakovich - seven of them founded the Union of Composers of Kazakhstan in 1939.
* The opera "Birzhan-Sara" is not only the peak of his compositional talent, but also one of the most outstanding achievements of the Kazakh musical culture of the 20th century. Despite its polyphonic nature, the opera "Birzhan-Sara" is a fertile work with a national essence.
* In the last years of his life, the composer begins the lyrical-dramatic opera "Kozy Korpesh - Bayan Sulu", but the composer suddenly dies and this work is left unfinished.
## Titles
* Member of the Union of Composers of the USSR (1942);
* Member of the Board of the Union of Composers of Kazakhstan (1948); *Chairman of the Board of the Union of Composers of Kazakhstan (1956-1960).
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6119 | Kazakhs living in China | Kazakhs living in China are the main inhabitants of Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China, districts and cities immediately related to Ile Kazakh Autonomous Region, Altai, Tarbagatai Regions, Sanzhi Dungen Autonomous Region and its Mori Kazakh Autonomous Region, Barkol Kazakh Autonomous Region of Kumyl Region, and the city of Urimzhi. There are also a small number of Kazakhs in Aksai Kazakh Autonomous District of Gansu Region and Qinghai Region.
2000 According to the results of the 5th census of the Chinese state, the number of Kazakhs was 1,250,000, most of them in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region. Among the 13 indigenous ethnic groups in Xinjiang, Kazakhs are the 3rd largest in terms of population.
Ile Kazakh Autonomous Oblast is the only Kazakh Autonomous Oblast in China, under its jurisdiction are 8 districts, 2 cities, and 2 regions directly related to the oblast. Mori and Barkol Kazakh Autonomous Districts in the east, Aksai Kazakh Autonomous District of Gansu Region and an autonomous region were created.
Among the Kazakhs living in China, there are literary and artistic talents and intellectuals such as Aytis poets, poet-writers, artists, musicians, dancers, athletes, as well as professors and scientists of various professions. Among them, many were the winners of state and regional prizes, and there are those who received prizes abroad.
In China, there are special Kazakh-language radio and television stations, Kazakh-language Internet sites, newspapers and magazines, and publishing houses.
## Sources
## External links
* http://kerey.kz/wp-content/uploads/2013/08/ 161214ozcoww3bza3b62301.jpg Archived December 5, 2014.
* Share of Kazakhs by district. in Chinese |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7313 | Boron (material) | Cretaceous is a loose (up to 40-49%), fine-grained (<0.01mm) rock, mostly composed of the calcified (90-99% calcite) skeletons of microorganisms such as coccolithophores and foraminifera.
Upper Cretaceous Cretaceous sediments in Europe form the White Cliffs of Dover and the cliffs south of Calais.
Chalk is a soft sedimentary rock composed of white, uniform fine-grained calcium carbonate. Remains of single-celled calcareous algae — coccolitho-phorids in chalk content reach 10 — 75%, foraminifera — 5 — 6%, sometimes up to 40%. Remains of small molluscs, belemnite, ammonite, mshanka, sea urchins, corals, etc. are found. Boron is formed from chemical precipitation and decomposition of organic waste. Hardness of chalk is about 1, specific weight is 2.2 — 2.8 g/cm3. Boron contains quartz, montmorillonite, kaolinite, hydromica, opal, glauconite, chalcedony, zeolites, pyrite, barite, iron oxides. Chalk salt in the warm climate. settles in moderate seas at depths from tens to hundreds of m. In geosynclinal areas, Boric sediments harden and turn into limestone. Cretaceous is widespread in Meso-Cenozoic sediments. It is used in the production of paper, glass, cement, perfumes, cosmetics, and medicine.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7100 | Valikhanuly | The word Valikhan or Valikhanov can have the following meanings:
Personalities:
* Vali Khan - Khan of the Middle Hundred
* Shokan Chingisuly Valikhanov - scout, scientist
* Shot-Aman Idrisvily Valikhan — architect, author of the coat of arms of Kazakhstan
Settlements:
* Ualikhanov - a village in Zharkayin district of Akmola region.
* Ualikhanov is a village in Birzhan sal district of Akmola region.
* Ualikhanov is a village in Zhelezin district of Pavlodar region. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5079 | Wrestler Sholak | Nurmaganbet Baimyrzauly, Baluan Sholak (1864-1919) is a Kazakh folk composer, an artist who has mastered various ways of equestrianism, an athlete who demonstrated the art of strength, a wrestler who never touched the ground.
## Biography
His name was also fondly called "Baluan Sholak" due to the fact that the people admired his last art, and because of the fact that he had a finger burn in his youth, otherwise his real name was Nurmaganbet. . His origin is from the Sambet clan of the Dulat tribe of Uly Yuz within Shmyr. But since his grandfathers migrated to Arka at an early age, he grew up in the Kokshetau region, among the Atigai and Kargil clans.
Father Baimyrza was a carpenter. Unlike his father, it is said that his mother Kalampyr was an armed person. It is said that "a giant comes from the mother", the wrestler Sholak was also the owner of the incomparable giant strength, attracted by this mother.
From the age of 14, he was involved in wrestling, was an athlete who played on a horse's ears, skillfully performed various complex exercises on a galloping horse. For example: standing on a galloping horse or standing on its head, crossing the horse's shoulder, pressing one leg to the stirrup, riding on its back, it shows that the master can master the destructive power and dexterity, laying the foundation of the Kazakh field circus art. At large gatherings in Kokshetau, he lifted 51 feet (about 830 kg) of dirt and surprised everyone. 1899 Wrestler Sholak was 35 years old when he fought with Russian wrestler Ivan Koren and broke his ribs.
In addition, Baluan Sholak has been passionate about music since he was young. Later, during his youth, Baluan Sholak developed these two arts simultaneously. After the death of his parents, the wrestler Sholak, who married a girl named Ganikei, traveled around the country, formed a raft, and instead of traveling alone, he gathered around him singers, wrestlers, and artistic young people. Forming a group and creating entertainment as an "ensemble" has become a tradition for Baluan Sholak.
Birzhan Sal, who was his teacher, will be an excellent performer and propagandist of Akan Seri songs. Adhering to their singer-composer tradition, he also produces songs himself. From this point of view, Baluan Sholak is a composer who made a great contribution to the development of Kazakh singing art. He visited all the countries along Kokshetau, Karkaraly, Karaotkel, Sarysu. Wrestler Sholak will be in Bayan-aul, Semipalatinsk, and will deliver Arka's songs to Zhetysu. During this trip, Kenen Azirbayev learned many songs of Baluan Sholak and distributed them to the people.
Baluan Sholak's "Ashchyly-ayryk", "Baluan Sholak", "Zeldirme", "Dikildek", "Kokshetau", "Kosalka", "Double drum", "Double key", "Kulan kishines", There are songs like "Kenje Kanur". His popular songs are "Galia" and "September". If "Galiya" is a love lyric that skillfully sings the world of tender feelings and transparent love in a mysterious melody, the songs of Baluan Sholak are performed by Zh. Elebekov, M. Koshkimbaev, M. Tyrbaev, Zh. Karmenov, K. Baibosynov, etc. was.
The well-known music researcher A. V. Zataevich recorded several songs of Baluan Sholak from around the country and included them in the collections "1000 songs of the Kazakh people" and "500 Kazakh songs and tunes".
Baluan Sholak Baimyrzauly, who pleased the people with his art of singing, swayed his Saryarka with his saz music, and was one of the notable figures of his time, died in 1916 in his hometown of Ozektisay.
## Works
* "Achchyly-ayryk"
* "Baluan Sholak"
* "Dikildek"
* "Kokshetau"
* "Kosalka"
* "Double Drum"
* "Double Key"
* "Kulan Kisines"
* "Galia"
* "Kenje Kanur"
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3612 | Kazakh alphabet | The Kazakh alphabet is a systematic sequence of letters of the Kazakh language, a sound writing system consisting of various letter symbols used in the cultural life of the Kazakh people together with other Turkic peoples. Over the centuries, there have been various alphabets of the Kazakh language, which have been changed and updated depending on the historical period.
Until 1929, the Kazakhs of Kazakhstan used the Arabic script, which was updated in 1924 by Ahmet Baitursynuly. 1930 As a result of migration, Kazakhs living in China still use the Arabic alphabet.
1920 in the middle of the 19th century, the Latin alphabet was created for the Turkic-speaking peoples of the Soviet Union, which replaced the old Arabic script, and between 1929 and 1940, the Latin writing system was used in the Kazakh SSR.
Since 1940, the Cyrillic script was introduced in Kazakhstan and is still used today. In 2017, it is planned to change the writing of the Kazakh language to Latin, and since then, new Latin alphabet versions of the Kazakh language have been published. Nowadays, the Latin script has no practical use. Apart from the official alphabets, QazaqGrammar and QazAqparat have published their own versions.
## Based on the Cyrillic script
### Modern Cyrillic
The Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet is an alphabet used mostly in Kazakhstan and Mongolia. This alphabet proposed by Sarsen Amanzholov was adopted in 1940, it contains 42 letters: 33 letters of the Russian alphabet and 9 original Kazakh letters А, Г, К, Н, Э, У (until 1947, before this letter was used instead of this letter), У, Ш, И . In the past, Kazakh letters were placed at the end of the Russian alphabet letters, and then they were moved behind Russian letters with a similar sound.
The following letters: В, Я (1957), Ф, Ц, Ч, Щ, Ъ, Ь, Е, are not used in native Kazakh words. These letters: Я, Ц, Ч, Щ, Ъ, Ь, Е, were used only in the Soviet era in words introduced from the Russian language or through the Russian language according to the Russian spelling guidelines (since 1990, their use in official and private public information, literary works is decreasing, becoming rarer gone). Due to the correct natural phonetics of the Kazakh language, the letter E sounds like the Russian E (Ekibastuz (Kazakh) - Ekibastuz (Russian)). The letter Ж in the Kazakh language gives the affricate sound represented by the letters ДЖ in the Russian language (zhigit, jihaz, jan, mugaljar, urdjar, jas - pronunciation; жах, жах, жах, жан, mugaljar, jas - written). The letter X is strictly pronounced in Kazakh phonetics. К in the middle of the word (sometimes at the end) is pronounced as Х during speech, if К is followed by a consonant sound. The letter Х is often found in Arabic-Persian input words, it is pronounced like a soft, light X. E is pronounced as [e] at the beginning of a word. In the middle or at the end of a word, the sound E can be pronounced similar to A. The letter E is not spelled, but the letter E sounds like an E. The letter у denotes a non-syllable sound, and is also used to replace the pseudodiphthongs НУ, УУ, ЮУ, ЙУ.
The following letters denote front and back consecutive sound pairs (usually called thin and thick): <> In Arabic-Persian input words, the contrast of А — А appears.
The Kazakh accent is not marked in the writing because it often falls on the last syllable.
Notation
In the recent past, typing Kazakh text was often difficult. The reason for this is the lack of Unicode support in operating systems and typewriters, the lack of standard Kazakh 8-bit markup, and the lack of normal computer letters. In this regard, more than 20 different versions of the Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet are offered for marking on computers.
At one time, Kazakhstan adopted the State Code of the Ministry of Internal Affairs RK 920-91 for DOS. This format is based on the CP866 8-bit Cyrillic (Slavic) character sheet. Now, after a long wait, the version of the RK MF 1048-2002 for the Windows system has been approved. The use of this standard was very limited because it was at the time when Unicode was displacing the other outdated 8-bit notation. Thus, only some state and government-related organizations, including "KazInformation" news agency, used it until recently. Currently, UTF-8 notation is used everywhere.
Keyboard layout
The Kazakh keyboard layout is developed on the basis of the Russian typing layout and is approved in the form of PCT KKSR 903-90. This sheet is Unicode supported: Windows (including NT family 2000, XP, Server 2003, Vista and higher) and Linux operating systems.
The original letters of Kazakh are located in the position of the number field in the upper row of the keyboard. And, for entering numbers and other symbols (/, *, –, +), the auxiliary numeric keyboard is used. For this reason, there is no place for non-alphabetic symbols and the letter Y in a normal sheet.
### Writing of Baptists
The first Kazakh Cyrillic alphabet was created by Ibrai Altynsarin in the 19th century. On the basis of the Cyrillic alphabet, the Kazakh "missionary" alphabet was created for the religious literature[1] and "Russian-modern" schools by Orthodox missionaries. It used various reduplicated and diacritical characters. The "missionary alphabet" was used to a limited extent until 1917.
### Unicode
## Official Latin Alphabet Versions
### Modern Latin Alphabet
Modern Latin alphabet — on October 9, 2017, the project of transferring the Kazakh alphabet to the Latin alphabet was proposed. In 2017, the new Latin alphabet of the Kazakh language was approved by the decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on October 26. On October 26, 2017, this alphabet was officially approved. This resolution was amended on February 19, 2018. It is planned to move to a new alphabet in 2017-2025.
The alphabet consists of 32 letters.
In 2020, President Kassym-Jomart Tokayev called for a review of the Latin alphabet, emphasizing the preservation of the original sounds and sounds of the Kazakh language.
Academicians of the Baitursynov Institute of Linguistics and specialists of the official working group on the transition to scripts presented this edition to the public in November 2019. Instead of digraphs and sharp accents, this edition uses umlauts, breves and cedillas and introduces orthographic changes in order to more accurately reflect Kazakh phonology.
This revision is a slightly modified version of the Turkish alphabet, dropping the letter C and adding four additional letters that do not exist in Turkish: Ä, Q, Ŋ and W.
Pending approval of this version, linguists А, А, Г г, И и , Й, Ш н, Э ɵ, У у, У у, У у, Ю ы, Ч ч, Ш ш and І i. An alternative to introducing accent marks is to use more digraphs.
In January 2021, a revised version of the Kazakh Latin alphabet was presented with the introduction of letters, Ä ä (Ə ə), Ö ö (Э ö), Ü ü (Ü ü), Ğ ğ (Г г), Ū ū (Х у), Ŋ ŋ (Ң н) and Ш ш (Ш ш).
This version will be officially implemented from 2023.
Official Latin alphabet (version 2021):
### Unicode
## Historical and other Latin alphabets
### Latin New Alphabet
"Common Turkic Alphabet" based on Latin was proposed by the New Alphabet Committee of the USSR People's Committee . This alphabet, with some changes made in accordance with the requirements of the Kazakh language, was officially used from 1929 to 1940, and then it was replaced by the Cyrillic alphabet.
### 1929 version
The first Janhalip version was used between 1929 and 1938. There are 29 letters in the alphabet, including letters Çç, əə, Ƣƣ, Ꞑꞑ, Ɵɵ, Ьь.
### 1938 version
The second version of Jangalip was used between 1938 and 1940 and served only as an intermediate between Latin script and Cyrillic. Many Russian letters were introduced into the alphabet, and the use of previous letters was changed. As a result, this version brought major changes to the orthography of the Kazakh language.
The letters Ff and Xx are included to clearly mark the input words. The sound previously denoted by the letter Hh was divided into two letters, one of which was known as Xx, and the second remained the same in the Latin alphabet, and after the introduction of the Cyrillic alphabet, it began to be denoted by the letter ХХ. The letter Uu was changed to the letter Ūū, and the first letter Uu previously denoted /Ў/, /ХЎ/, /ЇЎ/, /ХЎ/, /ЮЎ/ and the sound /U/ from the Russian language. Therefore, Vv, previously used for the /Ў/ sound, was later used to mark the /В/ sound. A similar change occurred to the letter Ii, which in the first version represented the sound /И/, and later marked the Russian /И/ sound found in /ИЙ/, /ЙЙ/ and other words. The letter Jj is for the sound /И/ instead of the letter Ii.
### Pinyin Latin
1950 Although the Kazakhs living in China wanted to replace the alphabet with graphics similar to the Soviet Cyrillic alphabet, they abandoned this idea due to the breakdown of Soviet-Chinese relations. Therefore, in 1964-1984 between the Kazakhs in China used the Latin version of the Chinese language, the pinyin alphabet:
Then, in 1984, the Arabic script came back into use, but the pinyin Latin Kazakh can still be used in science and books.
### Version of QazaqGrammar
QazaqGrammar is an online community that promotes the Kazakh language and its issues. On July 31, 2020, they introduced their current version of the Latin alphabet. Although it did not play any official role and was not used in practice, it raised its name in the media.
The version of QazaqGrammar adheres to the principle of "One voice - one letter", as a result of which the letters Uu and Ii are not written as one letter, but are divided into digraphs as in Janalip. Their spelling depends on the syllable or word.
Vowel Uu:
* Full words are written as uw/üw depending on the thick-thinness of the first syllable: uwli, quwat, güwil, süwret (respectively, poison, power, roar, image).
* Full words are written as ıw/iw in other syllables depending on their thick-thinness: okıw, tögiw, qırıwar, keriwen (reading, pouring, kıruar, keruen, respectively).
* Uu is written in input words: universitet, Uran, turist (university, Uranus, tourist, respectively).
Correspondingly Ii:
* Full words are written as ıy/iy depending on the thick-thinness: kıyın, tiyin, kıyar (respectively, hard, squirrel, cucumber).
* Ii is written in input words: internet, business, Chile, Italy (respectively, internet, business, Chile, Italy).
The letter Ц is written as s/ts depending on its position in the word and associated sounds: sirk, sentner, aksent, atseton, abzas (respectively, sirk, centner, accent, acetone, paragraph).
The digraph Ch ch is used to represent the /Ч/ sound in the input words: Cheh, chart, chip, Chili, Chikago (respectively чех, chart, chip, Chili, Chicago).
Compared to the official versions, the QazaqGrammar version uses the letter Cc instead of Şş to mark the /Ш/ sound as in Jangalip, and Iı and İi for the letters Йы and Ии, respectively.
## Based on the Arabic script
The Arabic alphabet — has 29 letters and one symbol (ٴ) — is added to the beginning of a word to indicate a "high huza", a thin vowel throughout the word ( except for the letters G and K, which are always combined with thin vowels). The writing method is based on the Persian style. The writing direction is from right to left.
Since the Karakhan dynasty (10th century), it has been used to record texts in the Turkic language in Kazakhstan.
Most of the time it remained in the form of abjad, that is, with the marking of consonants only. In 1924, it was reconstructed to correctly mark vowels in Kazakh phonetics. Akhmet Baitursynuly, who created the project, called it "quick writing" (also called "New spelling"). In 1929, it was changed to the "Jangalip" alphabet based on the Latin script.
It is still used by the Kazakhs of East Turkestan (as well as by the Kyrgyz and Uyghurs with some national differences). Kazakh foreign language is also used in Afghanistan, Iran, Pakistan, and Middle Eastern countries that use the Arabic script.
### Shortcut Patterns
The table below shows the alphabet of the shortcut. Each letter has its own spelling, spelling options at the beginning, middle and end of the word. Above the letters, the corresponding Unicode codes are given as an external link.
Informal additional letters. Very rare.
## Other historical alphabets
In the history of writing, the alphabet system of the Kazakh language went through several historical periods and reached the level of the national alphabet. It is known that the Kazakh people have been using the alphabet system based on Arabic graphics for several centuries. In 1929-40, an alphabet based on Latin graphics was introduced into the writing system, and since 1940, the Cyrillic alphabet has been used.
Ancient Hun and Saka tribes (5th - 4th centuries BC) used by the ancient Huns and Saka tribes (5-4 centuries BC) are the historical inheritors of the culture (writing) characteristic of those tribes - the foundation of the Kazakh people. constituent house, kanly, kipchak, etc. It is considered to be the oldest writing of the tribes. The "rune" writing (5-12 centuries), which is the basis of the monuments of Orkhon-Yenisei, Talas common to the Turkic world of the ancient Kazakh tribes, the ancient Uyghur writing, the Arabic writing that has been used since the 8th century, the enlightenment of the Chinese Kazakhs Latin script, Cyrillic script (after 1940) used in the system at one time (1929-40s; 1960-1970s) - all these are considered the basis of Kazakh script. The Kazakh alphabet based on Arabic graphics was adjusted by A. Baitursynuly and improved according to the features of the language. In Kazakhstan, it was used under the name "quick writing" until the 1930s. The spelling of this script is based on traditional morphological conventions. Various changes were made to the Kazakh alphabet and spelling, which was formed in 1940 on the basis of Russian graphics (1957, 1970). Due to the inability of the Cyrillic script to correctly reflect all the peculiarities of the Kazakh language, in recent years (since 1993) the issue of transferring the Kazakh national script to the Latin script has been raised.
### Pre-Kazakh alphabets
Door inscription
The type of door inscription introduces several archeological heritages, including the oldest one - an inscription on a silver plate found in the Esikti fortress ( 5th century BC). That mound was the burial place of the famous Golden Man. The script is similar to the Old Turkic script. Some researchers refer to the Legan script as the Kharoshthi script of North India. The title of the record has not yet been determined.
Orkhon script
Old Turkic script (also called Orkhon-Yenesai script and runic script) — BC. Writing of the Turkic tribes in the 5th - 10th centuries. The reason it is called runic script is because it is similar to the runic script used by the Germanic peoples in the past (several runes have a close similarity in sound and image).
The Old Turkic writing style was used by the nomadic Turkic tribes (5-10 centuries) who lived in Kazakhstan and then were assimilated into the Kazakh ethnos. At the time of the Mongol invasion (12th century), the ancient Turkic script was completely replaced by the Arabic script under the pressure of Islam.
Jebirei inscription
The Khazar (Khazar) khans adopted the Karaim Mashab of Judaism as the religion of the whole country. Along with Jebirey religion, Jebirey writing came along. Among those Khazar tribes, there was Berish tribe, which has many traces in Ukrainian and North Caucasus place names. Now give it to the clan of the Little Face. Karaylar (sometimes confused with the name of Mashab and called Karaim), who lived in Crimea before the Second World War, in 1920. used the traditional Hebrew script. The Karaites recognize themselves as our Turkic people and consider themselves to be the direct descendants of the Khazars.
Kyrymshaks are also a group of Jews who speak the Kypchak language (they used to call it the Chagatai language). 1941-45 During the war, Nazi Germany killed almost the entire Kyrgyz population.
Yunan-Kipchak script
Yunan (Greek) script was written by Urym (Greeks speaking Kipchak) in Crimea in 1917. used until
Armenian-Kipchak writing
During the 12th-13th centuries, the Kypchaks, who moved to the Armenian kingdom, published extensive religious, legal and other literature in the Kypchak language. The Kypchak language differs from the ancient Kazakh language in that the Armenian-Kypchak language often uses Armenian-Christian concepts. These texts were written in the Armenian alphabet. Their descendants scattered all over the world until the end of the 19th century kept household records, personal letters, etc. He kept his daily notes in cursive writing.
Latin Kypchak script
Catholic missionaries in Crimea were engaged in producing Bibles and other religious literature in Kypchak, an early form of the Kazakh language. The most prominent example is Lat., composed at the end of the 13th century. "Codex Cumanicus", a Latin-Persian-Cuman dictionary. It also contains commentaries in Italian and South Germanic languages.
Other writing systems
Epigraphical inscriptions of Turkic tribes are known, written in Uyghur, Sogdian, Manichean, Syriac, Tibetan and Brahmi scripts, mainly before the Islamic era.
## Alphabet reform projects
Several types of writing reform have been proposed since the early 1990s [source? ]:
* Removing letters from the Kazakh alphabet that do not exist in the sound system of the Kazakh language (Ш, Ш, Ц, Ч, Щ, Ъ, Ь, Е), refusing to use Kazakh and Russian spelling rules simultaneously, and only morpho-phonemic following only the rules, entering the letter Ў for the /w/ sound, writing the letter У in the form of ЮЎ, УЎ, ХЎ ЮЎ in indigenous Kazakh words and Arabic-Persian words spoken according to the phonetic rules of the Kazakh language (as in Karakalpak spelling), using ИИ, ЙИ instead of the letter Й;
Transition to the Latin alphabet using the new spelling rules mentioned above, either adopting the Latin alphabet in whole or in part from the 1930s (as in the official Tatar alphabet), or moving to a Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet (Crimean Tatar, Gagauz and Internet Tatar as in the alphabet); or adopting the English alphabet (as the Uzbeks did);
* Back to Baitursynov's shortcut;
* Go to Orkhon-Enesai record.
All debates about the reform ultimately came down to two choices: either to leave the Cyrillic alphabet, or to switch to the Latin alphabet based on the Turkish alphabet (academician A. Haidari's version). Discussions about the alphabet even after the announcement of the President Nursultan Nazarbayev about the effectiveness of the transition to the Latin alphabet did not continue. Among those who oppose the transition to the Latin alphabet, writers dominate. In the future, when a decision is made to reprint literary works in a new alphabet, there is a fear that some works will not be included in the list and will not be needed for the new generation.
## Comparison of Alphabets
### Comparative Table of Alphabets
## Example
Universal Declaration of Human Rights declaration
## Sized Latin alphabet of Kazakh
was compiled in 2001 to correctly mark the sounds of Kazakh phonetics in the standard Latin alphabet. Orken Toktaruly, who developed the project, called it "Kazakh-sized Latin alphabet". U. Toktaruly, while creating the standard Kazakh Latin alphabet, weighed the advantages and disadvantages of polygraphy, the advantages and disadvantages of the reading and writing process, and created an alphabet consisting of 26 standard Latin letters.
Sub-alternatives of sound formation: gh, ph, sh.
Addition:
1) Bold sign "`" is placed on "i" and is intended to give a bold [y] sound. M: ti`nh, i`s, mi`s, mi`y, etc. In words with thick syllables with the sounds "q", "x", "o", "u", "a", "i`", according to the phonetic law of the Kazakh language, the thick sign is written without adding "`", and when read it is [y] is read. M: short [short], uzin [long], xilim [science], alim [fee], qorim [burial], i`risti [long]. tb
2) Two vowels that make one sound in one syllable are called digraphs. They are: "ae" [э] aera [ера] millennium, "oe" [э] poena [пона] punishment and "ue" [у] true [трю] truth. If it is necessary to read a combination of letters, that is, digraphs separately, a colon [ ¨ ] (trema) or a duration sign [ ‾ ] is placed above the second letter, for example: poёta or poēta [poet] poet. And in the Kazakh language, you can read them separately by putting a delimiter "'" between them. M: po'eta, po'ema, a'edon, etc. The pronunciation of double-character (digraph) vowels "ae", "oe", "ue" in Latin is exactly the same as the sounds [а], [о], [у] in Kazakh. Since these sounds in the Kazakh language often occur in the first syllable, representation by digraph does not affect the size of the word. M: oezen, koel, daerya, kuen, tuen, Aebic, Aeset etc. ;3) In the Kazakh language, even in A. Baitursynuly's "Tote Yary" alphabet, there is no sound [i] in Shintvait, the sound [i] should correspond to the sound [ і ] of Kazakh. This sound is [i] in Uzbek, Uyghur and Tatar languages. Therefore, it is better to remove the extra sound [i] from the Kazakh language.
4) The letters "Y" and "Z" are found in words from the Greek language. Here we should not take into account the Greek version, but turn to the English version. The symbol "y" in Latin is used the same way as consonants [y] and [i] in Kazakh. It consists of the sound [ий]-[ий]. In the same way, the symbol "w" is formed from the sound [иу]-[иу]. In order to increase the accuracy of our language, the characters "y", "w" should be combined with consonants [y], [i], [u], [y] in the first syllable of root words. M: si`yliq, uw, uwis, kiyw, jetisw, Jetisuw, suewret, ti`yim. And in the subsequent syllables of the word, they can be combined directly with consonants. M: kelw, aedeby, sayasy, qi`ltyma, etc. ;
5) "i" is pronounced as [y] when combined with vowels in words imported from foreign languages. M: Italia - Italy, Russia - Russia;
6) In order to internationalize, the sounds г, ш, ф in the names of places and people can also be marked using sub-alternatives of compound symbols (2). M: Manghistaw, Ghalim, Qaraghandi, Shi`mkent, Pharyza, Aebish, etc.
7) In Latin, human names (Iulia, Marcus, Caesar), geographical names (Roma, Europa, Italia), names of nations (Latini, Romanus, Graeci) and adjectives formed from nouns are written from the capital letter (lingua Latina, theatrum Graecum, philosophus Romanus, nation Polona);
8) Two vowels in one syllable are called diphthongs. Latin has two diphthongs. They are: "au" [au] and "eu" [eu]. M: Eu-ro-pa [Europe] Europe, causa [cause] cause;
9) Latin character "c" used in "Codex Cumanicus" literature is the Kypchak sound [sh]. Based on that, it is better to mark the phoneme [sh]. In Latin, in the classical period, the letter Cs was pronounced only as [k]. Then came the letter Gg. Therefore, it could be transferred to our [г] phoneme. However, in the literature of the 13th century "Codex Cumanicus" it was often used for the phoneme [sh]. In some modern Turkic peoples, it is used for the phoneme [j] or [ch]. Therefore, it is better to assign it to our [sh] phoneme;
10) As for the use of the symbol "x" in Latin, it is pronounced [ks] in the classical form of Latin or [gz] in a simple form. We don't have that sound. On the one hand, we are used to the Cyrillic letter "x", and on the other hand, the sound [кс] and [гс] is quite close to our phoneme [г]. Then, in the 13th century "Codex Cumanicus" literature, it was often used for the phoneme [г]. Therefore, we should use this letter [г] for our phoneme;
11) The symbol "h" in Latin is used to mark the phoneme [х] in the Kazakh language. Although this sound is rare and not often used in the Kazakh language, it is a very necessary sound symbol in creating compound sounds. Therefore, under no circumstances should this sound be shortened or used for another sound. It is absolutely necessary to keep yourself clean. M: sh, gh, th, ch, ph, nh, kh, zh, xh;
12) If possible, it is also possible to use a compact form of compound symbols for the sounds [а], [о], [у], [н], [y]. M: Äset (Aeset), änci (aenci), ädemi (aedemi), saŋlaq (sanhlaq), taŋ (tanh), Öskemen (Oeskemen), önyer (oener), Ĭdĭrĭs (I'diris), sĭmbat (si'mbat) , Sĭxanaq (Si`xanaq), Ürimci (Uerimci), ülken (uelken), üstel (uestel) etc. ;
Mi`sali: All human beings have come to the world by becoming free and capable. Adamdarxa aqil-parasat, ar-ojdan berilgen, sondiqtan can be close to each other, and the behavior of married women must be done.
## Sources
## See also
* Kazakh language
* Alphabet
* Kazakh transliteration
\< > ## External links
* "Lugat" dictionary complex of the Kazakh language Archived on July 13, 2015. * Kazakh-Russian-Kazakh dictionary (with virtual keyboard) — Open Directory Project (ODP)
* Turkish Bitik. Historical and cultural fund of the Kazakh language. Old Turkish characters)
* Electronic collection of Turkish manuscripts of Aleksandr Nikolaevich Garkavets. (Russian)
* "Svyatoe Evangelie" na Kazakh (English)
* Köktürkische Schrift, Türkische Runen (German)
* Converter for shorthand and more Archived November 29, 2011. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2304 | International Phonetic Alphabet | The International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) is an alphabetic system of phonetic notation based mainly on the Latin alphabet. It is a standardized representation of the sounds of the spoken language developed by the international phonetic community at the end of the 19th century. CFA is used by lexicographers, students and teachers of foreign languages, linguists, speech pathologists, singers, actors, language creators and translators.
## History
In 1886, a group of French and British language teachers led by the French linguist Paul Passy founded an organization, which from 1897 was called the International Phonetic Association (French: Association phonetique internationale). was named. The original alphabet was based on Henry Sweet's spelling reform for English, called the Roman alphabet, but the meanings of the characters may change from language to language to make it suitable for other languages. For example, the sound [ʃ] is represented by the letter "c" in English, and the letter combination "ch" in French. However, in 1888, the alphabet was standardized for the various languages, thus laying the foundation for all subsequent revisions.
Since its creation, the IMF has been revised several times. After significant changes in 1900 and 1932, the IFA remained unchanged until the 1989 Kiel Congress. In 1993, a minor revision was made – four mid-mid vowels were added and voiceless implosive consonants were removed. The last change was made in 2005 - the symbol for the labio-dental (labial-tooth) single accented consonant - ⱱ was added. In addition to adding and removing characters, IPA changes mainly consisted of renaming characters and categories, as well as changing font types.
IFA extensions for phonetic transcription of detuned speech were developed in 1990 and officially recognized by the International Association of Clinical Phonetics and Linguistics in 1994.
## Description
The basic principle of IPA is to assign a separate character, symbol for each individual sound (or speech segment). That is, it does not use multiple letters (digraphs) to represent a single sound, or use a single letter to represent multiple sounds (like "x" for English [ks] or [gz]). It does not contain symbols where the pronunciation of the letter depends on the context (for example, "c" in English and other European languages). Finally, IPA generally does not have special letters for two sounds, unless some specific language makes a distinction between them (a feature known as "selectivity").
107 symbols of HFA are used for vowels and consonants, 31 are used as diacritics (more precise definition of sound). And 19 are used to mark qualities such as pitch, tone, stress, and intonation.
## Letters
The International Phonetic Association divides IFA letters into three categories: vowels and pulmonic and non-pulmonic consonants.
## Sources
## Links
* Official site of FIFA
* Interactive table of FIFA
* Unicode collation table - Latin and ФБ letters are sorted by form |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5227 | Shygaykhanuly Dauletkerey | Dauletkerey Shygayuly (1820, Orda district, Ural region - May 4, 1887) is a prominent Kazakh singer-composer.
## Biography
Dauletkerey Shygayuly was born in the 1820s in the Orda district of the modern Ural region in a wealthy family. Both his father Shygay and the khan of the Bokei Horde, Jangir-Kerey Khan, raised him from childhood to rule the country and create judicial ceremonies. In the first period, he tried to rule individual clans in that country. But with a tender heart, he understands early that a person in power is cruel by necessity. Dauletkerey was also offended by the fact that his relative Jangir Khan took away the land of ordinary Kazakhs and gave the fertile, river-water pastures and winter pastures to the Russian colonists who were encroaching along our wide steppe. Although he did not participate directly, there is also evidence that he supported the Isatai-Mahambet uprising in the middle of the 19th century. This can be seen from its "Active" status.
According to the famous music researcher, academician Ahmet Zhubanov, Dauletkerey's niece, Nausha Bukeikhanov, who lived under the Soviet government, composed about fifty tunes of the kushi. It is the same person who gave valuable information about the famous musician. As a child, Dauletkerey learned Muslim letters from a mullah. Khan Zhangir, who was educated in Russia and later reached the rank of general, created conditions for children to learn Russian in the Horde. Dauletkerey learned Russian, could read and write. He was a scholar from an early age. An excellent dombra player, he learned the skill from a musician named Musirali. Moreover, in the beginning of the forties, drama and pop artists were invited from Saratov to the Horde, which became the winter residence of the sultans. There is an assumption that Dauletkerey got acquainted with Russian and European music from an early age. He skillfully played the Russian balalaika. He could also play guitar and mandolin. In 1854, Cheredeev drew a sketch of the French traveler Pauli in a watercolor depicting Dauletkerey, who is in a mood, and performers on other instruments. The most interesting thing is that there is a figure of a man dancing in the middle.
In 1855, Dauletkerey was among the representatives who took part in the coronation ceremony of Tsar Alexander the Second. The purpose of including him in the delegation was to gradually learn how to manage the country. But he did not come to get acquainted with the palace of the tsarist colonizers, but with advanced Russia, the country of Pushkin. He will see what he did not see and hear what he did not hear with his own ears. He listens to the works of European musicians played by the orchestra. Although he did not write poetry himself, the poet who understood poetry by heart was the first to contribute when the Bokei Horde collected funds to erect a monument to Pushkin near the lyceum where the poet studied. After Dauletkerey was appointed the ruler of Kyzylkurt in 1861, he met his grandfather Kurmangazy a year later. "Dauletkerey's conversation with Kurmangazy and seeing other drum players of the folk tradition greatly influenced his musical creativity," writes Academician Ahmet Zhubanov. The best musical compositions of Kurmangazy and his students are distinguished by their stormy accent, stone-like rhythm, ambitious courage, and wide breath.
Dauletkerey's songs "Flood" and "Dzhiger", depicting the fate of the people and the country's desire for freedom, depict the serious and serious emotions of a brave man who has suffered fate. Zataevich wrote about "Dzhiger" as follows:
Dauletkerey, who died in the seventies of the last century, is one of the great farmers who, although he did not live long, left behind an immortal and indelible legacy.
## Creativity
One of his first works is "Akjelen". This mood is for an artistic and beautiful girl named Akbala. Dauletkerey's "Konyr", "Zeldirme", "Kerilme", "Iskirma", "Kosishek" moods depict various scenes in life. The history of the name "Zhumabike" is as follows: at that time, it was customary for girls to be married to someone they did not know. Later, when she becomes a girl, even if she doesn't love him, she should be married to that guy. Dissatisfied with this, energetic girls used to apply to institutions with authority called the Provisional Council. If the girl's word is confirmed and the truth is revealed, she will be freed. Dauletkerey expressed his gratitude to a girl named Zhumabike, who was a great singer and poet, who was recognized early in the tribal country, and who gained freedom on her own terms. In 1869, the meeting with the great Kazakh composer Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly was an unforgettable period in Dauletkerey's creative life, they learned the language of kuy and directly influenced each other with the art of music. Many states of Dauletkerey are widespread among people.
His tunes in the household genre "Zeldirme", "Tartys", "Iskirma", "Kosalka"; There are works depicting women such as "Kyz Akjelen", "Akbala Kyz", "Beautiful Lady", "Karajan Lady", "Kudasha", "Mungy Kyz", "Zhumabike". Under the influence of Russian music, "Vashchenko", "Double gut", "Konyr", "Topan", etc. b. states, in 1871 his friend S. In honor of Babazhanov's death, he released a mourning song called "Salyk olgen". The state of "Nightingale" was also born in this period. Deep content and complex psychology prevail in Dauletkerey's states belonging to the last years of his life. Among them, there are tunes such as "Demalys", "Tondirme", "Kerilme", "Dzhiger", which are excellent examples of folk symphony.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6102 | Иордания | Jordan (Arabic: الأردن, Al-Urdunn; full name - Hashemite Kingdom of Jordan (Arabic: الملكة الأردنية الهاشمية, al-Mamlyak al-Urduniya al-Hashimiyya)) is a country located in Western Asia. Earth is a lake. 91.8 thousand km². The population is 5.4 million. (1996). The capital is Amman. (1.6 million). The main inhabitants are Arabs. In addition, there are Circassians, Chechens, Armenians. The official language is Arabic. The inhabitants adhere to the Sunni branch of Islam. Jordan is a constitutional monarchy (since 1999, the king is Abdullah bin al-Hussein). The head of state - the king has the same rights in legislative and executive power. The legislative body is a bicameral National Assembly. The king himself appoints the upper chamber (Senate). The lower house (deputies) is elected by the people by secret ballot. Administratively, the country is divided into 8 regions (provinces). National holidays: May 25 — Independence Day (1946), November 14 — King's birthday. The currency is the Jordanian dinar.
## Nature
Most of its territory is a mountainous plateau (from 500 m to 1500 m) in the west of which it is the largest. The Jordan Valley and the dead sea are located. There are deposits of phosphorite, potassium salts (in the open sea), and copper deposits. The climate is subtropical, dry. The average temperature in January is 8 — 14 C, in July 24 — 30 C. Annual amount of precipitation. 500 — 700 mm in the mountainous region, 100 mm in the east of the country and in the Al-Ghor depression. There are few permanent rivers. In the mountainous regions in the western part, Mediterranean plants grow, and in the eastern part, desert and desert plants grow. Animals include white antelope, wolf, fox, many types of birds, and reptiles.
## History
The land of Jordan was inhabited by Semitic tribes in ancient times. BC In the 3rd and 2nd millennia, they were invaded by the Phoenicians and the Hittites. In the 1st millennium, it first became part of the kingdoms of Israel and then Judea, the middle of the early Arab state of the Nabatean kingdom. was. At the beginning of the 2nd century, the Nabatean kingdom was conquered by the Roman Empire. In the 4th century, modern Jordan became part of the Byzantine Empire, and from the 7th century, it became part of the Arab Caliphate. Arabic language and Islamic religion are stable. In the 11th - 15th centuries, the country was invaded by the Crusaders, the Saljuks, and the Egyptian Mamluks. It was under the Ottoman Sultanate from the beginning of the 16th century until 1918. 1st world. After the end of the war (1914-18), Jordan was annexed to Palestine under the British Empire. 1921 According to the decision of the Cairo conference, the Emirate of Transjordan was established on the eastern banks of the Jordan River, ruled by the descendants of the Hashemite dynasty. 1928 — 29 There were popular uprisings against British oppression and the Hashemite dynasty. 1936 — 39 years partisan movement intensified in the western regions. 2nd world. During the war (1939-45), Transjordan was the main military base of Great Britain in the Middle East. 1946 On March 22, Great Britain recognized Transjordan as an independent state, from May 25, the country became Jordan, and Emir Abdullah became the first king of Jordan. 1948 — 49 As a result of the Arab-Israeli war, the eastern areas of Palestine were annexed to Jordan. 1957 According to the Anglo-Jordanian agreement, British troops were withdrawn from the country. 1967 In June, Israel captured 5.9 thousand km² of land on the West Bank of the Jordan River. About 800,000 refugees fled from Palestine to Jordan. After that, a peace agreement between the two countries was concluded only in 1994. Done on October 26. Jordan is a member of the UN (1955) and the Arab League (1945).
## Economy
Jordan is a country with a poorly developed socio-economic structure. The country's economy is often dependent on foreign aid and loans. The main lenders are Saudi Arabia, countries of the Persian Gulf, USA and Germany. Despite the lack of funds, the country's economy is developing rather quickly. Industry contributes 20% of national income and consists of mining, cement, and oil refining. It is poor in minerals (except phosphorites). Agriculture accounts for 10% of national income. The country mainly imports food and industrial goods almost entirely. exports phosphorite, cement and some agricultural products. Main trade partners: Arab countries, USA, Germany, Great Britain, Japan, etc.
## Population
The population of Jordan is 5.9 million. people, 95% of whom are Arabs. Including Jordanian Arabs 35%, Palestinian Arabs 55%. The latter immigrated to Transjordan and obtained citizenship after the Arab-Israeli wars of 1948 and 1967.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4705 | БҰҰ | The United Nations (UN) is an intergovernmental organization aimed at maintaining international peace and security, developing friendly relations between nations, achieving international cooperation, and becoming a center for coordinating the actions of states.
It is the largest, internationally represented and most powerful intergovernmental organization in the world.
Headquartered in New York, USA. Currently, the UN includes 193 countries.
The name "United Nations" was proposed by US President Franklin Delano Roosevelt. The
Declaration was adopted in San Francisco on October 24, 1945. That day was declared UN Day.
## Historical overview
The most important and basic document of the United Nations is its Charter. If we look at the historical data, the draft of the Charter of the Organization was created with the participation of the representatives of the USSR, USA, China and Great Britain.
The document was prepared in five languages - Russian, English, Chinese, French and Spanish, and was signed by 51 countries at the San Francisco Conference on June 26, 1945.
And the Charter was put into force on October 24 of the same year due to the ratification of the Charter by the countries participating in the said conference. Since then, October 24 is widely celebrated in the international community as the founding day of the United Nations.
Well known to many, the General Assembly, which includes all member states of the Organization, is considered the main body of the United Nations. Each UN member state has one vote in decision-making. Commonly important issues, in particular, peace and security, new members of the Organization and the adoption of its budget, are decided by the participation and voting results of two thirds of the UN member states.
Also, the General Assembly reviews and approves the budget of the Organization. Members of various bodies of the organization elect the UN Secretary General on the recommendation of the Security Council. Currently, Russia, USA, China, Great Britain and France are permanent members of the Security Council. Also, the question of increasing the number of members of the Security Council has been discussed for several years. But he hasn't decided yet.
## Goal
According to the Charter, the UN aims for the following 4 goals in its activities:
* maintaining peace and security throughout the world;
* development of friendly relations between nations;
* support for implementation of international cooperation in solving international problems and respect for human rights;
* to be a hub for nations to work together to achieve these goals.
The UN, including its multifaceted functions, covers almost all areas of the world community. Its relevance, especially its role in solving the conflicts of the modern age, which is characterized by the growing global dependence and the requirement to unite the efforts of states in ensuring international peace and security, is very great.
The main importance for UN member states is the Organization's participation in solving urgent problems such as maintaining international peace and security, disarmament and non-proliferation of weapons of mass destruction. The organization also initiated international efforts to combat terrorism, drug trafficking and organized crime.
Today, it has become a center for solving pressing problems of the international community: the UN carries out systematic work to support respect for human rights, protect the environment, fight against diseases, curb the scale of poverty, help refugees, defuse mines, and fight AIDS.
One of the main goals of the UN is to maintain peace throughout the world. For many years, the organization has been playing an important role in preventing international crises and resolving protracted conflicts. He carried out complex operations on establishing and maintaining peace and providing humanitarian aid. At the same time, he took measures to prevent the escalating conflicts. In post-conflict situations, it often takes organized measures aimed at eliminating the root causes of violence and building a foundation for sustainable peace.
## Structure
* The General Assembly is authorized to discuss any case and issue within the UN Charter, to develop recommendations to member states, to discuss the annual and special reports of the Security Council, and to hold meetings of the entire Organization. reviews and approves the budget. Appoints members to the Security and Economic and Social Councils. On the recommendation of the Security Council, the Secretary General is appointed for a 5-year term and the members of the International Court of Justice are appointed. The General Assembly meeting is held every year between September and December.
* Security Council — international peace and security fight. All its decisions must be obeyed by UN members. Five permanent members (Russia, USA, Great Britain, France, China) have the right of veto. The remaining 10 non-resident members are elected in accordance with Article 23 of the UN Charter.
* The Secretariat is an international staff engaged in various official work in all UN offices around the world. The main offices are in New York, Geneva and Vienna. The Secretariat is headed by the Secretary General.
* Economic and Social Council — consists of 5 regional commissions: European Economic Commission, Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific, Econ for Western Asia. and society. Com., for Africa, for Latin America and the Caribbean.
* Council on care — the main tasks of the residents of the territory under care are political, economic, social. to progress, his progress in the field of education, to support his progressive development in the direction of self-reliance or independence. 1994 It temporarily stopped working on November 1.
* The International Court of Justice is considered to be the most important organization that resolves disputed issues between states, as well as issues recommendations on legal issues of UN bodies and its specialized institutions. It consists of 15 independent courts. They are deprived of the right to engage in other activities and have diplomatic privileges and immunities. Only states can participate in the court, and individuals and natural persons cannot.
* 16 special institutions: World Bank, International Atomic Energy Agency, UNESCO, World Health Organization, UN Children's Fund, UN Industrial Development Agency, etc., and special commissions: International Law Commission , Commission on International Trade Law.
Official languages: English, Arabic, Spanish, French, Chinese, Russian.
The UN Charter is the main document of this organization. It describes all the duties of the member states and the principles of the organization.
## Kazakhstan and the United Nations
In the history of independent Kazakhstan, March 2, 1992 is distinguished by Kazakhstan's admission to the United Nations. Our country became a member of the 46th session of the UN General Assembly not only as a new member of the Organization, but also as a state that takes an active position on the most urgent international problems of our time.
At the 47th session of the UN General Assembly, the Head of State N. Nazarbayev spoke about Kazakhstan's international policy and put forward two important proposals. The first is to start creating a fund for UN peacekeeping efforts under the "one+one" formula with the goodwill of all governments. This formula means that each country allocates one percent of its defense budget to it, increasing it by one percent every year. If you do this, after ten years, the settlement amount will increase tenfold. The second proposal is the convening of the Council on Mutual Cooperation and Confidence Building Measures in Asia (CCCBM). This initiative of the head of state was supported by many countries, as well as the UN, and played a significant role in determining the foreign policy of Kazakhstan.
Since 1992, Kazakhstan was not only accepted as a member of the international community, but also managed to find its rightful place in it.
Kazakhstan's participation in the work of the UN system is one of the main directions of multilateral diplomacy of the country, it contributes to the strengthening of the country's sovereignty and independence, socio-political, economic and society, etc. creates favorable international conditions in the fields. The main goal of this direction is to promote the strategic interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of global and regional security on the international stage, to create a fair world order and sustainable development environment in politics and economy, and to coordinate relations between members of the world community.
The leadership of our country, supporting the activities of UN Secretary General K. Annan aimed at strengthening the role of the UN in important areas of international cooperation, is following a direction aimed at expanding the cooperation of the Republic of Kazakhstan with this prestigious organization, its specialized institutions, funds and programs.
One of the main events in the history of Kazakhstan's cooperation with the UN was the official visit of UN Secretary General K. Annan to Kazakhstan on October 17-18, 2002, which confirmed the results of Kazakhstan's ten-year cooperation with the UN and determined the future of cooperation.
There is great potential for cooperation with the UN Development Program, the Children's Fund, the World Health Organization, and the UN Environment Program in attracting experts, technical and financial assistance to Kazakhstan at the stage of state formation.
Based on the full implementation of the UN Charter, Kazakhstan fully supports efforts to strengthen the Organization and create a world security system under the leadership of the UN.
Recognizing the leading role of the UN in solving important issues today, Kazakhstan cannot stay out of the trends taking place in this organization. Since the day of independence, Kazakhstan has made a great contribution to maintaining world peace and security. Abandoning nuclear weapons, establishing confidence-building measures in Asia, strengthening integration processes in the Eurasian space, calling for a dialogue between civilizations and religions - all this is still an incomplete list of what our state has done in accordance with the principles and goals of the UN Charter.
Kazakhstan positively evaluates measures to expand the mandate of the UN reserved treaty system, supporting the UN peacekeeping activities and efforts to strengthen its peacekeeping potential. The proof of Kazakhstan's active activity in this direction is the creation of the Kazakh Peacekeeping Battalion (Kazbat) and the service of the soldiers of this battalion among the stabilization forces in Iraq.
In 2003, Kazakhstan signed the Memorandum of Understanding on contributing to the UN preparedness system, and now it is ready to allocate human, armored vehicles and transport resources of the Kazbat battalion for peacekeeping operations, as well as purchases for UN peacekeeping operations. expresses desire to participate more actively in the system.
We support the expansion of cooperation between the UN and regional organizations, and the expansion of partnership ties between regional organizations themselves in the fight against organized crime, drug threats, illegal migration, religious extremism, poverty and the spread of HIV/AIDS.
Kazakhstan intends to purposefully use the capabilities of the UN and its specialized institutions to reduce the economic and humanitarian consequences of man-made and environmental disasters such as the sinking of the Aral Sea, radioactive contamination of the Semipalatinsk test site, and contamination of drinking water sources. In this context, special attention should be paid to the active participation of Kazakhstan in the implementation of Millennium Development Goals and sustainable development positions. Since February 1992, representative offices of UN specialized institutions, funds and programs have been working in Kazakhstan. Their activities are aimed at providing technical, advisory and financial assistance. Currently, the following 15 UN organizations are working in Kazakhstan: United Nations Development Program (UNDP), UN Children's Fund (UNICEF), UN Population Fund (UNFPA), UN Office on Drugs and Crime ( UNHCR), Office of the United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR), UN Volunteers (UN), Women's Fund (UNIFEM), International Labor Organization (ILO), United Nations Educational, Scientific and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), World Health the World Health Organization (WHO), the United Nations Industrial Development Organization (UNIDO), the World Bank (WB), the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the United Nations Program on AIDS/HIV (UNAIDS) and the Department of Public Information (DIP).
The United Nations (UN) is an open international, intergovernmental universal organization with general powers. The United Nations was founded in 1945 on the basis of an agreement between the USSR, the USA, Great Britain and China. The United Nations Charter was adopted on June 26, 1945 and entered into force on October 24, 1945.
The goals and principles of the United Nations are established in Articles 1-2 of the Charter. Accordingly, the United Nations has the following goals:
* ensuring international peace and security;
* development of friendly relations between peoples on the basis of respect for the principle of equality of nations and self-government;
* implementation of partnership in solving international problems of an economic, social, cultural and humanitarian nature and in the development and support of human rights and basic freedoms;
* to be a coordinating center for nations to achieve these goals. The United Nations operates based on the following principles:
* sovereign equality of all its members;
* their faithful fulfillment of all international obligations;
* peaceful resolution of international disputes arising between them;
not to use force or threaten to use force against other states;
* they should provide comprehensive assistance to all activities conducted in accordance with the Charter of the United Nations;
The United Nations requires all non-member states to adhere to these principles, as this is necessary to ensure international peace and security;
The Charter of the United Nations does not under any circumstances give the right to interfere in the internal affairs of states. Any peace-loving state that recognizes the Charter of the United Nations and agrees to fulfill its obligations can become a member of the United Nations. The official languages of the United Nations are: Chinese, English, French, Russian, Spanish. In addition to these, Arabic was added as an official language in the General Assembly, the Security Council and the Economic and Social Council. The structure of the United Nations consists of six main bodies.
It is: General Assembly (GA), Security Council (SC), Economic and Social Council, International Court of Justice, Trusteeship Council and Secretariat.
## Secretary-General
The Secretary-General of the United Nations is the chief administrative officer of the UN and head of the UN Secretariat.
## Gallery
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## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5099 | Syrim Datuly | Syrym Datuly, Syrym batyr (1753, present-day West Kazakhstan region, Kazakhstan - 1802, present-day Khorezm region, Uzbekistan) is a prominent leader of the uprising of the Little Hundred Kazakhs in 1783-1797, a famous hero, a famous orator who fought against the colonial policy of the Tsar of the Russian Empire. Baibakti clan dance of the Alchyn tribe. Grandson of the famous Baibakty Sholan Batyr.
His origin is from the Baybakt clan of the Alshin tribe of Kishi Yuz. Due to his great intelligence, he was recognized in his circle very early and became known as "Bala Bi" who was famous for his justice.
Organizer and leader of the national liberation struggle against colonial oppression at the end of the 18th century. When Syrim passed away, 2,000 horses, 2,500 sheep were slaughtered, 5,000 cups of kumyz were drunk, and several hundred yurts were built. This means, on the one hand, his wealth, and on the other hand, his prestige among the people.
Syrim managed 2000 households. Syrym Datuly proved to be a true patriot of his people and made a great contribution to liberating the country from colonial shackles. He started a war against the Kazakhs who implemented the colonial policy of Russia. The main reason for the national liberation uprising started by Syrim was the tsar's policy and the arrogance of the Zhayik Cossacks, their exploitation of the Kazakh people. People's uprising was led by prominent citizens of the country such as Sultan Barak, Tilenshi, Orazbai, Zhantore along with Sirym Batyr. The Baybakk, Taban, Shekti, Ket and Circassian clans of Kshizhuz took part in the uprising. At the beginning of the uprising, there were 2700 soldiers of Sirym Batyr, 2000 of Barak Batyr and 1500 of Tilenshi Batyr.
## Clashes with Nuraly Khan
In August 1783, Zhaiyk Cossacks began raids to plunder the villages of Syrim and Nuraly Khan. Knowing that Nuraly Khan Syrim has a high reputation in the country, he is freed from the prison of the Russians. After Srym came out of the iron bars, the pace of popular uprising accelerated. At this time, Nuraly, who was afraid to rebel against the king, went against Syria and called Russia for help. From this moment on, Sirym Batyr will have to fight with two enemies. In 1784, when Syrim attacked Nuraly Khan along the Saqiz River, he escaped to the Russian-Cossack fortresses. In 1785, large battles took place in the areas where Syrim's vassals were located - below the Ural fortress. In 1783-1785, after the Cossacks captured the pasture lands of the Baibak, Tab and Tama tribes of Kazakhs, fierce battles took place. During this period, spontaneous uprisings began in the western regions of Kishi Yuz, which included the tribes migrating between the Zhaiyk and Embi rivers. Taking advantage of the existing situation, the tsar's government began to negotiate directly with the head of the clan. On the one hand, this policy was carried out in order to destroy the khanate in the Kazakh steppe. On July 13, 1786, Ekaterina II dismissed Khan Nuraly.
In 1792, after the re-establishment of khanate power, the period of popular uprising led by Syrym Datuly began. During this period, after many sultans and princes who participated in the uprising refused to continue the struggle, Sirym Batyr turned to guerrilla warfare. At the same time, the adverse conditions in the country also contributed to the continuation of the rebellion. In 1797, Khan of Kishi Yuz Esim was killed by the rebels. On August 28, 1797, Syrym Datuly decided to end the rebellion. He was part of the royal council, but he was persecuted by the sultans and had to flee to Khiva.
## Sirym Datuly's 1st Rebellion
In his old age, he opposed the tyrannical policies of the colonizers and protested against the people who had lost their land and had no pastures, and were completely exhausted by the oppression and robbery of the tsarist administration. raise a voice and start an armed struggle. He writes in one of his letters to Igelstrom, the governor-general of Orynbor:
It is known that you are Uzbeks, like the Nogai and Bashkirs whom you deceived and captured by various methods.
From this, it is clear that Sirym Batyr took up a weapon, rebelled, and tried to break the shackles that were about to fall on the neck of his people.
In 1783, Syrym fought with the detachment of the Kazakh-Russian ataman Chaganov, who came to raid and plunder the uncaring Kazakh villages, and defeated him. Ataman himself is captured and sold into slavery in Khiva. This was a big blow to the royal administration. Therefore, the entire royal army in the city of Urals marched and captured Syrim in the fall of this year. But Nuraly Khan gave him a lot of cattle and released him after a few months.
## 2nd Rebellion of Syrym Datuly
After his release from prison, Syrym continued his struggle against the Cossack-Russian army with the support of Tilenshi Bokenbayuly, the head of the Tabyn clan. But Nuraly Khan does not support Syrim this time, he again opposes him and demands the border administration to send special troops to suppress the rebels. Thus, he will be united with the border administration in the fight against Syria.
From this time, i.e. from 1784, in the struggle against the colonization policy of the tsar, there was a split between the rebels, who had the common intention of both the khan and the November, and the struggle of the people's movement led by Syrim was now directed against the khans and sultans from the Abulkhair dynasty. Many clans of Kishi Yuzh disobeyed Nuraly Khan and sided with the rebels.
The meeting of elders held in the fall of 1785 refused to recognize Nuraly as a khan. On the eve of the spring of the next year, Nuraly, who could not bear the pressure of the rebels, was forced to flee to the fortress on the border line. In the same year, it led to the signing of a decree by Ekaterina II on the removal of Nuraly from the khanate.
The situation will not improve even if Nuraly leaves the Khan throne and Yeraly takes it. The discontent of the people is getting stronger. The rebels, led by Sirim, now move to open hostilities and begin to attack the royal castles. But they do not achieve the desired result. After the failure of the attack on the Elek fortress, Srym changed the way of war and moved to partisan actions. They ambushed border fortresses, villages of sultans and their supporters, and captured their people.
In 1797, a large group of rebels ambushed the village of Yesimin, where the khan ascended the throne after Yeraly, and killed the khan. The killing of Esim Khan causes the princes and elders who wish for Syrym to be angry with him.
## Shifting to Khiva
After choosing Aishuak Khan instead of Yesim, he wants to avenge Yesim, formed a special army and marched against Syria. After that, the king, who was not disturbed by the plague, withdrew from the expedition and went to the territory of the Khiva Khanate of Syrim.
Khiva Khan, who is afraid of a hero whose fame has spread throughout the country, tries to destroy his eyes. Finally, he finds out about his account and poisons him to death. Various stories are told about this.
## Links
* The death of Syrim Batyr has not been revealed for two centuries Archived March 5, 2016.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6171 | Zambia | Zambia (eng. Zambia), official name — Republic of Zambia (eng. Republic of Zambia) is a country located in Central Africa. The land area is 752.6 thousand km². The population is 18,895,511 million people. 99% of the population are Bantu-speaking local tribes (Bemba, Tonga, Lozi, Lunda, Malawi, etc.). About 100 thousand Europeans and Asians live in the country. The official language is English. About 80% of the population adhere to local religious beliefs and the Protestant branch of Christianity. The capital is the city of Lusaka (1.6 million). According to the Constitution of the country adopted in 1996, the president, who is elected for 5 years in general elections, directly controls the supreme legislative (National Assembly) and executive (Cabinet of Ministers) power, the army. Legislation is in the hands of the president and the unicameral National Assembly (150 elected deputies and 8 deputies and the speaker appointed by the president). Also, the House of Representatives, consisting of regional leaders, is an advisory body to the president. The country is divided into 9 administrative regions. The currency is kwacha. National holiday - Independence Day - October 24.
## Nature
Zambia is mountainous and flat. The highest point is the northern part of Mt. Mumisu (1893 m). The climate is subequatorial: the average temperature in the warmest month (October) is 23-27C, the coldest month is July - 15-20C. Amount of annual precipitation. 600 – 1400 mm. The land is red laterite and red soil. More than half of its territory is covered by dry tropical miombo forest. The territory is rich in rivers. The largest is the Zambezi River (the main tributaries are Luangwa, Kafue). There are Victoria, Gonye, and Ngambwe waterfalls (waterfalls) on the Zambezi River. In the forest and savanna, there are African elephants, buffaloes, giraffes, zebras, antelopes, lions, leopards, cheetahs, etc. animals live. Copper, zinc, lead, vanadium, cadmium, manganese, hard coal, etc. minerals are produced.
## History
The land of Zambia was inhabited by humans in ancient times. In the 17th and 18th centuries, local tribes began to unite into the first state associations. From the end of the 18th century, Europeans (first the Portuguese, then the English) came to Zambia. At the end of 1880, the British completely conquered the territory of modern Zambia and gave it to the "British South Africa Company". In 1911-64, Zambia was called Northern Rhodesia. In 1924, this country was officially declared a British protectorate. Due to the discovery of copper mines, the local population was expelled from the mines and fertile lands and became hired workers. World War II Zambia After the war, the national liberation movement grew stronger in the country. The movement was led by the African National Congress (ANC), founded in 1948. On October 24, 1964, Zambia gained independence. In 1972, a one-party political system was established in the country, and since 1990, it has moved to a multi-party system. In 1996, a new constitution was adopted. Zambia has joined the UN, the British Commonwealth, the Organization of African Unity, etc. member of many international organizations.
## Economy of Zambia
Zambia is a country with a relatively developed economy. Annual national income per capita is about 400 US dollars. Main branches of industry: copper, cobalt, etc. mining of ores. In addition, there are factories that refine oil, assemble cars, produce wheels (tires), and process agricultural products. 60% of residents work in agriculture. But this industry is poorly developed in the country. Food products (mainly corn) are mostly imported. 90% of exports are mining products (mainly copper). Machines and equipment are imported from foreign countries. Zambia is rich in flora and fauna and is home to the world's largest Victoria Falls. But tourism in the country is poorly developed due to lack of funds. Main trade partners: Great Britain, USA, Japan, Germany, Republic of South Africa, Zimbabwe, etc. Diplomatic relations between Zambia and Kazakhstan were established on March 25, 1996.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2684 | PHP | PHP (English: PHP: Hypertext Preprocessor) is a script programming language for creating HTML pages on a web server and working with a database. It is used by most hosting providers these days. LAMP is included in the standard package for creating a web site. Due to the simplicity of the language, the speed of execution, the richness of functions and the wide distribution of PHP-based source codes, PHP is considered one of the most popular languages in the field of programming on the Web (along with the languages used in JSP and ASP). The uniqueness of this language lies in the kernel and its modules. The latter include databases, sockets, dynamic graphics, cryptographic libraries, PDF documents, and more. designed to work. Anyone can develop and add such a module. Although the number of modules is several hundred, the standard equipment includes only a few that have performed well. The PHP interpreter is connected to a web server either through a module created specifically for that server (for example, Apache or IIS), or as a CGI-application.
In addition, it can be used to execute administrative commands on UNIX, Linux, Windows, and Max OS X operating systems. But PHP language has not gained a wide field in this field, compared to Perl, Python and VBScript languages are showing significant results.
The syntax of the language is C-like. Some elements, such as associative arrays and the foreach loop, are borrowed from Perl.
Nowadays, PHP is used by hundreds of thousands of developers. One in 5 sites on the Internet is written in this language.
The PHP development team consists of many people working on the core, applications, and related projects such as PEAR and language documentation.
## History
In 1994, Danish programmer Rasmus Lerdorf created a set of Perl/CGI scripts for the output and input of participants in an online node that processed HTML document templates. Lerdorf named the collection Personal Home Page. Over time, the functionality and speed of the Perl script interpreter was not enough, and Lerdorf introduced a new PHP/FI (Personal Home Page / Forms Interpreter) interpreter of his samples using the C language.
## Syntax
When the PHP interpreter starts executing a php-file (*.php), it starts looking for the php code placed between the tags as shown below.
There are four PHP tags and they are written like this:
<?php PHP code ?>
<script language="php" PHP code </script> \< >
<?php PHP code ?>
<%php PHP code %>
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3876 | Бастауыш | By the beginning we mean the part of the sentence that stands in the adverbial person of the noun and is the owner of the thought.
Who is the starter? what? who are what are who am i what? who are you what who what is which one how many how many answers one of the questions.
## Initial word classes
In a sentence, the initial can be from different word classes:
* It is a noun.
* It can be from a noun. For example: This is my hope for the future.
For example: This is my hope for the future.
* The number can be from a noun. For example: Six is divided into two
For example: Six is divided into two
* Used in the substantive sense, the noun can be an adjective, a pronoun, and a closed verb in the first person: For example: Good (adjective) - common (proverb). Those who read (noun) know every word. (Caution). Protecting the motherland (infinite verb) is an honorable thing.
Example: Good (adjective) - common to many (proverb). Those who read (noun) know every word. (Caution). Protecting the motherland (infinite verb) is an honorable thing.
* Adverbs, singulars, adverbs that have a material meaning and respond to the request of the primary can also be primary. But these are very rarely found in sentences. For example: Tomorrow is endless for a lazy person (proverb). When will you be sick? And - a conjunction.
For example: Tomorrow is endless for a lazy person (proverb). When will you be sick? And - a conjunction.
## Single initial
Single initial is a single word initial. For example: At first we did not believe our eyes. The boys led their horses and approached the source of the spring.
## Complex initial
A complex initial is called an initial consisting of a sequence of two or more words and expressing a single concept.
A complex initial is formed in the following ways:
* Name of a thing formed by a combination of two or more words. Example: The Caspian Sea is considered the largest lake in the world
Example: The Caspian Sea is the largest in the world it is considered a big lake
* Nouns in double word form: Example: My parents supported me, made me happy, made me a person.
For example: My parents supported me, made me happy, made me a man.
* A sequence of overt or covert nouns and auxiliary nouns. Example: The house is quiet now.
For example: The house is quiet now.
* Adjective phraseExample: Three different languages go without participation
For example: Three languages are going without participation.
* Sometimes word chains made up of nouns and pronouns, nouns and adjectives have complex beginnings. For example: A thick wrist can gather one, a full knowledge can gather a thousand (proverb).
For example: A thick wrist will win one, a full knowledge will win a thousand (proverb).
* Depending on the person, compound and fractional nouns can also be compound initials in sentences. For example: Twenty-five came back to me again.
For example: Twenty-five came back to me again.
## Hyphen after initial
In such cases, a hyphen is placed after initial.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5249 | Buydash Khan | Buydash Khan — (Buylash Khan, Boylash Khan, Boydash Khan, Bublash Khan, Butlash Khan, year of birth unknown - 1559/1560) — one of the Kazakh khans (1533 — 1538). Grandson of Janibek Khan, son of Adik Sultan, younger brother of Tahir Khan. According to the data, in the 30s of the 16th century there were several khans in Kazakh: Akhmet khan (Ahmad) khan in the western part, Togym khan in the center and Tahir khan in the Zhetisu region. After his death (1533), Buydash Khan came to power in the Zhetysu region (in the documents it is written as Mongolia). He had an army of 20-30 thousand people.
Buydash Khan's power extended to a part of the Kyrgyz people. In Tarikh-i Rashidi it is said that Buydash Khan died after 1533/34, while Kadirgali writes that the son of Jalayir Barak Khan died in the war with Derbis Sultan. In this war, 24 sultans descended from Adik Sultan were killed. The fate of Buidash Khan's descendants is unknown. But in the Russian chronicles, it is said that Babak Sultan, the last descendant of Adik Sultan, died.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4804 | Мезозой | The Mesozoic is the era of Earth's history, between the Paleozoic and the Cenozoic, and the corresponding rock layer. The Mesozoic era was defined by the English geologist George Phillips in 1841. The Mesozoic era is divided into the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods from bottom to top. According to the methods of natural sciences, it includes the previous 235.10 — 66.3 million years. 248 — 65 million years of the earth's development history. the second era, counting from the Pre-Cambrian era, covering the time interval years ago; divided into three periods - Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods.
Mesozoic era:
1. The Triassic period lasted 35 million years;
2. The Jurassic period lasted 60 million years;
3. The Cretaceous period lasted 70 million years.
## Triassic period
Triassic system (period) - triassic (trias is a triple, the center of which is named due to the combination of three different layers in the geological section of Europe) - the lowest rock layers of the Mesozoic Erathem and the time of their accumulation (251 - 199.6 million years). As a result of the mass extinction of life in the Upper Paleozoic, many new fauna and flora elements were born in the Triassic. Among them were ammonites (Ammonoidea), today's corals, various molluscs (Mollusca), dinosaurs and some gymnosperms (Gymnospermae).
## Jurassic Period
The Jurassic System or Jurassic Period is one of the three periods that make up the Mesozoic Era. The Jurassic period, located between the Triassic and the Cretaceous, lasts from 199.6 million years to 145.5 million years ago. The most common rocks are clayey mud, silty sandstone and limestone, and the Jurassic period is divided into 11 layers (Gettang, Sinemur, Plinsbach, Toar, Aalen, Bayos, Bath, Calloway, Oxfordian, Kimmeridgian, Tithonian).
Brachiopods, bivalves and ammonites are common along with many other invertebrates. It is believed that during the Jurassic period, reptiles were abundant on land and in water, and mammals were small in number, mostly nocturnal. The first birds, including Archeopteryx, appeared during the Late Jurassic. Jurassic is the post-Triassic, pre-Cretaceous middle period of the Mesozoic era and the layers of rocks formed during that time. The Jurassic period began 199.6 million years ago and ended 145.5 million years ago, with a duration of about 54.1 million years. German naturalist A. Humboldt discovered in the Jura mountains of Switzerland and France (1822), the French geologist A. Bronyar divided it into a separate system and called it by its current name (1829). The first layered scale of the Jurassic system was the French paleontologist A. DOrbin made it, he divided the Jurassic system into 10 layers.
Along with thermal activity, changes in atmospheric precipitation were observed during the Early and Middle Jurassic period. The northern arid (dry) zone covers a number of areas of the USA and North Africa. The southern arid zone includes the territories of Central America, Somalia and Tanzania. Fluctuating humid conditions are prevalent in southern Brazil and Africa, Arabia and Indochina. Equatorial humid climate covered the southern part of Mexico, Guinea, Cameroon, Nigeria and Egypt. A significant part of the territory of Siberia and the north-east of Russia, Mongolia and North China is characterized by a humid, subtropical climate. The conventional border of this belt is marked by a line passing through the White Sea, the South Urals and the Balkhash - Shandong Peninsula. In the north of the subtropical belt, the average temperature is 15-20 C, while in the south it rises to 18-20 C. According to the nature of the temperature regime, the Late Jurassic system is divided into equatorial, tropical, subtropical and temperate zones. According to the isotopic and magnesium paleothermometric data, the temperature in the equatorial zone varied between 26-28 C, and in the tropical zone between 21-24 C. The Cretaceous period is the third of the three periods included in the Mesozoic era. 145, 5 mln. 65, 5 mln. started a year ago. ended a year ago. Cretaceous period near Dover, England.
White Cliffs is marked by the accumulation of chalk and the mass extinction of many vertebrates and invertebrates, including dinosaurs, mosasaurs, ichthyosaurs and plesiosaurs. According to the latest data, about 93 million years ago, volcanic activity was 300 - 500 times higher than the current level. multiplied. Most of the volcanic activity occurred in the present-day Caribbean. A large amount of carbon dioxide entered the atmosphere, and the decrease in oxygen led to the massive destruction of single-celled foraminifera with a calcareous shell. Their leeches have matured into chalk.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6570 | Kazakh SSR | The Kazakh Soviet Socialist Republic is one of the allied republics that were part of the former USSR; he was born in 1920 It was founded on August 26 and was initially called the Kyrgyz AKSR and became part of the RKFSR in 1936. On December 5, it became an allied republic. It is located in the south-west of the Asian part of the USSR, it borders the RKFSR to the north, the Turkmen SSR to the south, the Uzbek SSR and the Kyrgyz SSR, China to the east, and the Caspian Sea to the west. The Kazakh SSR was the second allied republic after the RKFSR in terms of land area, and the third allied republic after the RKFSR and Ukraine in terms of population. The area is 2724.9 thousand km². The capital is the city of Almaty. Administratively, it was divided into 19 regions, 210 districts, and had 82 cities.
## State structure
The Kazakh SSR is a socialist state of workers and peasants, an allied Soviet socialist republic that is part of the USSR. The Constitution was adopted at the Extraordinary 10th Congress of Soviets of the Kazakh SSR in 1937. Approved on March 26. The supreme body of the state government is the unicameral Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, elected by the people for 4 years with one deputy per 27,000 inhabitants. During the sessions of the Supreme Council, the highest body of the state government is the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. The Supreme Council established the government of the Republic - the Council of Ministers of the Kazakh SSR, adopted the laws of the Kazakh SSR. In regions and districts, cities, villages, the relevant councils of workers' deputies are local bodies of government. People elected them for 2 years. The Kazakh SSR sent 32 deputies to the Council of Nations of the Supreme Council of the USSR. The Supreme Court is the Supreme Court elected by the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR for 5 years. It includes 2 judicial panels (for civil and criminal cases) and a Plenum. At the same time, the Presidium of the Supreme Court was formed. The prosecutor of the Kazakh SSR was appointed by the General Prosecutor of the USSR for 5 years.
### Leaders of the country
Secretaries of the Kyrgyz Regional Committee of the Communist Party:
## Population
Local people of the Kazakh SSR Its population was Kazakhs (according to the 1970 census, 4234 thousand). Other peoples also lived in the republic: Russians (5,522 thousand), Ukrainians (933 thousand, who lived mainly in the developed virgin and fallow lands in the northern regions, as well as in cities), Tatars (288 thousand), Uzbeks (216 thousand), Belarusians (198 thousand ), Uighurs (121 thousand, living along the upper reaches of the Ile River), Koreans (82 thousand, mostly in Almaty region and Kyzylorda region), Dungyns (17 thousand), etc. b. nations. Compared to 1913, the population of the Kazakh SSR increased by 2.5 times until 1974.
The population of the republic grew at the expense of the people who immigrated from other republics due to natural growth and the rapid development of industry, as well as the development of virgin and fallow lands. In terms of natural population growth (in 1972, it increased by 17.2 people per thousand people), the Kazakh SSR was ahead of most of the other allied republics (9.6 people on average in the USSR).
The average population density in the republic is 5.1 people per 1 km². However, the location of the population was uneven. In the southern part of the Kazakh SSR, in some places where irrigated agriculture is developed, the population density exceeds 100 people per 1 km; It was also somewhat higher in the north: 20 people per 1 km² in the black-soil forest steppe and steppe region. The population was densely settled in cities and districts with strong industrial development. And the west, center of the Kazakh SSR; in the southern parts of the vast expanses of desert and wilderness, on the contrary, it is sparsely populated; the average population density in these regions did not exceed 1.4-1.8 people per 1 km².
1972 4,971,000 people (5.4 times more than in 1940) worked in the republic, including 1,095,000 in industry, 568,000 in construction, 1,002,000 in agriculture, and 588,000 in transport and communications. 48% of workers and employees in all sectors of the economy were women. During the construction of the social society under the Soviet government, the relationship between the urban and rural population changed. More than 200 new cities and towns in the Kazakh SSR. etc. a settlement appeared. Before the October Revolution, there was no city with a population of more than 50,000. the number of such cities reached 27, there were 16 cities with a population of more than 100 thousand, including 2 cities with a population of more than 500 thousand (Almaty 813 thousand. Karaganda 559 thousand). Karaganda, Temirtau (192 thousand), Balkash (80 thousand), Zhezkazgan (74 thousand) in the Central Kazakh SSR, Shevnenko (89 thousand) in Mangistau, Rudny (105 thousand), Yermak, Arkalyk, Ekibastuz in the North Kazakh SSR , large industrial centers such as Karatau, Kentau, Tekeli were established in the South Kazakh SSR. The population of old cities also increased: in Almaty in 1926. In 1974, the population was 45.4 thousand, but in 1974 it was 813 thousand, 284 thousand in Shymkent, 265 thousand in Semey, 252 thousand in Ust-Kamenogorsk, 228 thousand in Pavlodar, 228 thousand in Taraz, 170 thousand in Aktobe.
## Economic system of the Kazakh SSR
The basis of the economic system of the Kazakh SSR was the socialist ownership of production equipment in the form of state and collective farm-cooperative ownership. Also, the property necessary for the implementation of the statutory duties of the trade union and other public organizations was found to be socialist property. The basis of self-property of the citizens of the Kazakh SSR was the hard-earned income. The state protected the private property of citizens and their inheritance.
Production equipment and other property necessary for the implementation of the statutory duties of collective farms and other cooperative organizations, their associations, were found to be the property of that organization. The land occupied by collective farms is approved for their free and indefinite use. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1702 | Zhambyl (city) | Taraz is a city in Kazakhstan, the administrative center of Zhambyl region. In the 18th century, this city was called Auli-Ata. In 1936-1937, it was called Mirzoyan. Zhambyl in 1937-1997, on January 8, 1997, the historical name Taraz was returned.
## History
In the Middle Ages it was famous under the name of Taraz. The first people who came to the city were Sogdians from the Ferghana Valley. Since 1997, the historical name has been returned to the city. In 2002, Taraz celebrated its 2000th anniversary. In the Middle Ages, Taraz was one of the cities located along the Great Silk Road. It flourished especially during the Karakhan dynasty. In the 19th century, Auliye Ata Kokan was a castle. It was part of the Russian Empire in the 60s of the 19th century. During the Soviet Union, it was the center of Zhambyl region, and after the independence of Kazakhstan, it continued to be the administrative center of the region.
Aisha Bibi, Babazhi-katyn, Karakhan, Tekturmas mausoleums, Nametbay mosque and a medieval bathhouse are located in Taraz city. Our own and foreign tourists, who come to the city in large numbers, rush to see these mausoleums.
## Geography
### Climate
## Population
Population of the city: 357,663 person (2019).
70% of the population of Taraz are Kazakhs. Russians, Uzbeks, Koreans, Tatars, Turks, Germans, Kurds, Dungyns, Kyrgyz, Greeks, Azerbaijanis, Uighurs, and Chechens live in the city. There is a "House of Friendship" in the city.
Number of population of Taraz city in different years:
## Administrative division
Taraz city consists of 26 small districts: Akbulak, Karatau, Zhailau, Saltanat, Talas, Samal , Alatau, Mynbulak, Asa, Zhansaya, Astana, Baiterek, Karasu, Arai, Kektem, Green Carpet, Tonkurush, Baryskan, Buryl and others.
## List of leaders of Taraz
First secretaries of Zhambyl (Taraz) city party committee
* Fedotov A. P. (January 1939 — March 1940)
* Abdildin A. (April 1940 — March 1941)
* Tsarev A. A. (April 1941 — March 1943)
* Sannikov A. M. (April 1943 — June 1946) * Fedotov A. P. (January 1947 — May 1951)
* Prokhorov N. I. (June 1951 — March 1955)
* Kondratiev S. I. (September 1955 — April 1963)
* Bobir N. M. (May 1963 — May 1972)
* Korotkov V. G. (June 1972 — April 1975)
* Bannikov V. G. (April 1975 — October 1983)
* Dodonov Yu. E. (October 1983 — February 1987)
* Makarov S. N. (March 1987 — March 1990)
* Akhmetova L. A. (April 1991 — August 1991)
Chairmen of Zhambyl (Taraz) city executive committee
* Buchenko P. V. (August 1939 — January 1940)
Glukhov V. F. (January 1940 — September 1940)
* Sinitsyn V. V. (September 1940 — September 1941)
* Buchenko P. V. (May 1942 — March 1943)
* Barmashev K. A. (March 1943 — August 1946)
* Babintsev F. A. (August 1946 — March 1950)
* Galyamin A. I. (March 1950 — January 1952)
* Eskeldiev S. (April 1952 — October 1952)
* Kusayinov T. (October 1952 — March 1957)
* Komratov A. (March 1957 — January 1965)
* Absemetov A. A. (January 1965 — December 1969)
* Torebekov T. (March 1970 — June 1983)
* Sharafutdinov Sh. K. (June 1983 — May 1987)
* Suleymenov K. K. (May 1987 — October 1990) * Temirbekov T. (October 1990 — February 1992)
Governors of Taraz city
* Aldiyar Aliaskaruly Tusipov (February 1992 — October 1995)
* Bolat Abzhapparuly Zhilkyshiev (October 1995 — January 1998)
* Seyit Kairollauly Sartbaev (January 1998 — February 1999)
* Bolat Ospanuly Sauranbaev (February 1999 — April 2005)
* Ilyas Alimuly Tortaev (2005 — 2009)
* Ertargyn Kakimbekuly Astaev (December 8, 2009 — October 2010) \ <> * Bekbolat Serikbekuly Orynbekov (October 2010 — December 31, 2013)
* Nurzhan Sabituly Kalenderov (December 31, 2013 — March 2, 2017)
* Rustem Rysbayuly Daulet (March 2, 2017 — April 23, 2018)
* Galymzhan Railuly Abdiraimov (April 23, 2018 — April 12, 2019)
* Kairat Askerbekuly Dosaev (April 24, 2019 — November 22, 2019)
* Aitkazy Dauletkululy Karabalaev (December 3, 2019 — March 19, 2021)
* Yerzhan Zhumatuly Zhylkibaev (March 19, 2021 — August 5, 2022)
* Bakytzhan Amirbekuly Orynbekov (from September 5, 2022)
## Nature
Betpak-Dala and Moyinkum occupy a significant area of the region, only the southwestern, southern and southeastern edges are bounded by mountains (Karatau, Kyrgyz and Shu-Ile Alatau mountains). This feature of the relief adds variety to the climate of the region. The flora and fauna of natural landscapes are wide and diverse. There are more than 3 thousand types of plants in the region. The total area of the hunting region is 13.9 thousand ha, where more than 40 species of animals live. The fishery fund, which covers an area of 27.8 thousand hectares, consists of 74 water bodies, of which 73 water bodies are suitable for fishing. Among the large dams there are Tasotkel and Teris-Ashchybulak. In the fishing industry, catching of bream, white carp, carp, carp, blue pike, carp, kraal, torta fish is widespread. There are 3 state natural (complex) reserves on the territory of the region:
the state (complex) park "Berikkara gorge" occupies an area of 17.5 thousand hectares, where you can find more than 50 species of valuable tree shrubs and grasses included in the Red Book, and among the animals - aardvark, Indian jay, paradise flycatcher;
* the state natural (complex) community "Karakonz gorge" (botanical) with a total area of 3.07 thousand ha is located in the western spur of Zayly Alatau. The fruitful saplings of apple, cherry, cherry, and grape trees are replaced by the fields of maple forest, blackberry, mulberry tree, camel nut;
* Andasai state (complex) community (zoological) with a total area of 1 million ha is located on the banks of the Shu River west of the village of Moyinkum. The plant layer is dominated by sedge grass, fescue, black sedge, willow bush. The animal world is dominated by arkars, wildebeests, gazelles, roe deer, wild boars, rabbits, pheasants, and deer.
## Production
The Karatau phosphorus plant is operating in Taraz, on the slopes of the Karatau mountains. This plant is one of the most prestigious places in the world for producing phosphorus. 3 plants were opened in the region, one of them "Zhambyl phosphorus plant", "Khimprom", "New Zhambal phosphorus plant". The city has an iron assembly plant, auto repair plant, "Autoparts" plant, etc. factories are working.
## Mass media
### Newspapers
* Zhambyl-Taraz is a political and public newspaper published weekly since 1996.
* Magnolia is a weekly regional newspaper published since 1995.
* Novy Region is an informative and advertising regional newspaper published weekly since 1999.
* Znamya Truda is a Russian-language newspaper published since 1919.
### Television
* "Kazakhstan-Taraz" is a regional TV channel of Zhambyl region.
* TV channel "77 TV".
### Information agencies
* "Ex-Sport" (economy-sport)
## Pictures
*
* \< > *
*
*
*
## Sister Cities
* Fresno, California, USA
* Seattle, Washington, USA
* Xi'an , China
* Treviso, Italy
* Kobdo, Mongolia
* Kechkemet, Hungary
* Chelyabinsk, Russia
* Samarkand, Uzbekistan
* Talas, Kyrgyzstan
* Osh, Kyrgyzstan
## Sources
## Taraz City Sites
* Taraz City Site Archived 11 January 2016.
* Information site of Taraz city
* Information portal of Taraz city
## See more
* Dear citizens of Taraz city
* Taraz (football club) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3812 | Kazakh calendar | The Kazakh calendar, the indigenous Kazakh calendar, is a collection of astronomical concepts and knowledge about the starry sky, based on the long-term experience of the people born from the observation of natural phenomena. The cycle of natural phenomena, the change of day and night, seasons (summer, winter, autumn, spring), rising and setting of the moon; carefully observing and calculating the arrangement of the stars was of great importance for the traditional economy of the Kazakh people. By means of their native calendar, the Kazakhs used to calculate the time of moving to the pasture, when to return to guarding and wintering, shearing of sheep and lambs, scalding, calving, butchering, planting crops, mowing grass. Mistaking this calculation was dangerous for the economy. For example, if the rust is not removed at the right time, but is removed early - the cattle will suffer calving losses in the cold months, if it is removed late - the sheep will be cramped or the young will be born and winter before they mature. Such things required a careful knowledge of time, strict observation of the surrounding natural phenomena. Astron was born from observation of natural phenomena, environment, stars, sky, collected, digested and studied in many years of people's experience. The Kazakh calendar was formed on the basis of the system of phenomena and knowledge. This calendar helped to herd animals in the endless open fields, to migrate, to travel, to search for food, to hunt, to distinguish the four directions, to distinguish directions by looking at the starry sky in the dark nights, and to find crossings, suats, settlements, wells without getting lost. Among the people, the knowledge and experience of special accountants, who predict the weather and deal with time calculations, were passed down from father to son. Accountants accumulated knowledge and experience of many generations, monitored natural phenomena year after year, and predicted the weather. They calculated the full year of the Kazakh calendar, established seasonal work periods, predicted what the winter would be like. He used to predict in advance the periods of emergency weather in each month, i.e., three- or five-day events, and informed the public. At the same time, the Kazakh community recognized the planets and stars without error. About them, poems and songs, various legends were published.
The names Kazakhs gave to celestial bodies were also taken from their cattle herding life. They started the map of the starry sky from Temirkazik. Temirkazyk is an astrologer who directs Kazakhs when traveling at night. It was like a compass. The two stars next to him were called "Akbozat" and "Kokbozat". Jetikarakshi is an astronaut of Kazakh cattle guards. it was an hour. In the long autumn morning, the guards took turns looking at the Seven Thieves. Jupiter was called "Esekkirgan", Mars - "Red Star", Sirius - "Sumbil". He knew their position and movement in the dome of the sky. Urker constellation had a meaning for Kazakhs. Kazakhs knew that weather changes from Urker's hunting. "Earth does not heat up until the fur falls on the ground" probably came from that. People's accountants constantly monitored and monitored the rise and fall of Urker and adjusted the economic seasons to it. He paid special attention to the Orion constellation and called it by various names: Arkar, Ush arkar, Tarazy, Shider. The birth of "Libra star" at the end of July indicates that the summer has passed and the heat has returned. Kazakh accountants, looking at the appearance of this star, conclude: "If the scales fall, the morning will be cold, wheat and millet will ripen." After the birth of Sumbila, the summer ends, and the mosquitoes that disturb the rest of the cattle disappear soon. The saying "Sumbile tusa - draw water" means reaping crops, gathering firewood, preparing a warm house, and taking care of winter. Kazakh accountants constantly monitored the movement of the Moon in order to correctly calculate the months of the year. They divided a year into twelve months, a month into three tens (thirty days); He also established the seasons according to the position of the Sun relative to Urker. Kazakhs called the months of the year based on the source of the sun "star". This reminds us of the number of twelve zodiacal constellations corresponding to the twelve phases of the Earth and the Moon. The Kazakhs named the four sides of the world as "east", "west", "south", "north" according to the day position of the sun. Since ancient times, the calculation of the year has had a great significance in Kazakh life. The Kazakhs kept track of time for this member year. Each year was named after an animal: mouse, cow, leopard, rabbit, snail, snake, horse, sheep, stove, chicken, dog, pig. The vernal equinox changes on the twenty-second of March. In the ancient Kazakh calendar, twelve months were counted for one year, three months for one quarter, seven days for one week, one day and one night for one day, and the months had their own names: March, April ("kokek"), May, June, July, August, September, October, November, December, January, February. Kazakh accountants carefully observed the lengthening and shortening of the day in relation to the night: it is said that the sun lengthened by a sparrow's pace in December, a crow's pace in January, a horse's pace in February, and a horse's pace shortened in July. In the Kazakh calendar, the system of calculating time based on the Urker constellation is called the intersection calculation (Togins calculation). In the ancient Kazakh calendar, the beginning of the year begins with the spring equinox (March 22). On this day, the New Year - March holiday was held.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7455 | Тұмау | Influenza or influenza (lat. grіppus, fr. gripper, english. influenza - "head, groin") is an infectious viral disease of the respiratory tract. The causative agent of the disease is orthomyxoviruses, there are three types of them: A, B, C. A very contagious disease. The outer membrane of the influenza virus contains hemagglutinin (marked with the letter H) and neuraminidase (marked with the letter N). They can change under the influence of various factors and create a new variant of the influenza virus.
Sometimes it worsens and affects the respiratory tract, nervous system, blood vessels, and heart. Viruses (microbes) that cause flu grow in the mucous membrane of the respiratory tract. A person with the flu spreads the germs of the disease into the air when they cough, sneeze and sputum. Also, the flu virus can be found on the patient's dishes, towels, handkerchiefs, books, etc. transmitted through
## Spread
At the same time, a mass disease of people in one place, region, or even the whole world is possible. A sick person does not get the flu again for a year or two. Influenza is common in cold weather and rarely in hot weather. Sometimes a person has a cold, the upper parts of the respiratory tract are inflamed, and it can resemble the flu. But this is not the flu. It is the action of other microbes that soothe the nose, throat, and pharynx when it is cold. The flu virus is quickly destroyed by exposure to sunlight and disinfectants (chlorine, acids, alcohol, etc.).
### Influenza viruses
Influenza viruses are divided into two families (group A and B viruses), belonging to the orthomyxovirus family. The A family includes viruses with 14 different hemagglutinins and 10 different neuraminidases. B-related viruses are close to natural strains in antigenic properties. They do not cause widespread disease and do not harm birds and animals. Influenza virus spreads very quickly. The causative agent of infection is a person suffering from influenza. Pathogens are when a sick person coughs, sneezes and sputum, as well as things used by a sick person, etc. spread through The virus entered by airborne droplets penetrates the surface cells of the upper respiratory tract, grows and damages the mucous membranes of the nose, gets absorbed into the blood and begins to poison the body as a whole. The latent period of the disease lasts 1-4 days. During the flu, the patient's body becomes paralyzed, his throat and respiratory tract open, his body temperature rises (up to 38 C), he has no appetite. A person has a headache and aching muscles. A few hours after the flu (sometimes 1-2 days later), a person has a runny nose, hoarse voice, coughing, sputum, impaired sense of smell, and red eyes. The flu is especially debilitating for a nursing baby. The child's nostrils are blocked, it becomes difficult to rest, he is restless and his sleep is disturbed. Influenza is also dangerous for adults, it can damage the ears, throat, airways and lungs. After recovering from the flu, immunity appears in the body, it lasts for 1-2 years after type A, after type B - 2-3 years, and stabilizes after type C. Therefore, people infected with type C do not get this type of flu again.
## Preventive measures
A specific diagnosis of influenza is made, the patient is isolated, and quarantine is declared in hospitals or other relevant institutions. A flu vaccine is given, the most effective of which is the purified virion vaccine. In advance, it is better to make body-strengthening treatments and do sports.
When the flu starts, a person's body becomes weak, his mood deteriorates and he has no appetite for food. After a couple of days, the body temperature rises, the head aches, the muscles ache, the joints slide, the nose is blocked, the voice becomes hoarse, the throat becomes red, it hurts to swallow, the eyes become red. If a person immediately sees a doctor and receives treatment, after three to five days the body temperature will decrease and he will start to recover.
## Treatment
Treatment is under the supervision of a doctor, lying down in a secluded room with clean air. Fever, chills, aspirin, pyramidone, etc. drugs wear off quickly. Antibiotics do not help the flu virus. When a sick person coughs or sneezes, he should cover his mouth and nose with his hands or a handkerchief (cloth). The patient's own dish, towel, etc. to be, they should be boiled and washed often.
When the flu worsens, the patient is admitted to the hospital and carries out complex treatment measures. Special drugs (oxolin, amantadine, rimantadine, interferon, etc.), antibiotics, antipyretic drugs, drugs that reduce body toxicity are provided.
## References
"Kazakhstan": National encyclopedia / Chief editor A. Nysanbayev - Almaty "Kazakh encyclopedia" General editor, 1998 ISBN 5-89800-123-9, volume VIII
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2888 | NewHoo | Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors.
List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed.
## External links
* Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016.
* Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project
* Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project
* Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project
* Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1658 | West Kazakhstan region | West Kazakhstan region is a region in the north-west of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
The region was established on March 10, 1932 as West Kazakhstan region. In 1962, it was changed to the Ural region. Since 1992, it has been called West Kazakhstan region. Its territory is 151.3 thousand km², its population is 646,828 people (2018). Administratively, West Kazakhstan region is divided into 12 rural administrative districts, which are divided into 4 urban and 155 rural administrative districts.
The center is the city of Urals. The population of 539 settlements in the region is unevenly distributed. The average population density is 4.0 people per 1 km² (1999). The northern regions and the valley of the Zhaiyk River are densely populated (9–12 people per 1 km²). The population of the city is 49.1% of the total population. Cities: Ural, Aksay; large settlements: Burli, Derkol, Zashagan, Krugloozyrnoe, Chapaev, Taskala, Shingyrlau.
## Districts
West Kazakhstan region has 12 districts and 1 city of regional importance:
## Geography
Aktobe is in the east , borders with Atyrau regions in the south, Astrakhan and Volgograd regions of Russia in the west, Saratov and Samara regions in the northwest, and Orinbor regions in the north.
### Nature
Most of the territory of the West Kazakhstan region is located in the north of the Caspian Basin. The topography is mostly flat, with sandy valleys and sandy valleys alternating. The absolute height of this region does not exceed 10-25 meters. The northern part of the ridge (absolute height 45-65 meters) connects to the Ural plateau through the outer ridge. In general, the highest point of Syrt at this point is 259 meters (Eshkitau). The part of the Ural plateau in the region is a rugged region cut by dry channels. Its absolute height is 110-260 meters, the highest point is Mount Aktau (Bortau) (263 m).
### Soil
The northern part of the West Kazakhstan region lies in the steppe zone, the rest in the desert and desert zones. 15% of the region's land is covered by sand. In the Far North, in the Syrt watersheds, black, red brown in the flat parts of the Syrt and Ural plateaus, in the river valleys, meadow-saline, alluvial (sandy-clay) soil types are distributed. The southern part of the region is occupied by sandy valleys (Naryn, Kokozenkum, Akkum, Karagandakum, etc.).
### Geology and mineral resources
The earth's crust is formed from marl of the Cretaceous period, sandstones and limestones of the Paleogene. Their surface is covered by Quaternary sediments of the Caspian basin. The river valley is made of alluvial deposits. There are many large tectonic structures (Santas, Sasai, etc.) made of salt domes in the region. The subsoil of the region is rich in oil, especially gas (gas-condensate). More than 90% of explored gas condensate reserves in Kazakhstan are concentrated here (see Karashiganak oil-gas condensate field). In addition, combustible shale (Chernozaton, Togai, Novoshanovo), potassium, magnesium salts (Shalkar Lake), cement raw materials (Aksuat, Shanovo), expanded clay (Tuyksay, Pogodaev), etc. are available in the region. There are deposits of building materials.
### Mineral resources
A number of gas condensates and oil deposits such as Tsyganov, Ulyanov, Gremyachinsk, Teplov have been identified in the region. The largest of them are West Teplov and Karashiganak. At the same time, Chernozaton, Tuksai, Novosemenov combustible shale deposits were discovered. Rock salt, potassium and chalk salts, gypsum, limestone and other mineral resources were discovered.
Of the mineral raw materials suitable for construction, the region includes raw materials for brick and cement production, expanded clay, lime, building sand, sand-gravel mixtures, building stones, and other formations that replace them. The Pogodaev and Tuksai deposits of expanded clay raw materials have been explored. Sand from the Aktau ("Belaya Gorka") mine is used for the production of silicate bricks. Chalk suitable for lime production is distributed in the regions of the northern and southern parts of the region: the production balance of minerals includes Aktau ("Belaya Gorka") and Burli mines; their total stock is 16,081 thousand cubic meters.
The Aksuat deposit, which fully supplies raw materials for a cement plant with an annual capacity of 1,300,000 tons, has been explored for 1,106,482 thousand cubic meters. The Shipov mine with siliceous clay with a reserve of 21,619 thousand cubic meters can be used as a hydraulic supplement. Winter raw materials were opened near the Fedrovka station, the reserve is 2042 thousand cubic meters.
## Hydrography
### Rivers
Rivers in the region lie in the basin of the Caspian Sea. There are 14 rivers with a length of more than 100 kilometers. The main water artery is the Zhayik River, which flows from the northeast to the south. Its length in the region is about 500 kilometers. Embolat, Shagan, Derkol, Elek, Shingyrlau, Barbastau rivers flow into the meadow in the region. On the eastern side of the region, the small rivers Ulenty, Kaldygayty, and Zhaksybayy start from the Ural plateau and disappear into the sand. Rivers freeze in the second half of November and melt in the first half of April.
The main water source of the region is the Zhayik River. The river, entering the region from the west side of the village of Elek, flows in a western direction, reaches the city of Ural, turns sharply to the south and crosses the North Caspian region. Its length within the region is 761 kilometers, its catchment area is 116,678 square kilometers. Kushim (Kabyrchakty) separates from Zhaiyk below Barbastau river. Zhaiyk river divides the whole region into two junctions with different frequency of surface water flows. The coefficient of the density of the river network of the left bank is characterized by the amount of K - 0.54 km/km square, the coefficient of the density of the river network in the right bank part is K - 0.26 km/km square. The density of the river network for the entire region is characterized by the coefficient of 0.036 km/km square without the Zhaiyk river, and 0.040 km/km square with Zhaiyk included.
In general, there are more than 200 large and small rivers in the region, 65 of them dry up in the summer and turn into dry channels; There are also small rivers with a length of no more than 10 km. There are only 8 rivers with a length of more than 200 km. In Karaozen, Saryozen, and Elek, only their estuary flows, and their total flow is beyond the limit. Due to the features of the topography and soil layer of the region, the channels of many rivers are very steep. For example, the coefficient of progress of Barbastau is K - 1.4, Sholangaty - K -1.04, Zhaksybay - 1.07, Ashchyozek - K - 1.75, Mukyr - K - 1.4. [source?]
### Lakes
There are more than 140 lakes in West Kazakhstan region. Its 9 water bodies are more than 10 square kilometers. Important freshwater lakes: Kamysty Samar, Itmurynkol, Sulukol; large salt lakes: Shalkar, Aralsor, Zhaltyr, Zhaltyrkol, Botkol, etc. Several dams have been built in the region to regulate surface runoff. They are located mainly in the Koushim irrigation system and along Karaozen (Ulkenozen) (Bitik, Dungelek, Kirov, Pyatimar, Saryshagan, Aidarkhan).
The distribution coefficient of the lake in the region is 10% (not including flood waters); the territory of their basins is 1,532 square km. There are many floodplains in the region near the rivers. For example, the Shezhin flood covers 2200 square kilometers. Dure - 700 km², Karaozen - 600-700 km², Saryozen - 200-300 km², and Buldyrty - 100 km².
## Flora and fauna
### Fauna
In the thickets-forest regions of West Kazakhstan region, moose, roe deer, among thick reeds along the rivers wild boar, antelope, fox, deer, wolf, hare, mink, beaver on the sandy side in the south; from rodents, garlic, kumtyshkan, etc. lives. There are many types of birds in the region (swan, brown goose, greylag goose, crane, blackbird, kingfisher, tern, harrier, vulture, bezgeldek, vulture, etc.). The rivers and lakes are rich in fish (carp, pike, white carp, sole, bream, pike, etc.). Sturgeons (sturgeon, sturgeon) can be found in the Zhaiyk River.
70 species of mammals, about 310 birds, 19 reptiles, 7 amphibians, 51 fish, thousands of various invertebrates and round mouths inhabit the territory of the region. [source?]
Mammals with their diversity There are also rodents that stand out. A muskrat (water mouse) lives among reed-green thickets, in some rivers and large lakes. Beavers began to appear again in the old channels of the meadow. Orkoyan is widespread, and in the northern part of the region there are white hares and field shucks.
Among the birds, sparrows are the most numerous (there are about 120 species). In the forest, there are red sparrows, cat sparrows, yellow sparrows, red-tailed sparrows, common sparrows, ruffed grouses, and ruffed grouses.
Among invertebrates, there are many arthropods, especially insects (about 2.5 thousand species) and beetles are dominant (about 1.2 thousand species). There are about 400 species of the order of butterflies, 150-200 species of dipterans and bats. Different types of invertebrates are mainly distributed in the soil layer. Among them there are 10-15 types of protozoa and large worms, more than 100 species of spiders and mites. As a rule, various worms, arthropods and their larvae (from about 100 species), as well as molluscs are found among the inhabitants of the water bottom. The main mass of plankton consists of crustaceans (daphnia, cyclops), protozoa (infusoria, arcella), insect larvae, chiromids and others.
### Vegetation
In the northern part of the region, fescue field plants and desert belt plants dominate. In the river pastures, grasses of the grain family, thick reeds and reeds grew in some places. There are many poplar, oak, birch, willow forests in the Zhayik valley, in the Syrt and Ural plateaus, in the Elek river basin.
The flora of the region includes about 1,300 species of flowering plants belonging to 106 genera, among which there are complex flowers (220), legume (139), grain family (118), gorse (113), and ziyagul (104) species. . There are three belt (zone) elements in the growth cover of the region. From the north, a real steppe belt passes, a significant part of the center enters the desert or desert belt, and the southern areas continue to the northern limit of the desert. It can be seen that once the field character prevailed in the general vegetation cover, but in the course of its use, the phenomenon of gradually turning into a desert due to the change in its natural condition is spreading. Basically, the real steppe zone occupies the northern part of the region, and this region is a gray and fescue steppe.
The southern limit of the Boz field is from the beginning of Yeruslan through Karaozen and Saryozen, 2,025 km south of the Ershov settlement, further along the General Syrt ranges to the Krasny settlement, along the northern shore of Shalkar Lake through Daryanskoe, and then to the east, dividing the Elek and Kobda watersheds. passes. The main type of herbaceous reserves of the region are floodplain meadows. Let's mix with licorice and oats will grow in flat meadows.
## Climate
The climate of the region is continental. Winter is cold, summer is hot and dry. The average temperature in January is -11–14 °C, sometimes it drops to -40 °C, the temperature in July is 22–25 °C, sometimes it rises to 40 °C. The annual average amount of precipitation is 190 (in the south)–350 mm (in the north). Snow cover ranges from 70 days (in the south) to 140 days (in the north). There are strong winds (sometimes up to 15-20 m/s) throughout the year. The growing season of plants is 150-170 days.
## Farming
The share of agricultural production dominates the economy of West Kazakhstan region. Grain sowing, pasture livestock breeding, beef and dairy cattle breeding are developed here. Industry is one of the main branches of regional economy. In the region, oil and gas production, metal processing and engineering, food, light, construction materials, repair of agricultural machinery, provision of household services to the population, etc. industries are well developed. Among the major industries are the "Karashiganak deposit", "Metalist", "Zenith", "Metal processing", "Omega" factories, in the light and food industry "Nadezhda" garment and textile factory, leather shoe factory, fur processing, fish factories, distillery, brewery, bakery, as well as "Zhayikzhiluzharyk", "Oraloblgaz", "Diana", "Oral-Alma", "Nurjanar", Oralagroremmash, etc. enterprises work.
More than 30% of natural gas in the republic is produced in West Kazakhstan region. Agricultural land in the region is 13.9 million ha (1997). Among them, the area of arable land is 1.4 million ha, grassland is 940 thousand ha, pasture is 8.2 million ha. Cereal crops are planted on 934 thousand hectares, technical crops on 34.1 thousand hectares, potatoes and garden crops on 7.6 thousand hectares, forage crops on 222 thousand hectares. In livestock farming, the number of cows is 444 thousand, sheep and goats are 904 thousand, pigs are 28.5 thousand, horses are 94 thousand, camels are 3.9 thousand, and birds are 371 thousand (1997).
## Roads
West Kazakhstan region has railway, road and water transportation. The total length of the railway is 417 km. The length of highways is 8.5 thousand km, of which 2.5 thousand km are paved. Main highways: Ural-Atyrau, Ural-Aktobe, Ural-Orynbor. There is a boat service from the Zhayik River to Atyrau. There are air connections with major cities of Kazakhstan and some foreign cities.
## Culture
There are more than 6,000 archaeological monuments of different eras and more than 500 monuments of history, architecture and monumental art in the territory of West Kazakhstan region, 14 of which are classified as monuments of republican significance. . In the system of culture and art, 717 cultural institutions operate in the region.
In order to promote the historical and cultural heritage in the region, 22 historical and local history, memorial museums serve the public, 13 of them are located in rural areas. In the system of regional libraries, 377 public libraries serve the public.
## Population
Number of population of West Kazakhstan region according to censuses made in different years:
### Education
In the region There are 4 higher educational institutions, all of them are located in the city of Urals, namely West Kazakhstan University named after Makhambet Otemisov, West Kazakhstan Agrarian and Technical University named after Zhangir Khan, West Kazakhstan Engineering and Technology University, Eurasia Academy.
## Sources
## External links
* West Kazakhstan region in Open List Project Archived March 9, 2017. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5278 | Home state | Uysin State (8th century BC - 5th century BC) — the tribes inhabiting Kazakhstan had the first signs of statehood.
These were the ethno-cultural heirs of the Sakas. Another source of Kazakh statehood is considered to be the Uysin state. All the signs of development characteristic of ancient civilization were observed in the houses. These signs of normal development include the system of state power, the presence of writing, a standing army, embassy procedures, etc. can be attributed. Private ownership of cattle, tools and household goods, which existed in the Saka period, also spread widely in households. The division of society into ruling and subordinate groups was clearly visible. Society was divided into clan aristocracy and dependent small producers, semi-dependent slaves. In addition to individual ownership of land, a hierarchical type of ownership (tribal, tribal, communal) also developed. In ancient households, socio-economic relations were characteristic of the transitional period. The reason for this special type of development is due to the economic structure. Semi-nomadic and semi-sedentary society had two main types of production: livestock and land. Accumulation of wealth in the form of cattle led to the development of private ownership of property, furniture, and commodity exchange. However, according to the characteristics of the nomadic society, social relations developed in the form of private property relations of very large and small rich livestock owners. The class relations that arose during the disintegration of the tribal structure became servile. However, the use of slave labor developed in a unique way in the ancient home society; that is, slave labor did not become the mainstay of production, and slave ownership did not reach the classical form. According to written and archaeological data, in the ancient Uysin society, BC. As early as the II-I centuries, the concentration of wealth in the hands of individual people was noticed. According to Chinese data: "There are many horses in the houses. Their richest people have four or five thousand horses.
Therefore, while there are rich people who have a lot of property, there is no doubt that there is also a group of poor people who have little or no property. At the same time, markings on domestic animals, seals made of metal, stone and clay also indicate the emergence of private property. According to the early chroniclers, some military commanders and officials of the family had gold and copper seals, as well as other officials near the Kunbi Palace. At the head of the Uysin state stood a great kunbi. Some researchers also call the country's country capital Kunbi. In Chinese, the king of the house was called Gunmo. The next state position after the elder kunbi was the kunbi. This is the chief vizier. The next position was the tul (helmet), which was equivalent to the grand vizier in the Chinese state. The army was divided into right and left wings, which were led by two generals. The function of the supreme court of the country was performed by two deputies, called judges, and they were called daruga (dartu). The position of abyz embodied the religious leadership. The next state position was the backbone of the entire nation. He had two deputies. Officials who ruled the country had careers as snipers, carrying out their tasks. The capital of the Uysin state was the city of Chiguchen on the banks of Issykkol.
## Geography
Located in Zhetisu region. Its border stretches to the Shu and Talas rivers in the west, to the eastern deltas of Tien Shan in the east, and from Lake Balkash to the southern shore of Issykkol in the north. The first information about the association of the house dates back to BC. Found in Chinese annals of the 1st century (Yuisin). It had a population of 630 thousand. About 189,000 people formed a militia. The fortified capital of the union is the city of Chiga. It is located at the "Great Silk Road" junction between Western and Eastern countries. This made it possible for the union to develop political, economic and cultural ties with neighboring countries (with China, Hun, Kangli, Alan, Uyghur, Kyrgyz tribes). The capital Chiguchen (Kyzyl Alkap) is located on the banks of Issykkol.
## History
Records about the houses were left by the Chinese. BC In the 2nd century, an ambassador led by Zhang Qian came to Zhetysu. He brought a lot of information. About Uysin (usun-go) they said "Uysin state". He also showed that there are 630 thousand people and 188 thousand soldiers in the state. The king of the house was called Gunmo. It was a strong country. One of the first early class associations in Central Asia. If we take into account that the writers of the 8th century called Besbalyk "the border of the Uysin prince", we must conclude that the eastern border of the Uysin once passed through the Besbalyk district. The border of the Uysindar estates ran along the Shu and Talas rivers in the west. It probably extends to the eastern slopes of Karatau. The center of the estates of the Uysinds was the Ile Valley, however, their heartland was located between Issykkol and the southern bank of the Ile River. According to Zhang Qiang (2nd century BC), the "previous" residence of the Uysin was somewhere far in the east, which is clearly untrue.
The meaning of the term "Uysin" has not yet been determined. It is known only from Chinese hieroglyphic writings, and its current pronunciation corresponds to one of the Kazakh ethnonyms - the word "Uysin" as the tribe calls itself, which is the main ethnic component of the Uly Yuz Kazakhs. A number of researchers tend to consider this transcription as an Asian ethnonym known from the history of Central Asia. However, recent studies suggest that the term Asian may be one of the dialectal versions of the ethnonym Yatii, while the traditional early Chinese form of its transcription was the modern Chinese (yuezhi) hieroglyphs.
There is another way to explain the transcription of the term Uysin. It is believed that the two hieroglyphs, now pronounced as uysien, were pronounced asman, that is, asman, "heaven" in ancient Chinese. This can be confirmed by the words in the letter of the Chinese princess who was betrothed to her house, Gunmo: "My house gave me ... to the Land of Heaven ... in marriage." From this point of view, it is important to note that the word tian-shan, which means "mountains of the sky", itself seems to be a translation of a local name.
The events related to the early ethno-political history of the Uysin have not been sufficiently studied.
The first news about Uysind p. h. d. Appears at the end of the II century. The courtiers of the Chinese emperor sent an embassy led by Zhang Qian to the Western Region, looking for allies in the fight against the Huns. Zhang Qian was captured by the Xiongnu Huns and spent about ten years in their country. However, he later escaped and went to Zhetysu, where he brought the first news about the houses to his country. During his time, the Se (Saks) "branch" and the Yuezhi lived among the Uysin. Since reports of the Yuezhi came from Xiongnu in the Zhanye District, Zhang Qian concluded that the Yuezhi themselves had once lived between Qilianshan and Dunhuang.
According to modern data, the houses occupied a larger area including Zhetysu. The Chinese House wanted the Xiongnu to strike at Hordos. This opinion was also reflected in the editing of the genealogical legend of the family, which was recorded by Zhang Qian and later included in the genealogy. According to him, the ruler of your family was once killed by his neighbors Yuezhi, and his son, who was left alone to guard by a blood wolf and a crow, was brought up in the Shanyu clan until he became an adult. After reaching adulthood, Gunmo sought Shanyu's permission to avenge his father's murder and defeated the Yuezhi. In turn, the surviving part of Central Asian Yuechies allied with other tribes and h. b. In 140 he destroyed the Greek-Bactrian state.
There is probably a ternary system in the houses. Like the Xiongnu, they were divided into three parts: the left wing, the center and the right wing (each of which had ten thousand soldiers).
Since the Uysin were politically dependent on the Xiongnu-Huns for some time, it can be considered that the last ethnonym kept the Uysin in their own hands for a certain period of time. This is proved by the reports of the early Greek-Roman writers about the Huns. For example, for the first time in what Strabo said about the Huns, it is said that the kings of Bactria "spread their possessions to the Sirs and Fauns." In fact, the possessions of Greco-Bactria once extended beyond the western border of the Tarim basin, so this comparison is controversial from a historical and geographical point of view.
The later history of the Yuxin is associated with the Sakas and the Yuezhi. Greco-Roman authors now talk about "Hun-Uysyns".
In spite of the fact that the name Hundar is spread to the Uysin, there is no solid reason to talk about their ethnic kinship, although it cannot be completely dismissed in vain. The language of the Xunnuler is still unknown. Researchers are currently inclined to attribute the Sunnuler language to the language of the "Altaic" group, which is closest to the ancient Turkic language.
The Uysinds are one of the ancient Turkic tribes that formed the basis for the formation of the Kazakh people. In ancient Chinese writings, the name Uysin dates back to BC. It is found since the 2nd century. Fearing the rise of the Huns, the Chinese government sent embassies to western countries in search of allies. When the Chinese ambassador arrived, the Uysin was a powerful state equal to China and the Huns (see Uysin State). In historical and genealogical studies, there are more or less conflicting opinions about the origin, distribution, and role of the family in the history of peoples. The reason for this is written sources. People's names and positions are written in them according to Chinese transcription. In particular, the Chinese writer of the 7th century, Ching-gu, writes that "the Uysin are significantly different from other foreigners of the Western region, their eyes are blue, and they have a thick beard" (see Uysin anthropological type). Archeological data on the economic situation and culture of the houses. It is known from excavations (see Monuments of the Uysin era).
B.C. In 105 years, the daughter of the Chinese emperor, who was sent to the Uysin Kunbi, wrote a lamenting letter in poetry, saying that she lives in a round house covered with felt, feeds on meat and milk. In the written sources, the It is said that in the 1st century, the total number of Uysin population was 630 thousand people (120 thousand smoke). They had an army of 188 thousand 800 people. At first Bulingyr lived along the river. BC In the middle of the 2nd century, it moved to Zhetysu, along the Ile River. However, there is a scientific assumption that not all of them moved. Orientalist S.E. Malov proves it by writing the name of Uysin on the monuments of Tonykök. In order to determine the origin of Zhetysu Houses, A.N. Bernshtam, K.A. Akishev, G.A. The Kushaevs conducted archaeological excavations. The data on the Orkhon-Yenisei written monuments in the East also allow us to draw such an inescapable conclusion. Based on these data, Russian scientists prove that the Uysin are related to the Issedons and divide them into the Tien-Shan and Eastern Turkestan branches. B.C. Since the 6th century, the ethnonym Uysin does not appear in historical literature. But the clans that descended from it participated in the creation of states during the Dulat, Albanian, Shigil (Jikhil) Turkic Khaganate. In the work of Rashid al-Din in the 13th century, it is mentioned about the Uysin people in the Shagatai dynasty. Zhetysu was used both among the people and in written literature as a general name of the Great Hundred tribes that inhabited South Kazakhstan. Traditional Kazakh genealogical data spread Uysin from Mayki dance during the time of Chinggis Khan. In the genealogy of the Dikanbai batyr from the Botbay clan (in the writings of N. Aristov) from Maikyi: Kanly, Bakhtiyar, Kyrykjuz, Myngjuz. From Bakhtiyar: Go home, Oysyl. From home: Aksakal (Prison), Zhansakal (Tarak). From Abak — November, from there Baidibek, Baituly. The tribes that formed the basis of the Great Hundred are considered to be Baidibek's children. They are: Albanian, Dulat, Suan, Shapyrashty, Saryuysin, Oshki, Ist. In Sh. Valikhanov's writings, Uysin is the ancestor not only of these tribes, but of all tribes of the Great Hundred. From Tobey - Uysin, from it - Koyildir (Katagan, Shanyshkyly), Mekreil (Zhalayir), Maiky (Abak), Sovet (Kanly) spread there. The Kyrgyz people also have Uysin. A branch of the Solty tribe is called Uson, the Karakesek branch is called Saryuisin, and the ancestors of Kalsha in Bagysin are called Uysin. In the same way, Uysin is part of Karakalpaks.
B.C. Until 73 AD, the land of the family was divided into three parts: the left (eastern) part, the right (western) part and the center facing the gunmo itself. These were full of mutual conflict.
Chinese princesses were sent to their families. They played an important role in China's trade relations with Central Asia, Western Asia and Europe. BC It was these houses that supported the Great Silk Road, which appeared in the 2nd century. In the Chinese data about the Uysin, c. It is said until the 3rd century.
## Culture
During the study of Uysin monuments, it was found that this culture passed through three periods: the first period - BC. 3-1 centuries; middle period — c. 1-2 centuries; the last period — c. 3-5 centuries. There are peculiarities in the digging and design of graves in these periods, in the form and design of weapons, decorative items and household items. Handicrafts and cottage industries flourished along with livestock and agriculture. In particular, the production of dishes and pots from earthenware has developed. Processing business has developed. Iron and bronze tools, weapons, decorative items, gold and silver necklaces, earrings, various ornaments were made. Textile industry, leather tanning, stone carving, and bone processing were developed.
## Uysin traditions
There is little scientific data on Uysin traditions. According to the understanding of ancient people, it was believed that a dead person will come back to life. That's why when burying a person, they buried him with all the things he would need in the afterlife. He buried all the things he used during his life. This is evidenced by the things found during the excavation of many graves. Dishes and other household items are often found. Armor, weapons, such as bows, arrows, daggers, spears, whips, knives are placed near the men.
## Religious Beliefs
In addition to the high artistic quality of the found items, jewelry, and weapons, they also reflect the religious concept and outlook on life of the family.
The leaves on the diadem are the source of the universal tree of life, the source of life, the image of the soul-giving woman. This tree grows to the top of a mountain in the middle of the earth and covers the four corners of the world and three parts of the world: the underground world where the roots go deep - the other world, the above ground where people and animals live - this world, the abode of gods and birds - the sky world.
## Burial places
The large and small plaques erected at the grave indicated the status and wealth of the deceased in society. During the excavations, many large ornaments, weapons, dishes were found. Golden clothespins, gold earrings, an iron pin wrapped with gold wire, and a bronze mirror were found in the grave in Tenlik cemetery. Several clay pots, a wooden bowl, a bronze earring, a pin, and a bracelet came out of the medium-sized bowl. Weapons include iron daggers, knives, and three-edged flat arrowheads. One or two pottery vessels, an iron knife, a bronze earring, and a bead were found in the small pits.
## Archeological monuments
Addresses of houses and cemeteries were studied in Zhetysu region. Most of the plants have a diameter of 6-20 m and a height of 0.5-1.5 m. There are piles of soil, stone rubble or mixed soil and stone.
Burials B.C. 3-2 centuries. which belong to the early period.-Kapshagai 3, Otegen 3, Kyzyl espe. A common characteristic of them is that the graves are planned in such a way that they extend from the bottom to the bottom, in a chain with 5-6 graves in each.
Those belonging to the middle period B.C. 1st century AD 1st century is considered. This includes Otegen 1, 2, Taigak 1, Karlak 1, and Altyn Emel cemeteries. They are located in an unsystematic way, in a chain of three plagues.
The last period is 2-3 centuries. Kapchagai 2, Sholak Zhide 1, 2, Gur Kora 2, and Kalkan 4 burials belong to the later period. The graves in these are unsystematic and irregular, the graves are dug out of the ground, and the tops are not covered with wood.
The first settlement of the Uysin was found in the Shu valley, in the village of Lugovoe. The walls were made of mud bricks, the floors were plastered with mud, and there was an earth hearth in the middle.
## Agriculture
The population of the Uysin association was a semi-nomadic country. He raised cattle and cultivated the land. According to the materials found in archeological excavations, the discovery of a stone rake and a hand mill made of stone for tilling the land even at that time is a proof that the inhabitants of that time were able to engage in agriculture and produce its products. Traces of the irrigation system were found in the Ile, Shu, and Talas basins. Ancient houses from BC In the 1st century, especially In the 3rd-5th centuries, he was engaged in agriculture, gardening, fruit growing, and began to learn to settle down. Although they were nomads, they also planted crops near their homes. It is evidenced by the discovery of dishes with grains, mortars, stone hoes. The rich made their clothes from silk and fine wool, the poor from thick wool, leather, and sheepskin. In the settlements along the Shu and Ile, unburnt bricks, hearths shaped like horseshoes, and rectangular dwellings were found.
### Animal husbandry
The husbandry of the Uysin was mixed, that is, they were engaged in both animal husbandry and agriculture. However, the main occupation of the households was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The comfortable nature of the population allowed them to keep a large number of livestock. They kept sheep, horses, cows, two-humped camels, and goats. Most of them raised horses and sheep. He bred many different breeds of horses. There were also thoroughbred stallions in it. For example, a gold staple found in the Tenlik burial ground in Zhetysu depicted a horseman with a braided tail and mane, a protruding chest, and a tall horse riding a real saddle.
### Agriculture
Uysyns were engaged in both irrigated agriculture and cultivated agriculture. He grew barley and millet from cereals. The fact that they were engaged in agriculture is evidenced by the discovery of stone hoes, scythes and threshers during the excavation work. Houses built their fields along the river. Ditch water was also used to irrigate crops. According to the early data, they "planted trees" and "built cities and settlements". Irrigated fields, irrigation systems, gardens were located around the capital city of Chigu.
## Society
In the society of Uysin there were rich people, rich people, priests, and poor people. Military commanders and officials had a seal. Private property also increased.
There was private ownership of livestock in the Uysin association. The pastures of the tribes were divided into possessions, and the wealth was accumulated in the hands of the tribal leaders; inter-tribal relations increased. The presence of private property can be seen from the markings on pottery, bone, and metal objects. The area of excavated plagues is different. Some of them have a height of 10-12 m and an area of up to 40 m. Judging by the quantity and quality of things buried with human remains, tribal leaders and nobles were buried in large mounds, and ordinary members of the community were buried in smaller mounds. Power passed from father to son through inheritance. Clan and tribe leaders named "bek" were subject to him. A ten system of management was used in the house association. The ruler divided his dependents among his children and gave each of them ten thousand troops and a land for migration. In the association of houses, there were signs characteristic of the state. There is evidence that the Beks protected their grazing lands from others with armed force. This indicates the formation of social groups.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6676 | Universal Declaration of Human Rights | The Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR) is the only international legal document that declares basic human rights and freedoms. 1948 On December 10, the UN General Assembly adopted and promulgated Charter 217 A (III). The main task of this document is to ensure universal recognition, protection and effective implementation of the human rights and freedoms defined and approved in the document.
The uniqueness and importance of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights lies in the fact that it was the first to raise human rights and freedoms to the international level. The declaration has no obligation, legal character, that is, the approved norms must not be fulfilled without fail. However, due to the importance of the principles of human rights and freedoms set forth in the document, the Declaration is recognized as a universal act and all states that have voted to adopt it strive to implement it.
As stated in the UN Charter (Article 30):
None of the principles in this declaration shall be interpreted as conferring on any State, group of persons or individuals the right to engage in any activity.
## Sources
## External links
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights (Kaz.)
* Universal Declaration of Human Rights (eng.) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4941 | Medal for combat valor | Medal "For Combat Valor" is a state award of the Republic of Kazakhstan established on the basis of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 12, 1995 No. 2676 "On State Awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan".
## Regulations about the medal
Military servicemen of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan, other troops and military units, as well as the prosecutor's office, national security, internal affairs and criminal justice system are awarded with the medal employees of the bodies:
* for skillful, active and brave actions in combat, which contributed to the proper execution of combat tasks of the military unit, unit, as well as in the fight against crime;
* for bravery in defending the state border;
* is awarded for meritorious service during service.
## Model 1
The medal is round, 34 mm in diameter.
In the center of the circle there is an eight-pointed star, inside the star there is a shield with symbols of arms. The name of the medal is written in a circle, the size of the letters is 3.5x3 mm.
Star rays, shield and weapon insignia are located 1.5 mm above the overall circumference.
The medal is made of brass. The medal is attached to a brass pentagonal die by means of a hook and ring. The height of the mold is 30.5 mm, the width is 34 mm, it has a frame in the upper and lower parts.
The mold is covered with a red moiré ribbon and has a green stripe in the middle.
## Model 2
The second type differs from the first one in the form of the mold and the color of the ribbon:
The medal is made of brass, a clasp with a hexagonal mold 34 mm wide and 50 mm high. and connected by a ring. The mold is covered with a moiré ribbon of kvass color, in the middle of which there are two blue stripes 4 mm wide. The width of the moiré tape is 34 mm. On the back of the mold there is a pin for attaching the medal to clothing.
The medal was produced at the Kazakhstan Mint in Ust-Kamenogorsk.
## Gallery
*
## See more
* State awards of Kazakhstan |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7492 | Kairat Aitmukhambetuly Nurpeyisov | Kairat Aitmukhambetuly Nurpeyisov is the Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## Short biography
1957 He was born in the village of Galkino, Sharbakty district, Pavlodar region. From the Wak tribe.
* Graduated from Pavlodar Pedagogical Institute and Almaty Institute of National Economy, majoring in mathematics and economics. He started his career as a mechanic at the locomotive depot of Pavlodar station.
* 1982-88 He worked in the financial and tax authorities of Pavlodar region and rose from the chief economist to the chairman of the tax committee of Pavlodar region.
* 1998-2002 Served as Vice Minister of Energy, Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Vice Minister of State Revenue of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
Recently, he was the mayor of Pavlodar.
* 2003 Akim of Pavlodar region since June.
* 2008 October 13 - was appointed Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* 24.08.2009 - July 2011 - Chairman of the Agency for Public Service Affairs of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## Awards
* Order of "Honor" (2005);
* Holiday medal "10 years to the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan";
* Holiday medal "10 years of the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan";
* "10 years to Astana" medal (2008).
## Hobbies
* Hobbies are reading, sports.
## Home situation
* Married. Spouse - Nurpeyisova Lyubov Ivanovna (born in 1960). Daughters - Nurpeyisova Aigul Kairatkyna (born in 1987), Nurpeyisova Asem Kairatkyna (born in 1990).
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5294 | Kypchak Union | The Kypchak Khanate (1030-1219) is an ancient Kazakh state.
## The name of Kypchak
The name "Kipchak" in 760 It is mentioned in ancient Turkic runic monuments. It is listed in the list of Turkic tribes of the Arab geographer Ibn Khordadbek (9th century).
656 After the fall of the Western Turkic Kaganate, the Kypchaks, who inhabited the northern side of the Altai Mountains and the Irtysh region, formed the core of the tribal union under the leadership of the Kimeks. However, the demands of the main Kypchak tribes for self-rule were unsuccessful, and in the 9th-10th centuries. It was with the history of kimaks. The Kipchaks were politically dependent on the kimak kaganate.
11th century. At the beginning, after the dissolution of the Kimak Kaganate, the military and political leadership in the lands previously occupied by the Kimak, Kypchak and Kuman tribes was transferred to the hands of the Kypchak khans. They dislodge the Oghuz from the middle and lower reaches of the Syr, from the steppes of the Aral and Caspian regions. Now, instead of "Oghzdar field" (Mafazat al-guz), the name Deshti Kypchak (Kipchak field) will appear. 11th century in the middle, the Kipchaks move along the Volga, to the west. The historical-geographic region of Deshti Kipchak, which covers the entire arid zone from the Irtys to the Dniester, could be conditionally divided into two large ethnic-territorial units along the Volga river: the Western Kipchak union, headed by the Toksoba clan family, and the Eastern Kipchak khanate, headed by the Khan family of the El-Borili clan.
## Three-stage development path of kipshaks
Its development path consists of three stages.
### The first period
The first period: due to the creation of the core of the Kimak tribal unit, where in the 7th century From the second half of the 8th century. until the end, kipchaks play an important role. During this period, Kipchaks and Tele tribes have close ethnic and cultural ties and become closer.
### Second period
Second period - 8th century. from the end of the 11th century to the beginning. During this period, the Kipchaks started from Altai and Irtys in the east and reached the southern Ural mountains and Volga in the west. Together with the Kipchaks, the Cumans, whose center is in the Mugadjar mountains, graze Western Kazakhstan. Three main ethnic-political associations - Kimaks, Kypshaks and Kumans influenced each other. Also, ethnic components such as Tele, Finno-Ugric, and Sarmatian-Alan began to collide. The Kipchak ethnic group was formed on the basis of many clans and tribes, united on the principle of territorial and economic relations, not blood relatives.
### Third period
Third period: 11th century. from the beginning of the 13th century to the beginning, the stonework of the Kypchak ethnic community. Many tribes and ethnic groups recognize that they belong to the same ethnic group and take the name of the increasingly powerful Kipchaks. However, the end of the creation and formation of the Kypchaks was stopped by the Mongol invasion.
## Settlement
11th c. In the middle, the Kipchaks inhabited the territory from Altai and Irtys in the east of Kazakhstan, to the Volga and Southern Urals in the west, from Lake Balkash in the south to the forest steppe region of southwestern Siberia in the north. 11th century 2 years Kipchaks settled in Mangistau and Ustirt lands, and Oghys also migrated with them. 11th century of Kypchaks. In the middle, the initial stage of westward movement is depicted on Mahmud Kashkari's map, which shows the north-western lands beyond the Volga and the Caspian Sea as the home of the Kipchaks. The Volga River is within the Kypchak country. The Kypchak khans, expanding the borders of their state, reached the outskirts of the city of Taraz in the south, and built the Kanzhek fortress on the border with the Karakhans. The natural border between the Kypchak rulers and the Karakhans will be Lake Balkash and Lake Alakol. Their eastern border included the valley on the right bank of the Irtysh and the ridges of the Altai Mountains. 12th century The Kypchak tribes of Altai and the upper reaches of the Irtysh are bordered by Naymans, Kanlys, and Kereyts.
## Establishment of the Khanate
The authority of the Kypchak Khans was inherited. The royal clan from which the khans came was El-Borili. From the military-administrative point of view, the Kypchak Khanate preserved the ancient Turkic traditions and was divided into two wings. He was stationed with the right wing camp along the Zhaiyk river, in the place of the city of Sarayshik, and with the left wing camp in the city of Syganak. The right wing was stronger than the other. The center of the khanate was probably in Torgai field. The strict hierarchical system of the Bilevish aristocracy (khans, tarkhans, nobles, beks and rich) was clearly visible. Clans and tribes are also divided according to their social importance.
Kipchak society was unequal both socially and racially. Private ownership of livestock, as well as grazing land, was owned by the aristocracy. Ordinary volunteer members of the society were herders. Slaves were prisoners of war. Some of them were sold, and half of them were used as hired servants.
## Mutual political relations of the Kipchaks
1065 Alp Arslan, the ruler of the Selzhiks, marches to Mangystau against the Kipchaks. As a result, a part of the Kipchaks remains dependent on the Khorasan Seljuks. 11th century the end of the 12th century at the beginning, Gent, Yangikent, and other cities of Lower Syr also fell into the hands of Kypchak leaders. 1133 Atsyz (Khorezmshahi), who made an attack deep into the Kipchak steppe from the city of Gent, defeats the Kypchaks. This 12th century The disintegration of the Kypchak khanate began in the middle of the 19th century, the main factors that caused it were: the number of people adapting to Khorezm among the nobles of the Kypchak tribes, the creation of a large association of Khanlys, and the intensification of mutual dynastic strife.
12th century. From the 2nd half, especially from the reign of Tekesh (1172-1200), Khorezm aimed to get closer to the Kypchak aristocracy. The Kypchak khans and the Khorezmshah family moved to establish consanguineous marriage ties. Kypchak Khan Zhankeshi gives his daughter Terkenkhatyn to Khorezmshah Tekesh. Union of Kanly tribes in the 13th century. in the beginning, he sought political independence and changed the direction of the political unity of the Kypchak Khanate. The main military force of the Khorezmshahs were the Kypshaks and the Kanlys. 13th century At the beginning, Amin Malik, the leader of the khans, played an important role in the palace of the Khorezm Shahs. Khorezmshah Aladdin Muhammad was married to her daughter. The Kypchak nobility protected the interests of the Khorezmshahs after providing them with government and military services. This increased tensions in the Kipchak society. Khorezmshah Muhammed (1200-1220), who aspired to take first place in the whole of Muslim Asia, was part of the state in the 13th century. Syganak region is also included at the beginning. Despite the loss of Gypsies, Kypchak khans continue their struggle against Khorezm. Muhammad Khorezm Shah made many campaigns to the north of the city of Gent to the Desht-Kipchak country. In 1216, during one of his military campaigns against Kadyrkhan, he reached Yrgyz and met Chinggiskhan's hand in the Torgai field, who was chasing the merkits who had fled to the Kipchak country. Mongols retreat under cover of night. This was the first time the Mongols visited Kazakhstan. The competitive war of the Kypchaks with the Khorezmshahs has stopped. Mongol invasion came. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7306 | Orogeny | Orogeny, orogenesis, orogenic movements are geological terms that represent a set of powerful processes of formation of folds and cracks, mountain creation. This term was introduced to science in 1890. introduced by the American geologist G. Gilbert (1843 - 1918). He distinguished Orogeny from Epeirogenic movements, characterized by slow subsidence and uplift, which lead to the creation of continents and oceans. French geologist in 1907 E. Og (1861 - 1927) considered orogeny to be characteristic only of geosynclinal regions. German geologist in 1919. H. Shtille (1876 - 1966) considered orogeny as a process that takes place only in known orogenic regions in a short period of time, with great force, and considered fold formation as the main result of mountain creation. The term "orogeny" was rarely used, and the term "orogeny" was rarely used, and the term "mountain rifting" began to be used only for the processes of the formation of mountains themselves. Also, it is wrong to use Orogeny as a synonym of the term "folding movements".
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4897 | Silver necklace | "Kumic necklace" is a reward for mothers with many children. 1996 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan It was approved by a decree that came into force on January 1. Mothers with 6 children are awarded with the award, but when the sixth child reaches the age of one year and the other children are alive. When protecting the interests of the Republic of Kazakhstan, children killed or missing in the fight against crime or while performing other official duties are taken into account. The edges of the round necklace are decorated with a pattern, and in the center there is an image of a baby holding a palm and an image of a sunny sun.
Mothers who have given birth to and raised eight or nine children are awarded with it.
## See more
* State awards of Kazakhstan
## Sources
## Links
* http://primeminister.government.kz/blogs/abdykalikova_g/questions/33673?lang=kk(inaccessible link)
* http://arshaly.akmol.kz/a/41/on/read/693/ index.html
* http://www.enbek.gov.kz/node/234381 |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6249 | Marshall Islands | The Republic of the Marshall Islands (Aolepān Aorōkin M̧ajeļ}) is a country located in the western Pacific Ocean. The land area is 181 km². The population is 68 thousand (2000). Most of the population is Micronesian. marshals belonging to the racial type. The official language is English. Religion is Christian-Protestant. The capital is Majuro. M. A. R. — presidential republic. No. Legislative power is exercised by the bicameral parliament. National holiday — Constitution Day — May 1 (1979). The currency is the US dollar. M. A. R. Member of the UN since 1991.
The Marshall Islands are small, low coral atolls. Main natural resources: phosphorite ores, marine products. The climate of the islands is tropical, trade wind-monsoon. Average monthly temperature is between 26 — 33°C. Average amount of annual precipitation. — 1800 mm, sometimes there is a drought. The vegetation consists of coconut palms and other nut trees, evergreen shrubs. The animal kingdom is the most abundant.
## History
People inhabited the territory of the islands about 5-6 thousand years ago. Data on ancient history are insignificant. Marshall Islands in 1526 discovered by Spanish M. Saavedra. But in 1788 named Marshall Islands in honor of the English captain J. Marshall, who studied the islands comprehensively. The islands were a colony of Spain in the 17th and 19th centuries. In 1885-86, the islands were taken over by Germany. In 1914, the Marshall Islands were occupied by Japanese troops and were under the control of the Japanese state under the mandate system. During the Second World War, the islands entered the zone of military operations. After the defeat of Japan, it was placed under the auspices of the United Nations, and from 1947 it was administered by the United States. Bikini and Eniwetok atolls are American. became a test site for atomic weapons (1963). The islands gained self-government on May 1, 1979. In 1990, the UN recognized the independence of the Marshall Islands, and on October 21, 1991, they became an independent state.
## Economy
The main branches of economy — a.sh. (coconut, pepper, pumpkin) and tourism. Tourism provides employment for 10% of the population. Industry is limited to fish and copra processing. Exports phosphates, fish, coconut oil and copra. They bring cars, equipment, some types of food, electronics, communications, and household goods from abroad. Gross domestic product per capita. It is equal to 1730 US dollars. The main trading partners are the USA and Japan.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6118 | Barkol Kazakh Autonomous District | Barkol Kazakh Autonomous District (Uyg. 电影安全展开 / Barkɵl Ⱪazaⱪ Aptonom Naⱨiyisi; Chinese: 巴里坤哈萨克自清县; Pinyin: Bālǐkūn Hāsàkèzú Zìzhìxiàn) is a district of Kumyl Region in the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of China. It is an administrative-territorial part of the Kumyl Region of the Xinjiang Uyghur Autonomous Region of the People's Republic of China.
was established as an autonomous district on October 1, 1954.
The land area is 38,445.3 km², the population is 89.8 thousand people. Among them, 21.3% are Kazakhs, Uyghurs, Mongolians are among other nationalities, Mongolia is located in the north of the
border, the region of the city of Kumyl in the south, and the Mori Kazakh Autonomous District of the Sanzhi Dungen Autonomous Region is located in the west.
Breeding of horses and camels is very developed in the region. The district is also known as "the district of ten thousand camels".
## Population |