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https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4915

Valikhan Shot-Aman Idyrisuly

Shot-Aman (Shota) Idyrisuly Valikhan (April 26, 1932, North Kazakhstan Region, Ayrtau District, Syrymbet Village - March 31, 2021) - architect, Honored Architect of the Kazakh SSR (1978), professor, International Academy of Architects of Eastern Countries Academician (2001). ## Short biography He was born on April 26, 1932 in the village of Syrymbet, Ayrtau district of Kokshetau region (now North Kazakhstan region). Shot-Aman Valikhan is a descendant of the brother of the famous Kazakh and Russian scientist Shokan Valikhanov. Cousin of Kazakh poet Bakytzhan Kanapiyanov. Graduated from the Moscow Institute of Architecture. was an employee of the "Kazakhstan City Planning Designing" Institute, Deputy Chief Architect of Almaty, Chairman of the Board of the Kazakhstan Union of Architects. Chairman of the Society for the Protection of Republican Historical and Cultural Monuments. ## Achievements Shot-Aman Ualikhanov is the author of several large buildings, 20 monuments and monuments (along with others). Among them: "Dynamo" stadium (1958), "Universam" store (1979), buildings of "Kazgiprozem" house (1983) in Almaty city; Monument to Ualikhanov (1969; State Award of the Kazakh SSR, 1970), Alibi Tokzhanuly Zhangeldin, Tokash Bokin (both 1975), Ghani Muratbaev (1984), East Kazakhstan region, Karaul village Abai (1970), Kokshetau city Talgat Bigeldinov (1998), Akhmet Baitursynuly of Kostanay (1999), Kenesary Kasymuly of Astana (2001), etc. monuments; Bust of Dinmuhamed Konaev (in 1985), Monument of Independence (in 1996, project author and leader), etc. In 1996, Ualikhanov received a gold medal and a diploma of the Union of Architects of the Republic of Kazakhstan at the competition for the new state coat of arms of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the author of the coat of arms. Also, he published many scientific articles on the relevant issues of Kazakhstan's architecture and fine arts; also the author of a number of dramatic works ("Shokan", first staged in 1962; "Agnur", 1982; "Tagdyr", 1984; "Terror", 2000); a number of his plays were performed on the stage of republican (Almaty) and regional (Kokshetau, Karaganda, Shymkent) theaters. Participated in the 12th-13th and 20th World Congresses of the International Union of Architects (Madrid, 1975; Mexico City, 1978; Beijing, 1999). ### Main creative works * Shokan Ualikhanov in Almaty (1969); * Alibi Jankeldin (1975); * Tokash Bokin (1975) monuments; * projects of the "Dynamo" stadium structure (as part of the creative team); * Head of the group of authors of the Almaty Independence Monument (1998); * Coat of arms of Kazakhstan. ## Awards ### Titles * Honored Worker of Kazakhstan ### Awards * State Prize of the Kazakh SSR * State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1990) ### Awards * Order of Wisdom * Order of Honor * Medal for 10 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Medal for 20 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Medal for 25 years of independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan * Medal for 20 years of the Constitution of Kazakhstan ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7469

Koshmukhambet Duysebayuly Kemengerov

Koshmukhambet Duysebayuly Kemengerov (July 15, 1896, former Akmola region, Omby district, Beke bolysy, Karzhas village - November 21, 1937, Omby) - Alash activist, scientist, playwright, writer, journalist. The fate of Koshke Kemengeruly, who strived for education and knowledge, is closely connected with the bright life of our intellectuals. During this period, Koshke, along with his peers, participated in the national liberation struggle against colonialism. His work on the development of a multi-faceted nation was interrupted by the repression campaign of the Soviet government, which began in the 1930s. ## Biography Koshke Kemengeruly was born on July 15, 1896 in the village of Karzhas, Omby district, Akmola region, according to the territorial division at that time. He came from the Karjas section of the Suyindik clan of the Argyn tribe. His ancestors had moved here from Sarytau of Bayanaul. According to the data, Shorman Bi bought land for 250 soms on the left side of Irtys, where the cadet corps where his son Musa studied is visible, saying, "When I go to Omby, I have no place to eat or pray." build housing, barns for livestock. Kemenger loved two sons named Duysenbay and Duysebay. When Koshmukhambet, descended from Duysebai, grew up, he used to sign his writings as "Koshke Kemengeruly". The Argyn tribe originated from the ancestor of Karjas of the Suyindik clan. Dindar Duysebay started the path of righteousness from an early age, he went to Mecca on his single day and became a pilgrim. On his way to this holy Mecca, he will travel with Kartabai, the prestigious lord of Atygay. Kartabai liked young Duysebai very much, and when he came to the country, he presented his daughter Jamila with his hand. Thus, the future writer was born in an open-minded, wealthy, prosperous family and received a comprehensive education. ## Education Koshke, who studied under Belgibai mullah in Karjas in Kisyk, was sent by his father to the Ombi parish school (At that time, the Muslim educational institution was called a school, a madrasa, and a Russian educational institution was called a school, a school). Parish schools, which were first opened to convert to Christianity, released their children from the "God's Law" lesson after realizing the intention of Muslims. Young Koshke learns the basics of the Russian language and other subjects from this school. After that, Koshke will enter the veterinary and paramedic school of Omb. Since it is a special educational institution, he takes lessons in the basics of zootechnics and medicine. In 1913, when he graduated from the 2nd grade of the mentioned school, he wanted to enter the Omby agricultural school. This year, together with Koshke, students such as Ahmet Abdirakhimuly, Smagul Kazybekuly, and Mukhtar Samatuly will enter this educational institution. A year before them, Kazakh children such as Sulembek Baizhanuly, Birmukhamed Aibasuly, Asfandiyar Shormanuly were admitted to the school. In 1916, Smagul Saduakasuly entered this study. On December 7, 1920, the authority of the Siberian Revkom of Kazakhstan sent a special letter to the management of the Siberian Agricultural and Industrial Institute, asking them to admit K. Kemengeruly and M. Seiitul to the medical department of the Faculty of Veterinary Medicine outside the course. While Koshke was studying here, the name of the institute was changed to "West Siberian State Medical Institute". About his place of residence at that time, the writer says: "My parents live in village No. 9 in Kisyk pasture, Teke bolysi, Ombi region. My current address is: Omby city, line 2, house 68," he writes. On August 21, 1924, K. Kemengeruly applied to transfer to the Faculty of Medicine of the Central Asian State University after completing the 3rd year. In the same year, he left for Tashkent, the center of the Republic of Turkestan. A telegram with the following content is registered in the archive: "Tashkent. To the editorial office of "Ak Zhol" newspaper. To K. Kemengeruly. He listened to the entire lecture of the 4th year. Ombi. Omby street, house 26. Sokolova". From this data, it can be seen that Koshke settled in the neighborhood of "Ak Zhol" in Tashkent. During the political events of 1917-1918, Koshke was among the agitated people and students. At that time, the times were harsh and politics were volatile. Despite this, the intellectuals of Alash did not separate themselves from the clashing crowd and looked for a way to bargain. In April 1917, Koshmukhambet Kemengeruly accompanied by Dinshe Adilul came to the city of Akmola (from Omby) on behalf of the regional Kazakh committee of Akmola and opened the district Kazakh committee. Saken Seifollauly is appointed as its chairman. The founders of the Kazakh committee met in the city of Akmola, sometimes in a madrasa, and sometimes in the house of the city administration, and discussed how to save the people from the difficulties of the turbulent times. Koshke also participates in the work of the "Young Kazakh" organization, which was initiated by Saken in Akmola. However, after a disagreement between the regional Kazakh committee and the district Kazakh committee on some important issues, and after the "Young Kazakh" leaders distanced themselves from Alash Orda, Koshke returned to Ombi in August 1917. In the fall and winter months of that year, K. Kemengeruly made efforts to open the Alash party committee of the Akmola region. So, he will be a member of that committee. From December 5-13, in Orinbor, the famous Alash participates as a delegate in the 2nd All-Kazakh Congress announcing the government of the Horde. In terms of his age, he was just over twenty years old, and he was not left out of struggle and search. In 1915-1916, the Kazakh youth of Ombi used to gather secretly in Karzha on the left bank, but after the 17th change, they organized an open meeting in the city. The result of the first gatherings was the "Young Citizen" organization and newspaper, which in 1918-1919 provided unwavering support to the Alash Horde and did thorough work on the issue of national unity. Koshke joined the board of this organization, he became the editor of the newspaper "Zhas Gajam", which was published in the city of Kyzylzhar. As a follower of national publications such as "Kazakh", "Saryarka", "Abay", "Young Citizen" published articles lamenting the loss of Alash. This newspaper publicized the unbelieving actions of the Bolsheviks. He also called the youth to unity in difficult times. In 1919, Koshke entered the Ombi Polytechnic Institute. Here he studies only the first year. In 1920, he was invited to become a teacher in Petropavl (Kyzylzhar) district of Akmola region (center - Omby). Here he begins to lecture as a teacher at the newly established "Red Teacher's Course" in accordance with its name. At that time, Magzhan also taught here. Dzhunisbek Zhanghonakov, who graduated from this course and later became the director of the Kazakh pedagogic school in Omby, recalls: "200 teachers attended the course. Koshmukhambet taught the subject of creation. He was also busy with literary issues. "He used to read his stories and plays from his manuscript," he writes. ## Plays In the city of Kyzylzhar, Koshke's dramaturgical ability was sharpened. Before that, K. Kemengeruly, who had staged plays such as "Aulie Tauip", now expanded the subject of his works in this field. In 1919-1920, two plays titled "Wolves and Sheep" and "The Fruit of Freedom" were written by him. Both of these were performed on the stage of the city garden in Kyzylzhar. Zh. Zhanghonakov tells about the events of 1916 in the play "Wolves and sheep" that he played the role of an official, and Sabit Mukanov, who later became a writer, played the role of a messenger of the bolys. ## Family In the spring of 1923, a big event happened in the personal life of K. Kemengeruly: he met his daughter Zura Mukhamedzhan while he was teaching medicine to people in the Kyzylzhar region under the guidance of professor Zarnitsyn. At that time, Koshke was a student-intern. As fate would have it, in March 1924, Zura died with a child. This tragedy shocked Koshke. In 1925, K. Kemengeruly married Gulsim Jamivyna. Gulsim has three children named Zaira (1926-2011), Narmanbet (1927-2008), Saule (1928-1993). Descendants from them live today in Omb and Almaty, Kokshetau, Astana, Karaganda regions of Russia. ## K. Kemengeruly in Tashkent He moved here to serve the nation. In the 20s, most of the intellectuals settled mainly in Tashkent. The political climate here was relatively different from Orinbor. In Turkestan, the people at the top of the government had different preferences for the old studies. "Talap" community founded by H. Dosmukhameduly in 1922 was filled with good citizens. At that time, Alash lions worked here in the fields of press and education. K. Kemengeruly once believed in the idea of the Turkestan confederation raised by the figure T. Ryskululy. Having established himself in Tashkent, Koshke began to have close relations with the Alash intellectuals who had settled here in 1921-22. At that time, Ahmet and Mirzhakyp were working in Orynbor, and Alikhan Bukeikhan was working in the Kazakh section of the "Kunchykis" publishing house in Moscow. In Tashkent, Koshke also interacted with such lions as Khalel Dosmukhameduly, Mukhtar Auez, Magzhan Zhumabay, Zhusipbek Aimautuly, Abdolla Baitasuly, Daniyal Yskakuly. The time when Koshke turned his horse's head to Turkestan coincided with the time when the famous "Alka" program was widely discussed among readers. The following lines in the program corresponded to Koshke's ideal: "The mouth of the new literature has been drawn, the beginning has not yet begun." There have been and are bright and dark times in our lives. Kazakhs had and still have their own views on nature, life, and life, their own philosophy, deep feelings. Not one of these has yet been written. ... Without these things, literature will not be our own literature." A little later, in 1926, it is known that Koshke elaborated and systematized this idea in his article "On Fiction". His opinion about the nature and legitimacy of art is still controversial. The Tashkent period of his career expanded the life of K. Kemengeruly's creativity. He finished his research on "Kazakh History" which he started in Omsk and submitted it to the publishing house "Kunchikys" in Moscow. In 1925, this publishing house also published the author's scientific work "Formerly Oppressed Nations" and "Kazakh-Russian Translator". Under the leadership of K. Kemengeruly, Baigaskauly, Baimakanuly, Dauletbekuly, Temirbekuly, Sarsenbayuly were involved in creating the dictionary. While in Tashkent, Koshke wrote a 2-book textbook in Kazakh. The first of them was published in 1928 in Tashkent, and the second in 1929 in Kyzylorda. As S. Saduakasuly wrote in 1918-1919: "The young demand of Kemengeruly's prose gives hope for the future", Koshke's writings in the Tashkent years of his life were "Colonial Ugliness", "Bloody Wave", "Momyntai", "Erlik". In the heart", "Kazakh women", "Orphan girl", "Duryia", "Nazikha" and other original stories were born. Artist K. Kemengeruly, like his colleagues Mukhtar Auez, Zhusipbek Aimayutuli, aspired to the heights of artistic representation, preserving the national style in prose. In 1925, he moved to Akmeshit, the capital of Kazakhstan, and this Kazakh settlement along the iron road received a new name, Kyzylorda. Here, on January 13, 1926, the State National Theater opened its first curtain with the play "Golden Ring" by K. Kemengeruly. This performance had a positive effect on the playwright, and in 1926 he wrote and presented to the audience the plays "Bribers", "Old Reading" in 1927, and "Kunasiz kuygender" in 1930. Talented critic S. Saduakasuly evaluated Koshke's drama: "The inner secret of a private person is more familiar than this." Koshke Kemengeruly showed his abilities as a skilled journalist in Tashkent. He worked in the newspaper "Ak Zhol" with the consent of Ombay, and also edited several issues of the scientific and educational magazine "Sana". Participated in the organization of the first meeting of "Ak Zhol" reporters held in 1925. He wrote various articles on society, economy, science and education. He expressed a constructive opinion in the debate on literature. Kuyben collected material for a novel he was going to write about his contemporaries when he was free from journalistic and educational life. In his letter to D. Adilul on March 16, 1925, which was found in the archives of the National Academy of Sciences, he wrote: "You are a person who has experienced a lot of history in your life. You know that I can make fun of the city. I want to know your way of life. Take some time. The reporting period has arrived. "I sat down to write a novel about Kazakh intellectuals." Three children named Zaira, Narmanbet and Saule were born to Koshke and Gulsim (the daughter of an Ombi intellectual). ## Teaching work Koshmukhambet Kemengeruly remained in the history of Tashkent in the 20s, full of political upheavals, not only as a writer, but also as an educator and educator. He says that in 1926 he lectured at the Central Asian University and the Turkestan Military School. Karatker also gave lectures on the Kazakh language at the rabfa of SAGU, the preparatory department, the faculty of oriental studies, the faculty of Soviet economy and law, and the faculty of pedagogy. After working at the university for two years, K. Kemengeruly seriously wanted to focus on science. In this case, he chose Turkification. On October 23, 1928, Koshke was admitted to the department of Turkic studies of the Faculty of Oriental Studies as a graduate student. Along with K. Kemengeruly, Mukhtar Auez also studied at the postgraduate course of this faculty. These two talented citizens were mentored by such scientists as A. Schmidt, M. Gavrilov, A. Dobson. Real science is born only after open and systematic discussion. As a linguist, Koshke used to argue with mentors like Yudakhin, Polivanov, and Schmidt about complex issues of the Kazakh language. For example, at the orthography conference held in May 1929, E. Omarov, K. Zhubanov, K. Kemengeruly expressed their firm opinion about new orthography and the principles of term creation, and argued with European scientists. This was a manifestation of the confrontation of the Eurocentric view of linguistic science, which has emerged from the cradle and is growing stronger. Koshke was in Tashkent and wrote a number of studies on the problems of Kazakh language education. According to Daniyal Yskakuly, who studied at SAGU: "In 1927, when S. Saduakasuly became the director of the Kazakh Pedagogical University in Tashkent, he hired Koshke as a teacher." The scientific work of K. Kemengeruly includes the "Grammar of the Kazakh language" published in Russian in 1927 compiled by G. Arkhangelsky. In the foreword of this study, edited by Koshke, the compiler says: "The real work presents the written lecture on the Kazakh language, read tov. Kemengerov writes that he is a teacher of the Kazakh language at Turkestanskih Kursakh Vostokovedina RKKA in 1924-1925 and expresses great gratitude to his teacher. And in the statement written by the publisher, it is said that A. Baitursynuly highly appreciated this work. Koshke Kemengeruly did not stop at just one Tashkent in the 24-30s. He went on various business trips to the cities of Orinbor, Kyzylorda, Semey, Shymkent and communicated with writers. In the summer of 1929, the penman touched the soil of Kyzyltau and Sarytau for the last time. ## Persecution On October 13, 1930, K. Kemengeruly was arrested in Tashkent on the false charge of being a "perpetrator of actions against the Soviet government" and imprisoned. He described his current state of mind and his suffering as "I am stuck in a deep abyss without a passage. I could not find justice. Is there any way?" described it, in one of his letters to his cousin Nurmagambet, he says, "The bird is in the hunt, and the fish is in the net, there is no way for fate to write." At the end of October 30 of this year, Koshke was sent from Tashkent to Almaty prison. He stayed in Almaty prison until the end of April 1932. On April 20, by the decision of the trio, he was sentenced to 5 years in prison under clauses 10, 11 of Article 58 and deported to Valuyki, Ukraine. Kalamger was a doctor in the railway system here. It was in 1932-1933 that S. Saduakasuly worked as an engineer in the construction of this road. Also, in the direction of Valuyki, Voronezh, such citizens as Kh. Dosmukhameduly, Zh. Dosmukhameduly, Zh. Akbayuly, E. Omaruly, S. Kadyrbayuly, K. Tokhtibayuly, M. Tynyshbai, Zh. Kuderiuly, M. Myrzauly were deported. In 1935, Koshke Kemengeruly completed his term in Valuyki. According to the law, he was now free to return to the country. But the cunning NKVD wanted to keep political prisoners out of the country. That is why K. Kemengeruly did not give his full consent and allowed him to settle in Sharbakkol of Omb. He chose a simple job in the district health department. According to Zaira Koshkevyna's memoirs, her father finished a novel about his contemporaries that he had written from Tashkent in the middle of 1937, and now he was considering a way to deliver it to Almaty publishing houses. The book was later captured by the NKVD in manuscript form. The dark whirlwind of 1937 found Kochke, a doctor in Sharbakkol, without difficulty. The sentence to shoot the figure was confirmed on November 17 and executed on November 21 in Ombi. His relatives did not know that Koshke had moved to the eternal world - only God knew. Koshke became a martyr in the cause of justice and freedom. When the Siberian Military District Tribunal officially acquitted their father on August 17, 1957, Zaira, Narmanbet, and Saule were sensible citizens who knew the rules of totalitarianism. Now the generation descended from them is loyal to the legacy of their ancestors and has grown up. Since 1995, Koshke's heritage has been published several times. In 2004-2006, the publishing house "Alash" published a three-volume collection of the artist's works. The science of koshketanu is also developing and branching out. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3332

Khoja Ahmet Yasawi

Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, popularly known as Aziret (Hazret) Sultan (1093 or 1103, Sayram - 1166, Turkestan) is a Central Asian philosopher, Islamic preacher, Sufi poet. ## Biography Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is a Turkestan scholar and saint born in 1093. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's ancestor is a family of owners. His father is Sheikh Ibrahim, a descendant of Hazrat Ali, a saint who became famous in Isfijab. Mother - Aisha (Mother Karashash), daughter of Musa Sheikh. Musa Sheikh is also recognized as a saint in Isfijab. Some sources say that Khoja Ahmet Yasawi had a son named Ibrahim and a daughter named Gauhar Khoshnaz (Zauhar Shahnaz). The descendants of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi are mainly descended from this daughter. In the 9th century, the active activities of Islamic preachers in the cities of Otyrar, Isfijab, Balasagun, Yasi, Sauran, Syganak Shash, Sutkent, Jent, Kudur, Otluk, Ozkent, and other Mauerannakhr cities took a political character, and since the 10th century, educational centers for Islamic teachings - madrasas-tekkas were completely established, and Islamic-spiritual ethical (moral) positions began to take shape. Before Khoja Ahmet Yasawi was born, dozens of representatives of the Hanafi school of Islamic fiqh (law) lived in Isfijab. Yasawi doctrine was formed due to these political, social and historical conditions. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the leader of teachers - Arystan bab. Kashifi in his work "Rashahat-ul ain-il hayat" gives information about the fact that Khoja Ahmet was a disciple of Arystan Bab, learned the secret and meaning of Zahir and Batin teachings from him, and served him for 16 years. Yasawi's "Diwani Hikmat" also mentions Arystan Bab often. Although there are written sources about the life and activities of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi (Khazini, "Jawahir-ul Abra Min Amuaj-il Bihar") that indicate that he was a student of Yusuf Hamadani, recent researches have begun to reveal conclusions that refute it. The first student of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi was Mansur Ata, the son of Arystan Bab, the second student was Sayyid Ata Khorezmi, and the third student was Suleymen Bakyrgani. The most prominent among them is Bakyrgani (Hakim Ata) (Kashifi, "Rashahat-ul ain-il hayat"). One of his famous students, Muhammed Danyshmendi, wrote down the legacy of Sufi Khoja Ahmet Yasawi called "Mirat-ul Kulub". Also, such personalities as Sadr Ata, Badr Ata, Haji Bektash Auliye, Sary Saltuk, Sheikh Lukpan Perende are considered to be students of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. A. Bennigson says that Khoja Ahmet Yasawi had students named Shopan Ata and Zengi Baba. Regarding the disciples of Yasawi, Fuat Koprulu says: "Almost all the Sufis who are called Turkish sheikhs, except for the Sufis of Iraq, Khorasan and Mauerannahr, were the sheikhs of the Khoja Ahmet Yasawi order." It seems that Ahmet's father was a religious man, one of the famous sheikhs who followed the path of God. The reason we say this is that in the 149th wisdom of the poet, he reveals the following about his origin: ...Ishaq Baba Zhuryn, Sheikh Ibrahim Kulyny, Sheikh Ahmed Yasawi, the Grandfather of Christ. After receiving religious education from Yusuf Hamadani in the city of Ahmet Bukhar, he came to Turkestan and became a great propagandist of Sufism, religious and pious ideas that were widespread in Central Asia at that time. Ahmet Yasawi's coming to Turkestan at a young age is probably related to religion. In his poems, the poet tells about his arrival in Turkestan:... I lived in Turkestan when I was seventeen, I drank wine from Shiltemen at eighteen, I made a living, I wandered around Paradise and begged for funds, I saw the faces of Haq Mustafa, here. ## "Diwani Hikmet" His voluminous work that has reached today's generation is "Diwani Hikmet/ Diwani Hikmat" (Wisdom is a collection). This work was first published in 1878. will be published as a separate book. Then it will be printed several times in Istanbul, Kazan, Tashkent. One of them was in 1901. There was a version published by Tynishtykuli in Kazan for the Kazakhs. In this poem, written in four stanzas, the poet describes his life from his childhood to the age of the prophet, tells about the pain and sorrow he experienced in life, criticizes the shortcomings and abuses of the ruling khans, beys, and judges. this means the falsity of science. In "Diwani Hikmet" you can find valuable information about the Turkic peoples, including the Kazakh people, their early culture, literature, history, ethnography, and economy. Khoja Akhmet Yasawi, who was buried in the city of Turkestan, was called the "reigning sultan" and was buried in the beginning of the 14th century. in the end, the famous Amir Temir installs the dome on the estuary. In general, the traditional Turkish Sufi spirit and the worldview of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the meaning and importance of his teachings are reflected in such legacies as "Diwani Hikmet", "Mirat-ul Kulub", "Pakyrnama". The basis of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's Sufi teachings, worldview and philosophy can be classified as moral-ethical and Sufi wisdom. The concept of reason in Yasawi's teaching deals with the issue of reaching human moral status and "insani kamil" status. The theoretical basis of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview concept is the sharia and enlightenment, and the practical basis is the tariqat. The essence of Khoja Akhmet's worldview is "recognition of the Truth" through "self-knowledge of man". The first position (head) of this path is "repentance", the last is "slavery" (ubudiyat, abd). When a person on this path realizes the truth of the fact that he is a "creature - I", the secret of creation, he realizes that his human duty is to be a "bridge - a road" between "God and man and man and society". The essence of Yasawi's wisdom, the core of his philosophy is man. A person must acquire the necessary knowledge to achieve "perfection". The source of this knowledge is wisdom. In wisdom, it is clearly stated that human nature is a being created in the highest artistic form, reflecting the greatness of the Lord. In the wisdom of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the nature of man, as stated in the Qur'an, is based on water and soil. "If you know the truth, water will go to the soil and to the soil," he says. In the Sufi sense, "soil" is human nature, common sense and simplicity. Lust, arrogance, pride are qualities that dehumanize a person. In some wisdoms of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, symbolic concepts are used that indicate that he has become soil with his whole being: "My head is soil, I am soil, my body is soil; My soul is in a state of agony, wondering whether I will fight for the truth." In the Sufi sense, this means the status of "wisal" (acquainted with the Truth). Becoming soil, getting rid of lust is the first condition for meeting the Truth. After that, a person reaches the truth, reaches the level of human perfection, and is satisfied with the fact that he is a "path" to the truth. This is the purpose of "Let the earthy world pass over you". Because in the Sufi name, the graves of saints and pirs are also called "soil". In Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview, a saint is the right path, because he is a wise person who instructs his people to distinguish between good and bad, truth and falsehood, and is a manifestation of God's grace in society. ## Teaching of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi According to the teaching of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, serving the Truth begins with serving the people. And the condition of serving the people and the nation is to be earthy and to refrain from lust. Being a soil person and devoting oneself to one's people means perfection. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi says that in order to reach perfection, a person must have hunger (strong love) and pain. "A sick person is not a person, understand this; A hungry human being is a beast, listen to this." A "sick person" on the path of this wisdom is a person who is devoid of human feelings, irresponsible, sad, and worried about his nation, society, and homeland. "Hungry person" is a person who is deprived of divine nature, that is, a divine gift given to man by God, who cannot appreciate his human dignity, who does not strive for rationality, who does not care about the world around him, people, nature, and the Creator of all this. The position of the sick person in the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is special. In his wisdom, he says: "Let your knowledge be a lamp, your state be an elephant, and your tears be oil." A sick and sad person burns like an elephant, falls into the fire of hunger, sees the shortcomings of the society and lame spirituality, and with tears and energy, looks for a way out of it, a cure. True hunger is followed by this disease. And hunger is the source of strength that leads to perfection. In the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the purpose of human creation is to worship the Truth (Ibadat), he says: "You and us were created by the Truth for Ibadat." This ibadat (ubudiyat) is the highest position on the way to the knowledge of the truth. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview, which sees God's hunger in unity with love for God, considers it a duty to respect human beings created by God on an equal basis, without belittling them. The saying "It is Sunnah, even if you are a disbeliever, do not give him trouble, God will take care of those who are upset" shows respect for a person, regardless of his origin and color, religion and religion, as a prophetic Sunnah (system, law, principle). Because the teaching of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is a way of unlimited love (love) that does not fit into the scope of religion or sect. In the worldview of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the personalities of "sick man", "soil man", "perfect man", as well as "strange man" are glorified. Gharib brings a person to the status of perfection and evaluates him as a representative and follower of the prophet in society (see Sufism). Khoja Ahmet Yasawi shows himself as a stranger: "I have no stranger, I am poor and poor, who do I have but You, have mercy on You (God) in the morning" - he expects mercy only from God. Because there is no one who truly understands and supports him except Allah. The force that makes him a stranger and pushes him to loneliness is his attitude towards the world, his desire and love for the path of God. Strangeness is a psychological state that expresses the mood of a person struggling with himself, communicating with his spirit in order to find a solution to the problems that confuse his mind, and enjoying himself. That's why Khoja Ahmet Yasawi says, "Wherever you see a stranger, take a breath." That is, encourage them, support them, be near them and respect them. In Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview, the meaning of life and death is different. Ghazali says that "in order to understand the truth of death, you need to reach the meaning of life, and you cannot know life without knowing the soul." In his teachings, the soul is the source of evil, and the spirit is the source of good. Like good and bad, soul and spirit cannot coexist. For the soul to live, the soul must die. Because the essence of life lies in the purity of the spirit, that is, in the purity of the mirror of mind. Aiming for purity of spirit is to attain the status of "open" and to see the truth. "Mutu khabala an tamutu will be soil; Hungry people die before they die..." "Kul Khoja Ahmet, I kicked my lust, I kicked my lust, I suffered the pain of giving up my life before I died. Change your being before you die..." These are the wisdoms of the "die before you die" philosophy. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi calls here to understand the real meaning of life by abandoning masiwa (everything except the Truth). According to his point of view, "real life" means that the soul is freed from lust and bathed in divine light. Based on this teaching, people can be considered as "dead" and "alive". The concept of "dead" and "alive" here is related to the spirit. "The dead" are those who were enslaved to lust in the world, they are equal to the dead even if they are alive. "The living" are those who have given "life" to their spirits by destroying their egos, those who have attained eternal life even after death, and those who have attained the status of immortals. There is no physical death in Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's worldview. It's just the soul leaving the body and moving into another state. The highest state of worship to God is freedom. Since the spiritual life is related to the inner spirit, the issue of freedom in the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is considered within the framework of "inner freedom" of a person. Internal freedom is called "moral freedom" in Islamic ethics. That is, only a person who is a complete slave to the Truth is completely free. Therefore, purification from everything other than God leads to true freedom. A Sufi is a slave before the Truth, free and free before the people. As a result of spiritual death, the self dominates and enslaves the person. Man begins to alienate his creation and nature. As a result, the spirit loses its freedom. According to the method of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, the way to unite the spirit to freedom is zuhd. The teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi describe the degrees and steps of achieving inner freedom. These are realized through the sequential continuation of the categories of "Khalder" and "Maqamat" in the Sufi worldview. The basis of information about inner freedom is religion. And according to the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi on the divine path given by God, religion shows mankind the way to get rid of "internal slavery" and achieve "internal freedom", according to the concept of "dead" and "living", people can be divided into two groups in the issue of freedom. The first group is "those who yearn for freedom". They only worship the Truth. The second group is "those who are afraid of freedom". These are lust, career, wealth, fame, world, people, etc. worships and enslaves. The beginning of wisdom is to know that God exists and is one. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi says that when human beings are not aware of this reality, they begin to distance themselves from their roots. The Qur'an is known as the source of knowledge that warns and directly reminds people of this truth. At the same time, it is said that the main secret of knowing God is in the person himself. If man is a microcosm, then the spirit, the whole world, existence is the macrocosm, signs of God. A person is a person who constantly remembers the conversation with God in the spirit world through "Zhikr" without breaking the oath. Methods such as dhikr, wajd (ecstasy), and sama in the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi were used in order not to forget the relationship with God. Taking into account that the Arabic word for a person is "insan", that is, "forgetful", it is known that dhikr (remembrance), which is one of the names of the Qur'an, is a method that complements and perfects the human being. At this point, the "remaining calamity" type ("...wasn't I your Creator" is the response of the spirits to the question of God, "Yes, of course") and ontol in the spirit world. and it is not difficult to see that there is a desire and desire for the continuation and preservation of kinship among mankind. This theoretical-conceptual position, typical of the general Sufi worldview, was revived by Khoja Ahmet Yasawi on the basis of the Turkish worldview. In the history of Islam, the "Sufism trend" emerged as a special form of understanding and perception of religion, and it appeared as a trend against the strictness of the official religion (penalty and fiqh). In the same way, the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi developed according to universality, which is the main category of the Turkish worldview. Not only as a punisher of God, a person of fear, but by loving God and respecting His judgments, he formed ways of loving God. Because in the Sufi worldview, God is the lover (lover), magshuq (beloved) and love itself, and love is the most basic ideal of being. This person has a sense of love, responsibility, faith, etc. creates noble values. A person can learn a meaningful, meaningful life, the "art of human existence" only through wisdom, on the basis of its effective fruits (modern "Diwani hikmet"). Akhlak (morality) is the core of moral principles that form the cognitive basis of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's teaching. Morality is a set of spiritual values formed as a result of wisdom. A person acquires a human nature and essence through morality. That is, a person can find "truth" and "peace of mind" only when he imbibes moral and spiritual values. In the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, "peace of mind", "achieving the truth" is realized in the tariqat through the continuation of moral qualities and character. The way to meet God is through service to society and people - direct moral perfection. As a result, spiritual purity and self-mastery are achieved, and the "Perfect Man" attitude is formed. By calling the nomadic Turkic community to faith, the teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi made a great change in the culture of all Turkic peoples. If we take into account that the basis of the traditional Turkic worldview is mystical (mystic) religion, it is not difficult to understand the reasons of Sufi knowledge in forming the most important feature of Turkic Islam. If we look at the naturalness of this phenomenon from the perspective of the phenomenology of religion, it can be seen that the old positions in the spread of religions will not be completely destroyed, new ones will find their place on the basis of those values, understandings and concepts. Often, in religions, old principles are combined with mystical institutions and continue to exist in the form of "popular religiosity". The manifestation of this phenomenon can be seen in the Sufi moral teachings of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi. His attachment to the prophet Muhammad (pbuh) through the symbolism of "dates", being the "cause" of this phenomenon by Arystan Bab, trying to make his life similar to the life of the prophet, naming his son Ibrahim as a sign of being like the prophet, and entering the "underground mosque" alive when he reached the age of the prophet. , i.e. falling into the qiluet, all this is an important methodological, phenomenal feature and innovation in spreading Islam to the nomadic Turks in his teaching. The creativity of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi, who founded the religious-mystical school that does not contradict the local people's traditions, beliefs, and customs, paved the way for the Turkish tradition of Sufism. He refuted the idea that "Islam can be recognized only through the Arabic language" and expressed the principles of Sufi literature in the ancient Turkic literary language - Chagatai. In order to fully explain the Arabic meaning of the Holy Book, to introduce the secrets of the Shariat, the principles of religion to the masses in their own languages, he wrote his wisdom in the language of clear poetry close to the local people. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi created an example of fluent and expressive poetry in the Turkish language and proved that the Turkish language has a great potential to create artistic works. His works in the form of written literature not only brought a new impetus and new content to the literature of the ancient Turkish tradition, but also beautified and perfected it in terms of type. Thus, the didactic nature of Turkish literature was filled with propagandistic ideas. Being a link between folklore and written literature, he rationally used in his wisdom the historical legends and legends about prophets, saints and poets, which have been formed since ancient times in his creative literature. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's creativity is widely recognized in the Turko-Muslim world, and Yasawishe hikmet has become a tradition. In Asia Minor, the wisdom of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi was observed from the wisdom of Hadji Bektash Wali, Yunis Amire, Suleiman Bakyrgani. Khoja Ahmet Yasawi's poem, which had a significant influence on the worldview of the Turkic people since the 12th century, was reflected in the works of Kazakh poets from Asan Kaigy to Abai, as well as to this day. ## Gallery * * * ## Sources ### Sources \ <> Links

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1720

Армения

Armenia, Armenia or Armenia (Armenian: Армения [hɑjɑsˈtɑn]), the full official name of which is the Republic of Armenia (Armenian: Раменья Рапепулятия [hɑjɑstɑˈni hɑnɾɑpɛtuˈtʰjun]), is bordered by Georgia to the north and west, Azerbaijan to the east and southeast, Turkey to the west, and Iran to the south. Armenia does not have direct access to the sea, and its borders with neighboring countries pass through the impassable mountain ranges of the Lesser Caucasus. Borders with Turkey and Azerbaijan make up the majority of the country's border, so border conflicts with these countries often arose in historical periods. All this has its own influence on the geographical and geopolitical situation of Armenia. ## Etymology The toponym "Armenia" comes from the Hurrian name of the Armi region, located near Melitene on the Armenian plateau. This Aramaic "name" has passed into Old Persian, and in the form "Arminiyai" occurs six times in the 522 inscription of Behis. Ancient Greek is called Greek. Ἀρμενία. Ἀρμένιοι was the ancient Greek name for the Armenians, Μελιττήνιοι, used before the dispersal. ## State symbols ## History Armenia is an ancient country with a rich history of interesting events. The Armenian people, considered one of the oldest ethnic groups in the world, inhabited the Armenian highlands long before our era. BC in the territory of modern Armenia. Already in the 9th century, the slave owner was the ancient state of Urartu, and in BC. In the 4th century, the foundation of the Armenian kingdom was laid. At the beginning of our era, Christianity began to spread on the territory of the state. Thus, in 301 AD, Armenia became a Christian state. Armenian cities flourished in the Middle Ages as trade and art centers. By the end of the 10th century, the southern part of the country was occupied by Byzantium. After that, Armenia suffered a lot of fate: for many centuries, the territory of the country was repeatedly under the feet of the enemy from outside. In the 17th century, two powerful neighbors of Armenia divided the country; The western part of the country was under the control of Turkey, and the eastern part was under the control of Iran. Later, as a result of the Russo-Persian war, Eastern Armenia became part of the Russian Empire. Western Armenia, which was under Turkish rule, was severely oppressed by Turkish rulers for years. These tragic events had a significant impact on the fate of the Armenian people: the Armenians who survived the annihilation were forced to leave their homeland and settle down. This can explain the large groups of Armenians living in different parts of the world. In 1922, Armenia, along with Georgia and Azerbaijan, became part of the Transcaucasian Soviet Federated Socialist Republic. In 1936, it became part of the USSR as a union republic. Currently, Armenia is a member of the UN and the CIS. The republic declared its independence on September 23, 1991. ## Geography ## Natural conditions and resources The natural conditions of this small country are very diverse. 9/10 of the country's territory is located at an altitude of 1000 m above sea level, which makes it difficult to use land resources for economic purposes. The southwestern part of the country is occupied by the Ararat plain, where the capital Yerevan, which is considered one of the most ancient and beautiful cities in the CIS, is located. The mountainous part of Armenia is a seismically dangerous area, the last devastating earthquake was in 1988 near the city of Spitak. The highest point of Armenia is Mount Aragats (4090 m), located in the north of the country. A large number of reserves of non-ferrous metals are concentrated on the territory of the country. Especially the vast areas of copper stand out. They are located in the south-east and north-east of the country. In addition to copper, Armenia is famous for its large deposits of molybdenum, various building materials (marble, granite, tuff, etc.). The territory of the country lies in the subtropical zone. The average temperature of January ranges from 0°C to 12°C, and the average temperature of July ranges from +18°C to +24°C. The largest amount of annual precipitation (900 mm) falls on the western slopes of the Lesser Caucasus, and in the Ararat valley it is only 220 mm. That is why fields need manual irrigation. In the east of the country, near the border with Azerbaijan, there is Sevan mountain lake. The water of the lake is always cool, even in the summer there is a cool breeze on its shores. A national park is organized around the lake. Jermuk, Arzni and other health resorts operating on the basis of mineral springs are located near Sevan. The river network is not evenly distributed, it is more common only in high mountain areas. The longest river in the country is Araks. ## Economy ## Population By the end of 2008, Armenia had a population of 3.3 million, with an average population density of It came from 108 people. The complexity of the topography also contributed to the character of population settlement: more than half of the population of Armenia lives on the Ararat plain. Natural growth is decreasing every year, currently it is equal to 4‰. The proportion of the city's population is 67%. Armenia can be included among mono-national countries, as 94% of its population are Armenians. Among other nationalities, there are quite a few Russians, Kurds, Georgians and Greeks. ## Economy In the last decade, as in other young independent states of the CIS, the economic decline prevailed in Armenia. Compared to the Soviet era, people's well-being has also decreased. Currently, GDP per capita is only 560 USD (one of the lowest in the CIS). The number of unemployed in the country has reached 109 thousand people, which is 9% of the GDP. According to the level of unemployment, Armenia ranks 1st among the CIS countries. Industry accounts for 34% of GDP. In the structure of the industry, machine-building is dominant, especially tools and machine tools, radio engineering and electronics are well developed. One of the indigenous branches of industry is non-ferrous metallurgy based on local sources of raw materials. Some enterprises of this industry stopped their work due to lack of electricity. The country does not have oil and natural gas reserves, which is an obstacle to providing the country with sufficient sources of energy. Electricity is produced at the Armenian NPP and the HPP system on the Razdan River. Nevertheless, electricity generation per capita is decreasing every year. Compared to other industries, the food industry, which is focused on local raw materials, is constantly developing. The main types of produced products (wine, cognac, fruit preserves) are mostly sold outside the republic. There are several enterprises producing construction materials in the country. Viticulture and fruit growing take a leading place in the agro-industrial complex. Most of the vineyards and orchards are located in the irrigated areas of the Ararat valley. Cotton, almonds, olives and vegetables are prevalent here. Pasture animal husbandry is widespread. Wheat and barley are grown in the mountains. In general, arable land makes up 2/5 of agricultural land. Currently, the country's agriculture has acquired a natural character, that is, the country strives to be self-sufficient in food. Nevertheless, the volume of grain, milk and meat imports has decreased. The main trend in foreign trade is the constant increase in the volume of imports, which is much more than the volume of exports. The country is forced to buy fuel oil, natural gas, and agricultural products from abroad. The country's main partners in foreign economic relations are Russia (20%), Iran and Turkmenistan. ## Sources ## External link * Armenica.org

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5284

Old-timers

The state of Kangli is known in Chinese records as Kanju, BC. 2nd century is said. Kanlys have a special place among the major tribes that make up the Kazakh nation today. Neighboring countries used to call them "kankh" and sometimes called them "kan". The origin of this name is connected with the name of a common cart in the legends that have come down to us. It is located along the Syrdarya and Talas rivers. They came from Central Asia with 600,000 people and 120,000 troops. The capital was the city of Bityan. ## History B. h. b. As a result of historical events in the second half of the 2nd century, known as the "Great Migration of Peoples", new state associations were formed in Central Asia, including the states of Uysin, Yantsai, and Kanly. The latter played a significant role in the history of Kazakhstan. In spite of the extensive historiography, the study of the people is still not satisfactory. The reason for this is the rather limited written data, moreover, the data are fragmentary and contradictory, which causes different interpretations of the problem. The territory of the state covered an immense area: South Kazakhstan, including the Tashkent Jizira and the ancient channels of the Syrdarya, Zhanadarya, and Kuangingiya basins, and the southwestern part of Zhetysu. At its most powerful, it was subject to five "small estates" such as Suse, Fumo, Yuini, Ji, Yujian, as well as Yangtsi. However, their location remains controversial. In the said region, archaeologists highlight three main cultures of that time - Kaunyshi, Otyrar-Karatau, and Zhetiasar cultures, which correspond to the Kanly culture. The study of these cultures, which was actively developed in the 70s and 80s, significantly complements the data on the nature of the material culture, economy, and crafts of the inhabitants of Kanly. The characteristics of the Chinese historical chronicle data are as follows: only by looking at them, it is impossible to clearly determine the time of the emergence of this state, its exact borders, the location of the capital city of Bitian, the location of the five dependent estates, and many other things. Location issues. The history of the location of the Kanly state and its possessions I. It begins with Bichurin, which indicated its location as the plains on the northern side of the Syrdarya River. In his commentary on the text of "Shizzy" in "The Story of Davan", he noted that "Kangyu's estate now occupies the steppes on the northern side of the Syrdarya River, where the Great River and the Middle River of Kazakhs pass." About the location of Kanli in "Schizhi" it is said: "Kanly is located approximately 2000 li to the northwest of Davan. It is a nomadic possession, usually resembling the Yuezhi, with an army of 20,000. Kangyu borders Dawan and, due to its lesser power, recognizes the rule of the Yuezhi in the south and the Huns in the east. The Qian Hanshu, another chronicle of the Great Han Dynasty, in the chapter "describing the location" contains a section on the Kangli, which reads verbatim: "The ruler of the Kangli resides in the city of Bitian, 12,300 li from Wu'an, in the country of Luoyen. It does not depend on the governor. It takes seven days to reach Amirshi. The population consists of 120,000 people. The customs are the same as those of the Huns. By the middle of this century, there are mainly two views on the issues of their location: 1. The Kanlys occupied a vast land between two rivers from the Tashkent Jazira to Khorezm; 2. Opinions were formed that the Kanly estate was concentrated in the valley from the mouth of the Syrdarya River to Tashkent, and its indigenous lands were located from the middle course of the Sarysu River to Ulytau, on that river and the Shu River. ## Political history In various early written sources, the name of the country of Kanly is p. h. b. Although known since the 14th century, in Central Asia h. b. The authors of antiquity, who are well aware of the events of the end of the IV century, do not dwell on the khanals. In the region along the Syrdarya River, "House of Blood" b. h. b. It can be assumed that ΙΙΙ, in fact, was raised in II century. This was due to the strengthening of the dominance of nomads in that period. If p. h. b. In the second half of the 2nd century, Zhang Qian said that Kangli lands depended on the Yueji in the south and the Huns in the north, but in the 1st century AD, the situation here changed. If Zhang Qian reported that the Yuezhi army was 100-200 thousand, and the Kangli army was 90 thousand, now Tsang-Han-Shu says that the Kangli army was 120 thousand, and the Yuezhi army was 100 thousand14. It should be noted that the shift to Bactria, settlement of the land, was divided into five separate estates, which did not lead to their weakening compared to the Kanly, and the opportunity for expansion to the south and west opened up for the Kanly. At that time (the end of the 2nd century - the beginning of the 1st century BC), the above-mentioned five dependent estates of the Kanlys probably appeared, and they subjugated Yantsai (the union of the Sarmatian tribes in the Aral-Caspian region), Yan (the Sarmatian tribes in the Ural region). . The rulers of China behaved independently and even boldly, see p. h. b. At the end of the 1st century, the Han viceroy of the Western Region reported to the emperor: ".. .Kanlyga, on the other hand (compared to Yusin), is prouder, bolder and does not bow before our ambassadors." There, the officials sent by the namestnik are placed lower than the ambassadors of the houses. Food is served first to their princes and elders, and then to the ambassadors of the namestnik..."15. Early on, during the Ferghana-China war, only the intervention of the Khans saved the Ferghana people from the destruction of their capital and helped the Ferghana people to make an effective peace16. Later, p. h. b. In the years 47-46, the ruler of the Kanglians supported Zhi Zhi, the Northern Hun Shanyu, in his struggle against the Han dynasty, and the ally of the Han Dynasty was the powerful China17. Before that, the power of the Huns was divided into northern and southern Huns. Shanyu Huhanye, the leader of the Southern Huns, who probably represented the interests of the majority of clan nobles and ordinary community members, surrendered to China and signed a treaty of peace and friendship with it. Shanyu Zhi Zhi, the ruler of the Northern Huns, unsuccessfully attempted to subjugate the Southern Huns and was forced out of his native Hun territories after breaking ties with the imperial court. He conquered Uge, Gyangun, and Dinglin, but he could not resist the powerful, moreover, Chinese-backed dynasties. In turn, the houses b. h. b. In the middle of the 1st century, pressure was exerted on the eastern border of the Khanty. At that time, the Kanglians decided to form an alliance with a force that could oppose both the Uysin and China. Such a force was Zhi Zhi, the Shanyu of the Northern Huns. To Zhi Zhi, the ruler of Kangyu sends his daughter, allocates land from the eastern borders of his possessions, gives part of his army under his command. Although Zhi Zhi made a series of successful invasions of the Yuxin's land, this army could not defeat the Yuxin once and for all. Zhi Zhi could not objectively fulfill the conditions of Kanlyi (security of the eastern border of the state), and on this basis a conflict broke out. Zhi Zhi's apparent reluctance to follow the customs of the people made him angry. He killed the daughter of the ruler of Kangli, as well as "his famous people and hundreds of ordinary people or threw them into the river Dulai (Talas)". According to written sources, up to 500 people worked daily to build the city. Shanyu received the money for the construction as a tribute from the rulers of Ferghana and Parthia, and he probably invited builders-masters from there. The city, which was built in two years, was firmly fortified, it was surrounded by two ramparts, the outer one was wooden, and the inner one was earthen with towers. Inside, there were buildings and a castle, where the Shanyu and his immediate neighbors lived. The rise of Zhi Zhi and his continued incursions into the Chinese empire greatly disturbed the Chinese Empire. The diplomatic neutralization of Zhi Zhi failed, and the Chinese began to prepare for war. Chinese officials have preserved the following records about the case: "The western region belonged to the Xiongnu, and now the famous name of Zhi Zhi Shanyu is known far and wide. He is displacing Yuxin and Dayuan through invasion and is determined to conquer Kangli. If he invades these states, in a few years all the settled countries will be threatened. In addition, his soldiers are fast and brave, they fight well and have won many times. In the meantime, while waiting for the cattle (which must come and go to feed the army), the Western Lands will inevitably be in danger. Although their location was far from China, the thrones had no fortified cities for their own defense. If the army is raised from the military settlements, forces the people and troops of N to go on the offensive, and leads them to the walls of the cities of Zhi Zhi, if he does not want to flee, he will not find shelter, and if he wants to defend his home, he will not be able to defend himself. Then the case that started a thousand times will be heard in one day." 19. Soon the Chinese army went on a campaign. He traveled along the Great Silk Road in two directions. Three detachments passed through Kashgar, Ferghana, through the Shanash and Karabura passes on the Shatkal ridge, on the southern route, three detachments on the northern route - from East Turkestan, through the Bedel pass in the Issykkol pot hole, where the Uysin's Chiguchen Horde is located, and then headed to Talas through the Shu valley. The troops joined near the fortress of Zhi Zhi city. Shanyu himself was prepared for the siege, he deployed his troops along the walls, and on either side of the city gates he placed a detachment of foot soldiers in an unusual "fish-scale" formation. ## Archeological monuments Sasanian embossed precious stones found in Kanly oba in Konyrtobe (IV-V centuries BC): 1 - carnelian, 2-4 - chalcedony. Archaeologists have found settlements and cemeteries in the areas inhabited by the Kanlians. These monuments were attributed to Kaunysh, Otyrar-Karatau, and Zhetiasar archaeological cultures. The first is distributed in the Tashkent basin, the second - in the areas from the slopes of Karatau to Talas in the middle course of the Syrdarya, and the third - in the valleys of Kuangniya and Zhanadaria. A single cultural and economic region from the mouth of the Syrdarya to Fergana is defined when giving a comparative description of the regions of Central Asia in the Kanly era. The region was characterized by a sedentary agricultural-pastoral economy, basic architecture and defensive phenomena, small fortified settlements as the leading model of settlement, poor development of handicrafts, limited money circulation and other features. is found. It is located on the left bank of Syrdarya. The city is surrounded by a wall on three sides, and a moat dug from the Syrdarya side. A 20-meter-high round hill located in the center of the city (Shoki, Oba) looks special. Excavations were carried out in the area of the hill and in other parts of Aktobe 2. The Palace House was completely stripped from one of the excavations. It turned out to be rectangular, 28x18.5 m in size. The palace consisted of five square buildings, an entrance complex and two corridors that wrapped around the building from west to east. In its center there is a square hall (3.6x3.6 m), which is connected to all other spaces by rope ways. At one time it was covered with a flat roof. The height of the walls of the hall currently reaches 6 meters. There is a well in the middle of the hall floor. The house was built in the north-west corner and was heated by a chimney-type hearth. The rooms around the hall are curved, and one of them is covered with a dome, this dome is one of the earliest covered domes in Central Asia and Kazakhstan. There is a ladder in one of the rooms, which leads to the roof of the house. The entire structure of the palace - walls, pillars, back ways - is made of rectangular, oblong and square, raw bricks. During the excavations, a rich set of ceramics was collected: bowls, handles, pans, sand jars, jugs with taps, which are similar to the materials of the monuments of the first half of our era. In addition to ceramic products, we found bull heads, three-pointed arrowheads, gold earrings, single-edged knives, bone awls, a bronze ring, a gold staple with a red glass eye, which belong to the 1st - 4th centuries of our era. ## Kaunshi culture Kaunshi and Otyrar-Karatau culture, which archeologists call large monuments. Burial. There are large cemeteries near the settlements of the Kanlyi period. They have different burial structures in different regions. The most characteristic of the Kanly people is to dig (two types), make lakat and bury them in simple pits, then pile up an oba on top of it and build it in a river. As in other cemeteries belonging to the Otyrar-Karatau and Zhetiasar cultures at that time, the dead were buried with their clothes and personal belongings. Ceramic vessels filled with food and water were placed together in the graves. In men's graves, weapons (swords, daggers, arrowheads, bows made of bones) were found, and in women's graves, mostly jewelry: beads, mirrors, earrings, remains sewn on clothes. The analysis based on the comparison of the materials taken from the burial equipment provides a reason to establish the date of the grave as the first half of the 1st millennium AD. Kok-Mardan, Kyrkesken, Mardan cemeteries were studied in the Otyrar Valley and nearby areas. Here, too, it was revealed that there are various burial structures. A very valuable material was obtained during the study of a cemetery near Mardankuyik (Konyrtobe). The city itself appeared in the first half of the 1st millennium AD. There is a large cemetery on its eastern side. Excavation was carried out on an oval roof whose roof had been trampled and collapsed. Its height reaches 2.5 meters, its size is 35x45 m. It was found that there are graves at a depth of 0.4 to 1.5 meters from the top of the hill. Basically, the corpse was buried in rectangular pits. Raw bricks were laid at the bottom of the pit, and the gutters were also covered with raw bricks. About a hundred graves were cleaned. Among them, in 12 cases burials in ceramic vessels were found. Basically, these are children, teenagers. And adults were buried at the bottom of the pit, with their clothes, personal accessories (decorative items, weapons), placed food and water in ceramic vessels (jugs, mugs). The analysis of burial rites and accompanying tools makes it possible to assign the main part of the exhumed graves of the Konyrtobe burial ground to the last period of the culture of the sedentary Kanly tribes and to determine its date as the III-V centuries of our era. ## Zhetiasar There are cemeteries with thousands of burial structures around every town in Zhetiasar. They are of two main types: buried in the ground and buried in the ground. Most of them are pits dug from the ground under the plague. It is clear that a small pit was dug around the plague. Burial pits are usually oriented longitudinally from north to south. The corpse of a dead person is wrapped lengthwise on a mat woven from reeds and placed at the bottom of a pit or in a lakat. 2-3 ceramic dishes are placed next to it. The men's graves usually yielded knives, swords, and elaborate bows and arrows with bone shafts. Bronze mirrors, scales, earrings, beads, bracelets are often found in women's graves. The second group of graves in Jetiasar are brick segneas. A sloping corridor-dromos leads to the burial chamber, which is also covered in the form of a dome. Inside the rectangular chamber (on average 3.5x2 m) there are sakis along two or three walls. The dead body was wrapped in silk or felt and placed in a coffin. Around him are placed the things he needs, a ceramic bowl filled with food and water. The types of segneas on the surface are similar to the underground ones, but they are built on low plinths-stylobates made of burnt pieces, and they are probably covered with piles. The analysis of the materials found in the graves gives reason to conclude that the graves excavated from the ground existed throughout the Zhetiasar culture, and the appearance of segneas belongs to a more recent period - the II-IV centuries of our era. In this regard, there are no significant ethnic-cultural, anthropological differences between the graves dug from the ground and those buried in the graves. The first of these is in the territory of Tashkent, and the second is in the middle course of the Syr and from Karatau to Talas. The settlement of Aktobe, belonging to the Kaunshi culture, was studied more. The found monument - the palace consists of five houses built in the shape of a cross, two corridors. Monument belonging to Otyrar-Karatau culture - Otyrar region. Excavated houses had one room, the second room was a storeroom. A rectangular hearth is made in the middle. ## Farming, profession Some of the Kanly people were engaged in nomadic cattle breeding. The next part was settled agriculture. Chinese records indicate that they raised horses, camels, mules, donkeys, and cows. One of their main livestock was sheep. Gold, precious stones, aromatic teas, carpets, and expensive furs were sold from the lands of the Kanly people. Hoes, hoes, plowshares, containers for storing grain, harrows and kambas, used in farming by the Kanly people, were found in abundance. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6687

Шөгінді

Sediment - rocks on steep slopes and small stones (gullies) in mountainous areas that have been crushed and broken down over thousands of years in relation to natural conditions move down steep slopes due to wind or other reasons. You cannot go down the mountain with such couloirs. Because falling rocks can injure tourists at any time. Therefore, it is better to cut such dangerous places directly. If there is no other convenient place in the route of the trip, security work will be organized for the tourists who participated in the hike. If it is not possible to bypass dangerous couloirs, a special observer is appointed to protect against falling stones. Tourists will be allowed to travel only after security measures have been taken. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5001

Шыңғысхан

Chinggis Khan (Mong. Chingis khaan), real name - Temujin (Mong. Temujin) is the founder of the first unified state in Asia, the greatest military and statesman of his time, an ancient clan leader born in the family of Yesugei Bahadur. ## Creation of the state Genghis Khan (child's name Temujin) who first raised the roof of the Mongol Empire in 1155 (in some sources, 1162) on the banks of the Onon River in the Kenditau region of Mongolia, in a place called Boldong Yesugei was born in the family of a hero. When Temujin was 9 years old, his father was killed by the Tatars. Thanks to his military talent and using the weakness and fragmentation of his enemies, in 1183-1204 In the struggle for power, he defeated his main enemies - from Tokhta, the leader of the Merkit tribe, to Tayan Khan, the leader of the Naiman tribe - and conquered a vast territory, thus becoming the sole ruler of many tribal unions living there. As a result of these victories and the implementation of a series of social measures aimed at grouping the tribal leaders in their vicinity, Temujin was declared the great khan of all tribes by the decision of the assembly of steppe aristocracy in the year of Barys (1206) and was named "Chinggis Khan" (meaning "sea" in Turkic languages is considered to be derived from the word) received the position. Chinggis Khan is chosen as the next khan after Yesugei. Genghis Khan named Genghis Khan to protect the Mongols. ## Domestic policy In domestic policy, Genghis Khan tried to subordinate the affairs of state management to one center, divided the Turko-Mongol tribes into military-administrative units called "thousands" (because the Khan demanded according to this, each of these units was supposed to provide 1000 cavalry). Chinggis Khan gave them to his relatives and noyans along with grazing lands. The main law of the state was called "Jasak" (Yasa). It consists of two parts. The first part consisted of proverbs spoken by Genghis Khan himself and decisions on some of the main issues of country management. The second part consisted of general laws on the implementation of military and civil affairs and various rules for punishing those who did not fulfill them. The highest body of government power was established under "Zhasak". He was invited once a year, in summer. There, the main issue is the plan of the upcoming war. He divided the empire into 95 administrative powers. Each district had 10 thousand pdam. Tumens were divided into regions. Each thousand consisted of ten hundreds, and hundreds consisted of tens. This is why the management system started. ## Military structure He established a very strict order in the army: military men who showed the slightest disrespect or cowardice were sentenced to death. Genghis Khan's military strategy and tactics included careful reconnaissance, individual destruction of the enemy, ambush attack, interception by special detachments to deceive the enemy, maneuvering with large cavalry, etc. used methods. In terms of military administration, the territory and people of Mongolia were divided into three military administrative regions. They were called Right Wing (Barungar), Left Wing (Jungar) and Central Wing (Kul). ## Campaigns and conquests 1207-11 Genghis Khan conquered Siberia and East Turkestan (Buryats, Yakuts, Oirats, Kyrgyz, Uighurs). 1211 He marched to the state of Jin. 1215 He took Beijing. 1217 All of North China came under the rule of Genghis Khan. 1219 The Korean kingdom fell to its knees from the armies of Genghis Khan. The campaigns of Mongol troops to North China and the kingdom of Korea were led by a great commander, emir Mukly Gauin Jalairi. After the attack against China, a group of Genghis Khan's troops in 1218-19. Zhetysu, 1219-21. He conquered Kazakhstan and Central Asia. ### Campaign of Tugyril Khan and Temuchin against Taishuites In 1200, Tugyril Khan and Temuchin went on a joint campaign against Taishuites. Merkets came to the aid of the Taishuites. During the march, Temuchin was wounded by an arrow in the shoulder. The injury was so severe that commander Zelme took care of him all night. In the early days, the Taishuites fled, leaving behind many of their people. Among the remaining people were Sorghanshira, who protected Temujin at the time, and Jyrgodai, a sniper who wounded Temujin in the battle. Jyrgodai was accepted into the army of Temuchin and received the name of the Arrow. After that, a chasing group is sent after the Taishuites. Most of them were killed in battle and those who survived surrendered voluntarily. This was Temuchin's first big victory. In 1201, Mongol forces (Tatars, Taishuts, Merkits, Oirats and other tribes) united against Temuchin. They swore loyalty to Jamukha and placed him on the throne with the post of Gurkhan. Hearing about this situation, Temuchin sent a messenger to Tugyril, Khan of the Kereys. Tughuril Khan, in turn, gathered a large number of hands and joined Temuchin's army. ### Campaign against the Tatars In 1202, Temuchin went on a campaign against the Tatars. Before the campaign, he forbade possession of the spoils of the battle and ordered that they should be shared only after the battle. Temujin won the fierce battle. After the battle, Temuchin called a council. The council decided to exterminate all Tatars, except for children below the waist. The reason for this decision was the merciless killing of the Mongol rulers by the Tatars (especially the death of Temuchin's father). ### The fall of the Kerey dynasty In the spring of 1203, a big battle took place between Temuchin and the united Jamukha and Tugyril Khans in the land of Halakhaljin-Elet. Tughuril Khan did not want to fight with Temuchin, but his son Nilha-Sengum and Jamukha pushed him to fight. Sengum persuaded his father to march against Temuchin, as he knew that Tughuril Khan considered Temuchin as his son and wanted to leave the Kerei Khanate to him. Jamukha, on the other hand, accused Temuchin of planning to commit treason by joining forces with the Naiman rulers. After this battle, Temuchin's son suffered great losses. However, Sengum was wounded during the battle and his army retreated. Aiming to gain time, Temuchin started diplomatic activities. He intended to create a rift between Tugyril Khan and Jamukha. At that time, the tribes that did not join any of the warring parties formed an alliance against Tugyril Khan and Temuchin. Knowing this, Tugyril Khan was the first to attack them and won. Tugyril Khan was celebrating his victory. Aware of this situation, Temuchin planned to attack from the ground and destroy the enemy. In autumn 1203, Temuchin's army, which did not even have the courage to stop for the night, reached the military camp of the Kereis and destroyed the enemy. After that, the Kerey Khanate ceased to exist. Tughuril Khan and his son managed to escape, but Tughuril Khan was killed by a guard at the border of Naiman Khanate. Sengum escaped, but was later killed by the Uyghurs. ## Distribution to nobles Genghis Khan divided the captured lands among nobles and distributed them to his sons. Zhosha was given lands from Irtys to the Ural Mountains, from there to the Caspian Sea and the Aral area to the south, North Khorezm and the Syrdarya region from his possessions in Central Asia, Mauerannakhr, Zhetysu, Kashkaria to Shagatai, Western Mongolia and Tarbagatai region to Ugedei. His great-grandfather inherited Mongolia. ## Death Genghis Khan died during another attack on the Tanguts. The successors of Genghis Khan, the khans of the Genghis dynasty continued to wage war with more or less interruptions. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7536

Андеграунд

Underground (English undeground — underground, hidden) — 20th century. in the second part, the opposition movement against official art. Underground consists of non-traditional artistic events that do not accept the values and dogmas of official culture, and incorporate some principles of avant-garde art, rock culture, counterculture, and youth movement. Underground is connected with some local forms of cultural life ("samizdat", informal exhibitions, secret concerts, discos, some types of salon culture, etc.). Underground art in a totalitarian society arose out of disagreement with the state-administrative system aimed at suffocating artistic freedom with political-ideological authority and socialist realism, which is recognized as the only art system. Anecdotes told secretly in this society are close to underground art. Some types of underground art are characterized by blackness and lack of spirituality.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5306

Karakhan family

Karakhan State (Persian: يلك خانيان‎ ‎— Ilak-Khānīyān) (942–1212) was a medieval state in Central Asia. The Karakhan Khanate happily settled in East Turkestan, Zhetysu, Syrdarya, Talas, Shu region. It was founded in 940. The central capital of the Kaganate was Balasagun on the Shu River, and later the city of Ordakent (Taraz). Large speculator giants and artisans lived in the cities of Uzgen, Merke, Kulan of the Karakhan State. The founder of the Karakhan dynasty is considered to be Satuk Bohrakhan (915-955). He is the grandson of Kadyr Khan, a slave of Bilge, one of the founders of the Karluk Khanate. Satuk turned the cities of Taraz and Kashgar against him, overthrew the ruler of Balasagun in 942, and declared himself the Supreme Khagan. Karluk, Shigil, and Yagma tribes made a great contribution to the strengthening of the state. After the death of Satuk, the power passed to his son Musa, who in 960 converted the people of the Karakhan state to Islam. Its capital was Kashgar. Suleiman-ilek, the second son of Satuk, took possession of Balasagun. Later, this region was inherited by his son Hasan Bogra Khan. After Musa's death, the title of supreme khagan in the Karakhan region passed to his son Ali Arslan Khan. In 990, one of the rulers of Karakhan, Hasan (Harun), Bogra Khan conquered Ispijab. And in 992, the Karakhanids captured Khotan in the east and Bukhara in the west. In 999, Nasir, the son of Ali Arslan, ruler of Karakhan, attacked the Samani state in Central Asia. In 1004-1005, after long wars, the Karakhan Khanate took over the entire territory of Mauerenahr. After that, the state of Karakhan was divided into Eastern and Western Khaganates in the 30s of the 11th century: Zhetysu and East Turkestan, looking at the Eastern Khaganate, its center was first Orda (near Balasagun), and then the city of Kashgar. Mauerenahr lands — looking at the Western Kaganate, its center was Uzkent, and later Samarkand. In the state of Karakhan, the supreme authority was in the hands of the Khakan. He left for inheritance. The representatives of the ruling class of the Karakhan feudal society included the descendants of the khakan, the khans, the khans, the begs, the nobles, and the servants. One of the closest people to Khan was the vizier. The vizier was considered the closest assistant and adviser of the supreme ruler. The palace, its main residence, was considered the center of state and administrative management. The most important socio-political institution in the Karakhan state was the military-hereditary system. The state was divided into several parts. The main ones are: Taraz, Ispijab, Balasagun. Khan gave lands to feudal lords for government or military service and allowed them to collect taxes from the people there. Such lands are called ikta, and their owner is called muqta or iktadar (Persian term) in Arabic. Another common type of land ownership in Karakhandar is military - shared lands. It was given for military service. In the feudal society of Karakhan, a type of exploitation of the peasants took place - the leasing of shared land. In Arab-Persian sources, peasants who received a share of land were called muzhars or barzugars. The shareholder paid the amount of the product obtained from the land in the form of tax to the state and the landowners. Another form of exploitation of peasants is land ownership. Its meaning is that a weak person gives his land under the protection of a strong person, and a strong person must protect a weak person from others. Karakhanians living in the south-eastern and southern regions of Kazakhstan engaged in nomadic and semi-nomadic livestock farming. Horse breeding took the leading place in animal husbandry. The Turkic tribes included in the Karakhan state kept flocks of sheep, as well as raised camels, goats, and cattle. Some of the sedentary and semi-sedentary Turkic tribes were engaged in agriculture. They grew millet and other grains, the settlers mixed with the culture of the city and added to the population of the city. Handicrafts, especially handicrafts, are widely developed in the cities. They were also engaged in hunting. Fishing from Syrdarya, Ile, Shu, and Talas rivers also played a significant role. By the end of the 11th century, the Karakhan state fell due to wars and further fragmentation of feudal estates. In the 30s of the 12th century, the East Karakhan estate, Zhetysu and the south of Kazakhstan were conquered by the Kidans from the east.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1041

Gagra

Gágra (abh. Гагра) is a resort town on the Black Sea coast. ## External links * Official site of the city of Gagra * gagra.iatp.org.ge/index-eng.htm Archived 30 August 2004. * gagra.narod.ru ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6270

Jeddah

Jeddah is a city and port in the Western Province of the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia. Most pilgrims go to Makkah through this port ## Sister cities Jeddah has 23 sister cities: * Almaty, Kazakhstan * Amman, Jordan * Baku, Azerbaijan * Alexandria, Egypt * Al Cairo, Egypt * Stuttgart, Germany * Dubai, United Arab Emirates * Jakarta, Indonesia * Istanbul, Turkey * Adana, Turkey * Johor Bahru, Malaysia * Kazan, Tatarstan, Russia * Karachi, Pakistan * Mary, Turkmenistan \ <> * Odessa, Ukraine * Osh, Kyrgyzstan * Plovdiv, Bulgaria * Casablanca, Morocco * Rio de Janeiro, Brazil * Shimonoseki, Japan * St. Petersburg , Russia * Strasbourg, France * Shiyan, PRC ## Gallery * * * * * \< > * * * Model:Saudi cities Model:Jeddah

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5196

Satbaev

The sentence Satbaev (Sätbajev, Russian. Satpaev, Satpajev) can have the following meanings: * Kanysh Imantayuly‎ Satbaev is a geologist-scientist, doctor of mineralogy, professor, academician. Localities: * Satbayev is a village in Aksuat district of Abay region. * Satbaev‎ is a city in Ulytau region. * Satbaev‎ is a village belonging to the Satbaev city administration of Ulytau region. * Satbayev is a village in Zhetysai district of Turkestan region. Other meanings: * Satbaev (street)‎

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7054

Riding a horse and wearing a cloak

Riding a horse and wearing a cloak (ritual). It is a very worthy and appropriate ancestral tradition of the Kazakh people to ride a horse and cover a cloak to an honored guest, a poet, a hero, a wrestler, and the like, honorable and famous citizens who have contributed to the country, that is, "hero", "poet", "wrestler" is given as a sign of respect, gift, reward, praise, the highest respect given after the honorific titles. For example, when N. Nazarbayev, the first president of the Kazakh country, came to Ulytau, riding a horse and wearing a cloak to the poet S. Maulenov in Torgai, Sh. Murtaza in Shymkent, there is no doubt that the dignity of our national culture and traditions increased. To be fair, such honor sounds much more dignified and noble than today's "he handed over the car keys"! ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5064

Turar Ryskulov

Turar Ryskulov (December 26, 1894, Zhetysu Region, Vernyi District, Eastern Talgar Bolshoi - February 10, 1938, Moscow) is a statesman and writer of the Soviet Federal Republic of Turkestan. ## Biography ### Before the revolution From the Shmyr clan of the Dulat tribe. His father Ryskul Zhylkyaidaruly moved from Chernyaev district of Syrdarya region (now Tulkibas district of Turkestan region) to Verny district in the 80s of the 19th century. In December 1904, Ryskul, who saw injustice in his new settlement, shot and killed Saimasai Ushkempirov, who was knee-deep in the crowd. Fearing that Turar, the only son of the avengers, will be harmed while in prison, he brings him to his side. Ryskulov, known as "prison boy", learns Russian while sweeping prison houses and riding the boss's horse. After his father was sentenced to 10 years and exiled to Sakhalin, Ryskulov came to his uncles under the false surname "Kyrgyzbaev" and studied at the Russian-style primary school in Merki. Such mixed schools had an active missionary purpose. While he and his father were in the Vernyi prison, the warden Prikhodko tried to baptize young Ryskulov, and during his apprenticeship in Merki, a similar attempt occurred to him again. In 1910, Ryskulov was admitted to the 1st-level agricultural school in Pishpek and graduated from it in October 1914 with the specialty of horticulturist. Having graduated from this school with honors, he is given a special letter to enter a secondary agricultural school in Samara, but the director of the school rejects him, saying that "Kazakh is a nomad, he does not need to study tillage." In 1915, Ryskulov tried to enter the teacher's seminary in Tashkent, but he was not accepted there as well, under the pretext of being a "terrorist". Finally, he applied to the Minister of Education, passed the exam with a special permit and was accepted to study. In addition to studying for a living, he worked as a gardener at the Krasnovodsk experimental site near the city of Tashkent. In the summer of 1916, when the national-liberation uprising started in the Kazakh steppe, Ryskulov left his studies and went to the village of Merki in Aulieata district. When he came to Merki, the people went to open uprisings and armed conflicts began to flare up in places. He gave an organizational character to the activities of the rebels led by Akkoz Kosanuly and indicated a political direction. Ryskulov was arrested by the tsarist administration during the outbreak of the uprising in Merki, but they were forced to release him because they could not find fault with his actions. In the spring after the February Revolution of 1917, Ryskulov returned to Merki, where he formed the "Revolutionary Union of Kazakh Youth". In the summer of this year, Ryskulov was accepted as a member of the RSDJP. ### After the revolution in April 1918, he was elected as the deputy chairman of the executive committee of the Uliyeata district council, and he devoted his efforts to saving the starving people from the death knell, Russians and Kazakhs used to regulate the relations between them, to attract a large number of representatives of the local population to the councils. Auliyata organized a regional emergency commission, went around the region with an armed detachment, tried to resolve the mutual conflict between the Russians and the Kazakhs, and to return the property of the Kazakhs, which had been taken as a contribution. Due to Ryskulov's influence, the composition and working methods of the Uliyeata District Council began to change rapidly. On April 21, 1918, a meeting of Kazakhs organized by Ryskulov took place in the city of Aulieta with the aim of electing deputies from among the Kazakhs to the membership of the district council. According to the decision of the meeting, 15 of the 26 members of the Ulyeata District Council were representatives of the local population. Under the leadership of Ryskulov, public catering facilities were organized near the city of Aulieta, where up to 20 thousand Kazakhs were fed. In July 1918, he was elected the chairman of the executive committee of the Auliyata district council. While organizing various activities of the district council, Ryskulov still focused his main efforts on the fight against famine. The lack of help from outside forced him to effectively use only internal reserves. 3 million to 52 Russian capitalists of the city of Ryskulov Auliyata for the benefit of the starving population. paid tax of som. In September 1918, Ryskulov was appointed People's Commissar of Health Care of the Turkestan Autonomous Republic. This commissariat was entrusted with the task of fighting hunger in addition to health care. The strength of the People's Commissariat of Health was completely insufficient to fight hunger. That is why Ryskulov demands the creation of a special organization, which includes representatives of various commissariats, in order to systematically fight hunger. On this occasion, on November 28, 1918, a special Central Commission was organized and Ryskulov was appointed as its chairman. The special commission headed by Ryskulov opened catering facilities for 923 thousand people in 19 districts and cities of the Turkestan Autonomous Republic. On March 14, 1919, at the 7th congress of the councils of the Republic of Turkestan, Ryskulov was elected as the deputy chairman of the Central Executive Committee. At the 2nd conference of Turkestan KP held in Tashkent from March 14 to 31 this year, a decision was made to create a Muslim Bureau under the OC. Ryskulov created its organizational, editorial-publishing, cultural-educational and military departments with the aim of revitalizing the activities of the Muslim Bureau. In July 1919, the executive committee of the Republic of Turkestan sent a special commission to study the political-social and inter-ethnic relations in Aulieta and Chernyaev districts. This commission, chaired by Ryskulov, severely criticized the members of the Executive Committee of the Holy See for not being able to fulfill their duties and announced the dissolution of this committee. After that, instead of the executive committee of the Ulyeata district, a temporary revolutionary committee of the Ulyeata district was organized by the decision of the executive committee of Turkestan. On January 21, 1920, Ryskulov was elected the chairman of the Turkestan Central Executive Committee. He turned the executive committee into a body that works under the guidance of the historical and objective situation and peculiarities of Turkestan, raised it to the rank of an organization that protects the rights of local peoples. As the chairman of the executive committee, he achieved the disarmament of the Russian peasants, the equalization of their economic situation with the socio-economic conditions of the local population, and the return of the lands that the Russian peasants and Cossacks took from the nomadic peoples to their owners, using their rights according to the Constitution of the Republic of Turkestan. He waged a persistent struggle for the political and state sovereignty of the Republic of Turkestan. He made every effort to turn the republic into a national state of the Turkic-speaking peoples, to gain the sovereignty of the republic, i.e. the rights of independence, which should be clear in political, economic, diplomatic, military and cultural matters. On February 4, 1924, due to the decision of the Central Committee of the RCP(b), Ryskulov was appointed to the position of the Executive Committee of the Comintern. He was approved as the deputy head of the Central-Eastern Department of the Comintern Executive Committee. In the summer of 1924, he was appointed representative of the Executive Committee of the Comintern in Mongolia. He contributed a lot to the formation of the Mongolian People's Republic as a strong state. He participated in the drafting of the Constitution of Mongolia. It was Ryskulov who proposed to name the capital of Mongolia Ulaanbaatar (Kyzylbatyr). In March 1926, Ryskulov was sent to Kazakhstan and appointed to the post of the head of the publishing department of the Kazakh Regional BK(b)P Committee. On April 19 of this year, Ryskulov was approved as the editor-in-chief of the newspaper "Enbekshi Kazakh" by the resolution of the Kazakh regional CPSU (b) committee. Soon after, on May 31, by the resolution of the All-Union Central Executive Committee, he was approved as the deputy chairman of the Council of People's Commissars of the Russian Federation. In addition to this position, Ryskulov became the chairman of the government commission on the construction of the Turksib railway, and instead of completing it in 6 years, he organized its commissioning in 3 years. He paid a lot of attention to the formation of specialized Kazakh workers, to the education of Kazakh youth in Russian and foreign educational institutions. F.I., who headed the Kazakh regional BK(b)P. He openly opposed Goloschekin's idea of creating a revolution "Little Kazan in Kazakhstan". About eliminating the consequences of the Soviet policy of collectivization, saving the population from the disaster of famine in Kazakhstan, I.V. He made concrete proposals to Stalin. But I.V. F.I. Stalin than Ryskulov. He expressed his trust in Goloshchekin. Ryskulov tried to help those affected by famine as much as he could. In 1933, while walking on the outskirts of Almaty region, today's Özhet village, he saw a group of workers and suggested to change the name of the village of Moyynturuk to Özhet. ### The last days On May 21, 1937, Ryskulov, who was on vacation in Kislovodsk, was arrested on charges of being a "Pan-Turkist" and "enemy of the people". Ryskulov, who was persecuted by the Soviets, died of heart disease in a Moscow prison. Ryskulov's wife, Aziza, was also caught up in Soviet persecution and suffered 18 years of exile in ALGERIA. Alexander the Great died in prison. The name Ryskulov was acquitted on December 8, 1956 by the decision of the Supreme Court of the Military Collegium of the USSR. Currently, one district of Zhambyl region is named after Ryskulov. In the city of Taraz, there is a recreation park named after Ryskulov, where a monument to Ryskulov is erected. The architect of the Ryskulov monument made of red granite is A. Ryspaev, the sculptor is Yu. Baimukashev. The Academy of Management in Almaty was named after Ryskulov. The character of Ryskulov was portrayed in the novels "Red Arrow" (Book 1-2), "Star Bridge", "Kyl Kupir", "Tamuk" by the famous Kazakh writer and statesman Sherkhan Murtaza. ## External links * Ryskulov's letters (beginning) * May Turar's legacy not be left behind * TURARTUGHYR (inaccessible link) * MORE ABOUT RYSKULOV (missing link) ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6132

Great Silk Road

"Silk Road" (The Great "Silk Road") is a caravan route that starts in Shi'an, China and goes to the Middle East through Xinjiang, Central Asia. The name was given by German scientists F. von Richthofen (F. von Richthofen) and A. Herman proposed in the 19th century. The Great Silk Road is one of the historical monuments of human civilization. This road, which began in the 2nd century before our era, was a bridge that continued between Europe and Asia, between the West and the East. As it crosses the territory of Kazakhstan, since the 6th century, two routes: Syrdarya and Tien-Shan routes have been widely developed. The first route started from China, passed through East Turkestan Kashkar to Zhetysu, then along the Syrdarya River, passed near Aral and further to Western countries. ## History The road existed 3-4 thousand years ago. It began to flourish only during the Han Dynasty of China, because the King of Han Udi of the Han Dynasty sent Zhang Qian twice to the western region and was determined to make friends with the countries of Central Asia. Young Chiang visited places such as present-day Fergana, Samarkand, and Lake Balkhash. Jang Chiang's visit made this road a communication route between the eastern and western governments. In this regard, the merchants did not follow their footsteps on the "Silk Road". Zhang Qian went to the western region and Central Asia with Chinese silk products; and on his way back, he brought back a variety of culture such as the goods of the places he visited and the music of the western region. Zhang Qian's visit allowed the Chinese to understand the western region and Central Asia. And the people in the places Zhang Qian visited also deepened their understanding of Chinese products and culture. Thus, this road began to flourish and beautify. It became a link between East and West and connected civilizations. In order to protect and develop this road, the Chinese kings of different eras set up guards and armies along the road. "Silk Road" is not a stable road that does not change in practice, it has changed with time, but its traditional history has not changed: the road starts from Chang'an (now Shi'an) in the east, passes through the Tarim Basin and crosses the Pamir Plateau. , crosses Central Asia, Western Asia and goes to the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, the total length is more than 7000 km. The ancient "Silk Road" was divided into 3 parts from Xinjiang, the ancient field road in the north of the Tien-Shan mountain: passing through Zhemsary, Ile region, going to Balkash region, and further west to the north reaches the eastern coast of the Black Sea. The southern fork leaves Kroran (Lulan) and goes to Zharkent, skirting the west of Kunlun Mountain, then goes beyond the hills and extends to Central Asia, Western Asia, and Europe. The road along the west of the Könchy River in the north-west of Kroran, passing through Yımpan and Kuchar to the Kashkar Zhanashar district is considered the northern fork, and this road goes over the hills and goes to Europe. Later, 3 more separate roads appeared: starting from the north-west of Yuyim, passing through places such as Kumyl, Turpan, Zhemsary, joining the old field road, which was later called "northern road". The road leaving Turpan, skirting the southern side of the Tien-Shan mountain, heading west, crossing Karashar, Kushar, joining the former northern road junction was later called the "Middle Road". "South Road" is similar to the previous one. After the 7th century, due to the development of sea transport, the "Silk Road" gradually fell into the second place, but until the 13th century, it became an important route of communication between the East and the West. At the beginning of the 19th century, the Japanese ambassador saw the Chinese trade caravan of 800 camels and wrote about the situation in Samarkand: In this way, the mulberry trees were constantly transported to Central Asia, Western Asia and Europe, and the art of growing mulberry trees began to spread to the west. Also, goods from Xinjiang, such as stoneware, leather, woolen blankets, iron dishes, porcelain dishes, cheese dishes, peaches, apricots, ruavagash, darshen products of the Middle Plain entered the western market. Glass, sapphires, economic crops and spices, medicinal materials from Central Asia, Western Asia and Europe, as well as religions such as Fire worship, Buddhism and Islam also entered and spread to China. The economic and cultural exchange between East and West has enriched the material culture of mankind. The peoples of the East and the West were able to accept foreign culture through the Silk Road and create a healthier culture than before. The Silk Road was not only a trade route, but also connected world civilizations and made an indelible contribution to the development of human society. The cities of South Kazakhstan and Zhetysu had close trade ties with Byzantium, Iran, Central Asia, the Caucasus, Altai, Siberia, East Turkestan. information in ancient manuscripts proves it. From Shash (Tashkent) the road came to Gizgird, Ispijab, and then the caravan headed to Taraz. From Taraz to the regions where the cities of Adahket and Deh-Nujiket are located in the north, in the south in their native region - Sheldyani, Kulya and others. based on cities. It was also possible to get from Taraz to Lower Baryskhan, and then to Aspara through Kulan, Merke. X century caravans begin to travel through the trade route on the Ӏle plain. From here, the merchants of Yele Alatau went to the settlements of present-day Almaty and Talgar. In Talgar, the road goes to the current Shelek, Esik, Kegen districts, to Podgorny, and further to Shonzhi. The road branches off in Alakol district. It was possible to go to Eastern Turkestan, Altai, and Mongolia through the Ekiogiz, Kiyan, and Spring caravan routes. The roads connecting Syrdarya cities are of great importance. It starts from Ispijab and leads to Arsubanikent, Arys, Keder, Shaugar, Sauran, Syganak in the northwest. From Syganak to Jent and Yangikent. The road from Isfijab to the north goes to Kumkent, Aba - Ata, Sozak. Further, it goes through the plains of Central Kazakhstan to Kengir, Zhezdi, Nura steppes. The famous caravan route of the 20th century. It has been preserved until the beginning, and even connected the cities and settlements of Russia, Kazakhstan and Central Asia, and fairs were organized in nearby places. Along with connecting the cultures of many peoples, the Great Silk Road played a historical role in defining the features of its nature. In this case, there is also the work of the peoples inhabiting the land of Kazakhstan. They bequeathed a dwelling (yurt), the art of making horse harnesses, weaving carpets, forging various decorative items from silver, and a rich oral literature. Evidence of this is the "Golden Man" monuments found in Esik and Araltobe cemeteries, artifacts found in the Berel burial ground in East Kazakhstan, Orkhon monuments of ancient Turkish written literature. ## Orkhon monuments Orkhon monuments are the historical and cultural heritage of writing samples left by the Turkish Kaganate along the rivers Orkhon, Selenga, Togil. 1200-1500 years ago, the ancient Turks followed the religion of Begu (Divineness), the golden pillar of the Turkish worldview, created a country, established a tur (government), perfected the ancient Turkish alphabet (BTA), the golden treasure of their language, religion, history and literature, They built cities combining the urban tradition, improved the art of architecture, carved statues dedicated to the ghosts of the past, and left rich historical and cultural heritage to their descendants. Ancient Turkish written monuments were unknown to us for many centuries. Today, in this science, the ancient Turkish monuments, which are deeply buried in the heritage of our history, have been found in the region of Mongolia. The historical and cultural heritage of the indigenous Turks located in the Central Asian region has been abundantly preserved in Kazakhstan, Mongolia, East Turkestan, China, Siberia (Altai, Khakas, Tuva), Kyrgyzstan, which were the autochthonous (indigenous) habitats of Turkic tribes and Turkic khaganates of different times since ancient times. Their study began in the 20s of the 17th century. The scientists who contributed a lot to our past history and the monuments of Orkhon, N. M. Yadrintsev, V. V. Radlov, A. O. Geickel et al. ## Korkyt Ata Monument Korkyt Ata (lived along the Syr River in the 8th-9th centuries) is a poet, a great musician, a legendary hero. Korkyt served as a vizier under three khans (Inal, Kul-Erken, Kanlykoja). . He used to look at different areas and justly solve disputes between the people. Before 1950, the local people built a tomb dedicated to Korkyt, Kobyz's grandfather, on the banks of the Syrdarya River. Korkyt tomb was built in the 19th century by A. A. Divaev and I. A. Castagner studied. At the end of the 19th century, Korkyt's remains were moved to another place. Due to deviation of the Syrdarya channel, the remains of Korkyt's grave were washed away in 1960. In 1980, the monument of Korkyt ata was rebuilt on the site of the grave of the indigenous Korkyt ata, 18 km from the village of Josaly in Kyzylorda region. ## Alasha Khan Dome Alasha Khan Dome is an architectural monument of X-XI centuries. It is located on the right bank of the Karakengir River. Its shape is square, its height is 10 m. The bricks are laid with a hand-woven carpet (alasha) pattern. According to legend, Alasha Khan was the leader of the Kazakhs, a wise, brave, and the first khan to establish a large state in the vast steppes. ## Khoja Ahmet Yasawi mausoleum Khoja Ahmet Yasawi mausoleum is an ancient architectural monument. It was first built in the Karakhan era (XII century) and built on its ruined foundation in the end of the XIV century and the beginning of the XV century by the order of Amir Temir. This mausoleum was the center of the Turkic people in Turkestan. The mausoleum of Khoja Ahmet Yasawi is included in the list of world monuments of the UN. This mausoleum is one of the wonderful masterpieces that have brought the ruby pearl of folk art to our time. At the same time, brief information is provided on the role played by the large cities of Turkestan located along the Silk Road, the convenience of communication with neighboring countries, and the specifics of their location. ## Sarayshik 55 kilometers from the city of Atyrau, on the right bank of Zhaiyk lies the ruins of the once famous city of Sarayjuk (Sarayshik). The foundation of the city was laid in the 11th century, its flourishing period was in the 13th-14th centuries. The city is located on the caravan route connecting Europe and Asia. Grand palaces, caravanserais, baths, mosques and madrasahs were built here. The city became a holy place where the Khans of the Golden Horde were buried. ## Taraz Ancient city on the site of modern Taraz. The first information about this is mentioned in the message of the Greek ambassador Zemarchus, and in 630 Xuan Zang describes it as a major trading city. In the 7th-8th centuries, Taraz became a center of trade and crafts located on the Great Silk Road. Here the caravan routes to the silver mines of the south and the kimaks of the Negev met. The 10th century Arab geographer al-Maqdisi wrote: "Taraz is a large fortified city with many gardens, densely populated, deep moats dug outside the castle, four gates and settlements around it." . Taraz was located on the site of the present city of Taraz for the first time. V. Barthold proved. Later, archaeologists M. E. Masson, A. N. Bernshtam, E. I. Ageeva, G. I. Pacevich, T. N. The Senigovas determined the size, construction, and thickness of the cultural layers of the city. As a result, life in Taraz b.c. It was concluded that it appeared in the 1st century and lived until the 16th century. ## Otyrar One of the largest medieval cities of Kazakhstan. It is located near the mouth of the Syrdarya River, where it flows into the Arys River. Although the name of the city of Otyrar dates back to the 8th century, its initial history dates back to BC. It is closely related to the history of the Kanly (Kangyu) state, which appeared in the middle course of the Syrdarya in the II century. From the middle of the 9th century, Otyrar (also called Farab) was under the influence of the Samani dynasty state. From this period, trading in this region, the travels of scientists "in pursuit of knowledge" broadened people's horizons, influenced the spread of art, science and crafts. It is no coincidence that the encyclopedist-scientist Al-Farabi left this city. The area occupied by Otyrar reached 200 hectares and became a real Eastern city. The development of the culture and economy of the cities of Central Asia and Kazakhstan was inhibited by the Mongol invasion. In the autumn of 1219, the Mongols surrounded the city, invaded it 6 months later and massacred its people. Currently, only the town site has been preserved. ## Kulan The place of a small town in the Middle Ages (VII-XII centuries). Kulan village is the center of Turar Ryskulov district in Zhambyl region. The first historical data about the city are known from the 7th century. In the travelogues of travelers Ibn Khordadbek and Kudam, Kulan is mentioned as a city on the Great Silk Road, near the east of Taraz. Al-Maqdisi described Kulan in the 10th century as follows: “A fortified fortress with a domed mosque. This is a fortified city located along the great Taraz road." 1963-65 The archeological expedition of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan (K. A. Akishev) studied and concluded that the mounds near the village of Kulan in the modern Turar Ryskulov district are the site of the ancient city of Kulan. ## Koylyk Koylyk is the place of the largest ancient city in the Ile basin (IX-XIII centuries). Koylyk was the court of Khan Aryslan, the Khagan of Karluk. About this city, the French ambassador William de Rubruck, who was sent to the Mongol Khagan Monke, wrote in his travel notes in 1253: "We found there a large city called Koylyk, which used to have a market and was visited by many merchants." There are various assumptions about the location of the city. Archeological research conducted by archeologists of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan in recent years revealed that the site of the city was the ruined buildings near Kolyk village, Sarkant district, Almaty region. ## Trade center One of the largest cities of the Middle Ages. It is located on the northern slope of Karatau near the present Baikadam village. In ancient sources, it is known as Sugulkhan (10th century), later Sulkhan (13th century). In the 7th-12th centuries, the trade center became the center of large trade and handicrafts along the caravan route through the northern slopes of Karatau. The Central Kazakhstan archaeological expedition of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR uncovered the site of the old city surrounded by a wall with 11 towers during the excavation work. Pots and various earthenware found in the city prove that it lived in VI-XV centuries. ## Interrelationship of cultures Interrelationship of nomadic and sedentary cultures economic, cultural and political relationship The problem of contact between nomads and sedentary people has different opinions in historical science is causing. Some researchers connect the relationship between nomads and settlers with cold conflicts, wars, conquests. It is believed that nomads played an active role in this. Now a group of researchers is trying to understate the place of nomads in this relationship. "Nomads were the destroyers of the cultural achievements of the settlers, or they were the ones who adopted them." The relationship between nomads and settled people was different in different times and regions. In their relations, there were not a few conflicts, wars, peaceful continuity, economy, trade, and cultural interaction. nomadic economy specialized in animal products took agricultural products and handicrafts from the settlers, and the settlers took livestock products, some handicrafts, raw materials necessary for handicrafts from the nomads. Such trade and exchange relations, especially settled peoples and nomadic countries, were successfully carried out in neighboring border regions. Nomadic herder tribes brought horses to settled countries, to teach them to ride and eat. Cavalry traditions, types of bows, swords, horse harness also came from the nomads. For example, men's clothing with iron stirrups, used by Turkic tribes in the 6th century, spread throughout Europe in the following centuries. Sedentary countries imitated weapons and clothes of nomads. For example, the pocket belts of the Turks of the VII-VIII centuries were used from China to Iraq. In China during the Tang Dynasty, nomadic clothing became widespread, and in Europe, Russian, Polish, and Hungarian aristocrats imitated the style of nomads in their clothing and hairstyles. In nomads BC The "animal style" in art, which appeared in the 1st millennium, spread to the settled countries from China to the Danube. Nomads had their own political culture. They understood the rulers of the country as a special holy person, a representative of God on earth, had a special management system, imperial service ranks, symbols, and a special tradition of inheritance in country management. Nomads have established this order of government in the political system of some conquered settled countries. The nomads were the reason for the exchange of culture between the settled peoples, the transfer of cultural processes from one of them to another. Cultural diffusion took place through the migration of nomads, their conquest of one settled nation after another. In the early Middle Ages, nomads not only fought with settlers, but also had close peaceful relations with each other. The nomads ordered the necessary tools and equipment from the masters of the settled countries and provided them with the necessary raw materials. At the same time, the nomads learned various handicrafts from the settlers. City-country connections. In the conditions of the urban culture formed in the 9th-12th centuries, when crafts and trade developed, the sedentary civilization became a necessary part of the economic relations of nomads. At that time, the relationship between nomads and settlers was different, from the conquest of cities to simple barter. At that time, the growth of urban culture and the increase in property inequality became more interesting for nomads. Cities became trading centers for nomads. Medieval authors wrote about the semi-sedentary nature of the Karluks and the Nine-Oghys. The emergence of early statehoods of nomads in Asia and Europe in the form of khaganates was a determining factor of regional socio-political and economic features in the second half of the 1st millennium. The appearance of the Kipchaks in the steppes of southern Russia forced Kievan Rus to organize the defense of its southeastern borders and build fortresses. The material culture of the border region of nomads and settlers was mixed. The eastern part of the island, the lower reaches of the Syr, Shu, Talas region, and Zhetysu were areas where nomads and settlers met for a long time. Most of the cities of Zhetysu, built in the 7th century, were formed as a residence of Turkish khagans. Sedentary culture in Zhetysu increased and spread its wings during the 6th-13th centuries. The population of Turkesh, Karluk, Karakhandar khaganates consisted of nomads and settlers. During the Karluk period, especially during the Karakhan period, most nomads became sedentary. A special type of settlements and cities that appeared in large numbers during this period are four-wheelers. In the material culture of the townspeople of this I period, urban and nomadic characteristics were mixed. For example, the custom of building a yurt in the yard, large cattle sheds in the yard, etc. b. The main reason for the destruction of medieval cities and the decline of urban culture in Zhetysu was due to the order of military policy. First, Khorezmshah's war with the Qidans, then with the Naimans. Then Zhetysu was conquered by the Mongols. First of all, cities and settlements suffered greatly from wars and invasions. Centers of production and culture were destroyed, the population of the city migrated en masse to Syrdarya and Fergana. Internal conflicts of settled estates also caused the destruction of cities. Urban culture began to decline and stagnate in the Ile steppe in the 13th century, in the Shu valley in the 14th century, and in the Talas region in the 15th century. The complete establishment of the kala culture in Zhetysu was a result of the wars of the Lame Iron with the Mongols. The spreaders of Islam on the territory of Kazakhstan were not Arabs, but Samanids from the urban cultural centers of Central Asia. Along with Arabic culture came Arabic writing, Arabic architecture, pottery, and epigraphy. Islam brought some change to the intellectual life of Turkish society. A group of scholars who mastered Arabic and Muslim culture was formed: al-Farabi (X century), Yusuf Balasaghuni (XI century), Mahmud Kashkari (XI century), al-Khorezmi (XIV century), etc. Groups spreading the Muslim religion appeared in Kazakhstan. They are: khatibs, mutawwals, mullahs, imams, etc. In the Middle Ages, Manichaeism, which came from Mesopotamia, came to Kazakh land through the Mauerennahr settlers. In the 8th century, Western Turkic khans supported the Manichean religion from the east. The center of Manichean religion in Kazakhstan was the city of Taraz. The Manichaeans' "Sacred Book on the Two Foundations" (VIII century) written in this city had the goal of converting the "Ten Ok Budun" (Turks) to religion. According to the main principle of Manichean religion, life consists of a struggle between positive, pure forces and harmful, malevolent forces. They were against progress and development, abandoned their families and the pleasures of life. He was against eating animal meat and preached to use only plant foods. B.Z. In the 5th century, the Nestorian religion began to enter the territory of Kazakhstan. The Nestorians claimed that the holy Mary did not give birth to God, but to Christ in human form. Because of that, Nestor's followers, who were exiled, set out to spread their religion to eastern countries. Nestorian-Christians from Syria, who spread this religion further, gradually spread it to Bactria, Parthia, Mauerennahr, Kazakh land, and from there to China and Mongolia. Churches and monuments of Nestorian Christians belonging to V-VIII centuries from Taraz, Merke, etc. found in the southern and medieval cities of Zhetysu. In the Middle Ages, the people of this region practiced Buddhism, Manichaeism, and Christianity everywhere along with the ancient shamanistic religion. In this region, from the 9th-10th centuries, the Muslim religion spread widely and became the main religion. In the Middle Ages, the emergence of such religious syncretism (complex mixture) in the southern region was also the result of cultural relations between nomads and settlers. So, there was a close connection between nomads and settled peoples. This connection sometimes took the form of hostilities, sometimes civil conflicts, tributes, and in most cases it was realized in the form of peaceful relations, trade, and exchange. Cities along the Great Silk Road greatly contributed to the frequent and close mixing of nomadic culture and sedentary civilizations. The mutual influence of nomadic and sedentary economic and cultural structures was strong, especially in their border regions. Nomads and settlers enriched each other's culture through economic and cultural ties. ## Roads and directions of the Great Silk Road If we follow the Silk Road from west to east, its section in Kazakhstan starts from Shash (Tashkent) and reaches Isfijab, Sayram (Saryam) through the Turbat Pass. . The ancient city has been preserved to this day. This is the name of a village in the bottom of Shymkent, at the very navel of which there are remains of a medieval town that was once one of the largest centers on the Silk Road. From Isfijab, slaves, cloth, weapons, swords, copper and iron were exported. It turns out that the caravans from Ispijab headed east and went to Taraz through the cities of Sharab and Budukhkent. Taraz, one of the largest cities of Kazakhstan, was built in the 6th century. previously known. 568 The Turkish khagan Dizabul received the embassy of the Byzantine Emperor Justinian II from the strategist Zemarchus in this city. Bastaukhats called it the city of merchants. In addition, it was the historical center of the Turgeshes, and then the Karlaks and Karakhans. Along with Taraz, there was a city called Jamukhat, which also dates back to the 6th century. included in the letter. The ruins of Jamukhat are located in the Talas Valley, near Zhambyl, opposite the village of Mykhailovka along the Talas River, its ruins are now called Kostobe. On the plain side of the valley there is the city of Atlakh, 751 AD. Arabs fought with the Chinese army to keep this region under their control. At a stone's throw from Taraz, on the trade route along Talas to Terkei, lived the cities of Adakket and Nujikes. In the mountainous part of the Talas Valley, there were also the cities of Shelzhi, Sus, Kul and Tekabket. They settled near the silver mines. Caravans used to pass to Talas valley from Fergana region through Shanash pass in Shatkal plateau and Karabura in Talas Alatau. This part of the road connected the Silk Road and Zhetysulyk routes. The territory between Taraz and Kulan, where the road from Taraz goes to the east, towards the city of Kulan, belonged to the Karluks. On the way to Kulan, the road passed through towns such as Kasribas, Kulshop, and Zholshop. Further east from Kulan were the cities of Merki and Aspara, about a farsak from each other. Then the trade caravans passed through the cities of Nuzkent, Kharrajwan, Zhol, and after the road, they went to Saryg, "the winter of the Turkish Khan" to Kyrmyrau. Building a road from Kyrmyrau, it led to one of the largest cities of Zhetysu - Nauakent (Xinchen in Chinese). Both these names are translated as New City. Nauakent was the palace of the Turkish khagans and the city of the Sogdians. The road leaves Nauakent and passes through Penjikent (Bundjiket) to Suyab, the largest city of Zhetysu, the capital of Western Turks (the capital of some Turgesh, Karliks). Chinese and Arab travelers told about this city in the 10th century. wrote until After that, the role of the capital was transferred to Balasagun, probably its earlier name was Beklig or Semekna. Balasagun is known as the capital of the Karakhans, and then the Karakytais, and then it was conquered in the 13th century. at the beginning of the year, the karakytai are destroyed. The city was then rebuilt, but in the 14th century. Once again, only ruins remain. The location of these cities is near the present-day city of Tokmak and corresponds to two well-known monuments of the Middle Ages - Akbeshim and Boran. From the city of Suyab, the caravan goes along either the northern or southern branches of the road and goes to the coast of Issyk Lake. Caravans traveling south pass the large city of Upper Baryskhan, and on the northern branch of the road there is a place for small caravan palaces, the names of which have not come down to us. Then these two separate roads join each other at the Bedel Pass, and either through this pass or through Tashrabat, the Silk Road goes from Kashgar and Aksu. And the caravan route goes from the Issyk-kol-Okto-hole through the Santash pass to the Karkara pasture, descends to the Ile valley, passes along the right bank of the river, passes through the Usek and Khorgos valleys, goes to the city of Almalyk, and then to the northern edge of the Takla-Makan desert. It was going around, passing through Hami and Turfan grasslands and reaching Dunhuang and China. X-XII centuries. One branch of the Silk Road crosses the entire Ile valley from the south-west side and goes to the north-east. This branch started from Nauakent, passed through Bunjiken and Kastek passes, and led to the slopes of Ile Alatau. There was another road to that pass from Balasagun. The most famous landmark in the area is the holy Uryn-Arzh mountain. The road reached the town of Talkhiz (Talkhira), located on the outskirts of the city of Talgar, through small towns on the slopes of Ile Alatau, in the present-day locations of Kastek, Kaskeleng and Almaty. In the meantime, on the mountain slope on the right bank of the Talgar River, there is a ruined place of a large city of the Middle Ages. Talkhiz was a great center of transit trade. It turns out that he used to come to the Ile valley in another way: he left Kulan and Aspa-ra or Nuzkent and went to the cities of the middle and lower reaches of the Shu. Then, crossing the Tasotkel plateau, the road skirted the slopes of the Shchu-Ile mountains and followed the towns on the slopes of Ile Alatau. From Talkhiz, the Silk Road splits into two: the southern line goes over Esik, Turgen, and Shelek, passes through the crossing of Ile near Borohudzir, follows its right bank, reaches Almalyk through Khorgos, and joins with the branch of the road from Issyk Lake. On this part of the road, archaeologists found small towns such as Esik, Turgen, Lauar, and the big city Selektik on a hill. There is a city of Ilebalyk near Koktal. The Terlagic road starting from Talkhiz followed the Talgar River and reached the crossing of Ile near the Kapchagai Gorge. Further, the road goes over the Altyn Emel crossing over Shengeldy, descends to the Koksu valley, and reaches the city of Ekioguz. It was on the site of the present village of Dunganovka. Wilhelm Rubruck called this city Equius. One of the largest towns of the Ile Valley is found here. There in 1253 was V. Rubruk writes that "Saracins" (Iranian merchants) lived in this city. The road leaves Ekioguz and goes to Kayalik (Koilak), the capital of the Karlik region. This city is famous for its Khan Bazaars. Along with Muslims, there were also Christians who had their own church. About him, the Mongol khan came to this city on his way to Monke, the ambassador of Louis IX, monk-sufi V. Rubruk informs. Kayak was the center of the Kara people in the 9th century. -XIII century At the time, the north-eastern part of the Ile Valley was facing the Karlaks. Kayak was located on the outskirts of the village of Antonov in the valley of the Karatal River. According to Rubruk's writings, there was a Christian village near Kayaluk, and the Silk Road passed through it. Then the road continues along the Tentek Valley, bypasses Alakol, crosses the Dzhungar Gate, reaches the Shiho Valley, then crosses Besbalik, goes to Dunhuang, and exits to Inner China. There was a city on the southwestern edge of Alakol, which was founded in the XIII century. travelers called it "the capital of the region". The caravan route from the city of Ispidjab went to Arsubaniket on the Arys River, then to Otrar-Farab, went along the Syrdarya River, and went to the Aral region. Otyrar-Farab and Shavgar are the largest cities on the caravan route along the Syrdarya. The name of the first city was preserved in the name of the people of a very large city located near the place where the Arys flows into the Syrdarya, and has survived to this day. Otyrar was at the intersection of nine roads. One branch of the road from it went to Shavgar, and the other branch went to the city of Vasija through the Syrdarya crossing. From there, he went up the Syrdarya river, passing the Oghiz city Sutkent, went to Shash, and down to Zhent. And from Jent, through Kyzylkum, a highway was built to Khorezm and Urgenish, and then it crossed the Volga and the Caucasus. This part of the Silk Road dates back to the 13th century. will come alive differently and will pass over noisy cities such as Jent, Sarayshik, Sarai-Batu, Kaffu. Shavgar VIII century. It is known from the data that the population of Shuytobe city, located in the vicinity of Turkestan, corresponds to it. In the place of modern Turkestan, along with Shavgar, X-XIII centuries. The city of Yassi was founded, the famous poet and Sufi Ahmet Yassaui lived and preached in that city. The road from Shavgar led to Yangikent, the Oghiz capital. From here, passing through Kyzylkum, another route went to Khorezm. At first, the road that started from Shavgar, and later from Iasi, went up to the northern ridges of Karatau through the Turlan pass and ran parallel to the road that followed the Syrdarya. On that road there were the cities of Sozak, Urisogan, Kumkent, and Sugulkent. This road either left from the lower part of Talas and went up to Taraz, or went along the western bank of Bilikol and reached Taraz through the towns of Beruket-Parket and Hutukchin. From the main axis of the Silk Road passing through South Kazakhstan and Zhetysu, the road branched off to the north and east, to Central and East Kazakhstan districts, then to Deshti-Kipchak, later known as Saryarka, to the Irtysh coast and Altai, to Mongolia. A field road used by nomadic tribes with horses passed through this area. Thus, the region of Central Kazakhstan, rich in livestock, wool, skins, and metals, is involved in the trade communication system, including the international system, and connects with the Silk Road junction through many caravan routes. One line of the road, spread from Otyrar, passes through Arsubaniket, goes to Arystan, Shayan valleys, and then over Karataulyk Zatagan; and the line from Shavgar and Iasi went over the Turlan Pass, the Sauran and Syganak branch, the Yangikent branch - all of them went directly to the Central Kazakhstan plain and went to Sarysu and Kengir, Torgai and Esil. In the same region, the remains of medieval towns such as Bolgan-ata, Zhamankorgan, Nogerbek-Darasy, Dombaul, Ormambet were found. Asili, mentioned in the early letters of the Middle Ages. It is worth looking for pastures such as Zhubyn, Kongliket, Ortau and Kentau, and deposits such as Garbian and Bakyrlytau. Another trade route from Taraz went through the cities of Adakhkes and Deh-Nujikes to the banks of the Irtys River, to the palace of the Khagan of the Kimaks, and went beyond it to the country of the Kyrgyz on the Yenisei. Ile valley with Central Kazakhstan Shu — walking along the slopes of the Ile mountain, it rises to Shu, then follows its length and reaches the banks of the Sarysu river. Another line of the road leaves from the vicinity of Shengeldy in Teriskei-Ile, passes through Koktal and Boyauly caravansary to the Balkash region, then skirts the Ortasu flowing from Ile, takes the place of the Aktam city in between, and exits from the south of the lake through a strait 8 kilometers to the Terkei. The caravans cross the strait and leave near the confluence of the Tokirauun river, follow its length and go to the Ulytau ridges. One line of the Teriskei-Ile road bypassed Alakol from the west and reached Irtys through Tarbagatai, the territory of the Kymakat state. In Tarbagatai, on the banks of the Irtysh River, there were such cities as Banjar, Khanauysh, Astur, Sisan of Kimak and a huge city surrounded by a fortified castle, with iron gates - the "capital of the kagans". The cities of Kimak were connected with Kyrgyz cities on the Yenisei River, Uyghur cities in Mongolia, and grassland regions of East Turkestan through trade routes. ## The Great Silk Road is located in Kazakhstan. City and countryside Face-to-face communication and long-distance communications p. h. It began in the III-II millennia BC. Lazurite deposits from Badakhshan Mountain and jade deposits from the upper reaches of the Yarkendaria River near Khotan have been found, and these connections will be regulated and regulated in accordance with the start of their production. h. In the middle of the 1st millennium BC, the field mane began to work, going from the Black Sea region to the Don, from there to the sauromats in the Northern Ural region, to the Irtys, and further to the Altai, to the country of the Agrippai who lived in the upper Irtys and Lake Zaisan valley. In this way, silk, tissues and skins, Iranian carpets, products made of precious metals were distributed through trade. The nomadic tribes of Sakas and Scythians participated in the distribution of expensive types of silk, and thanks to their help in welding, this product, which was unusual for that time, reached Central Asia and the Mediterranean region. B. h. II century BC in the middle, the Silk Road began to function as a permanent network of embassy and trade. B. h. II-V centuries. if we start from the East, the Silk Road will leave the ancient capital of China, Chang'an, go to the Yellow River Pass near Lanzhou, and continue along the northern spurs of the Nan-Shan to the western end of the Great Citadel of China, at the line of the Jasper Gate. From here, the road splits into two and bypasses the Takla Makan desert from the north side. The negative route reached the Ile Valley through the Khami, Turfan, Shikho grasslands from Chaon to Karashar, Aksu, then through Bedel Pass to the southern coast of Issyk Lake, passing through Dunhuan, Khotan, Yarkend, Bactria, and went to India and the Mediterranean region; This is called the South Road. And the Northern road went from Kashgar to Ferghana, and then through Samarkand, Bukhar, Merv to Hamadan, Syria. XI-XII centuries. The road that leaves China and passes through Zhetysu and South Kazakhstan to the West will become more lively. This deviation of the path can be explained by several reasons. First, there were hordes of Turkish khagans who controlled trade routes with Central Asia in Zhetysu. Secondly, the road through Ferghana dates back to the 7th century. it became dangerous due to internal strife, and thirdly, very rich Turkish khans and people around them were among those who consumed a lot of goods from the other side of the sea. VII-XIV centuries. Embassy and trade caravans traveled along the Silk Road. For many centuries, the road has been constantly changing, some sections of it have become particularly important and beautified, while other sections have been closed, and the towns and trading posts on it have been deserted. For example, VI-VIII centuries. the main battle route was Syria — Iran — Central Asia — South Kazakhstan — Talas Valley — Shu Valley — Issyk Lake Pit — East Turkestan. One branch of this road, or rather, another direction, left Byzantium, passed through Derbent to the steppes of the Caspian region - through the Mangistau - Aral region, and reached South Kazakhstan. This route bypassed Iran when trade-embassy alliance was established between Western Turkic Khaganate and Byzantium against Sassanid Iran. IX--XII centuries. this line of the road was much less used than the road through Central Asia and the Middle East to Asia Minor and Syria, Egypt and Byzantium, and in the 14th and 14th centuries. revives again. The political situation in the land determined the route chosen by ambassadors, merchants and other travelers. Now, the study of the history of the Silk Road, its modernization, and the increase of political, economic, and cultural ties of the countries along this road are being resumed. In 1987, the XXIV session of the General Conference of UNESCO adopted the "International project for the study of the Great Silk Road". It was attended by Greece, Portugal, Egypt, Italy, China, Indonesia, Mongolia, Oman, Sri Lanka, and the former Soviet Union. The programs "Human environment, land and sea resources", "Culture and the future" were approved. Regarding the implementation of these programs. In 1991, the National Committee "Silk Road" was established in Kazakhstan. The Great Silk Road, both in ancient times and now, is of great importance for the people of Eurasia in terms of cultural communication and solving political and spiritual problems. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7338

Beautiful brown

Beautiful brown - Dina's mood. 1937 Dina came to Almaty for the gathering of artists. He sees the young people who are getting education here. He is pleased to see that they are a happy generation. In memory of his grandson Konyr, he releases the song "Beautiful brown" dedicated to the happy children of Kazakhstan. "Beautiful Brown" is a bright and cheerful work. This state belongs to the type of spill state. ## References * Status notes Archived 6 May 2021.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6408

Kidans

State of Karakhitai (1128-1213). Black people. Their creation is closely related to the Qidan tribes of Central Asia. The Kydans (tsidan, kita, hita) are mentioned in written records as Turkic-speaking tribes. In this state, most of the Kereyit, Naiman, Saka, and Merkit tribes lived (from the main work of P. Karpini, who translated Tileuber Abenayuly Tynybayin). Abenayuly even wrote: "Az baba, that is, the son of Kytan, the founder of the Karakytai Khaganate, Tama Shor or AZAU Shor Khagan, the founder of the Khagan dynasty, came from the Khytans' tele branch, from the Kerei, from the grandfather of Ellik Mer, who was the owner of the city of Yikshari. P. Karpini kerei On the connection between Ong Khan and Karakytai Gurkhan: "Ong Khan's grandfather"" (Tileuberdi Abenaiyuli. Familiar and unknown Genghis Khan family and valuable data in Chinese annals, including "Ethnic origin of the people who created the First, Lau Empire". "Chingis Khan" magazine, no. 4 (37), 2020). It was one of the tribes of the Eastern Turkic Khaganate. They lived on the border of Manchuria and Ussuri in the north of China. 924 The land from Altai to the Pacific Ocean is under the control of the Qidan state (Liao Empire). 1125 The combined power of Song China and the Zhuzhen state overthrows the Liao Empire. Part of the Khitans obeyed the Zhuzhens, and the rest moved westward to East Turkestan and Zhetysu under the leadership of Elyu-Dashi. They pass through the territory of the Yenisei Kyrgyz and reach the length of the Emil River. A city of the same name will be built there. As a result of the western part of the Kydans looking at a part of Zhetysu and mixing with the local Turkic-speaking population, the immigrants were called Black Chinese/Chinese. 1128 The possessor of Balasagun, from the Karakhan family, opposes the Kanlys and Karluks who are oppressing them. Elu Dashi, leader of the Karakhitas, captured Balasagun and established his state in Zhetysu. Zhetysu, South Kazakhstan, Maurennahr and East Turkestan are part of Karakytai state. He rules the Karakhan dynasty. The head of the Karakytai state is called Gurkhan. His abode was in the valley of Shu Ozen. Balasagun remained the center. Discipline in the army was strict. In the country, a system of tax collection from the head of the yard will be introduced - a tax of one dinar will be collected from each house. Gurkhan did not offer land and water to his relatives, he was afraid that they would become competitors. The Karakytais rule the southern part of Zhetysu, the northeastern region of Isfijab, the Kulja region. The first Gurkhan Elyu-Dashi in 1143. died. 1169 his son - Elyu-Chhilugu - ascends the throne. Being a Christian, he opposes the Muslim religion. His policy of subjugating the Muslim population of Zhetysu was met with opposition. 1208 Even the Naiman tribes who settled in Zhetysu do not violate this internal policy. The region of Zhetysu becomes a center of mutual conflicts and Muslim movements. This situation in Zhetysu in 1218. until the arrival of Genghis Khan's army.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7145

Kabanbai batyr

Kabanbai Kozhagululy, Karakerey Kabanbai, Daraboz - hero, talented commander. The name of the call to prayer is Erasyl. He died in 1692. He was born in 1770 in All Mountain, Urzhar district of the present East Kazakhstan region. He was born there. From the Baizhigit branch of the Karakerei tribe in Kabanbai Naiman. "There is no greater Kazakh hero than Naiman Kabanbai, and there is no greater dance than the Uysin Tole dance," said the famous Zhusip Kopeiuli. Yerasyl, who grew up seeing the consequences of war and invasion from an early age, is one of the Kazakh sons who grew up feeling the darkness that befell his entire country and people. According to some sources, he was born in Arka and died in a place called Ushbulak of Kabanbai between Esil and Nura in Arka. And his remains are located 3 kilometers from Ushbulak on a ridge called "Naiman Cemetery". Amangel Tolemisov collected historical data related to the biography of the hero and presented it to the crowd in his report. "People gave names to their beloved hero who raised the flag and defended the country: Erasyl, Narbala, Izbasar, Kabanbay, Khan batyr, Daraboz, Kokirek saint," says the historian. According to the speaker, Kabanbai batyr was recorded in the Chinese records from 1757-1758 as "Kazakh tumu batuly - i.e. chief batyr" and the 3rd largest person of the Kazakh Khanate after Abylai, Abilpeyiz, sometimes Abylai, Abilpeyiz, Abilmambet is named as the 4th largest personality. We come to this conclusion based on the mention of the names "Abilmambet, Abylai, Abilpeyiz and Kabanbai of the Kazakhs" in the letter sent to the Kazakh Khanate on March 25, 1760. This is the same with the songs and written data of the great Kazakh poets Bukhar, Umbetey, Sarshuash, later Mashhur Jhusip, and Kurbangali who sang in the time of Abylai, placing Kabanbai on the head of a hero. The historian lists the data about Kabanbai batyr in Russian data as follows. "Kabanbai Batyr is mentioned in the writings of Russian historians. Russian historian Kuznetsov wrote in the 1750s: "Kabanbay Batyr led the north-eastern part of the Kazakh arm, and Abylay led the south-eastern part, pushing the Dzhungars to the east...", while another Russian historian Velyaminov-Zernov wrote that in 1752, when Volodymyr Kalmyks tried to migrate to China, He wrote that the person who saved the Karakalpak country by force when they wanted to take it away with them was the Kazakh Kabanbay batyr. At the age of seven, his father Kozhakul, and at the age of sixteen his brother Esenbay were killed by the Dzonghars. A sixteen-year-old boy sneaked into the enemy's midst and took revenge by killing a Dzungar hero who had killed his brother. After that, he went to Kerei in Zaisan and was in the hands of his brother-in-law Berdaulet. While here, he cheered on the wild boars that attacked the horse and became the "Boar hero". * 1717 to the Battle of Ayagoz, 1723 To the defense of Turkestan, 1726. Bulanty battle, 1730 He took part in the battle of Anyarkai, then in the battles along the Chingistau and Irtys rivers, and became one of the main heroes of Abylai Khan. * 1741 In the Battle of Shagan in Chingistau, he was named Daraboz for breaking into a group with a white horse and charging at the enemy. 1751 he cleared the cities of Syrbai, Shymkent, Sayram, and Tashkent from Dzhungars and helped Tole Bi come to power. He saved several thousand Karakalpaks who were being deported to Dzongaria. * 1752 — 54 years. The Kazakh army led by Kabanbai first took part in clearing Ile, Balkash, Karatal regions from the enemy. After that, he liberated Karakol and Naryn, Urzhar and Katynsu, Alakol and Alle, and joined the army of Bogembay in the negative direction. He took part in the Baspan-Bazar, Shorga, Manryak battles and liberated the Zaysan, Markakol, Kurchum regions. * 1756 took part in repelling the Chinese army chasing Amirsana, the ruler of Dzhongar, took part in the recapture of Shonzhi, Narynkol, and Kegen regions from the Kyrgyz. * 1758 in September, he drove 300 horses to Urimzhi city from Alla and started the Kazakh-Chinese trade. A Kyrgyz hero who came with 500 men fought against Karabek despite being ill and killed Karabek in a fight. At that moment, he fell off the horse and died. The name was given to the former village of Andreev in the Almaty region, to the village of Zharbulak in the Urzhar district of the East Kazakhstan region, to one street in the cities of Almaty, Semipalatinsk, Ust-Kamenogorsk, and Taldykorgan, as well as to the tank division located in the city of Ayakoz. A monument to the hero was erected in the city of Usharal, and a monument was erected near Astana. * 1992 — 93 In the former Taldykorgan and Semey regions, the 300th anniversary was celebrated and a big dinner was served. The hero's life and heroic struggle Bukar, Aktamberdi, Umbetei, Dulat, Tatikara, etc. was based on the creativity of poets. Writer Kabdesh Zhumadilov published the historical novel "Daraboz". ## Biography Kabanbai (Yerasyl) Batyr is a Kazakh hero of the 18th century, a famous leader. Mambet is a Kozhakul, from whom Kabanbai Batyr was born. In 1691, Erasyl (Kabanbay) was born in the village of Mambet, located on the southern side of Barkytbel, near Tokta-Barlyk mountain, whose foot is soaked in Alakol. He was different from other children not only because of his courage, but also because of the thick, bristly hair on his back. At the beginning of the 18th century, that is, in 1702, in the first battle of All, his father Kozhakul Batyr was surrounded by a small number of people and eventually died from serious injuries. Erasyl had just turned eleven. After the death of Kojakul Batyr, the Oirats attacked the villages of Mambet, who had lost their chief, every year. During another invasion, the Kalmyks captured Kabanbai's brother Esenbay, who was guarding the horse, and humiliated him. The merciless thugs cut open the stomach of the young man with a dagger and left him in the field. Esenbai used to caress his only brother Erasyl very much without touching his forehead. Thanks to that, he did not know that his father was absent, he grew up as a child. After the elder's death, Yerasyl, who had just turned sixteen and did not yet know right from left, was struck with a whip. Especially, the fact that he was humiliated and tortured to death was very hard on him. It was thought that the blood of a citizen like Esenbai should not be wasted, that we will go hand in hand to the Kalmyks and return them. No, it didn't. Most of all, the leadership of the country and the carelessness of the unhurried brother were disappointing. No matter what, somehow, there was not a single person who would take revenge by jumping on the base, show his face to the enemy and ask for the price of the citizen. Erasyl's patience has run out. Finally, Yerasyl decided to take a risk and decided to go to Kalmyk alone. Blood for blood, soul for soul! Is he better than his brother? This time he finds the Kalmyk who killed Esenbai and drinks his blood. Either one of the two will die after his brother! Finally, he realized that he would not be able to take revenge, so he grabbed his horse, Ardakuren, and rode it, without telling anyone about it. Kalmyk villages are encroaching on the east side of Sarybel, just as it was measured. Erasyl is a person who is looking for livestock and moves forward. He has weapons in his hands - a four-edged black-throated spear, a black sword and a double-edged diamond dagger. "The spouse of loneliness is god. O Lord, direct my way!" he wished inwardly. Ulzhe wanted to make a sound with a scream, or because he was short of breath, he was swaying a little, and when he pulled out the dagger again, he fell with a gasp on his face. After Yerasyl rode away from the village on his Ardakuren, when they parted, Erdene went to the villages of Mambet to tell about the safety of his comrade, and Yerasyl went to his sister, who was dragged along the Irtys River to hide his tracks, and headed for Kerei country. He stayed in the hands of his brother-in-law here for several years. One day, while herding horses on the shore of Lake Zaisan, he unexpectedly encountered a group of wild pigs. A black boar like a bull came out of the reeds and shot towards Erasyl like a bullet. Erasyl didn't swing the spear with all his might, probably the tip of the spear pierced the heart, and the black boar fell limply. Berdaulet's brother-in-law, who was happy to see that Erasyl was safe, said, "You are a hero!" You are a real boar! Citizens, let's call the name "Kaban batyr" from today! - Does he have asthma? If his brother-in-law could speak such a prayer, a word uttered in joy soon spread throughout the country, and he became known as "Kabanbay Batyr". In the fall of the same year, in the battle of Saur, Yerasyl fought against the Oirat hero Dolan Doshky under this new name. After living in Kerei for about five years, marrying Hanbibi, and then returning to Baizhigit, this name did not remain. In the fall of 1718, seven years later, he met Arsalan along the Ayagoz river. "Don't be silent, Arsalan!" I am a Kazakh hero named Kabanbai. Seven years ago, when I was sixteen years old, I sent your brother Ulzhezhirgal to the world. Have you seen the power of God, your death is about to happen to me... And now, if you can, protect yourself! Kabanbai, holding a spear tightly in his hand, slashed from the navel, like a person who could stab a pot before it was full, and when he was close to him, he hit the product with incredible speed. Arsalan, pierced with a spear, fell down on the horse like a cut poplar, and remained afraid. Later, when he defeated the Oirat and drove him out of the Shagan gorge, he rode a white horse and killed him, knowing that Kabanbai was the leading hero, and Abylai Khan was very pleased. You are the only one who brought me to fame! Today's battle would not have ended if you had not attacked the fortress of the enemy with a strong hand. From today, let your name Kabanbay become the slogan of the Khan, and let your name in the campaign be Daraboz! - he took her in his arms and covered her with a gold-jeweled tunic. ## Struggle against the Dzungars In 1723, he participated in the defense of Turkestan, in 1726, in the Battle of Bulanty, in 1730, in the Anyarakay-Alakol Battle, and later in the battles along Chingistau and the Irtys, and became one of the main heroes of Abylai Khan. In 1741, in the Battle of Shagan in Chingistau, he was named Daraboz because he attacked the enemy on a white horse. In 2 days, the Kazakh army, which included the Great Hundred Squad, cleared the cities of Syr Bai, Shymkent, Sayram, and Tashkent from Dzungars and helped Tole Bi come to power in Tashkent. He saved several thousand Karakalpaks who were being deported to Dzhungaria in the Chirshik region. In the middle of the 18th century, when the struggle for power between the Kazakh khans intensified, Sultan Barak killed the Khan of Kishi Yuz, Abil Kayir. Kabanbay Batyr blamed Sultan Barak and acted against his rapprochement with the Dzungar Khanate. In this regard, Kabanbay Batyr not only influenced the internal conditions of the Middle Yuz, but was also in the middle of the historical events taking place in the Small Yuz. took part in cleansing from the enemy. After that, the Kazakh troops launched an attack in two directions on the south side and the opposite side of Tarbagatai. Kabanbai, who led a group of ushers in Kungei, liberated Karakol and Naryn, Urzhar and Katynsu, Alakol and Alle with his soldiers and joined the Bogenbay army in a negative direction. He took part in the battles of Baspan-Bazar, Shorga, Manyrak, and liberated the regions of Zaysan, Markakol, Kurchum. ## Struggle against the Chinese troops After the liberation of the Kazakh land from the invaders, Kabanbay Batyr tried to repel the Chinese army that was chasing the Dzungar ruler Amirsana in 1756. He was involved in the relocation of the country to the eastern regions. He took part in the recapture of Shonzhi, Narynkol, and Kegen regions from the Kyrgyz, which had been lost during the Dzungar rule. After the peace treaty with China, in September 1758, Allegan drove 300 horses to the city of Urimzhi and started the Kazakh-Chinese trade. Kyrgyz hero Karabek, who came with his hand, fought against Karabek despite being ill, and Kabanbai killed Karabek in a fight. At that moment, he also fell from the horse and died. In 1769, Kabanbai Batyr, who was over seventy years old, told his friends at a meeting where all four eyes were sitting. If it goes on for a month, otherwise I will probably go astray... Outside Tokti there is a pass called Sarybel. Take my bones there! - he said curtly. Oteke's son Karabek, who heard that the hero was sick, led the thick hand of the Kyrgyz and made no secret of the fact that he was looking for Kabanbai: - I need Kabanbai's well-being the most. If I don't destroy his village in his lifetime, I won't regret it! - he laughs. "The enemy has hit the edge of the country!" As soon as they heard that the Kyrgyz are coming to attack the hero's village, all the indigenous soldiers mounted their horses and the number of hands reached a thousand. And at that time, Kabanbai's body was full of anger and pride. Karabek's fiercest weapon is probably a sword, and a white diamond floats in the sky as if to say "I am the soul-killing Azeriil". "Come on, give me a breath yourself," the old hero said, taking a deep breath, gathering all his strength, and kept the heavy dive to an ear. Although he did not aim much, the skillful hand did not go astray. A blue arrow that shot like an arrow went straight to Karabek's heart and pulled him off his horse. At that moment, it was as if something was broken from Kabanbay's internal structure, the hero's head was spinning, and he was sinking into some kind of abyss, as if darkness had covered his surroundings. The great general, who had not dismounted for sixty years and spent his whole life swinging his sword against the enemy, had died without concern. According to his will, the deceased was buried in Sarybel, on the left side of the Dzungar Gate. As a sign, a stone was piled on the hero's head. The generation changed and the country was renewed. Plagues piled up at the cemetery were disfigured, and gradually people began to fade from memory. How could the people of that time know that due to the negligence of their ancestors, the next generation would not find where exactly their great commander was buried, and would be confused? !==The years of life of the famous commander Kabanbay Batyr, his exploits on the battlefield and the information that has not been published until now are reflected in the following scientific article. For example, Karakerey Kabanbai fought 108 fights and won all of them. In many literary and historical works, the image of Daraboz batyr was created differently. About this, Nurdaulet Akhish highlighted several works in the report "Character image of Karakerey Kabanbai in Kazakh novels". In today's literature, it is known that the number of voluminous prose works, written based on real data, is increasing over time. One of such artistic worlds is the historical trilogy "Nomads" by Ilyas Esenberlin, the novels "Elim-ay" by Sofy Smataev, "Urker" and "Elen-alang" by Abish Kekilbaev. "In these works, there are separate episodes related to the image of Karakerey Kabanbay. And it seems that Anuar Alimzhanov did not consider it a duty to create this image in his "Warrior". Due to the lack of propaganda, one of the voluminous novels that turned the historical events of this period into an artistic reality is Zoldasbai Turlybayuly's "Raimbek Batyr" dialogue. Although it did not receive a warm welcome from the reading public, it is a work that was able to show the panoramic view of its period," writes Nurdaulet Akish in his report. "In the novel, there are also strokes that make you feel that Kabanbai is not only a hero, but also a dancer and an orator who brought the country to the fore... Among the conflicting stories about significant warlike periods in the history of the Kazakh people, we should mention the dialogue "Daraboz" written by Kabdesh Zhumadilov based on the character of Karakerey Kabanbai. "Daraboz" is the nickname given by Abylai Khan, who was very pleased with Karakerey Kabanbai Batyr's appearance in a battle with the Dzungars. The writer did not limit himself to a one-sided description of Kabanbai's personality, but rather revealed it from all sides... Among Kabanbai's many fights, the color of Kalmak's fight with Lady Shamal is rich and impressive. For the last time, he pointed a spear at Karabek, the son of his arch-nemesis, Baldybek, and fell from his horse. Because Kabanbai, a stout old man in his seventies, was very ill. So until the last days of his life, while fighting for the protection of his country and land, he surrendered his life while riding a horse with a spear in his hand. By the way, before that, many things have been written that reveal the personality of the hero, and when school-age children are asked to name Kazakh heroes, it is true that Karakerey Kabanbai will start with the hero. ## Image of Karakerey Kabanbai Batyr The years of life of the famous commander Kabanbai Batyr, his exploits on the battlefield and the information that has not been published until now are reflected in the following scientific article. For example, Karakerey Kabanbai fought 103 fights and won all of them. In many literary and historical works, the image of Daraboz batyr was created differently. About this, Nurdaulet Akhish highlighted several works in the report "Character image of Karakerey Kabanbai in Kazakh novels". In today's literature, it is known that the number of voluminous prose works, written based on real data, is increasing over time. One of such artistic worlds is the historical trilogy "Nomads" by Ilyas Esenberlin, the novels "Elim-ay" by Sofy Smataev, "Urker" and "Elen-alang" by Abish Kekilbaev. "In these works, there are separate episodes related to the image of Karakerey Kabanbay. And it seems that Anuar Alimzhanov did not consider it a duty to create this image in his "Warrior". Due to the lack of propaganda, one of the voluminous novels that turned the historical events of this period into an artistic reality is Zoldasbai Turlybayuly's "Raimbek Batyr" dialogue. Although it did not receive a warm welcome from the reading public, it is a work that was able to show the panoramic view of its period," writes Nurdaulet Akish in his report. "In the novel, there are also strokes that make you feel that Kabanbai is not only a hero, but also a dancer and an orator who brought the country to the fore... Among the conflicting stories about significant warlike periods in the history of the Kazakh people, we should mention the dialogue "Daraboz" written by Kabdesh Zhumadilov based on the character of Karakerey Kabanbai. "Daraboz" is the nickname given by Abylai Khan, who was very pleased with Karakerey Kabanbai Batyr's appearance in a battle with the Dzungars. The writer did not limit himself to a one-sided description of Kabanbai's personality, but rather revealed it from all sides... Among Kabanbai's many fights, the color of Kalmak's fight with Lady Shamal is rich and impressive. For the last time, he pointed a spear at Karabek, the son of his arch-nemesis, Baldybek, and fell from his horse. Because Kabanbai, a stout old man in his seventies, was very ill. So until the last days of his life, while fighting for the protection of his country and land, he surrendered his life while riding a horse with a spear in his hand. By the way, before that, many things have been written that reveal the personality of the hero, and when school-age children are asked to name Kazakh heroes, it is true that Karakerey Kabanbai will start with the hero. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5088

Aronuly, Suyinbay

Suyinbay Aronuly was born in 1815 in the village of Karakastek, present-day Almaty region. Talented, great Kazakh poet and legend of Aytis. The poet died in 1898 in his native village of Karakastek. ## Biography Suyinbay came from the Ekey clan in Shapyrasht (Uly Yuz). Suyinbay Known for his beauty since his youth. Suyinbai's work was influenced by his grandfather Kusep and father Aron, who were known for their poetic talent and skill. The famous poet Zhambyl considered him as his teacher, saying "My idol is Suyinbay, don't pray with words." Kusep's eldest sons, Zhanbyrshi and Zhamanak, were known among the Kazakhs as singers, kobyz singers, and musicians, while their youngest son, Aron (1750 - 1835), was known for his sharpness and negotiating eloquence from an early age. Suyinbai was gifted with the art of poetry and oratory, which was passed down from father to son. Suyinbay's older brothers Zhamanchal and Zhumyk, and his younger brother Ospan, are known among the villagers for their critical and one-sided poems. About this, Zhamanshal said to Suyinbai: "I am fast in the family, you are fast in the square group." In historical data, it is said that Suyinbay and Sarybay bi had a great influence in reuniting the heads of the Kazakh clans, which had moved to different places due to the invasion of the Kokan Khanate, and in the difficult winter period (1840 - 1860). At this point, the poet urged the people to stand against the Kokanites and fight for independence. "Otegen batyr", "Saurik batyr", "Suransky batyr", "Zabay batyr", "Karasai batyr" were released. Since he lived in a turbulent society, Suyinbay was actively involved in public and social affairs. In his poems, he spoke the truth, not shying away from the rulers of Kokan and the local unjust sultan, nobles and rich people. Especially, in his arguments with the poet Tezek and the Kyrgyz poet Katagan, as well as in "Datkas", "Umbetali", "Four Dances", "Leaving the meek cattle to the wicked", etc. mercilessly criticized cruelty and tyranny in his poems. His eloquent sayings, sikak poems dedicated to bolys-dances ("Maksutka", "Kasymga", "Bolystar baag", etc.) have been preserved. Stages of historical and social development of the Kazakh people and the reality of life in the past centuries are comprehensively illustrated in the works of the poet. Suyinbai's poetry was distinguished by its deep philosophy, beauty of thought, and poetic expressions in the poet's language. M. Auezov called Suyinbay "the golden pillar of the art of speech". The poet, who was a defender and supporter of the Kazakh people in the struggle for justice, has kept the poems, stories, and sayings of the Kazakh people to this day and always kept them in their minds as "Suiynbai said this". Collection and publication of Suyinbay's sayings and poems began at the beginning of the 20th century. In 1920, the Kyrgyz (Kazakh) scientific commission, established under the commissariat of public education of the Turkestan SSR, organized an expedition to the Syrdarya and Zhetisu regions in order to collect samples of oral literature, and recorded the poems and sayings of the ethnographer A. Divaev Suyinbai. In 1929, for the first time in the "New Literature" magazine (6th year), the poet wrote "Exaggeration, is this Sarybay?" the poem was published. The works of the poet were included in textbooks published in each period and promoted in the country. The poem "Said by the poet Suyinbai in his old age" was included in the collection "Variants of old Kazakh literature" (1931) compiled by S. Seifullin. In 1935, a collection of the poet's works compiled by K. Zhansugirov and F. Gabitova was published for the first time as a separate collection under the name "Suyinbay Akin". In 1939, 1940, 1941 and 1944, S. Mukanov and K. Bekhozhin included several poems of Suyinbai in their textbooks for the 8th grade of high school ("Suyinbay and Dung the Judge", "Suyinbai's condolences to Tezek's dead son", "About old age"). After the establishment of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (1946), the works of scientists Divaev, S. Begalin, B. Zhakypbaev, Kyrgyz folklorists Sh. Umetaliyev and E. Mukanbetov, who collected and published the heritage of the poet Suyinbay, can be mentioned in particular. Also, some of Suyinbai's heritage is preserved in the literary fund of Zh. Zhabayev's memorial museum. Suyinbai's works are given a lot of space in the collections "Akyn Zhyrlary", "Works of Kazakh Poets of the 17th - 19th Centuries", "Three Centuries Sing", and "Aytys of Suyinbai and Tezek" was published in volume 1 of the "Aitys" collection. The poet Suyinbay's collection "Aqiyk" (1976) contains, in addition to his selected works, many poems and sayings added from scratch, his works are systematized and divided into topics. Suyinbai's poem "Old Age" was published in volume 102 of the 200-volume collection published in Moscow under the "Library of World Literature" series. This shows that the poet's works are a precious heritage, a valuable literary monument, added to the world art of speech. Suyinbai had sons named Malybai, Zhetibai, Azirbai, and daughters named Bagzhan and Koizhan. The remains of the poet were placed on a high ridge on the eastern side of Karakystak, and a mausoleum was built over his grave. The Philharmonic of Almaty region, as well as a large avenue in Almaty city, his native village, school and streets there are named after Suyinbay. A memorial museum of Suyinbai works in the place of his birth. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3642

Chinese transcription

Transcription of the Chinese language is a system of transcription from the Chinese script (pin-yin) into the Kazakh alphabet. The foundation is Archimandrite Palladius (P. I. Kafarov) 19th century. done at the end. There is no uniform or official Kazakh system. The lower tables show the experience of Kazakhs in China. (on shorthand based on Arabic script). ## Transfer pin-in to the Kazakh alphabet ## See also * Polivanov system * Palladium system \< > ## External links

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2406

Isatai Taimanov

Isatai Taimanuly (1791–1838) is a political leader, brave commander, national hero of the popular uprising in Western Kazakhstan in 1836–1838. The youngest is from the Berish clan of Bayuly. Descendant of Agatai batyr, who became famous during the Dzungar invasion. ## Biography People's batyr I. Taimanuly was born in 1791 in the place "Taiman Zhal" in Taisoygan kum, Kyzylkoga district, present-day Atyrau region. Isatai's mother is from the Tagashi branch of the Esentemir clan. The name of I. Taimanuly's fourth grandfather Agatai (Taiman-Begalin - Bokai-Agatai) became the motto of the Berish clan for his bravery in the war against the Kalmyks. Isatai's father, Taiman's younger brother, who influenced and cared for him in his youth, is Jabal Begaliuly. In 1808, the village of Begali, led by Jabal, passed through Zhayik near the Baksai fortress and came under the control of Bokei Khan. Khan appoints Jabal, who is literate in Russian, has knowledge of politics, and is well-respected among the people, as a foreman in the village of Berish. After Jabal's death, Khan Bokei made a proposal to the Orinbor Border Commission on March 12, 1812, asking to replace him with I. Taimanul as a foreman. In November 1813, the Border Commission confirmed Bokei Khan's proposal and sent the documents to the military governor. On November 12, 1814, Governor General G. S. Volkonsky signed a document on approving Isatai as a senior. ## Activities Isatai, who got involved in the affairs of the country early, was greatly helped by his brother-in-law Zhabai Begalin. He studied Russian, was quite literate, and served as a captain. After his death, Isatai, who was brought up by Bokei Khan Zhabai, was appointed as the chief, and he was approved by the Orinbor Border Commission. Those around the khan, who could not see that his reputation was increasing day by day, slandered the khan in order to discredit him. As a result, he was imprisoned for 4-5 years, one for robbing senior officer Utemis Kulmaniyazov, and the other for murder. If he gets away with money from the first one, then he escapes from the second one while driving to Orinbor with a convoy. Khan Bokei gives Isatai the islands of Karakamys, Kuygin, Koldenen, Baisary, Kemeli on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea. In this way, Isatai, who is generous from his age, eloquent, straight-faced, stubborn, black-haired, fair-minded, at the age of 21, heads the country as the head of the Berish clan, and becomes one of the most influential people in the Horde. On the Khan's instructions, he met the Bukhara ambassador on his way to Petersburg in Sarayshik and accompanied him to Astrakhan. The head of the Orinbor border commission will be with General Gens during his visit to the Inner Horde. However, there are more and more people who can't see Isaiah, who is the head, even if they are young. I. Taimanuly was imprisoned in the Sarayshik prison in 1818 due to their slander. Berish's dancer Yuzbatyr frees him from prison by giving 20,000 soms. In 1824, Isatai was again arrested and imprisoned in Orinbor prison, claiming to defend the needs of the black people in the Inner Horde and to expose the injustice and violence of sultans and princes. But the charges against him were not proved and he was released. I. Taimanuly opposes the tyranny of Khan Zhangir, who implements the colonial interests of the royal government in the Inner Horde, against the people from the very beginning. The ordinary people, who have suffered from Khan, his father-in-law Karaulkoja, sultans and judges, gradually begin to gather around Isatai. The command of the khan does not go to his subordinates, and Jangir still does not come to Isatai batyr. The khan's circle consists mainly of princes, judges, masters, mullahs and a small number of people who follow them. ## Isatai's disagreement with Jangir Khan Isatai's disagreement with Jangir Khan further intensified in the mid-30s of the 19th century. The reason for it was that in June 1833, Jangir Khan handed over 5 islands with abundant water to his father-in-law Karaulkozha Babazhanov on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, which had previously been ruled by I. Taimanuly, and left Isatai with his country, which was unsuitable for farming, with little water and grass, covered with sand. He would transfer it to Myntobe. A group of senior officers led by I. Taimanuly wrote many complaints to the Orynbor Border Commission and even to the governor himself about the oppression of Jangir Khan and other feudal lords on the people. But no conclusion can be drawn from it. ## The People's Liberation Uprising in the Bokei Khanate in 1836-1837 The common people, depressed by various taxes, deprived of grazing land, completely exhausted by the two-sided oppression of Cossack troops and local feudal lords take up arms and start a rebellion. It was a people's liberation uprising in 1836-1837 led by hero Isatai Taimanuly of Bokei Khanate or Ishki Horde. The driving force of the uprising was mainly Kazakh peasants. Its purpose was to limit the tyranny of Jangir Khan to the people, to improve the conditions of the peasants, to remove Karaulkoja and Balky Kudaibergenov from power, and to reach a certain agreement on the land issue. Isatai Taimanuly was the commander and leader of this uprising, and "Mahambet was a hero, a singer of the uprising who alarmed the people and raised the spirit of the uprising" (M. Kozybaev). In general, it is known from history that Makhambet was the right-hand man of Isatai Batyr as a tribune, singer-poet during the entire national liberation uprising of 1836-1838. ## The beginning of the uprising The beginning of the uprising was on March 24, 1836, when Karaulkozha Babazhanov led 800 men and besieged the village of I. Taimanuly near Manash settlement. However, Karaulkoja's group was unable to attack the Isatais who opposed them with 200 soldiers and had to return later. The inability of Karaulkozha to do anything to the Isatais, who was accustomed to doing what he wanted to the country under his command, spread to the entire Bokei Khanate. Peasants, angry with the ruling class, began to gather around Isatai Batyr. In late June and early July 1836, I. A small group headed by Taimanuly leaves from Tasoba to Zhaskus to convey the people's demands to the Khan. Hearing the news of the coming of the Isatais, Jangir Khan asked the military governor of Astrakhan to send an army to protect the Horde, and at the same time, in order to gain time, he sent his confidant to them to find out the demands of the Isatais. The Isatais handed over to him K. Babazhanov, B. Kudaibergenov from their posts and other demands written by Isatai's eldest son Zhakiya and returned later. In the summer of 1837, the rebellion started by Isatai Batyr spread throughout the Bokei Khanate. All those dissatisfied with Jangir Khan and his entourage gather around Isatai. The young men will be provided with horses, food, and weapons. Thus, I. Taimanuly becomes the head of a civil and military organization based on a certain order. This must have been the period when Sultan M. Shokin wrote to the khan, "The raised peasants do not obey anyone, they are a republic in themselves." On September 16, 1837, more than 200 soldiers led by Isatai Batyr attacked the village of Karaulkozha Babazhanov, who was hated by the people. Livestock and property taken from it will be distributed to farmers. On October 17, 1837, the rebels attacked the villages of Balky Kudaibergenov and Sultan M. Shokin, and gradually approached the khanate - Zhaskus. Zhangir Khan, aware of the fact that I. Taimanuly is leading a big hand and is coming to Zhaskus, immediately writes a letter to the military governors of Orynbor and Astrakhan, asking them to protect him. Troops armed with cannons led by lieutenant colonel Aliyev from Astrakhan, and lieutenant colonel Geke from Orinbor will go to defend the Khan Horde. Meanwhile, Isatai Batyr surrounded the khan's horde with more than 2000 hands, for some time he negotiated unsuccessfully with the khan's ambassadors, and then with Geke's ambassadors. At the end of November 1837, echoes of the peasant movement in Bokei Khanate, a small part of vast Kazakhstan, reached the capital of Russia - St. Petersburg. The emperor demands severe punishment of the "rebels" led by I. Taimanuly. The serious, cautious, restrained Isatai does not accept the proposal of Makhambet, Ubi, Segizseri and other heroes to "slaughter the khan's horde". This is because Isatai Batyr, who took into account the fact that even when the army was attacked, the royal government would not lead them peacefully, because the royal government and its punishing troops were behind Jangir Khan, and that he did not have enough strength to fight against those troops, Isatai Batyr tried to fulfill the people's demands from the khan, on the one hand, by admonition, and on the other hand, through negotiation. . If we take into account that in the 80s and 90s of the 18th century, during the rebellion led by Syrym Datuly, even though Nuraly Khan was expelled from the Khanate and Esim Khan was killed, the rebels could not achieve their ultimate goal, we must emphasize that this decision of Isatai Batyr is a great visionary in the way of preserving the integrity of the country and the people. The fact that the royal government sent an army to save Dzhangir when the rebels surrounded the khan's horde shows the correctness of Isatai Batyr's decision. And Isatai's reason for negotiating with lieutenant colonel Geke should be that he wanted to pass the time and pass to the east bank of the Zhaiyk River, Kishi Yuz, without fighting with the superior Russian army. ## Decisive battle The decisive battle between the tsarist army summoned by Khan Zhangir and 500 selected soldiers of Isatai Batyr will take place on November 15, 1837 in Tastobe. No matter how bravely the insurgents fight, the fate of the battle will be decided by the cannons. The insurgents, unable to withstand the exploding bullets and fire of the cannons, are forced to retreat. In this battle, Isatai's wife Mylkym and son Akai were killed. About 60 people are killed on the side of the rebels in the battle in Tastobe. Isatai Batyr was shot in the right hand and his horse was wounded. Even lieutenant colonel Geke was amazed at the bravery of the rebels in this battle. He wrote to the military governor in Orinbor that "the fact that the Isatais went to an attack against the cannon with excessive bravery, in order to protect themselves and their families, shows that they are so angry." 500 silver coins will be placed on the head of Isatai, who was not caught in Tastobe, and whoever caught him alive. "The person who killed him will be given half of that money," it is announced. If the leaders of the peasant war, such as S. Razin and E. Pugachev, were handed over to the royal authorities by their "comrades" during the difficult period, no one would hand Isatai over to the executioners, no matter how much money was put on his head. On the contrary, the people provided him and his soldiers with necessary food and transport. Even in the last moments of fighting on foot when his horse was wounded, his comrades tried not to leave Isatai in the hands of the enemy. Realizing that there is no way to unite the rebels scattered in the Inner Horde, I. Taimanuly, together with a group of his comrades, escaped from the executioners and waited for Zhaiyk to freeze in order to go to Kishi Zhuz. On the morning of December 12-13, 1837, with the help of his old friend Kurak Mayabasov, I. 38 people, led by Taimanuly, took advantage of the blizzard and went to the eastern side of Zhaiyk - Kishi zhuz, a little below the village of Sarytogai in the present-day Makhambet district. With the help of darkness and blizzard, they divided into three groups and headed towards Taisoygan, misleading Cossacks and Baimaganbet sultan's men who were chasing after them. Unfortunately, not long after, on December 14 and 24 - Isatai's wife Nesibeli, sister-in-law Baglan, children Zhakiya and Dinbayan (Dumbayan), only 12 people fell into the hands of the persecutors. A small group led by I. Taimanuly, who had passed to the younger age, began to organize a liberation struggle against the colonial policy of the tsarist government and the oppression of the common people by the local feudal lords led by Sultan Baimaganbet Aishuakuly. Isatai Batyr and poet Makhambet visited the entire Kishi-Zuz, explaining to the peasants the colonial policy of the royal government and the tyranny of their tyrants, the khans and sultans, to the people, and called them to take up arms and fight for their freedom. With that purpose, Isatai went to Mangystau with Makhambet and agreed to join forces with its ruler K. Yesimov. At the same time, Khiva Khan Kaiypkali promised Yesimov 20,000 troops to repel the tsar's troops. We notice that Isatai Batyr was a skilled diplomat who united the heads of countries during the organization of the small-scale uprising. For example, there was a long-standing conflict between the scholars, who were the main focus of the uprising, and the people of Mangistau. Due to the presence of the Adai soldiers participating in the uprising, Isatai reconciles and reconciles the Adai people and the Adai people. There has been a long-standing disagreement between the Adai people of Mangistau and the Turkmen. Isatai negotiates with the Turkmen in order to secure the rear of the Adai, who started a liberation uprising against the colonial policy of Russia, and reconciles the Adai and the Turkmen. Soldiers led by hero Zholaman Tylenshiev and Yusup Kulanov join the rebels led by I. Taimanuly. About 3,000 people from the Adai, Sherkesh, Taz, Shomekei, Tabyn, Kete clans gather at the shrine of Isatai and K. Yesimov. The royal government, under the leadership of I. Taimanuly, is afraid of the further escalation of popular protest in the western part of Kishi-zuz, and takes care of suppressing it. If not, this uprising could have turned into a national-liberation uprising led by Kenesary Kasymov, which was approaching Kishi-zhu, and turned into a people's-liberation war against the colonial oppression of the tsarist government. If the story unfolded in the same way, then the completion of the colonization of Kazakhstan by the Russian Empire in the 60s of the 19th century would have become a terrible situation. Taking this into account, the Governor-General of Orinbor, at the beginning of July 1838, sent the troops armed with cannons under the command of lieutenant colonel Geke against the Isatais. At the same time, Baimaganbet Aishuakov led a group of troops from the Gorsk fortress. Two groups of executioners will meet on July 10 near the Bolshoi Kobda River. ## The death of Isatai Naive Isatai batyr, who believed in the words of a deceiver named Balta, who was deliberately sent by Sultan Baimaganbet, took 500 soldiers with him, tried to attack the village of Sultan B. Aishuakov, and separated from the main group. . On July 12, 1838, a group of Isatais, unaware of the arrival of the punishing troops, attacked the combined army of Geke and Baimaganbet sultans on the banks of the Akbulak river. Rebels led by Isatai Batyr show great courage in a battle unequaled in terms of military strength. However, here, as in Tastobe, the fate of the battle is decided by cannons. Cavalrymen run away from the places where the cannon fire hit. Isatai's horse was also shot, and he fought with the Cossacks on foot. Even though Makhambet and Ubi show their horses to Isatai, "I'd rather die than ride a horse and become a laughingstock of the country, save my children and escape yourselves," he sends them forward. Both Isatai Batyr and his 16-year-old son Ospan were killed in a fierce battle on the banks of the Akbulak River. The 14-year-old son of Isatai, who was at the beginning of this battle, escapes with Makhambet thanks to the swiftness of his horse under Dosmaganbet. Isatai accidentally drops his dagger. The head of the Russian-Cossack army cuts off Isatai's head with the same dagger. Not satisfied, he fired two shots at him. After the death of Isatai Batyr in the battle on July 12, the uprising did not develop further, and the soldiers scattered everywhere. K. Yesimov is afraid of punishment and flees to Khiva. ## The uprising was defeated Thus, the hero Isatai Taimanuly, who shook the entire Kishi-hundred field, which exceeded the rebellion in the Bokei Khanate in terms of territory and number of soldiers, covering a short period of less than 6 months. People's liberation uprising will be defeated. It could not have been otherwise at that time. The rebels were opposed by the khanate and sultans, well-armed and specially trained troops of the royal government. The insurgents did not manage to make contact with the national liberation movement in other regions of Kazakhstan, including K. Kasymuly. The condition of the rebels was also very bad. One of the reasons for the defeat was the lack of planning of a specific program and the lack of organization. Although the rebellion led by I. Taimanuly was defeated, it left a deep mark on the subsequent development of the western part of Kazakhstan within the Russian Empire. Henceforth, a certain limit was set on increasing the amount of the tax from year to year; the tsarist government had to deal with the heads of Kazakh villages who supported the uprising; The destruction of the khanate in the Inner Horde accelerated. ## About Isatai The leader of the uprising, Isatai Taimanuly, showed great courage despite many difficult and dangerous events that happened to him, and fought with his enemies until the end of his life. Only Isatai "took many before death" (Kh. Dosmukhamedov). "In a very quiet world," wrote the Russian journalist N. Savichev, "sometimes you see a meteor that shines, flashes, scatters fire around and amazes people in the pitch-black sky." Isatai is a brave hero who has a bright image like this meteor, a noble, deep mind, who cares about the people. The name of the leader of the Kazakh poor, I. Taimanuly, is forever remembered by the people. In the Kobda district of Aktobe region, there is a monument to Isatai Batyr and his son Ospan. There is also a monument to Isatai Batyr in the center of Atyrau region. Batyr's memorial plaque was placed on the place called "Taiman Zhal" in the village of Atyrau, and a memorial museum of Batyr was opened in the village of Isatai. In September 1991, the 200th anniversary of the birth of I. Taimanuly was celebrated in the republic. On the occasion of this anniversary, scientific and theoretical conferences were held in the cities of Almaty and Atyrau "Kazakhfilm" film studio He made a documentary film "Isatai's Aktaban-ai". Celebrating the 200th anniversary of the national hero I. Taimanuly was an event that testifies to the loyalty of the modern generation to the tradition of heroic ancestors. If so, the heroism of Isatai Taimanov is forever remembered by the Kazakh people. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5234

Azirbaev

* Gusman Nygmetovich Azirbayev is a veteran of the Great Patriotic War. * Erden Nygmetuliy Azirbaev - doctor of chemical sciences. * Kenen Azirbayev is a musician. * Mardan Nygmetuli Azirbayev - geologist.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4729

Sara Nazarbayeva Alpysovna

Sara Alpysovna Nazarbayeva (née Kyokayeva; February 12, 1941, Kyzylzhar, Bukar Zhyrau district, Karaganda region) is a Kazakh public figure, the wife of the first president of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev, the first first lady of Kazakhstan. ## Biography Higher education, specialty engineer-economist. He came from the Murat section of the Kuandik clan of the Argyn tribe. Sara Alpysovna is the founder of "Böbek" charity fund. The fund cares for homeless children in need of help, and pays attention to the spiritual and moral education and upbringing of the younger generation. On the initiative of the First Lady of Kazakhstan, the Law on protection of orphans was adopted in the country. As a result, family-style children's towns for orphans, "Umit" and youth homes are being opened in all regions of the republic. The President's wife pays special attention to the conditions of orphans studying in colleges and higher educational institutions and schools in our republic. Sara Alpysovna provides charitable assistance to such young people every month through the "Böbek" fund. The President's wife is the author of the idea of spiritual and moral education and upbringing of children called "Know Yourself". ### Events for Sara Alpysovna's 70th birthday Sara Alpysovna Nazarbayeva will turn 70 on February 12. Sara Alpysovna is the founder of "Böbek" charity fund. He is the author of the idea of spiritual and moral education and upbringing of children called "Know thyself". Prepared a concept of spiritual and moral development of the younger generation, society and happy childhood. Nazarbayeva S.A. "Dostyk" Order for charitable work, Chingys Aitmatov I-class gold medal for contribution to philosophy and educational culture, "Unity" international award, gold medal of SOS Kinderdorf International Fund, commemorative medal of UN-UNICEF International Fund, Iskhan Dogramachi was awarded with the international award of the World Health Organization, the International "Golden Heart" awards. On the eve of the birthday of the first lady of our country, Sara Nazarbayeva, students and teachers of district center schools are getting information from the district library about her life and work. A book exhibition was presented in the reading hall of the library, press releases were issued in the Internet hall, and information hours and reviews were held. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5105

Toktarbayuly, Kobylandy

Toktarbayuly Kobylandy (15th century) is a legendary folk hero. The origin of the surname is Kypchak, including Kara Kypchak. In stories preserved in folk memory, in folk chronicles, he is often called "Kara Kypchak Kobylan". According to the genealogy, Kara Kypchak Kobylan was a descendant of Shaiban, the son of Joshi Khan, who lived during the reign of Abilkhair Khan (15th century) and was one of the famous commanders of the Khan. It is said that this Kobylan batyr was the reason for the division of the Kazakh Khanate. About this in Shakarim's chronicle: "Dairkoja, the grandfather of the Argyns here, was a favorite judge of Abilkhair Khan. Akzhol became known as a bi due to the fact that he spoke to the authorities fairly. And Kara Kypchak Kobylan was also a favorite of the Khan. One day Kobylandi killed Dairkozha in the field when they were fighting each other. Az-Zhanibek Khan found out about this and asked to kill Kobylandy according to sharia. It is reported that when Abulkhair wanted to give it, it would cost a lot of money, but when he couldn't give it, he asked to pay the price of three people. The historical truth of this story was told by Kotan Zhirau, father of Dayirkozha, while walking around the body of his dead son, grieving and swallowing blood: "What happened to Black Kypshak Kobylandi, my colt? When I was eighty years old, I turned ninety, My spinal cord broke so that I could not stand up, - " is also proven. Another source of information about Kobylandy batyr is one of the heroic poems of the Kazakh people. This is a folk work, heroic, which is higher in content than other heroic poems According to the events of this poem, the heroic path of Kobylandi begins with the fight against the Kazakh country's external enemy (the Persians) and their invading khans Orak befriending the hero and fighting with Alshagyr - brings forward the historical period of the Kazakh khanate, when the Nogai Horde, divided internally, supported one and fought with the other. All this proves that Kara Kypchak Kobylany Batyr was not a fictional character based on a legend, but one of the Khas heroes who lived in real life and was recognized and honored by his country for his heroic deeds. And he made a great contribution to the formation of the Kazakh people. ## Sources * http://referatikz.ru/load/aza_sha_referattar/aza_debieti/to_tarbaj_ly_obylandy/10-1-0-1915

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6182

Бельгия

Belgium (Netherlands: België, HFA: [ˈbɛlɣijə]; French: Belgique, German: Belgien), the full official name of which is the Kingdom of Belgium (Netherlands: Koninkrijk België, French: Royaume de Belgique, German: Königreich Belgien) is a country located in Western Europe. It borders France in the south, Germany and Luxembourg in the east, the Netherlands in the north, and the North Sea in the east. Belgium is a member of NATO, EU. It is part of the Benelux Economic Union with the Netherlands and Luxembourg. Belgium is inhabited by two nationalities - Walloons and Flemish. A first-time visitor to Belgium will pay attention to the fact that all signs and indicators are written in two languages: French (the language of the Walloons) and Flemish. The state name Belgium comes from the ancient Roman province "Gallia Belgica". Historically, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg belong to one region, which is called the "Low Countries" in Europe. ## History Belgium, the Kingdom of Belgium is a country in Western Europe. The area is 30.5 thousand km². Population - 11 million. Man (2007). Capital - Brussels (1 million) Large cities: Antwerp, Ghent, Cherleroi, Liège. Administratively, it is divided into ten provinces. The official languages are French, Dutch (Flemish) and German. The main religion is Catholic (70%). About 200 thousand people follow Islam. The currency is the Belgian franc. National holidays are July 21st (the day Leopold I swore to the parliament to respect the constitution) and November 15th (the day the royal family ascended the throne in 1866). Belgium is a constitutional monarchy. The current constitution of 1831. was adopted and several changes were made to it. The head of state is the king. Legislative power is exercised by the king and parliament. Parliament consists of chambers of representatives (150 deputies) and senate (71 members). Executive power is exercised by the government, which is accountable to the parliament. Provinces are governed by governors appointed by the king. Belgium is distinguished by its flat land and warm climate. The Ardennes Mountains occupy the southeastern part of Belgium. The highest point is Botrange hill (649 m). The average temperature in January is 3С, in July 18-19С. The annual amount of precipitation is 700-900 mm, 1250 mm in the Ardennes. Main rivers: Maas and Scheldt. Rivers are connected to each other through canals. Deer, roe deer, wild boar, forest cat and beaver, birds of pheasant, deer, etc. lives. Belg tribes of Celts (from this the name of the country) lived in Belgium in ancient times. 57 BC. The Roman Empire conquered the country of the Belgs and established the province of Belgica in the southwestern part of the country, and in the 3rd and 4th centuries Germanic tribes - the Franks, partly the Frisians and the Saxons - began to move there. In the 5th - 9th centuries, the territory of Belgium was part of the Frankish state, and later it was divided into several counties. Due to its convenient location, it became the "workshop" of Europe and an important center of international trade in the 12th and 13th centuries. In the 16th century, present-day Belgium, the Netherlands, Luxembourg and a part of Northern France were united and called the Netherlands, and in 1621 Joined Spain. As a result of the war of succession to the Spanish throne (1701-1714), the Netherlands was transferred from Spain to the Austrian Habsburg dynasty. 1794 Belgium became part of the Napoleonic Empire, and after its fall, by the decision of the Congress of Vienna (1814-15), it was united with Holland to the Kingdom of the Netherlands, led by Wilhelm I. During these times, industry developed rapidly in Belgium. Railways were built and many banks were opened. 1830 After the uprising against Dutch rule in Brussels on August 25th, the National Congress, opened on November 10th, declared the country's independence. 1831 on the first of January, the eternal neutrality of Belgium was determined. The constitution adopted by the National Congress in the same year established a constitutional monarchy in the country. In the second half of the 19th century, coal mining and railway construction developed rapidly in Belgian industry. During the First World War (1914–18), after Germany invaded Belgium (August 4, 1914), it broke its neutrality and fought on the side of the Entente. 1940 On the 10th of May, the German-fascist army occupied the country again, and in 1944 ruled until September. Belgium is a member of the UN, the North Atlantic Organization (NATO), the European Community, the Benelux Union, etc. member of international organizations. Diplomatic relations with the Republic of Kazakhstan were established in 1992. installed. Belgium is one of the most industrially developed countries in the world. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the oldest branches of Belgian industry. Production of chemical and electrical engineering products, machine assembly, preparation of building materials, woodworking (furniture, paper), etc. developed. Medium and small farms mainly produce livestock products. And grain and fruits are brought from abroad. Exports automobile accessories, chemical and metallurgical products, food and clothing. Minerals and metal products are imported from abroad. Main trading partners: European Community member states and USA. ## State structure ## Administrative division Belgium has two parallel systems of administrative division: * Belgium has three divided into regions, two of which are divided into provinces: Flemish Region Antwerp Province Limburg Province East Flanders Province West Flanders Province Walloon Region Hainaut Province Liege Province Luxembourg Province Namur Province Walloon Brabant Region * Flemish Region Antwerp Province Limburg Province East Flanders Province West Flanders Fla mand Province of Brabant * Province of Antwerp * Province of Limburg * Province of East Flanders * Province of West Flanders * Province of Flemish Brabant * Walloon Region Hainaut Province Liege Province Luxembourg Province Namur Province Walloon Brabant Province * Hainaut Province * Liege Province \< > * Province of Luxembourg * Province of Namur * Province of Walloon Brabant * Brussels Capital Region * In addition, Belgium is divided into three linguistic communities: Flemish Community (Flemish Region and Brussels Capital Region) French Community ( Walloon Region and Brussels-Capital Region) German-speaking Community (part of Liège Province) * Flemish Community (Flemish Region and Brussels-Capital Region) French Community (Walloon Region and Brussels Capital Region) * German-speaking Community (part of Liege Province) ## Geography Belgium is located on the North Sea coast. The wet wind blowing from the sea suppresses and softens the cold in winter and the heat in summer. Rivers do not freeze. In winter, the sun is often cloudy and foggy, and in summer it is bitterly cold. There are frequent thunderstorms and rain. A wide plain stretches from the sea coast to the far end of the country. It is crossed by rivers and canals. Rows of poplars are planted along their length. ## Climate The climate is temperate with humid westerly and southwesterly winds and significant rainfall throughout the year. The highest average temperature is in July and the lowest in January. The average January temperature on the coast varies from 3° C to -1 °C in the Ardennes. The average temperature in July is 18° C. The average monthly rainfall varies from 78 mm in July to 55 mm in February and April. 2000-2006 data. 14° C is the maximum and it shows the average daily minimum temperature of 7 °C The average summer temperature in the Ardennes is 18-19° C, in July it is relatively cool - about 14° C. Two showers and thunderstorms There is summer rain. In low and middle Belgium, in high Belgium, 700-900 mm of precipitation falls per year - up to 1250 mm. Average annual rainy days in Brussels are about 150, Ardennes is located - April and September - 200. Until the sunniest month. ## Animal world Boar, deer, roe deer, rabbit, squirrel, forest mice are found mainly in the Ardennes. Partridges, horsetails, pheasants, and ducks can be found in swampy thickets. ## Economy Belgium is a highly developed post-industrial country. The basis of the economy is the service sector (primarily transport and trade) and industry. Advantages: One of the important producers of metal products and textiles. Flanders is a leading region in the field of high technology, and Antwerp is the world center of the diamond trade. Highly developed chemical industry. A well-educated and highly motivated multilingual workforce with high productivity. An attractive location for American TNCs. A good water transport network across the North Sea, exiting the Rhine from Antwerp to Ghent. Weaknesses: Public debt of about 87.7% of GDP is well above the maximum allowed level of 60% in the Eurozone (2006 data). In some regions, chronic and unskilled unemployment is high. Frequent early retirement of employees due to high level of state pension payments. More bureaucracy than the EU average. Belgium is a member of the Organization for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD), the European Union (EU), the country became the first member of the European Monetary Union in 1999. The production of steel, cement and chemical products is mainly concentrated in the valleys of the Sambra and Meuse rivers. Major industrial cities are Mons, Charleroi, Namur and Liège. Previously, this area was also mined for coal, but in 1980. the last mines were closed. The center of the steel industry is Liege. The products of the chemical industry are fertilizers, dyes, medicines and various plastics. The center of the petrochemical industry is located in Antwerp, and the headquarters of the large chemical and pharmaceutical company Solvay is located in Brussels. The textile industry, which appeared in the Middle Ages, includes the processing of cotton, linen, wool, and synthetic fabrics. Carpets and blankets are one of the most important products in the textile industry. The main centers of the textile industry are Ghent, Kortrijk, Tournai, and Verviers. Brussels, Bruges and Mechelen are famous as ancient centers of lace production. Other industries are diamond processing (mainly in Antwerp), cement and glass production, wood processing, food processing. There are several factories that produce cars. The Belgian economy is highly focused. Major imports are food, machinery, rough diamonds, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, clothing and textiles. Major exports are automobiles, food products, iron and steel, processed diamonds, textiles, plastics, petroleum products, and non-ferrous metals. 1970 - 80 the country's economic center moved from Wallonia to Flanders. This is due to the decline of the traditional sectors of the Wallonia economy - coal production and ferrous metallurgy. Currently, coal production has been completely stopped, and metallurgy remains an important branch of the economy, although its value has significantly decreased. The economy of Flanders now receives a lot of investment. In Flanders, there is a strong focus on applied research and development. The unemployment rate in Wallonia is twice that of Flanders. The main field of energy is nuclear. Belgium has two nuclear power plants, one near Antwerp and the other in the Uys region. Currently, 75% of the electricity in the country is produced in nuclear power plants. Belgium has a developed transport system. The port of Antwerp is the second largest port in Europe. Internal transport is also well developed. Agricultural production accounts for only 1.4% of GDP (as of 2006), but such a low indicator does not indicate the weak development of agriculture, but the strong development of other sectors of the economy. The most important crops are wheat, oats, rye, barley, sugar beets, potatoes and flax. Livestock breeding is mainly cattle and pig breeding. Closely related to agriculture are traditional food industries such as brewing and cheese making. As of 2006, the per capita income was $31,800. Despite the significant share of heavy industry in the structure of the economy, the service sector accounted for 72.5% of the gross domestic product. As of May 2017, the average salary in Belgium is 3,401 euros ($3,821.72, gross) and 2,170 euros ($2,438.35 net) per month. As of January 1, 2019, the minimum wage in Belgium is €1,562.59 (gross) and €1,472 (net) per month. ## Transport Belgium's busy and dense railway network has encouraged large companies such as La Brugeoise et Nivelles (now BN division of Bombardier Transportation) to develop special new technologies. ## Science and technology The contribution to the development of science and technology in Belgium can be traced throughout the history of this country. In the 16th century, the Southern Netherlands was known for its scientists, such as the cartographer Gerard Mercator, the anatomist Andreas Vesalius, the herbalist Rembert Doduns, and the mathematician and engineer Simon Stevin, who were considered the most influential in the scientific community. In the first half of the 17th century, the Walloon method of making iron spread to Sweden and was used for 260 years. During the Great Industrial Revolution, economically important underground coal mining required highly skilled specialized mining research. The late 19th and early 20th centuries were marked by significant Belgian achievements in applied science and theoretical fundamental research. Chemist-technologist Ernest Gaston Solvay and engineer Zenobe Theophilus Gramm gave their names to scientific concepts: the Solvay process and the 1860s. Georges Lemaître is considered the author (along with other scientists) of the theory of the expansion of the universe. Three Nobel Prizes in physiology or medicine, one in chemistry and one in physics were awarded to Belgians: * Jules Bordet, for discoveries related to immunity (1919); * Korney Heymans, "For discovering the role of the sinus and aortic mechanisms in the regulation of respiration" (1938); * Albert Claude, Christian de Duve, George Palade, "For their discoveries concerning the structural and functional organization of the cell" (1974); * Ilya Prigozhin, "For work on the thermodynamics of irreversible processes, especially for the theory of dissipative structures" (1977); * Francois Engler, "For the theoretical discovery of a mechanism that helps to understand the origin of the mass of subatomic particles, confirmed by the recent discovery of elementary particles predicted by the ATLAS and CMS experiments at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN" (2013. ## Public \< > The population of Belgium is about 11,431,406 people on June 21, 2021. ### Urbanization The majority of the Belgian population is urban - 97% in 2004. Belgium has a high population density (342 people per 1 km²), which ranks behind some dwarf states in Europe, such as the Netherlands and Monaco. The lowest population density is in the Ardennes (province of Luxembourg). In 2010, the population of the Flemish region was about 6,251,983, including the most populated Antwerp (483,505) and Bruges (243,366). 116.741). The population of Wallonia was 3,498,384, including the most populous Charleroi (202,598), Liège (192,504) and Namur (108,950). The 19 metropolitan districts of Brussels have 1,089,538 inhabitants, three of which - Anderlecht, Brussels and Scharbeek - have more than 100,000 inhabitants. ### Age and gender structure of the Belgian population * 0-14 years: 16.9% (boys 892,995, girls 855,177) * 15-64 years: 65.7% (men 3,435,282, women 3,373,917) * 65 and over: 17.4% (men 745,178, women 1,061,839) Middle age * Total score: 40.0 years Male: 39.6 years * Female: 42.1 years (2006) Population Growth * Population increased by 0.13% from 2005 to 2006. * Birth rate: 10.38 * Death rate: 10.27 * Net migration in Belgium is 1.22 migrants per 1000 inhabitants (2006 data) Sex composition of the population * Born at: 1.04 men/women * Under 15 years: 1.04 men/women * 15-64 years: 1.02 men/women * Over 65 years: 0.7 men man/woman * Total number ratio: 0.96 men/women. (as of 2006) Child mortality rate * Overall rate: 4.62 deaths / 1000 births * Male: 5.2 deaths / 1000 births * Female: 4 .01 deaths / 1000 births (2006 data) Average life expectancy * Total score: 78.77 years * Male: 75.59 years * Female: 82 .90 years (2006 data) Total fertility rate As of 2006, on average, one Belgian woman has 1.64 children. A similar figure in 1994 was 1.50 children. ### Ethnic and linguistic composition of the population The two main groups that make up the population of the country are the Flemish (about 60% of the population) and the Walloons (about 40% of the population). The Flemish live in the five northern provinces of Belgium (see Flanders) and speak the Dutch language and its many dialects (see: Dutch in Belgium). Walloons live in the five southern provinces that make up Wallonia, speaking French, Walloon and some other languages. After independence, Belgium became a Franco-oriented state, and the first official language was French, although the Flemish have always made up the majority of the population. In Flanders itself, French remained the sole language of secondary and higher education for a long time. After the end of the First World War, a movement to free the Dutch-speaking population began in Belgium. The result was the so-called "language struggle" (taalstrijd in Dutch). By the sixties of the 20th century, the struggle began to bear fruit. In 1963, a package of laws regulating the use of languages in official situations was adopted. In 1967, the first official Dutch translation of the Belgian constitution was published. By 1980, the country's two main languages had equal rights. In 1993, Belgium was divided into regions that are subjects of the federation. Dutch is the only official language in the Flemish region. Despite the progress made, language problems lead to increased tensions between the country's two main groups. Thus, in 2005, the problem of dividing the bilingual Brussels-Halle-Vilvoorde district led to the resignation of the government and a political crisis. ### Immigrants and ethnic minorities The most important ethnic minority in Belgium is the Germans. Their number is about 70,000. Compact German settlements (in eastern Wallonia) are part of the German-speaking community, which has a great deal of autonomy, primarily in cultural matters. The largest groups of migrants are Italians, people from the Democratic Republic of the Congo (formerly the Belgian Congo), Turkey, as well as Morocco and other Arab countries. According to various information sources, between 150 and 200 thousand migrants from Turkey live in Belgium, including ethnic Turks and representatives of the Kurdish minority. Sometimes conflicts arise between representatives of two ethnic communities. Thus, in April 2006, an anti-Turkish demonstration was held in the center of Brussels, initiated by the Kurds. On the night of April 2, 2007, clashes broke out between ethnic Turks and Kurdish immigrant communities near the NATO and EU headquarters buildings in the Belgian capital. As a result, seven people were arrested and several others were injured. "It all started with an attack by Turkish teenagers on a small group of Kurdish youth," Brussels police spokesman Johan Verlenien said. Aggression was also directed at the police who tried to maintain order. According to law enforcement agencies, about 250 people, mostly young people, took part in the street clashes. During the pogroms, unknown people set fire to a cafe, which was considered the center of the Kurdish community, and then spontaneous rallies were organized. Conflict situations related to inter-ethnic confrontation in Belgium are an acute political problem, a solution to which has not yet been found. Spaniards, Greeks, Poles and other nationalities also live in Brussels. As of 2016, 69.8% of the Belgian population is indigenous, 16.5% are first generation, and 13.7% are second generation. As of 2019, the UN estimated that there are 2 million immigrants in Belgium, representing 17.2% of the country's population. ### Racial Crime and Tensions In Belgium, 4.4% of the population is non-European. 19% of prosecutions and 24% of juvenile crimes involved non-Europeans. When foreign origin was used as a criterion instead of citizenship, the figures rose to 28% and 44%, respectively. There was some controversy in 2002 when a Muslim teenager was convicted of robbery and murder but received only a warning from the court. This court decision was overturned and the protests were suppressed. Serious security problems are very relevant for the administrative districts of Brussels, where the real income of the population is very low. These areas are mainly populated by immigrants from North Africa. ## Culture Railways were built and many banks were opened. On August 25th, 1830, after the uprising against the Dutch rule in Brussels, the National Congress, opened on November 10th, declared the independence of the country. On January 1, 1831, the eternal neutrality of Belgium was determined. The constitution adopted by the National Congress in the same year established a constitutional monarchy in the country. In the second half of the 19th century, coal mining and railway construction developed rapidly in Belgian industry. During the First World War (1914-18), after Germany invaded Belgium (August 4, 1914), it broke its neutrality and fought on the side of the Entente. On May 10, 1940, the German-fascist army occupied the country again and ruled until September 1944. Belgium is a member of the UN, the North Atlantic Organization (NATO), the European Community, the Benelux Union, etc. member of international organizations. Established diplomatic relations with the Republic of Kazakhstan in 1992. ## Religion The Belgian constitution guarantees freedom of religion. The Roman Catholic Church is dominant in Belgium. Among other religions and denominations, the largest are Anglicanism, Protestantism, Islam and Judaism. In secondary schools, the teaching of religion (or substitute courses) accounts for about 7% of all teaching hours. The range of religions offered varies according to student preferences. If the school has seven or more people who want to learn a particular religion, the school must provide the necessary teacher or provide a substitute course. Course content is largely up to the discretion of the individual instructor, but some denominations standardize their courses. For example, the "Orthodox Christian" program includes the fundamentals of Orthodoxy taught by the Orthodox Church. As in all other compulsory subjects, students also pass an exam on the basics of religion, and the results of the studies are included in the certificate. If you don't want to study religion, you can choose an ethics course or a philosophy and citizenship course (philosophie et citoyenneté). ## Industry Belgium is one of the most industrially developed countries in the world. Ferrous metallurgy is one of the oldest branches of Belgian industry. Production of chemical and electrical engineering products, machine assembly, preparation of building materials, woodworking (furniture, paper), etc. developed. ## Agriculture Medium and small farms produce mainly livestock products. And grain and fruits are brought from abroad. Exports automobile accessories, chemical and metallurgical products, food and clothing. Minerals and metal products are imported from abroad. Main trading partners: European Community member states and USA. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2780

Baikonur

Baikonur * Baikonur (city) * Baikonur (spaceport) * Baikonur (village)‎ * Baikonur (metro station) * Baikonur (planet) * Baikonur (river) * Baikonur district

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3934

Participle

Participle conjunction is a conjunction that is unique to the narrator. The participle has only a syntactic function. The classification category is not only a characteristic characteristic of verbs in the modern Kazakh language, but also characteristic of other classes of words, including nouns, which can function as narrators. ## Conjugation system and forms Kazakh words are divided into four groups as follows and classified according to four models: ### First group \< > The first group includes sit, stand, walk, lay verbs, pronouns, nouns, adjectives, numerals, pronouns, adverbs; Samples: ### The second group The second group includes -a, -e, -y (go, come, speak) forms and -p, -yp, -yp (look, tell, come) forms are prepositions; they are classified according to the second model. ### The third group The third group includes the immediate past tense form of the verb (bar-dy, kel-dy), and the conditional tense form (barsa, kelse); these are classified according to the third pattern. ### The fourth group The fourth group includes the imperative form of the verb (have, come) and is classified according to the fourth pattern. ## Literature * A. Iskakov, "Modern Kazakh language", 1974.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5255

Abul Mambet Khan

Abilmambet Khan (full name Abil-Muhammad-Bahadur-khan, in written records Abdulmamet, Abulmamet, Abulmagmet, Aimambet, Obolmamet, Abul Mamet, the end of the 17th century - 1770 or 1771, Turkestan) - sultan, from 1739 the ruler of Orta Yuz, and from 1748 later the chief khan of Kazakhstan. The eldest son of Khan Bolat of Orta Yuz, the grandson of Tauke Khan. ## Biography During the reign of Sameke Khan, Sultan Abilmambet ruled the Atigai clan, part of the Kypshaks, the Waks, and the Kereys of the Argyn tribe. In 1723, after the campaign of Lauzan-Shono, the eldest son of the Dzhongar settler Tsevan Rabdan, he went to the Syrdarya region, and in 1725 to the possessions of the Bukhar Khanate. In 1726-1727, he participated in the campaign of Abilkhair and Sameke Khans against the Edil Kalmyks and the Cossacks of the steppes, with a group of 500 soldiers, and in 1733, he led a group of 1000 people in the campaign against the Bashkir tribes. In the spring of 1739, in the city of Turkestan, with the support of the Argyn, Wak, Kerei elders and the famous hero Niyaz Barkyuly, the Khan ascended the throne. Abylai migrated to the north-western regions of the Kazakhs together with the sultan. On August 28, 1740, he swore an oath to the Russian queen Anna Ioannovna. In 1740-1741, the Kazakhs of Orta Yuz were faced with new devastating blows by Lama-Dorzhi, the eldest son of Dzungar noyans Shara-Mandzhi, Septen and Kaldan Seren. Abul Mambet Khan moved to the territory of Kishi Yuz and took refuge in the valleys of the Ilek and Zhayik rivers. In response to the peace treaty offered by the rulers of the Middle Hundred, the governor Kaldan Seren Abilmambet and Barak returned to Turkestan in April 1742, sent a deposit to Dzhungaria and demanded payment of almanac. Due to the current political situation, Abilmambet Khan, fulfilling part of the requirements, migrated to the Turkestan region at the end of 1742 and sent his son Abilpeyiz to Dzongaria as a deposit. He lived in the city of Turkestan from the fall of 1743 until the end of his life, except for a break in the 1750s. He fought for the city with Seyit, the son of Sameke Khan, for 2 years. At the end of 1745, Abilmambet, who relied on the help of Dzungar governor Kaldan Seren, conquered Sauran, Syganak, Sozak, Otyrar, etc., neighboring the city of Turkestan. became the ruler of small villages. Esim Khan (1756-1798) became a new opponent of Abil Mambet in the Turkestan region in the 1850s. In 1758, Abil Mambet Khan was forced to leave the city of Turkestan. However, in the spring of 1762, a peace agreement was reached thanks to the help of Sultan Abylai and Kazybek Bi, who had the voice of Kaz. According to the peace treaty, the city of Turkestan and neighboring settlements are divided into 2 parts. After the death of Abulkhair Khan, he conditionally became the chief khan of Kazakhstan. In the 60s of the 18th century, a large group of clans of the Argyn tribe, some clans of Naimans, Waks, Kereys, Kypchaks and 5,000 families were under his control. Since then, he lived without leaving the city of Turkestan and died at the end of 1770 or the beginning of 1771. According to some sources, Khoja Ahmet Yassaui was buried in the mausoleum. There are no specific historical data about the wives and descendants of Abul Mambet Khan. His eldest son Bolat led a part of the Argyns and the Kunurat tribe, his second son Abilpeyiz Sultan led a large group of Naimans, and his third son Tauke led separate groups of Sirgeli and Sary-Uysyns. ## Literature Andreev I.G. Description of the Middle Horde of the Kirghiz-Kaisaks / Compilation, transcription of the cursive writing of the 18th century and comments by I.V. Erofeeva. Almaty., 1998. * Bakunin V.M. Description of the Kalmyk peoples, and especially the Torgout people, and the actions of their khans and rulers. Elista. 1995. * Valikhanov Ch.Ch. Collected Works in Five Volumes. T. 1. Alma-Ata, 1985. * Erofeeva I.V. Epistolary Heritage of the Kazakh Ruling Elite 1675-1821. Collection of historical documents in 2 volumes / Author of the project, introduction, biographies of the khans, scientific comments; compiler and editor-in-chief I.V. Erofeeva. Almaty: JSC "ABDI Company", 2014. - 696 p. + on 44 pp. — ISBN 978-9965-832-26-0. * Levshin A.I. Description of the Kyrgyz-Cossack, or Kyrgyz-Kaisak hordes and steppes. Ed. 3rd / Comp. I.V. Erofeeva. Almaty, 2009. * Moiseev V.A. Dzungar Khanate and Kazakhs. XVII-XVIII centuries. Alma-Ata, 1991. * Rychkov P.I. Topography of the Orenburg province. Ed. 3rd. Ufa, 1999.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4844

Маусым

June (lat. Junius) — 1) the 6th June (30 days) in the current Gregorian calendar, the 1st month of summer. Kazakh name for the month. June (lat. Junius) is the 6th month of the calendar year. The 4th month of the ancient Kazakh calendar. With the current number, June 20 is July 19. June is a part of the year consisting of several months, distinguished by astronomical, synoptic or phenological signs. Astronomical M. — winter, spring, summer, autumn. ## Comments ## See more * Kazakh calendar * Gregorian calendar

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6616

Tenge

Meanings of the word tenge: • Kazakhstan tenge — the largest monetary unit of the Republic of Kazakhstan (1 tenge = 100 tenge); • Turkmen tenge — the small monetary unit of Turkmenistan (1 manat = 100 tenge); • Tenge symbol (₸) — Kazakhstan tenge symbol.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4905

State awards of Kazakhstan

The highest distinctions - "Altyn Kyran" order, "Hero of the People", "Hero of Kazakhstan" titles, as well as other orders, medals, honorary titles and certificate of honor of the Republic of Kazakhstan are state awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan are awarded with state awards for fruitful public, social, creative activities, labor and military feats, as a sign of recognition of their contribution to the Republic. The state awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan may be awarded to foreign citizens and stateless persons who have contributed to the Republic of Kazakhstan. Awarding with state awards is carried out by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## The highest distinctions * Order of the Golden Eagle, * People's Hero, * Hero of Kazakhstan. The names of the state awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan are designated in the state language. Description of state awards, samples of "Altyn Kyran" Order, "Hero of the People", "Hero of Labor of Kazakhstan" booklets, order booklets, certificates for medals and certificates of honorary titles, the procedure for presenting and handing over state awards, other documents and regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan President approves. One person cannot be awarded twice with the same order or medal of the highest distinction, except for awards with ranks. Honorary titles are not repeated. Awarding with state awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan for courage, bravery, and heroism shown in defense of the country's interests may be carried out posthumously. ### Golden Eagle Candidates for awarding the "Golden Eagle" order are determined by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is the highest distinctive sign of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Citizens are awarded with the "Altyn Kyran" order for their outstanding state work for the Republic of Kazakhstan. Citizens who were previously awarded with one of the orders of the Republic of Kazakhstan or the Union of the SSR are awarded with the "Altyn Kyran" order. The President of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the holder of the "Altyn Kyran" order of special model. ### People's Hero Awarded for his outstanding work for the Republic of Kazakhstan, for his bravery in the cause of its freedom and independence. People who have been awarded the title of "People's Hero" are awarded a special distinction - the Golden Star and the "Order of the Fatherland". ### Hero of Kazakhstan Awarded for outstanding achievements in the economic, social and humanitarian development of the Republic of Kazakhstan. People who have been awarded the title of "Merchant of Kazakhstan" are awarded a special distinction - the Golden Star and the Order of "Fatherland". ## Orders ### "Motherland" Order In state and public service; in the development of economy, social sphere, science and culture; awarded for outstanding work in government, law enforcement and military service, development of democracy and social progress. ### Order of Nazarbayev Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan are awarded with the order of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev, who contributed to the formation, beauty and glory of the Republic of Kazakhstan, for their outstanding work in public and public service . ### Order "Leopard" "Barys" order - in strengthening the statehood and sovereignty of the Republic of Kazakhstan; to ensure peace, social cohesion and unity of the people of Kazakhstan; in state, industrial, scientific, socio-cultural and public service; It is held for outstanding work in strengthening cooperation between peoples, bringing national cultures together and enriching them, and strengthening friendly relations between states. "Barys" order consists of three degrees: - 1st degree "Barys"; - II degree "Barys"; - III degree "Barys". I degree is the highest degree of the order. Awarding is carried out in the order of III degree, II degree, I degree. In special cases, awarding for outstanding performance by the decision of the Head of State may be carried out without taking into account the order. ### Order of "Glory" Order of "Glory" is awarded to senior officers of the Armed Forces, other troops and military formations, as well as special state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, prosecutor's office, national employees of the security, internal affairs bodies: for their success in commanding and managing the troops, ensuring the high combat readiness of the troops and the defense capability of the country; awarded for the best organization of military, border and internal services, ensuring national security, strengthening law enforcement and public order. The Order of "Glory" consists of two degrees: - I degree "Glory"; - Class II "Glory". I degree is the highest degree of the order. Awarding is carried out in the order of II degree and I degree. ### Order of "Aibyn" Order of "Aibyn" is awarded to servicemen of the Armed Forces, other troops and military formations, as well as special state bodies of the Republic of Kazakhstan, prosecutor's office, national security , employees of the internal affairs bodies: - for their success in combat readiness, keeping troops in high combat readiness and mastering new military equipment, ensuring law and order; - will be awarded for courage and self-sacrifice during the performance of military and service duties, as well as for bravery during the defense of the state's interests. "Aibyn" order consists of three ranks: - "Aibyn" of the 1st degree; - "Aibyn" of the 2nd degree; - "Aibyn" of the 3rd degree. and senior members are awarded the highest rank of the order. Awarding is carried out in the order of rank II and rank III. # "Parasat" Order The "Parasat" Order is awarded to the figures of science and culture, literature and art, state and public figures, as well as those who made a great personal contribution to the development and expansion of the spiritual and intellectual potential of the Republic, or human rights and its social Citizens are awarded for their active work in protecting their interests. will be awarded for his efforts in strengthening cooperation. The "Dostyk" order consists of two degrees: - "Dostyk" of the 1st degree; - II degree "Dostyk". Awards may be made out of sequence. ### "Kurmet" Order Citizens with the "Kurmet" Order are awarded for their efforts in the development of the economy, social sphere, science and culture, education, excellent service in state bodies and active public will be rewarded for his service. ### "National Unity" Order Citizens are awarded with the "National Unity" Order for their fruitful work in strengthening national unity and ensuring public peace. ### Order of Glory of Labor Workers of industry, transport, construction, agriculture, education, health care, social security and other fields with the Order of Glory of Labor awarded for fruitful work in enterprises, institutions, organizations, as well as for high performance in relevant fields. The Order "Glory of Merit" consists of three degrees: "Glory of Merit" of the 1st degree; "Glory of Merit" of the 2nd degree; "Glory of Merit" of the 3rd degree. I degree is the highest degree of the order. Awarding is carried out in the order of III degree, II degree and I degree. Holders of the three degrees of the Order of "Labour Glory" are equal in status to the people who received the title "Male of Labor of Kazakhstan". ## Medals * "For Courage" * "For Combat Courage" * "For Merit" * "Intercession" Medal \ <> ## Honorable titles * Honored figure of Kazakhstan * Cosmonaut-pilot of Kazakhstan * Honored teacher of Kazakhstan * People's artist of Kazakhstan * People's writer of Kazakhstan * Honored doctor of Kazakhstan ## Awards for mothers with many children * "Golden necklace" - mothers who have given birth to and raised seven or more children are awarded. Awarding with the "Altyn Alka" necklace is carried out when the seventh child of this mother reaches one year old and her other children are alive. * "Silver necklace" - mothers who have given birth to and raised six children are awarded when the sixth child reaches the age of one and the other children are alive. ## Certificate of Honor of the Republic of Kazakhstan The Certificate of Honor of the Republic of Kazakhstan is awarded to citizens who have achieved significant achievements in the economy, education, military and other state and public service, as well as friendship and cooperation between peoples creative teams that contributed to the strengthening will be awarded. ## Festive medals • Astana medal • 10-year medal for the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan • 10-year medal for the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan • 100-year medal for the Kazakhstan railway • 1941-1945 50th anniversary medal of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War • 10th anniversary medal of the Constitution of Kazakhstan • 10th anniversary medal of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan • 1941-1945 Medal for the 60th anniversary of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War • Medal for the 50th anniversary of Ting • Medal for the 10th anniversary of Astana • 1941-1945 65th Anniversary Medal of the Victory in the Great Patriotic War • 20th Anniversary Medal of the Republic of Kazakhstan • 20th Anniversary Medal of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan • 20th Anniversary Medal for the Tenge • 20th Anniversary Medal for the Assembly of the People of Kazakhstan • 20th Anniversary Medal for the Constitution of Kazakhstan • 25th Anniversary Medal for the Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan • To Astana Medal of 20 years • Medal of 25 years of Constitution of Kazakhstan • Medal of 30 years of Independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan ## State awards ### Science and technology of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after Al-Farabi The State Award in the field of The State Award of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of science and technology named after Al-Farabi is awarded for the best results in the field of fundamental and applied research, which lead to a significant acceleration of the economic and social development of the republic, and the advancement of Kazakhstan's science and technology to the level of world-leading achievements. . To ensure the activities of the commission for awarding the state prize in the field of science and technology named after Al-Farabi of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan, to ensure the activity of the commission for awarding the state award in the field of literature and art of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Ministry of Culture and implemented by the Ministry of Sports. State award of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of literature and art State award of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the field of literature and art - State award in the field of literature and art in the field of literature and art recognized as a particularly valuable contribution to the development of domestic culture to the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan awarded for the best works. The state prize in the field of literature and art has been awarded since 2008. Al-Farabi state prize in the field of science and technology has been awarded since 2015. Seven state prizes in the field of science and technology named after al-Farabi and three state prizes in the field of literature and art are awarded every two years. The Al-Farabi state prize in the field of science and technology and the state prize in the field of literature and art are awarded by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Independence Day. State Peace and Progress Award of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan State Peace and Progress Award of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Gifted State Youth Award "Daryn" State Award The youth award is given annually in the approved nominations for the purpose of state support to talented young people for fruitful scientific, creative, social activities, as well as high sports achievements. Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan who are under 35 years of age at the time of the end of the acceptance of applications for prizes, laureates of international and republican competitions, festivals and exhibitions, prize-winners and winners of sports competitions at republican and international levels, as well as those whose activities are innovative and relevant Candidates who contribute to the development of the industry and society as a whole will be candidates. ## Industry (departmental) awards In addition to all mentioned, there are Industry (departmental) awards. The proposal for departmental awarding is considered in the case of celebrating state, professional, other holidays and anniversaries for reaching the years of service. Departmental awards are classified depending on the department: * Medal "For Contribution to the Foreign Policy of the Republic of Kazakhstan" * Medal "KINDNESS - LOVE TO THE WORLD" * Medal "For Contribution to the Power Industry" * "For contribution to the development of the economy" medal * "For contribution to the development of the oil and gas complex" medal * "Veteran" medal Medal "For contribution to the development of the system of justice" * Medal "For contribution to the development of the defense industry of the Republic of Kazakhstan" * Medal "For contribution to the development of the space industry" employee" award badge * "Honored employee of the oil and gas industry" award badge * "Honored employee of the system of justice" award badge * "Lawyer" I, II, III degree award badge: \< > * 1) "Lawyer" 1st degree - awarded for 12 years of work in the system of justice bodies; * 2) "Lawyer" II degree - intended for awarding for 10 years of service in the system of justice bodies; * 3) "Lawyer" III degree - intended for awarding for 7 years of service in the system of justice bodies. * Award badge "Excellence of Justice Bodies" * Badge "Excellence of State Revenue Bodies" * Award badge "Excellence of Financial Service" * Award badge "Excellence of Tax Service" * "Social - award badge "excellence in the field of labor" * award badge "excellence in the field of agriculture" * award badge "honored aviator" * award badge "honored road worker" * award badge "honored motorist" \ <> * "Best motorist" badge * "Excellence in water transport" award badge * "Energist absorbed by labor" award badge * I, II, III degree "Labour glory" award badge: \< > * 1st degree "Employment glory" award for 12 years of meritorious service in the metallurgical industry; > * 3) 3rd degree "Glory of Labor" - intended for awarding for 5 years of service in the field of metallurgical industry. "Miner's Glory" of the 1st, 2nd, 3rd degrees: 1) "Miner's Glory" of the 1st degree - awarded for 12 years of service in the field of mining industry and mine construction; 2) "Miner's Glory" of the 2nd degree - mining intended for awarding for 8 years of service in the field of mining industry and mine construction; 3) III degree "Miner's Glory" - intended for awarding for 5 years of service in the field of mining industry and mine construction. I, II, III degree "Miner's Glory" award symbols: The "Miner's Glory" award badge consists of three degrees: 1) "Miner's Glory" of the 1st degree - for 12 years of work in the coal industry; 2) "Miner's Glory" of the 2nd degree - for 8 years of work in the coal industry; 3) "Miner's Glory" of the 3rd degree "- for 5 years of work in the field of coal industry. "Honored power engineer" badge "First discoverer of a mine" badge "Honored miner" badge "Honored geologist" badge "Honored metrologist" badge "Excellence in the field of hydrometeorology" badge "Contributed to the field of energy saving" for contribution" badge "Honored machine builder" award badge "Honored standardizer" badge "Distinguished trade employee" badge "Honored employee of the justice system" badge "Excellence in the nuclear industry" award badge "Excellence in health care" badge "Contribution to health care" "Reward token" for contribution. Altynsarin" award badge "For meritorious service to the development of science" award badge "Honored worker of education" award badge "For contribution to the development of the mother tongue" badge "Akhmet Baitursynuly" badge "Excellence in the field of archives" badge "Excellence in the field of culture" award badge" "For Merit in the Development of Physical Education and Sports" Badge "For Merit in the Tourism Industry" Award Badge "Excellence in the Information Industry" Badge "Honored Sports Worker" Badge "Honored Metallurgist" Badge "Excellence in the Tourism Industry" Award Badge "Excellence in the Environmental Industry" Award Badge Badge "Honored Engineer" Badge "Honored Engineer" Badge "Excellence in Antimonopoly Service" Badge "Excellence in the Accreditation System in Conformity Assessment" Badge "Honored Builder" Award Badge "Honored Architect" Award Badge "Best Employee of the Chemical Industry" Award Badge "Residential House" "Honored Employee of Public Utilities" Award Badge "Excellence in Statistics" Award Badge "Best Communicator" Award Badge "Honored Subsurface Explorer" Award Badge "Excellence in Subsurface Exploration" Award Badge "Excellence in Legal Field" Award Badge "Veteran of Water Management" Badge "Excellence in water management" badge "Best Digitizer" badge * I, II, III degree "Miner's Glory" award badge: * 1) I degree "Miner's Glory" - 12 years in the field of mining industry and mine construction for service awards; 2) 2nd degree "Miner's glory" - intended for awarding 8 years of service in the field of mining industry and mine construction; * 3) "Miner's Glory" III degree - intended for awarding for 5 years of service in the field of mining industry and mine construction. * "Miner's Glory" award signs of I, II, III degrees: * "Miner's Glory" award sign consists of three degrees: * 1) "Miner's Glory" of 1st degree - 12 years of work in the coal industry for; * 2) 2nd degree "Miner's glory" - for 8 years of work in the field of coal industry; * 3) III degree "Miner's glory" - for 5 years of work in the field of coal industry. * Award badge "Honored Energetician" * Badge "First discoverer of a mine" * Badge "Honored Miner" * Badge "Honored Geologist" * Badge "Honored Metrologist" \ <> * Badge "Excellence in the field of hydrometeorology" * Badge "For contribution to the field of energy saving" * Award badge "Honored machine builder" * Badge "Honored standardizer" * "Trade with merit employee" badge * "Honored employee of the system of justice" badge * "Excellence in the nuclear field" award badge * "Excellence in health care" badge * Award "For contribution to health care" "Y. Altynsarin" award badge * "For meritorious work to the development of science" award badge * "Honored worker of education" award badge * "For contribution to the development of the mother tongue" badge * "Akhmet Baitursynuly" badge * "Excellence in the field of archives" badge * "Excellence in the field of culture" award badge * "For meritorious work in the development of physical education and sports" badge * Award badge "For meritorious service to the field of tourism" * Badge "Excellence in the field of information" * Badge "Honored sports worker" * Badge "Honored metallurgist" * Award badge "Excellence in the field of tourism" \ <> * "Excellence in the field of ecology" award badge * "Honored engineer" badge * "Deserved engineer" badge * "Excellence in antimonopoly activity" badge * "Accreditation system in the field of conformity assessment" "excellence" badge * "Honored builder" award badge * "Honored architect" award badge * "Best employee of the chemical industry" award badge * "Honored employee of housing and communal services" award badge * "Excellence in Statistics" Award * "Best Communicator" Award * "Honored Subsurface Explorer" Award * "Excellence in Subsurface Exploration" Award * "Law award badge * "Veteran of water management" badge * "Excellence in water management" badge * "Best digitizer" badge ## Orders, medals and other badges manner of wearing The highest degree of distinction is the "Golden Eagle" order, the Golden Star is worn on the left breast above the orders and medals. Badges of honorary titles are worn on the right breast. Orders and medals of the Republic of Kazakhstan are worn on the left breast. When wearing the insignia on the shoulder ribbon, it passes over the right shoulder. The star of this order is placed on the left breast to the left of the orders. Awarded persons can wear the symbols of awards of the established model instead of orders and medals. If the awardee has state awards of the former USSR and other foreign countries, the awards of the USSR and foreign countries will be placed after the awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the established order. ## Status of state awards and people awarded with them Kazakhstan on awarding citizens who have received the Order of the Motherland or the Order of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev It will be entered in the Book of Fame of the Republic of Kazakhstan appointed by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The rules for keeping and keeping the Book of Fame of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as its description, are approved by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Mothers with many children who have been awarded the "Altyn Alka" necklace or previously received the title of "Hero-Mother" will be provided with a residential area in the first place according to the established norms. A special state allowance is paid for the maintenance of housing together with family members, as well as for the payment of utilities. Discounts for mothers with many children awarded with the "Silver Necklace" necklace may be established at the expense of local budgets. Persons who have received state awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan must ensure their preservation. In case of loss of state awards and documents attached to them, the awardees retain their right to awards. Duplicates of the "Altyn Kiran" order, Golden Star, orders, medals and special badges worn on the chest are usually not given in place of the lost ones. As an exception, they are given only if they were lost due to fire, earthquake and other natural disasters by the decision of the State Awards Commission under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, that is, the awarded person could not save them from loss. In case of loss of award documents, their duplicates shall be issued by the decision of the State Awards Commission at the request of local executive bodies. Orders of the Republic of Kazakhstan, medals, badges attached to honorary titles of deceased awarded citizens and posthumously awarded citizens, as well as documents on their awarding, are kept as souvenirs for the family. With the agreement of the heirs of the deceased person, his awards and documents about the award may be given to museums for preservation and display as exhibits. If the deceased person has no heirs, his awards and awarding documents shall be returned to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan, foreign citizens and stateless persons awarded with state awards have the right to take these awards outside the Republic if they have documents on the award. The procedure for withdrawing state awards made of precious metals is established by the laws of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Deprivation of state awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan Deprivation of state awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan is carried out by the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the recommendation of the court in the case of conviction of the awarded person for a crime - on the basis and procedure established by law. When deprived of state awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan, they and the documents attached to them must be returned to the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. The right to state awards of illegally convicted and fully acquitted citizens shall be restored by the court decision of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7468

Nightmare

"Nightmare" is a work with a very valuable pedagogical value, written in 1082-1083. In the 10th-12th centuries, the feudal society flourished, education, culture and literature matured in Central Asia and Iran, which developed strongly politically, economically, and culturally. This community absorbs the Iranian culture along with the Arab and Greek, Roman, and Indian cultures that came through the Arabs. At the same time, political, class, national cultural-literary language conflicts will become a center of tension. Here, in this situation, giants were born who enriched the culture and literature of the whole humanity. Abdulhasan Rudaki, Abilqasym Ferdowsi, Omar Khayyam, Nasir Khosrau, al-Farabi, Abu-ali-Ibn Sina, Mahmud Kashkari, Khoja Ahmet Yassawi, Yusup Balasaghuni, Aburaikhan Al-Biruni, Muhammad Khorezmi, Ahmed Iugineki, Like Nizamul Mulik's various scientific works and literary works, "Qabusnama" is also a product of the 11th century. The author of "Nightmare" - Kaikaus was born (in 1021-1022) in a small feudal family of the Gilan tribe living on the southern coast of the Caspian Sea. At the age of 63, Kaikaus writes "Nightmare" for his son Gilanshah. Narrating his old age, he says: "The most precious treasure I have collected in the world is this propaganda book I wrote for you." Russian and Western pedagogues-scientists paid as much attention to child education, its behavioral and ethical issues, Eastern scientists also attached great importance to child education. Shamsal Maolii Qabus, although he was strict and evil, he learned all the sciences necessary for the feudal lordship of his time. He was a writer and a poet. He wrote poems in Persian and Arabic. He was the author of "Namas" written in classical Arabic language. At the same time, he gathered well-known figures of science, literature, and culture under his leadership and turned Zhurjanii into a center of culture. Qaboos's nephew Kaikaus was one of the intellectuals who was aware of many situations of his time, he was among the scientists of his time, and he paid attention to the science of music and natural science with great enthusiasm. His knowledge of many sciences is evident from the author's work "Nightmare". Before writing "Kabusnama", Kaikaus studied extensively the works of scientists and intellectuals who had passed before him. He reads the pedagogical works written in the past era, gets acquainted with the states with cultural centers of his era. He visited Bukhara, Samarkand, Khorezm region and talked with the scientists there, paying special attention to the works "Sahodatnama" and "Rushnoinama" as a summary of their scientific and educational opinions. That is why "Kabusnama" is one of the most valuable works in the history of Eastern pedagogy in the 11th century. Kabusnama was translated into the Turkic language in 1432, into the Uyghur language in 1786-1787, into German and Tatar languages in 1881, and into French and Russian languages in 1886. In 1953, the famous scientist E.E. Bertels, a researcher of Eastern literature, translated it into Russian for the second time. In 1860, the famous Uzbek poet Ogahi, the last poet of Alisher Nawai, translated from Persian and Tajik into Uzbek. On the basis of Ogahi's version written in Uzbek and using the Bertels version translated into Russian with the aim of supplementing it, Subitai Dalimov, a candidate of philology, a scientist and figure who worked for the republic, translated it into modern Uzbek in 1967 and with some changes in 1973. Tursynali Ainabekov published this version in Uzbek language in 1973, translated and supplemented some chapters from the Tatar language version of Abdihayim son of Abunasyr (Hayyum-Nasriy), published in 1898 in the Kazan publishing house. This publication was published in 1992 by "Balausa" publishing house. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3322

Michael Jackson

Michael Joseph Jackson (English: Michael Joseph Jackson; August 29, 1958, Gary - June 25, 2009, Los Angeles) is an American singer, dancer, musician, actor, philanthropist, entrepreneur, producer, composer, choreographer. His song genres: pop music, rhythm and blues, soul, pop rock, funk, disco, post-disco. Having performed as the lead vocalist of the Jackson 5 group, he became an internationally famous singer at the age of 11, and later became the famous "King of Pop" known all over the world. Most widely recognized were the following three albums produced by Quincy Jones: "Off the Wall" (1979), "Thriller" (1982) and "Bad" (1987), including "Thriller" Guinness Book of Records as the best-selling disc in history entered. Jackson has 15 Grammy awards in his portfolio, as many times as his songs became the leader of the US sales chart. He proved that he is innocent by not paying attention to the rumors about him. Michael loved children. He was transferring millions of money to children with poor condition and health. The famous star died on June 25, 2009 at the age of 50. ## Biography and Career ### 1958-1975: Childhood and The Jackson 5 Michael On August 29, 1958, Joseph ( 1928-2018) and Katherine (b. 1930) Jackson was born in Gary, Indiana. He was the eighth of ten children. Jackson claimed that her father had repeatedly abused her mentally and physically. However, Jackson credits his father's strict discipline, which played a big role in his success. In one confrontation with his father, described by Michael's older brother Marlon, he said his father held him upside down and hit him on the back and buttocks. One night, while Michael was sleeping, his father broke into his room through the window. He was wearing a scary mask, screaming and roaring. Joseph explained that he wanted to teach his children to close the window before going to bed. Four years later, Michael admitted that he struggled with nightmares of being kidnapped from his room. In 2003, Joseph admitted to the BBC that he had beaten Michael as a child. Jackson spoke openly about the abuse he suffered as a child for the first time in an interview with Oprah Winfrey in 1993. According to him, when he was a child, he often cried because of loneliness and reported that he vomited after talking to his father. In another high-profile interview, "Living with Michael Jackson" (2003 English), when talking about childhood abuse, the singer covered her face with her hands and began to cry. Jackson recalled that during practice with his younger brothers, Joseph would sit on the bench with a belt in his hand and "if you did something wrong, he would make you cry, he wouldn't really let you down." Jackson performed in front of his classmates at Christmas concerts from the age of five. In 1964, Michael and Marlon joined The Jacksons, formed by their brothers Jaxie, Tito and Jermaine, playing Congo and Tambourine respectively. Jackson later began performing as a backing vocalist and dancer; at the age of eight, Jackson and Jermaine became the main vocalists, and the name of the group was changed to "Jackson 5" (in English "The Jackson 5"). The band toured extensively in the Midwest between 1966 and 1968. They often performed in black clubs and places known as the "Chitlin' circuit", often warming up the audience in the direction of striptease. In 1966, they performed at a local talent contest with Motown Records and James Brown's hit "I Got You" (I Feel Good), with Michael winning as the lead vocalist. The Jacksons soon rose to national prominence, and in 1970 their first four singles topped the US Billboard Hot 100. ### 1975-1981: Contract with Epic and Off the Wall In 1973, the success of the family project began to decline, the record company limited their financial resources, and in 1976 they struck a deal with another company that resulted in them changing their name back to "the Jacksons" as Motone took over the "Jackson 5" name. Between 1976 and 1984, they released 6 more albums and toured the country. Additionally, between 1972 and 1975, Jackson released four solo albums: Got to Be There [1] (1972), Ben [2] (1972), Music & Me [3] (1973), and Forever, Michael [4]( 1975). He also had a number of successful solo singles: "Got to Be There" [5], "Rockin' Robin" [6] and in 1972 "Ben" [7] reached number one in the charts. In 1978, Michael starred opposite Diana Ross in the Broadway adaptation of the musical Wiz, based on The Wizard of Oz. On the set, he met music director Quincy Jones, who produced his most popular albums. His first, Off the Wall, was released on August 10, 1979. "Don't Stop 'till You 'Get Enough" and the slower "Rock With You" topped the charts, and the album itself sold over 20 million. Many music critics consider Off the Wall to be the pinnacle of the music era. ### 1982-1983: Thriller and "Motown 25: Yesterday, Today, Forever" Thriller made history as the best-selling album in the world. On this album, producer Quincy Jones told Time magazine: "Black music has played second fiddle for a long time, but its spirit is the driving force behind pop music, which Michael connected with everyone in the world." Released in November 1982, Thriller gave America nine singles: "The Girl Is Mine ” (#2, a duet with Paul McCartney), “Billie Jean” (#1, Grammy Award, the biggest hit and most popular song of Jackson's entire career. selected funk tracks), "Beat It" (#1, another Grammy), "Wanna Be Startin' Somethin'" (#5), "Human Nature" (#7), "PYT (Pretty Young Thing)" ( No. 10), "Thriller" (No. 4), "Baby Be Mine," "The Lady In My Life." Thriller topped the Billboard 200 for nine months (37 weeks) and remained on the Billboard 200 for over two years (122 weeks). For this album, Jackson received seven Grammy Awards (including the nomination "Best Album of the Year", and the eighth Grammy - for the audio recording of the story "Alien", based on the film of the same name) and seven American Music Awards (American music awards). In 1985, the Guinness Book of World Records declared the album "the best-selling album of all time". As of July 2001, the album has sold 26 million copies in the United States, making it the second best-selling album in American history behind The Eagles' Greatest Hits (27 million). Thriller sold a record 109 million copies worldwide. Jackson and his producers took advantage of the booming music television industry: his groundbreaking videos became the first black artist to receive regular rotation on MTV, and he was a year old when the album was released. The 1980s can be described as the "golden" era of Michael Jackson. Thriller was released on November 30, 1982 and remains the world's best-selling album. On March 25, 1983, Michael Jackson performed his famous "moonwalk" for the first time during the song "Billie Jean" on the anniversary show "Motown 25: Kecha, Today, Forever", broadcast in North America. This performance is listed as one of the greatest moments in American television. ### 1984-1985: Pepsi, "We Are The World" and Business Career * February 1984 Michael Jackson's 14-minute thriller directed by Michael Jackson and directed by John Landis set new standards for music videos and helped shape the video music industry through the newly launched MTV channel, along with other Jackson videos. * On May 14, 1984, at the White House, Jackson receives an award from President Ronald Reagan for his support of charities that help people recover from alcohol and drug addiction. * From July 6 to December 9, 1984, in America and Canada, the Jackson brothers will hold the biggest Victory Tour for the group at that time: 55 concerts, more than 2 million viewers, more than 75 million dollars in profit. At that time, these were world record achievements. Michael donated all of his $5 million income from this tour to charity. * In 1984, Jackson once again topped the American charts, this time recording a duet with Paul McCartney on the song Say Say Say. The following year, Jackson bought a majority stake in ATV Music Publishing, which owned the rights to most of The Beatles' songs, which led to a feud with McCartney, who was eager to buy those shares. Michael Jackson also worked with Freddie Mercury, making several test recordings with him, but due to the work of both musicians, the collaboration never took place. * On March 7, 1985, the single "We are the world" (English "We are the world") was released. The song was written by Michael Jackson and Lionel Richie and performed by famous US musicians. $61.8 million in sales went towards famine relief in Ethiopia. * On January 27, 1984, Jackson and his brothers appeared in a Pepsi commercial. At the director's request, he stood dangerously close to pyrotechnic devices. Her hair was on fire, and Jackson suffered third-degree scalp burns. While in the hospital, Jackson visited the children's burn unit, and then decided to open a children's burn center in his name with the help of Pepsi, instead of receiving millions in compensation from Pepsi. This was the beginning of Jackson's philanthropic work, which did not stop until the end of his life. At the center's opening, Jackson was asked to pose in an oxygen pressure chamber for severely burned patients. He was photographed lying on his back, then turned on his side and pretended to be asleep. Thus, the most famous legend in show business was born, Michael Jackson wants to live 150 years, and for this he sleeps in a pressure chamber every night. In fact, this was the only time Jackson "slept" in the pressure room. Another consequence of the burn, the stress on the body triggered the development of vitiligo, a disease that Jackson transmitted through the uterine route and destroys the pigmentation of the skin. This led to the need to use heavy makeup and avoid the sun. Another result: Jackson never recovered from this injury, the pain remained with him for the rest of his life and he needed regular pain medication. In addition, after the burn, Jackson began to regenerate the damaged skin and scalp. After that, he decided to have nose and chin surgery. All this, the transition to a vegetarian diet and weight loss, led to significant changes in the appearance of the singer, which was constantly discussed in the press. ### 1986-1990: Bad, movies, autobiography and Neverland * In September 1986, Michael Jackson played in a movie again for the first time in 8 years (since the film "The Wiz") . This is a 17-minute 3D Captain Io movie by George Lucas and Francis Ford Coppola for the Disneyland parks. * "Bad" album was released on August 31, 1987. The circulation is more than 45 million. It is the first album to have a Billboard #1 single. * From September 12, 1987 to January 14, 1989, the "Bad Tour" celebration continued. 123 concerts in 15 countries, attended by 4.4 million viewers. The tour grossed over $125 million, making it the biggest tour in the world. A new record was set in London - 504 thousand viewers. * On October 29, 1988, the musical film "Moonwalk" was released, which was a success at the box office, earning 67 million dollars, and then was released on video in the amount of 800 thousand copies (for 1989). At the 1989 Soul Train Music Awards ceremony, Michael Jackson was forever given the unofficial title of "the true king of pop, rock and soul" and "the king of pop," in the words of actress Elizabeth Taylor. ### 1991-1997: Dangerous, HIStory I & II Due to the increased focus on the individual, Jackson spent much of his time in seclusion at his Neverland Ranch, which was strictly guarded by outsiders. There he was visited by a few friends, including Elizabeth Taylor. According to bodyguards, Michael did not let his brothers and father there without special permission, but Jackson's mother, Catherine, was allowed to enter the farm without permission. The children, to whom the singer was always partial, lived on a farm. In 1991, he recorded two singles for the animated series The Simpsons, of which he was a fan. However, due to contractual restrictions, his name was not recorded. On November 26, 1991, the album "Dangerous" was released, and the release was preceded by the premiere of an extensive music video for the single "Black or White". Within five weeks, "Black or White" topped the charts and became Jackson's biggest hit since "Billie Jean." As before, seven singles were released from this album. In addition to "Black or White" (#1), they included "Remember the Time" (#3), "In the Closet" (#6), and "Will You Be There" (#7). For the movie "Rememeber the Time", a multi-million dollar clip with computer special effects was shot, in which the Pharaoh of Egypt and his wife were portrayed by Eddie Murphy and top model Iman. * On June 16, 1995, the album HIStory: Past, Present and Future was released. , the first disc - a collection of 15 new songs. It was supposed to be the first part of the trilogy - a duet with the singer's sister Janet Jackson. 7 million to shoot it The album reached number one on the Billboard 200 and sold over 20 million copies (7 million in the US). ; Jackson promised to record a song about the Russian capital in 1993), the environmental theme "Earth Song" (the first five weeks) "You Are Not Alone", written and produced by R. Kelly (his thirteenth number on the Billboard Hot 100 ) and modern rhythm and blues composition. In the video for "You Are Not Alone", Michael appeared half-naked with his first wife - Elvis Presley's daughter Lisa Marie Presley. * 1997 saw the release of Blood on the Dance Floor: HIStory in the Mix: The Ghosts soundtrack and a collection of dance remixes from HIStory tracks. Reviews for the disc were mostly positive, with the title track topping the charts in many countries, including the UK. In the United States, the album was neglected and failed to reach #1 on the charts. ### 2001-2003: Invincible Jackson's next studio album was recorded only six years later, the release of which was postponed several times. Sony's label was reluctant to invest millions of dollars in the long recording process and subsequent promotion of the album, which ultimately caused a conflict between the singer and the sound giant. Released in October 2001, "Invincible" featured 16 tracks, including the single "You Rock My World", featuring Marlon Brando and Chris Tucker. The album received mixed reviews and sold half of HIStory's. The song "Invincible" is dedicated to Benjamin Hermansen, a 15-year-old Afro-Norwegian boy who was killed by a group of neo-Nazis in Oslo (Norway, 26.01.2001). A close friend of Jackson's, Omer Bhatti, was a good friend of Benjamin Hermansen. Michael Jackson said in a statement: “This album is dedicated to Benjamin 'Benny' Hermansen. It should be remembered - we should judge a person not by the color of his skin, but by his personal qualities. Benjamin ... We love you ... May your soul rest in heaven." To promote the album, in September 2001, the 30th anniversary of Michael Jackson's solo career was organized at Madison Square Garden. Michael Jackson appeared on stage for the first time since 1984 with his brothers. Britney Spears, Maya, Usher, Whitney Houston, Tamia, 'N Sync, Slash, Aaron Carter have also included performances. A world tour in support of the album was also planned, but the tour was canceled due to the 9/11 attacks. The album featured three singles, "You Rock My World", "Cry" and "Butterflies", the latter of which did not feature a music video. The single "Unbreakable" was supposed to be released, but Sony canceled it due to financial problems. In November 2003, Jackson released the album Number Ones, which became a hit. The compilation's 18 tracks include 16 previously released hits, a live version of 'Ben' and new single 'One More Chance'. By the end of 2004, Number Ones had sold over 6 million copies worldwide. ### 2003-2009: The Last Years and the "This Is It Tour" * In 2003, Jackson appeared in court on charges of "child molestation." After a long trial, the musician was acquitted. After the trial, Michael Jackson retired from journalism in Bahrain and began recording "I Have This Dream", a charity single in memory of the victims of Hurricane Katrina. It soon became clear that not all of the invited musicians wanted to participate in the project initiated by Jackson. Although recorded, "I Have This Dream" was never released as a single due to unexplained circumstances. On November 16, 2004, Michael Jackson released "Michael Jackson: The Ultimate Collection", a 5-disc collection consisting of 13 unreleased recordings from 1969-2004 and a concert from 1992 on DVD. * In the summer of 2008, Sony BMG launched a global campaign in which residents of more than 20 countries around the world voted for their favorite Michael Jackson songs and thus took part in creating a hit collection of the "pop king" in their country. 122 tracks were presented to fans. The album, which was unique in each country, contained approximately 17-18 tracks per disc. In addition, Michael Jackson recorded his own album, which should be released in 2009. The album features rappers Will.I.Am, Kanye West and R&B singer Akon. * In November 2008, Sheikh Abdullah bin Hamad al-Khalifa, the son of the King of Bahrain, at whose invitation the singer was in this country, started a lawsuit against Michael Jackson for non-fulfillment of contractual obligations. Sheikh demanded seven million dollars from him. * In March 2009, Michael announced that he would be playing his final series of concerts in London, the "This Is It Tour". The concerts were scheduled to start on July 13, 2009 and end on March 6, 2010. When Jackson announced his return to the stage at a special press conference on March 5, 2009, it was about 10 concerts at The O2 arena, which held 20,000 people. However, the demand for tickets was so great that another 40 shows had to be scheduled. The concert tour was not due to the death of the singer. ## Albums * Got to Be There (1972) * Ben (1972) * Music & Me (1973) * Forever, Michael (1975 ) * Off the Wall (1979) * Thriller (1982) * Bad (1987) * Dangerous (1991) * HIStory: Past, Present and Future, Book I ( 1995) * Invincible (2001) ## Sources ## External links * Official site (English)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1719

Тәжікстан

Tajikistan (Tajikistan), official name — Republic of Tajikistan (Tajik Republic of Tajikistan) is an independent country in Central Asia. The capital is the city of Dushanbe. The official language is Tajik. According to the Constitution adopted in 1994, it is a secular state in the form of presidential administration. The legislative body is Majlisi Oli. Tajikistan includes the mountainous Badakhshan Autonomous Region. Tajikistan is administratively divided into 3 regions. The currency is somoni. It borders Afghanistan in the south, Uzbekistan in the north and west, Kyrgyzstan in the north, and China in the east. The land area is 143.1 thousand km². The population is equal to 9.7 million people (2021). 62% of the population are Tajiks, 23% are Uzbeks, 5% are Russians, the remaining 10% are Turkmens, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, Koreans, Germans, etc. constitutes ## Geography 93% of its land consists of mountains belonging to the Tien-Shan, Hissar-Alai and Pamir mountain systems. More than half of them are located at an altitude of 3 thousand meters above sea level. Fergana, Hissar, Vakhsh, etc. in the mountain ranges. valleys are located. ### Climate The climate of Tajikistan is continental, the average temperature in January is 2°, -2°С in the mountain valleys and slopes of the southwest, and up to -20°С in the north. ; the absolute minimum temperature reaches -63°С in the Bulynkol (pronounced Bulunkul) lake of the Pamirs. The average temperature of July is from 30°С to 0°С (in Pamir); the absolute maximum temperature is 40°C (Lower Panj). The southern foothills of the Hissar range receive 1600 mm of precipitation per year. 100-150 mm of moisture will fall in the mountain valleys and potholes, and 72 mm in the Eastern Pamirs. ### Hydrology Many rivers originate from mountain glaciers in Tajikistan. Its main rivers are Syrdarya and Amu Darya. The Vakhsh, Pyanj and Kafirnigan rivers cross a part of Tajikistan and flow into the Amu Darya. There are about 5 thousand types of plants in Tajikistan. There are dark groves in river floodplains. ### Flora and fauna Juniper forest occupies half of the mountain areas. Walnut, maple (Turkistan maple), Sievers apple, cherry, almond grow in wet areas. The fauna of Tajikistan includes 81 species of mammals, 365 species of birds, 49 species of reptiles, and 7-8 thousand species of insects. In plains and mountain slopes gazelle, leopard, forest deer, wolf, leopard, badger, wild boar; marten, bear, tauteke, arkar, etc. in the mountainous region. lives. There are many types of fish in water bodies. ## History ### Ancient history The territory of Tajikistan was inhabited by the first people since the Paleolithic era. There are many monuments of the Paleolithic and Mesolithic eras in northern and southern Tajikistan. Monuments of the Neolithic Hissar culture were found in the southwestern part. In the 6th-4th centuries before our era, the territory of present-day Tajikistan was under the control of the Achaemenid dynasty, and in 329 before our era, the army of Alexander the Great invaded it. It was part of the Greco-Bactrian kingdom, which was the successor of Alexander's empire. Northern Tajikistan (Khojant and Penjakent cities) BC. In 150 AD, it was part of a group of city-states that were conquered by the Scythians and Yuechya nomads called Sogdy. The Silk Road passed through present-day Tajikistan after the expedition of the Chinese explorer Zhang Qian during the reign of Wu-di (141-87 BC). The Kushan Empire, founded by the Yueja tribes, was founded in AD. took control of the region in the 1st century BC. It ruled until the 4th century, during which time Buddhism, Nestorianism, Zoroastrianism and Manichaeism existed in the region. Later, the Ephthalite Empire, formed by nomadic tribes, migrated to this region, and the Arabs brought Islam at the beginning of the 8th century. Central Asia continued to serve as a commercial route connecting China, the steppes in the north, and the center of Islam. The land of present-day Tajikistan was ruled by the Tibetan Empire and the Tang Dynasty in 650-680, and then it became part of the Umayyad Caliphate in 710. ### Samani Empire See also: Samani Empire From 819–999, the Samani Empire under the leadership of the Samani dynasty restored Persian influence in the region and established the cultural centers of Iran. expanded the cities of what became Samarkand and Bukhara (both now part of Uzbekistan) and the region began to be called Khorasan. The center of the empire was in Khorasan and Transoxiana; this region includes present-day Afghanistan, parts of Iran, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, and Kazakhstan, and most of Pakistan. In 892, Ismail Samani (892–907) unified the Samani state and completely stopped the feudal structure used earlier. The state of Karakhan conquered Transoxiana (which corresponds to present-day Uzbekistan, Tajikistan, southern Kyrgyzstan, and southwestern Kazakhstan) and ruled it from 999–1211. Their arrival in Transoxiana began a radical shift from Iranian to Turkic dominance in Central Asia, but the Karakhanids gradually assimilated into the Persian-Arab Muslim culture of the region. In the 13th century, the Mongol Empire invaded Central Asia, invaded the Khorezm Empire, looted the city, and massacred the people. Turko-Mongol conqueror Amir Temir founded the Temir dynasty in present-day Tajikistan and Central Asia. ### Bukhara rule See also: Bukhara Khanate Modern Tajikistan came under the rule of Bukhara Khanate in the 16th century. With the collapse of the empire in the 18th century, it came under the rule of the Bukhara Emirate and the Kokan Khanate. The Emirate of Bukhara remained unchanged until the 20th century, but in the 19th century the Russian Empire began to conquer parts of the region. ### History under the empire See also: Central Asian possessions of the Russian Empire See also: Governor General of Turkestan As a result of Russian imperialism, Central Asia was completely part of the Russian Empire now. Between 1864 and 1885, Russia gradually included the entire territory of Turkestan. By 1885, the territory of Tajikistan was ruled by either the Russian Empire or its vassal state, the Emirate of Bukhara, although the Tajiks felt little Russian influence. At the end of the 19th century, Jadidists established themselves as an Islamic social movement throughout the region. Although the Jaditists were pro-modernization and not necessarily anti-Russian, the Russians saw the movement as a threat because the Russian Empire was predominantly Christian. During the uprisings against the Kokan Khanate in 1910-1913, Russian troops were obliged to restore order. Protests continued in July 1916, when demonstrators attacked Russian troops in Khojant during World War I, threatening conscription. Despite the fact that Khojant was quickly retaken by Russian troops, clashes continued in various parts of Tajikistan. ### Soviet Government After the Russian Revolution of 1917, partisans in Central Asia, known as "basmaschiri", waged a war against Bolshevik forces to preserve independence. After a four-year war in which mosques and villages were burned and the people were severely oppressed, the Bolsheviks won. The Soviet government started a secularization policy. Islam, Judaism, and Christianity were banned, Tajik religious leaders were persecuted, and many mosques, churches, and synagogues were closed. As a result of the Soviet agricultural policy, Central Asia, including Tajikistan, suffered a famine that claimed many lives. In 1924, the Tajik Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic was established within the Uzbek SSR, but in 1929, the Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic (Tajik SSR) acquired the status of a separate constituent republic; however, the predominantly ethnic Tajik cities of Samarkand and Bukhara remained in the Uzbek SSR. In the period 1927-1934, the collectivization of agriculture and rapid expansion of cotton production took place, especially in the southern regions. The Soviet policy of collectivization brought pressure on the peasantry and forced resettlement in Tajikistan. As a result, some peasants fought against collectivization and revived the publishers' movement. Two periods of Stalin's policy of mass purges (1927–1934 and 1937–1938) resulted in the dismissal and persecution of nearly 10,000 people from all levels of the Communist Party of Tajikistan. The expelled were replaced by ethnic Russians, and Russians subsequently dominated party positions at all levels, including the top post of first secretary. In the period from 1926 to 1959, the share of Russians among the population of Tajikistan increased from 1% to 13%. Bobozhan Gafurov, who was the first secretary of the Communist Party of Tajikistan between 1946 and 1956, was the only Tajik politician of importance outside the country during the Soviet Union. After that, Tursynbay Ulzhabayev (1956–61), Jabar Rasulov (1961–1982), Rahmon Nabiev (1982–1985, 1991–1992) served. In 1939, Tajiks began to be drafted into the Soviet Army, and during World War II, about 260,000 Tajiks fought against Germany, Finland, and Japan. In 1957-1958 Nikita Khrushchev's policy of "Virgin Development" drew attention to Tajikistan, which was lagging behind other Soviet republics in terms of living conditions, education and industry. In the late 1980s, Tajik nationalists called for increased rights. In 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed and Tajikistan declared its independence on September 9, which is now celebrated as the country's Independence Day. ### Gaining independence After the beginning of the era of reconstruction (perestroika) announced by Mikhail Sergeevich Gorbachev throughout the USSR, supporters of the independence of the republics began to speak openly and freely. Proponents of independence were the Islamic Revival Party of Tajikistan, the Democratic Party of Tajikistan, and the national democratic Rastokhez (Revival) movements. On the eve of the collapse of the USSR, the people of the Tajik SSR were divided into two camps. The first one wanted independence for Tajikistan, restoration of Tajik culture and language, restoration of political and cultural relations with Iran, Afghanistan and other countries, and the second part of the population opposed independence and wanted to remain a part of the USSR. In the 1991 referendum on the preservation of the Soviet Union (the first internationally monitored referendum in the country's history), almost 97% of Tajikistan's voters approved Question 1: "Renewed of equal sovereign republics in which the human rights and freedoms of any nation are fully guaranteed." Do you think it is necessary to preserve the USSR as a federation?". When the USSR was dissolved in December of the same year, a significant part of the population of Tajikistan supported the independence of the Union republics of the Soviet Union at that time. In February 1990, riots and strikes began in Dushanbe and other cities due to the difficult socio-economic situation, lack of housing, youth unemployment. Nationalist-democratic opposition and supporters of independence joined the strikes and began to demand the independence of the republic and democratic reforms. Islamists also demanded to preserve their rights and the independence of the republic and started organizing strikes. The Soviet government introduced internal troops to Dushanbe to end the conflict. ### Independence As soon as independence was achieved, a civil war broke out between different groups of Tajikistan; conflicts were often characterized by clan divisions. During this time, more than 500,000 residents fled due to persecution, increased poverty, and better economic opportunities in the West or the post-Soviet space. Emomali Rahmon came to power in 1992 after the first elected president, Rahmon Nabiuly Nabiev, was forced to resign, winning the November presidential election with 58% of the vote against former Prime Minister Abdumalik Abdullaouli Abduldzhanov. The elections were held after the end of the war, and Tajikistan was in ruins. The number of dead is more than 100 thousand. About 1.2 million people were refugees inside and outside the country. In 1997, the special representative of the Secretary General, Gerd D. Under Merrem's leadership, a ceasefire agreement was reached between Rahmon and the opposition parties, an outcome widely hailed as a successful United Nations peacekeeping initiative. The ceasefire guaranteed that 30% of ministerial positions would go to the opposition. Another election was held in 1999, criticized by opposition parties and foreign observers as unfair, and Rahmon was re-elected with 98% of the vote. In the 2006 elections, Rahmon won again (with 79% of the vote) and he began his third term. Several opposition parties boycotted the 2006 election and the Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) criticized it as fraudulent. The Rahmon administration was again criticized by the OSCE in October 2010 for media censorship and repression. The OSCE reported that the Tajik government censored Tajik and foreign websites. Russian border troops were stationed on the Tajik-Afghan border until the summer of 2005. Since the attacks of September 11, 2001, French troops have been stationed at Dushanbe airport to support NATO air operations in Afghanistan. United States Army and Marine Corps personnel periodically travel to Tajikistan to conduct joint training missions lasting several weeks. In May 2015, Tajikistan's national security suffered a significant setback when Colonel Gulmurod Khalimov (Халимов), commander of the special police unit of the Ministry of Internal Affairs, defected to the Islamic State group. In September 2022, armed clashes took place along the border between Kyrgyzstan and Tajikistan (including the Batken region), including the use of artillery. ## Politics The executive power of Tajikistan is headed by the country's president and prime minister. The holder of the post of president since 2000 is Emomali Sharipuly Rahmon. Legislative body — parliament with the name of the Supreme Assembly; it is divided into two chambers: the upper chamber of the National Council and the lower chamber of representatives. ## Administrative division Administratively, Tajikistan is divided into one autonomous region (Taly Badakhshan Autonomous Region), two regions (Khatlon and Sogdy Regions), several districts of republican significance and the capital Dushanbe. . ## Economy Electricity production is one of the main industries of Tajikistan. Electricity is exported mainly to Russia, Turkmenistan and Iran. In 2002, the foreign trade turnover of Tajikistan amounted to 1.073 billion dollars. Aluminum accounts for 55% of Tajikistan's exports. In 2002, 226.2 thousand tons of aluminum were exported. The main mining products of Tajikistan are lead, zinc, antimony, mercury, tungsten, molybdenum, bismuth ores, gold and fluorite. Machine-building and metal processing enterprises produce weaving machines, agricultural machines, refrigerators, electrical equipment, tractor parts, etc. produces. The production of mineral fertilizers has developed from the chemical industry. Cement-slate plant, reinforced concrete and concrete construction plants, gypsum, alabaster, and limestone plants work in the production of building materials. In agriculture, special attention is paid to planting cotton. Cotton exports make up 14.1% of foreign turnover. Fruits are planted on 64.5 thousand ha of arable land, grapes on 21 thousand ha. Vineyard and garden Apricots, peaches, apples, pears, quinces, pomegranates, figs are grown in the southwestern part of Tajikistan and in the Western Pamirs. In later years, lemons began to be cultivated. Meat-wool and dairy cattle breeding is being developed. Silkworms are grown. In the mountainous-Badakhshan autonomous region, the share of horticulture, tobacco cultivation and mining is dominant along with animal husbandry in high mountain pastures. ## Literature The literature of Tajikistan consists of examples preserved in written monuments of Iranian-speaking peoples living in modern Iran, Afghanistan and Central Asia. Classical Tajik literature appeared in the period from the 9th to the 20th centuries. It can be divided into three eras: Iranian-Tajik literature of the IX-XV centuries; Literature developed in Central Asia during the first half of the XVI-XIX centuries; Tajik enlightened literature covering the period from the 2nd half of the 19th century to the beginning of the 20th century. Sadriddin Aini (1878–1954), Abilkasym Lahuti (1887–1957), Myrza Tursynzade (1911–1977), Peyrav Suleymani (1899–1933), Roziya Ozod (1893–1957) are often mentioned among the prominent writers of the Tajik people. ), Aminjan Shukuhi (1923–1979), Loiq Sherali (1941–2000) and Bozor Sobir (1938–2018). ## Culture and art Ancient art monuments found on the territory of Tajikistan belong to the Mesolithic era. Greek-Bactrian (3rd - 2nd centuries BC) and during the Kushan kingdom, Hellenic-type towns (Saxon-Ohur, Shahrinau, etc.) were built. towered fortress-cities (Penjakent) were built from the 5th century. Watchtowers (Bead Hill, etc.) were built in rural areas. After the introduction of Islam, Tajik fine arts paid more attention to ornamentation, and the art of monumental fashion flourished. The origin of Tajik music culture is connected with the art of the ancient states of Bactria, Sogdy and Ustrushana. Musical instruments, dutar, tanbur, dumbrak, trumpet, doira have come from ancient times. A drama theater was opened in Tajikistan in 1929. In 1939, the first Tajik opera "Vose Uprising" was staged. Tajik Philharmonic was opened in 1938. In Tajikistan, short films with chronicles began to be shot in 1929. In 1932, the first feature film of the Tajik, "Daureni ganad Amirler" was released. In 1999, the 1100th anniversary of the Samani dynasty was celebrated in Tajikistan. The National Historical Museum in Dushanbe organized an exhibition of musical instruments, clothes, and handicrafts of the Samani dynasty. On the occasion of this anniversary, 189 books related to the history, culture and art of the Samani dynasty state were published. Currently, a competition of folk artists named Andaleb (Nightingale) is held annually in Tajikistan. In 1999, the theater festival "Parastu - 99" (Karlygash) was organized. 14 theaters in Tajikistan participated in this festival. * * * * * ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1575

Түрікменстан

Turkmenistan (Turkmen: Turkmenistan) is a landlocked country in Central Asia with a population of about 6 million people. It is the country with the smallest population in the Central Asian region. The largest city and capital is Ashgabat. It borders Kazakhstan in the northwest, Uzbekistan in the north, east and northeast, Afghanistan in the southeast, Iran in the south and southwest, and the Caspian Sea. The government of Turkmenistan is described as dictatorial and authoritarian, and according to several sources and OSCE observations, elections in the country are undemocratic. ## Geography More than 80% of its land is covered by hot desert (Karakum desert), sandslides, rocky mountains and bitter valleys. The largest river of Turkmenistan is Amu Darya. Its length is 1415 km, of which 1000 km is in the territory of this country. The Karakum canal, originating from this river, supplies drinking water to the largest cities of Turkmenistan, such as Ashkhabat, Mary, Buzmein, Balkanabat (Nebitdak), Turkmenbashi (Krasnovodsk). At the same time, the canal irrigates 1 million ha of land. Its length is 1100 km. ### Climate The average temperature of the country in the winter months is 26-32 °C, and the summer heat exceeds 70 °C. ## Administrative division Turkmenistan is divided into 5 administrative and economic territories. They are called walayat (province). Akhal, Balkan, Dashogiz, Lebap, Mary provinces and the city of Ashgabat are governed by governors appointed by the president. Provinces include 46 districts and 528 councils. ## Population ### Population According to the 1959 census, the actual population of the country was 1.516 million inhabitants; According to the 1979 census - 2,759 million; According to the 1989 census - 3.534 million; According to the 1995 census - 4,481 million. In 2006-2017, no official population data was published. The UN Department of Economic and Social Affairs estimated the population of Turkmenistan at 4,936 million in 2008, 5,268 million in 2012, and 5,758 million in 2017. According to the 2021 census, the birth rate in the country was equal to 2.04 children per mother. ### National composition In February 2015, publications appeared in opposition publications claiming to have learned the results of the 2012 census from unofficial sources. According to these publications, the population of the country would be 4,751,120 people; by national composition, 85.6% are Turkmen, 5.8% are Uzbeks, and 5.1% are Russians. All the rest are listed as representatives of other nationalities. Representatives of 58 nationalities live in the country. ### Religious composition The overwhelming majority of the population of Turkmenistan are Muslims (mainly Sunnis) — 89-90%. Christians make up about 9% of the population, other religions make up 2%. All permitted religious denominations are under the strict control of state authorities: in 1994, the "Gengesh" ("Council") for Religious Affairs, consisting of a mufti, a deputy mufti, an Orthodox dean and an official, was established to control them. Despite the state's secularism, the members of the Gengesh for Religious Affairs began to receive salaries from the budget, as did the members of the Velayat Councils for Religious Affairs (headed by local chief imams). The state strictly limits religious education. A law passed in 2016 completely banned the private teaching of religion, and the teaching of religious teachings to children is allowed only with the consent of a separate Commission. According to the results of a 2015 study by the international Christian charity "Open Doors", Turkmenistan ranks 20th in the list of countries where the rights of Christians are often oppressed. ## History ### Turkmens before the Russian conquest (VIII-XIX centuries) Written history of Turkmenistan, historically inhabited by Indo-Iranians began with its accession to the Achaemenid dynasty of Ancient Iran. Later, in the 8th century AD, Turkic-speaking Oguz tribes migrated from present-day Mongolia to present-day Central Asia. Part of a powerful confederation of tribes, these Oghs formed the ethnic basis of the modern Turkmen people. In the 10th century, the name "Turkmen" was used for the first time in relation to the Oghuz groups who accepted Islam and began to occupy modern Turkmenistan. There they were under the rule of the Seljuk dynasty, which consisted of Oghuz tribes living in present-day Iran and Turkmenistan. Oghuz groups that served the empire played an important role in the spread of Turkic culture during the migration of present-day Azerbaijan and eastern Turkey. In the 12th century, Turkmen and other tribes overthrew the Seljuk dynasty. In the next century, the Mongols occupied the north of the Turkmen settlement, scattered the Turkmen to the south, and contributed to the formation of new tribal groups. In the 16th and 18th centuries, there were several divisions and confederations among the nomadic Turkmen tribes, but they remained firmly independent. By the 16th century, most of these tribes were nominally under the control of two sedentary Uzbek khanates - Khiva and Bukhara. Turkmen warriors were an important element of the Uzbek army during this period. In the 19th century, as a result of the campaigns and rebellions of the Turkmen Yomud tribe, the Uzbek rulers dispersed this group. In the second half of the 19th century, the Northern Turkmens were the main military and political power in Khiva Khanate. Paul R. According to Spikeard, "Before the Russian conquest, the Turkmen were known for their involvement in the slave trade in Central Asia and were one of the most feared nations of that region." ### Russian Empire (1879–1917) Russian troops began to occupy Turkmen lands at the end of the XIX century. Crossed the Caspian Sea in Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenbashi) and won against the Uzbek khanates. In 1879, in the first attempt to conquer the Ahal region of Turkmenistan, the Russian troops were defeated against the Teke Turkmen. However, in 1881, the last significant resistance in the Turkmen lands was crushed in the Battle of Koktepe, and soon Turkmenistan, along with the neighboring Uzbek lands, was incorporated into the Russian Empire. In 1916, the Russian Empire's involvement in World War I caused a stir in Turkmenistan, as an anti-conscription revolt swept across much of Russian Central Asia. ### Soviet Turkmenistan (1917–1991) Although the Russian Revolution of 1917 had little direct impact, in the 1920s, Turkmen troops united with Kazakhs, Kyrgyz, and Uzbeks and took control of the newly formed Soviet Union. launched an uprising called "Publishers' Movement". In 1921, the imperial Kungei Caspian region was renamed the Turkmen region, and in 1924 it became the Turkmen Soviet Socialist Republic. Soviet agricultural reconstruction in the late 1930s completely destroyed the nomadic way of life in Turkmenistan, and Moscow controlled all political life. The 1948 Ashgabat earthquake killed more than 110,000 people, two-thirds of the city's population. For the next half century, Turkmenistan played its designated economic role within the Soviet Union and was left out of the course of important world events. Even the great liberalization movement that swept Russia in the late 1980s had little effect. Although Turkmenistan's preparations for independence were poor and the communist leader at the time, Saparmurat Niyazov, preferred to retain the Soviet Union, in October 1991 the country had to hold a national referendum, which resulted in independence. On December 26, 1991, the Soviet Union collapsed. In 1990, before the collapse of the USSR and before independence, as a result of Mikhail Gorbachev's "reconstruction" and "publicity" reforms, censorship in the USSR was completely abolished, and oppositionists in the country remember that year as "we lived without censorship for only one year." ### Niyazov Presidency (1991–2006) Niyazov continued as Turkmenistan's head of state, replacing communism with a unique brand of independent nationalism reinforced by a cult of personality. A 1994 referendum and 1999 legislation removed additional requirements for the president to run for re-election (he was the only candidate in the 1992 presidential election), a reform that made him president for life. Niyazov's rule has been described as dictatorial, totalitarian and authoritarian. During the years of his presidency, pensions, the Internet, opera, ballet, circus, gold teeth and make-up were banned, Niyazov himself received the title "Turkmenbashi" ("Head of the Turk"), and later, by the decree of the Majilis (parliament), Saparmurat Niyazov was officially given the title of "Great Turkmenbashi". The informal title of "Serdar" (chief, commander-in-chief) and many fancy epithets were also widely used. Oppositionists in Turkmenistan are repressed, there is no freedom of speech in the country, it is among the most "closed" countries in the world. The 2002 assassination attempt on Niyazov led to a new wave of security cuts, dismissals of government officials, and restrictions on the media. Niyazov accused Boris Shikhmuratov, the exiled former foreign minister, of planning the attack. Shakhmuradov was sentenced to life imprisonment. Between 2002 and 2004, bilateral disputes arose between Turkmenistan and Uzbekistan. The main reason was Niyazov's conclusion that Uzbekistan was involved in the 2002 conspiracy. In 2004, bilateral agreements restored friendly relations. Only Niyazov's party participated in the 2004 parliamentary elections, and none of the international observers participated. In 2005, Niyazov closed all hospitals and all rural libraries outside Ashgabat. China was one of the only countries to make significant advances towards Turkmenistan. ### Berdimuhamedov's presidency (since 2006) In 2006, Niyazov died suddenly. Deputy Prime Minister Kurbankuly Berdimuhamedov, who was appointed as the temporary head of the government, won the undemocratic extraordinary presidential election held in early February 2007. His appointment as interim president and subsequent presidential election were unconstitutional. The name of Turkmenbashi and his monument in Ashgabat were removed from the national anthem of Turkmenistan, but the Turkmen government did not stop its dictatorship and authoritarianism. Berdymukhamedov won two additional non-democratic elections, in 2012 and 2017 with around 97% of the vote. Kurbankuly was also given the personal title "Arkadag" ("Protector"), monuments were built for his family members, place names were changed, and awards were made. In 2022, Berdimuhamedov suddenly resigned. However, he did not lose the position of Chairman of the People's Council of the Upper House of the Parliament and "Arkadag". Instead, his son Serdar Berdimuhamedov became the interim president. In the undemocratic 2022 election, the son won according to official data and began his presidency. According to some assumptions, all power in the country is still in the hands of Kurbankuly Berdimuhamedov. As soon as Serdar Berdimuhamedov's presidency began, "strict restrictions on women" were imposed in the country, banning the use of several cosmetic services, being in cars with unrelated men, or plastic surgery. ## Politics ### Political structure According to the constitution, Turkmenistan is a secular state. The form of government is a presidential republic. The head of state is the president. Until December 21, 2006, the president of Turkmenistan for life was Saparmurat Niyazov, who was declared Türkmenbashi (Turkmenistan, "leader of all Turkmens"). After the death of Saparmurat Niyazov in 2006, Kurbankuly Malikkulyuly Berdimuhamedov was elected acting president, and he soon assumed the presidency in February 2007, serving until March 2022. As a result of the extraordinary presidential election held on March 12, 2022, his son Serdar Kurbankulyuly Berdimuhamedov was elected president. Since January 2023, the legislative body (parliament) of the country is Mazhilis, which consists of 125 deputies. Until 2013, only one legal political party was represented in the Majilis - the Democratic Party of Turkmenistan. On January 10, 2013, the Parliament of Turkmenistan adopted a new law "On Political Parties". The law defines the legal basis for the establishment of political parties, the rights, duties, and guarantees of the parties' activities, as well as regulates the relations of political parties with state institutions and other organizations. On August 21, 2012, the second party, the Party of Industrialists and Entrepreneurs, was established in the country. Before that, there was a one-party system in the country. After parliamentary elections in December 2013, 2 political parties, as well as organizations and independent deputies were elected to the Parliament. All MPs fully support the government led by the president. In 2014, a third party - the Agrarian Party of Turkmenistan - appeared in the country. From 1992 to 2008, the constitution specified another legislative body - the appointed and elected People's Maslikhat (People's Council, higher than the parliament, 2507 deputies). It included the president, people's deputies of Majilis elected for 5 years, representatives of the judiciary, ministers, heads of regional administrations (oblast - ulayat and district - atyrap), representatives of public organizations, elders. Halyk maslikhat discussed issues of national policy (amendments to the constitution, holding elections and referendums, approval of country development programs, etc.). Sessions were held at least once a year. Until 2007, Saparmurat Niyazov was the lifetime chairman of the People's Assembly. After that, Kurbankuly Berdimuhamedov was elected as the chairman. According to the amended Constitution, the People's Council ceased its activities, and its authority was transferred to the Majilis and the President. Halyk Maslikhat was reorganized in accordance with the Constitutional Law of Turkmenistan dated October 9, 2017 No. 617-V "On Amendments to the Constitution of Turkmenistan". The first meeting was held on September 26, 2018. On October 24, 2020, the then unicameral Majilis of Turkmenistan adopted the republican law "On the National Council of Turkmenistan" on the country's new bicameral parliament. According to it, "the activities of the National Council of Turkmenistan are carried out in accordance with the Constitution of Turkmenistan, the current Law and other normative legal acts of Turkmenistan regulating the activities of this body." On November 4, 2020, the President of Turkmenistan Kurbankuly Berdimuhamedov signed this law. On January 1, 2021, Turkmenistan moved from a unicameral parliament to a bicameral parliament. Now Mazhilis, which until then was the only and unicameral parliament of the country, became the lower house, and Halyk Maslikhat, which was previously a separate body from Mazhilis, became the upper house. It was decided to call the new, bicameral parliament of the country "National Council" (Turkish: Milli Gërçës). According to the reform of President Serdar Berdimuhamedov in 2023, the parliament became unicameral again, and Majilis remained the only legislative body. ## Economy The state dominates all spheres of the economy. In addition to the export of oil and gas, a significant part of the state budget income is also tax from the list of cotton spinning enterprises. Here are all the elements in Mendeleev's table. 80% of its land has oil and gas. Until now, 144 deposits have been discovered. But so far only about 40 of them have been developed. Estimated gas reserves are 21-23 trillion cubic meters, and oil reserves are estimated at 12 billion tons. The number of such enterprises based on high technology has now reached 63. Every year, 158 million m² of cotton products and 82 thousand tons of yarn are spun in this country. Turkmenistan exports these products to more than 30 highly developed countries of the world. In general, this country has active trade and economic relations with more than 80 countries of the world. The land border between Kazakhstan and Turkmenistan is 426 km long. It was fully covered by the bilateral agreement ratified on July 5, 2001. In 2006, trade turnover between the two countries reached $153.3 million. This is 2.2 times more than in 2005. Among them, export was $20.7 million, and import was $132.6 million. Turkmenistan mainly imports plant products, tobacco, flour and chemical industry products from Kazakhstan, while Kazakhstan receives mineral and chemical products. ## Culture and society Under Niyazov, the cultural sphere was under the control of the state, the new president Berdimuhamedov implemented this policy in October 2008 by his office "to assess the artistic level of relevant creative works and to allow them to be published, staged, and filmed." issued a regulation on the establishment of the appropriate commission and continued at the head of the board The state language of Turkmenistan is the Turkmen language, which belongs to the Oghuz group of Turkic languages. In addition to Turkmenistan, the language is widespread in Iran, Afghanistan, Turkey, Iraq, Karakalpakstan, Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan, Stavropol region and Astrakhan region of Russia. In addition to Turkmen, the Russian language is widely spoken in Turkmenistan, as well as English, Uzbek and Baluch (in several villages of the Mari oasis) ## Social sphere Here electricity, gas, water, salt free of charge. The price of public transportation is 50 manats. [source?] ## Armed forces The number of the Turkmen army is limited due to the country's neutral status. A small number, 36,500 people, ranks 92nd in the list of countries by the number of active troops. [source?] Military conscription is held twice a year in Turkmenistan: from April 1 to June 30; From October 1 to December 31. Conscription age - 18-27 years. The service life of citizens is 24 months. [source?] * The main types of tanks are T-90S, T-72. * Combat vehicles -BMP-1/BMP-2/BMP-3, BRM-1K, brdm-1/brdm-2. * Armored personnel carrier — BRDM-1/brdm-2. T * Anti-tank gun - MT-12. * Anti-tank guided missile (PTRK), Konkurs (PTRK), Sturm (PTRK), Metis (PTRK). * Multiple launch missile system: BM-21 degree, BM-21 degree-1, BM-27 Hurricane, BM-30 Tornado. * Artillery systems: 2C9 "Nona-C", 2C1 "Clove", 2c3 Acacia, 122 mm howitzer D-30, 152 mm howitzer gun D-1, 152 mm howitzer gun D-20, PM-38. After the division of the Red Flag Turkestan Military District of the USSR among the independent states of Central Asia, Turkmenistan included the largest aviation group in Central Asia located in two large bases - the city of Mary and Ashgabat. The Air Force has up to 250 helicopters and various systems. [source?] Currently, the Turkmen Navy is under the command of the Frontier Forces. The main base of the fleet is located in Turkmenbashi port (formerly Krasnovodsk). A small river flotilla base is located in the village of Kelif in Amu Darya ## See also * Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan relations * Kazakhstan-Turkmenistan border ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5283

Old houses

Uysin State (8th century BC - 5th century BC) — the tribes inhabiting Kazakhstan had the first signs of statehood. These were the ethno-cultural heirs of the Sakas. Another source of Kazakh statehood is considered to be the Uysin state. All the signs of development characteristic of ancient civilization were observed in the houses. These signs of normal development include the system of state power, the presence of writing, a standing army, embassy procedures, etc. can be attributed. Private ownership of cattle, tools and household goods, which existed in the Saka period, also spread widely in households. The division of society into ruling and subordinate groups was clearly visible. Society was divided into clan aristocracy and dependent small producers, semi-dependent slaves. In addition to individual ownership of land, a hierarchical type of ownership (tribal, tribal, communal) also developed. In ancient households, socio-economic relations were characteristic of the transitional period. The reason for this special type of development is due to the economic structure. Semi-nomadic and semi-sedentary society had two main types of production: livestock and land. Accumulation of wealth in the form of cattle led to the development of private ownership of property, furniture, and commodity exchange. However, according to the characteristics of the nomadic society, social relations developed in the form of private property relations of very large and small rich livestock owners. The class relations that arose during the disintegration of the tribal structure became servile. However, the use of slave labor developed in a unique way in the ancient home society; that is, slave labor did not become the mainstay of production, and slave ownership did not reach the classical form. According to written and archaeological data, in the ancient Uysin society, BC. As early as the II-I centuries, the concentration of wealth in the hands of individual people was noticed. According to Chinese data: "There are many horses in the houses. Their richest people have four or five thousand horses. Therefore, while there are rich people who have a lot of property, there is no doubt that there is also a group of poor people who have little or no property. At the same time, markings on domestic animals, seals made of metal, stone and clay also indicate the emergence of private property. According to the early chroniclers, some military commanders and officials of the family had gold and copper seals, as well as other officials near the Kunbi Palace. At the head of the Uysin state stood a great kunbi. Some researchers also call the country's country capital Kunbi. In Chinese, the king of the house was called Gunmo. The next state position after the elder kunbi was the kunbi. This is the chief vizier. The next position was the tul (helmet), which was equivalent to the grand vizier in the Chinese state. The army was divided into right and left wings, which were led by two generals. The function of the supreme court of the country was performed by two deputies, called judges, and they were called daruga (dartu). The position of abyz embodied the religious leadership. The next state position was the backbone of the entire nation. He had two deputies. Officials who ruled the country had careers as snipers, carrying out their tasks. The capital of the Uysin state was the city of Chiguchen on the banks of Issykkol. ## Geography Located in Zhetisu region. Its border stretches to the Shu and Talas rivers in the west, to the eastern deltas of Tien Shan in the east, and from Lake Balkash to the southern shore of Issykkol in the north. The first information about the association of the house dates back to BC. Found in Chinese annals of the 1st century (Yuisin). It had a population of 630 thousand. About 189,000 people formed a militia. The fortified capital of the union is the city of Chiga. It is located at the "Great Silk Road" junction between Western and Eastern countries. This made it possible for the union to develop political, economic and cultural ties with neighboring countries (with China, Hun, Kangli, Alan, Uyghur, Kyrgyz tribes). The capital Chiguchen (Kyzyl Alkap) is located on the banks of Issykkol. ## History Records about the houses were left by the Chinese. BC In the 2nd century, an ambassador led by Zhang Qian came to Zhetysu. He brought a lot of information. About Uysin (usun-go) they said "Uysin state". He also showed that there are 630 thousand people and 188 thousand soldiers in the state. The king of the house was called Gunmo. It was a strong country. One of the first early class associations in Central Asia. If we take into account that the writers of the 8th century called Besbalyk "the border of the Uysin prince", we must conclude that the eastern border of the Uysin once passed through the Besbalyk district. The border of the Uysindar estates ran along the Shu and Talas rivers in the west. It probably extends to the eastern slopes of Karatau. The center of the estates of the Uysinds was the Ile Valley, however, their heartland was located between Issykkol and the southern bank of the Ile River. According to Zhang Qiang (2nd century BC), the "previous" residence of the Uysin was somewhere far in the east, which is clearly untrue. The meaning of the term "Uysin" has not yet been determined. It is known only from Chinese hieroglyphic writings, and its current pronunciation corresponds to one of the Kazakh ethnonyms - the word "Uysin" as the tribe calls itself, which is the main ethnic component of the Uly Yuz Kazakhs. A number of researchers tend to consider this transcription as an Asian ethnonym known from the history of Central Asia. However, recent studies suggest that the term Asian may be one of the dialectal versions of the ethnonym Yatii, while the traditional early Chinese form of its transcription was the modern Chinese (yuezhi) hieroglyphs. There is another way to explain the transcription of the term Uysin. It is believed that the two hieroglyphs, now pronounced as uysien, were pronounced asman, that is, asman, "heaven" in ancient Chinese. This can be confirmed by the words in the letter of the Chinese princess who was betrothed to her house, Gunmo: "My house gave me ... to the Land of Heaven ... in marriage." From this point of view, it is important to note that the word tian-shan, which means "mountains of the sky", itself seems to be a translation of a local name. The events related to the early ethno-political history of the Uysin have not been sufficiently studied. The first news about Uysind p. h. d. Appears at the end of the II century. The courtiers of the Chinese emperor sent an embassy led by Zhang Qian to the Western Region, looking for allies in the fight against the Huns. Zhang Qian was captured by the Xiongnu Huns and spent about ten years in their country. However, he later escaped and went to Zhetysu, where he brought the first news about the houses to his country. During his time, the Se (Saks) "branch" and the Yuezhi lived among the Uysin. Since reports of the Yuezhi came from Xiongnu in the Zhanye District, Zhang Qian concluded that the Yuezhi themselves had once lived between Qilianshan and Dunhuang. According to modern data, the houses occupied a larger area including Zhetysu. The Chinese House wanted the Xiongnu to strike at Hordos. This opinion was also reflected in the editing of the genealogical legend of the family, which was recorded by Zhang Qian and later included in the genealogy. According to him, the ruler of your family was once killed by his neighbors Yuezhi, and his son, who was left alone to guard by a blood wolf and a crow, was brought up in the Shanyu clan until he became an adult. After reaching adulthood, Gunmo sought Shanyu's permission to avenge his father's murder and defeated the Yuezhi. In turn, the surviving part of Central Asian Yuechies allied with other tribes and h. b. In 140 he destroyed the Greek-Bactrian state. There is probably a ternary system in the houses. Like the Xiongnu, they were divided into three parts: the left wing, the center and the right wing (each of which had ten thousand soldiers). Since the Uysin were politically dependent on the Xiongnu-Huns for some time, it can be considered that the last ethnonym kept the Uysin in their own hands for a certain period of time. This is proved by the reports of the early Greek-Roman writers about the Huns. For example, for the first time in what Strabo said about the Huns, it is said that the kings of Bactria "spread their possessions to the Sirs and Fauns." In fact, the possessions of Greco-Bactria once extended beyond the western border of the Tarim basin, so this comparison is controversial from a historical and geographical point of view. The later history of the Yuxin is associated with the Sakas and the Yuezhi. Greco-Roman authors now talk about "Hun-Uysyns". In spite of the fact that the name Hundar is spread to the Uysin, there is no solid reason to talk about their ethnic kinship, although it cannot be completely dismissed in vain. The language of the Xunnuler is still unknown. Researchers are currently inclined to attribute the Sunnuler language to the language of the "Altaic" group, which is closest to the ancient Turkic language. The Uysinds are one of the ancient Turkic tribes that formed the basis for the formation of the Kazakh people. In ancient Chinese writings, the name Uysin dates back to BC. It is found since the 2nd century. Fearing the rise of the Huns, the Chinese government sent embassies to western countries in search of allies. When the Chinese ambassador arrived, the Uysin was a powerful state equal to China and the Huns (see Uysin State). In historical and genealogical studies, there are more or less conflicting opinions about the origin, distribution, and role of the family in the history of peoples. The reason for this is written sources. People's names and positions are written in them according to Chinese transcription. In particular, the Chinese writer of the 7th century, Ching-gu, writes that "the Uysin are significantly different from other foreigners of the Western region, their eyes are blue, and they have a thick beard" (see Uysin anthropological type). Archeological data on the economic situation and culture of the houses. It is known from excavations (see Monuments of the Uysin era). B.C. In 105 years, the daughter of the Chinese emperor, who was sent to the Uysin Kunbi, wrote a lamenting letter in poetry, saying that she lives in a round house covered with felt, feeds on meat and milk. In the written sources, the It is said that in the 1st century, the total number of Uysin population was 630 thousand people (120 thousand smoke). They had an army of 188 thousand 800 people. At first Bulingyr lived along the river. BC In the middle of the 2nd century, it moved to Zhetysu, along the Ile River. However, there is a scientific assumption that not all of them moved. Orientalist S.E. Malov proves it by writing the name of Uysin on the monuments of Tonykök. In order to determine the origin of Zhetysu Houses, A.N. Bernshtam, K.A. Akishev, G.A. The Kushaevs conducted archaeological excavations. The data on the Orkhon-Yenisei written monuments in the East also allow us to draw such an inescapable conclusion. Based on these data, Russian scientists prove that the Uysin are related to the Issedons and divide them into the Tien-Shan and Eastern Turkestan branches. B.C. Since the 6th century, the ethnonym Uysin does not appear in historical literature. But the clans that descended from it participated in the creation of states during the Dulat, Albanian, Shigil (Jikhil) Turkic Khaganate. In the work of Rashid al-Din in the 13th century, it is mentioned about the Uysin people in the Shagatai dynasty. Zhetysu was used both among the people and in written literature as a general name of the Great Hundred tribes that inhabited South Kazakhstan. Traditional Kazakh genealogical data spread Uysin from Mayki dance during the time of Chinggis Khan. In the genealogy of the Dikanbai batyr from the Botbay clan (in the writings of N. Aristov) from Maikyi: Kanly, Bakhtiyar, Kyrykjuz, Myngjuz. From Bakhtiyar: Go home, Oysyl. From home: Aksakal (Prison), Zhansakal (Tarak). From Abak — November, from there Baidibek, Baituly. The tribes that formed the basis of the Great Hundred are considered to be Baidibek's children. They are: Albanian, Dulat, Suan, Shapyrashty, Saryuysin, Oshki, Ist. In Sh. Valikhanov's writings, Uysin is the ancestor not only of these tribes, but of all tribes of the Great Hundred. From Tobey - Uysin, from it - Koyildir (Katagan, Shanyshkyly), Mekreil (Zhalayir), Maiky (Abak), Sovet (Kanly) spread there. The Kyrgyz people also have Uysin. A branch of the Solty tribe is called Uson, the Karakesek branch is called Saryuisin, and the ancestors of Kalsha in Bagysin are called Uysin. In the same way, Uysin is part of Karakalpaks. B.C. Until 73 AD, the land of the family was divided into three parts: the left (eastern) part, the right (western) part and the center facing the gunmo itself. These were full of mutual conflict. Chinese princesses were sent to their families. They played an important role in China's trade relations with Central Asia, Western Asia and Europe. BC It was these houses that supported the Great Silk Road, which appeared in the 2nd century. In the Chinese data about the Uysin, c. It is said until the 3rd century. ## Culture During the study of Uysin monuments, it was found that this culture passed through three periods: the first period - BC. 3-1 centuries; middle period — c. 1-2 centuries; the last period — c. 3-5 centuries. There are peculiarities in the digging and design of graves in these periods, in the form and design of weapons, decorative items and household items. Handicrafts and cottage industries flourished along with livestock and agriculture. In particular, the production of dishes and pots from earthenware has developed. Processing business has developed. Iron and bronze tools, weapons, decorative items, gold and silver necklaces, earrings, various ornaments were made. Textile industry, leather tanning, stone carving, and bone processing were developed. ## Uysin traditions There is little scientific data on Uysin traditions. According to the understanding of ancient people, it was believed that a dead person will come back to life. That's why when burying a person, they buried him with all the things he would need in the afterlife. He buried all the things he used during his life. This is evidenced by the things found during the excavation of many graves. Dishes and other household items are often found. Armor, weapons, such as bows, arrows, daggers, spears, whips, knives are placed near the men. ## Religious Beliefs In addition to the high artistic quality of the found items, jewelry, and weapons, they also reflect the religious concept and outlook on life of the family. The leaves on the diadem are the source of the universal tree of life, the source of life, the image of the soul-giving woman. This tree grows to the top of a mountain in the middle of the earth and covers the four corners of the world and three parts of the world: the underground world where the roots go deep - the other world, the above ground where people and animals live - this world, the abode of gods and birds - the sky world. ## Burial places The large and small plaques erected at the grave indicated the status and wealth of the deceased in society. During the excavations, many large ornaments, weapons, dishes were found. Golden clothespins, gold earrings, an iron pin wrapped with gold wire, and a bronze mirror were found in the grave in Tenlik cemetery. Several clay pots, a wooden bowl, a bronze earring, a pin, and a bracelet came out of the medium-sized bowl. Weapons include iron daggers, knives, and three-edged flat arrowheads. One or two pottery vessels, an iron knife, a bronze earring, and a bead were found in the small pits. ## Archeological monuments Addresses of houses and cemeteries were studied in Zhetysu region. Most of the plants have a diameter of 6-20 m and a height of 0.5-1.5 m. There are piles of soil, stone rubble or mixed soil and stone. Burials B.C. 3-2 centuries. which belong to the early period.-Kapshagai 3, Otegen 3, Kyzyl espe. A common characteristic of them is that the graves are planned in such a way that they extend from the bottom to the bottom, in a chain with 5-6 graves in each. Those belonging to the middle period B.C. 1st century AD 1st century is considered. This includes Otegen 1, 2, Taigak 1, Karlak 1, and Altyn Emel cemeteries. They are located in an unsystematic way, in a chain of three plagues. The last period is 2-3 centuries. Kapchagai 2, Sholak Zhide 1, 2, Gur Kora 2, and Kalkan 4 burials belong to the later period. The graves in these are unsystematic and irregular, the graves are dug out of the ground, and the tops are not covered with wood. The first settlement of the Uysin was found in the Shu valley, in the village of Lugovoe. The walls were made of mud bricks, the floors were plastered with mud, and there was an earth hearth in the middle. ## Agriculture The population of the Uysin association was a semi-nomadic country. He raised cattle and cultivated the land. According to the materials found in archeological excavations, the discovery of a stone rake and a hand mill made of stone for tilling the land even at that time is a proof that the inhabitants of that time were able to engage in agriculture and produce its products. Traces of the irrigation system were found in the Ile, Shu, and Talas basins. Ancient houses from BC In the 1st century, especially In the 3rd-5th centuries, he was engaged in agriculture, gardening, fruit growing, and began to learn to settle down. Although they were nomads, they also planted crops near their homes. It is evidenced by the discovery of dishes with grains, mortars, stone hoes. The rich made their clothes from silk and fine wool, the poor from thick wool, leather, and sheepskin. In the settlements along the Shu and Ile, unburnt bricks, hearths shaped like horseshoes, and rectangular dwellings were found. ### Animal husbandry The husbandry of the Uysin was mixed, that is, they were engaged in both animal husbandry and agriculture. However, the main occupation of the households was semi-nomadic cattle breeding. The comfortable nature of the population allowed them to keep a large number of livestock. They kept sheep, horses, cows, two-humped camels, and goats. Most of them raised horses and sheep. He bred many different breeds of horses. There were also thoroughbred stallions in it. For example, a gold staple found in the Tenlik burial ground in Zhetysu depicted a horseman with a braided tail and mane, a protruding chest, and a tall horse riding a real saddle. ### Agriculture Uysyns were engaged in both irrigated agriculture and cultivated agriculture. He grew barley and millet from cereals. The fact that they were engaged in agriculture is evidenced by the discovery of stone hoes, scythes and threshers during the excavation work. Houses built their fields along the river. Ditch water was also used to irrigate crops. According to the early data, they "planted trees" and "built cities and settlements". Irrigated fields, irrigation systems, gardens were located around the capital city of Chigu. ## Society In the society of Uysin there were rich people, rich people, priests, and poor people. Military commanders and officials had a seal. Private property also increased. There was private ownership of livestock in the Uysin association. The pastures of the tribes were divided into possessions, and the wealth was accumulated in the hands of the tribal leaders; inter-tribal relations increased. The presence of private property can be seen from the markings on pottery, bone, and metal objects. The area of excavated plagues is different. Some of them have a height of 10-12 m and an area of up to 40 m. Judging by the quantity and quality of things buried with human remains, tribal leaders and nobles were buried in large mounds, and ordinary members of the community were buried in smaller mounds. Power passed from father to son through inheritance. Clan and tribe leaders named "bek" were subject to him. A ten system of management was used in the house association. The ruler divided his dependents among his children and gave each of them ten thousand troops and a land for migration. In the association of houses, there were signs characteristic of the state. There is evidence that the Beks protected their grazing lands from others with armed force. This indicates the formation of social groups. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6683

oath (ritual)

Oath (ritual). Disperse with oath, Gather for council. (Abay) Oath, oath, promise - the manifestation of the pledge of faith in our people. Oath is said only in cases of high importance, such as revenge against the enemy, inter-country promises, agreements, loyalty. "Oh, where is the sworn oath, the promise, the broken hand? !" No one could escape the oath. In the country, a person who breaks an oath is hated as "sworn". An oath is a word of loyalty. But "even if you are honest, don't take an oath" Kazakh say.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5000

Genghis Khan

Chinggis Khan (Mong. Chingis khaan), real name - Temujin (Mong. Temujin) is the founder of the first unified state in Asia, the greatest military and statesman of his time, an ancient clan leader born in the family of Yesugei Bahadur. ## Creation of the state Genghis Khan (child's name Temujin) who first raised the roof of the Mongol Empire in 1155 (in some sources, 1162) on the banks of the Onon River in the Kenditau region of Mongolia, in a place called Boldong Yesugei was born in the family of a hero. When Temujin was 9 years old, his father was killed by the Tatars. Thanks to his military talent and using the weakness and fragmentation of his enemies, in 1183-1204 In the struggle for power, he defeated his main enemies - from Tokhta, the leader of the Merkit tribe, to Tayan Khan, the leader of the Naiman tribe - and conquered a vast territory, thus becoming the sole ruler of many tribal unions living there. As a result of these victories and the implementation of a series of social measures aimed at grouping the tribal leaders in their vicinity, Temujin was declared the great khan of all tribes by the decision of the assembly of steppe aristocracy in the year of Barys (1206) and was named "Chinggis Khan" (meaning "sea" in Turkic languages is considered to be derived from the word) received the position. Chinggis Khan is chosen as the next khan after Yesugei. Genghis Khan named Genghis Khan to protect the Mongols. ## Domestic policy In domestic policy, Genghis Khan tried to subordinate the affairs of state management to one center, divided the Turko-Mongol tribes into military-administrative units called "thousands" (because the Khan demanded according to this, each of these units was supposed to provide 1000 cavalry). Chinggis Khan gave them to his relatives and noyans along with grazing lands. The main law of the state was called "Jasak" (Yasa). It consists of two parts. The first part consisted of proverbs spoken by Genghis Khan himself and decisions on some of the main issues of country management. The second part consisted of general laws on the implementation of military and civil affairs and various rules for punishing those who did not fulfill them. The highest body of government power was established under "Zhasak". He was invited once a year, in summer. There, the main issue is the plan of the upcoming war. He divided the empire into 95 administrative powers. Each district had 10 thousand pdam. Tumens were divided into regions. Each thousand consisted of ten hundreds, and hundreds consisted of tens. This is why the management system started. ## Military structure He established a very strict order in the army: military men who showed the slightest disrespect or cowardice were sentenced to death. Genghis Khan's military strategy and tactics included careful reconnaissance, individual destruction of the enemy, ambush attack, interception by special detachments to deceive the enemy, maneuvering with large cavalry, etc. used methods. In terms of military administration, the territory and people of Mongolia were divided into three military administrative regions. They were called Right Wing (Barungar), Left Wing (Jungar) and Central Wing (Kul). ## Campaigns and conquests 1207-11 Genghis Khan conquered Siberia and East Turkestan (Buryats, Yakuts, Oirats, Kyrgyz, Uighurs). 1211 He marched to the state of Jin. 1215 He took Beijing. 1217 All of North China came under the rule of Genghis Khan. 1219 The Korean kingdom fell to its knees from the armies of Genghis Khan. The campaigns of Mongol troops to North China and the kingdom of Korea were led by a great commander, emir Mukly Gauin Jalairi. After the attack against China, a group of Genghis Khan's troops in 1218-19. Zhetysu, 1219-21. He conquered Kazakhstan and Central Asia. ### Campaign of Tugyril Khan and Temuchin against Taishuites In 1200, Tugyril Khan and Temuchin went on a joint campaign against Taishuites. Merkets came to the aid of the Taishuites. During the march, Temuchin was wounded by an arrow in the shoulder. The injury was so severe that commander Zelme took care of him all night. In the early days, the Taishuites fled, leaving behind many of their people. Among the remaining people were Sorghanshira, who protected Temujin at the time, and Jyrgodai, a sniper who wounded Temujin in the battle. Jyrgodai was accepted into the army of Temuchin and received the name of the Arrow. After that, a chasing group is sent after the Taishuites. Most of them were killed in battle and those who survived surrendered voluntarily. This was Temuchin's first big victory. In 1201, Mongol forces (Tatars, Taishuts, Merkits, Oirats and other tribes) united against Temuchin. They swore loyalty to Jamukha and placed him on the throne with the post of Gurkhan. Hearing about this situation, Temuchin sent a messenger to Tugyril, Khan of the Kereys. Tughuril Khan, in turn, gathered a large number of hands and joined Temuchin's army. ### Campaign against the Tatars In 1202, Temuchin went on a campaign against the Tatars. Before the campaign, he forbade possession of the spoils of the battle and ordered that they should be shared only after the battle. Temujin won the fierce battle. After the battle, Temuchin called a council. The council decided to exterminate all Tatars, except for children below the waist. The reason for this decision was the merciless killing of the Mongol rulers by the Tatars (especially the death of Temuchin's father). ### The fall of the Kerey dynasty In the spring of 1203, a big battle took place between Temuchin and the united Jamukha and Tugyril Khans in the land of Halakhaljin-Elet. Tughuril Khan did not want to fight with Temuchin, but his son Nilha-Sengum and Jamukha pushed him to fight. Sengum persuaded his father to march against Temuchin, as he knew that Tughuril Khan considered Temuchin as his son and wanted to leave the Kerei Khanate to him. Jamukha, on the other hand, accused Temuchin of planning to commit treason by joining forces with the Naiman rulers. After this battle, Temuchin's son suffered great losses. However, Sengum was wounded during the battle and his army retreated. Aiming to gain time, Temuchin started diplomatic activities. He intended to create a rift between Tugyril Khan and Jamukha. At that time, the tribes that did not join any of the warring parties formed an alliance against Tugyril Khan and Temuchin. Knowing this, Tugyril Khan was the first to attack them and won. Tugyril Khan was celebrating his victory. Aware of this situation, Temuchin planned to attack from the ground and destroy the enemy. In autumn 1203, Temuchin's army, which did not even have the courage to stop for the night, reached the military camp of the Kereis and destroyed the enemy. After that, the Kerey Khanate ceased to exist. Tughuril Khan and his son managed to escape, but Tughuril Khan was killed by a guard at the border of Naiman Khanate. Sengum escaped, but was later killed by the Uyghurs. ## Distribution to nobles Genghis Khan divided the captured lands among nobles and distributed them to his sons. Zhosha was given lands from Irtys to the Ural Mountains, from there to the Caspian Sea and the Aral area to the south, North Khorezm and the Syrdarya region from his possessions in Central Asia, Mauerannakhr, Zhetysu, Kashkaria to Shagatai, Western Mongolia and Tarbagatai region to Ugedei. His great-grandfather inherited Mongolia. ## Death Genghis Khan died during another attack on the Tanguts. The successors of Genghis Khan, the khans of the Genghis dynasty continued to wage war with more or less interruptions. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7535

Анахронизм

Anachronism - [Greek. anachsonismos, ana - back, back, opposite, chronos - time] item. Transferring events that happened in a certain era to another era by mistake or conditionally. Anachronism is often found in the worlds (art and literature) characteristic of the Middle Ages and the Renaissance, classicism. Anachronism - when depicting a past era in a literary work, the event that happened later, things that appeared later, or features characteristic of later times in a literary work, inadvertently or deliberately (Literary term. ). Anachronism (Greek ανα — kepi, Greek χρόνος — time) is an inconsistency in counting years (chronological errors) or mistakenly or conditionally transferring the events and characteristics of one era to another era. Anachronism in a variable sense also means a remnant of the past, an outdated, outdated attitude, concept, tradition that does not correspond to the modern worldview. Anachronism is often found in the worlds (art and literature) characteristic of the Middle Ages and Renaissance, classicism. In the 19th and 20th centuries, anachronism was considered as a defect of the work. Only in some cases it was understood as an artistic method (for example, an anachronism in B. Brecht's novel "Julius Caesar ici"). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5305

Taras Shevchenko

Taras Grigorovich Shevchenko (Russian: Тарас Григориевич Шевченко; March 9, 1814, Morintsy village, present-day Cherkassk region - March 10, 1861, St. Petersburg) is a famous Ukrainian Cossack poet, prose writer, thinker, artist, graphic artist, ethnographer, public figure. . National hero and symbol of Ukraine. Participant of the Ukrainian national movement, member of the Kirill-Mefodius brotherhood. Academician of the Imperial Academy of Arts (1860). Literary heritage, which plays a central role in Shevchenko's poetry, in particular, the collection "Kobzar", is considered the basis of modern Ukrainian literature and, in many ways, the literary Ukrainian language. He also went down in history as an artist. also contributed to Russian literature. But the most important thing is, of course, that he was a "star of light" of Ukrainian literature, a national symbol of awakening the consciousness of the Ukrainian people. ## Biography * In 1838, he was admitted to the Academy of Fine Arts in St. Petersburg. * In 1845, he came to Kyiv and was employed as an artist in the archaeological commission. * In 1846, he became a member of the Cyril and Methodius Society in Kiev. * Arrested in 1847. * In 1848, under the leadership of A.I. Butakov, he participated in an expedition to explore the Aral Sea and painted more than 350 landscapes and portraits. For example, "Kazakh on horseback", "Kazakh yurts on the shores of the Aral Sea", "Kazakh winter villages in Kosaral", etc. * In 1950, he was arrested for the second time and exiled to Novopetrov Castle (later Fort Shevchenko) in Mangystau. His paintings "Kazakhs sitting in a yurt", "Kazakh boy lighting a fire", "In a yurt", "Kazakh girl with a knotted bride", "Kazakh girl Katya" were painted during this period. * Shevchenko stayed in Mangystau for 7 years and was released in 1857. * Arrives in St. Petersburg in 1857. * In 1860, he was elected an academician in the field of engraving. * He died in St. Petersburg on March 10, 1861, the same year when serfdom was abolished. Since he was a serf farmer, he fought for the freedom of the Ukrainian people against serf rights and the tsarist oppression of the Russian Empire. During the Soviet government, he was evaluated as a supporter of ideas close to the revolutionary Bolsheviks. Now in the independent Ukraine, he is considered as a hero who fought for the independence of the Ukrainian people and national development. Being a people's poet, he was called "the great Kobzar". For opposing the tsar's government, he was first imprisoned in the Or castle of the Orynbor region, and then driven to the Kazakh steppe - Mangystau, overlooking that region. Idauda writes letters of complaint to Gogol and Zhukovsky. After driving, he often meets with Turgenev. ## Remember In Kazakhstan, cities, settlements and streets are named after him. In Almaty, a street named after Shevchenko and a monument were erected on that street. ## Images * * * ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6257

Сьерра-Леоне

The Republic of Sierra Leone is a country in West Africa. ## Geographical location Sierra Leone has a highly developed river system. The main rivers are Big Skarsis (Colente), Little Skarsis (Kaba), Rockel, Yonge, Mabole, Seva, Moa and Makona. There are many convenient bays on the coast, in particular, the port of Freetown. Minerals - diamond, bauxite, iron, gold and rutile (mineral, titanium dioxide). The climate is subequatorial, hot and humid, with dry winter (November-April) and wet summer (May-October). On the coast, in Freetown, the average temperature of the warmest month is + 29 °C, the coldest is + 24 °C, the average annual precipitation is 2740 mm, and inland, in Boda, + 31 °C, + 21 °C and precipitation is 2770 mm, respectively. mm. A strip of mangroves stretches along the coast. The main type of vegetation is tall grass savannah with scrub thickets and free-standing baobab trees. Wet equatorial forests, which are preserved only on the eastern slopes of mountains and hills and in the south, cover less than 5% of the country's territory. Coconut trees are grown in the coastal zone, and oil palms are grown in the savannas. Seiba or cottonwood, teak, pink and black wood, kola grow in the forest. Fauna consists of many species of birds, from mammals elephant, buffalo, leopard, antelope, zebra, hyena, wild boar, various monkeys, hippopotamus, reptiles - crocodiles, snakes, lizards are widespread. Scorpions are everywhere, with many types of insects - from the anopheles mosquito to large beautiful butterflies and swamp dragonflies. Barracudas and sharks are found in estuaries and coastal waters. ## Economy Sierra Leone has significant mineral, agricultural and fisheries resources, but remains one of the poorest countries in the world. GDP per capita in 2017 is 1500 dollars (177th place in the world). Below the poverty line - about 70% of the population. About half of the workers are engaged in secondary farming. Cultural - rice, coffee, cocoa, palms (nuts and oil), peanuts; livestock is raised; fishing. Industry - diamond mining, beer, tobacco and shoe production. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5195

Мұқанов

The word Mukanov can have the following meanings: * Bolat Mazhituly Mukanov - scientist, doctor of agricultural sciences * Daniyar Zheksenuly Mukanov - football player, Defender. * Dymkesh Mukanov - scientist, doctor of technical sciences * Galymzhan Mukanov - Kazakh and French language specialist, writer, translator. * Kenzhetay Biyashuly Mukanov - akim of Alga district of Aktobe region. * Kazhigalym Mukanov is a writer. * Kubai Mukanov - production organizer, Socialist Labor Man * Maksat Nurdauletuly Mukanov - head of the Center for Strategic Research and Analysis of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * Marat Omirbekuly Mukanov - doctor of medical sciences, professor * Marat Sabituly Mukanov (publisher) - General director of "Taimas" Publishing House. * Marat Sabituly Mukanov (historian) - doctor of historical sciences * Maubas Mukanov is an excellent shepherd, a man of socialist labor * Malik Floberuly Mukanov is an artist * Muhambetkali Mukanov is a member of West Alashorda * Sagingali Mukanov is a journalist, poet, teacher, * Sabit Mukanovy Mukanov - famous Kazakh writer, poet, public figure

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3857

Kyzyr Mamyrbekuly

Kyzyr Mamyrbekuly ماﻣ镀ﺑﻪك ﻯلى ۻﺮ‎) (1893 - 1931) is a Kazakh poet ## Works * Salikha - Samen (ُساليقا-سامه‎) "Salikha-Samen" " is a love saga. When it was first published in 1946, the author was called Aset Naimanbayuly, and there was some controversy. And there were many who said that it was written by Kyzyr Mamyrbekuly. Whoever the author may be, according to the legend of the local people, it is said that the incident took place in this Shingil area. The people witnessed it and pointed to the place called "Zhayatas" where Salikha and Sam were fortified. The saga ends with the tragedy of two lovers who could not unite. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7053

Cutting the ponytail

Cutting the horse's tail (tradition). "Cut the horse's tail, make it a khan!" (Self). People who have clashed with different situations between the countries, who have been lost forever, are separated from their country and relatives. In such a case, he cuts his horse's tail and leaves the country with his hands on his head. This is a very serious measure equal to death, to not come back, to lose one's brother, to the country, to bitter enmity, to leave without looking back. This is where the saying "the horse's tail is cut off" comes from. For example, in Shakarim's "Kalkaman-Mamyr" epic, Kalkaman batyr left his homeland like this. "Do not cut the horse's tail" and "put your hands on your head" are left from this. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5060

Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev

Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev, real name - Gabdulgani (April 12, 1899, Bayanaul district, Pavlodar region - January 31, 1964, Moscow) - geologist-scientist, doctor of mineralogy, professor, academician. Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev - organizer of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR and its first president, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, founder of the Soviet Union and Kazakhstan school of metallurgy, the first Kazakh academician. He was the leader of scientific and technical development in Kazakhstan. He was the first doctor of science from Kazakhstan, the first academician of the USSR in the field of science and technology among the scientists of the Eastern countries, the first winner of the State Prize of the USSR and the Lenin Prize in Kazakhstan. Awarded with the Order of Lenin for underground exploration of Zhezkazgan-Ulytau district (1940). In 1942, he received the scientific degree of Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy. He was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree for the work "Zhezkazgan District Mines" (1942). Corresponding member of the USSR Academy of Sciences (1943). "A meritorious figure of science of the Kazakh SSR" (1943). For his contribution to the mobilization of the rear resources, he was awarded the second Order of Lenin and the Order of the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree (1945). Kazakhstan received the third Order of Lenin (1957) for his contribution to the development of virgin and fallow lands. The Center won the Lenin Prize for the development of comprehensive metallogenic forecast maps of Kazakhstan (1958). He was awarded the fourth Order of Lenin (1963) for his contribution to the development of the geological science of Kazakhstan and the study of mineral resources. In 1924, at the age of 25, the scientist prepared the textbook "Algebra" in Arabic graphics for students of Kazakh secondary schools, this book laid the foundation for mathematical education. Today, his name is immortalized in scientific institutes, universities and streets. Kanysh Satbayev's birthday, April 12, was approved as the Day of Scientific Workers in Kazakhstan. ## Biography ### Childhood and education Kanysh Imantayuly was born on April 12, 1899 in the Bayanaul district of the present Pavlodar region (the former Semey province Imantai was born in the family of Akkelin, Pavlodar district. The baby was named Gabdul-Ghani. Just as the eldest son Gabdul-Gaziz was fondly called Bokesh, his mother Alima called Gabdul-Ghani "Ghanim, Ghanishim". When the boy went to the regional school, his name was written in the journal as Kanysh. The Argyn tribe originated from the Suyindik clan of the Karzhas department. The future scientist, who got his education from the village mullah, then starts attending the school located in the village of Shorman. Completes the four-year program in three years. From 1911, he went to the 2nd grade Russian-Kazakh school in Pavlodar. He will graduate from this institution one year ahead of schedule. After that, his cousin, teacher of Russian philology A.Z. The period at the Semipalatinsk Teacher's Seminary headed by Satbaev (he was shot in 1937) begins. In Semipalatinsk, Kanysh Satbaev met Ahmet Baitursynov, Mirzhakip Dulatov, the democratic poet Sultanmahmut Toraygyrov, and studied with Mukhtar Auezov and Alkey Margulan. The seminary was taught by the famous brothers Beloslyudov, a local historian, and the married couple, Nazipa and Nurgali Kulzhanov. In 1914, he entered the Semey teachers' seminary, graduated in four years, and received a certificate entitling him to teach Russian in elementary schools. In the fall of 1918, he started his career as a teacher for rural Kazakh schools opened in the town of Alash with the funds of the Zemstvo Administration. The head of the course is Mannan Turganbayev, who graduated from the Troitsk madrasa, the head of studies is his classmate in Pavlodar and Semipalatinsk - Zhusipbek Aimauytov. In 1919, he fell seriously ill and was hospitalized. The doctor who treated him at the hospital, SN Razumovsky, told the patient that he could no longer stay in Semipalatinsk. Due to the poor health of the young man, he passes the exam to get a diploma ahead of time. In 1920-1921, Satbayev returned to his native land and was treated with kombuzy for his advanced tuberculosis disease. During this time, he married Sharipa Omarov, and from that marriage he had a daughter named Khanisa. In the future, Khanisa Kanyshovna, Doctor of Medical Sciences, S.N. Honored professor of Kazakh National Medical University named after Asfandiyarov, Honored Worker of Science of the Kazakh SSR. ### Tomsk Institute of Technology He starts preparing to study at the Faculty of Mathematics of Tomsk Institute of Technology. In order to enter the study, he had to pass exams in mathematics and English. For this purpose, Garifolla, who graduated from the Faculty of Mathematics of Tomsk University and works in Semipalatinsk, takes extra lessons in mathematics during the winter from Nigmetulin. In 1921, thanks to Alimkhan Yermekov, a student of the Siberian Institute of Technology, later the first Kazakh mathematics professor, the young Kanysh Tomsk geology professor, future academician M.A. Meets with Usov. This meeting has a great significance in Kanysh's fate. Kanysh, being a student of the Siberian Institute of Technology, chooses the path that has become his life ideal. As life begins to rebuild in a war-torn city, the community is experiencing shortages of basic necessities such as food, fuel, and clothing. Kanysh M. in such a difficult period. Under Usov's care, the relationship between a teacher and a student becomes warm and respectful, like a kinship between a father and a son. When Kanysh is seriously ill in Tomsk, Usov persuades him to move into his house with his wife. During this period, Kanysh met Taisiya, who later became his companion at the mining faculty of the technological institute. Taisia supports Kanysh as a wife, friend and ally. As a result of this relationship, two daughters are born. The eldest daughter, Meyiz Kanyshovna, follows in her parents' footsteps and chooses the profession of geologist and becomes a doctor of science in this field. However, the second daughter Mariash died at the age of 12. ### During the famine period The mass famine in Kazakhstan in the 1930s was one of the most severe periods in the history of the Kazakh steppe. During this period, many villages were deserted, and the people experienced great hardships. Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev was not indifferent to the difficult situation of the country during these terrible years. When the number of workers in the department he managed reached one thousand, he realized the need to help those suffering from hunger and took action in this direction. During a random visit to his sister's village, K. Satbaev saw people dying of hunger in yurts and saw poor children. Among them were his nephews. This situation is very disturbing and he decides to take all these children under his care. Kemal Akyshev, one of those taken under their care, later turned out to be a well-known archaeologist. He became a doctor of science and contributed to the discovery of the world-famous "Golden Man" during archaeological excavations near Almaty. ### Work in Zhezkazgan In 1926, K.I. Satbaev successfully graduated from the Tomsk Institute of Technology and received a diploma of a mining engineer-geologist and was sent to the Central Council of National Economy as the first citizen of Kazakhstan. Kanysh spends 15 years there to prove that the world's largest copper deposit is in Karsakpaya. Here he headed the geology department of the Atbastsvetmet trust. It included the Karaganda coal basin, the Uspensky copper mine, the Spassk combine, which included the Spassk copper smelter and the Karsakpai copper smelter under construction, the Baikonur coal mines, the Karsakpai combine, which included the Zhezkazgan copper mines and the Korgasyn deposit. The following year (1927), he was elected a board member of the same trust. Atbasar Trust had a copper mine in the village of Karsakpai and a copper smelter under construction. The construction of the plant began ten years ago, when the British took the Karsakpai region as a concession and began to search for copper. They built a smelter and installed some equipment, but did not find much copper. At the beginning of the February revolution, the British left the factory, and later the Soviet government decided to finish it. As the chief geologist of the trust, Satbaev went to inspect the place and learned about the progress of construction works. Specialists who worked with the field and plant management were very skeptical about the prospect of development of copper production in the region. They said that the ore reserves will last only for the next 10-15 years, not more. However, Satbaev did not agree with them. He believed that in Zhezkazgan district there is a large copper reserve that was not discovered before. He asked Geolkom to allocate a drilling rig and began to explore the presence of metal in the area. The management of Geolkom and specialists who know Zhezkazgan district well were sure that Satbaev's idea would fail. However, a year after the start of the work, Satbayev came across a large ore mine with a layer of more than ten meters. The results of the analysis conducted in Leningrad showed that this ore mine was previously unknown and rich in copper. Thanks to this news, Satbaev was able to expand his search in 1928. In 1929, the geologist, having discovered three more large deposits, doubled his research work. Three more deposits and one new ore bed were opened this year. Taking into account these conditions, Satbayev published an article in the journal "Kazakhstan's National Economy" and declared that Zhezkazgan is one of the richest copper provinces in the world, even bigger than many provinces in America. Based on its own estimates, the nearby Karsakpai plant cannot process the volume of ore extracted from Zhezkazgan. He also predicted the need to build a reservoir and build a broadband railway line in the region. With these proposals, he regularly appealed to the highest authorities, spoke in the press, and even proposed to include the development of the region in the five-year economic development plan of the USSR. Satbaev's proposals caused a negative reaction from the management of the trust and Geolkom. Instead of the Zhezkazgan development plan proposed by the young geologist, they proposed to keep the scope of research work of 1930 unchanged. Trying to prove the correctness of his prediction, Satbaev managed to have his proposals considered at the meeting of the mining and metallurgical sector of the All-Union Soviet of People's Economy. After long discussions, the VSNH agreed with Geolkom's opinion and found Satbayev's evidence insufficient. In the spring of 1930, Kanysh Imantayuly, who did not agree with the decision of the Supreme Council of the USSR, G. G. Gosplan. M. Krzhizhanovsky accepted and substantiated his proposals. After that, additional funds, drilling equipment and specialists were allocated to the research for Zhezkazgan. In the next two years, the amount of research work increased. The problem of lack of water in the region, which worried Satbaev, was solved: he reached an agreement to start hydrogeological research in order to search for water in the region in the following year, 1933. In 1932, Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev published his first scientific monograph entitled "Zhezkazgan copper-mine district and its mineral resources", which has an important place in Kazakhstan's geological science. In this work, he reveals that Zhezkazgan deposits are very rich. Before that, British specialists and employees of the Geological Committee under the Council of People's Commissars determined that there are not 60,000 tons, but significantly more - more than 2 million tons of copper reserves. This K.I. It confirms the accuracy of Satbaev's scientific prediction. At the beginning of 1933, VSNH decided to sharply reduce the funding of exploration work in Zhezkazgan. Only one percent of the allocated funds was left. The reason for such a decision was the underdeveloped infrastructure of the region: there were no railways or roads, water and other necessary conditions for life were lacking. In order to keep employees and continue work, Satbayev had to look for additional sources of funding. He signed an agreement with the trusts "Zolotorazvedka" and "Lakokrassyryo" on the exploration of minerals they need. However, the accumulated funds were not enough to maintain or expand the scope of work. Satbaev M. A. With the help of Usov and his friend, Professor Vladimir Alekseevich Vanyukov, he gave a speech at the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and proved the correctness of his conclusions about Zhezkazgan copper ore reserves. At the third session of the Academy held in 1934, it was mentioned about the need to build a copper smelting plant in Zhezkazgan during the third five-year period. The session also supported Satbaev's proposal to build the Zhezkazgan — Karaganda — Balkhash railway. Satbaev presented his proposals to the People's Commissar of Heavy Industry Grigoriy Konstantinovich Ordzhonikidze. On March 25, 1936, Sergo Ordzhonikidze, chairman of the People's Committee of Heavy Industry, signed an order on the start of preparatory work on the construction of the Zhezkazgan copper smelting plant. After that, large-scale research work began in the region. Later, the Zhezkazgan copper deposit turned out to be the largest in the world at that time in terms of estimated reserves. Only at the beginning of 1938, the management headquarters of the copper industry was completely reorganized, K.I. Satbaev was invited to the new People's Commissar of New Heavy Industry L.M. Kaganovich, and on February 10, 1938, Order No. 50 of the USSR NCTP, which was of historical significance for Zhezkazgan, was born. It was mentioned about the urgent need to start designing the new Big Zhezkazgan plant with high production capacity. On January 31, 1939, Kanysh Satbaev expressed his concern about the future of Zhezkazgan in his letter to Lazar Moiseevich Kaganovich, secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU(b). In it, he notes that the Zhezkazgan deposit is a very important, reliable and strategic resource for copper production in Kazakhstan. This action of Satbaev shows his unwavering faith, hard work and dedication to the development of the Zhezkazgan deposit. He was able to set an example for future generations through his special efforts in the development of Kazakhstan's mineral resources and scientific research. ### Contribution to the archeology of Kazakhstan In 1929, K.I. Satbaev first came to the village of Karsakpai, Ulytau district of Karaganda region, and was appointed to the post of chief geologist of the "Glavtsvetmet" geological exploration plant of the People's Commissariat of Heavy Industry of the USSR. Despite the limited funds for geological exploration, his research on foot not only determined the locations of minerals, but also made it possible to find ancient historical monuments, including ancient mines, mounds, and rock paintings. During an expedition in 1935, Satbaev found a stone slab with an inscription written in Arabic letters, on which was written a letter about Amir Temir's campaign against Khan Tokhtamys. Satbaev, who knew the Arabic alphabet since childhood, was able to read the first lines of writing, but he needed the help of specialists to read it further. The inscription was handed over to the state "Hermitage" museum for further study. Later, Satbaev suggested that the mound on the hill of Altynshok was a heat-technical construction for a large ritual fire. These findings were confirmed by modern research conducted under the project of the Ministry of Education and Science of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Satbaev also discovered many archaeological monuments around Ulytau, Arganaty mountains and at the source of Torgai river. He insisted that all finds be carefully photographed, which improved the quality of archaeological data. In 1935, the English wooden camera was replaced by the domestic "Fotokor" camera, which significantly improved the quality of pictures. Satbaev played an important role in the formation of archeology of Kazakhstan, he organized the archeology sector at the Institute of History, Archeology and Ethnography of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan. His work contributed to the formation of the national school of archeology and the professional growth of many famous archaeologists. The results of his long-term researches are summarized in the monograph "Ancient culture of Central Kazakhstan", which contains comprehensive conclusions about the processes of metal production and processing in the Bronze Age. ## Activities at the Academy of Sciences Satbaev, recognized as a major organizer of science in Kazakhstan, wrote more than 130 works, mainly dedicated to the Zhezkazgan mine. His research and publications made a significant contribution to the research and development of the Zhezkazgan copper deposit in particular. After moving to Almaty in 1942, two important monographs of Satbaev were published. The first of them is the monograph "Copper sands of Kazakhstan and the Soviet Union", which is based on materials collected during work in the city of Zhezkazgan. This work, written as a result of long-term observations of a subsurface researcher, provides practical recommendations for prospectors on the rapid exploration and identification of copper deposits. The second monograph - "On the possibilities of development of ferrous metallurgy in Kazakhstan", gives a geological description of the iron ore deposits of Kazakhstan and shows promising deposits that can become the raw material base of the metallurgical industry. These works greatly contributed to the development of industry during periods of shortage of copper and iron ore. On the eve of the war, Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev completed his important work, a large-scale monograph called "Deposits of the Zhezkazgan Territory". The beginning of this research work was taken from the articles published in 1927-1928 in the magazines "New School" and "Narodnoe hozyazyto Kazakhstan", as well as in other publications. Based on fifteen years of research and collected materials, he created a large monograph. In 1942, for this work, he was recognized as worthy of the State (Stalin) award of the second degree. This award, in fact, was given in honor of the Zhezkazgan deposit, which during the difficult days of the war made a great contribution to Kazakhstan by producing cheap copper. So far, Satbaev has written more than forty scientific works, some of them have been recognized as dissertation works. On August 17, 1942, the Higher Attestation Commission awarded Kanysh Imantayuly with the degree of Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy based on the evaluation of his works. During the war, almost the entire staff of the Presidium of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR was transferred to Kazakhstan. In the middle of 1941, families and children of academicians were evacuated to the Burabai resort of the Kazakh SSR, and some scientific institutes were placed in the city of Almaty - the capital of the republic at that time. Thanks to this, prominent representatives of Soviet science concentrated in the city at the foot of Alatau. Among them are metallurgical specialists Alexey Alexandrovich Baikov and Ivan Pavlovich Bardin, well-known geologist Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev, miners Leonid Dmitrievich Shevyakov and Alexey Aleksandrovich Skochinsky, chemist Eduard Vasilyevich Britzke, agronomists Dmitry Ivanovich Pryanishnikov and Nikolai Vasilievich Tsitsin, transport scientists Vladimir Nikolaevich Obraztsov, soil scientist. Leonid Ivanovich Prasolov, historians Anna Mikhailovna Ponkratova and Nikolai Mikhailovich Druzhinin. Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev paid special attention to the evacuated scientists and showed them care. Many of them had lost their housing conditions due to the war and were separated from the normal rhythm of life. Kanysh Satbaev and the Kazakh community made every effort to create conditions for them. Although the problem of housing is acute in Almaty, members of the scientific community helped each other and helped foreign scientists find housing. For academicians and their families, the Government of the Republic allocated the best holiday home in the Medeu Gorge, which allowed them to adapt to new conditions and continue their scientific work. Under the leadership of Kanysh Imantayuly, in the 40s of the last century, a deposit of copper-manganese ores was opened and put into operation in Kazakhstan. This field allowed the Soviet Union to continue producing armored steel, despite the temporary shutdown of the Nikopol field in Ukraine and the Chiatur field in Georgia during the Great Patriotic War. During the war, 70.9% of the USSR's manganese ore was extracted from this deposit. ### President of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR In June 1946, after many years of preparation, Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev was elected the first President of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences (Kazakhstan GA). This event happened in 1944 K.I. Under the leadership of Satbayev, the creation of the Government Commission for the establishment of the Academy and the President of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR S.I. It began with the work of the commission headed by Vavilov, which included eleven academicians of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. When the Academy was founded, it had eighteen Scientific Research Institutes (SRIs), eight sectors, seven experimental stations and three botanical gardens. The total number of employees was 1400 people, including 57 doctors of science and 184 candidates of science. Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev's contribution to the science and industrial development of Kazakhstan is evident by his enormous organizational activities in the field of scientific management and providing practical assistance to industrial complexes. Under his leadership, nuclear physics, mathematics and mechanics, hydrogeology and hydrophysics, chemistry of petroleum and natural salts, chemistry and metallurgy, mining and metallurgy, ichthyology and fisheries, experimental biology, economics, philosophy and law, literature and art, language were taught at the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences. new academic institutes were opened in the fields of education. In 1947, Kanysh Satbayev's meeting with ex-prime minister of Great Britain Winston Churchill during his visit to England was a special event. Churchill joked: "Are all Kazakhs as cool and heroic as you?" when asked, Satbaev replied: "Oh, no, Mr. Churchill, I am the smallest among the Kazakhs, my people are taller than me." At the end of 1946, a difficult period began for the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences and its President Satbaev. In the following years, in particular, in 1951, Satbaev was accused of nationalism, of concealing his social origins when he joined the party, of patronizing nationalists, and of concealing the fact that he was an agitator in the Alash-Orda government in 1917. As a result of these accusations, on November 23, 1951, by the decision of the Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, Satbaev was removed from the post of President of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR and a member of the Presidium. These events showed that Satbaev may be dismissed from the position of director of the Institute of Geological Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. His management style was criticized, and various commissions and inspections began to be conducted at the institute. During the difficult periods of Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev, the Academy of Sciences of the USSR highly appreciated his professionalism and diligence and provided the necessary support. Knowing his personality well, the President of the USSR A.N. Nesmeyanov offered Satbaev the position of head of the Ural department or deputy chairman of the Geological and Geographical Department of the USSR Academy of Sciences. However, Satbaev, guided by his commitment to his republic, refused this offer and returned home in April 1952. Thanks to the support of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, Satbayev retained the position of director of the Institute of Geological Sciences and continued his work on the creation of a tentative metallogenic map of Central Kazakhstan. 7 years later, Satbaev's important scientific work on the metallurgy of Central Kazakhstan was nominated for the Lenin Prize. However, he refused to receive this award personally and emphasized the work of the team in preparing the metallogenic map. Through this action, Satbaev demonstrated the importance of collective work in the scientific community and his belief in collective achievements. In 1954, after the leadership of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan changed, in 1951 the accusations against Satbayev were reviewed and the scientist was found innocent. In June 1955, he was again elected the President of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, and in 1956 he became a member of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. It is known that 2174 rivers flow through the territory of Kazakhstan, including Irtysh, Yesil, Ural, Syrdarya and others. However, only 5.5 percent of the rivers belong to Central Kazakhstan. Galym actively supported the construction of the Irtys-Karagandy canal and contributed to the revitalization of canal design in various instances of the Soviet Union. In the summer of 1959, Kanysh Satbaev, the Chairman of the State Planning Committee of the USSR, Alexei Nikolayevich Kosygin, justified the importance of the construction of the Irtys-Karagandy canal and helped to include it in the next seven-year plan. Today, this building is named after Kanysh Satbaev, who made a great contribution to the economy and ecology of Kazakhstan. In addition, Kanysh Imantayuly led the comprehensive research of natural resources on the Mangishlak Peninsula, led the research of new deposits of coal, oil, gas and ferrous metallurgy deposits. These works made a significant contribution to the development of the economy of Kazakhstan and the expansion of the industrial base of the republic. Difficult periods in the life of Kanysh Satbaev, in particular, in 1937, when three of his brothers were shot during persecution, and in 1951-1952, when he was dismissed from the post of the President of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan and persecuted during the anti-nationalist campaign, had a serious effect on his health. Academician died on January 31, 1964 in a Moscow hospital at the age of sixty-five. Cultural heritage and history. Satbaev paid great attention to the study of the main historical, cultural and archaeological monuments in the Ulytau region. In his work "Monuments of ancient times in Zhezkazgan district" it is fully proven that Ulytau region is the political center of the Kazakh ethnos, in addition to being an ancient metallurgical center. Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev, during one of his research trips, the local residents told him about the discovery of a stone with Arabic writing on the peak of Altyn Shoki. Based on this information, Satbaev decides to investigate the mentioned place. This stone turned out to be a monument to Amir Temir's campaign in the Kazakh steppe, and it was erected by order of Temir. Academician Orbeli, director of the Hermitage Museum, was very interested in this monument, and in 1936 he brought it to Leningrad (now St. Petersburg). As a result of further research, it was found that the inscription on the stone belongs to the year 1391, which was a clear evidence of Temir's campaign against Deshti Kypchak, the Khan of the Golden Horde. Ulytau mountains are an important indicator of the ancient political center of the Kazakhs as the origin of the territories of the main tribes of the Kazakh people. Monuments of material culture preserved in this area, in particular, three mausoleums made of burnt square bricks in the "Golden Horde style" located near the Kengir River, 65 km south of Zhezkazgan, define the historical role of Ulytau. According to folk legend, these mausoleums are the graves of Alashakhan, Chinggis Khan's son Joshi, and court musician Dombaul. Kanysh Imantayuly Satbaev, in addition to his contribution to the development of the industrial and scientific sphere of Kazakhstan, also made a valuable contribution through his research in the field of history. Also, the daughter of Kanysh Satbayev, Shamshiya Kanyshkyvna Satbaeva, is a well-known literary researcher, doctor of philology, professor, corresponding member of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan and laureate of the prize named after Sh.Sh. Ualikhanov. He, in turn, is recognized as a figure who made a great contribution to the science of Kazakhstan. Education Kanysh Satbaev also made a great contribution to the field of education. He prepared the textbook "Algebra" for junior and senior students of Kazakh secondary schools, this textbook helped to lay the foundations of mathematics education. The scientist wrote this book in 1924 at the age of 25 in Kazakh language with Arabic script. The 592-page manuscript was later translated into Latin script in 1929 (1,400 pages). Musical heritage Satbaev also contributed to the study and preservation of the musical heritage of the Kazakh people. He performed 25 songs of the musical heritage of the Kazakh people in the collection "500 Kazakh songs and tunes" by Alexander Zataevich, gave them a scientific explanation in Russian and included them. Scientific heritage In addition, Kanysh Satbaev paid special attention to regions such as Saryarka, rich in mineral raw materials, ore-bearing Altai, Karaganda, Karatau, and studied the stratigraphy, tectonics, structure, metallogeny, geochemistry and conducted in-depth research on the origin. Through these studies, he introduced the complex method of formation metallogenic analysis to science and contributed to the beginning of a new period in the geological science of Kazakhstan. Years of tireless work under the leadership of Academician Kanysh Satbayev and with the participation of many experienced specialists led to the creation of metallogenic and forecast maps of Saryarka. Using these maps, many new ferrous, non-ferrous and rare metal deposits were discovered in the Saryarka region, and new production values were assigned to some deposits. These works of Kanysh Satbaev were the beginning of the construction of a metallurgical plant in Karaganda, the development of iron and manganese deposits in Kostanay and Altai, phosphorite deposits in Karatau, the digging of the Irtys-Karagandy canal and the opening of a number of scientific research institutes. Kanysh Satbaev was recognized as a counselor and educator among the scientists of Kazakhstan. He held membership and leadership positions in commissions and committees at the world, union and Kazakhstan level related to geological science. Also, he was a deputy of the Supreme Councils of the USSR and the Kazakh SSR, a delegate to the congresses of the CPSU, a member of the Presidium of the Committee on Lenin and State Prizes under the Council of Ministers of the USSR. His work was awarded four times with the Order of Lenin, the Second Class Order of the Great Patriotic War, and he was awarded the State and Lenin Prizes of the USSR. Kanysh Satbaev recognized people's talents and knew how to direct young people to the right path. He also brought and educated a number of young people to science. It is known that the scientific staff trained by him later became great scientists and made a significant contribution to the development of Kazakhstan's science. One of these people is energy scientist Sh.Sh. Shekin. Under his influence, great scientists such as academician Alkei Margulan joined the scientific community. Alkei Khakanuly Margulan was later recognized as a leader in the field of archeology and the founder of the science of Kazakhstan archaeology. Satbayev, as well as geologist Shakhmardan Yesenov, had a major influence on his professional growth. He recognized Yesenov's talent and later helped appoint him to the position of Minister of Geology of the Kazakh SSR. Kanysh Satbaev directed Evnei Buketov to science and in 1960 appointed him director of the Institute of Chemistry and Metallurgy of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. Later, Yevney Arystanuly became the author of important innovations in the field of chemistry and the laureate of the State Prize of the USSR. Under the leadership of the academician, the Central Asian Geophysics Trust was established in Almaty and he spearheaded the establishment of the Ministry of Geology and Subsoil Protection of the Kazakh SSR. These steps played an important role in increasing the effectiveness of geological research in the republic. He played a key role in the planning of structural departments of the academy, affiliated institutes, laboratories, sectors and scientific bases. In addition, he took great responsibility for the training of scientific personnel, directed scientific research in the interests of national economy, and contributed to the economic and cultural development of the country. Construction of large industrial facilities such as Zhezkazgan mining and metallurgical combine, Karaganda and Balkash metallurgical plants was carried out under the leadership of Satbaev. He directly participated in the organization of the construction of the Irtys-Karagandy channel, the research of natural resources in Mangistau, Mughalzhar, and Torgai regions. ### Scientific works * K probleme bolhogho Jhezkazgana, journal Narodnoe hozjastyo Kazakhstan, No. 1-2, pp. 74–83. (1936). Geology Series, 1955, vol. 20, pp. 3–35. (1955). .) * "Researches of the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan on the integrated use of non-ferrous metal ore" Research Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan on the complex use of ore ores, Vestnik AN KazSSR, Bulletin of the Kazakh SSR GA. 1962, No. 12, pp. 3–11. (1962). * In 1942, he was awarded the scientific degree of Doctor of Geology and Mineralogy. * In the same year, "Deposits of Zhezkazgan District" was awarded the Stalin Prize of the second degree for scientific work. * In 1943, he was elected a corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. * In 1944, he was awarded the honorary title of "Meritable figure for science of the Kazakh SSR". * In 1945, he was awarded the second Order of Lenin and the Order of the Patriotic War of the 2nd degree for mobilizing rear resources. * In 1957, the Republic of Kazakhstan was awarded the third Order of Lenin for the mobilization of virgin and fallow lands. * In 1958, a group of Kazakh scientists led by Kanysh Satbayev won the Lenin Prize for the creation of comprehensive metallogenic forecast maps of Central Kazakhstan and development of the methodology. * In 1963, he was awarded the fourth Order of Lenin for his contribution to the development of the geological science of Kazakhstan and the study of minerals. ## Family Kanysh Satpaev's father - Imantay Satpaev, was a village dancer. He spent more than a quarter of a century of his life with his wife Nurym. daughter was born from this marriage and died in childhood. His father's second wife is Alima. Three children were born from this marriage: daughter Kaziza and two sons, Bokesh (Gaziz) and Kanysh. Kanysh Satbayev himself was married several times: * Two daughters from the first marriage: Hanifa (doctor and physiologist, 1921-2016), Shamshiyabanu and his son Maylybai (Males, 1924-1940) were born. Maylybai died at the age of 16. * From his second wife, Taisiya Alekseevna (née Koshkina), daughters Raisin, Miriam and a son who died in childhood were born. * Daughter Jamilya was born from a civil marriage with Kamila Dosovna Utegenova. ## Historical heritage ### Objects named after Kanysh Satbaev Academician Kanysh Satbaev's name is widely known and respected in the scientific and industrial world of Kazakhstan. His name is given to a number of educational institutions, mining and metallurgical plants, as well as streets, schools and agricultural facilities in the cities of Kazakhstan. Kanysh Satbaev's scientific and industrial achievements clearly show his significant contribution to the development of the country's economy and education. In addition, a new mineral, satbaevite, found in the ore of the vanadium mine located on the high peak of the Alatau ridge and in the ice, as well as in the Karatau ridge, is named after Kanysh Satbaev. It is intended to forever remember the great contribution of the scientist to the geological research of Kazakhstan. Several museums dedicated to Kanysh Satbaev introduce visitors to the legacy of the scientist with expositions dedicated to his scientific and public activities, as well as his personal life. These museums show the place of Kanysh Satbaev in the cultural and scientific life of Kazakhstan and promote the passion for science and the importance of contributing to the development of the country to the next generation. * Institute of Geological Sciences of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences * Satbaev planet * Satbaev city * Satbaev street (Almaty) * Satbaev street (Astana) * Academician Kanysh Satbaev avenue (Pavlodar) * Kazakh National Technical University named after Kanysh Satbayev * Academician K. Ekibastuz Engineering and Technical Institute named after Satbaev * Satbaev's glacier * Mineral "Satbaevite" * Gladiolus flower "Akademik Satbaev" ### Monuments * In 1999 On the occasion of the scientist's 100th anniversary, a monument to Satbayev was erected in Almaty. * In 2011, another monument was installed on the square in front of the railway station in Karaganda. * In 2017, a statue of the academician was ceremonially unveiled in Stepnogorsk. * In 2021, a monument to Satbayev was erected in Astana along the street of the same name. ### Satbayevtanu * Medeu Sarseke. ZL. Satpaev. Moscow, Molodaya gvardiya, 2003, ISBN 5-235-02625-X * "Kanysh" encyclopedia, Almaty, editorial office of "Kazakh encyclopedia", 2011. * Artyukhova O.A. Nikolay Vasilevich Valukinsky // Archaeological heritage of Central Kazakhstan: research and preservation: a collection of scientific articles dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Central Kazakhstan archaeological expedition. Responsible editors: A.Z. Beisenov, V.G. Loman. Almaty: NICIA "Begazy-Tasmola", 2017. Vol. 1. pp. 80–87. * AKK - archaeological map of Kazakhstan. Almaty: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR, 1960. 450 pages. * Batyrbekov G.O. Academician Satbaev and his contemporaries. Almaty: "Rauan", 1999. 176 pages. * Beisenov A.Z., Zhumabekova G.S., Bazarbaeva G.A. The path to the study of ancient heritage in the center of the country: the history of the first archaeological expedition of the Kazakhstan Academy of Sciences // Archaeological heritage of Central Kazakhstan: research and preservation: a collection of scientific articles dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Central Kazakhstan archaeological expedition. Responsible editors: A.Z. Beisenov, V.G. Loman. Almaty: NICIA "Begazy-Tasmola", 2017. Vol. 1. pp. 11–64. * Grigoryev A.P., Telitsina N.N., Frolova O.B. Amir Temir's inscription of 1391 // Historiography and data analysis of the history of Asian and African countries. 2004. Issue 21. pp. 3–24. * Kramarovsky M.G. Amir Temir's stone // Golden Horde. History and culture. St. Petersburg: "Slavia", 2005. pp. 167–170. * Kyzlasov I.L. Archaeologist Leonid Romanovich Kyzlasov. Biographical essay // Archaeological heritage of Central Kazakhstan: research and preservation: a collection of scientific articles dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Central Kazakhstan archaeological expedition. Responsible editors: A.Z. Beisenov, V.G. Loman. Almaty: NICIA "Begazy-Tasmola", 2017. Vol. 1. pp. 108–118. * Lozovsky I.T., Sipaylov G.A. Kanysh Satbaev's student years in Tomsk. Tomsk: TPU publishing house, 1999. 135 pages. * Margulan A.H. Study of the monuments of Sarysu and Ulytau rivers // Bulletin of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR. 1948. No. 2 (35). Pages 53–60. * Margulan A.H., Akishev K.A., Kadyrbaev M.K., Orazbaev A.M. Ancient culture of Central Kazakhstan. Almaty: "Science", 1966. 435 pages. * Mogilnitsky V.B. Satbaev land. Karaganda: Poligrafiya, 1992. 157 pages. * Potanin G.N. Excerpts from the Kazakh song about Idyga (from Ch. Valikhanov's writings) // Valikhanov Ch.Ch. Complete collection of works, 5 volumes. Almaty: General editor of the Kazakh Soviet encyclopedia, 1985. Vol. 5. pp. 296–299. * Rogozhinsky A.E. Marks and inscriptions of the Tamgalytas stone on the outskirts of Betpakdala // Archaeological heritage of Central Kazakhstan: research and preservation: a collection of scientific articles dedicated to the 70th anniversary of the Central Kazakhstan archaeological expedition. Responsible editors: A.Z. Beisenov, V.G. Loman. Almaty: NICIA "Begazy-Tasmola", 2017. Vol. 2. pp. 297–307. * Boranbaev S. Great heritage // Industrial Karaganda. 06.04.1999. * Sarseke M. Phenomenon. Astana: Foliant, 2018. 960 pages. * Satbaev K.I. Ancient Zhezkazgan // Kazakhstan Pravdasy. 1936. No. 148. * Satbaev K.I. Kazakhstan copper fund // Selected. 5 volumes. Shymkent: "Southern Polygraphy", 2007. Vol. 3. Pages 155–162. * Satbaev K.I. Development of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy of the Karaganda basin // Selected. 5 volumes. Shymkent: "Southern Polygraphy", 2007. Vol. 3. pp. 115–154. * Satbaev K.I. Historical and archaeological data of Zhezkazgan region // Selected. 5 volumes. Shymkent: "Southern Polygraphy", 2007. Vol. 5. pp. 44–52. * Satbaev K.I. Ancient monuments in Zhezkazgan district // Selected. 5 volumes. Shymkent: "Southern Polygraphy", 2007. Vol. 5. pp. 69–75. * Satbaeva Sh.K. The light of the hearth. Almaty: Publishing House of Kazakhstan, 1999. 184 pages. * Usmanova E.R., Zhumashev R.M., Zhumabekov Z.A., Antonov M.A., Kasbarov A.R. The mystery of Altynshok hill: about an episode of Amir Temir's campaign against Tokhtamys in 1391 // Journal of history, literature, art. Russian Academy of Sciences. 2018. Vol. 13. pp. 7–24. ## References * Kanysh Satbaev. "Kazakh's Executioner". "History. Fate. Personality" on YouTube * E.K. Beysembetov. The role of a great scientist in the development of Kazakhstan * "My people are higher than me": What do we know about the famous scientist Kanysh Satbaev? * 15 interesting facts about Kanysh Satbayev ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6127

Chinese fortress

Citadel of China (Old Chinese: 長城; Light Chinese: 长城; Pinyin: Chángchéng, meaning "long city wall") (Old Chinese: 萬里長城; Light Chinese: 万里长城; Pinyin: Wànlǐ Chángchéng; literally "10,000 li long rampart (里)¹") is a long defensive structure built during the Ming Dynasty (1368-1644) in China. The east of the Chinese Wall starts from the Tiger Mountain of Liaodong and the west goes to Jiayuguan in Gansu, the total length is more than 6700 km. In the 1000 years from the 7th to the 17th century, about 10 royal dynasties built and built this fortress. ## History The Great Wall of China is an ancient defense structure in China. The construction of the Great Wall of China began in the era of Chunqiu ("Spring and Autumn" 770 - 476 BC) and Zhanggo ("Warring Kingdoms" 475 - 221 BC) in Chinese history. At that time, seven small kingdoms lived separately in the Yellow River Valley. They began to build defensive forts along their borders to protect themselves from nomadic tribes to their north, such as the Hun and Dunhu. BC In 221, the first emperor Qin Shihuangdi united the heads of six other kingdoms and created a unified Chinese empire. He connected the intermittent defense castles built by each kingdom to each other. Its length has reached 5000 kilometers. During the Han Empire, fortifications were extended from the Liaodong Peninsula in the east to Lintao (in present-day Gansu Province) in the west. Every kingdom that ruled China repaired and restored the destroyed and damaged parts of the defensive fortresses. In order to protect themselves from their northern neighbors - the Churshits (Manchus) and the Mongols, the Ming Dynasty, using the most advanced technology of that time, built defense castles and fortresses up to the high mountain ranges and gorges and the desert, and extended the fortifications. ## Features The total length of the rampart, stretching from Shanhaiguan Fortress on the Bohai Sea in the east to Jiayuguan Fortress in Gansu Province in the west, reached 10,000 kilometers. More than 5,000 kilometers of the Great Wall of China, which have survived to this day, were repaired and rebuilt in the Ming Dynasty. The average height of its main parts is 7-8 meters, the width of the base is 6.5 meters, and the width of the top is 5.8 meters. A guard tower consisting of 2-3 floors is built every 100 meters above the mound. Garrison soldiers were stationed there, as well as weapons and ammunition. And in the most important parts of the defense line, there are large fortresses and internal passages. In the alarm towers, which were built on the mountain ridges from the inner side, and sometimes from the outer side, keeping a certain distance between them, they signaled each other by smoking smoke during the day and burning torches at night. In this way, within one hour, he was able to send a military alarm to a place 500 kilometers away and inform about the danger. The Chinese fortress with a history of two and a half thousand years is one of the wonders in the history of human architecture. It has played a role in military defense and security in trade links along the Great Silk Road to a certain extent in Chinese history. However, it could not be an obstacle to the nomadic warrior peoples of the north. Huns, Turks, Qidans, Mongols and [[Churchits (Manchus) passed through the fortress and had free military, political, cultural and trade relations with the settled countries. At first, they settled in China under Wei (Tab-Gash), Liao (Qidan), Yuan ( Mongol), created Qin (Manchu) empires and ruled China for many centuries. In 1961, the government of the People's Republic of China restored many parts of the mound and took it under state protection. And in 1987, it was included in the UNESCO list of world cultural and natural monuments as a human cultural value. The average height of the mound in places such as Beijing, Xibei, Shanxi, Gansu is 7-8 m, the width of the mound is 4-5 m. There is an observation and firing guard on the rampart. Along the rampart, at certain intervals, a stand for lighting firewood is installed. If the sign of the enemy was noticed, they would give each other a military signal by lighting smoke during the day and fire at night. Based on this, it is known that the Chinese bulwark is not just a bulwark, but a military defense system that includes a crossing point, a station for troops, and a fire stand. This mound was often made by collecting small bricks and making stones, and in some places it was made by hardening the soil and making a wall. ## Chu The earliest is 656 BC. or built much earlier. This corresponds to the period of Chunqiu shidai in Chinese history. There were many small states in the central and northern part of China, including the Chu state, which built this wall to protect itself from the enemy. And since then, every state has built fortifications and established defenses. The length of the zasagan mounds reached from several hundred kilometers to 1.2 thousand kilometers. ## Chin 221 ZB year. Qin Shihuang, the king of the Qing Dynasty, unites China. In order to prevent the invasion of the nomadic Huns from the north to the south, the king issued an order to unite the partial fortifications built in the north. The total length of the mound at that point reached 5000 km, and from that point it was called "Uly Kurgan". ## Han During the Han dynasty (206 BC-220), there was constant war between the Chinese and the Huns, and the Han kingdom extended to the west of the Great Wall of China, and its total length Delivers 10 thousand km. It is considered the longest mound in the history of the Han Dynasty. This was done by the Khan's kingdom to protect the newly opened "Silk Road". * Great Wall of China * * * * *

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7337

Тойбастар

Weddings - marriage, marriage, etc. b. a type of poem sung at weddings. On the last day of the wedding, the bride and groom gather and have a farewell party. That evening, the youth side plays various national games and sings poems. At the end of the wedding, the song of the wedding party is sung. The content and purpose of wedding parties is to praise the owner of the wedding and give good wishes, blessings, and advice to the two young people who are about to start a family. Depending on the ability of the speaker, it can be recited either in the form of a memorized poem or out loud. The structure and structure of the poem is often in the style of black poems and poems. Toibas are sung at julykhana, circumcision parties, and other joys and fun of the house, village, city. The wedding party means that the party is over, but the joy will continue. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7127

Almerek priest

Abbot Almerek is a warrior, abbot from the Albanian tribe of the Uly huz Uysin branch of the Kazakh people. He was born in 1658 in the place "Almerek Togan" (former Gagarin village) in the present city of Almaty. Died in 1756. Almerek Abyz is a hero who participated in the Kazakh-Dzungar war from the beginning to the end. At the end of the war, when he begins to grow old, he is trained as a soldier for the army. Among his disciples was the famous Rayymbek Batyr, his grandson Saurik Batyr. M. Uzak Batyr, mentioned in Auezov's "Kili Zaman", is also a direct descendant of this person. At the same time, using his innate qualities, he was engaged in the professions of military medicine, folk medicine, authority, imam, teaching children in the Muslim way. He used and taught to his students the method of blindfolding a stronger enemy in a fight. Raimbek Batyr used this method when fighting with a stronger enemy and was never defeated in a fight. In peaceful times, the government ruled the country. He taught Kazakh children to speak Muslim and contributed to the spread of Islam in Zhetysu region. After the end of the Kazakh-Dzungar war, he married Kazakh soldiers from the west, north, and south to local girls and organized the frequent settlement of Kazakhs near the border. Among the Albanian and Suan tribes, there are often small clans such as Dulat, Adai, etc. 12 generations descended from him. The country of 12 clans is named after one of Almerek's sons named Kurman. The Kurmans of the Almerek clan belong to the most common (black Kurman) clan among the Albanians. Proverb: If three hundred are together like the three legs of a hearth, no enemy can take a Kazakh. The cemetery is located in the eastern part of Almaty city, on the right side of the road leading to GRES town, on the bank of a small river. A blue dome is placed on the head. ## Sources ## External links * Site in the treasury with material about Almerek Abyz Archived 4 May 2012. * A site with a link about Almerek abyz

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5086

Shigayuly Dauletkerey

Dauletkerey Shygayuly (1820, Orda district, Ural region - May 4, 1887) is a prominent Kazakh singer-composer. ## Biography Dauletkerey Shygayuly was born in the 1820s in the Orda district of the modern Ural region in a wealthy family. Both his father Shygay and the khan of the Bokei Horde, Jangir-Kerey Khan, raised him from childhood to rule the country and create judicial ceremonies. In the first period, he tried to rule individual clans in that country. But with a tender heart, he understands early that a person in power is cruel by necessity. Dauletkerey was also offended by the fact that his relative Jangir Khan took away the land of ordinary Kazakhs and gave the fertile, river-water pastures and winter pastures to the Russian colonists who were encroaching along our wide steppe. Although he did not participate directly, there is also evidence that he supported the Isatai-Mahambet uprising in the middle of the 19th century. This can be seen from its "Active" status. According to the famous music researcher, academician Ahmet Zhubanov, Dauletkerey's niece, Nausha Bukeikhanov, who lived under the Soviet government, composed about fifty tunes of the kushi. It is the same person who gave valuable information about the famous musician. As a child, Dauletkerey learned Muslim letters from a mullah. Khan Zhangir, who was educated in Russia and later reached the rank of general, created conditions for children to learn Russian in the Horde. Dauletkerey learned Russian, could read and write. He was a scholar from an early age. An excellent dombra player, he learned the skill from a musician named Musirali. Moreover, in the beginning of the forties, drama and pop artists were invited from Saratov to the Horde, which became the winter residence of the sultans. There is an assumption that Dauletkerey got acquainted with Russian and European music from an early age. He skillfully played the Russian balalaika. He could also play guitar and mandolin. In 1854, Cheredeev drew a sketch of the French traveler Pauli in a watercolor depicting Dauletkerey, who is in a mood, and performers on other instruments. The most interesting thing is that there is a figure of a man dancing in the middle. In 1855, Dauletkerey was among the representatives who took part in the coronation ceremony of Tsar Alexander the Second. The purpose of including him in the delegation was to gradually learn how to manage the country. But he did not come to get acquainted with the palace of the tsarist colonizers, but with advanced Russia, the country of Pushkin. He will see what he did not see and hear what he did not hear with his own ears. He listens to the works of European musicians played by the orchestra. Although he did not write poetry himself, the poet who understood poetry by heart was the first to contribute when the Bokei Horde collected funds to erect a monument to Pushkin near the lyceum where the poet studied. After Dauletkerey was appointed the ruler of Kyzylkurt in 1861, he met his grandfather Kurmangazy a year later. "Dauletkerey's conversation with Kurmangazy and seeing other drum players of the folk tradition greatly influenced his musical creativity," writes Academician Ahmet Zhubanov. The best musical compositions of Kurmangazy and his students are distinguished by their stormy accent, stone-like rhythm, ambitious courage, and wide breath. Dauletkerey's songs "Flood" and "Dzhiger", depicting the fate of the people and the country's desire for freedom, depict the serious and serious emotions of a brave man who has suffered fate. Zataevich wrote about "Dzhiger" as follows: Dauletkerey, who died in the seventies of the last century, is one of the great farmers who, although he did not live long, left behind an immortal and indelible legacy. ## Creativity One of his first works is "Akjelen". This mood is for an artistic and beautiful girl named Akbala. Dauletkerey's "Konyr", "Zeldirme", "Kerilme", "Iskirma", "Kosishek" moods depict various scenes in life. The history of the name "Zhumabike" is as follows: at that time, it was customary for girls to be married to someone they did not know. Later, when she becomes a girl, even if she doesn't love him, she should be married to that guy. Dissatisfied with this, energetic girls used to apply to institutions with authority called the Provisional Council. If the girl's word is confirmed and the truth is revealed, she will be freed. Dauletkerey expressed his gratitude to a girl named Zhumabike, who was a great singer and poet, who was recognized early in the tribal country, and who gained freedom on her own terms. In 1869, the meeting with the great Kazakh composer Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly was an unforgettable period in Dauletkerey's creative life, they learned the language of kuy and directly influenced each other with the art of music. Many states of Dauletkerey are widespread among people. His tunes in the household genre "Zeldirme", "Tartys", "Iskirma", "Kosalka"; There are works depicting women such as "Kyz Akjelen", "Akbala Kyz", "Beautiful Lady", "Karajan Lady", "Kudasha", "Mungy Kyz", "Zhumabike". Under the influence of Russian music, "Vashchenko", "Double gut", "Konyr", "Topan", etc. b. states, in 1871 his friend S. In honor of Babazhanov's death, he released a mourning song called "Salyk olgen". The state of "Nightingale" was also born in this period. Deep content and complex psychology prevail in Dauletkerey's states belonging to the last years of his life. Among them, there are tunes such as "Demalys", "Tondirme", "Kerilme", "Dzhiger", which are excellent examples of folk symphony. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3640

1 (special)

1 and one are used in different senses. ## Number or year calculation * 1 (number) * 1 — year (BZ) * 1 (ZB — year * 1 y. — decade (BZ) * 1st century (BZ) ## In names \< > * Channel 1 — TV channel in Russia * Channel 1 Eurasia — TV channel in Kazakhstan

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2400

Isatai Taimanuly

Isatai Taimanuly (1791–1838) is a political leader, brave commander, national hero of the popular uprising in Western Kazakhstan in 1836–1838. The youngest is from the Berish clan of Bayuly. Descendant of Agatai batyr, who became famous during the Dzungar invasion. ## Biography People's batyr I. Taimanuly was born in 1791 in the place "Taiman Zhal" in Taisoygan kum, Kyzylkoga district, present-day Atyrau region. Isatai's mother is from the Tagashi branch of the Esentemir clan. The name of I. Taimanuly's fourth grandfather Agatai (Taiman-Begalin - Bokai-Agatai) became the motto of the Berish clan for his bravery in the war against the Kalmyks. Isatai's father, Taiman's younger brother, who influenced and cared for him in his youth, is Jabal Begaliuly. In 1808, the village of Begali, led by Jabal, passed through Zhayik near the Baksai fortress and came under the control of Bokei Khan. Khan appoints Jabal, who is literate in Russian, has knowledge of politics, and is well-respected among the people, as a foreman in the village of Berish. After Jabal's death, Khan Bokei made a proposal to the Orinbor Border Commission on March 12, 1812, asking to replace him with I. Taimanul as a foreman. In November 1813, the Border Commission confirmed Bokei Khan's proposal and sent the documents to the military governor. On November 12, 1814, Governor General G. S. Volkonsky signed a document on approving Isatai as a senior. ## Activities Isatai, who got involved in the affairs of the country early, was greatly helped by his brother-in-law Zhabai Begalin. He studied Russian, was quite literate, and served as a captain. After his death, Isatai, who was brought up by Bokei Khan Zhabai, was appointed as the chief, and he was approved by the Orinbor Border Commission. Those around the khan, who could not see that his reputation was increasing day by day, slandered the khan in order to discredit him. As a result, he was imprisoned for 4-5 years, one for robbing senior officer Utemis Kulmaniyazov, and the other for murder. If he gets away with money from the first one, then he escapes from the second one while driving to Orinbor with a convoy. Khan Bokei gives Isatai the islands of Karakamys, Kuygin, Koldenen, Baisary, Kemeli on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea. In this way, Isatai, who is generous from his age, eloquent, straight-faced, stubborn, black-haired, fair-minded, at the age of 21, heads the country as the head of the Berish clan, and becomes one of the most influential people in the Horde. On the Khan's instructions, he met the Bukhara ambassador on his way to Petersburg in Sarayshik and accompanied him to Astrakhan. The head of the Orinbor border commission will be with General Gens during his visit to the Inner Horde. However, there are more and more people who can't see Isaiah, who is the head, even if they are young. I. Taimanuly was imprisoned in the Sarayshik prison in 1818 due to their slander. Berish's dancer Yuzbatyr frees him from prison by giving 20,000 soms. In 1824, Isatai was again arrested and imprisoned in Orinbor prison, claiming to defend the needs of the black people in the Inner Horde and to expose the injustice and violence of sultans and princes. But the charges against him were not proved and he was released. I. Taimanuly opposes the tyranny of Khan Zhangir, who implements the colonial interests of the royal government in the Inner Horde, against the people from the very beginning. The ordinary people, who have suffered from Khan, his father-in-law Karaulkoja, sultans and judges, gradually begin to gather around Isatai. The command of the khan does not go to his subordinates, and Jangir still does not come to Isatai batyr. The khan's circle consists mainly of princes, judges, masters, mullahs and a small number of people who follow them. ## Isatai's disagreement with Jangir Khan Isatai's disagreement with Jangir Khan further intensified in the mid-30s of the 19th century. The reason for it was that in June 1833, Jangir Khan handed over 5 islands with abundant water to his father-in-law Karaulkozha Babazhanov on the northern coast of the Caspian Sea, which had previously been ruled by I. Taimanuly, and left Isatai with his country, which was unsuitable for farming, with little water and grass, covered with sand. He would transfer it to Myntobe. A group of senior officers led by I. Taimanuly wrote many complaints to the Orynbor Border Commission and even to the governor himself about the oppression of Jangir Khan and other feudal lords on the people. But no conclusion can be drawn from it. ## The People's Liberation Uprising in the Bokei Khanate in 1836-1837 The common people, depressed by various taxes, deprived of grazing land, completely exhausted by the two-sided oppression of Cossack troops and local feudal lords take up arms and start a rebellion. It was a people's liberation uprising in 1836-1837 led by hero Isatai Taimanuly of Bokei Khanate or Ishki Horde. The driving force of the uprising was mainly Kazakh peasants. Its purpose was to limit the tyranny of Jangir Khan to the people, to improve the conditions of the peasants, to remove Karaulkoja and Balky Kudaibergenov from power, and to reach a certain agreement on the land issue. Isatai Taimanuly was the commander and leader of this uprising, and "Mahambet was a hero, a singer of the uprising who alarmed the people and raised the spirit of the uprising" (M. Kozybaev). In general, it is known from history that Makhambet was the right-hand man of Isatai Batyr as a tribune, singer-poet during the entire national liberation uprising of 1836-1838. ## The beginning of the uprising The beginning of the uprising was on March 24, 1836, when Karaulkozha Babazhanov led 800 men and besieged the village of I. Taimanuly near Manash settlement. However, Karaulkoja's group was unable to attack the Isatais who opposed them with 200 soldiers and had to return later. The inability of Karaulkozha to do anything to the Isatais, who was accustomed to doing what he wanted to the country under his command, spread to the entire Bokei Khanate. Peasants, angry with the ruling class, began to gather around Isatai Batyr. In late June and early July 1836, I. A small group headed by Taimanuly leaves from Tasoba to Zhaskus to convey the people's demands to the Khan. Hearing the news of the coming of the Isatais, Jangir Khan asked the military governor of Astrakhan to send an army to protect the Horde, and at the same time, in order to gain time, he sent his confidant to them to find out the demands of the Isatais. The Isatais handed over to him K. Babazhanov, B. Kudaibergenov from their posts and other demands written by Isatai's eldest son Zhakiya and returned later. In the summer of 1837, the rebellion started by Isatai Batyr spread throughout the Bokei Khanate. All those dissatisfied with Jangir Khan and his entourage gather around Isatai. The young men will be provided with horses, food, and weapons. Thus, I. Taimanuly becomes the head of a civil and military organization based on a certain order. This must have been the period when Sultan M. Shokin wrote to the khan, "The raised peasants do not obey anyone, they are a republic in themselves." On September 16, 1837, more than 200 soldiers led by Isatai Batyr attacked the village of Karaulkozha Babazhanov, who was hated by the people. Livestock and property taken from it will be distributed to farmers. On October 17, 1837, the rebels attacked the villages of Balky Kudaibergenov and Sultan M. Shokin, and gradually approached the khanate - Zhaskus. Zhangir Khan, aware of the fact that I. Taimanuly is leading a big hand and is coming to Zhaskus, immediately writes a letter to the military governors of Orynbor and Astrakhan, asking them to protect him. Troops armed with cannons led by lieutenant colonel Aliyev from Astrakhan, and lieutenant colonel Geke from Orinbor will go to defend the Khan Horde. Meanwhile, Isatai Batyr surrounded the khan's horde with more than 2000 hands, for some time he negotiated unsuccessfully with the khan's ambassadors, and then with Geke's ambassadors. At the end of November 1837, echoes of the peasant movement in Bokei Khanate, a small part of vast Kazakhstan, reached the capital of Russia - St. Petersburg. The emperor demands severe punishment of the "rebels" led by I. Taimanuly. The serious, cautious, restrained Isatai does not accept the proposal of Makhambet, Ubi, Segizseri and other heroes to "slaughter the khan's horde". This is because Isatai Batyr, who took into account the fact that even when the army was attacked, the royal government would not lead them peacefully, because the royal government and its punishing troops were behind Jangir Khan, and that he did not have enough strength to fight against those troops, Isatai Batyr tried to fulfill the people's demands from the khan, on the one hand, by admonition, and on the other hand, through negotiation. . If we take into account that in the 80s and 90s of the 18th century, during the rebellion led by Syrym Datuly, even though Nuraly Khan was expelled from the Khanate and Esim Khan was killed, the rebels could not achieve their ultimate goal, we must emphasize that this decision of Isatai Batyr is a great visionary in the way of preserving the integrity of the country and the people. The fact that the royal government sent an army to save Dzhangir when the rebels surrounded the khan's horde shows the correctness of Isatai Batyr's decision. And Isatai's reason for negotiating with lieutenant colonel Geke should be that he wanted to pass the time and pass to the east bank of the Zhaiyk River, Kishi Yuz, without fighting with the superior Russian army. ## Decisive battle The decisive battle between the tsarist army summoned by Khan Zhangir and 500 selected soldiers of Isatai Batyr will take place on November 15, 1837 in Tastobe. No matter how bravely the insurgents fight, the fate of the battle will be decided by the cannons. The insurgents, unable to withstand the exploding bullets and fire of the cannons, are forced to retreat. In this battle, Isatai's wife Mylkym and son Akai were killed. About 60 people are killed on the side of the rebels in the battle in Tastobe. Isatai Batyr was shot in the right hand and his horse was wounded. Even lieutenant colonel Geke was amazed at the bravery of the rebels in this battle. He wrote to the military governor in Orinbor that "the fact that the Isatais went to an attack against the cannon with excessive bravery, in order to protect themselves and their families, shows that they are so angry." 500 silver coins will be placed on the head of Isatai, who was not caught in Tastobe, and whoever caught him alive. "The person who killed him will be given half of that money," it is announced. If the leaders of the peasant war, such as S. Razin and E. Pugachev, were handed over to the royal authorities by their "comrades" during the difficult period, no one would hand Isatai over to the executioners, no matter how much money was put on his head. On the contrary, the people provided him and his soldiers with necessary food and transport. Even in the last moments of fighting on foot when his horse was wounded, his comrades tried not to leave Isatai in the hands of the enemy. Realizing that there is no way to unite the rebels scattered in the Inner Horde, I. Taimanuly, together with a group of his comrades, escaped from the executioners and waited for Zhaiyk to freeze in order to go to Kishi Zhuz. On the morning of December 12-13, 1837, with the help of his old friend Kurak Mayabasov, I. 38 people, led by Taimanuly, took advantage of the blizzard and went to the eastern side of Zhaiyk - Kishi zhuz, a little below the village of Sarytogai in the present-day Makhambet district. With the help of darkness and blizzard, they divided into three groups and headed towards Taisoygan, misleading Cossacks and Baimaganbet sultan's men who were chasing after them. Unfortunately, not long after, on December 14 and 24 - Isatai's wife Nesibeli, sister-in-law Baglan, children Zhakiya and Dinbayan (Dumbayan), only 12 people fell into the hands of the persecutors. A small group led by I. Taimanuly, who had passed to the younger age, began to organize a liberation struggle against the colonial policy of the tsarist government and the oppression of the common people by the local feudal lords led by Sultan Baimaganbet Aishuakuly. Isatai Batyr and poet Makhambet visited the entire Kishi-Zuz, explaining to the peasants the colonial policy of the royal government and the tyranny of their tyrants, the khans and sultans, to the people, and called them to take up arms and fight for their freedom. With that purpose, Isatai went to Mangystau with Makhambet and agreed to join forces with its ruler K. Yesimov. At the same time, Khiva Khan Kaiypkali promised Yesimov 20,000 troops to repel the tsar's troops. We notice that Isatai Batyr was a skilled diplomat who united the heads of countries during the organization of the small-scale uprising. For example, there was a long-standing conflict between the scholars, who were the main focus of the uprising, and the people of Mangistau. Due to the presence of the Adai soldiers participating in the uprising, Isatai reconciles and reconciles the Adai people and the Adai people. There has been a long-standing disagreement between the Adai people of Mangistau and the Turkmen. Isatai negotiates with the Turkmen in order to secure the rear of the Adai, who started a liberation uprising against the colonial policy of Russia, and reconciles the Adai and the Turkmen. Soldiers led by hero Zholaman Tylenshiev and Yusup Kulanov join the rebels led by I. Taimanuly. About 3,000 people from the Adai, Sherkesh, Taz, Shomekei, Tabyn, Kete clans gather at the shrine of Isatai and K. Yesimov. The royal government, under the leadership of I. Taimanuly, is afraid of the further escalation of popular protest in the western part of Kishi-zuz, and takes care of suppressing it. If not, this uprising could have turned into a national-liberation uprising led by Kenesary Kasymov, which was approaching Kishi-zhu, and turned into a people's-liberation war against the colonial oppression of the tsarist government. If the story unfolded in the same way, then the completion of the colonization of Kazakhstan by the Russian Empire in the 60s of the 19th century would have become a terrible situation. Taking this into account, the Governor-General of Orinbor, at the beginning of July 1838, sent the troops armed with cannons under the command of lieutenant colonel Geke against the Isatais. At the same time, Baimaganbet Aishuakov led a group of troops from the Gorsk fortress. Two groups of executioners will meet on July 10 near the Bolshoi Kobda River. ## The death of Isatai Naive Isatai batyr, who believed in the words of a deceiver named Balta, who was deliberately sent by Sultan Baimaganbet, took 500 soldiers with him, tried to attack the village of Sultan B. Aishuakov, and separated from the main group. . On July 12, 1838, a group of Isatais, unaware of the arrival of the punishing troops, attacked the combined army of Geke and Baimaganbet sultans on the banks of the Akbulak river. Rebels led by Isatai Batyr show great courage in a battle unequaled in terms of military strength. However, here, as in Tastobe, the fate of the battle is decided by cannons. Cavalrymen run away from the places where the cannon fire hit. Isatai's horse was also shot, and he fought with the Cossacks on foot. Even though Makhambet and Ubi show their horses to Isatai, "I'd rather die than ride a horse and become a laughingstock of the country, save my children and escape yourselves," he sends them forward. Both Isatai Batyr and his 16-year-old son Ospan were killed in a fierce battle on the banks of the Akbulak River. The 14-year-old son of Isatai, who was at the beginning of this battle, escapes with Makhambet thanks to the swiftness of his horse under Dosmaganbet. Isatai accidentally drops his dagger. The head of the Russian-Cossack army cuts off Isatai's head with the same dagger. Not satisfied, he fired two shots at him. After the death of Isatai Batyr in the battle on July 12, the uprising did not develop further, and the soldiers scattered everywhere. K. Yesimov is afraid of punishment and flees to Khiva. ## The uprising was defeated Thus, the hero Isatai Taimanuly, who shook the entire Kishi-hundred field, which exceeded the rebellion in the Bokei Khanate in terms of territory and number of soldiers, covering a short period of less than 6 months. People's liberation uprising will be defeated. It could not have been otherwise at that time. The rebels were opposed by the khanate and sultans, well-armed and specially trained troops of the royal government. The insurgents did not manage to make contact with the national liberation movement in other regions of Kazakhstan, including K. Kasymuly. The condition of the rebels was also very bad. One of the reasons for the defeat was the lack of planning of a specific program and the lack of organization. Although the rebellion led by I. Taimanuly was defeated, it left a deep mark on the subsequent development of the western part of Kazakhstan within the Russian Empire. Henceforth, a certain limit was set on increasing the amount of the tax from year to year; the tsarist government had to deal with the heads of Kazakh villages who supported the uprising; The destruction of the khanate in the Inner Horde accelerated. ## About Isatai The leader of the uprising, Isatai Taimanuly, showed great courage despite many difficult and dangerous events that happened to him, and fought with his enemies until the end of his life. Only Isatai "took many before death" (Kh. Dosmukhamedov). "In a very quiet world," wrote the Russian journalist N. Savichev, "sometimes you see a meteor that shines, flashes, scatters fire around and amazes people in the pitch-black sky." Isatai is a brave hero who has a bright image like this meteor, a noble, deep mind, who cares about the people. The name of the leader of the Kazakh poor, I. Taimanuly, is forever remembered by the people. In the Kobda district of Aktobe region, there is a monument to Isatai Batyr and his son Ospan. There is also a monument to Isatai Batyr in the center of Atyrau region. Batyr's memorial plaque was placed on the place called "Taiman Zhal" in the village of Atyrau, and a memorial museum of Batyr was opened in the village of Isatai. In September 1991, the 200th anniversary of the birth of I. Taimanuly was celebrated in the republic. On the occasion of this anniversary, scientific and theoretical conferences were held in the cities of Almaty and Atyrau "Kazakhfilm" film studio He made a documentary film "Isatai's Aktaban-ai". Celebrating the 200th anniversary of the national hero I. Taimanuly was an event that testifies to the loyalty of the modern generation to the tradition of heroic ancestors. If so, the heroism of Isatai Taimanov is forever remembered by the Kazakh people. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5233

Сара

Sara Tastanbekovyna (1853; present-day Kapal district of Almaty region - 1907) is a poet, musician, folk poet, singer, drummer. He came from the Atalik Kaptagai section of the Matai clan of the Naiman tribe. ## Biography The creative path of Sara, who has seen a lot of hardships in her short life and suffered from social inequality, is a difficult and complicated path. He lost his father when he was three years old and grew up suffering from poverty. As if this is not enough, his cousin Jaishanbek, who is the sole support, even on the outside, goes to prison under the accusation that he "stole an ox". Turusbek Haji, who took care of an orphan, a widow, left alone in the midst of poverty, and brought her to his village, calls Sara and gives her to a rich son, Zhienkul, who is not equal to him, born with a defect in nature. Esimbek pilgrim, who heard about the action of the Turussbek pilgrim who bought cattle for the orphan girl, raised an argument and moved Sara to his village. But it will not be good for Sarah. In the end, the peasant settled down with the two pilgrims agreeing to divide the girl's livestock equally. In this way, the opening of the garden of the poet girl, who was in trouble like a snowball, will be a big reason for her to meet the famous Birzhan Sal, who is currently traveling around the Naiman country and making friends, and to argue with him in front of a square group. This argument increases Sarah's reputation in front of the people and spreads her fame far and wide. The pilgrims, who felt that the fate of the poetess, who was respected by the country and won the love of the people, was slipping out of their hands, could not oppose the crowd and gave her freedom. Thus, the poet Sara achieved equality thanks to her great talent, and at the age of nineteen she married her equal Altynbekuly Bekbay. It was as if he had reached equality, joined his equal, and opened his eyes. ## The meeting of the poet Abai and Sara On the way back from the city of Vernyi with the remains of Abish (Abdirahman), Sara, along with the good people of the Naiman country who came to condole with Abay, came to see the great poet, dear Expresses sympathy for the loss of a child. ## Birzhan and Sara Sara Tastanbekovyna's Birzhan salmen aytis, which has been continuing from century to century, is considered a high and artistic example of the Kazakh art of aytis. ## Poems of the poet In addition to this poem, "Heart", "Ashindym", "In front of Arsalan's brother", "Secret of the heart", "In the garden", "To the ghost of Abish", He has many poems such as "Hosh bol, elim" and the saga "Tuzak". ## Sara Tastanbekovyna's grave As a young woman, she saw a lot of poverty, suffered the effects of inequality, lived a hard life, and was accompanied by sadness. died early. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4728

Oralbai Abdikarimov

Oralbai Abdikarimov (December 18, 1944, Nura district, Karaganda region) is a state, political and public figure of Kazakhstan, adviser to the President of Kazakhstan (2007), state secretary of the country (2004–2007), chairman of the Senate (1999–2004), head of the Presidential Administration. (1996–1997) and Senator in 1999–2004, 2007–2013. ## Youth and Education The Argyn tribe originated from the Toka branch of the Kuandik clan. Nationality is Kazakh. In 1969, he graduated from the Karaganda Industrial Pedagogical Academy, in 1974 from the Karaganda State University, and in 1987 from the Almaty Higher Party School. He started his career in 1963 as a state farm shepherd, educator, foreman of a vocational and technical school. Served in the Navy of the USSR. Military rank — retired colonel. ## Political career ### Career in Soviet Kazakhstan (1969–1991) In the years 1969–1975, member of the Komsomol Committee of the Shakhtinskzhilstroy Trust worked as a secretary, instructor and department head of the Karaganda Regional Committee of the Leninist Communist Youth Union of Kazakhstan. In 1980, he served as the deputy chairman of the Karaganda city party committee, and from the following year to 1985, he served as an instructor, head of the sector, and deputy head of the department at the Karaganda regional party committee. In 1985-1989, he held the positions of sector head, inspector, deputy head of the department of organizational-party and personnel work of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. From December 1989 to September 1991, Abdikarimov was the head of the department of organization-party and personnel work of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan. At the same time, in those years, he was the deputy chairman of the Central Election Commission for the election and recall of People's Deputies of the Kazakh SSR. In 1990, on behalf of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan, he was elected as a deputy of the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan, and continued as a deputy until 1992. ### Career in independent Kazakhstan (since 1991) Before the independence of Kazakhstan, since September 1991 and until June 1994, Oralbay Abdikarimov was the Organizational Inspectorate of the Office of the President of Kazakhstan and the Cabinet of Ministers and served as the head of the department of organizational work and local administrations of the territorial development department. From June to December 1994, for half a year, Abdikarimov was the deputy head of the group of representatives of the President in the regions. As soon as this work was terminated, he was appointed the Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan — the head of the group of representatives of the President in the regions. He continued this position until March 1995. From March 1995 to January 1996, he served as Deputy Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Head of the Organization and Control Department. A month after completing this position, he was appointed chairman of the lower house of the Parliament of Kazakhstan, the Majilis Apparatus. He continued this position until October 1996. From October 1996 to October of the following year, he worked as the head of the Presidential Administration for one year. He was a deputy of the XXII convocation of the Supreme Council of Kazakhstan. In November 1999, he was appointed senator of the 2nd election by presidential decree. Abdikarimov was elected as the chairman of the Senate on December 1 of the same year when he was only two days into his tenure as a senator. In the same year, Kazakhstan became a member of the Security Council, which continued its membership until 2006. Between 2002 and 2004, he was the chairman of the Inter-Parliamentary Assembly of the EEC. In March 2004, he was appointed to the position of State Secretary by the President. He continued this position until May 15, 2007. Oralbai Abdikarimov was appointed as an adviser to the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, immediately after the termination of the State Secretary position. On August 28, 2007, he was elected as a Senator from the "Nur Otan" party, his term of office ended in August 2013. In 2019, Abdikarimov was appointed as a member of the Council of Senators under the Senate and began to engage in politics again. In unknown years, he was the chairman of the National Anti-Corruption Movement "Renewal". <> * II-class Order of the Leopard (2001) * Order of the Commonwealth of Independent States (2002) * Gold medal "Friendship Tree" ("Tree of Friendship") of the CIS CIS (2003) * 1st degree Order of Barys (2009) * Honored Citizen of Nura District * Honored Professor of Kyung University of Korea and Moscow State University of Linguistics ## Family Spouse — Jamal Akhmetovna Abdikarimova , an eye doctor. He has 3 sons, 1 daughter and grandchildren: Alim (born in 1972), Serzhan (born in 1976). born in) is also a politician, the former ambassador of Kazakhstan to Azerbaijan (2019-2023).

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5104

Kadirgali Jalayir

This man, named Kadyrgali Zhalairi (Kadyr Ali Kosymuli bi, surname Zhalayr), lived in the middle of the 16th century and at the beginning of the 17th century (1530-1605) and left an indelible mark on the history of the Kazakh people. He traveled under the famous Russian king Boris Godunov, and in 1602 he finished writing "Collection of Chronicles". This is the first scientific work written in the Kazakh language. R. Syzdykova, an eminent scientist, studied the language structure and writing style of the "Collection" and wrote a special book ("Yazyk", "Jamiat-tavarih", "Zhalairi", Almaty, 1989). Kadyr Ali's data have been relied on by many historians and researchers since Shokan Ualikhanov. Place of birth — along the Syrdarya River in Kazakhstan. Kadirgali's ancestors served in the khan's court continuously since the rule of the Karakhan dynasty, were advisers and advisers of the khan, and were heroes. His grandfather Temshik was a hero of Shigai Khan, and his father held the position of Kosym Bey. ## Biography Kadyrgali Kosymuli Zhalayiri, one of the great khans of the Kazakhs, served in the Palace of Risk and played the role of a counselor. As he was well versed in Arabic and Persian languages in addition to his mother tongue, he taught and brought up young Beksadas thanks to his great knowledge. Sultan Orazmuhammed was the one he had high hopes for. In his scientific work, he says about this: "My grandfathers served the grandfathers of Sultan Orazmuhammed. I myself was with Orazmuhammed." In the 16th-17th centuries, part of the Jalayirs moved in the Ulytau and Kokshetau regions. On the modern geographical map, in the back, there are long landmarks such as Zhalayir, Lake Kerey, and Naiman. In the 18th century, during a devastating attack by the Dzhungar Kalmyks (in the era of "Aktaban shubryndy, alkakol sulama"), the Zhalayrs first moved to Betbakdala, then after the defeat of the Kuban Kalmyks and the vast Kazakh steppes began to clear of the enemy, they gradually settled on the banks of the Shu, Ile, and Karatal rivers. Kazakh khans had their winter residence in Turkestan, but in the summer they moved to Arka, Kokshetau. At that time, Khan-Sultans did not go hunting alone, they were accompanied by many servants and lodgers. At that time, the Russian tsars, who were subordinated to one center and growing in strength, were interested in expanding relations with their neighbor in the southeast, the Kazakh Khanate. The big state Dzungar khanate emerged in the east, the Uzbek emirs in the southwest, and the Kazakh khans, who did not give rest to the Bashkir lords from Zhaiykjak, were conducting polite trade relations with the Russians. Ambassadors also went to Moscow from time to time. But they did not let themselves in. Even at that time, if the Kazakh khanate weakened, it was natural for the Russian tsars, who had the ultimate evil idea of taking possession of vast expanses of land, to try to control the country's internal and external conditions, history, traditions, military power, and defense capabilities. For this purpose, they had long been thinking of taking prisoners from the people around the Khan. The Russian governors in Siberia (on the order of the king) who knew through the dead that the young Sultan Orazmuhammed was fond of hunting, every year in the early spring and autumn along the Irtysh and Tobyl rivers, hunted for birds, hunted Orazmuhammed, who was hunting hawks in the Tobyl valley, and Kadyrgali. Jalayri led the hut, together with his servants, he was captured and sent to Moscow as a "trust". It was 1588. After feeling that Orazmuhammed was a member of the khan's court, that Kadirgali Zhalairi knew the history and culture of the East, and that he was a scholar who mastered many languages, the Russian king accepted them well and kept them in his neighborhood. In 1590-1591, Orazmuhammed, a brave man who knew military art, took part in the Russian wars against the Swedes and the Crimean Khanate. Taking this into account, Tsar Fyodor Ioanovich, who knew that he was a khan, allocated land to Orazmuhammed from the former Kasymov Khanate, inhabited by Muslims along the Oka River, in 1592. Whether he knew that his ancestor was a Jalayri or not, Kadyrgali Jalayri Bey was also highly respected and held the position of chief vizier. It is reasonable to say that I wrote the scientific work on the history of the Kazakh country at the request of Boris Godunov. Because this work is dedicated to the white king and the first chapter describes his system of governance. This genealogy of Kadyrgali Zhalairi is obviously the first historical work written in the Kazakh language. Sh. Valikhanov estimated that the truth of this book is more important than the legend. Bayuzak Albani: "His name is mentioned in the annals along with learned historians such as Abilgazy, Babur, Benai. Russian scientists N.I. Ilminsky, I.N. Berezin, V.V. Velyaminov-Zernov highly appreciated his work," says "Historical Knowledge". " in his book. (p. 195). The story of the stay of the Kazakhs in Russia, led by Orazmuhammed and Kadyr Ali, was described extensively and beautifully by Mukhtar Magauin, an expert in our ancient history, in his novel "Alasapyran". It is known that he was awarded the State Prize for this novel. Recently, Kadyr Ali's work has been reviewed by the professor of Al Farabi Kazakh National University M. Koygeldiev is doing special research. Bayuzak Albani says: "Although he lived far away, he left documentary information about the political and social conditions of the Kazakh khans, the formation of tribal-patriarchal relations in Kazakhstan, the sultans and karshis, beks and hafizs around the khan, etc. In the yearbook, the author gave a historical description of the Turkic tribes of Jalayir, Kypshak, Kanly, etc., who lived in the Kazakh Sahara. Based on the book of chronicles, the Chinggis Khan dynasty and itself, it gives a lot of information about the Kazakh khans, it focuses on the biography of the Kazakh khans. There is information about the association of ancient tribes that inhabited the Kazakh land. And the fact that the scientist named as Mr. Karasha in Russian chronicles started a big revolt against the Turks who fell under Russian rule despite the khan's compromise, killed three of Yermak's 5 commanders, is still little studied and little promoted in our country. After the defeat, he fled back to the Kazakh steppes and later went to Amanat with Orazmuhamed. He kept a lot of spies, he had many admirers, supporters, and friends, he wanted to show himself as the savior of the homeland, and while doing so, he begged for protection from the Nogai and promised to be a loyal friend Zharmak sent forty soldiers led by Ivan Koltso to visit him. This group of people could have killed thousands of savages two or three times. their men shed blood like a sacrificial lamb in Tar Ulys!... After that, the Tatars who gave us booty, the Siberian Estekers, turned against the Russians, killed Ataman Yakov Mihailov in the Razez, joined Karasha on the battlefield and captured the vicinity of Isker like night, Jarmak saw that he was narrowly surrounded." (N.M. Karamzin) ## Collection of Chronicles The only copy of the "Collection of Chronicles" was handed over to the library of Kazan University by the Tatar scholar I. Khalfin. When the same copy was printed in the collection of oriental manuscripts, professor I. N. Berezin wrote the following preface: "We do not know what name was given to the work, but since the main part of the book consists of a short translation of the famous work of Rashid al-Din, we can give his name to our manuscript." So, he proposed to name Kadyr Ali's work as "Jami al-Tavarih" - "Collection of Chronicles" until a copy of his real name is found. M. Koygeldiev says: "Unfortunately, the name given by the author of the work is missing in the second copy of the manuscript that was later found in St. Petersburg. came out, and it remained in the same state as "Jami al-Tavarih" - "Collection of Chronicles". This situation greatly hindered the accurate assessment of the independent documentary value of Qadir Ali's work among historians, in other words, it was a Turkish version of Rashid al-Din's work. there was a reason to consider it only as ". ("Kazakh History" magazine, number 4, 1994.) Later, he writes his famous work, which became world famous under the name "Collection of Chronicles". "I am a person who has visited many countries around the world, read many books full of righteous judgments and proverbs," he says about himself. "Collection of Chronicles" is one of the first historical works written in the Kazakh language in the Middle Ages. Here, the internal and external conditions of the Kazakh khanate since the beginning of the 10th century, the formation of the Kazakh tribes as a nation, its international conditions, and the political conditions of the khans and various social groups around them are given very valuable information. The work consists of three parts: 1. Portraying the rule of Boris Godunov. 2. short translation of Rashid al-Din's work "Jami al-Tawarih". 3. Short translation of Orys Khan before Sultan Orazmuhammed. ## The Secret of the Silver Box Academician Alkei Margulan, one of our great scientists who appreciated Kadyr Ali very highly, "The Secret of the Silver Box" was published in the 1st issue of "Kazakh Literature" newspaper in 1981. he says in his extensive article: "One of the most valuable books kept in Orazmuhammed's library is the work of his friend and famous dancer, Kadirgali Zhalayiri, a writer who writes in the Kazakh language. His book was written in 1598, what was his original name The beginning of the writing has been lost... Shokan considered it a good heritage of the Kazakh language. , which represents the only monuments of the past life of Kazakhs. Он пасина в конце царствования Borisa Godunova... В нем степных уподоблений, поговорок бездна"... The first writer who paid attention to him was Abylgazi. This person must have read Kadyrgali's book while staying in Turkestan as a guest in Esim Khan's house. Esim is the younger brother of Tawaekel. It is clear that the book of Kadyrgali, brought by Orazmuhammed from Moscow, is in the name of Abylgazy. There was no book in other cities in Russia. According to Ibrahim Khalifin's letter to Fren, a copy of the book read by Abylgazi was bought by the library of Kazan University in 1918... He knew Arabic, Persian, Turkish, and Russian languages equally well... Kadyrgali was a Kazakh thinker, writer, and legacy of culture from the Zhalayr tribe. His writings should be recognized as the first example of Kazakh literary culture". It should be noted that Kadyr Ali's work has become a golden treasure of our people thanks to the efforts of Kazakh scientists in recent years. The work consists of three parts: 1. Depicting the reign of Boris Godunov. 2. A brief translation of the work of Rashid al-Din. 3. A brief translation of the Orys Muhammed Sultan. - to prove that Orazmuhammed, the descendant of his ruler Genghis Khan, is worthy of the khan throne. "... it was written to tell about the eternal justice and righteousness of King Orazmuhammed Khan and to show that His Highness Orazmuhammed Khan was appointed to the khanate with respect." I. N. Berezin, "Library of Eastern Sources", Kazan, 1854.) Further, Kadyr Ali says: "... by the decree of the Russian king Boris Fedorovich, the right and left put up the right and the left, the nobles, the streets were filled with people with guns, and they shook hands and bowed to politics. Such good people "With great honor, Orazmuhammed Ondan Sultanul was presented with great respect, and the king installed him on the throne here" (in the city of Kasymov). (Kasym khanate is located 250 kilometers south-east of Moscow, on the left bank of the Oka river.) About Orys Khan: "He was taken by his elder brother and placed in the kingdom. Then Orys Khan settled in the vicinity of Alatau. The land is very large and it was a high mountain. There were also many good pastures, waters and springs... There were cities of Shu, Talas, Teklik. There were many people, strong, glorious and heroic." Kadyr Ali then tells about Kuyurshik Khan, Barak Sultan, Kishi Janibek, Kasym Khan. "Orazmuhammed was the fourth generation from Orys Khan to Janibek Khan," he says. "Shygai Khan was known for his bravery. His son Sultan Ondan was brave, brave, and an excellent archer. He always showed great courage in the fight against external enemies... Finally, he was a witness in the battle with the Kalmyks when he was a young man of thirty. His grave is Khoja Ahmet Yassaui (next to ) was buried". In general, Kadyr Ali's work is useful in showing which sultan, which khan, where he witnessed and was buried. Tavekel Khan was called "the head of the Islamic State". In it, the sultan testifies that Orazmuhammed was orphaned at the age of thirteen. "At the age of sixteen, he was ready to serve the general Christian leader Boris Fedorovich" (Orazmuhammed bravely turned a blind eye in the bloodshed between Lzhedmitry and Vasily Shuisky in 1610. ). ## Significance of Kadyrgali Zhalayri's work "Kadyrgali Zhalayri's work has a special place in the study of the formation process of the Kazakh people, the Kazakh Khanate, historians will return to it many times in the process of determining these issues. - says M. Koygeldiev. - For example, the reason why Kadyrgali called the country "Alash" has not been fully described in the scientific literature we notice the following facts that cannot be found in other works: firstly, the disintegration of the mighty Golden Horde, the "added" part of the army led by Fetka Nauakrat, who is Fetka Nauakrat, where it came from - this is a question that has not yet been determined Later, Orys Khan went to Alatau, and it is known that Orys Khan was the founder of the Kazakh khan dynasty. said" (p. 38). In the same issue of "Kazakh History" magazine, the chapter of Kadyr Ali's work "Russian Khan and his descendants" is presented. In general, it is clear that many mistakes were made when Kadyr Ali's works were copied from hand to hand, and even then, many historians will undoubtedly turn to him. While reading the written works of Eastern chroniclers, especially Rashid al-Din, Abilgazy, Haydar Dulati, Kadirgali Jalayir and other scholars, one can make sure that brothers and sisters have been fighting each other for many centuries for wealth and fame. not difficult. But the problem is history. And the generation that comes from history should grow and prosper. For that, we need to look at the history of the past from time to time. The work of Kadyr Ali Bi is a pearl that stands out in this field. ## Appendix Kadyrgali Kosymuly (1530-1605) was a Kazakh scholar and famous dancer who lived in the Middle Ages. The origin of Kadirgali dance comes from the Jalayir tribe, which has a comb-shaped face. That is why it is often called "Kadyrgali Zhalairi". In ancient times, their ancestors lived along the Syrdarya river. Later, under the leadership of heroes such as Eskeldi, Balpyk biler, and Orak, the Jalayir family came and settled in today's Taldykorgan region. Kadirgali's ancestors were influential people who ruled the country since the Karakhan era. His father, Kosym, is also a famous dancer. His father Temshik, Bahadur Anzhi Bahadur Adymsheikh, his brother Karash Bey Kubay Kambar, Aitauly Bey Sheikh Sofy Bey Tebrebek Saba Bahadur Sartak Noyan, all of them were heroes, begs, and warriors. Kadyrgali, who lived with his grandfather and father and was brought up by them, was a counselor of young beksadas in the khan's court from a young age, and then a counselor of young beksadas in the khan's court. Afterwards, there will be a council dance of the Khan. In the years when the land of Jalayir was conquered by the Kalmaks and received prosperity, his ancestors went and joined under the rule of Kushim Khan. Even after going there, he is a wise man for the khan. Kadirgali Bi writes in his book "Jami al-Tawarikh" ("Collection of Chronicles"): "My grandfathers served the grandfathers of Sultan Oraz Muhammed. I was with Azim Oraz Muhammed." From this, it is clear that he was working with the famous Oraz Muhamed and had relations with the Russian principality. Seydek was also an adviser to the Siberian Sultan. Between 1588 and 1598, Kadyrgali served in the royal palace in Moscow together with Oraz Muhamed. Participates in the war between the Russian kingdom and the Swedes and the Crimean Khanate. For his bravery in that war, the Russian king Oraz Muhammed gave Sultan the land on the banks of the Oka River and allowed him to establish his own khanate. The center of that khanate was the city of Kasym. Kadirgali works as a vizier and judge in the khanate headed by Oraz Muhamed. Since those years, Kadyrgali began to study science. In 1600-1602, he finished writing his book "Jami at-tawarikh" in the city of Kasym. Now his fame will become known to the whole world through this historical genealogy book. Written in Turkish, this work mentions Uysin, Jalayir, Argyn, Kypchak, Kanly, Sirgeli, Konyrat, Kerey, Naiman, Alshin, etc., who lived in the Kazakh Sahara. and conducts a scientific analysis of the roots of Turkic tribes. Describes the era of Oghz and Karakhan. The early and later Khanate period is especially marked by Chinggis Khan and his descendants, khans, sultans, beks from the Kazakh nobility, and the struggle of the Kazakh peoples ruled by them against internal and external invading enemies, etc. political and social issues are described. This work of Kadyrgali Bi was highly appreciated by well-known research scientists of many nations, starting with Shokan Ualikhanov. Now let's quote some excerpts from this "Collection of Chronicles": "...Tokhtamys Khan passed along the Volga: Taikozha was the son of Ulan. Kutlu Kiya's son Edige Kuchuk was his adviser and companion. .. The known sons of Tokhtamys Khan are as follows: Jalaladdin Sultan, Kushik Sultan, Kalymberdi Sultan, Kadyrberi Khan, and Janike. Kadyrberi Khan was three years old Temir-Kutlu was a khan, and his son, Muhamed Khan, grew up The son of Ahmed Khan had nine sons from his three wives. After the death of Khan's grandfather Zhankerey Sultan, the begs could not get along with each other when the dead young Sultan Haji Kerey ran away to Chakyrgan Bayta. Haji Kerei searched for Sultan and placed him in the khanate... "In the genealogy, Edi's first ancestor, Abu Bakir (one of the first four Caliphs of the Prophet Muhammad), followed by several ancestors, Kerem-Aziz, Jalaladdin. He will have two sons, Adham and Baba Tuklas (Babai Tukti Shashty Aziz). Baba Tuklas will be king in Katba. His son Terme lived in Volodymyr. Terme's son lived in Karachi, Karachi's son Islam lived in Qiya, and his son Qadir lived in Qiya. Kutlu Kiya, son of Kadir Kiya, died in Kumkent. May God bless his son Eddy... Baba Tuklas had four sons. One is in the Kagba, one is near the Kagba, one is in Urgenish, and one is in Crimea. Now, one source says that Baba Tuklas had three children (Abas, Gabul Rahmankoja, Terme). Edige danced the son of Tokhtamys Khan. He went to Edi at the age of 63 and died due to a palace conspiracy. Edige's Mr. Nuraddin, Mr. Kasym, Mr. Seidutali and two young people died. These five sons were born from Khojakha's daughter Baktila..." In the last part of this book, Kadyrgali Bi writes about his best friend and mentor Oraz Muhamed: "His father is Ondan Sultan, his father is Shygai Khan, his father Iadik Khan, his father Zhanibek Khan, his father Barak Khan, his father Kuyyrshik Khan, his father Orys Khan... Each of them became famous in their provinces as several grandfathers. Kasym Khan was the most famous among them. He was born from Zhagan bikem. For a long time, he reigned in the greatness of his grandfather. He turned the surrounding provinces towards him... Oraz Muhammed Khan lost his great-grandfather Shygai Khan, who was killed in a conflict when he was eight years old. At the age of thirteen, his father, Ondan Sultan, died. But due to time constraints, Seydak was forced to enter in front of the dance. At the age of sixteen, all Christians were ready to serve as slaves of Boris Fedorovich. From that day until now, Boris is in the service of Tsar. His Majesty the king blessed his slave. ... At the age of twenty, His Highness Oraz Muhamed ascended to the Khanate. May God grant him the rank..." Recently, new information about the Kadyrgali Zhalairi dance has been found. One of them is written by professor of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University Zhangara Dodebaev about the Kadyrgali dance in the "Almaty Asakhami" newspaper (July 30, 1997). In this study, the author wrote in detail how his great-grandfather Karash Bey fought against the invasion led by Ataman Yermak in Siberia. The author concludes the article as follows: \ <> ...Thus, the attack led by Ataman will be defeated. Ataman's armor will be given to Seydek, and his sword and belt will be given to Karasha The role played by these three men in the war seems to have been great. After Yermak's death, they remained among the most influential and influential people in the Siberian Khanate. the only big person who directly bore the burden November: * He was the first to be attacked and robbed by Yermak; * This citizen who welcomes Seydek, who came to Siberia with a large force, and joins his group; * It is the same one who sends Ataman Yermak dead, divides his force, and thus kills forty bandits brought to his village by Ataman Ivan Koltso; * This is the person who besieged the capital of Siberia, which remained in the hands of bandits led by Yermak, and raised the entire Siberian armed force to fight for the freedom of the Motherland against the invaders; * In the battle to liberate the capital of Siberia from Yermak thugs, this is the place where the troops suffered great losses and two brave heroes died bravely; * finally, the hero who wears Ermak's belt and sword is the same; * It was this November that Oraz Muhamed, along with Prince Seydek, was captured by Danila Chulkov and taken to Moscow. To this day, Kazakh scholars are divided on whether Kadyrgali Bey was the hero and statesman who shed so much blood and sweat for the liberation of Siberia. In our opinion, the Tatar scientist M. A. Usmanov's assertion that "Karasha of Siberia and Kadyrgali bek are one person" is valid, consistent and contains great truth. In the first data sources and researches about the history of Siberia, Karasha, who was captured by Danila Chulkov together with Oraz Muhamed and Seydek, is clearly stated as the "Mad November of Kochim Khan" ("Tsarya Kuchumova dumnoi karacha"). ## References * "Jami at-tawarikh" * Collection of chronicles * Kazakh khanate ## External links Jalairi ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6178

Bangladesh

Bangladesh (Bengali: বান্গ্দ্স), official name is the People's Republic of Bangladesh (Bengali: গন্র্র্ব্বান্যায্য়্য বান্গ্দ্য) - in 1971 in South Asia. established state. ## General description It borders India in the west, north, east, and the Union of Myanmar in the southeast. The area is 147 thousand km². The population is 149 million. Man (2007). The capital is the city of Dhaka (3.3 million). The official language is Bengali, the official religion is Islam (85%). Bangladesh is one of the most densely populated regions in the world. The vast majority of the population are Bengalis (95% of the total population). Remaining about 5% are Chakma, Mogh, Garo, Chelu, Santals etc. will contribute. The country is ruled by the president. The legislative body is the unicameral National Assembly. Bangladesh is located at the headwaters of the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Meghna rivers. ## Climate The climate is sub-equatorial, monsoonal. Summer is rainy, winter is dry. Before the onset of the monsoon season, in April and May, the average temperature exceeds 30 °C, and the coldest month is January - 12 - 25 °C. The average annual precipitation is 1500 mm in the west and 3500 mm in the east. ## History In the land of modern Bangladesh, the first state structures were formed in the middle of the 1st millennium BC and were part of various empires. The name of Bengal was recorded in the 10th-12th centuries. Until the beginning of the 13th century, the states ruled by the Gaud, Pal, and Sen dynasties lived on the land of Bangladesh. In the middle of the 14th century, the governors of the Delhi Sultanate in Bangladesh gained independence, and independent states were established in Bihar and Orissa (capital Murshidabad). The British conquered Bangladesh in 1757. after the battle near Plessa, which took place on the twenty-third day of June, he turned it into his flock. In the 19th century, the national-liberation movement against colonial oppression gained a lot of ground. of Great Britain in 1947 As a result of the partition of India, the western part of Bengal inhabited by Indians remained in India, and the eastern part inhabited by Muslims became part of Pakistan (98% of the population is Bengali). National tensions in East Pakistan caused political crises in Pakistan several times (1952, 1954, 1958), and in 1969. It caused the downfall of Ayub Khan's regime. Instead, Yahya Khan, who came to the head of the government, had to hold the first parliamentary elections in the country (1970). At that time, the People's League party, which raised the issue of giving autonomy to East Pakistan, won. As a result of protracted struggle, the People's Republic of Bangladesh was established on December 16, 1971. 1971 March 26th was declared Independence Day. ## Economy Bangladesh is an agrarian country, the economic system is dominated by small commodity production. Bangladesh is one of the poorest countries in the world. The annual average per capita national income is $235. The favorable natural conditions here allow harvesting two to three times a year. Mainly, rice and tea, sugarcane and tobacco are grown. The main fruit crops are banana, mango, coconut palm, pineapple, citrus. In addition, metallurgy, oil refining, cement and fertilizer production, and ship repair industries are well established. The main form of transport is the river road. The length of the waterway in use is 4.5 thousand km. The length of railways is 2.4 thousand km. Bangladesh is a member of the UN, the Organization of the Islamic Conference, and the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation. Mainly, trade and economic relations are established with USA, Japan, European Union and China. Established diplomatic relations with Kazakhstan since March 1992. ## International relations In international relations, Bangladesh follows a balanced policy aimed at expanding cooperation with international organizations, and primarily with the United Nations. Bangladesh joined the Commonwealth of Nations and the United Nations in 1974 and has since been elected twice as a non-permanent member of the UN Security Council in 1978-1979 and 2000-2001. In the 1980s, Bangladesh played a leading role in establishing the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation to expand cooperation with South Asian countries. Bangladesh has chaired the organization twice since its inception in 1985. Bangladesh has the most important and controversial relationship with India. Relations between countries are formed on the basis of cultural and historical ties and are an important part of internal discussions. Relations with India began on a positive note thanks to the military and economic support provided during the War of Independence and assistance during post-war reconstruction. Over time, relations between countries have changed for completely different reasons. The main "controversial issue" remains the construction and operation of the Farakka Dam [41]. India began damming the Ganges in 1975, 18 km (11 mi) from its border with Bangladesh. Bangladeshi officials say the dam is taking away large amounts of water needed for the country's agriculture and increasing the level of man-made disasters in a country that has been hit hard by natural disasters. Dam construction has had a very negative impact on the environment [41]. There are calls to focus on anti-India separatists and Islamic militants who have found refuge near the 2,500-mile (4,000 km) border with India, as well as the flow of illegal immigrants. India even built barbed wire defense structures for protection [42]. However, at the summit of the South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation held in 2007, the two sides agreed to jointly resolve border issues, as well as issues related to security and economic development [43]. ## Bengali customs Bengalis have densely populated the entire country. Most of them live in rural areas. They build their houses of bamboo, wood or bricks on high places, and the roofs are covered with straw and palm leaves, and the wealthy are covered with tin. People often travel by boat when moving across rivers. There is no free space around the houses. Every piece of land is used for sowing grain crops, growing tea and sugarcane, as well as fruit trees. Horizontally irrigated lands are planted with rice, the staple food of Bengalis. Buffaloes are used more and more to cultivate the land, and rice is now planted by hand while running water. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2774

List of countries

This article lists all the independent and dependent countries of the world. The total number of countries in the world is 211. ## Independent countries * 193 independent countries are members of the United Nations: * 2 independent countries are not members of the UN, but are considered permanent observers: ## Partially recognized states * The independence of 6 states was recognized by a minority of UN members, which: * The independence of 2 states was not recognized by the UN members, but recognized by some partially recognized states, which: ## External links * How many countries are there in the world? an article by David Madore on this unanswerable question ## See also * Clickable World Map

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1652

Almaty region

Almaty region is an administrative part of the Republic of Kazakhstan in the south-east. The land area is 105.3 thousand km2. There are 9 districts and 2 cities of regional importance in the territory of the region. The population is 1,505,984 people (2023). Administrative center — Konaev city. Almaty region borders Zhambyl in the west, Karaganda through Lake Balkash in the north, Zhetysu regions in the northeast, the People's Republic of China in the east, and the Kyrgyz Republic in the south. ## History Since ancient times, the land of Almaty region has been the homeland of the Sak, Uysin, Kanly tribes, and the Great Hundred Kazakhs. In the middle of the 19th century, Zhetysu was conquered by Tsarist Russia. 1848 On January 10, a colonial-administrative structure - the Uly Horde prefectural office was established. He died in 1856. Alatau district was named. 1867 When the General Governorate of Turkestan was established, a part of the present Almaty region was named Vernyy district and became part of Zhetysu region. At the same time, Zharkent, Kapal, Sergiopol, Tokmak, Issykkol uyezds were added to the new region, the center of which was the fortress of Verny (Almaty). From 1882 to 1897, he served as General Governor of Zhetysu Region. 1897 From 1918 to 1924, he was a member of the Turkestan General-governorate, Turkestan AKSR. 1924 As a result of the national-territorial delimitation in Central Asia, the Kazakh districts of the Zhetysu region entered the Kazakh Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic. In 1929-32 it was named Almaty district. On March 10, 1932, it was reorganized into Almaty region. 1944 Taldykorgan region was separated from Almaty region on March 16. Taldykorgan region was part of Almaty region in 1959-1967. It was redistributed on December 23. 1997 On April 22, Taldykorgan region was dissolved and its districts were added to Almaty region. According to the Decree of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated April 14, 2001 No. 585 "On relocation of the administrative center of Almaty region", since 2001 the city of Taldykorgan has been the center of the region. ## Who governed the region ## Nature The nature and topography of the region is varied. It is a sandy plain with a slope to the north, connecting to Balkhash and Alakol. This region is mainly formed from anthropogenic alluvial and aeolian sediments. Most of it is covered by hilly and hilly sandy plains of Saryesikatyrau, Taukum, Lokkum, Karakum, Korgankum. The delta part of the Balkhash plain, through which the Ile valley passes, is cut by ancient dry channels. In the north-east, between Zhetysu Alatau and Alley mountain, there is the Zhetysu (Dzungar) gate. The east of the region is completely covered by the Zhetysu Alatau range. They are separated by inter-commodity depressions and potholes. The highest mountain of Zhetysu Alatau — Besbakan (4442 m) is located here. There are more than 1300 glaciers in the mountain ranges, their total area is about 1.0 thousand km2. Some spurs of the Zhetisu Alatau (Koldytau, Altynemel, Malaisary, Tyshkantau, Tekeli, Saikan, etc.) penetrate into the plains near the river. Right of the region. and southeast of Ile, Kungei, Teriskey Alataus, Ketpen (Uzynkara) ridge and the Northern Tien-Shan ranges. made up of ridges. Between Zhetysu Alatau and Ile, Kungei Alatau and Ketpen mountains lies the Ile depression (valley). The southwest and west of Almaty region are covered by Shu, Ile mountain plateaus and steppes (Zhusandala, Bozoi, Karaoi plateaus). ## Geology The mountains in the region originate from the Tien-Shan mountain system and are formed from layers of pre-Cambrian crystalline slate-stone rocks. There are also conglomerates, tuffs, limestones, granites, etc. Paleozoic rocks are widespread. The foothills and mid-altitude regions of the region are formed from Pleistocene and anthropogenic sediments. The period of the first formation of the mountains in the region is closely related to the Hercynian fold. In the subsequent periods, these mountains were gradually eroded and a hilly plain (peneplain) was formed. At the beginning of the Pleistocene period, the region that turned into a peneplain during the alpine orogeny formed ordinary mountains as a result of tectonic processes. Tectonic processes continue here until now. Occasional earthquakes are a clear proof of that. Among the mineral resources, polymetals (Tekeli), tungsten (Bugity), significant reserves of molybdenum, porcelain stones (Kapshagai), barite, bentonite clay (Aksu, Alakol districts), refractory clay, quartz sand, gypsum, stone and brown coal ( Oikaragai, Tyshkanbay), there are peat, salt deposits and mineral underground waters. ## Climate The climate of Almaty region is mainly continental. Winter is temperate and cold. The average temperature in January is 10-16°С in the northern plain, 4-9°С in the south. Summer is hot and dry. The average temperature in July is 25°C in the north and 27°C in the south. This is the average annual amount of precipitation in plain regions. 110-250 mm. The climate of the mountain slopes is mild. The average temperature in January is 5-9°С, it is often warm. The average temperature in July is 21-23°С on the slopes, 19-22°С in the mountain valleys. Precipitation is 400-600 mm on the mountain slopes, 700-1000 mm in the mountain valleys. Precipitation in the region falls mainly in spring and early summer. Solt. average thickness of snow cover on the plains and mountain slopes of the region. 10-30 cm, on mountain slopes 40-100 cm. A breeze blows on the shores of Balkhash and Alakol. ## Hydrography Rivers Balkash — Alakol are located in a closed basin and the surface water is scarce. They are filled with snow and glacier water. Major rivers: Ile, Karatal, Aksu, Shelek, Sharyn, Lepsi, Zhamanty, Yrgaity, Shilikti, Turgen, Esik, Buyen. Iri Lake: Kapchagay Dam and HPP were built along the Balkhash and Ile rivers. There are many mineral spring waters on the mountain slopes. ## Soil and vegetation The soil and vegetation of the region are formed due to the vertical belt. The brown soil of the desert and steppe is spread in the plain part. Wormwood, sedge, sedge, sorgon, sekseul, and ephemeral plants in spring are prevalent there. Reeds and reeds grow on the marshy shores of Balkhash and Alakol towns, in the valley and delta of the Ile River. In the foothills, gray and gray, red-brown, red-brown and black soils of the mountain steppe are formed on mountain slopes and mountain plateaus. In such places (altitude 600-1300 m), grain-type plants are replaced by sagebrush, fescue-gray steppe. Aspen, birch, and apple trees grow in the higher part of the mountain, and even higher, the Tien-Shan spruce and sometimes high mountain meadows grow. In the alpine meadows of the high mountains, there are meadow grasses, altai, kogazai, stoneser, etc. vegetation dominates. This region is the summer pasture of regional herders. ## Animal world In the plains, gazelle, antelope, roe deer, wolf, wild boar, fox, badger, wild cat; from rodents: muskrat, etc. occurs. In the mountainous part: leopard, lynx, brown bear, elk, elk, mountain goat, deer, elk, sable; from birds: ducks, geese, pheasants, partridges, swans, cranes, mountain cranes, nightingales, ravens, alpine crows, etc. lives. From reptiles: snakes, turtles, lizards, harmful insects: blackbirds, beetles, etc. occurs. In rivers, lakes and water bodies, carp, marinka, perch, whitefish, etc. there are fish. ## Population Average population density. There are 7.3 people per 1 km2 (1997), 19 people per 1 km2 in the foothills (500-900 m above sea level), and 2.6 people per 1 km2 in the Balkhash plateau. 30.3 percent of them (excluding the city of Almaty) live in the city. Cities: Taldykorgan, Kapshagai, Tekeli, Talgar, Zharkent, Ushtobe, Usharal, Kaskeleng, Yesik, Sarkan. ## Population Population of Almaty region ## Administrative division ### History of administrative division Almaty region was created in 1932 and includes Aksu, Alaköl, Ayagoz, Balkash, Enbekshikazak, Zharkent, Kalinin, Kegen, Karatal, Kastek, Konyrat, Kordai, Lepsi, Oktyabr, Taldykorgan, Urzhar, Shet, Shelek, Shubartau. , Shu, Ile districts now. In 1933, Burlitobe and Kogaly districts were created and Kalinin district was dissolved. Shet district was transferred to Karaganda region. In 1934, Konyrat district was transferred to Karkaraly district. In 1935, Andreev, Kaskeleng, Krasnogor, Makanshi, Sarkan, Uygur districts were created, and Lepsi district was dissolved. In 1936, Dzerzhin and Narynkol districts were established. Due to the creation of new regions in 1939, Ayagoz, Makanshi, Urzhar, Shubartau districts were given to Semipalatinsk region, and Krasnogor, Kordai, Shu districts were given to Zhambyl region. Also, Almaty and Kapal districts were created within the region, and Kastek district was changed to Zhambyl district. In 1942, the Kogaly district was renamed the district named after 28 guards-Panfilovshirs, and the Zharkent district was renamed the Panfilov district. Taldykorgan region was separated in 1944 and included Aksu, Alakol, Andreev, Burlitobe, Dzerzhin, 28 Guardsmen, Kapal, Karatal, Oktyabr, Panfilov, Sarkan, Taldykorgan districts. In 1957, Almaty district was dissolved. In 1959, Taldykorgan region was dissolved and Aksu, Alaköl, Andreev, Borlitobe, Guardia, Kirov, Kapal, Karatal, Panfilov, Sarkan, Taldykorgan districts were given to Almaty region. In 1960, Borlitobe, and in 1961, Taldykorgan districts were dissolved. In 1963, Aksu, Alakol, Balkash, Guardia, Enbekshikazak, Zhambyl, Kegen, Karatal, Kaskeleng, Panfilov, Sarkan, Taldykorgan, Shelek rural districts were created instead of the former districts, Andreev, Kirov, Kapal, Narynkol, Uyghur, Ile districts were distributed. In 1964, Andreev, Uyghur, and in 1966, Narynkol, Ile districts were reorganized. Taldykorgan region was reorganized in 1967, Aksu, Alakol, Andreev, Guardia, Karatal, Panfilov, Sarkan, Taldykorgan districts were given to it. Talgar in 1969, Kurdish districts in 1972. In 1993, the name of Narynkol district was changed to Rayymbek district. In April 1997, Taldykorgan region was divided for the second time and its territory became part of Almaty region. In May, Gvardiya, Kapal, Kegen, Kurti, Uygentas, Shelek districts were dissolved. In 1998, Kaskeleng district was changed to Karasai, and in 2000, Taldykorgan district was changed to Eskeldi district. In 2001, the center of Almaty region was moved from Almaty to Taldykorgan. Kegen district was reorganized in 2018. In 2022, Zhetysu Oblast was separated from the territory of the former Taldykorgan Oblast, and the center of Almaty Oblast was moved to the city of Konaev. Alatau city was founded in 2024. ## Ethnic composition ## Economy Economic potential (potential) of Almaty region is multi-branch industry, agriculture, transport and communication and trade consists of structures. In the industry, electric power (in 1997, its share in total industrial output was 39.9 percent), machine building and metal processing (6.5 percent), construction materials (6.2 percent), food industry (38.2 percent), flour, cereals and compound feed (5.5 percent) industries are well developed. In the region, light industry, woodworking, and porcelain-faience industries are established. 1991 — 97 industrial output increased by 2.6 times. At the same time, beetroot, potato, vegetable, garden fruit and grape farms are particularly developed. In addition, there are livestock, poultry, honey, milk and kummy production farms. Carp, pike, sole fish, and perch are caught in Balkhash and Alakol towns. Almaty region has trade relations with about forty countries of Europe, Asia and America. Exported products include leather raw materials, wool, batteries, non-ferrous metals. External electrical devices, computing equipment, etc. equipment is taken. The share of the region in the gross domestic product of Kazakhstan is about 6.5 percent (1997). Archeological route and orientation in Zhetysu Zhetysu (Almaty region) is one of the most favorable places for the development of tourism in the territory, having various cultural and historical monuments. In Zhetysu, you can visit all natural zones from the deserts to the Ile Alatau mountains in one day. There are a number of historical and cultural monuments near Almaty. These are the first multifaceted and diverse architectural monuments: Ile mounds and gold jewelry of the Sakas, medieval cities on the Great Silk Road, and mountain paintings (petroglyphs) of the Bronze Age. Ancient settlements in the territory of Zhetysu In this place, traces of ancient people have been preserved as stone products of work or standing. The settlement of Meken lasted several hundred years. It was a herdsman tribe. With the warming of the climate, the settlement was shifted to the mountain slopes, and then to the Tien-Shan mountains. Several Bronze Age settlements have been excavated in Zhetysu. These are mud houses and earth huts with 1-2 m deep walls made of stone with a mixture of mud. Such excavations were found in Asy land in the Turgen gorge (XII-X centuries) and along the Koksu river (X-IX centuries Kuygan and Talap settlements). The largest settlement with traces of the Early Iron Age system in Zhetysu is located along the Sharyn-Sary-Togai river. Its length is more than two meters. In the external appearance, cast-iron cauldrons, dishes, jars, as well as stone tools of labor are depicted. Tamgaly petroglyphs in the territory of Zhetysu have been included in the UNESCO list as a valuable human heritage. Tamgaly gorge is an ancient place with 4500 petroglyphs depicting various animals and gods, 180 kilometers northwest of Almaty city. Shatkal p. e.d. XIV-XIII centuries. presents petroglyphs of the Old Turkic and Sakty Bronze Age. The images are located on the surface of the peaks, so you can easily see them immediately. Ancient artists depicted various characters, animal understanding scenes, mythological plots. Petroglyphs served to convey important information. It was a well-known system. Places of prayer were considered sacred. These monuments were placed under the open sky. Almaty - Taldykorgan 110 km long road was located 13 km from the village of Kerbulak at the intersection of the Tamgalytas (Written Stones) gorge with the Ile river. Here you can see stones with images of Buddhist deities. Buddhism was brought to this place by missionaries. At the top of the gorge, a red stone tower is as tall as its two-story house. It depicts three different figures: Buddha in religious position, four-armed Buddha equal to yogis. On the sides of the Buddha, two other deities are depicted around him. To the east of the three-headed deity is depicted a king of dragons on a vertical cup. Oyzhailau gorge is located 15-20 km north of Kordai in the Kindiktas mountains, 40 km west of Otar station. It presents a mountainous region with a small limited range of hills at an altitude of 1200 km above sea level. It is crossed by ancient rivers and fields. Petroglyphs are carved in the gorges and peaks of the northwestern part of the left bank. The composition of the Turkish time is 50-70 meters to the east. It depicts the image of two horsemen. Eshkiolmes ridge is the western part of Zhetysu Alatau. The route is 30 km wide and 30 km from the city of Taldykorgan. From the northern side of the ridge, it rises to the plains, and from the southern side flows into a tributary of Zhetysu-Koksu water rivers. The depth is 1300 m above sea level. constitutes On the way between the Eshkiolmes ridge and the right bank of the Koksu river, many archaeological monuments from the Bronze Age to the Middle Ages indicate that the settlement has been inhabited since ancient times. Tombs of the early iron mill At this time, Saka tribes settled in Zhetysu region. Many sak-nomad mounds are impressive with their size: about 100 meters in diameter. Big mounds are called kingdoms. Many were stolen long ago. Near the city of Issyk Kol, well-known mounds were preserved, buried sons and several hundred gold items were found. Interesting mounds of Besshatyr There are 31 mounds in one place in Altyn-Emel National Park. The largest one has a diameter of 108 m and a height of 17 m. The mounds are limited by groups of seven stones installed vertically and horizontally. Medieval cities of Kazakhstan and Zhetysu Traveling along the Great Silk Road to the ancient cities of Taraz, Turkestan, Otrar is interesting. Remains of the largest Koyak city (now Koylyk village) have been preserved in Zhetysu. The construction remains of the city are 5 to 10 m high and several kilometers in perimeter. The planning of the city of East Zhetysu is different from the West. There are no castles in the towns of East Zhetysu, but they are smaller in size. Zhetysu cities began to be built from the 7th century, most of them were built from the 10th to the 13th century. Medieval cities appeared along the caravan routes. Parts of the Great Silk Road have been preserved to this day. For example, it stretches from the city of Taraz to the village of Kulan, and then from the Shu river to the Shu field. It stretches from the steppe of the Shu river to eastern Zhetysu through the Kastek pass to the town of Kastek located above. Stadium "Medeu" Medeu is a picturesque gorge located 15 km from Almaty. In addition to the beautiful nature, you can see Medeu, the largest mountain ice rink, and Boget, a masterpiece of engineering that protects the city from floods. The volume of the dam collector is 6,000,000 cubic meters of water. The ice rink in 1972 at a height of 1691.2 is called the "set of records of skating sports" around the world. Medeu Gorge's good climate, level of radiation, atmospheric pressure, windless, clean ice river attract tourists from all over the world. Included in the list of cultural and historical state monuments of Kazakhstan. "Altyn-Emel" National Park "Altyn-Emel" National Park, located on the right bank of the Ile River above the Kapchagay Reservoir, is a paradise for wildlife lovers 300 km from Almaty. This place is mysterious with its rich and ancient history, monuments of Saka culture. In the territory of the park, ancient caravan routes pass, the places of Kazakh khans, the tomb of Besshatyr (3-4 centuries BC), ancient mountain paintings, a musical fountain, the Big and Small mountains of Kalkan, the mountain "Sholak" with moonscapes of Karatau and Aktau mountains. is located. The well-known sand mountain "Auvendi Barkhan" is 120 meters high and about 3 km long, located in one corner of the park, a few kilometers from the river or between the Big and Small Kalkan mountains. This sandy mountain is made of fine clean sand, and when the wind blows, the mountain "sings", its sound reaches several kilometers and reminds of the sound of an organ. Tourists who like to visit the melodious barkhan and climb one of the three heights can see the view of the Ile Alatau mountain range. If the mountain does not make a sound, the visitors "make a sound". For this, you need to run in the direction of the mountain. He moves the sand under his feet and hums. Sometimes, apart from making sounds, the barkhan vibrates, showing the effect of an earthquake. The singing barkhan appeared from the sand of the Ile river. In both directions, the unique tails of the invisible Barkhan are being drawn in the river. The Great and Small shields are formed due to the impact of the wind on the sand and the settlement of the stone ridges. For many centuries and centuries, a powerful sand mountain rose, which remained motionless for about 3-5 thousand years. The height of the barkhan depends on the region's known, ever-changing climate, as well as the amount of precipitation, the water level in the Ile River, and the flow of underwater mountains. Aksu-Zhabagily Aksu-Zhabagily Reserve is the only reserve in Central Asia protected by UNESCO. For more than 70 years, the mountain forests have not been cut, and the vegetation has not been polluted by production waste. All around is full of green grass. Greig Tulip was chosen as the symbol of the Reserve. The nature of the Aksu channel is unique - the length of the giant channel is 15 km and the depth is 500 m. The richness and variety of nature includes about 1,200 plant species, 42 animal species, and 238 bird species. Turgen waterfall "Turgen waterfall" is one of the tourist attractions of Almaty region, located in the beautiful gorge of the Ile-Alatau National Park. The route starts in the center of Almaty city. The road used to come to Europe from the east - from China and India - along the caravan routes. Turgen Gorge has 7 waterfalls. Most people visit: the first is "Ayuly" and the second is "Teskensu". The first waterfall (30 meters high) is located in a picturesque place between green fir trees and peaks. In the gorge, the peaks split during the earthquake and preserved traces until the ice age. 300 meters above the bridge to the "Ayuly" waterfall, there is a spring with icy spring water "eye of beauty". Teskensu waterfall is located about 2 hours away from the spring. The height of the fall of the main stream is 40 meters, and if we consider the total height, it is 74 meters. Shatkal is known for its fir trees that make up the fir-tree square in Shyn-Turgen. Zhambyl Museum It is 70 km from Almaty to the west to Zhambyl village. The route goes along the Almaty-Tashkent road. Centuries ago, the ancient buses that traveled along the famous "Great Silk Road" from China to the Mediterranean Sea and Central Asia and back, with their cargo of camels, jingling their little bells, now rush by. 56 kilometers from Uzynagash, you will reach Zhambyl village south of the highway. The trail begins at a gray granite monument high up behind the mountain. In the 60s of the 20th century, the future governor of Zhetysu and the lieutenant colonel of the Russian army G.A. Together with the Kazakh army under the leadership of Kolpakov, they destroy the Kokan Khanate under Uzynagash. A monument visible from afar was built in honor of the historic victory. At a distance of 70 km from Almaty, the road turns left. In front of you is the Zhambyl mausoleum with a radiant dome above the apple park. The main street of the village lined with poplars leads to the poet's house and museum. There are expositions in 12 rooms dedicated to the people's poet who lived for centuries, describing his work with his biography. After the mausoleum, the top of Maitobe hill can be seen through the windows of the house-museum. Here, Zhambyl likes to relax in the summer sun in the meadows, and he creates new poems here. Shining like a star... In the spring of 1861, Kazakh educator, geographer and ethnographer Shokan Ualikhanov left his post in St. Petersburg due to his health and returned to Zhetysu. Until the end of his life in 1865, he lived in the village of Tezek Sultan on the slopes of the high mountains of the Altyn Emel ridge. The famous scientist Tezek was buried in a cemetery not far from the village of Sultan. 1881 The text on his tombstone was written in Arabic and Russian languages, and in 1958. The government of Kazakhstan placed a monument near his grave. In the middle of the stepped pedestal, a five-meter granite bronze, red limestone inscription "Shokan Ualikhanov 1835-1865" was placed. In the south-eastern part of the monument stands the wall of Altyn Emel ridge. Excursion route from Almaty to Sary-Uzek station (160 km), then go east for 15 km and turn south. The remote road stretches along the Mai-Tobe river, after 10 km it passes into a gorge with mountain pictures, after 10 km it leads to the village of Shankhanai, and 2 km (to the south-east) it leads to a road junction where a scientist guide can be seen. The monument is one of the works of sculptor Khakimzhan Nauryzbaev. Shokan's body is made of bronze. The monument is made of processed black gabbro, and on the outside of the monument, pictures of Shokan Ualikhanov and Kazakh national carvings are used. ## Sources ## External link * Almaty region Archived March 9, 2017. c Open Directory Project (ODP)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3933

Толықтауыш

In a sentence, a complement is a non-positional part that, apart from a noun and an object, is in one of the adverbs, and complements an object or event in terms of its substantive meaning. Who is a complement? what? to whom why from who from what who has in what with whom with what about who (what)? about who (what)? what is the topic? answers the questions. ## Types of complements There are two types of complements in terms of content and personality: * direct complement; * indirect complement. The direct complement is formed from a word in the accusative case, and it is often closely related to the parts formed from the verb, complementing them, and cannot be used without them. Direct complement questions: who? what? who what? For example, I got this book from the store. Indirect complement complements the parts of the sentence formed from verbs in cases other than the case of income (barys, zatys, kashto, help) and continues to connect anywhere in the sentence. For example, Zhanat told Zhantas a long story. ## Complementary word classes Complementary word classes: * Forms from a noun * Pronoun used instead of a noun or having a substantive meaning , can be from nouns, adjectives, pronouns, passive verbs, adverbs. * Words connected with one of the prepositions "about", "about", "about" are complements if they come before a part of the verb. The complement is singular, complex and compound. ## Literature * S. Amanzholov, Kazakh language grammar, 1966.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5254

Bolat Khan

Bolat Khan (year of birth is unknown - 1729) (1718-1729) was a Kazakh khan who ruled. Son of Tauke Khan. Bolat, who was not distinguished by his organizational and commanding abilities, was elected Khan through succession. During the reign of Bolat, Orta Yuz Kazakhs were invaded several times (1716, 1717, 1722, 1723) by the Oirats. Bolat could not mobilize the Kazakh forces against the Dzhongar invaders, Bashkirs and Volga Kalmyks. There are few historical data on steel. The most famous of his children is Abil Mambet Khan. As a result of the Dzungar invasion, the power of Bolat Khan was destroyed after the Kazakh people were subjected to the Aktaban Shubyrindy-Alkakol flood.. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4843

May

Mayr (lat. mensis Maius) is the Kazakh name corresponding to the 5th month of May in the modern Gregorian calendar. 3rd month of the ancient Kazakh calendar. With the current number, May 21 - June 19. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6604

Kazakhstan holidays

According to the Law "On Holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan", national holidays, state holidays, professional and other holidays are celebrated in the Republic of Kazakhstan. * National holidays are holidays established in the Republic of Kazakhstan in honor of the events of special historical importance, which significantly contributed to the development of Kazakhstan's statehood. During the celebration of national holidays, official events are held in the central and local state bodies. * State holidays are holidays dedicated to events of social and political significance, as well as traditionally celebrated by citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Official events may be held during the celebration of public holidays. * Professional and other holidays are holidays that are not given the status of national and state holidays and are celebrated by certain categories of citizens. The list of national and state holidays is determined by the Law "On Holidays in the Republic of Kazakhstan", the dates of professional holidays are determined by the order of the Minister of Labor and Social Protection of the People. List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: \< > List of official holidays of the Republic of Kazakhstan: ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4904

Order of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev

The Order of "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev" was established by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan" on January 1, 2001. The awarding of the order "First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev" is carried out in honor of celebrating the special merits of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the Motherland for the special merits of citizens in public and public service. It was established in honor of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev on the basis of the Law No. 180-II dated May 3, 2001 of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Heads of foreign states and governments can be awarded with the Order of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev for special services to the Republic of Kazakhstan. The awarding of citizens awarded with the highest degree of distinction with the Order of "Fatherland" or the Order of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev is recorded in the Book of Fame of the Republic of Kazakhstan established by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Description The order consists of an insignia and a star on the shoulder tape. The shape of the order is similar to the symbol of the President of Kazakhstan: a multi-ray star forming an octagon, the rays of which are covered with blue enamel. The eight longest rays are coated with white enamel and decorated with diamonds. The central medallion has a gold monogram on a blue background: the letters "P" and "H" are decoratively interlaced. The central medallion is surrounded by golden marigolds, which in turn is surrounded by a white border, along which there is the inscription "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev" in gold letters. The medallion is surrounded by a gold band with natural rubies. The Star of the Order is a sixteen-pointed polygonal gold, where the rays of the eight stars in turn are shorter than the others. A medallion made of blue enamel with a gold image of Nursultan Nazarbayev in the center. The central medallion is surrounded by a white border, with the inscription "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev" in gold letters. The medallion is surrounded by a golden ribbon with natural rubies. The star and insignia of the Order are made of 750 pieces of gold. There is a miniature of the order for everyday wear. ### Ribbon The moire ribbon of the order of the first model corresponds to the color of the National Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a golden national ornament. The shoulder tape of the fourth model is made of 100 mm wide blue moire fabric. ## Gallery * * * * * ## See more \< > * State awards of Kazakhstan

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3856

Sayulet Tolegenuly

Saulet Tolegen son (1936, Kulja district) ساولهت تولهاغان ذل‎ is a poet. ## Biography * 1936 Born in Kulja district. * From 1952 to 1956, he studied at Ile educational institution. * After that, he became a teacher at Kulja Kazakh school. * 1960 Since then, he has been working in the editorial offices of "New Writing Newspaper" and "Ile Newspaper". * In 1980, he works in the editorial offices of "Ile Youth" magazine and "Ile Orenderi" newspaper. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7461

Dialogue

Dialogue - (Gr. διαλογος) is a special form in the spoken language, which is given by two or more people taking turns talking. Dialogue is seen in science as a type of progressive development of the cognitive process, which is carried out through interconnection of different, but non-competing views, relations, directions to the desired result. Dialogical communication is a process in which one side of the dialogue not only learns the point of view of the other, but also develops and enriches its own ideas, defines, corrects and improves it. Dialogue is a speech act between two people (if there are more than two speakers, it is called polylogue). Unlike a monologue, in a dialogue the mechanisms of listening go hand in hand with speaking. Qualifications: * Ability to participate in the discussion of the question and express one's opinion; * Be able to supplement and clarify the message received from peers; * Being able to dispute what the interlocutor said, disagree, give his own evidence; Structure: The dialogue contains a question / answer / counter question / mood, reaction of the speakers (non-verbal). Dialogues can be short (2-3 sentences) and "content", i.e. long. The following things happen in the dialogue: * Not finishing phrases, sentences; * Use movement, gesture, facial expressions instead of words; * Use of words used only during oral speech. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3320

List of higher education institutions of Kazakhstan

The first Kazakh higher education institution was founded in Almaty in 1928 under the name "Kazakh State University". In 1930, it became the Kazakh State Pedagogical Institute (now Abay Kazakh State University). In 1934, the Kazakh State University was re-established (now KazNU named after Al-Farabi). According to official data at the beginning of the 2023-2024 academic year, there are 112 higher educational institutions in the republic, of which 67 (59.8%) are privately owned, 44 (39.3%) y) the state and 1 (0.9%) is owned by a foreigner. Among higher educational institutions, there are 11 national higher educational institutions (3 of them are national research universities), 77 universities, 14 academies, 10 institutes (conservatory, higher school, higher school). ## State higher educational institutions ### Private higher educational institution ### International higher educational institution ### National higher educational institutions ### State higher educational institutions in the regions ## Higher educational institutions of state bodies \ <> ## Private higher educational institutions ### Universities ### Academies ### Institutes ## Branches of foreign higher education institutions ## Privatized higher educational institutions * JSC "KAZGUU University named after M.S. Narikbayev" — for 2001 was a state higher education institution. In 2021, the remaining 35% of the state-owned shares were transferred to private ownership. According to the data of 2023, the largest shareholders are: Talgat Narikbaev (38%), "Pavlodar Bilim" LLP (35%). * JSC "Zhezkazgan University named after O.A. Baikonurov" was a state higher educational institution until 2001. In 2019, the remaining 35% of the state-owned shares were transferred to private ownership. According to the data of 2023, the shareholders are: Bilim Bulagy LLP (65%), Argyn Aydar (35%). * JSC "Kazakh University of International Relations and World Languages named after Abylai Khan" was a state higher educational institution until 2001. In 2019, the remaining 35% of the state-owned shares were transferred to private ownership. According to the data of 2024, the largest shareholders are: "Aitek-ITEC" LLP (80%), "IBCC" LLP (17.5%). * JSC "Kazakh Main Academy of Architecture and Construction" was a state higher educational institution until 2001. In 2019, the remaining 35% of the state-owned shares were transferred to private ownership. In 2020, the Kazakh National Academy of Architecture and Construction and the Kazakh-American University merged into a single International Educational Corporation. As of 2024, the owner of the corporation is "Verum Holding Ltd." private company. * "Almaty University of Energy and Communications named after G. Daukeev" KeJSC — since its re-separation from KazNTU in 1997, part of its shares were privately owned, and until 2019, the remaining 34% of shares were owned by the state. According to the data of 2023, the largest shareholders are: public fund "NNEF" (34%), Alexander Salduzi (30%), Edgar Salduzi (28%). * JSC "ALT University named after M. Tynyshbayev" — in 2001, part of the shares belonging to the state was transferred to private ownership. In 2012, the national company "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy" bought 65% of its shares in private ownership, and in 2015, its share increased to 100%. In 2018, the company's share was sold to private ownership. According to the data of 2023, the sole shareholder is "Management Company KazATK" LLP. From 2023, the higher educational institution will be returned to the ownership of the Kazakhstan Railway. * "Kazakhstan-British Technical University" JSC — when it was founded in 2001, its shares belonged to the Ministry of Education and Science, and in 2003-2018 to the national company "KazMunayGas". According to the data of 2023, the sole shareholder is "NNEF" public fund. * "South Kazakhstan Medical Academy" JSC — until 2018, 100% of shares belonged to the state. As of 2023, the sole shareholder is "Kazakh Innovative University" LLP. * "International University of Information Technologies" JSC — 50% of the shares when it was founded in 2009, then 33% of the shares belonged to the "Zerde" national holding until 2015. According to the data of 2023, the largest shareholders are: public fund "NNEF" (85%), Madina Bekturganova (10%). * "Kazakh Medical University of Continuing Education" JSC — until 2015, 100% of shares belonged to the state. He lost his general license in 2021. * VSHOZ "Kazakhstan Medical University" LLP — until 2015, 100% of the shares belonged to the state. * "Kazakh Academy of Sports and Tourism" KeJSC — was a state higher educational institution until 2001. In 2015, it became state property. 20% of the shares were transferred to private ownership. According to the data of 2023, the largest shareholders are Kairat Zakiryanov (30%), "Zharys-ST" LLP (29%), "Aktau Industries Service" LLP (20%), "Matai-KZ" LLP. (19%). * "Narkhoz University" was a state higher education institution until 2001. According to the data of 2023, "Almaty University" was a state higher education institution was an educational institution. According to the data of 2023, the sole shareholder is "Yertam" LLP. * Eurasian National University named after L.N. Gumilev (2001) * Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (2001) * Kazakh National Technical Research University named after K.I . Kazakh National Medical University named after Asfendiyarov (2001) * Vol. Kazakh National Academy of Arts named after Zhurgenov (2001) Kazakh National Conservatory named after Kurmangazy (2001) * Kazakh National University of Arts (2001) * Kazakh National Pedagogical University named after Abay (2003) * State Administration Academy under the President (2006) * General Academy of Law Enforcement Bodies under the Prosecutor's Office (2015) * Academy of Justice under the Supreme Court Council (2016) * Kazakh National Academy of Choreography (2016) * National Defense University (2018) * Kazakh National Girls' Pedagogical University (2018) * K.A. Yasawi International Kazakh-Turkish University (2020) ### Research Universities * K.I. Satpaev Kazakh National Technical Research University (2014) * Nazarbayev University (2015) * S.Zh. Asfendiyarov Kazakh National Medical University (2019) * Karaganda Medical University (2019) * Kazakh National Agrarian Research University (2020) * S. Seifullin Kazakh Agricultural Research University (2020) * L.N. Gumilev Eurasian National University (2022) * Al-Farabi Kazakh National University (2022) * M. South Kazakhstan University named after Auezov (2023) * Academician E.A. Karaganda University named after Boketov (2024) ## Former higher educational institutions ### Unified state universities * Academy of Finance (Astana, in 2020 joined the Eurasian National University) * O. Kostanay State Pedagogical University named after Sultangazin (Kostanay, joined Kostanay Regional University in 2019) added) * Aktobe State Pedagogical Institute (Aktobe, joined Aktobe Regional University in 2013) * Semey State Pedagogical Institute (Semei, joined Shakarim University in 2013) ### Closed and lost its license private universities * University of Foreign Languages and Business Careers (Almaty, 2021) * "Orda" University (Shymkent, 2021) - merged with "Miras" University in the same year * "Akmeshit" Humanitarian and Technical Institute (Kyzylorda, 2021) * Central Asian University (Almaty, 2021) * Aktau Humanitarian and Technical University (Aktau, 2021) * "Astana" University (Astana, 2021) \< > * Kazakh Medical University of Continuing Education (Almaty, 2021) * Regional Social-Innovative University (Shymkent, 2020) * Kazakh Academy of Labor and Social Relations (Almaty) * Kazakh Engineering, Finance-Bank Academy (Almaty) * "Almaty" University (Almaty) * Academy of Economics and Law (Almaty) * Multidisciplinary Institute of Kazakhstan "Parasat" (Almaty) * Academy of Economics and Management - Eurasian Market Institute (Almaty) * Kazakh Engineering and Technical Academy (Astana) * "Kokshe" Academy (Kokshetau) * O.A. Academy of Economics and Law named after Zholdasbekov (Taldykorgan) * Kazakh Innovation University (Semei) * Zhambyl Humanitarian and Technical University (Taraz) * Taraz Technical Institute (Taraz) ## Notes ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1716

Kazakh language

The Kazakh language (short: казак ٴتیلی‎, Latin: qazaq tili) is the state language of the Republic of Kazakhstan, as well as Russia, Uzbekistan, China, Mongolia and others. native language of Kazakhs living in the countries. The Kazakh language belongs to the Kipchak group of Turkic languages, including the Kypchak-Nogai branch along with the Karakalpak, Nogai, and Nogai languages. In addition, it is close to the Kyrgyz, Tatar, Bashkir, Novy-Balkar, Kumyk, Karaim, and Crimean languages. It has been scientifically proven that the Kazakh language is not divided into dialects. Kazakhs of all regions understand each other well. But according to some scientists, the Kazakh language is divided into 3 dialects: north-eastern, southern and western (on the territory of the old three hundred). ## Phonetics The Kazakh language is based on syllabic harmony, that is, Kazakh native words are either single thick or single thin, and consonants in thick vowel syllables are pronounced thick (for example: тыс , worm), and sounds thin in thin vowel syllables (eg: tooth, sharp). In Kazakh, the accent is often on the last syllable. ### Vowels There are 12 vowels in the Kazakh language: а, б, е, и, о, о, у, у, у, ы, и, e Vowels depending on the relationship between the tongue, jaw and lips, the sound is classified into thick and thin, open and tight, labial and deep: Kazakh language has 26 consonants: б, в, г, г, д, ж, з, й, к, к, л, м, н, н, п, р, с, т, у, ф , х, х, ц, ч, ш, ш. Consonants are divided into three types, depending on the relationship between vowels and vowels: soft, voiced, and strict. The above information is based on the alphabet of Amanzhol Sarsen, which was introduced in 1940, when the Soviet Government was in power. This alphabet was used by the totalitarian system as a tool for the Russification policy of the Kazakh people. The sounds of the Russian language are added to the Kazakh alphabet. False information about the Kazakh language in official documents has not been changed until now, even after Kazakhstan gained independence. ## Real Kazakh language sound system Scientist Akhmet Baytursynuly, who first created the sound system of the Kazakh language: other sound systems, foreign language sounds added, fake systems. ### Vowels There are 9 vowels characteristic of the Kazakh language: о, у, а, ы, о, у, а, и, е. according to the relation of the lips, it is classified into thick and thin, open and tight, labial and deep: ### Consonants Consonant sounds are made when the air from the lungs is obstructed in the oral cavity. There are 19 consonant sounds in the Kazakh language: б, г, г, д, ж, з, й, к, к, л, м, н, н, п, р, с. , т, ш, у. Consonants are divided into three types, depending on the relationship between vowels and consonants: soft, voiced and hard. Consonant sounds are formed by touching or completely closing the speech organs. The main features of consonants: * the place where consonants are made is the oral and larynx cavities; * voiceless vowels have no voice at all, in the Uyans - the voice is partially involved, and in the Hindus - there is a low voice; * the internal quality of consonants and vowels can be said to consist of pure syllables, and in Indians, the approximation of the speech organs (tongue, lips, jaws) to each other, changes in size, does not hinder the air coming through the larynx; * vowels without a voice can be raised, stretched, or changed in tone, but indic ones, on the contrary, can be raised, stretched, or changed in tone; * in the sound quality of consonants - there is no echo; * consonants cannot form a syllable in a word. These 28 subjects, created by Akhmet Baitursynuly, are shorthand sound system. Akhmet Baitursynuly adapted and marked the alphabetic sounds and Arabic symbols. Due to the natural correct pronunciation of the Kazakh language, the letter "E" in Kazakh gives the sound "E" as in Russian (Ekibastuz-Ekibastuz). The letter "Ж" gives the sound given by the Russian affricate "ДЖ" (reading: джихаз, жигит, джан, мугалджар - written: бухал, гахак, жан, мугалджар). If the letter К is followed by a consonant sound, it is pronounced like Х (Makhsat-Mahsat). Writing systems marked with Cyrillic or Latin characters, created using Baitursun Akymet's subjects and based on Baitursun Akymet's writing and reading rules, are called True Writing. Baitursun Akymet sound system. ( 28 subjects, lowercase marking ) О, У, А, Й, Э, У, А, И, Е, Й, У, Р, Л, Н, М, Ш , B, D, G, G, Z, Z, P, T, K, K, Sh, S. ## Grammar In Kazakh, instead of prepositions, postpositions or appropriate conjunctions are used (for example: add an article about the Kazakh language to the encyclopedia ). A noun with a number is given in the singular form (for example: "I wrote two articles", but "I made a lot of mistakes in my articles"). ### Word classes Kazakh language has the following word classes * Noun (face, hand) * Adjective (red, high ) Number (one, hundred) * Pronoun (I, you) * Verb (go, write) * Adverb (quick, clean) * Preposition (for, about) \< > * Imitative word (kump, tars-turs, ryzhin-ryzhin) * Odagai (alakai, tait, kurau-kurau) ### Combined words # ## Participles There are 7 participles in the Kazakh language. Below are questions, endings and examples for each verb: ## Writing Main article: Kazakh writing Kazakh writing has undergone several changes. Until 1929, the Kazakh Arabic script was used in Kazakhstan. At the beginning of the 20th century, at the suggestion of Akhmet Baitursynuly, the features of Kazakh phonetics were taken into account, and ``quick writing'' based on Arabic graphics was used. Kazakhs in China still use this style of writing. From 1929 to 1940, the Latin script was used, and from 1940 to the present, the Cyrillic alphabet was used. From 2025, the transition of the Kazakh language to Latin script is planned. Kazakhs in Turkey and Western countries use an alphabet based on different Latin scripts. Since 2000, the Direct Script has been introduced, in Latin and Cyrillic. Tura Zhazu Akhmet Baitursynuly uses a sound system, which is implemented by a private, non-governmental center. ## Sources ## See also * Knowledge of the Kazakh language * Kazakh graphics * Kazakh alphabet ## External links * Site for learning the Kazakh language * State Language Portal of the Republic of Kazakhstan Archived April 13, 2019. * Baurzhan Momyshuly. Opinion about the Kazakh language ("Ana tili" newspaper, 1944) * Transliterator of the Kazakh language * Lugat Kazakh language complex online dictionary * Sozdik.kz online dictionary * Kazakh language, alphabet and pronunciation * Course of Kazakh for Peace Corps Volunteers * Another course of Kazakh for PCV * Roman-Cyrillic characters converter for Kazakh alphabets Archived February 17, 2006.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5282

Akorda (residence)

Akorda residence is the residence of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan. In 2001, in the territory of the new administrative center of the city of Astana on the left bank of the Esil. construction started in September. The total volume of the building is 36,720 m2. The official presentation of the Akorda of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan took place on December 24, 2004. The building is made of monolithic cast iron using the most selective methods of modern construction. The height of the building, including the attic, is 80 m. The thickness of the cladding of the facade is 20-40 cm. made of Italian marble. The building consists of 5 floors on the surface and 2 floors below the ground, including the height of the 1st floor on the surface, 10 m., the height of the remaining floors is 5 m. On the basement floors, technical service, kitchen, dining room and garage are located. On the first floor there is a grand hall with a total area of 1800 m2, with a granite floor. There are offices on the second floor. On the third floor: * Eastern hall, made like a yurt, decorated with marble and granite stone; * gift and certificate presentation hall; * "Altyn" hall for bilateral meetings; * fireplace hall; * offices and meeting halls are located. On the fourth floor: * offices and meeting rooms; * Great Hall of the Summit; * library; * small East hall is located. All halls are decorated in a unique style, with chandeliers and furniture. The floors are covered with various types of marble, granite stones and artistic parquet. During the construction of the residence, advanced engineering equipment of the world's largest manufacturers was used. ## Sources ## External links * Official website http://www.akorda.kz/

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6682

Ақтық

Aktyk - (tradition, superstition). "Are you going to justify your whiteness after wearing it?" he says harshly. (E. Sakkulakuly). A gift given for spying, gossiping, tripping, winning, or unpleasant secret service is called "secret". Bad habits between countries were forbidden in ancient times. Those identified paid the fine. "Innocent" providers were also punished. Basically, "whiteness" is a low-value gift that is secretly given to the owner of a bull or a stallion for beating a mare for returning his vow. * Aktyk is an animal given to a loved one who has died, or a judge. In the past, those who could not afford camels and horses were often called sheep. He does not give goats or cows. The sheep is mentioned in the campaign due to the death. Those who have less means are limited to giving cloth. Whiteness and main anger are called mourning. * Whiteness is the whiteness given for spying, gossiping, tripping someone, winning, or doing a nasty secret job. However, this bad habit among the country has been banned since ancient times. Those identified paid the fine. The whistleblowers were also severely punished. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4949

Mukhtar Altynbaev

Mukhtar Kapashuly Altynbayev (December 10, 1945, Karaganda) is a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan, an army general. ## Short biography * 1945 Born on December 10 in Karaganda. Kazakh. * 1977 — Graduated from Armavir High Military Pilot School. * 1985 — Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. He graduated from the Military Command Academy of the Military Academy named after Zhukov. Candidate of political sciences. * He started his career in the mines of Karaganda. * 1962 from September 1966 Worker, mine digger until October. * 1964 Graduated from the Karaganda Aviation Center for pilot training without ceasing production and training. * Since December 1965, a cadet pilot of the AAFJEK Kinel-Cherkassk aviation training center. After enlisting in the military, he served in various responsible leadership positions. * 1972-1975 — aviation unit commander, aviation squadron commander, deputy fighter aviation regiment commander for flight training. * 1979 In December, he will become the commander of the fighter aviation regiment of the Uralsk Military District. During M. Altynbayev's command, the regiment did not have a single flight incident and was named the best among the country's air defense forces. * 1982 from August - Marshal of the Soviet Union G.K. He is a student of the Military Command Academy of the Military Academy named after Zhukov. * 1985-1988 — Deputy Division Commander, Commander of the Air Defense Division of the Turkestan Military District. * 1992 In February, he was appointed the commander of the anti-aircraft defense corps of the Turkestan military district. * After the independence of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Mukhtar Kapashuly returns to his homeland and the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N.A. Actively participates in the formation of the Armed Forces of the sovereign state established in accordance with the Decree of Nazarbayev. * 1992 In May, he was appointed as the commander of the forces of the Armed Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Deputy Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1993 Since November, the Commander of the Air Force is the Deputy Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1994 Commander of the Air Force of the Republic of Kazakhstan since September. * 1996 since October - Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2000 since March - Commander of the Air Defense Forces of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2001 In December, he was appointed as the Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2007 January-2010 From March 11 - Chairman of the Chiefs of Staff Committee - First Deputy Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 2010 From April 8 - a deputy of the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Awards * Awarded with orders and many medals. * Pilot-sniper. The advanced latest MiG and Su-type fighter jets are allowed to operate without restrictions on all modern types. * He is the first pilot of the newly independent states to demonstrate the art of flying the famous American F-16 fighter jet at one of the US aviation bases. In this regard, the American specialists gave high marks to the professional skills of M. Altynbayev. * 2006 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan on May 6, by Decree No. 112, he was awarded the title of "Hero of the People" and the Golden Star of "Hero of the People" and the Order of "Fatherland". ## Military title * Military title - army general. Military pilot-shooter. ## Family * Married. His wife is Altynbayeva Gulbanu Rakhymbayovna. * Grandson - Muslim Mukhtaruly Altynbayev, military serviceman. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7509

Margaret Thatcher

Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher (English Margaret Hilda Thatcher, Baroness Thatcher, nee Roberts; October 13, 1925, Grantham - April 8, 2013, London) was a British politician, lawyer, Prime Minister of the country in 1979-1990. The economic policy established during his prime ministership was later called Thatcherism. A Soviet journalist called her the "Iron Lady", a nickname associated with her uncompromising politics and leadership style. Margaret Thatcher is the first female prime minister in the history of Great Britain and Europe, the longest-serving head of government in the 20th century. Thatcher studied chemistry at Somerville College, Oxford, and worked as a chemist before becoming a barrister, in 1959 she was elected Member of Parliament for Finchley. Edward Heath appointed Thatcher as Secretary of State for Education and Science in his 1970–1974 government. In 1975, she won the Conservative Party leadership election against Heath, becoming Leader of the Opposition and the first woman to lead a major political party in Britain. After becoming Prime Minister as a result of her victory in the 1979 general election, Thatcher introduced a series of economic policies aimed at countering the high inflation in her country at the time. His political philosophy and economic policies emphasized deregulation (especially in the financial sector), privatizing state-owned enterprises, and reducing the power and influence of labor unions. His popularity during his first years in office declined as a result of economic hardship and rising unemployment. His victory in the 1982 Falklands War and a recovering economy led to a revival of support, and he was re-elected in 1983. He survived an assassination attempt by the Provisional IRA in the 1984 Brighton Hotel bombing and won a political victory against the National Union of Mineworkers in the miners' strike of 1984–85. Thatcher was re-elected for a third term in 1987, but her Eurosceptic views on the European Economic Community were not accepted by the government and her new tax policies were unsuccessful and unpopular, resulting in her resignation in 1990, to be succeeded by John Major. After retiring from the Commons in 1992, she was given a life title as Baroness Thatcher (of Kesteven, Lincolnshire), which entitled her to a seat in the House of Lords. In 2013, he died of a stroke at the Ritz Hotel in London at the age of 87. Thatcher, who was a controversial figure in British politics, is nevertheless well-regarded in public opinion. His tenure marked a readjustment to neoliberal politics in Britain, and his historical imprint is still debated in the 21st century. ## Early life and education Margaret Hilda Roberts was born on October 10, 1925, in Grantham, Lincolnshire, into a grocer's family. His father was Alfred Roberts (1892–1970) and his mother was Beatrice Ethel Stevenson (1888–1960). Roberts spent his childhood in Grantham, where his father owned tobacco and grocery stores. In 1938, just before World War II, the Roberts family briefly helped a teenage Jewish girl fleeing Nazi Germany. With her pen pal sister Muriel, Margaret saved up pocket money to pay for the teenager's travel expenses. Alfred Alderman was a Methodist and raised his children in the Christian order. Alfred Roberts, who was a non-party, was Mayor of Grantham from 1945–1946. Roberts attended Huntingtower Road Primary School and won a scholarship to Kesteven and Grantham Girls School, grammar school. His school reports showed hard work and continuous improvement; her extracurricular activities included piano, field hockey, poetry recitals, swimming, and hiking. ## Awards and Honors Awards of Margaret Thatcher: * Order of Service (1990); * Order of St. John (1991); * Order of Good Hope (OAR, 1991); * Presidential Medal of Freedom (USA, 1991); * Order of the Hanging (1995); * Order of the Noble Crown (Japan, 1995); * Order of the White Lion 1st degree (Czech Republic, 1999); * 1st degree Order of Friendship (Kazakhstan, 2001); * Order of Vytautas the Great (Lithuania, 2008). After being appointed Minister of Science and Education in 1970, Thatcher became a member of the British Privy Council. In 1992 she was given the title of Baroness of Kesteven, her own coat of arms and a life seat in the House of Lords. Margaret Thatcher was also named an honorary citizen of several cities: * Barnet (London Borough, 1980) * Falkland Islands (1983) * London (1989) * Westminster (District of London, 1990); * Zagreb (1998); * Gdansk (2000). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5298

National liberation uprising in Kazakhstan in 1916

National liberation uprising in Kazakhstan in 1916 - 1916 appeared at the beginning of July. ## The cause of the uprising The cause of the uprising was socio-economic and political factors. That is, the maximum strengthening of colonial oppression during the war, the seizure of land, the policy of Russification, etc. In 1916, the beginning of the uprising was ordered by the king. On June 25, the black work of the army was prompted by the decree on the conscription of men aged 19 to 43 from the Turkestan region and partly from Siberia. At the beginning of July, spontaneous uprisings began in the Kazakh steppe, which soon turned into an armed uprising. It gradually became organized: in Torgai and Zhetysu, its recognized leaders A. Imanov, A. Zhankeldin, T. Bokin, B. Ashekeev, O. Large centers headed by Saurikov appeared. In the Kazakh society, the attitude towards the tsar's decree and the uprising was ambiguous: part of the rich feudal lords, some officials of the local administration supported the tsar's decree and called for its implementation. Some of the Kazakh intellectuals (Bokin, Niyazbekov, Zhunisov) opposed the decree and called for resistance to its implementation, while the intellectuals around the "Kazakh" newspaper (A. Bokeikhanov, Akhmet Baitursynuly, M. Dulatov, etc.) opposed the dominant government to massacre the people. He warned them to be patient and urged them to be patient. Zhetysu and Torgai were the major foci of the uprising. In July-August, the armed conflict in Zhetisu region gained massive momentum. On July 17, martial law was declared in Zhetysu and Turkestan regions. The tsarist government began to send large military forces here. At the beginning of September and October, the Yetsu rebels retreated and were forced to cross to East Turkestan. Torgai Uprising (leaders A. Imanov, A. Zhankeldin) was a large movement involving about 50 thousand people. A. Imanov divided the rebels into tens, fifties, hundreds and thousands. A special sniper unit was created. A. Imanov was the chief sardar. A military council worked under him. The rebellion in Torgai region stopped only after the tsarist government was overthrown. 1916 The uprising took an important place in the history of the centuries-old national liberation movement of the Kazakh people. It developed against colonialism and imperialist policies. At the beginning of the 20th century, Russian colonization of the eastern regions of Central Asia was carried out at a very fast pace. Only in 1907-1912, 2 million 400 thousand people from the European parts of the empire came and settled here. Colonization was carried out on a large scale, especially in Kazakhstan. In the lands of the Kazakhs, the tsarist government created a land reserve for the settlement of peasants, and until 1916, they seized 45 million desyats of their most desirable lands, and the local people were forced to move to the mountains and deserts. In these places, there was neither water nor enough pasture for livestock. At the end of the 19th century, at the beginning of the 20th century, 941 newly settled settlements appeared in the former Turkestan region (excluding Khiva and Bukhara). At that time, in Turkestan, each inhabitant of the Russian villages received 3.17 desiatinas of arable land, while local residents (Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Kyrgyz, etc.) received only 0.21 desiatinas. Thus, a large group of Kazakh-Kyrgyz barren poor who had no land was formed. More than 90 percent of the Russian kulak farms that moved to Zhetisu province use the hired labor of the Kazakh poor. Seizing Kazakh lands by force caused conflicts between local peoples and Russian-Ukrainian settlers, and the policy of coercion on the land issue spread widely even in the peripheral regions. In 1914, Tsarist Russia was involved in the World War. This First World Imperialist War had a great impact on all nations, including Kazakhstan. He strengthened the violence and tyranny of royal officials and local governors and the rich. A huge number of horses and agricultural products were shipped from Kazakhstan for war purposes. The tax collected from the local population has increased by 3-4 times, the purchase of cattle and fodder by peasants for war purposes has increased. All this led to the reduction of arable land and the reduction of cattle. The general depression in the country's industry and the depression of agriculture brought down the economy of Kazakhstan. The condition of the working masses in cities and villages has sharply decreased. During the war, 40,899,044 bushels of cotton, 38 thousand square meters of felt, 3 million bushels of cottonseed oil, 229 thousand bushels of soap, 300 thousand bushels of meat, 473,928 bushels of fish, 70 thousand horses, 12,797 camels were taken by force and sent to front areas. The hiring of Kazakh peasants to enterprises and kulak farms increased. The world imperialist war led to the destruction of industry in the country, stagnation (crisis) of agriculture, and hunger among the people. In local areas, officials and administrations forced collection of extortion increased, national division between peoples increased. A general national crisis has matured in the Kazakh steppe. The burden of the war prompted the growth of the workers' and peasants' movement in Kazakhstan. In June 1915, workers' movement arose in Ekibastuz, Baikonur coal mines, Spassk copper mine, and on the Orynbor-Tashkent railway. In cities and villages, the urban poor and the wives of soldiers who went to the front went on strike against the war, against rising prices and rampant hunger. In January 1916, such weavings took place in the cities of Verny, Semey. Poor people of Ak Bulak settlement of Orynbor region, a number of villages of Lepsi district of Zhetysu region and wives of soldiers who went to the front destroyed the shops of local traders and merchants. Thus, the opposition between the exploiting classes in the society, opposition to each other took a general mass character. ## The violence of business owners, local bourgeoisie and feudal lords on 25 Musim 1916, the tsar's government even intensified due to the adoption of the "Regulation on the procedure for using Buratana people for state defense work". Workers who refused to work or comply with administrative rules and requirements were to be sentenced to prison, or imprisonment for a period of three months, or to extort money as a fine. The increase in the price of food by two or three times increased the discontent of the people. The tsar's decree of June 25, 1916 on taking Kazakh youth to the front for rear work exhausted the people's patience and caused them to rise against colonial oppression and medieval exploitation. According to the decree, it was planned to send 400,000 people from Turkestan and Dala regions to the front to dig trenches, including more than 100,000 people from the steppe regions of Kazakhstan, and 87,000 people from Zhetysu. Taking advantage of the lack of birth certificates of Kazakhs, regional administrations and village elders "added" poor boys to the black list for recruitment to the front, despite their youth, and feudal lords tried to prevent their children from being sent to the army by increasing or decreasing their age on their own. For example, 60-year-old poor people were registered as 30-year-old, and 25-30-year-old rich children as 50-year-old. The decree on the recruitment of Kazakh youth for the field work caused a great protest of the Kazakh people. In the country, the destruction of provincial administrations, the killing of village chiefs, cruel rich people, attacks on the estates of large feudal lords, documents on the sale of land, tax papers, etc. Outrageous acts such as extermination were widespread. Country people armed with clubs, hoes, hoe, guns, and swords burned the villages of rich people and took away their cattle more and more often. This movement in Kazakhstan was national-liberation in nature and was directed against the tsarist government, colonialism, imperialist war and the feudal-rich people who were the support of the tsarist government in local areas. This movement was led by representatives of the working population. Alibi Zhangeldin and Amangeldi Imanov in the Torgai field, Seyitkali Mendesev, Abdirakhman Aitiev in the Ural region and Bokei Horde, Zhalau Mynbaev in Mangistau, Adilbek Maikotev in the Aktobe field, Tokash Bokin, Bekbolat Ashekeev, Duro Saurikov, Turar Ryskulov, etc. in the Aktobe field. managed. In the meantime, one more problem should be revealed. How did the leaders of the Kazakh intelligentsia, that is, the initiators of the national liberation movement, treat the popular uprising in 1916? They did not advocate armed rebellion against the king. Because the empty-handed people felt that they could not show the king's army, which had been trained for many years and was armed like ice, and would be massacred again. But it was impossible for them to stop the spontaneous uprising - the people's uprising. The appeals of the "Kazakh" newspaper that open uprising is dangerous, let's propose delaying the mobilization, ask for concessions, and the king will be comfortable in both environments, did not fall on the ears of the people. In a word, the leaders of the national liberation movement were separated from the spontaneous popular uprising. Life proved that their prediction was correct. The Kazakh people experienced another massacre, and on February 27, 1917, a few months later, the king also fell from his throne. Ignoring this situation, later researchers made false statements that representatives of the future "Alash" party supported the tsar in 1916, and even suppressed the uprising and sympathized. Alashorda did not understand the tactics during the uprising. And when the uprising was suppressed and Kazakh men started to be sent to the fronts to dig trenches, Kazakh intellectuals (teachers, lawyers, etc.) led by Alikhan Bukeikhanov himself (teachers, lawyers, etc.) along with his companions, he was called to the front (with the requisitioned). This should be understood as true patriotism. Otherwise, many illiterate Kazakh men who do not understand the Russian language would have to return to the country. In July and August 1916, the uprising covered the entire Kazakh steppe. To suppress it, the royal government sent punitive detachments. It included well-armed military units, Cossack-Russian formations. In order to suppress the rebellion, the tsarist government used its old tactics of "divide and rule" extensively. On August 23, 1916, a number of representatives of the exploiting classes were exempted from being called up for front work by the decree of the Governor General of Turkestan Kuropatkin. They are: employees of administrative bodies (regional, rural), local (Buratana) people working in the lower police, imams, mullahs, those working in madrasahs, accountants and accountants dealing with financial issues in institutions, representatives of the Buratana administration working in state institutions, nobles and dignitaries. Buratana, who came from a family of citizens, gave the opportunity to separate a small group of the Buratana administration, the rich and representatives of the Muslim religion from the popular movement. ## The center of the uprising in Zhetysu The largest center of the national-liberation uprising in 1916 was Zhetysu. Due to the tension of the situation, on July 20, 1916, General Kuropatkin was appointed the governor-general of the Turkestan region. At that time, the entire huge region was engulfed in the flames of the people's revolution. For example, on July 12, A., a 68-year-old boy from Koram, Verny district. Abdurasulov, and on July 16, rebels killed Kuram's bolis. On August 3, in the valley of the Asy river, a detachment of 2 thousand people attacked the detachment of the assistant head of the district Khlynovsky. On August 6, 5,000 rebel men from Botbay, East and West Kastek, Taitorov, and Yrgaity regions surrounded the punishment toryade in the Samsy Valley. On that day, the Samsy station was in the hands of the rebels, and on August 8, a Kazakh-Kyrgyz border was held in the Aksu meadow. They decided to support the Kordai rebels, to shout slogans against the Narynites, and to send half of their armed men to help the Kazakh rebels. The actions of the Kazakh and Kyrgyz workers do not but disturb the tsar's administration. General Kuropatkin ordered to "subdue the insurgents without stopping to use any means", to use "tribal or tribal enmity of the indigenous people to fight against the polluters". In his period, the general-governor of Zhetysu Boly MA. Folbaum hastily sent rifles and cartridges to the Cossack stations to organize punishment squads from the local Cossacks. Not limited to this, according to the instructions of General Kuropatki on August 12, the Russian kulaks in the villages of the settlers were armed. Military field courts were established in the district towns of the region next to the punishment squads. In a short time, the uprising covered the entire territory adjacent to the Shu River and Issykkol. The insurgents gathered in the region of Mount Kastek, in the valleys of the Big and Small Keben, Asy, Shilik, Susamyr rivers, and in the upper reaches of the Talas river. They destroyed the telegraph lines, attacked post offices, Bolish villages. ## External links * The slogan of the Alashorda army: "Let's go, loyal sons of the Motherland!" * How was the colonization of the Kazakh land carried out? Beken Kairatovly. (unavailable link) * Bitter reality of famine * Bitter truth of famine 2 * Bitter truth of famine - 3 ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6256

Singapore

The Republic of Singapore (English: Republic of Singapore; Malay: Republik Singapura) is a city-state, island-country located 137 km north of the equator, in the south of the Johor region of Malaysia, in the north of Riau Island in Indonesia. The population is 5.8 million people (2020). The name Singapore is derived from the Malay words singa - "lion" and Sanskrit pura - "city". ## History Early Chinese inscriptions mention that Singapore was a part of the ancient Malay kingdom of Srivijaya located in Sumatra and the Javanese name was Sumatra. On August 31, 1963, Singapore declared its independence from Britain. Before that, it was united with the state of Malaysia in the referendum of 1962, and later, due to mutual disagreements between Tunku Abdul Rahman and the parties in power in Singapore, Malaysia separated from Singapore. ## Government Singapore is considered a unicameral parliamentary republic under the Westminster system. After receiving a self-government grant from Britain in 1959, the People's Action Party has been winning elections every year. The legal system of Singapore (Law of Singapore - legal system of Singapore) takes its origin from the English legal system (English common law), but has modifications according to its own internal features, such as the removal of a jury or an arbitrator. The People's Movement Party (PAP) is very prestigious because of its motto of success and meritocracy, education (education in Singapore - education system), qualifications and experience in public service (Singapore Civil Service - Civil Service), but according to some critics, in this country people's personal freedoms are not respected. It seems that restrictions will be imposed. ### Modernization 1959-1990 In 1959-1990, Singapore made great progress during the administration of Mr. Lee Kuan Yew. During this period, Singapore will join the ranks of developed countries from the third world countries in terms of development indicators. ## Economy The investment climate is very good, the level of competition is very high, it is in the list of the most advanced countries in the world in terms of economic freedom. The local population will be qualified, educated, disciplined and well-educated. The wealth of the people has increased recently. ## Geography Singapore consists of 63 islands. Chief among them is Pulau Ujong (Malay: literally meaning 'peninsula - the end of the island') or Singapore Island, the main island of the island nation of Singapore. The territory of the country is 714.3 km² (2011). In addition, 58 small islands are included in the territory of the country. The height of Bukit Timah Hill, the highest point of the country, is 163.3 m. As a result of the settlement process, the island's forests are being cut down. The location in the geographical favorable belt has caused Singapore to become the "Roads of Asia". ## Foreign policy A prestigious member of the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). It maintains very close relations with Brunei. The countries of the European Union, China and the USA take place in foreign trade relations, respectively. ## Armed Forces Singapore's armed forces are the most advanced among Southeast Asian countries. It includes Army, Navy, Air Force. 4.9% of the domestic product is spent on the military. In the beginning, the Singapore Armed Forces will be created with the help of England and Israel. The Israel Defense Forces have trained, funded and aided Singapore's armed forces from scratch, turning them into one of the most advanced military forces in the region. As an example, as a result of the intensive work of the armed forces of Singapore and Israel, the MATADOR type of anti-tank weapons is being developed. ## Population Population is 10 million (2015). ## Population composition 76.8% of the local population are Chinese, 13.9% are Malays, and 7.9% are representatives of India. In addition, Arabs, Jews, Thais, Armenians, Japanese and mestizos (Eurasians) also form a certain subgroup of the country's population. ## Religion 33% of the population follow Buddhism. Christianity is 18%, Islam is 15%, and 17% do not follow any religion. ## Languages Four languages are officially approved: English, Chinese, Malay and Tamil. ## Education system The school education system consists of three stages: "Primary education" - 6 years, "Secondary education" (Secondary education) - 4 years, "Pre-university education" - 2 years. After the "primary education" stage, students pass a unified national test - (Primary School Leaving Examination), which decides which secondary school the students will go to. After completing secondary education - passes a special "secondary education test" (GCE 'O' Level exams); Another test before applying to a higher education institution is the GCE 'A' Level exams. ## Culture In fact, it is a very diverse country. According to the Globalization Index of 2006, it is considered the most globalized country in the world. According to the expertise of the Department of Economic Intelligence, it is the best in the world in terms of quality of life. It is in the eleventh row. ## Cuisine National vegetable - durian. It is possible to find all cuisines except Kazakh cuisine. ## Health This country has an effective health care system. Takes the sixth place in the world (6th overall in the world in its World Health Report). The state healthcare system is characterized by the "3M" approach: Medifund (Medifund, which provides a safety net for those not able to otherwise afford healthcare), Medisave (a compulsory health savings scheme covering about 85% of the population), and Medishield (Medishield, a government-funded health insurance scheme). In 2008, 31.9% of the country's healthcare costs were spent from government funds, which is about 3.5% of the country's GDP. ## Sports and recreation 2010 Summer Youth Olympic Games were held in Singapore (2010 Summer Youth Olympics). ## Media Media Corp (MediaCorp) cannot be controlled by the government. The channels are Channel 5 (English channel), Channel News Asia (English channel), Okto (English channel), Channel 8 (Chinese channel), Channel U (Chinese channel), Suria (Malay channel) and Vasantham (Indian channel). Cable system Starhub Cable Vision (SCV) offers worldwide channels and Singtel's MioTV - IPTV service. Singapore Press Holdings operates as a government-controlled newspaper and magazine controller. ## Transportation system Singapore Port is one of the largest ports in the world. Foot, bicycle, bus, taxi, car train (Mass Rapid Transit). Two companies provide the public transport system SBS Transit and SMRT Corporation. 25,000 taxis operate non-stop every day. ### Mass Rapid Transit ## See also * List of mosques in Singapore ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5194

Мүсірепов

Gabit Makhmutuly Musirepov (March 22, 1902 - December 31, 1985) is a Kazakh folk writer, dramatist, critic, state and public figure. Academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1958), Man of Socialist Labor (1974), People's Writer of Kazakhstan. Chairman of the Union of Writers of Kazakhstan (1961), secretary of the Union of Writers of the USSR, deputy of the 5th convocation of the Supreme Council of the USSR and the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. ## Biography Gabit Musirepov was born in the village of Zhanazhol, Zhambyl district of today's North Kazakhstan region. He came from the Siban clan of the Kerei tribe of Orda Yuzh. At first, he learned Arabic letters from the village mullah, and graduated from a two-year rural Russian school from a young age, and then from a four-year high Russian school. Being able to read the works of famous Russian poets and writers while studying at a Russian school, the literary teacher Beket Otetileuov, who taught him in a rural school, helped the future writer to become especially interested in literature. While studying at the Rabfak in Orynbor, he improved his literary knowledge and aesthetic sense even more. In the years 1923-1926 spent here, he studied with Sabit Mukanov at the workers' faculty in Orynbor and met Saken Seifullin. In 1927, he graduated from the Ombi Agricultural Boarding School; In 1927 - 1928, he worked as a teacher at the Burabai Forestry Technical College; In 1928 - 1932, he worked as the editor-in-chief of the Kazakh state publishing house; in 1933 - worked as the head of the art sector of the People's Education Commissariat of the Kazakh SSR; since 1934, he has been the editor-in-chief of the newspapers "Kazakh literature" and "Socialist Kazakhstan" (now "Egemen Kazakhstan") (1935); in 1936 - in the position of deputy head of the press department in the Kazakh Regional Committee; Since 1937, he has been the head of the political and educational department of the Communist Party of Kazakhstan; in 1938-1955 engaged in single creative works; 1956-1957 editor-in-chief of "Ara - Shmel" magazine; in 1956 - 1961, the 1st secretary of the board of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan; since 1958, a member of the Committee on Lenin and State Prizes in the fields of literature, art and architecture under the Council of Ministers of the USSR; in 1964 - 1966 became the 1st secretary of the board of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan; In 1959-1985, he served as secretary of the USSR Union of Writers. ## Creativity In 1925, the story "Edige" was first published in the newspaper "Enbekshi Kazakh". Among Musyrepov's first short stories are the works "Tulagan Tulganda" and "American Wheat", which were published in Kyzylorda in 1928. These works, which give hope for the future of the young writer, deal with the civil theme. Despite the loose structure of the plot, the story "Tulagan Tulganda" was a work of the young writer that demonstrated his landscape, humor, dialogue creation skills and showed his artistic side. M. made a great contribution to the development of the story genre. He was recognized for his writing skills from his first works. "Kos Shalkar" (1928), "Neighbors in the Blue House" (1929), "Life Story" (1930), "First Steps" (1932), "Hurry" (1934), "Continuous Growth" (1934), "Zhailau" on the way" (1936), "The Captive Girl" (1938), "The Defeated Esrafil" (1939), and many other stories describe the hard life of working people and the civil war, the turbulent events during collectivization. Musirepov created a composite image of the Kazakh woman in his works on the theme of mother written in each period. In many stories and novels, the image of Woman - Mother was exalted, and the gallery of Woman - Mother figures in world literature was enriched. "Mother's Mother" (1933), "Mother Overcoming Death" (1933), "Angry Mother", "Mother's Intercessor" (1934), "Mother's Mother" (1942), "Aklima" (1944), "Amina", He brought a new artistic expression to the art of speech through the works "Ana Zhyry" and "Ana". Although the first stories written about the mother were taken from M. Gorky's poem, the image of the mother was artistically expressed with Kazakh qualities. The real scenes of Kazakh life are described through the images of mothers such as Kapiya and Aklima, born from Musirepov's pen. Musirepov's first novel is "Kazakh soldier". The story published in 1945 under the name "Kazakh batyr" was edited and supplemented by the writer and republished in 1950. This work was the first work dedicated to the theme of World War II in the field of prose of Kazakh literature and a very significant work that took its rightful place in the category of selected works written on the theme of war in Kazakh literature. The main character of the novel is Kairgali Smagulov, the prototype of Kairos Sartaliev. In the novel, which realistically depicts the patriotism and struggle of the people against the invaders during the war, the writer created an artistic chronicle of the fiery years with his own creative expression. It showed the bravery of the whole people and the country through the collected images of real heroes. In the historical novel "Oyangan olke" (1953), the life of the Kazakh people in the 19th century is depicted with great artistry, and the beginning of the establishment of production facilities on the Kazakh land is realistically described. In the work, the writer criticized old customs and showed that some traditional traditions have started to decline in the Kazakh steppe. The creation of the Karaganda mine and the Akbuirat copper smelter on Kazakh soil, the fate of people striving for a new life, character tensions, various conflicts - everything is reflected in the novel. The first book of the three-volume work describes the entire era of the Kazakh steppe by comprehensively showing the conflicting relations between the Kazakh rich, the Russian rich, and the working class, such as Zhuman and Igilik. Artistic philosophy. The novel, dominated by tension, was recognized as a masterpiece of Kazakh prose. The novel "In the hands of a foreigner" (1984), which is the legal continuation of "Oyangan olke", was published after 30 years. This book can be called an independent work in itself. Because the period of life depicted in the novel is new, and so are the characters. The novel is a historical depiction of the British and French rule over production centers and the people's life at that time (end of the 19th and beginning of the 20th centuries), a society in the Central Kazakhstan region. It is valuable because it seriously describes the reality of life on a large scale. The historical period full of tumultuous events depicted by the writer passes through the reader's mind and imagines before his eyes through the characters, various actions and destinies of individual people who lived at that time. Along with voluminous novels, Musirepov also developed a small genre in prose. "Autobiographical Story" (1956), "Ethnographic Story" (1956), "There Are No Words, Its Traces" (1962), "Life Journey" (1963), "One Day of Aigul Shepherd" (1964), "Nights of Aizhan Shepherd" , "First Fountain", "Eagle Song" (1967), "Japanese Ballad" (1967) and other works raised various issues and created various images. Through "Stories of the Back, the Eye, the Stone" and on the basis of its artistic images, he exposes people who bring endless suffering to humanity. His story "An image that did not meet" (1966, RK State Prize, 1970) is a classic work. The story showed Musyrepov's literary skills and talent as a true jeweler of words. In this work, which is like a poem written in black words, civic heroism and noble art of poetry, moral highness and love are beautifully expressed with deep lyricism. The writer has achieved great artistic success in rendering the human image, behavior, and actions with beautiful stroke details. The energetic personality of the main character Erkebulan, the various secrets of his spiritual world are beautifully illustrated with artistic paint. Poet Saken Seifullin was taken as his prototype. The image of Yerkebulan, sung with deep lyricism and various emotional waves, enriched the list of pleasant images in Kazakh literature and was considered a great success in the art of speech. The image of Ulpan (the novel "Ulpan", 1974), which the writer came up with after a lot of research and preparation, is a unique, isolated literary image in Kazakh literature. It can be seen that the writer has been preparing for the creation of the image of Ulpan, which is characterized by its uniqueness, artistic finish, and the abundance of aesthetic influence, throughout his life, and he has searched a lot and was excited. He wrote in his diary: "In my mind, Ulpan was together for 40 years. I tried to show that image from every angle - thoughts, feelings, appearance, youth, adulthood, character, kindness, and more." wrote. Ulpan and Yeseney in the work are not fictional characters, but people who existed in history. In addition, the socio-historical life of the Kazakh people in the 2nd half of the 19th century, which is the basis of the work, is historically comprehensively studied and selected events and data. Musirepov's contribution to the field of dramaturgy is huge. His plays "Kyz Zhibek" (1934), "Kozy Korpesh — Bayan Sulu" (1939), "Akan Seri — Aktokti" (1941) were based on lyric-epic poems. Keeping the ideological and thematic line of folklore works, he created fresh expressive worlds. The author's plays have a permanent place in the repertoire of the Kazakh theater. "Kozy Korpesh — Bayan Sulu" was performed on the stages of Uyghur and Korean theaters, Vinnytsia Theater in Ukraine and theaters in Moscow, and in Nancy Theater in France (1984). This play took 1st place at the theater festival held in Paris (1981). Musirepov is also the author of opera librettos such as "Kyz Zhibek", "Kozy Korpesh - Bayan sulu". He wrote dramatic works based on the lives of historical figures: "Amangeldi" (1939), "Akan Seri - Aktokti" (1942), "Bolashakka Amanat", "Kypchak Kyvny Appak", "Kairan Maira". Musirepov's dramaturgy is based on a tense social struggle, the actions are lively, the dialogues are accurate, the monologues are dynamic inspired by poetic pathos, the language is fertile and figurative: these qualities served to reveal the characters' characters in depth. The film "Amangeldi" (1938), written together with B. Mailin and V. Ivanov, is considered the first stage of Kazakh cinematography, while the films "The Saga of Love" and "Kyz Zhibek" (1970) are the works of the golden fund of Kazakh cinematography. Musirepov is a Kazakh. made a great contribution to the development of genres of essays and journalism in literature. His work "Traces of Time" (1977) was distinguished by its ideological finality. The vast majority of the writer's essays, with their depth of content and true artistry, fully corresponded to the requirements of the time in which he lived. Since 1970, Musirepov has made a habit of writing a diary. More than 300 notebooks of the writer are stored in his archive (museum). 1997 Musirepov's book "Kundelik" was published (edited by A. Narymbetov). The writer made a great contribution to the development of the science and criticism of Kazakh literary studies. From the 20s of the 20th century until the end of his life, his works on literary issues were continuously published in the Kazakh and Russian languages. Literary and critical articles were collected and published in the books "Artist's duty" (1970), "Time and literature" (1982), "Dawir didary" (1986), "Literature is not a profession, but art" (1987). Here, he looked at the period of development of literature and art in the 20th century, as well as their individual significant phenomena from the perspective of a high position, and made scientific groupings. Analyzing the history of literature, he evaluated every success of the art of speech as a valuable addition to the spiritual treasure of the people. He kept the high artistic idea and creative skill as a firm and unchanging measure in the analysis of every work of literature and art, and actively and continuously fought for the literary work to remain a valuable heritage of the people. In artistic translation O. Henry, S. Tagarao, M. Gorky, M. Sholokhov, V. Vasilevskaya, I. Ehrenburg, U. Shakespeare, A. Ostrovsky, J. Moliere, Y. Galan, K. Simonov, A. Leonov, A. Safronov, A. Shtein and other writers translated their plays into the Kazakh language. Musyrepov, as the well-known scientist G. Lomidze pointed out: "He is a very subtle, patterned master who works with great precision and harmony. Musirepov was an artist who created a vivid image, a living form, and depicted human behavior and phenomena with a wide breath and scale. ## Society and statesman Musirepov is an outstanding society and statesman. On July 4, 1932, together with well-known people of the republic, he sent a "Letter of Five" to the Kazakh regional committee of the BKP(b) about the famine that befell the people. The content of the letter and the issue raised by Musirepov prove that he was a citizen who fought for the welfare of his people and faithfully fulfilled his duty to the society. In 1990, the play "Letter of Five" was staged at the Musyrepov Republican Theater for Children and Adolescents. The author of the play is Sh. Murtaza, the stage director is R. Seitmetov). Musirepov's actions as a public figure, which testify to his moral positions among ordinary people, are enough. One of them, in 1937, at the meeting of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan, whose fate was discussed, interceded for B. Mailin, who was being arrested, and his words "If Beimbet is an enemy, I am an enemy" have become a legend today. As a result, he was expelled from the party in 1938. He was also one of the active organizers of the conferences of writers of Asian and African countries in Tashkent, Beirut, Delhi, and Almaty. As a peace fighter, the writer spoke at international conferences held not only in Almaty and Moscow, but also in Paris, Rome, Jakarta, Tokyo, Cairo, and other cities, raising serious issues. He was the 5th elected deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, several times the Supreme Soviet of the Kazakh SSR. He was a deputy of the fifth elected Supreme Council of the USSR and the 6th, 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 11th elected Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. In 1974-75, he served as the chairman of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR. ## Screenplays * 1938 - Amangeldi * 1942 - Military film collection #12 * 1950 - Soviet Kazakhstan * 1954 - Kozy Korpesh - Bayan Sulu * 1969-1970 - Kyz Zhibek * 1972 - Arman Asu * 1977 - One video that was missed ## Awards * "One video that was missed 1968 for the book " Received a republican award named after Abay. * Received the award named after Sh. Ualikhanov of the Kazakhstan Academy (1977). * 3 times Lenin (1962, 1972, 1974), * 2 times the Red Banner of Labor (1957), * "Friendship of Peoples" (1982), awarded with many medals. * The name Musirepov was given to a district in the North Kazakhstan region, to a boulevard in Almaty, to a street in Nur-Sultan. * The Kazakh State Theater for Children and Adolescents was named, and a monument-statue was placed in front of the theater (2002). * In 2002, the 100th anniversary was celebrated at the level of UNESCO. * A postage stamp and a commemorative coin were issued on the occasion of the 100th anniversary. ## Sources ## Links * Autobiographical story * Gabit Makhmutuly Musirepov Archived July 23, 2020.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7336

surfer (state)

Serper is the state of Kurmangazy Sagyrbayuly. Serper is a work dedicated to the extraordinary bravery of the people, which does not break, does not give up, bounces back and returns to its former state no matter how much it is bent or depressed. ## External links Performed by Kali Zhantileuov (from the project "Noble heritage") - Serper (link not available) (in MP3 format)

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7052

Aracha (Brazil)

Araxa (port. Araxá) is a municipality in Brazil, located in the state of Minas Gerais. It is part of the economic-statistical microregion of Arasha, which is a component of the Triangulu-Mineiro-i-Altu-Paranaiba mesoregion. According to the data of 2007, the number of inhabitants is 87,772 people. The area of the occupied land is about 1,165.17 km². Population density — 73.6 people/km². ## History The city was founded in 1865.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5058

Sabit Mukanuly Mukanov

Sabit Mukanuly Mukanov (born on April 13, 1901, Akmola province, Kyzylzhar district - died on April 18, 1973, Almaty) is a famous Kazakh writer, poet, public figure, academician of the Academy of Sciences of the Kazakh SSR (1954), 1936-1937 and 1943- In 1952, he was the chairman of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan. ## Life and work Sabit Mukanov is from Zhamanshubar (former Akmola gubernia, Kyzylzhar district, the second village of Tauzar boly) in Zhambyl district of North Kazakhstan region. He was born on April 13 (April 26) 1900 in a poor family. When Sabit was seven years old, his father was Mukan, when he was eight, his mother died, and he was left in the hands of his brother Mustafa. Sabit, who was orphaned, has been working on his own since the age of ten. He came from the Siban Shimoyin clan of the Kerei tribe. Due to poverty, Sabit spends his days as a woodcutter, waterman, shepherd, and horseman. What he earns is not enough for food, he cannot study at his age. But the dream of learning and knowing has never left his mind. Striving independently, he receives letters from the village mullahs, and at the age of 15 he reaches the stage where he can read stories. While taking lessons from Tatar mullahs, "Shakir - Shakirat", "Zilykha - Yusup", "Zarkum", "Sal-Sal", "Zeyne - Zainap", "Laili - Majnun", "Seiful - Malik", "Badugul - Jamal" ", "Alpamys", "Er Targyn" poems, finds and reads the works of Gabdolla Tokayev. Most of these sagas are recited by Sabit in the village. He is required to write a poem, it is popular, he is known as a poet in the village. He got acquainted with Abai Kunanbayev's collection of poems published in 1909 and longs to become a poet like Abai. Abai's poetry greatly influenced Sabit's poetic talent. From an early age, he learned to memorize folk songs and stories, and recite them in eloquent manners. Thanks to the victory of the October socialist revolution, Sabit Mukanov also broke the yoke of poverty and achieved his longed-for dream, he took an active part in political, social and public affairs. In the fall of 1918, he entered the teacher's course in the city of Ombi and studied there for a year. During these years, he wrote the poems "Konilim" (1917), "Zarikyma" (1918), "Zhoklishka" (1918). While studying, he worked as M. Zhumabayev's secretary and recorded his lectures from the history of pedagogy course. He also read his first poems to Magzhan and improved his poetry. After completing the course, Sabit becomes a teacher in the village, actively participates in the work of the local "Sovdep". It is part of the military unit that was created in an emergency to destroy the gangster groups of the rich and kulaks who are fighting for their lives against the Soviet government. He works as the chairman of the Kokshetau Revkom. In the summer of 1920, under the leadership of Zhumabaev, the teacher's course was reopened, and he continued to study there until the fall. In 1920, he became a member of the All-Union Communist (Bolshevik) Party, and in 1921-1922 worked in the Petropavlovsk City Party Committee. At this point, Sabit Mukanov's poems and articles were often published in the newspapers "Enbekshi Kazakh", "Jas Kairat", "Leninshil Jas" and magazines "Kyzyl Kazakhstan", "Women's Equality". In 1922-1924, he studied at the Rabfak in Orenburg and got acquainted with the works of the classics of Russian literature. While working in party offices, he understands the secrets of many problems. Sabit noticed in time the harmful actions of the nationalists who wanted to block and restrain innovative young writers with the intention of hindering the growth of Kazakh Soviet literature, and together with the young Soviet poets and writers led by Saken Seifullin, started a struggle against the class enemies. In 1921, he became a soldier of the communist emergency military unit. In 1921-22, he held various positions, carried out grain harvesting work across the country, worked as an operative representative in the Kokshetau branch of the Akmola gubernia GPU and an instructor of the Akmola gubernatorial committee of the RK(b)P. In the twenties, S. Mukanov wrote "The state of an orphan girl", "The ride of a horse", "Balbope", "Batyrak", "Passages of October", "Bloody lake", "The cost of Kulan" along with several small poems. wrote poems and the novel "Sulushash". In 1922, he entered the rabfak (faculty of workers) in Orinbor, and graduated from it in 1926. He worked in the press: he headed the department of the republican newspaper "Enbekshi Kazakh" (now "Egemen Kazakhstan"), became the editor-in-chief of the Kazakhstan State Press (1926-28), at that time he was involved in the debate aimed at popularizing nationalists. In 1928, he entered the Faculty of Philology of the University of Leningrad (now St. Petersburg), after a short time he came to Petropavlovsk due to his family situation and became the editor of the newspaper "Kenges Ayuly" and the head of the writer's department. In 1930, based on the works of local poets and writers, he published an almanac called "Competition" and set an example for creative organizations in different parts of Kazakhstan. In 1932, he entered the literature department of the Institute of Red Professors in Moscow and graduated in 1935. In 1935, he served as the editor of the republican newspapers "Kenges Ayuly" and "Kazakh Literature". He headed the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan (1936–37, 1943–51), became a professor at KazPI (1937-41, now KazNPU) and lectures on Kazakh literature. Sabit published new works in various genres along with various services. In poetry: "Such is a collective farm village", "Greetings to May", "Word-Soviet Army"; in dramaturgy: "Days of Struggle" (1938), "Golden Grain" (1939); In prose: "Mysterious flag" (1938), "My schools" (1940), "Baluan Sholak" (1941) are the fruits of these years. During the Second World War, the poet sharpened his civil and political lyrics. In 1943-1951, Sabit Mukanov was the chairman of the board of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan. In this regard, he captivated young poets-writers and constantly helped them, enriched his creativity, wrote the novels "Syrdariya", "Tinga tshon bailyk", "Transparent Love", "Adult Years" and "Travels" (1945), He wrote essays such as "On the Virgin of the Birthplace" (1955), "Adam Ata's Peak", "Alyp's Men". In 1950, the public of the republic celebrated the 30th anniversary of Sabit Mukanov's creative activity, his 50th birthday. Sabit Mukanov was twice awarded with the Order of the Red Banner of Labor for his continuous contribution to the process of birth and formation of Kazakh Soviet literature. In 1960, on the occasion of the writer's 60th birthday, the Supreme Council of the USSR awarded Sabit Mukanov with the Order of Lenin, noting his great contribution to Soviet literature. ## From his works ### "My schools" Sabit Mukanov, talking about the transitions of his life, talked about the pains that people faced at that time . Describing the life of the Kazakh village before the revolution, the writer takes a look at his childhood and reveals the contradictions between Mukan and Turagul, Mustafa and Nurtaza. Since "My Schools" and "School of Life" are memoirs, the story line does not break and intertwine from beginning to end. However, the story of a certain era can be clearly seen in the work through the typical image of the main character, who is directly related to the story and is at the beginning of every case. This actually comes from the genre feature of biographical (bibliographic) works, life facts, historical events pass before the eyes of the main characters. That is why events, customs, and traditions of a certain time are seen in this novel through the hand-in-hand involvement of the narrator in life. Due to this, new people and new events appear in the work. In the works, the life diary of the main character can be recognized from the daily life of working people. In bitter frosts and stormy days, the hard life of rentiers and poor peasants who have no work can't help but be moved. Rich people like Turtai, who used what he saw from the Russian peasants in their daily life, planted crops and did not bother the poor peasants who tried to make a living on their own, but left the ripe grain for horses, are also exposed in the novel. "I told you not to sow crops in the vast pastures where cattle are left unattended, but you didn't listen, your troubles are on you," said Nurtaza Bi, who cannot surpass those Turtais and turugauls. In the dark Kazakh village, the consequences of the dumb mullahs were not small. The main character, who has experienced the same hardships, is always seen among poor wage earners and has great faith in the future. ### "School of Life" In "School of Life" city and village life are described simultaneously, the main characters are leaders of class struggle. In "My Schools" the writer shows the poor, wage earners at his doorstep, while in the second book he imagines that those wage earners are studying and involved in social work. In the work, the author appears from the beginning of each work and always makes it clear that he was one of those who performed that work. The news born out of the victory of the October Revolution, the establishment of the Soviet government in Kazakhstan are clearly and comprehensively described in this work. In the novel, each episode tells the story of the great events that happened in the life of the society. Opening of cooperative organizations, revitalization of educational activities is an actual issue in the work. Rich people like Borzhabai, Shegen's Aisa, Kazybai's sultan and Abylai, a member of the Alash party, have been revealed. They write letters of attorney on behalf of the country and indiscriminately swallow the goods and agricultural items given to the cooperative, and they actively carry out malicious activities against the Soviet government. The fickle hypocrisy of people like Abylai, who are in opposition to the creators of the new world, as well as the evil actions of bandits, are deeply revealed. These works are the chronicle of their era. The attitude of the station worker Bekseit and Nurkin to the destruction of the nest of Kolchaks in Ombi is also a testimony of the historical situation at one time. The novel describes the people's cultural lifestyle and passion for art. If there are traces of life's pressure in the poems of the girl and boy who wrote their mood and heart feelings, in the poem written to cover Ospan and Makmet, the use of poetry as a tool, song and mood, passion for poetry, and national tradition are relevant in the work. "What beautiful nights will be at the beginning of Alua. On some moonlit, starry, or cloudy nights, you go from the village to the city, lie down in the fragrant green meadows on the shore, and if you look around and listen, you will hear some beautiful pictures and some beautiful voices. Or if you hear a song from the villages where sometimes two women join, sometimes one woman and one man join, sometimes two men join, sometimes several women or men join, and sometimes the voices of several men and several women drift away and rise high into the starry sky. It goes without saying that the girl kicking is the song of the old boys... From the valleys in the other side, the singing is also heard, sometimes slowly." ("School of Life", p. 103.) In "School of Life", the spiritual life of the people is reflected through the struggle of the main character, and deepens its roots in the third book, "Years of Adulthood". This novel, based on various struggles on the way to strengthening the Soviet government, contains great socialist events. ### "Adult Years" In "Adult Years", the writer returns to the topic he has been raising for a long time and narrates the struggle against nationalist, rich poets-writers based on the facts of life. During the cultural revolution in our country, the names of Saken Seifullin, Abdolla Asylbekov, Abilkayr Dosov, Belash, Zikiriya Muheev, Oraz Isaev, Zhanaidar Saduakasov, Oraz Zhandosov, Seiitkali Mendeshev are among the public figures who did great social work. The writer, who is one of the main characters, is visible from the beginning to the end of the work, and is directly involved in the great conflict and event. Even so, the author sometimes cannot go beyond witnessing what he saw. The number of characters mentioned in the novel is very large, most of them appear in gatherings, rallies, and meetings, and are left out of the field of work. In this field, the writer's subjective attitude towards the characters also had some effect. There is also the fact that which of the historical figures known to the country and known by the people should not find their place in the work. However, this novel is known for its novelty and originality. In the work, the impact of the cultural revolution carried out in the country on the human mind was revealed. Internal social conflicts formed the plot line of the novel. In the work, the actions of exiled Soviet cadres in order to sow the poison of nationalism by settling in Soviet institutions and government offices are deeply revealed in the work. The writer rationally narrated the behavior and actions of historical people from every sphere of socialist construction. He depicted the struggle of revolutionaries on the ideological front in order to strengthen the socialist structure in an artistic way. When the writer talks about the people he was with, he dwells more on their biographies than on revealing their characters. In the novel, there are a lot of arguments between the heroes and the competition for a famous career. This overshadowed the great work done by these pleasant characters in political and social issues. Sabit Mukanov began his poetry with lyrics and wrote long poems in the second half of the twenties. The genre of poetry that flourished in Kazakh literature before the Great October Revolution had a good influence on the young talent. He learned a lot of the noble traditions of the people's heritage. ## The influence of folk oral literature models In the history of literature, there were works that changed for a certain period and left the reader with dozens of thoughts. Along with being a phenomenon, it also wants to prepare young people who are interested in artistic expression for the period. Sabit Mukanov's first novel written in verse, one of the classics of Kazakh Soviet literature, belongs to this category of works. The first novel written in verse in Kazakh Soviet literature brought a new breath of fresh air to literature. To this day, this masterpiece captivates all generations of readers. The novel had a significant influence on the entry of many writers into literature until the sixties. He made young people eager for beauty and became an educator in mastering the secrets of words. This probably shows the great aesthetic function of the artistic work, which was born at a time when Kazakh Soviet literature had little professional experience and had not yet separated its foundation from folklore, which has been fulfilling the spiritual needs of the people for centuries. That is why it is important to look at the intricacies of the novel, which has taken the entire nation through a certain period of reading, has brought up the older generation of our native literature, which has become the older brother of our native literature, the later generation of writers who have increased in number and quality, and continues to educate along with the current healthy art work, from the height of today's time, creative history, it is possible to talk interestingly about the subsequent fate. It is also clear that the novel, which has recently celebrated its 50th anniversary, wants new words from the next generation. It is intended to write an epic class work based on a folk song. Because the epic "Sulushash" was a very close and familiar material to the young poet. The folk epic "Sulushash" is a poem by Sabit, a boy who sang many times to the tambourine and delighted his listeners and even gave them a taste of the day. Later, he wrote that "in my days as a homeless orphan, in crowded places, or in private homes with a penchant for literature, I fed my poems, especially by reciting contributions" ("Our Ways of Growth", p. 654), and we must understand that he came up with "Sulushash". This is how Sabit was brought up to beauty by the folk epic. The memorized song will be repeated over and over again. Maybe it was said many times, depending on the performer's mood, sometimes it was exaggerated or shortened?! If we take this matter into consideration, Sabit Mukanov has become one of the narrators of the epos (Sulushash). The narrator of the epic is a creative person. He does not say it without taking it from his heart and adding it from memory. Looking at the historical experience of the epos and its narrators, we can confidently say that the love lyric-epic song of the people - "Sulushash" - enriched, developed and perfected Sabit, Sabit - the poem. It is known that there were various opinions that praised and complained about the work that came into the world in this way. If we pay attention to the criticisms that were once expressed, we will see that many people did not understand enough the meaning of creating a realistic work from a folklore epic. On the basis of the material of oral literature, he did not think enough about the possibility of singing the idea of a new age, a bright era. Opinions about the novel, which generated various opinions at the time and caused a literary debate, have been discussed ever since. This probably shows the vitality of the work. it is still necessary to study this novel in relation to various issues of literature. It is true that the author, who used the lyric-epic plot, could not stay away from the legendary and folk tales. Many portraits and front scenes used epic depiction methods. There is also a folklore convention in the names of Altai's parents, Dung and Shunak. However, if we examine the nature of the epic genre at that time, we would notice that instead of paying attention to the human character based on specific details, rather than expressing the idea in the system of images, the author's concept goes into the open journalistic arena. Therefore, the elements of folklorism in the system of the personal image of the novel should be considered as a literary method that the author consciously followed. When we pay attention to the development trend of older generation Russian literature and national literature in the thirties, we notice that such an approach has acquired a common character. Then the author will look at the reader. Taking into account the reader's mindset, psychological state, and desire to accept fiction at that time, the author deliberately went to folkloric places. In this case, folk music-motives justify themselves as a literary method. ## Influence of creativity of Abai Kunanbayev, Vladimir Mayakovsky, Maxim Gorky. Sabit Mukanov wrote many critical articles and literary research works in the thirties. At the II-III congresses of Kazakh writers, he gave reports on the development processes of the genres of literary criticism, prose, and poetry, and raised theoretical issues from the main branches of Kazakh Soviet literature. He conducted research and wrote extensive articles on epic poems and poets' sayings. He wrote many works on Abai's heritage. The writer "XVIII-XIX c. In the book "Essays on the History of Kazakh Literature" he mistakenly grouped some issues and made mistakes. The author corrected the insulting comments he made earlier in his works about Abay's work, and correctly assessed the legacy of the great poet in his work "Bright Stars". The literature presented theoretically new ideas in the research problem. In his works of the first half of the twenties, Sabit Mukanov often realistically described the heavy pressure of the past life. In the subsequent period, he began to create political-lyrical works with a predominantly propaganda character. In order to give a vivid picture of the new life, he wrote story works and sang about the success of the representatives of the common people who achieved equality. In his works of the thirties, the writer learned from the passionate poems of Vladimir Mayakovsky and the tradition of Maxim Gorky, mastered it in his own way, introduced innovations into Kazakh Soviet poetry, raised the ideological and artistic quality of his political lyrics to a new level; created innovations in his poetic works and improved the integrity of form and content. Sabit Mukanov's visit to Semipalatinsk in 1937 made a turning point in his understanding of Abai. In the introduction to the academic edition of Abai's works, the first volume of which was published in 1939, and the second volume in 1940, Sabit Mukanov called Abay "the poet of the people" and made radical corrections to his previous opinions. Some time before this, in 1934, in the report at the first congress of writers, Abai was called "the liberal face of Kazakh feudalism". In 1940, Sabit Mukanov came to Semipalatinsk for the second time. Participates in, organizes, directs the work of celebrations for the 95th anniversary of Abai's birth, and makes reports. The change and development of the attitude in the field of science will be qualitative and accelerated. In 1945, Sabit Mukanov wrote the introduction of the complete academic collection dedicated to the centenary of Abay's birth, saying "Abay is the great hero of the Kazakh people." This year, Sabit Mukanov, as he himself warned in the preface to the first volume of Abay's works in 1939, will carry out his plan to dedicate a thick book by meticulously studying Abai. The introduction to the complete collection of 1945 is based on the same monograph "Abay Kunanbayev". In 1947, Sabit Mukanov, who wrote a report "On the national literature of the Kazakh people" at the festive session of the Academy of Sciences, formed his final decisive opinion once and for all: "Abay is not only a Kazakh poet. He is a poet who brought Kazakh poetry to the level of the world's most cultured written poetry both in terms of form and content." It is worth emphasizing the influence of communication with artists of different nations, including talented writers and determined researchers of Russian literature, on the consolidation of Sabit Mukanov's writing pen and the expansion of his artistic knowledge. For Sabit Mukanov, Russian literature has become a school for Kazakh literature to rise to new heights in terms of artistic requirements. In this regard - says T. Kakishev. Sabit's first contact was the writer of Russian literature V. Mayakovsky. Sabit saw Mayakovsky for the first time in 1924 at a literary debate in the club of the Museum of History. Explaining his creative method, Mayakovsky used Pushkin's poem "Cherny" and his "V. Reads an excerpt from his poem "I.Lenin". Sabit Mukanov, who was listening to all that, said, "I fully recognized who Mayakovsky was only then. Even before that, I have seen many readers, and when I saw such a master student of poetry, I said, "Here's where to read!" I said to myself, understanding all the secrets of the poem I read. "His reading skills, voice power, content of words captivated not only me, but the whole hall, and until he finished reading, not only his supporters, but also his opponents became silent." Sabit Mukanov is particularly influenced by V. Mayakovsky's original poetic voice and unique signature in the world of Russian poetry. In this regard, Sabit Mukanov imitated Mayakovsky and brought a new theme and rhythm to Kazakh poetry. It is known that Mayakovsky, as an innovative poet, introduced innovations to the rhythm of verse construction in Russian poetry. Some of the poets of the entire period, including Sabit Mukanov, could not avoid him. The following verses of Sabit testify to it: Listen, Voice, World! He said, "one, two, three!" Isn't there more power than a cannon in his voice?, \< > Voice, World! Voice, World! The world! The world! The world! And "one, two, three!" And "one, two, three!" "one, two, three!" "one, two, three!" "one, two, three!" In the voice, In the voice, Excess power?, Excess power?, Another feature of this poem is the poem in Mayakovsky more use of pauses in lines can be mentioned. One of the innovations in the form of Kazakh poetry is worth noting in the report. One of Sabit Mukanov's poetically complex works, using the noble traditions of folk poetry and learning from Russian classical and Soviet literature, is the poem "Salute to May". This was a new, significant success for Kazakh poetry from the ideological and artistic point of view. With this poem, the poet opened a new page in Kazakh Soviet lyrics, created a new rhythm and image. Sabit, who used Mayakovsky's method in his poetry, in his works "My Motherland like a flower garden", "N-tysyacha", "Kolkhozdy village is like this", "Word-Soviet Army", "Marshal of Poetry" raises the meaning of words, artistic image . This year... in the spring... one evening, I dreamed, every thought came to my mind, I sat all night, trying to paint a beautiful painting on paper. "My homeland is like a flower garden" "My motherland like a flower garden" "My motherland like a flower garden" "My motherland like a flower garden" "My motherland like a flower garden" "My motherland like a flower garden" \ <> "My motherland like a flower garden" "My motherland like a flower garden" "My motherland like a flower garden" "My motherland like a flower garden" Stable These poems and poems of Mukanov are works that expanded the Mayakovsky tradition in Kazakh Soviet poetry and broadened the artistic tools of our literature of that era. To learn from Mayakovsky, to be influenced is not to be Mayakovsky. It is important to show one's strength, virtues and abilities while receiving influence. When Tsabit Mukanov remembers his relationship with Russian literature, Gorky should be mentioned. Sabit Mukanov saw Gorky for the first time in 1928 at the Leningrad railway station. In 1930, Sabit Mukanov, who entered the Institute of Linguistics named after Marr in Moscow, transferred to the literature department of the ICP next year. That year he went to meet Gorky. He summarizes his impression of Gorky as follows: "Soviet poets and writers should be interested in Gorky from two sides. The first is to absorb all of Gorky's works, to raise one's knowledge in Gorky's way, to know how to treat friends and enemies in Gorky's way, to love the era in Gorky's way, to write in Gorky's way. The second is to try to convey Gorky's image in his works," he sums up in his own way. When we talk about the formation of the Gorky tradition in Kazakh literature, we especially mention the trilogy "School of Life" by Mukanov. In the novel "My Schools" there is a great significance other than showing the image of the Kazakh village during the revolution. It is a creative innovation that shows that the writer studied at the Gorky school in the prose genre. In the works of Sabit Mukanov, the writer learned from Gorky's tradition from the fiery poems of Mayakovsky, mastered it in his own way, introduced innovations into Kazakh Soviet poetry, raised the ideological and artistic quality of his political lyrics, created innovations in his poetic works, and improved the integrity of form and content. Sabit Mukanov, who met and interacted with such figures of Russian literature, can be seen from the advanced examples of Russian literature and his experience in his works. For example, Sabit Mukanov's novel "Botagoz" shows the revolutionary struggle of the Kazakh people for a new life. Sabit Mukanov, who knew how to recognize the achievements of Russian literature, but also tried to skillfully use it in his creativity, describes the life of the people, the traditions that have existed there for centuries. And he was able to convey the customs based on the national character in his creations. Looking closely at the history of Russian literature, which has passed through many eras, which has seen growth and crisis, he not only gained a lot of information, but also tried to introduce something new into the history of Kazakh literature, which is emerging. In conclusion, it is clear that Sabit Mukanov's financial work in the field of literature, who not only learned from the advanced traditions of Russian poets-writers, but also gave a new character to Kazakh literature from what he read and wrote, will never lose its value. ## Works Sabit Mukanuly, who recognized the October Revolution of 1917 as equality and freedom for the Kazakh people, and who came to literature to sing the song of the poor, stood out for his dedication to the communist idea, not only by writing fiction In the 1920s and 30s, he was actively involved in the ideological struggle in literature and wrote in the field of criticism and literary studies. Since Sabit Mukanuly got involved in literature, he has not touched the topics of the times. He worked diligently in all genres of Kazakh literature. Literary heritage born from the writer's pen is multi-genre, large-scale, ideological-aesthetic. value is high and valuable. Behind him is an immense legacy - about 80 thousand lines of lyric poetry, about twenty poems, several short stories and novels, many stories, essays, more than a dozen plays, textbooks for higher educational institutions, monographs analyzing the works of Kazakh poets and writers, and the history and ethnography of Kazakh culture. Research papers on, etc. There are many books left. Sabit Mukanuly studied the life and works of Sh.Sh. Ualikhanov, a Kazakh thinker-scientist of the 19th century, for many years. In order to realize the goal of writing a work on this subject, he visited Xinjiang, China, and studied the periods of Shokan's life and experiences. He visited the archives and libraries of the cities of Ombi and Leningrad and collected materials related to the life of Shokan. As a result, he wrote a research work called "Bright Stars". Sabit Mukanuly also contributed a lot to the field of literary studies. Along with the deep study of the artistic heritage of his nation, he paid close attention to the principles and rules of the theory of poetry and the construction of poems. Having understood the literary, aesthetic and philosophical values of Russian symbolism, he was able to use it in his poems. Seifullin paid attention to the folklore research in the poems "Sovetstany" and "Field" by I. Zhansugirov, as well as changes and phenomena in the structure of rhyme, rhythm, stanza. In his study "The Problem of Poetry" (1933), "I felt that the 4-legged, 6-legged, and 8-legged types of Kazakh poetry are bound to express complex opinions. Therefore, starting from my poem "Turmys tulpary" I seemed to be heading towards the turbulent form of folk literature. It seemed to me that the accent and rhythm of the drum type ("Kobylany" and "Alpamys") are stronger than 6 feet. "The embrace of the tumultuous type has expanded into the embrace of opinion," he writes. He also studied Kazakh oral literature, collected folklore and ancient written heritage. By comparing genre features and compositional and plot similarities of Kazakh heroic and love songs, he determined their place in folk art. It has made its own contribution to the science of publication and research of folklore heritage in defining the genre-historical characteristics of epic poems and their place in literature. wrote research works on the history of literature and poets' creativity in the 18th-19th and 20th centuries. In 1929, he published "An open letter about literature" in "Enbekshi Kazakh" newspaper, in which he expressed his opinion that "in Kazakhstan, there is no work done on the study of literature, so our task is to participate in this unfinished work, even if only a little, until we reach it." Sabit Mukanuly's objects of research on Kazakh literature can be divided into, mainly, Kazakh literature of the 18th and 19th centuries, the life and work of Shokan Ualikhanov and Abay Kunanbaev, and Kazakh literature of the beginning of the 20th century. His book "20th century Kazakh literature" (1932) was the only published work on the reality and development of Kazakh literature of that period. A. Baitursynov, M. Dulatov, Zh. Aimautov, Gumar Karash, S. Toraygyrov, S. Donentaev, B. Kuleev, Zhumabaev, M. Auezov, etc. Although he approached the works of poets-writers from a critical point of view in accordance with the political requirements of the period, he truly appreciated their artistic excellence. About Zhumabayev "From the point of view of poetry, Magzhan is considered one of the strongest Kazakh poets. "Magzhan has a lot of merit as an enrichment of the Kazakh language, introduction of new genres into literature, and there is no poet better than Magzhan in language ethics after Abay." In his monograph "Essays from the History of Kazakh Literature in the 18th and 19th Centuries" (banned after 1942), the poets (Bukar, Baitok, Zhanuzak, Makhambet, Shortanbay, Sherniyaz, Murat, etc.) looked at famous historical figures (Abylay, Kenesary) from the perspective of the national liberation struggle of the Kazakh people. Sabit Mukanov criticized the colonial policy of the tsarist government from the perspective of the interests of the Kazakh country and the fate of the people. At the same time, he turned the art of the Kazakh people into an object of study, which had not been classified under a single system, and had not been individually scientifically analyzed. His monograph "Abai Kunanbayev", written in 1944-45 and published in 1961, shows the stages of development of the author's opinions about Abai and his views on the past and present of Kazakh literature. Earlier, in his article "Don't write on the black board, speakers" ("Embekshi Kazakh", 01.03.1923), he classified Abay among old-fashioned and rich poets and considered him a poet of the upper class, before the mentioned monograph, many valuable articles revealing Abay's identity ("Knowing Abai opinions" ("Kazakh literature"‚ 29.11.1934)‚ "Abay is a people's poet" ("Literary Front"‚ 1937‚ No. 4‚ 5)‚ "About Abai's disciples" ("Literature and art"‚ 1951‚ No. 7 ‚ etc.) made a great contribution to Abaytanu. Also his "Travels" (1954), "Tungan zher'in tynyda" (1955), "Tinga tungan bailyk" (1957), "Alyp's steps" (1959), More than 200 literary and critical articles are collected in his books "Legend of Modernity" (1961), "Our Ways of Growth" (1960), "Bright Stars" (1964), "People's Heritage" (1974‚ "Kazakh Community"‚ 1995). ) monograph, whose researches were written about the culture, language, art, material life of the Kazakh people, etc. Sabit Mukanov gave voice to the socialist ideas, which he assured that we would achieve a new life, a happy life, in the interests of his native country. He tried to find a good thing that would be good for the people, he worked tirelessly, using his artistic talent and artistic skills. Along the way, he criticized the Alashist poets-writers who did not support the Soviet ideology and clearly demonstrated their position of classism. However, he appreciated their writing and poetic talent and invited them to serve Kazakh Soviet literature. He opposed the left-wing decisions of the Soviet government regarding the national language and culture of the Kazakh people and was criticized by the authorities he believed in. During this period, Sabit Mukanuly was accused of "caring for the Alashorda poet Magzhan, being in the group of nationalists led by S. Seifullin, compromising with the bourgeoisie" and showing political distrust. On June 13-15, 1951, after the discussion on the literary heritage of Abay Kunanbayev, held by the Academy of Sciences of Kazakhstan and the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan (members of Toralka), Auezov, K. Zhumaliev, E. Ysmayilov, etc. along with literary researchers, the "mistakes" of Sabit Mukanuly in Abaytanu were shown (Auezov's open letter to "Literaturnaya gazeta", "Abay" magazine, No. 2, 1996). In 1956, Sabit Mukanuly was the first to oppose when the KP OK of Kazakhstan proposed dubbing by translating the Kazakh press. In 1956, the Kazakh intelligentsia raised the issue of raising the status of the Kazakh language in the social and political life of the republic, in this regard, in a speech at the session of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, Sabit Mukanuly said: "No one should lower the status of the Kazakh language in the Kazakh republic, forbid Kazakhs to speak their own language in republican institutions and meetings." expressed a sharp opinion about the lack of rights" (TsGANI, 708 fund, 30 op., 76 case, p. 85). Two weeks later, he wrote a sharp letter to the Central Committee stating that "the Kazakh language has remained only at the household level and has actually ceased to exist as a state language" and showed ways to restore it. Sabit Mukanuly also supported the initial creative steps of many Kazakh writers in the path of the development of Kazakh literature and culture, and established close contacts with ordinary people. Sabit Mukanuly grew up with the sympathy of his contemporaries and representatives of the new wave who came to literature in the 1930s-50s. The name of Sabit Mukanuly is mentioned among the "giants" of Kazakh literature. His works have been translated into 46 languages. In 1956-66, Kazakhstan was a member of the Central Committee of the CPSU. Election 2-8. He was a deputy of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, a member of the board of the Writers' Union of the USSR, and was accepted as a member of the Committee for the Protection of World Peace (1958-69), and was elected to the chairmanship of the Kazakh branch of the Society of Friendship and Cultural Relations with Arab Countries (1965-69). He was named the 1st laureate of the State Prize of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Sabit Mukanuly was awarded 2 orders of Lenin, 2 times Red Banner of Labor, "Badge of Honor", medals. On the eve of the 100th anniversary, the writer's name was given to a street in Almaty, his native village, a school there, a regional library, and a regional drama theater. A memorial statue was installed on the street named after Sabit Mukanuly in Almaty (2000). ## Mukanov Literary-Memorial Museum House Historical and cultural institution dedicated to preserving and promoting the literary heritage of S. Mukanov. It was opened on November 21, 1978 in the city of Almaty, 125/3 Tolebaev street, in the house where S. Mukanov lived in 1965-1973. The museum house consists of literary and memorial sections. The literary department of the museum contains the writer's researches and critical articles, monographs, award diploma of the Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan named after Sh. Ualikhanov and other documents. Pictures and documents from his studies in Leningrad (now St. Petersburg) and Moscow in 1922-1935 are placed in order. Here are photos of Tattimbet and Ukili Ybrai. The painting "M.Gorky and S.Mukanov" by the artist U.Azhiev depicting the friendship of S.Mukanov and the Russian writer M.Gorky is also in this hall. The writer's awards include two Orders of Lenin, two Orders of the Red Banner of Labor, Badge of Honor, medals of the USSR, as well as certificates of his being elected to the Supreme Soviet of Kazakhstan several times. The museum exposition includes various manuscripts, editions of the writer's poetry, prose and literary criticism. The writer's novels "Sulushash" (1928), "The Lost" (1931), "Mysterious Flag" (1938), "Baluan Sholak" (1941), "Syrdaria" (1948) and "Shokan Ualikhanov" (1953), "Kashkar's Daughter" " (1958), "Saken Seifullin" (1964) dramatic works are given a lot of information. Original pictures of the main characters of the novel "Lost" (1931) - Eagle (Sultanbek) and Bates (Batima), the cover of an ancient diary related to the love story, and the testimony of S. Mukanov, who participated in the court in Kyzylorda (1927) as a public prosecutor, are displayed. Arabic version of the novel "Baluan Sholak" (PRC, Xinjiang), Shakarim's letter and photo to Sabit in February 1931, book, collection of poems "Sholpan" by M. Zhumabaev (1913), novel "Bakytsyz Jamal" (1914) by M. Dulatov , J. Aimautov's "Careers" (1925), etc. There are books stored in Mukanov's personal archive. In the memorial department of the museum, the writer's reception room, workplace, and rest room are fully preserved. There is also a library with about 4 thousand books in this section. Household items, home furniture, various gifts from abroad, paintings, etc. exhibits are displayed. Various lectures and films are shown in the museum. Later S. Mukanov and G.Musirepov museum-houses were united in terms of administrative management (8.2.1999) and named "S.Mukanov and G.Musirepov State Literary Memorial Museum Complex". On the eve of Mukanov's 100th anniversary, the building was renovated, its exposition was renewed, more than 8 thousand exhibits were collected. (2000). ### Brief biography * Sabit Mukanov graduated from the Red Professorship Institute in Moscow (1935). * In 1935-36, he was the editor-in-chief of the "Kazakh literature" newspaper, * In 1936-37, 1943-51, he was the chairman of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan, * In 1937-41, he held the position of professor at KazNPU. * The first book "Soviet Okimeti and Kazakh Woman" (poems, articles, translations) was published in 1924. * The novels "Rich Child" (1928), "Transparent Love" (1931), "Temirtas" (1935) are devoted to the issues of class struggle in Kazakhstan. * The history of the Kazakh people is described in the novels "Botagoz" (1938), "Syrdaria" (1947-48). * The autobiographical trilogy "School of Life" (1949-64) was awarded the Abai State Prize of the Kazakh SSR. * The work "Flowing Star" (1967 - 70) is dedicated to the life and work of the Kazakh educator-scientist Sh. Ualikhanov. * Member of the Central Committee of the CP of Kazakhstan (1956 - 66), deputy of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR, appointed 2-8, a member of the All-Union Peace Protection Committee. * State award named after Abay, Sh. Ualikhanov award (1967), * Kazakhstan state award (1967). times Lenin, 2 times Red Banner of Labor, etc. awarded with orders and medals. * Now the house where Mukanov lives has become a museum (1975). ## Sources ## Bibliography * T. Nurtazin, Writer and life. Almaty, 1960. * Ergobekov K. Sabit Mukanov. Almaty-School, 1989 * Nurkatov A. The creative path of S. Mukanov, Almaty, 1956. * S. Mukanov, Zharyk zhyriz, Almaty, "Sanat", 1995. * Rymgali Nurgali. The golden age of Kazakh literature, Astana, 2002. * "Literary and cultural heritage of Sabit Mukanov and modern times", volume II, Petropavl, 2000. * K. Ergobekov, S. Mukanov education. Almaty, 1989.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6126

World Foundation of Kazakhs

The World Association of Kazakhs is the highest body of the World Kazakh Association. The Foundation of Kazakhs of the World - the foundation held in Almaty from September 28 to October 4, 1992 with the participation of representatives of Kazakhs from around the world. On the eve of the foundation, the number of the Kazakh nation was 10 million. reached 537 thousand. 350 people from the CIS countries and delegates from many foreign countries participated in the Foundation of World Kazakhs. The participants of the foundation visited the ancient political, social and cultural centers of the country, such as Turkestan, Zhezkazgan, Ulytau, and met with their ancestors. More than 200 journalists, more than 50 television and radio companies took part in promoting the founding work. The participants of the Foundation of Kazakhs of the World adopted an appeal to the people of Kazakhstan and other nations, states, and governments of the world. During the founding days, a scientific conference was held under the theme "Kazakhs: yesterday, today and tomorrow". At the conference, the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan N. Nazarbayev made a speech on the topic "Our arms are wide open to our brothers". The fate of the Kazakh people, their ancestral heritage, language, the legal basis of uniting Kazakhs from all over the world into a unified national state, etc. Reports on issues were heard. At the conference, the Association of Kazakhs of the World was established, and N. Nazarbayev was elected as its chairman. This center was entrusted with the task of comprehensively studying the life of the nation and solving problems in the socio-economic, cultural and spiritual life of Kazakhs. The foundation showed the Kazakhs living in a foreign country that they have a fundamental country behind them. ## First Congress In 1992, the first World Congress of Kazakhs was held in Almaty. More than 800 representatives from far and near foreign countries, including Turkey, Germany, France, Norway, Mongolia, China, Austria and 33 other countries participated in the foundation. Discussed issues of the founding agenda (establishment of the World Kazakh Association, adoption of its charter, election of executive bodies). The proposal to elect the first President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev as the chairman of the World Kazakh Association was unanimously accepted. Kaldarbek Naimanbayev, the first secretary of the board of the Writers' Union of Kazakhstan, was elected the first deputy chairman. The participants of the conference fully supported the leadership of the World Association of Kazakhs in the following composition: * Nursultan Nazarbayev - Chairman of the Board. * Kaldarbek Naimanbayev — First Deputy Chairman. * Dalelkhan Zhanaltai (Turkey), Myrzatai Zholdasbekov, Altynbek Sarsenbaev - members of the Board. * The author of the foundation symbol is artist Beisen Serikbay ## The second foundation In 2002, the next, second foundation was held in Turkestan. More than 400 representatives from 32 foreign countries, far and near, took part in the foundation. Foundation of Kazakhs of the World II time, in the fall of 2002 in Turkestan city, there was talk about the replenishment of the ranks of our blood relatives who yearn to return to their historical homeland. Turkestan was chosen on purpose after being a city that has experienced many historical periods, and the 1500th anniversary of the city of Turkestan was mentioned before it. More than 400 representatives from 32 foreign countries took part in the foundation. At this conference, the issue of returning Oralmans to the country was considered, and the plan to increase the size of the migration quota was considered. In 2003, 5,000 families, 10,000 families in 2004, 15,000 families moved to the country in 2005, 50-60 thousand returnees return every year. On December 14, 1992, the first forum of the peoples of Kazakhstan was held in Almaty. The following issues were discussed at the forum: 1. Internationalism and conditions of friendly neighborly relations were discussed from a new point of view. 2. The President's Prize for Peace and Spiritual Harmony was awarded for the first time to Academician M. Suleymenovke, folk writer D. Snegin, writer, translator G. Handed over to Belger. On December 17, 1993, the ceremony of presentation of the World Association of Kazakhs took place. Already in that year, 7.5 thousand Kazakh families from Mongolia, Turkey, Iran and the CIS countries immigrated to Kazakhstan. ## Third Congress On September 27-28, 2005, the Third World Congress of Kazakhs was held in Astana. More than 300 representatives from far and near 32 foreign countries, including Russia, China, Austria, the Czech Republic, Norway, Italy, Singapore, Egypt, as well as 200 from all regions of Kazakhstan and the cities of Almaty and Astana. more than representatives participated. Issues such as creating conditions for the education of representatives of the Kazakh diaspora living abroad in higher educational institutions of Kazakhstan, as well as the possibilities of investing in the historical homeland were discussed at the meeting. Issues such as strengthening of business relations, promotion of Kazakh foreign countries to get more detailed information about the economy of the republic, state of development of entrepreneurship, mutual relations between the state and business communities were discussed. ## See more * World Kazakh Association * official site Archived December 5, 2006. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7106

Shokan Ualikhanov

Shokan Chingisuly Ualikhanov (real name Muhammed Kanafia; 1835, Kostanay region, Sarykol district, Kusmuryn region - April 10, 1865, Kushentogan, Zhetysu) is a great Kazakh scientist, one of the first representatives of the democratic, enlightened culture born in Kazakhstan in the second half of the 19th century, orientalist, historian , folklorist, ethnographer, geographer, educator. He was called "Shokan" because his grandmother affectionately called him "Shokanym" in his childhood. ## Biography Shokan was born in November 1835 at the Kusmuryn station in the Kusmuryn area of the Auliekol district of the present Kostanay region in the family of the famous senior Sultan Chingis Ualikhanov. His father, Chingiz Valikhanuly, was the senior sultan of Amankaragai duan (the center is Karaoba) at that time. After the district center was transferred to the Kusmuryn castle in 1844, the duan name was changed to Kusmuryn. Shokan's own grandfather, Wali, was the khan of Orta Yuz. His great-grandfather was Abylai, Great Khan of the Kazakh Horde, and Shokan was his great-grandson. Shokan's childhood was spent in the Kuntimes Horde near Obagan in the winter, and in the ancestral pasture in the Akanburlyk basin, the right tributary of the Esil, in the summer. Having spent his youth in the Khan Horde in Syrymbet, where his grandmother Ayganym lived, being of the khan family "who should know the languages of seven people", Shokan learned letters at the village school opened by his father in the Kuntimes Horde, learned the medieval Kypchak-Chagatai language, Persian and Arabic in that school. apparently, he was inclined and passionate about education since childhood. Shokan was interested in historical legends from an early age. From a young age, he grew up listening to the stories of wise men and poems of poets. His grandmother Ayganim, who came from the sultan's family, had a strong influence on his upbringing. He often told young Shokan ancient Kazakh legends, tales, proverbs and words of wisdom. Shokan studied at school in Kusmur until he was 12 years old and got acquainted with the teachings of the Muslim religion. Shokan learned the basics of Arabic, Persian, and Chagatai languages even while studying in a rural elementary school. According to the memories of Shokan's close relatives, he was inclined and passionate about education since childhood. Shokan was interested in historical legends from an early age. He grew up listening to the stories of wise men and poems of poets with great interest. His grandmother Ayganim, who came from the sultan's family, had a strong influence on his upbringing. He often told young Shokan ancient Kazakh legends, tales, proverbs and words of wisdom. Shokan studied at school in Kusmur until he was 12 years old and got acquainted with the teachings of the Muslim religion. Shokan learned the basics of Arabic, Persian and Chagatai languages while studying in a rural elementary school. Shokan's ancestors belong to the family of famous sultans. His great-grandfather Abylay Khan was one of the great Kazakh rulers of the 17th century. His grandfather Wali Khan was the last Kazakh khan officially approved by the royal government. Shokan's father - Chingiz Ualikhanov was an educated man. In 1834, he graduated from the Cossack military school of Siberia in Omsk, received the rank of colonel in the Russian army and held several responsible positions in the administrative apparatus of Kazakhstan: he was the senior sultan of the Kusmuryn district, the adviser of the regional administration of the Siberian Kyrgyz, the senior sultan of the Kokshetau district. For his meritorious service to Russia, he was awarded the title of nobleman as a lifetime legacy. Shokan's maternal uncles were the famous Shormanov family from Bayanaul region. Shormanov Musa was a colonel of the Russian army, a well-known Kazakh dancer, senior sultan of the Bayanaul outer district. ### Cadet Corps In 1847, 12-year-old Shokan was placed by his father to study at the Siberian Cadet Corps, which was considered the most selective educational institution at that time. This educational institution was of special importance in opening Shokan's future and his talent in the field of science and art. Although it is a closed military educational institution, in addition to military lessons, Russian and Western literature, geography and history, philosophy, physics, the basics of mathematics, foreign languages are taught here, taught by representatives of advanced Russian intellectuals. The teachers included many educated and progressive people. When Shokan first entered the cadet corps, although he did not know Russian, he quickly learned the language with his intelligence. G.N., who studied with Shokan in the corps. Potanin: "Overtaking his Russian comrades, Shokan matured quickly... Many people paid attention to him. "He was so capable and knew how to draw before entering the school." Kostyletsky, a teacher of Russian language and literature, orientalist, and Gonsevsky, a history teacher, had a strong influence on him. Pushkin, Gogol, Lermontov, Herzen, Belinsky, etc. He was one of the most intelligent citizens of his time, who read Russian classics and works of Dickens, Thackeray, Rousseau from Western literature, and "Sovremennik" magazine without stopping. Already in the last years of studying in the Siberian cadet corps, Shokan showed that he is intelligent, deep-thinking, comprehensively educated, has his own point of view, can judge and understand the needs of his native people, and is ready to serve them in the most useful way. Thanks to his high ability and talent, under the good influence of teachers such as Kosopletsky, Toneevsky (Russian literature and language, history), he was able to read and familiarize himself with the best examples of Russian and world literature, and make scientific judgments and conclusions. His research ability was gradually formed and developed while studying in this corps. It is interesting to write down folk songs and epics of the country and collect legends, especially during summer holidays. For example, "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu song" was one of the first works written by Shokan. I.I. Berezin, an outstanding Oriental researcher, professor of St. Petersburg University, paid attention to these studies and wrote down the versions of the samples of Kazakh oral literature, "Kozy Korpesh-Bayan sulu song" collected by Shokan. The scientist, who noticed Shokan's research ability, engaged him in the study of old writing monuments. From his first scientific works, it was clear that he would be a great scientist and researcher. His teachers and peers were particularly interested in his acquaintance with the advanced ideas of that time. "Even though he was younger than us, compared to us, he was very shy, and we were like children compared to him, even if he didn't try to express that he knew more than us or that he was superior to us in terms of knowledge, even in a simple conversation, his knowledge was superior to ours. In general, to his comrades, including me, he inevitably "opened a window to Europe" - writes G. I. Potanin. This alone shows that Shokan's reputation among his comrades is very high. Vigilant and attentive to Shokan, the art of drawing even at that time; is an excellent means of depicting people's life. He is engaged in drawing pictures of summer meadows and settlements of his native Syrymbet. Shokan calls the pictures he made in 1847-1852 "pictures he drew when he went on vacation from the corps to the country". G. N. Potanin: "When we were studying in the last courses of the cadet corps, Shokan filled my notebook with his stories. We wrote down the Kazakh tradition of building falcons and building huts. Shokan knew very well how to take care of a falcon. He would add his pictures to my post," he wrote. This alone proves that Shokan's art is versatile, that his fellow students were interested in him and treated him with special respect. Even when Shokan was studying in the cadet corps, he looked at and got acquainted with works written about the life and work of travelers with great interest. Influenced by these works, he dreamed of becoming a traveler and getting to know Central Asia. Therefore, the works written about the life of travelers became a starting point and showed the way for the future traveler. ## Service path Shokan, who graduated from the cadet corps in 1853 at the age of seventeen, was left to work in the office of the Governor General of Western Siberia. A year later, he was appointed adjutant to General Governor Gasforth, who was in charge of Western Siberia and the north-eastern regions of Kazakhstan. While performing this activity, he is actively involved in the study of the history, ethnography and geography of the peoples of Central Asia. In 1854, at the request of Kostyletsky, his teacher in the cadet corps, he fulfilled the tasks of N.I. Berezin, an outstanding orientalist, professor of Kazan University. Berezin was familiar with the version of Kazakh oral literature collected by Shokan, the song "Kozy Korpesh Bayan sulu". The young scientist carefully analyzes the works on the decree of Tokhtamys Khan and other khan decrees, published by the famous professor Berezin. This was one of his first scientific studies. Despite his youth, his knowledge, especially the knowledge of Eastern literature and history, was high even among Russian scientists of that time. begins to appreciate and recognize. Just as the world of plants requires favorable conditions for its unhindered development, the scientist distinguishes between nature and society. If the development of nature is based on physical characteristics, in society they are different, that is, social characteristics In 1855, Orynbor, together with the governor-general of Western Siberia, came back to Almaty through Semey, Ayagoz, and back. collects samples of Kyrgyz oral literature, materials of history and ethnography. On the basis of these materials, he later writes the works "Tangiri (god)", "Remains of shamanism in Kazakhs". After that trip, his military position was promoted to the rank of lieutenant. In 1856, Colonel M.M. He participated in the Issykkol military-scientific expedition led by Khomentovsky and thoroughly explored the Kyrgyz country. He collects information about the history and ethnography of the Kyrgyz and Great Hundred Kazakhs, writes down versions of oral literature. For the first time among the scientists of the world, the poem "The Tale of Koketai Khan", the most important part of the "Manas" epic, is recorded. "Manas is a product of folk wisdom, an encyclopedic collection of all folk tales, stories and legends, geography, religion, customs and traditions - Iliad of the field." K. Ritter, A. Humboldt, orientalist Scientists criticize the works of Schott and Klaprot. After that, he visited the city of Kulja and wrote researches about the past and present of East Turkestan. about the types of poetry", "The Diary of the Issykkol", "The Western Region and the City of Kulja". Shokan describes the country's life with skill. This is why his Russian friends called him "a Russian writer on the subject of history". , whose fame in the field of geography has reached St. Petersburg scientists, elects Shokan, who is just over twenty years old, as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. A young scientist with excellent education actively participated in various scientific expeditions. He dreamed about this when he was studying in Omsk. Russian researchers were also very interested in Shokan, who knew well the Kazakh steppe and the territory of neighboring countries, the history and conditions of the peoples there, and needed his help. In 1855, Shokan was appointed by the Governor-General of Western Siberia G.H. Participates in Gasfort's trip to Central Kazakhstan, Tarbagatai and Zhetysu region. During this trip, he got acquainted with the life of ordinary people and wrote down historical legends and poems of the Kyrgyz people. Sh. Ualikhanov in 1856, a prominent scientist, well-known geographer P.S. He got acquainted with Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. He sincerely admired the talent of the young Kazakh scientist. In 1857, P.S. With the recommendation of Semenov-Tyan-Shansky Sh. Ualikhanov was accepted as a full member of the Russian Geographical Society. His visit to East Kazakhstan and Zhetysu, Kyrgyzstan increased Shokan's fame as a scientist. In 1857, Shokan traveled to Alatau Kyrgyz and studied its history, ethnography and folk poetry. He recorded the encyclopedic epic of the Kyrgyz people "Manas". In 1858-1859, Shokan went on the famous trip to Kashgaria. Before Shokan, not a single researcher had the chance to return to that region. German scientist R. Schlagingweit's journey to a region completely closed to Europeans ended tragically, and he was brutally executed. Shokan risked his life in a very difficult secret situation and collected very valuable data about the history, ethnography, culture and geology, geographical situation of the Kashgaria region, which was completely unknown before. Based on this, he wrote the famous work "On the condition of six eastern cities of Altyshar or Nan-JIy province (Little Bukhara) of China". The work was highly appreciated by orientalists both in Russia and abroad. The royal government highly appreciated the scientific feat of the young scientist. In 1860, in St. Petersburg, he was awarded an order and was promoted to a military rank. It was accepted by the Russian Tsar Alexander II. During this meeting, Shokan boldly conveyed his request to the king that the Russian officials should treat the Kazakh people well. During his stay in St. Petersburg (1859-1861), Shokan Ualikhanov worked in various military and scientific institutions. It has become a real god of worship for Russian orientalists and diplomats, writers and poets. Shokan worked tirelessly to create maps of Kazakhstan, Central Asia and East Turkestan. He also continued to carefully study the manuscripts of Eastern countries. He was invited by the Russian Geographical Society to give lectures on the history of the East. However, the wet weather of Petersburg did not suit his health. Due to the deterioration of his health, he had to return to his homeland. He went to Ombi and took part in measures to reorganize local management in the field. His main thoughts are presented in "On Muslimism in Kyrgyzstan", "On Migration of Kyrgyz", "Notes on Judicial Reform". In 1864, Shokan took part in the military expedition of General Chernyaev to South Kazakhstan. But his military service did not last long, due to the general's excessive cruelty to the local population, he voluntarily left the army. ### The saga of Manas ### Visit to Kashgaria Shokan's visit to Kashgaria in 1858-1859 was a way for his work in the field of science and education to rise to a new level. opened. At that time, Kashgaria was an unexplored territory of Russia. Shokan, who secretly visited Kashgaria as a merchant, studied the economic and political structure of the region and collected a lot of materials from its history and ethnography. From his trip to Kashkaria, the work entitled "Altyshahar, i.e., six cities in the east of the Nanlu region of China" was born. This was the first research work in the world, dedicated to the history and social structure of the peoples of East Turkestan, written at the high level of the science of that time. After his visit to Kashgaria, he arrived in St. Petersburg at the special invitation of the Asian Department of the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, and stayed there for about a year, engaged in scientific work. However, due to tuberculosis, he returned from Petersburg to the country, to Syrymbet. Seeing that his native people were oppressed in two-sided exploitation, he tried to become the senior sultan of Atbasar district in the elections of 1862. "I wanted to become an elder sultan to benefit my countrymen. I wanted to protect them from officials and rich Kazakhs. The first thing I wanted to do was to show my compatriots, through my own example, that the older Sultan I read was useful," he wrote about this to his friend Dostoevsky. But he cannot fulfill this goal. Although Shokan won with more votes than his opponent, the governor-general, fearing that his influence and reputation among the people would be great, did not confirm him to the senior sultanate under the false pretext that he "relinquished his position due to his campaign". In March 1864, Shokan joins the Aulieta campaign at the invitation of Colonel Chernyaev. He took part in this campaign aimed at subjugating South Kazakhstan and Central Asia of the Russian Empire to Russia, a translator, he participated in making peace agreements with the local people, he was upset and later returned when he saw the cruelty of Colonel Chernyaev to the people of the city during the capture of Aulieta (now Taraz). Then he came to the city of Verny (now Almaty) and then settled in the village of Tezek (former Taldykorgan region, Kurenbel meadow in summer, Altynemel pass in winter). Then he marries Tezek's cousin Aysary. Meanwhile, the old lung disease flared up again, and Shokan died in April 1865. His remains are buried in Kushentogan, on the slopes of Altynemel Mountain. ### Field of local studies He traveled to the Ulytau-Zhezkazgan region and described architectural monuments such as Alasha Khan's mausoleum, Zhuban Ana mausoleum, Aqaqamyr dome. Er Edige, Koylybai baksy, Baigozy, Zhaulybai and Orazymbet (Orazai) left valuable historical data about heroes. ### Shokan and Dostoevsky ### Shokan and Abai In the worldview and creative direction of Shokan and Abai, great Kazakh intellectuals, history and understanding and analysis of contemporary issues, especially in the attempt to learn and develop cultural heritage, to create it for the spiritual needs of the country, there is a lot of harmony. This is the wealth of stories, sagas, legends, epics, and ghazals in Arabic, Persian, and Turkish languages, which spread from the Far East countries, from the rich examples of Abay and Shokan's oral literature from a young age, from receiving an indelible education, from listening to the witty words of some orators and poets. It can be seen from the fact that he studied independently and enriched his knowledge, as well as from his deep familiarity with Russian and European books, including their folklore versions. While Shokan considered folk literature to be the most valuable monuments of historical knowledge, Abai considered literary wealth to be a means of teaching and educating the people to perfect humane ways, showing virtues as morals, and exposing evil and ignorance. Aiming at this goal, Abai used in his works a number of proverbs, proverbs, regular expressions that were formed in oral literature. Abai's use of traditional yukas and syllabic measures in folk songs, folklore genres such as dedication, mourning, lamentation, and consolation shows this. Based on fables from Eastern folklore, he created great works such as "Iskender", "Masgut", "Azim's story" also proves that the poet has mastered the spiritual treasures of the peoples of the world. Shokan and Abai's thoughts about Kazakh history were born from the need to digest the experience of the past and find a way for a reliable future of the people. Like Shokan, Abay was well acquainted with the historical chronicles of the East and the West, although one of them evaluated historical phenomena as a scientist and the other as an artist, he was interested in the ideals of spreading the lessons of the past, ridding the people of the fog of darkness that had been suffocating for centuries, and putting them on the path of civilization. thoughts are very consistent. If Shokan in his historical-ethnographic and folklore works showed that the way to beautify the Kazakh people is to improve the educational system, this animal became the actual fruit of Abai's works. When talking about the genetic, cultural unity and historical destiny of the Turkish people, great thinkers speak the same voice. All this can be considered as phenomena caused by the succession of historical and social needs and rewards of the era in which Shokan and Abai lived. The heritage left by the figures who shined on the horizon of the society during the time when the Kazakh people lost their independence and became subordinate to Russia, is among the world's most advanced monuments of the 19th century in terms of the breadth of the topic, the depth of analysis, and the height of their thoughts \< > ## Shokan Valikhanov's works Russian scientists have done a great job in collecting and publishing Shokan's works. Academician Nikolay Ivanovich Veselovsky wrote in the preface to Shokan's works published by the Russian Geographical Society: "When Shokan Valikhanov appeared like a comet in the world of Oriental studies, Russian Orientalists recognized him as a special phenomenon and had great significance for the fate of the Turkic people. He was expecting to discover great news. But Shokan's untimely death broke our hopes!" wrote. But in his short life, he managed to prove the amazing possibilities of human ability, the height of humanism, the unwavering example of patriotism, the amazing character of scientific ability and bravery with all his being and concrete actions. One of the legacies left by Shokan are works of fine art. They prove that Shokan was the first professional Kazakh artist in this field of art. The scientist was mainly engaged in depicting portraits, landscapes and people's lifestyle. About 150 pictures remain. ### The imprint he left in psychology Shokan's works contain data of various nature related to psychological issues. Among these issues, the one that was discussed more than other issues was the issue of the national consciousness of our people, including its own psychological characteristics. It is known that in the works of chauvinist Russian scientists who studied the history and ethnography of Kazakhstan before the October revolution, the culture of our people with a history of tens of centuries was abused, and even our national psychology was smeared with soot, and it was called a second-class people. It is completely wrong to zealously defend the national honor of the native people and to consider the Kazakh people as "another people" in such a negative situation. This is a word uttered out of ignorance. , is a people with a rich spiritual world, striving for progress, and prone to innovation. It is not like an Eastern epic, but an Indo-Germanic epic," he concluded, and he compares the spiritual wealth of Kazakhs with the rich civilization of large countries. Shokan assessed the ability of Kazakh poets to sing well as one of their main features. According to Shokan Ualikhanov, One of the signs of the people's psychology is the richness of the language, the art of speech, and he considered the art of speech to be a sign of the great talent and poetic power of the people, he wrote will also be more visible. Reverence for the past and abundance of legends is a special characteristic of the nomadic peoples of Central Asia. The Kazakh language does not have artificial coloring words like the Arabic language, it is a truly pure language. Russian, Ukrainian, and Polish intellectuals who visited our vast country also add to these opinions of the learned scientist. Another channel of Shokan's psychological opinions is interwoven with his concerns about religion. The learned scientist says that the imagination and religious beliefs of the first man appeared as an image of his direct relationship with nature. When Shokan explained the origin of shamanic concepts in the Kazakh people and revealed their psychological aspects, Shokan firmly held a materialist position. Shokan chose various aspects of the customs of his native people, criticized some negative customs among the Kazakhs, looked into their psychological underpinnings, and considered these to be syphilitics that keep the Kazakh community from progressing. For example, he emphasized that one of the culprits is hostage-taking, which many people mistakenly believe is the easiest way to get rich and collect livestock. A person who is engaged in such a "profession" has no motivation to work, his soul and body are sterile and ugly. He rightly concluded that doing a certain profession requires time and great enthusiasm. In this way, he called on young people to stay away from dirty professions, saying that this disgusting quality pushes people to dishonesty and laziness, and emphasized that this bad habit will ultimately hinder the development of various professions in the Kazakh steppe. ## named after Shokan Ualikhanov * Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Institute of History and Ethnography named after Sh.Sh. Ualikhanov ## Bibliography \< > * Shokan Ualikhanov - orientalist, R.B. Suleymenov, V.A. Moiseev, "Gylym" publishing house, Almaty, 1985 * F.M. Dostoevsky and Chokan Valikhanov - Auezov M.O., Moscow, 1960 * Shokan (Muhammad-Khanafia) Life and work of Chingisuly Valikhanov ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2399

Makhambet Otemisuly

Makhambet Otemisuly (1804, Ishki Bokei Ordasy, Zhaskus in Naryn Kum, Bokei Hordasy District, West Kazakhstan Region - October 20, 1846, Karaoi Region, Inder District, Atyrau Region) is a famous Kazakh singer, composer of music, Isatai Taymanuly led the rebellion against colonialism (1836– 1837) is one of the organizers, an ardent singer of this uprising. It can be recognized as the last era of the Kazakh Khanate. From the Zhayik branch of the Berish clan within Bayuly. Mali (in some sources it is called Kulmali, Kulmaniyaz) was born from Nadir. Utemis and Shybyntay were born from Malin's Kazakh wife, and Kobylai from his Kalmyk wife. A man who gave birth to ten sons from Utemis, four sons from Shybyntay, three sons from Kobylai, and seventeen grandchildren from Mali. This family is one of the fundamental villages in Taisoygan sand. His grandfather Kulmali and his father Utemis were famous people in their time, and a dancer and an orator came from Kulmali's family. Mahambet is one of the leaders among the nomads with all his qualities. He grew up with the immortal heritage of Kambar Batyr, Yer Targyn, Sypyra Zhyrau, Asankaigy, Kaztugan, Shalkiiz, Zhiembet, Dospambet. He was quick to follow the trends of the times he lived in, well versed in the secrets of the region, open-eyed, open-minded, and educated. He is well versed in Russian, Tatar, and Arabic languages. This can be clearly seen from the letters he wrote. In 1836-1838, he was an ardent singer of the peasant uprising led by Isatai Taimanuly, one of the organizers of the movement. Makhambet escaped in 1831 after spending two years in prison under the persecution of Jangir Khan. His conscious life is filled with songs of revenge against the khans-sultans who implemented the colonial policy of the royal government, calling the people to struggle. After the insurrection ended in defeat, Zhem, Zhaiyk, Mangystau, Khiva countries were destroyed, he gathered troops and tried to revive the insurrection. This intention was unsuccessful, he was captured by the Bokei Horde and imprisoned in Orinbor prison. After being released from captivity, he spends his life in the country in the western part of Kishi Yuz. However, after Jangir Khan's death, he was killed by the mercenaries of Baymagambet Aishuakuly, who was the elder sultan. Makhambet is the first Kazakh poet who called the people to an armed rebellion against the tsarist, khanate government. Its image and fervor are mainly the uprisings, modeled on the heroes of Shalkiiz, Sypyra, Dospambet, and Kaztugan. In his poems "Jhangirge" and "Baimagambet Sultana", he ripped off the representatives of the ruling class, and in the poem "Munar Kun" he spoke bitterly about the burden of the country. Isaiah is the main character of the poet's poems. "Taiman's son Isatai", "I have a brother named Isatai", "Isatai's speech", "Tarlanym", etc. Isatai's morals, citizenship, heroism, courage are described in his poems. ## Brief Biography Makhambet Otemisuly (1803, present-day West Kazakhstan region, Zhanibek district - 10.20.1846, present-day Atyrau region, Inder district, Zharsuat village, Karaoi land) is a poet, poet, leader of the uprising (1836-1838) led by Isatai Taimanuly and an ardent singer. He studied Muslim and Russian since childhood. His father Utemis was an influential dancer in the country. * In 1824-1828, he was with Zulkarnain, the son of Jangir-Kerei Khan, in the city of Orinbor. * In 1829, Makhambet was arrested on the charge of sneaking from Zhaiyk to the Inner Horde, and was imprisoned at the Kalmykov station for about 2 years. * Escaped from prison in 1831, but later acquitted. * In 1834, he united with Isatai Batyr. On June 9 of the same year, Jangir Khan offered the post of chief in order to attract Makhambet to his side. The land problem, the narrowness of pastures, the actions of the Russian Empire aimed at destroying the Kazakh khanate, as well as the distribution of land by Jangir Khan to his relatives and the authoritarian actions of his father-in-law Karaulkozha, who dominated the country's power, led to the birth of rebellion. The dispute between Karaulkozha and Isatai-Mahambet has turned into an ambitious, large-scale protest movement. "O Machambet, my friend," written on behalf of Isaiah. The story of Mahambet, in which the lines "Khan's son cried, he asked me to cut my soul" describe the reality of the days of war (1837) when the Khan's army was surrounded. In November of this year, the rebels fought and defeated the Gekke army, which was much stronger than them, on the sands of Beketai. These events are depicted in Mahambet's poem "War", and in the works "Zhabigu", "Ereuil atka er salmai" the depressing state of defeat is emphasized. * On March 17, 1836, Jangir Khan ordered to arrest Makhambet and Isatai with their comrades. Karaul entrusts this case to Khoja Babazhanov. * On April 4, 1836, about 200 troops of Isatai-Mahambet met with Karaul Khoja, who led a detachment of 522 people, in the place of Biyenmola. The watchman could not bring himself to start a fight and retreated. * In May 1836, Karaul Khoja filed a complaint with the Orinbor Border Commission, accusing Makhambet of "killing Kushik Japarul". * In June 1836, Isatai and Makhambet sent their demands to the Khan's Horde. * In 1836, Zhangir Khan sent a letter to the Orinbor border commission, asking to arrest Isatai and Makhambet. * On February 17, 1837, Isatai and Makhambet raided the village of Karaul Khoja. * In March 1837, Zhangir wrote a complaint to Ataman Pokatilov, calling Isatai and Makhambet "thieves" and demanding their immediate arrest. * In the fall of 1837, Isatai and Mahambet arrived with more than 2,000 troops and besieged the khanate. * In November 1837, he fought with Geke's army on Beketai sand and was defeated. * In 1837-1838, he moved to the far side of Zhaiyk and was among Kishi Yuz. He is engaged in gathering hands and inciting the country to revolt. * On July 12, 1838, Isatai was killed in the battle near Akbulak, and Makhambet tried to gather troops for about 2 years on the Khiva side. When this intention failed, he secretly went to the Bokei Horde and took refuge in the country. Hard and exile years continued in the poet's life. On March 4, 1841, Makhambet was captured while sitting in the house of a Kazakh named Tilekeev, with the guidance of unknown persons. A detachment of 40,000 people of the Ural army arrested the owner of the house and Makhambet, kept them in prison for two weeks in Kalmykov village (now Tairak district), and then drove them to Orinbor (March 17, 1841). Governor-General of Orinbor transferred the case of Makhambet to the consideration of the military court. * On July 7, 1841, the court released him from captivity with a verdict that if he intervened in "sedition" again, he would be severely punished, and warned him not to cross the border. * There is little information about Mahambet's life in the period 1841-1845. * In February 1846, Makhambet came to Orinbor with the intention of sending his son Nursultan to study. Due to his crossing the border, the governor-general reopened the case, the akim of the western part of Kishi Yuz, B. Aishuakov, did not stop persecuting Makhambet. He put 1,000 soms on the poet's head and sent an armed squad of special people (including Khorunzhii Ikylas Toleyuly, Zhanabergen Bozdakuly, dance of Berish tribe, Tabyn Torezhan Turymuly, Kazakhs of Berish tribe Musa Nuralyuly, Zhusip Oteuliuly) to arrest him. Makhambet Khorunjiy was killed by Turymuli. ## Works of Machambet Works of Machambet are a spiritual and poetic chronicle of the life of the masses, a true image of the peasant movement. He enriched the artistic world of Zhirau poetry, raised the ideas of national liberation in his works, and was determined to save the country. In the song "Munar Kun" he spoke openly about the burden that the country has faced. In the poems "Striking a horse without a man", "Great dream", "The summer is full of blue meadow", "A noble man born from the father" the poet looked at the future with hope and great faith. son", "Citizen's son", "We need black pomegranate for this work", "The bottom of the oak is yellow honey", "False world", "If a man is like a man", etc. In his works, the spirit of the national liberation movement, the fate and dreams of the country are deeply and truly depicted. "If the people move, the khan will not stay on the throne," he says in his fiery poems. Isatai Batyr is the main hero of the poet's poems. "I have a brother named Isatai", "Word of Isatai", "Argymak was shot", "Tarlanym", "War", etc. In his poems, Isatai Batyr's artistic personality, morals, bravery, and resourcefulness were comprehensively described. His 106 poems dedicated to "Zhangir" and "Baymagambet Sultan" were written against the king's local ruling representatives - khan-sultans, revealing their face. Based on the traditional model, the poet enriched and improved his poems in terms of type and content. Mahambet's lyrical poems were mostly written in the style of tolgau, zhyr, and terme. In his poems dedicated to Isaiah, mourning prevails. Makhambet's work contributed to the formation of genres of Kazakh poetry (satire, elegy, monologue, dedication, etc.), individualization of style, increase of poetic language tools, establishment of philosophical depth. Philosophical thoughts based on folk proverbs, heroic poems full of energy, lofty poems with a warrior spirit raised the poet's creativity to a higher level. Mahambet's poems reflected the reality of the era and were not only a mirror of the uprising, but also showed a unique example of high spirit and faith in the future ("Mungayma", "The checkered flag fluttering in the wind", "The summer is full of blue meadows", "A son is born", "Tolarsaktan"). clay). Russian, Arabic, and Persian words are often found in the poet's poems, and they are written in Chagatai language. Makhambet skillfully developed the tradition of Zhyrau poetry and renewed the nature of Kazakh poetry. Mahambet was also a master composer, 11 of his tunes were published under the name "Shakhakt nyza, shalkar tune" (1982). Sh. Zharylgapuly, the poet Kuan, Kobylandi, Kubala, Lukpan, Murat, Ygilmandar influenced the spread of the poet's poems among the people. For the first time, in the collection "What the poet Murat told to Tumar Haji oglu" (October, 1908), two more than 100 lines of Mahambet's poems were published. Excerpts from the story of Makhambet were given in the collection "The main works of Shayir yaki Kazakh poets" (Orynbor, 1911) compiled by G. Mushtak. In 1939, K. Zhumaliev published a collection of Makhambet's poems. The 200th anniversary of the poet was celebrated (2003), a 4-volume collection was published. The poet believes in the great power of the masses. If the nation unites and opposes unjust khans, there is no doubt that the khan will be overthrown. Mahambet relates the suffering of the people from the khan in a poem. 1 March 2007.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5085

Baizhanuly, Zhayau Musa

Zhayau Musa Baizhanuly (July 30, 1835, Semey region, Bayanaul district, shore of Zhasybai lake, Akshok valley - 1929) is a famous Kazakh singer-musician, poet. The origin of the family name is the Idabol section of the Suyindik clan in Orta Yuz, Argyn. ## Biography At first he studied at the village mullah and became literate. After getting to know the right and the left, he came to the cities of Kyzylzhar and Ombi to pursue art and education. He studies at the Russian school in Omsk, communicates with the artists of the city, learns to play the dombra, trumpet, and violin instruments, practices adding his emotions to songs, participates in musical and literary evenings. He begins to show his art in public. During the years he spent in the city, Zayau Musa got to know the political and social life of that time, studied the plight of the peasantry of his native country, and returned to the country when his mind was full. He is not just an observer of social injustices and external tyranny in the country, he shows his position in the appropriate place with his art and actions. Songs exposing social inequality, such as "Ak sisa", began to spread throughout the country. In the end, Zayau Musa was accused of being "a person dissatisfied with the policy of the king" and was exiled to Tobyl. In Tobyl prison, he wrote a letter to the governor-general and was asked to join the army. Moses' request is accepted. Thus, his complicated life in the army begins. It will be held in Tobyl, Orinbor, Kazan, Novgorod, Moscow, Vladimir, St. Petersburg, Poland and Lithuania. Later, as part of the army of Colonel M. Chernyaev, who was used against the policy of the Kokan Khanate, he participated in the campaign of Alatau, Auli-ata, and Shymkent. Yayau Musa, who witnessed the violent actions of the Russian army during this campaign, was very angry and sang songs. ## His works While traveling far away, he sings the song "Suyindik" as he misses his native land. The songs "Tolgau", "Arap Uryga", "Boztorgai", "Khaulau" will be filled with hardships experienced in life. Jayau Musa, who returned to his country after experiencing a lot of hardships in life, continues to write songs about social and political inequality. He reconciles with Sapar, the granddaughter of a rich man named Kulbay, who belongs to Akmola province, and is engaged in politics. Zhayau Musa is a very talented composer who enriched the Kazakh song art in terms of content and form, introduced creative innovations and raised the music to new heights. In his works, he lamented the sadness of the Kazakhs, mourned their loss, and was able to engrave the dreams of his time with songs. His social views and civic positions were intertwined with the advanced democratic and enlightened ideas of that time. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3639

1

This article is about the year. See also: Number 1. 1 year begins on the first day of the week according to the Gregorian calendar, that is, Monday. Not a leap year. This is the 1st year of our era, the 1st year of the 1st millennium, the 1st year of the 1st century, the 1st year of the 1st decade of the 1st century, the 1st year of 0 years. ## Events * Tiberius suppressed the revolts in Germany by order of Emperor Augustus. * Confucius was given his first royal title. ## Births See also: Category: Births in year 1 ## Deaths See also: Category: Deaths in year 1 who have been ## See more ## Comments

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1660

Zhambyl region

Zhambyl region is a region located in the south of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is bordered by Almaty to the east, Turkestan to the west, Ulytau and Karaganda regions to the north, and Talas and Shu regions of Kyrgyzstan to the south. The region is named in honor of the Kazakh and Soviet poet Zhambyl Zhabayuly. The territory of Zhambyl region stretches from Betpakdala to Tanir Mountain, from Shu to Karatau. Land area — 144.2 thousand km². The center of the region and the largest city is Taraz. There are 10 districts, 4 cities, 367 villages in 150 rural districts in the region. ## Geography Geographically, the territory of the region is mostly flat. The climate is rather dry and continental. ## Nature A significant area of the region is occupied by Betpakdala and Moyinkum, only the southwestern, southern and southeastern edges are limited by mountains (Karatau, Kyrgyz and Shu-Ile Alatau mountains). . This feature of the relief adds variety to the climate of the region. The flora and fauna of natural landscapes are vast and diverse. There are more than 3 thousand types of plants in the region. The total area of the hunting region is 13.9 thousand ha, where more than 40 species of animals live. The fishery stock, which covers an area of 27.8 thousand hectares, consists of 74 water bodies, of which 73 water bodies are suitable for fishing. Among the large dams there are Tasotkel and Teris-Ashchybulak. In the fishing profession, catching of bream, whitefish, carp, carp, blue sturgeon, carp, kraal, and torta fish is widespread. There are 3 state natural (complex) reserves on the territory of the region: * State (complex) reserve "Berikkara Gorge" occupies an area of 17.5 thousand ha, where a valuable tree bush included in the Red Book and more than 50 types of grass plants, and among animals, you can find arkar, Indian jay, paradise flycatcher; * The state natural (complex) community "Karakonzy gorge" (botanical) with a total area of 3.07 thousand ha is located in the western spur of Zayly Alatau. The fruitful saplings of apple, cherry, cherry, and grape trees are replaced by the fields of maple forest, blackberry, mulberry tree, camel nut; * Andasai state (complex) reserve (zoological) with a total area of 1000 thousand ha is located west of the village of Moyinkum along the banks of the Shu River. The plant layer is dominated by sedge grass, fescue, black sedge, willow bush. In the animal world, arkars, wildebeests, gazelles, roe deer, wild boars, rabbits, pheasants, and hares dominate. ## History The administrative center of the region is the city of Taraz, located in the south of Kazakhstan. The city of Taraz was one of the ancient cities of the republic. It can be seen from the Chinese records of the middle of the 1st century. As a result of the military conquest of Imperial Russia in 1863-64, the lands of the Great Hundred, which were previously under the control of the Kokan Khanate, became part of the empire. Syrdarya and Zhetysu uyezds were created in these regions and they were subordinated to the Turkestan Governor General. According to the "Temporary Regulation" on the management of new lands adopted by the government on June 11, 1867, Aulieata uyezd was created, which covered the Syrdarya region. Its territory covered the land to the west of Tulkibas station, the east to the west bank of the Shu river, the south to the Susamyr basin (now Talas region of the Kyrgyz Republic), and the north to the lower reaches of the Shu. The center was the city of Aulieta. After the Kazakh revolution in 1917, the district was part of the autonomous Turkestan Soviet Socialist Republic, established on April 30, 1918. In 1924, due to national-territorial delimitation in Central Asia, the uyezd was included in Syrdarya region, and later Almaty district. In 1927, according to administrative-territorial zoning, 6 districts were created on the basis of the uyezd: Zhambyl, Lugovoi, Merki, Sarysu, Talas, Sverdlov. They were part of the South Kazakhstan region. Zhambyl region was created on October 14, 1939 in order to solve the problems of rapid development of the country's productive forces and its social and cultural development. In addition to the mentioned 6 districts, it included Kordai, Krasnogor, Shu from Almaty region, and in 1951, Zhualy district from South Kazakhstan. ## Architectural monuments There are several architectural monuments in Zhambyl region. All are located on the Almaty-Samara road or in the vicinity of Taraz. * Aisha Bibi mausoleum. It is located in the center of the village of Aisha Bibi, 12 km from the city of Taraz. Aisha Bibi mausoleum - XI-XII centuries. one of the medieval architectural monuments. Among the architectural monuments of the Karakhanids, this monument is considered a miracle in the architectural and construction culture of the territory of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. Made with an epigraphic belt with 60 different ornaments. The monument attracts tourists not only with its unique architecture, but also with the legend of the endless love between the beautiful Aisha-bibi and the hero Karakhan. Aisha is the daughter of Zengi baba, a famous oriental psychic. According to legend, Aisha died from a snake bite on her way to Karakhan, her lover. * Babaja Khatun mausoleum. It is located near the tomb of Aisha Bibi. This mausoleum also dates back to the XI-XII centuries. is considered an architectural monument. The mausoleum is appreciated for its simplicity. The last update was in 2002. According to an epigraphic inscription, the woman buried there could read the name of the person. According to the legend, he was the guardian of the woman Aisha. He was with Aisha during the trip. After Aisha's death, he was holding a torch that was burning on her grave. These two mausoleums are considered as architectural monuments and holy places for Muslims to perform the pilgrimage. Karakhan, Dautbek and Tekturmas mausoleums are located in the center of Taraz city. Not far from these mausoleums, the Hal-Yunus eastern bath was located. * XI century. Karakhan (Aulie-Ata) is included in the cultural-memorial complex in the region of the city of Taraz, which appeared in the Middle Ages. The first construction was in the era of the Karakhanids in the 11th century. begins. In the construction, the principles of the first planning and architecture have been preserved. A typical image of medieval cultural architecture is a monumental portal-domed castle. The history of the buried person settled here in the 10th-12th centuries. It is related to the Karakhanid Khanate. belongs to the sacred in the Muslim world. Therefore, it is equal to the second name "Aulie Ata". Many believers visit the complex. * Dautbek mausoleum (Shamansur) together with Karakhan mausoleum is part of the memorial-cult complex. In the traditional portal-domed form of the 13th century. built over the grave of a major political leader. In the center of the mausoleum is a stone monument with an inscription in Arabic. The inscription gives the name of the person buried and the time of death. The territory of both mausoleums is fully equipped. * XIX century. Kali-Yunus oriental bath of the 19th century. A bathhouse built by a resident of Auli Ata. The principles of architectural composition and heating systems of eastern baths of the Middle Ages were used in the construction. This arouses the interest of many tourists. XX century The bath was in operation until the fifties. Currently, it has been restored and turned into an architectural monument. The bath has become a tourist attraction. * VIII-IX centuries. Akhirtas palace complex is one of the interesting and secret places of Zhambyl region and the territory of Kazakhstan. The history of Akyrtas has been studied for 130 years and is still being studied. Currently, archaeological excavations are being conducted in the territory of the complex, led by the Institute of Archeology Ethnography of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. It is planned to create a museum complex within the framework of the larger "Cultural Heritage" republican program. According to the latest information obtained as a result of archaeological research, Akyrtas is equated with Kasribas, a medieval city on the Great Silk Road. According to most scientists, Akyrtas was born in 1714-1715. It was built by order of the Arab commander Kuteibi. The depth of the foundation of the palace complex is 4 m. * Tekturmas architectural complex of X-XIV centuries. This is one of the ancient religious places. VII-XI centuries. Before the arrival of Islam, the complex was built. The mausoleum was built in the Islamic period, in 1935. deleted. Currently, a new mausoleum of medieval type has been restored in its place. Next to the mausoleum is the tomb of the Kazakh hero Mambet. The territory of the complex is fully equipped. From the top of the mountain where the mausoleum is placed, you can see a beautiful view of the city of Taraz below. The Talas river flowing nearby, which is the name of the ancient city, enhances the effect. There is a stone bridge over which caravans passing through the city of Taraz in the 10th-13th centuries were located here. ## Demography Population of Zhambyl region As of January 1, 2011, the population is 1043.6 thousand people. The population consists of more than 90 nationalities, 71.4% of which are Kazakhs. ## Administrative division The region has 10 districts, the city of Taraz of regional significance and three cities of district significance such as Karatau, Zhanatas, Shu, and 367 settlements. ## Economy Gross domestic product of the region: * 23.8% — industry * 20.2% — agriculture * 16.6% — transport and communications * 6.5% — construction products * 9.2% — trade * 23.7% — other industries ## Governors * Umirbek Baigeldy (1990—1995) * Amalbek Kozybakuly Tshanov (1995—1998) * Sarybai Sultanuly Kalmyrzaev (1998—1999) * Serik Abikenovich Umbetov (February 14, 1999 May 2004) * Buribay Bikozhauly Zheksembin (May 14, 2004 — November 30, 2009) * Kanat Aldabergenuly Bozimbaev (November 30, 2009 — December 20, 2013) * Karim Nasbekuly Kokyrekbaev (December 30, 2013 — January 18, 2018) ) * Askar Isabekuly Myrzakhmetov (January 18, 2018 — February 10, 2020) * Berdibek Mashbekuly Saparbaev (February 10, 2020 — April 7, 2022) * Nurlan Moldiyaruly Nurzhigit (April 7, 2022 — September 4, 2023) \ <> Yerbol Shirakpayuly Karashokeev (since September 5, 2023) ## Famous people from Zhambyl region * Tole bi (1663 - 1756) is the main dance of the Kazakh people. * Zhambyl Zhabayuly (28.02.1846 - 22.06.1945) is a famous figure of Kazakh folk poetry, a poet, a poet, a poet. * The wrestler Sholak (1864 - 1919) is a Kazakh folk composer, an outstanding wrestler. * Kenen Azirbayev (08.05.1884 - 12.04.1976) is a famous Kazakh folk poet, composer. Honored artist of Kazakhstan. * Bauyrzhan Momyshuly (24.12.1910 - 10.06.1982) is a Kazakh hero, a famous soldier of the Second World War, military commander, strategist and tactician, hero of the Soviet Union, writer. * Kairat Ryskulbekov (13.03.1966 - 21.05.1988) - Participant of the December event, Hero of the People. * Asanbai Askarov (15.09.1922 - 10.08.2001) - statesman, Socialist Labor (1982), war veteran, poet. * Shona Smakhanuly (05.10.1924 - 1988) - poet, sikak artist. * Sherkhan Murtaza (28.09.1932 - 08.10.2018) - folk writer of Kazakhstan, public figure. * Asanali Ashimuly (08.05.1937) - film and theater actor, People's Artist of the USSR (1980). * Berik Shakhanuly (1943-2020) - writer, prose writer, laureate of the international literary prize "Alash"; "Honored figure of Kazakhstan". Honorary citizen of Sarysu district, laureate of the International "Mahmud Kashkari" award. * Amangeldi Nakypovich Sembin (9.5.1945 - 2005) singer, teacher, Honored Artist of Kazakhstan (1976). Graduated from the vocal department of the Moscow Conservatory. He was the first Kazakh to sing at "La Scala" in Milan, Italy. * Dulat Kapparuly Aliyev (5.01.1948) artist and teacher. 1986 winner of the "Kazakhstan State Prize". His works are in the collection of "Tretyakov Gallery" of Russia. * Sarybay Kalmyrzaev (10.06.1949 - 27.07.2012) - statesman * Altynbek Korazbaev (01.02.1948) - composer, People's Artist of Kazakhstan (1993). * Tungysbai Zhamankulov (02.10.1948) - film and theater actor, People's Artist of Kazakhstan (1992) * Zhaksylyk Ushkempirov (06.05.1951 - 2.08.2020) - the first Olympic champion from the Kazakh people (Moscow, 1980) , master of sports in classical wrestling. * Serik Kykonbayev (October 25, 1959) - silver medalist of the Olympics in boxing (Moscow, 1980). * Meirambek Besbaev (08.11.1976) is a singer, a member of the "MuzART" group. * Bakhtiyar Artaev (14.03.1983) is the Olympic boxing champion (Athens, 2004). * Ermakhan Ibraimov (01.01.1972) - Olympic champion in boxing (Sydney, 2000). * Islam Bayramukov (12.06.1971) - silver medalist of the Olympics in freestyle wrestling (Sydney, 2000). * Bolat Zhumadilov (22.04.1973) is a two-time Olympic silver medalist in boxing (Atlanta, 1996, Sydney, 2000). Bolat Niyazymbetov (19.09.1972) - Olympic bronze medalist in boxing (Atlanta, 1996). * Akjurek Tanatarov (September 3, 1986) is a bronze medalist of the Olympics in freestyle wrestling (London, 2012). * Seydilda Baishakov (28.08.1950) is a defender of the USSR national team and the teams "Kairat", "Energetik" (Taraz). * Oleg Maskaev (02.03.1969) is the WBC world champion of professional boxing (2006-2008). * Alexey Ni (24.07.1961) is the head coach of the Kazakhstan weightlifting team. * Marat Mazimbaev (03.01.1974) is the first Kazakh professional boxing world champion (IBA, 2005-2007). * Oleg Litvinenko (22.11.1973 - 18.11.2007) is a forward of the Kazakhstan team, the top scorer of the Kazakhstan championships (148 goals). ## External links * Zhambyl region Archived March 9, 2017. Open List Project (ODP) * Official website of Zhambyl Oblast Governor ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1033

Ресей

Russia (Russian: Россия́; officially - Russian Federation Russian. Россий́йская Федера́ция, abbreviated - RF Russian. РФ) is a country located on the continents of Asia and Europe. It is the largest country in the world in terms of land area, a permanent member of the UN Security Council. Russia's economy is growing at an average rate of 7% per year, one of the highest growth rates in the world. ## Economic and geographical situation in the south and southeast with China, in the southeast with North Korea, Mongolia, Kazakhstan, Azerbaijan, Georgia, in the southwest - with Ukraine, in the west - It borders Finland, Belarus, Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania (Kaliningrad region), Poland (Kaliningrad region), Norway, Japan (Khabomai Island) in the northeast, and USA (Bering Strait) in the northwest. Russia's weather is different depending on its large area: most of it is continental or temperate continental, winter is long and not hot, so Russia can be divided into 3 large regions: * European Russia, Urals occupies the territory to the west of Mt. * Siberia, stretching from the Urals to the coast of the Pacific Ocean. * Far Eastern Russia. The Russian Federation is a very large country located in the north-east of Eurasia, its territory covers 1/8 of the entire continent, and it ranks first in the world in terms of land area. The territory of Russia stretches 9 thousand km from west to east (excluding the Kaliningrad region), and 4 thousand km from north to south. The territory of the country includes 11 time zones. 1/4 of Russia's territory is located in Europe, 3/4 in Asia. Its shores are washed by the waters of three oceans. The total length of the border of the Russian Federation is 58.3 thousand km, including the sea border is 38 thousand km. Russia's location on the world's largest continent is a favorable aspect of its economic and geographical situation. Because more than 40% of the world's states and the vast majority of the population are located in Eurasia. In general, Russia has sea borders with 12 countries, and is connected with 14 countries by land. The Kaliningrad region, which is part of Russia, is an enclave because it does not have a common border with the main part of the country. The presence of a large number of neighboring states, most of them located in the more developed western part, has a favorable influence on the country's foreign relations. However, Russia still does not fully use the advantages of its neighborhood. The geographical location of Russia is unfavorable in relation to world economic centers. Because it does not directly border with the developed countries of Western Europe, the USA and Japan by land, it is located far from the most important sea trade routes. However, the fact that the territory of the country connects Europe with the countries of East and South-East Asia by railway, development of the Northern Sea Route will positively contribute to the improvement of relations with the countries of North Europe and South-East Asia. The unique position of the Far East is determined by the fact that it lies at the junction of the three largest countries in the world (Russia, China, Japan). The Pacific coast of Russia allows to establish sea connections with all the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. ## The history of the formation of the state Russia is one of the ancient states with a centuries-old history. The Russian state was formed in a territory without clearly distinguishable natural boundaries. That is why the Russian land has been attacked by foreign enemies many times. The unification of the fragmented Russian lands around Moscow took place in the 14th and 15th centuries. By the 80s of the 15th century, the Russian lands, freed from Tatar-Mongol oppression, built a single state. Thus, the foundation of the future strong Russian state was laid. In the following centuries, the Russian state pursued a policy of annexing neighboring territories. In the 16th century, Russia, which conquered the territories in the north-west, east and south-east by force, began the period of annexation of the peoples of Western Siberia. In the following century, Ukraine and Belarus were forced to wage a protracted war with neighboring countries, including the powerful Ottoman Empire, for the purpose of seizing the land. As a result, Kyiv was conquered and Russia got a chance to reach the Sea of Azov. ## XVIII century Socio-economic situation of Russia. In the first quarter of the 18th century, there was the development of handicraft and manufacturing production, as well as agriculture, which is characteristic of Russia. The country is far behind the Western countries. In Russia, the vestiges of feudal relations were still preserved, the elements of capitalist production had just begun to enter, and in the West at that time capitalism was spreading its wings and flourishing. The development of sheep breeding in the southern regions of Russia and Ukraine made a great contribution to agriculture. In addition, there was a high demand for raw materials of flax and sora for the state industry. In 1715, according to the government decree, the cultivation of flax and sorghum was increased in all provinces. Horse breeding and tobacco planting were also started. By the tsar's decree on private inheritance in 1714, all land was transferred to the ownership of the nobles, and together with the land, the peasants became the private property of the landlord. The feudal lords chose the most brutal form of exploitation of the peasants in order to make more profit. The noble economy was carried out in two ways: in the areas where the land was not suitable for cultivation, the feudal lords collected money from the peasants, and in the fertile areas in the south, the amount of cultivated land was expanded and the amount of land was increased. About mobilizing peasants to work , many decrees on regular and non-regular recruitment were published. After the decree on personal inheritance, the process of grouping of nobles was completed. The feudal class was united and strengthened from a single ruler to a noble class. This confirmed his ruling role in the state. However, now the nobles were obliged to remain in the state service for life. It was also possible for a nobleman to become a soldier in the army and work as a sailor on a ship. They were used to build fortresses and canals for distant and difficult expeditions such as Siberia, Kamchatka, and Central Asia. Some of the nobles, especially the aristocracy, were dissatisfied with this service. Due to this situation, a part of the nobility came out in opposition to the reforms of Peter I. As a result of the war with the Swedes in the 18th century, the geographical borders of Russia expanded further and reached the Baltic Sea. Most importantly, Russia had the opportunity to establish direct contact with the countries of Western Europe. During the reign of Peter I, the "opening of the window to Europe" and the implementation of radical reforms were a sign of the direction of Russian geopolitics turning from the East to the West. Since then, not only the external, but also the internal situation of the country has changed. Since 1721, the Russian state began to be called an empire. In 1722, in order to strengthen the country's southern borders, Peter I started a campaign to the Caucasus and Iran. As a result, the western and southern shores of the Caspian Sea were included in Russia. At the beginning of the 19th century, it further expanded its territory by including the eastern coast of the Baltic Sea, Poland and Bessarabia, and the outer Caucasus. But after the Crimean War of 1853-1856, the geopolitical situation of Russia deteriorated sharply. During this period, Russia lost southern Bessarabia and was forced to sell Alaska to the United States. Now Russia's attention has turned to Central Asia. As a result of the invasion policy of the Russian Empire, Central Asia and Kazakhstan became almost completely dependent territories. The new history of Russia in the 20th century began with the October Revolution in 1917. The Soviet Union, which emerged on the site of the fallen empire, along with the restoration of the historically formed geopolitical space, expanded it at the expense of neighboring territories. The super-powerful giant state of the new model has taken its own place in the world economy and politics. In addition to preserving its territorial integrity, this state, which ensured the change of the political system in neighboring states, became a determining factor in the balance of political forces not only in Eurasia, but in the world at the expense of its allies. As the main successor of the Soviet Union, which collapsed in 1991 under the influence of internal conflicts and external circumstances, the Russian Federation experienced a new geopolitical crisis. In addition to the economic and relations weakening in the disunited space, a geopolitical situation that is not very favorable for the Russian state has been formed. ## Geopolitical situation Russia's intermediate position in the middle of Europe and Asia causes it to act as a bridge connecting the two parts of the world. In addition to determining the characteristics of the socio-economic development of the country, it also contributes to its political situation. The collapse of the Soviet Union and the socialist system, the prolonged economic crisis changed the geopolitical situation of the country. Prolonged economic competition with NATO countries, including the USA, and the end of the "Cold War" policy was a turning point in Russia's foreign policy. Now, instead of pursuing a policy focused on a certain group of countries, Russia has moved to establish mutually beneficial relations with all states that meet its economic and political interests. From the geopolitical point of view, Russia has become a truly open country. However, the expansion of the borders of NATO countries at the expense of the Eastern European countries and their approach to the territory of the country is not considered as a very favorable phenomenon from the point of view of Russian interests. The geopolitical situation in the modern world, enmity between nations and religions, measures to combat international terrorism have caused political instability in many areas of Eurasia. In this case, the role of Russia as a major country influencing the political situation in the region and the world is growing. The tension of the political situation in the regions close to the border contributes to the strengthening of the state borders of Russia. The borders of the Russian Federation with the former allied republics have not been fully established by means of special agreements. Borders with Kazakhstan were fully established on the basis of interstate agreements of 2005. Russia is geopolitically interested in establishing comprehensive relations with the CIS countries, the European Union, and the countries of the Asia-Pacific region. Especially the USA, China, Southeast Asia and India, which are the new centers of world economy and politics, will strengthen the geopolitical situation of the country. ## Administrative-territorial structure federal units with equal rights to the Russian Federation: Each federal unit has legislative, judicial and other bodies. In addition, unified bodies of state power operate on the territory of the Russian Federation, a common Constitution, a unique citizenship, a common currency, etc. appointed. ## Natural conditions The natural conditions of Russia are different. First of all, it is connected with the very large area it occupies. Most of the land of Russia is occupied by plains (about 70%) and mountainous plateaus up to 1000 m high. The largest of them in terms of area are the East European (Russian) Plain, the West Siberian Plain and the Middle Siberian Highlands. The south and east of them are surrounded by a mountain system. The structure of the terrain is suitable for conducting economic activities. Large plains facilitate the development of agriculture, the navigability of rivers, and the construction of roads and bridges. However, there are enough disadvantages of the terrain structure. If the absence of mountain ranges in the latitude direction to the north allows arctic air masses to move freely to the mountain belts in the south, on the contrary, the mountain ranges in the Far East prevent the deep penetration of moist air masses coming over the Pacific Ocean. In addition, the location of the flat part of the Russian land, mainly in high and middle latitudes, also creates its own peculiarities in the natural conditions. Despite the fact that it extends from the Arctic climate in the north to the subtropical climate zone on the Black Sea coast in the south, the continental climate of the temperate zone with clearly distinct seasons prevails on the territory of Russia. The fact that it is very wide from west to east (about 9 thousand km) increases the continentality of the climate. Therefore, in the western part of Russia, that is, in the European part, the climate is temperate continental, and in the Asian part it changes to an urgent continental character. The Asian part is characterized by a large seasonal and daily temperature difference, a decrease in precipitation, and harsh climatic conditions (especially in winter). Therefore, there is a large share of perennially frozen areas on the territory of Russia, their total area is about 9 million km2. The thickness of perennial ice varies from 1 meter to hundreds of meters from the south to the north, depending on the severity of the climate. Such a natural situation inhibits the development of these areas. The relationship between geographical location, topography and climatic conditions forms the following natural zones in Russia: tundra, forest tundra, forests (taiga, mixed and broad-leaved forests), forest steppe, steppe, desert and desert zones. High altitude zones are characteristic of mountainous regions. Such a natural state has its own influence on the specialization of agriculture, the location and density of the population, the formation of industrial and construction complexes. ## Natural resources The land of Russia is rich in all kinds of natural resources, especially the composition of mineral resources is very diverse. More than 20,000 very important deposits have been explored in the country, more than 40% of which are being developed for production. Russia occupies the 1st place in the world in terms of land resources, timber, tidal energy of the seas, water-energy resources of rivers, and 3rd place in terms of the share of cultivated land. ### Mineral resources More than 70% of the country's mineral resources are fuel and energy resources (gas, coal, oil), 15% are non-mineral resources, 13% 1% are metals, 1% are diamonds and precious metals (gold, silver, platinum). Mineral and raw material production is the leading sector of the Russian economy, accounting for more than 33% of the country's gross domestic product. ### Land resources In terms of the total stock of land resources, Russia is the most advanced country in the world. The total land stock of the country is 1709.8 million ha. The share of land per capita is 11.5 ha, which is much higher than the world rate (3 ha). However, only 1/3 of the land stock is suitable for use, where 95% of the Russian population lives and 93% of the structures of all economic sectors are concentrated. Land suitable for agriculture is also included in this share. Russia owns 1/3 of the world's most fertile black soil. However, in recent years, the quality of land resources has deteriorated, and land erosion is rampant. In general, 80% of agricultural lands and more than 60% of degraded lands require planned protection and rehabilitation. At the same time, more than 7% of the land is subject to various levels of desertification. ### Agroclimatic resources Agroclimatic resources allow development of almost all branches of agriculture in Russia. Most of them are located in the temperate zone, which is suitable for agricultural development, with soil fertility, high humidity and intense temperatures (more than 10°C). Such areas include the forest steppe and steppe zones that occupy the central part of Russia, Western Siberia and the south of the Far East. In such agro-climatic conditions, it is possible to grow wheat, buckwheat, barley, beans, flax, buckwheat, potatoes, some types of vegetables, and other crops. In the warmest part of Russia, the Black Sea coast and the North Caucasus, vegetables and fruits that require more heat, and even some subtropical crops are grown. ### Forest resources Russia is also rich in forest resources. 22% of the world's forests belong to Russia. Forest coverage per capita is 5.3 ha, Russia is the leader in this indicator. The most common are coniferous trees, which make up 90% of the entire forest stock. Most of the forest area consists of larch, as well as pine, spruce and fir trees. Most of the forests are concentrated in the east of the country, that is, in Eastern Siberia and the Far East, followed by Western Siberia and the Urals. Forests are often reduced by fires. Forest fires are especially common in the Asian part of Russia due to the continental climate. ### Water resources Russia is also very rich in water resources. There are more than 2.5 million rivers and about 2 million lakes in Russia. In Russia, per capita river flow per year is equal to 30,000 m3, but this indicator is not the same in all its parts. The supply of river flow in the central black soil area is 100 times lower than in Eastern Siberia and the Far East. The longest river of Russia is the Lena (4,400 km), the most abundant river is the Yenisei. In addition, more than 40 large dams have been built in Russia for the purpose of water supply. The largest is the Bratsk Dam (the second largest in the world). A large amount of fresh water is concentrated in Baikal. Russia is also rich in underground water reserves, the main used resource is characteristic of artesian basins in the European part. In water use, 59% is used for production, 20% for domestic and drinking water, 13% for irrigation, 2% for agriculture, and the remaining 6% for other needs. More than 500 Russian rivers are navigable. Their total navigable length exceeds 300 thousand km. The energy potential of Russian rivers is also high, 12% of the world's water and energy reserves are concentrated there. Its share in the European part is 20%, and in the Asian part it is more than 80%. ### Biological resources Russia's forests, rivers and lakes, and sea coasts are rich in biological resources. Especially the Barents, Okhot, Bering Seas and the basin of the Ob and Yenisei rivers are of great importance in commercial fishing. The abundance of animals with valuable skins in the forests allows for the development of game farming. ### Recreational resources Russia's diverse natural environment was the basis for the formation of a complex set of recreational resources. Among the natural and recreational resources, suitable bays and coasts (sea, river, lake), mountains and forests, mineral waters, natural monuments, natural parks are very common. Such areas include Baikal, Telets, Seliger, around Meshchera lakes, Ussuri and Far Eastern taiga, Krasnoyar Columns, Geyser Valley in Kamchatka, Altai-Sayan and Ural Mountains, North Caucasus and Black Sea coast, as well as many parts of large river systems. The set of historical and cultural recreational resources is also sufficient. Such places are more concentrated, especially in the European part of Russia. They have a very high cognitive value in providing quality education and conscious education to the future generation and in introducing the history of Russia to tourists. Russia has the following common characteristics of natural resources: * resources stock is very abundant and diverse; * resources have not yet been fully explored to their extent; * unevenly distributed over the territory of the country, and most of them are concentrated in poorly developed areas with unfavorable natural conditions; * resource stock in well-developed areas is close to exhaustion. ## Population The population of the Russian Federation in 2008 was 142 million people. According to this indicator, Russia ranks 9th in the world after China, India, USA, Indonesia, Brazil and Pakistan, Bangladesh, Nigeria. According to Russian scientists, the country's population will continue to decrease in the next decade. Now let's get acquainted with the demographic indicators of the country. ### Demographic indicators On the territory of Russia, since the 90s of the 20th century, the current type of continuous population growth has been established. Currently, the birth rate is 12.1°/00, the death rate is 14.6°/00 - Since 1992, natural growth has had a negative index (-2.5°/00) due to the decrease in birth and increase in death. Demographic indicators have been improving in recent years. Positive indicators of natural growth are observed in the republics of Ingushetia, Tuva, Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug. In general, life expectancy in the country has also decreased: in 1990, this indicator was equal to 69 years, but now it is 66.6 years. Demographic indicators are also affected by the age and sex structure of the population, and the nature of migration. Currently, 17% of the Russian population are children under the age of 14, and 19% are older people over the age of 60. More than 53% of the country's population are women. The birth rate is high and the death rate is low in the regions with a large share of young people who have moved from other regions in recent decades (Khanty-Mansi, Yamal-Nenets, Taimyr Autonomous Districts, Sakha Republic). Strongly urbanized areas have low birth rates, and some cities with a population structure of older people have high death rates. ### Labor resources Russia's labor resources include 87 million people. Most of them (71 million people) are economically active people. In general, the unemployment rate in Russia is estimated to be 9.2%. But the unemployment rate makes big differences by territory. In Ingushetia, Dagestan, Kalmyk Republic, its indicator reached 50% in some years. And in the Republic of Sakha, which is characterized by economic growth, as well as in large cities, the unemployment rate does not exceed 4-5%. Most of the employed in the country work in the non-manufacturing sector (57%), the rest work in industry and agriculture. ### National composition of the population Russia is a multinational country, where representatives of 160 nationalities and nations live. About 100 nationalities and nations of Russia; belongs to the indigenous people. The majority of them are Russians, they make up 80% of the population of Russia. The most dominant region of the Russian population is the Central black soil region, where their share exceeds 95%. More than 30 national autonomies have been established on the territory of Russia, but most of them are dominated by Russians than indigenous people. In terms of linguistic composition, the people of Russia mainly belong to 4 language families: Indo-European (89% of the population), Altai (7%), Caucasian (2%) and Uralic (2%). In the cultural space of Russia, special attention is paid to the preservation of not only the Russian language and culture, but also the languages and traditions of other peoples, including small Ulis. The Turkic-speaking Yakuts are the indigenous inhabitants of the Sakha Republic, which occupies a huge territory. While other peoples of the North are mainly engaged in deer breeding, they have not yet given up on horse breeding, which is considered a Yakut tradition. The north of the country and the Far East are inhabited by minorities and nobles. ### Location The population is different in different parts of the country. In general, the average population density on the territory of Russia is 8.5 people per 1 km², which is 4 times lower than the world average. 79% of the population lives in the European part, which occupies only 1/4 of the territory of Russia. There are 30 people per 1 km² area. And the share of the Asian part, which includes the majority of the country (3/4), belongs to only 21% of the entire population. The population density here is only 2.5 people per 1 km². Population density in Russia Population density in Russia Population density in Russia Population density also varies by economic district. The population is densely populated in the Central District and the Kaliningrad Region, while the Far East and Eastern Siberia, the Northern District are sparsely populated. Population density directly depends on favorable natural conditions. In densely populated areas of Russia, the natural conditions are favorable. For example, in North Ossetia, the density is 80 people per 1 km², while in Taimyr, which has unfavorable nature, this indicator is equal to 1 person. The high population density in large cities and their suburbs can be explained by the socio-economic situation. For example, the population density in Moscow city and region reaches 320 people per 1 km². 93% of the population of Russia lives in the strip, which covers the territory of the European part except for the north and the areas along the Trans-Siberian railway in the Asian part. Almost all the largest cities and millionaire cities of the country are located here. To the north and east, the population density decreases. Only 6% of the entire population lives in the Northern District, which covers 2/3 of the country's territory. These areas have a high proportion of urban population, and the location of cities is closely related to the production of mineral resources. The south of Siberia (Altai, Tuva republics) is also sparsely populated, where only 1% of the country's population lives, but the share of the rural population is high. One of the factors hindering the socio-economic development of the country is the heterogeneous location of the population and the sparse settlement of the population in the territory. In Russia, two types of settlements (urban and rural) prevail. In general, there are about 150 thousand rural settlements in Russia. Their number, as a rule, is more in areas where agriculture is developed. There are also rural settlements associated with transportation and recreation (healthcare and recreation facilities), as well as forestry. Currently, only 55% of people living in rural areas work in agriculture. Currently, 73% of the population of Russia lives in cities. The proportion of urban population is high, especially in the North-West (87%) and Central (80%) districts. The level of urbanization in Altai, Tuva, Kalmak republics, national autonomous districts in the north is less than 50%. And in the North Caucasus and Krasnodar region, where agriculture is developed, the share of urban population is 54%. ## Culture Russian culture is an integral part of the world culture, which has left an invaluable cultural heritage to the human race. Russian culture is a unique culture with its own characteristics, and its contribution to the world cultural treasury cannot be overestimated. Features of formation of Russian culture were mainly closely related to the following factors. They are: * development of a huge territory inhabited by many ethnic groups and peoples; a special branch of the Christian religion — establishing Orthodoxy based on spirituality and traditional traditions; * to prevent further "obscurity" born due to isolated development from long-lasting Western-European civilizational processes, even if temporary; * subordinate the interests of individuals to the interests of the state. Let's consider in more detail the stages of the formation of Russian culture in order to prove these points. As a matter of fact, it seems that the general view of Russian culture, which has a centuries-old history, is becoming clearer than before. Although it appeared on the national soil and was distinguished by its own image, the Russian culture, which flows into the general channel of cultural development, including the ancient Russian culture nourished by the national source, closely interacts with the Byzantine art system and other cultures. In particular, along with Byzantium, Russian culture found harmony with the culture of neighboring countries such as Bulgaria, Serbia, Armenia, and Georgia. ### The culture of Ancient Rus The culture of Ancient Rus is not only the culture of the Kievan Empire, whose borders extended to the Taman Peninsula, as well as the upper valley of the Northern Dvina, and in the west to the upper channel of the Vistula. , as well as the art of the powerful Vladimir Suzdal Principality, the Novgorod Boyar Republic, and the Moscow Principality, which managed to lead the struggle for the unification of the country and was at the heart of that struggle, passing through the harsh test of the remaining critical period. ## Large cities According to the population, Russian cities are small (up to 50 thousand people), medium (50-100 thousand people), large (100-500 thousand people ), are divided into very large (from 500 thousand to 1 million people) and millionaire cities. The activities of big cities cover many areas. Millionaire cities are especially important in the economy and social life of the country. 1/4 of the country's urban population is concentrated in millionaire cities. Millionaire cities in Russia, 2008. (According to the data of the statistical directory of Russia) The largest agglomerations in the country were formed near Moscow (with 13 million inhabitants) and St. Petersburg (6.5 million people). Moscow is the largest city in Europe in terms of population. The city covers an area of about 1000 km². The first information about the city was published in the annals in 1147. Since the 15th century, it has been declared the capital of the unified Russian state. Between 1922 and 1991, Moscow served as the capital of the USSR and became the largest administrative, economic and cultural center in the country. The city has 4 major airports, a large metro, hundreds of enterprises, and more than 80 higher educational institutions. More than 1000 scientific institutions work in the city. Moscow is one of the largest cultural centers in the world. Religious buildings, considered pearls of architecture, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, beautiful architectural ensembles of royal estates, the Bolshoi Theater and the old building of Moscow University have been preserved here. There are 60 professional theaters and 74 museums in the city. In 1980, the XXII Olympic Games were held in the city. The number of millionaire cities in the Urals and the Volga regions is higher than in other regions (how can this be explained?). Murmansk, the largest city in the north, has a population of less than 400,000 people. Most of the big cities are the centers of administrative units. ### List of major cities ## Agriculture and industry The Russian Federation is an industrial-agrarian country with a transitional economy. Due to the collapse of the Soviet Union, the country's economy was in a deep crisis. After the independence of the countries that were part of the unified state, the close economic connection between them was broken. You know that this was the impetus for the creation of a new economic union. The main directions of economic reforms in the Russian economy were as follows: 1) freedom of economic activity; 2) decrease in the share of the state in managing and regulating the economy; 3) transfer of state property to the ownership of joint-stock collectives and individuals. As a result of the carried out reconstructions, not only the nature of economic management, but also changes were made to its sectoral structure, financing system, and economic relations with other countries. Despite the market reconstructions carried out since the 1990s, the sectoral structure of the economy remains fragmented. Until now, the economy of the country is dominated by resource industries, the level of concentration and monopolization of production is high. The Russian economy is mainly based on the export of raw materials and materials. In economic development, Russia relies on the natural, material and labor resources of its territory. Foreign investment is mainly aimed at the development of the financial sector and trade, much less is spent on the development of manufacturing industries. Currently, the state is conducting a number of activities to take control of the most important economic sectors. ## Agriculture Agriculture is considered a very important link in the development of the economy of Russia. Because agriculture is a crucial area of material production, it is not limited to supplying the population with food, but also produces raw materials that are very necessary for many branches of industry. At the same time, it is necessary to process the produced products in a timely manner and deliver them to the people at the right time. In order to implement these measures, agriculture establishes close relations with many branches of the economy. Agro-industrial complexes are formed on the basis of these connections Russian agro-industrial complexes are still in a state of development and prosperity, the connections between their various generations are not at their level. Especially product processing and service industries need improvement. The leading and main branch of the agro-industrial complex is agriculture. The main difference between agriculture and other industries is that its development is directly dependent on natural conditions, agro-climatic resource set, as well as land resources. And you are well aware of the natural condition of the Russian land and its potential. The land reserve of Russia suitable for agriculture is 222 million ha, of which 126 million ha are arable land. According to these indicators, Russia occupies a very high place among the developed countries of the world. However, the degree of development of agriculture and indicators of the produced products are at a much lower level. You should know that agriculture consists of two important branches: crop production and livestock production. In Russia, crop production takes the leading place in terms of the share of agricultural products, i.e. it accounts for 55% of the total production. And the remaining 45% is the share of livestock products. In highly developed countries, on the other hand, the share of livestock products is low. Therefore, one of the main tasks facing Russian agriculture is to develop animal husbandry as much as possible. ### Crop production The main components of crop production in Russia include grain crops, technical crops, vegetable and garden crops, orchards and vines, and the cultivation of Malacca crops. Tobacco and tea are grown in small areas. 56% of the total arable land belongs to grain crops, 5% to potatoes and garden crops, 6% to technical crops, and 33% to mulberry crops. ### Livestock breeding Cattle breeding, pig and sheep farms are the leading industries in Russian livestock farming. Over the last ten years, the number of livestock in Russia has decreased by 2-3 times (see table 12 in the appendix). The development of animal husbandry is hindered by the insufficient preparation of animal fodder, and the lack of adequate breeding of animal breeds. ## Transport geography It can be said that almost all types of transport are well developed on the territory of Russia. However, their location frequency, share in cargo and passenger traffic is uneven. This situation depends on the vastness of the territory of the republic, some features of the natural state, as well as the degree of development, economic and social level of each district. The position of the types of vehicles in the transport system is determined by the results of the work done. Its indicators are evaluated by the number of transported goods (million tons) and passengers (million people) and the turnover of goods and passengers. When choosing the types of vehicles, the actual time spent on it, the speed of the vehicle, the ability to carry a load, the effect of natural conditions on the operation of the vehicle are taken into account. From this point of view, railway transport takes a leading place in the Russian transport system. The total length of the railway network is 148,000 km, 86,000 km of roads are in public use, 42,000 km of them are electrified. 40% of cargo transport and 50% of passenger transport in Russia belong to this type of transport. The railway frequency is very high in the European part. Its image resembles a giant circle, the main axis of which is the city of Moscow. 11 railway junctions spread from it in all directions. Several road junctions branch off in the latitudinal direction from the European circle to the east. The frequency of nodes gradually decreases as you go east. The largest of them are: Trans-Siberian, Middle-Siberian and South-Siberian networks. You are well aware that almost all of these sites pass through the territory of Kazakhstan. ## Communication Exchange of information between economic sectors is carried out primarily through communication systems. The communication systems of Russia consist of two main branches: postal and electrical communication. Regarding the degree of development of postal communication, Russia is on a par with the highly developed countries of Europe. For every 10,000 inhabitants, there are 3 contact points. You are familiar with such types of electrical communication as telephone, videophone, mobile phone, telegraph, space communication, radio and television broadcasting, e-mail, Internet system. Although almost all these types of communication are found in Russia, most of them are not sufficiently developed. Telephone network coverage is not uniform everywhere, the highest rate is characteristic of the Central Economic District. Unified automatic communication system has been built across the territory of Russia. It groups the information transmitted by electrical vibrations into one system. The construction of the Trans-Russian fiber optic network with a length of 18,000 km is of great importance in entering the world communication system. He is raising Russia's relations with Europe and Japan to a new level. Rapid development of the Internet system has been observed in recent years. A special fiber optic system is being built for this purpose. The largest centers of the communication system are the cities of Moscow and St. Petersburg. ## Economic regions The territory of Russia is divided into 11 economic regions and one free economic zone according to internal economic differences. Each of them consists of a complex set of complex structures with their own specialized economic sectors: * Central economic district; * Volga-Vyatka economic district; * Central district with black soil; * Soltustik-Batys economic district; * Northern economic district; * North Caucasus economic district; * Economic district along the Volga; * Ural economic district; * West Siberian Economic District; * East Siberian economic district; * Far East economic district; * Kaliningrad region ## Foreign economic relations ### Foreign trade Relations of the Russian Federation with other countries, their general nature and structural Changes primarily depend on foreign trade relations. The country's economy was excluded from the world market due to artificial political obstacles for many years. Since the 90s of the 20th century, the Russian economy has become open and turned towards the international level. In 1994, the Partnership and Commonwealth Agreement was signed between Russia and the European Union. As a result, Russia increased the share of its exports to the countries of the European Union to 40%. At the same time, it strengthened relations with the highly developed countries of Western Europe and increased its share to 50-60%. Such trade partners include Germany, Italy, Japan, USA, and Great Britain. Such trade and economic relations with the CIS countries have reached a new level. The foreign trade turnover in 2007 is 578.9 billion US dollars, of which 355.5 billion US dollars belong to exports, and 233.4 billion US dollars to the share of imports. Their relationship and main directions can be seen clearly from the map in the text. The share of fuel, energy and mineral resources prevails among the goods exported by Russia. Oil and oil products to Germany, Italy, Switzerland, Great Britain and Poland; natural gas to Germany, Italy, France; Coal is exported to Japan and Turkey. According to the results of 2004, the share of these goods in Belarus, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova and Ukraine varied from 24% to 60%. In addition, according to the results of this year, Germany, Italy, China and the Netherlands are the main trade partners of Russia, in addition to the CIS countries. Along with foreign trade, other forms of international economic relations are developing in the country. The number of joint ventures with highly developed countries, as well as with many companies of Eastern European countries is increasing. And abroad, the development of joint entrepreneurship with the participation of Russian companies is proceeding at a rapid pace. One of the types of foreign economic relations in the country is tourism. ### Tourism Russia is distinguished by the variety of natural conditions, especially by the large number of beautiful and scenic places. Such areas include cozy resorts and beaches of the North Caucasus and the Black Sea, scenic shores of Lake Baikal and Siberian rivers, mountain tourist bases on the slopes of the Ural, Altai and Sayan mountains. In addition, ancient cities with preserved historical and architectural monuments, museums, civilizational heritage, and beautiful and noble cities with advanced examples of modern science and culture are considered the most valuable national treasures of Russia. Radical changes are being implemented in keeping these values as close as possible and introducing them to tourists from all angles. In Russia's largest cities and areas with high tourist and recreational opportunities, infrastructures are being updated and brought up to date. In order to implement these measures, a very large amount of money is allocated from the state fund. As a result of these measures, international tourism has been developing rapidly in recent years. According to reference data, the number of tourists coming to Russia from far abroad increased from 13% in the 90s of the 20th century to 29% in recent years. ## Notes ## Sources ## External links * Official website of the President of the Russian Federation \ <> * The site is the official site of the State Duma of the Russian Federation Archived April 1, 2014. * Official website of the State bodies of the Russian Federation

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5231

Kazangap

* Kazankap Tilepbergenuly * Kazankap

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6105

Thailand

Thailand (Thai. ไทย่าย), Kingdom of Thailand. (Thai. ครื่อที่ไละ่วิ [râːtɕʰa ʔaːnaːtɕɑ̀k tʰɑj]), 1939 and 1945-1948. Siam is a country in Southeast Asia. Thailand borders Malaysia to the south, Cambodia and Laos to the east, and Myanmar to the west. Thailand is the mysterious Siam, the city of thousands of temples and thousands of smiles, and a popular holiday destination for millions of tourists from all continents. Bordered by the waters of the Indian and Pacific Oceans, where many resorts are located on the shores of Thailand, the aeolian territory is equal to the size of modern France. There are green mountainous areas in the north of the country. Thailand is famous as one of the most developed and attractive countries of Southeast Asia. High economic level combined with low prices of goods and services. There are excellent resorts, hotels, delicious Thai cuisine and local traditions, all of which attract and attract people. The cheerfulness of the people of this country, the ornate architecture of its temples, endless beaches, the majority of sunny days, the constant air temperature throughout the year, the warm waters of the seas that wash Thailand, and the hot tropical climate of this country, which is close to the equator. climate is the main feature. In this country there are high mountains of infinite beauty, clean rivers, impassable jungles, exotic animals and plants. A land of orchids and sparkling sapphires, where the sun shines year after year on the golden shores of the Gulf of Siam, where the ornately carved roofs of its churches blend with the bottomless deep sky. ## Climate Three seasons and a tropical climate are characteristic of Thailand. During the rainy season, which lasts from May to October, the south-east monsoons bring heavy rains throughout the country. During the winter season, which lasts from November to February, the weather is mild, with daytime temperatures slightly cooler than the annual average. At night, the temperature in the northern regions of Thailand drops to 0°C, while in Bangkok it will be 16°C. In the south of the country, the air temperature will be significantly higher. The hot season lasts from March to May. At this time, the temperature is very hot and very humid, and there is no rainfall at all. ## Population The population is 70 million. person is registered. The capital is Bangkok. Bangkok is a city with about 12 million inhabitants. The Thai ethnic group makes up the majority of the population. The second place in terms of population is occupied by the Chinese, most of whom live in cities. Malays, Mons, Khmers and several other ethnic groups also live in the country. ### Language The state language is Thai. English, Chinese and Japanese languages are often used among educated people in cities and in commerce. ### Religion The state religion is Buddhism. 93% of the population believes in Buddhism. Muslims, Indians, Christians, and Sikhs also live in Thailand. According to the constitution, the king is considered the guardian of all religions. ## Economy Since the political, economic and social situation in Thailand is stable, it is considered one of the most promising countries among Asian countries for investment. Over the past ten years, the amount of investment in Thailand has reached several billion dollars. As a result, jobs were created, people's well-being increased. ### Money Currency unit - "Bat". 1 baht = 100 Satangams. The exchange rate is: 1฿ = 31$. The daily exchange rate is published in the financial section of many newspapers. Currency input is not limited, but if it exceeds $10,000, a declaration will be required. No more than 50,000 baht of local currency can be taken out of the country. And there is no limit on taking out the currency of another country. 1 baht = 5 tenge. ## Resorts Bangkok, Pattaya, Phuket and the islands of Samet are the most attractive resorts in Southeast Asia for tourists. First of all, due to the warm climate and low prices. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4724

Adilbek Ryskeldiuly Zhaksybekov

Adilbek Ryskeldiuly Zhaksybekov (July 26, 1954, Burli, Karabalik district, Kostanay region, Kazakh SSR) is a public figure of Kazakhstan, Chairman of the Administration of the President of Kazakhstan in 2016-2018, Mayor of Astana in 2014-2016, Secretary of State of Kazakhstan (2014) and Minister of Defense ( 2009–2014) the holder of such positions. ## Biography Born from the Karabalik clan of the Kypchak tribe. Born on July 26, 1954 in Kostanay region. 1978 Graduated from All-Union State University of Cinematography (Moscow), 1987. At the Plekhanov Institute of National Economy, he underwent retraining in the specialty "organizer of material and technical supply". * Worked in the Memkino system of the Kazakh SSR, in material and technical supply agencies, and managed enterprises. * 1988-95 the head of the multinational corporation "Tsesna". * 1995 Elected to the Senate of the Parliament of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * 1996 Appointed to the post of deputy akim of Akmola region. * 1997 from December 2003 Akim of Astana until June. * 2003 from July 2004 Minister of Industry and Trade of the Republic of Kazakhstan until December. * 2004 Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan since December. * 2008 First Deputy Chairman of Nur Otan People's Democratic Party since January. * 2008 Ambassador Extraordinary and Plenipotentiary of the Republic of Kazakhstan to the Russian Federation since November. * In 2009-2014 - Minister of Defense of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * From April to October 2014 - State Secretary of the Republic of Kazakhstan. * In 2014-2016 - mayor of Astana. * Head of the Administration of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in 2016-2018. * Since November 2020 - Chairman of the Board of Directors of JSC "KazTransGas". ## Awards "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev", was awarded the III degree "Barys" order and other government awards. ## Military rank Military rank is reserve colonel. ## Love reading literature Love reading literature - historical and artistic prose, poetry (A. Kunanbayev, Sh. Aitmatov, E. Hemingway and others). ## Family Married. Spouse - Ibragimova Lazzat (born in 1955), economist. Son - Dauren (born in 1978). ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5103

They would

Tole Alibekuly (1663–1756) was a Kazakh public figure, eloquent, chief dance of the Great Hundred, and was elected head dance of the Three Hundred with the support of Kazybek and Aiteke. A historical person with the words "Tole bi has attained all power" behind him. One of the creators of the "Seven Charters". Alibekuly Tolebi's grandfather, Kudaiberdybi, supported Esim Khan during the reign of Esim Khan and Tursyn Khan (from the book "Tup-tukyandan to me" by Kazybek bek Tavasaruly). That is, there is a good reason to say that he was one of the judges who participated in the compilation of the code of laws of the Kazakh people during the reign of Esim Khan, which was popularly known as "The Old Way of Esim Khan". A figure who fought for the integrity of the Kazakh Khanate in his time! Tole Bi was an intelligent and literate person who grew up imbibing the traditions of the oratory and poetic art of his people from an early age. From the age of 15-20, he participated in the meeting of the judges and became known for his justice and oratorical skills. ## Biography Tole bi was born in 1663 in Shu region, present-day Zhambyl region. He is from the Dulat tribe of Uluyuz. From a young age, Tole accompanied his father to see the country, was recognized by people, and learned from the poetry and rhetoric of the Kazakh people. From the age of fifteen, he got involved in the country's government, and stood out for his intelligence, fair judgment, and oratorical skills. ### During the rule of Tauke Khan Tole bi Kazybek with the voice of Kazybek, Aiteke to raise Tauke as khan, to subjugate the greats of three hundred to one center, and thus to strengthen the unique Kazakh khanate, He was involved in the implementation of measures aimed at creating a fighting union of the brotherly Kazakh, Karakalpak and Uzbek peoples against the Dzhongar invasion. Tauke Khan made Tole dance the main dance of Uly Yuz. Together with Tole Bi, Kazybek Bi and Aiteke Bi, they participated in the adoption of the Seven Statutes, a collection of traditional customs laws of the Kazakh people. During the meeting of the Ordabasy, Tole Bi took the lead and organized a nationwide resistance against the Dzungar invasion. Tolebi's role in bringing together the scattered Kazakhs and conducting an optimal policy between two giant states like Russia and China, raising Abylai Khan as a representative child and joining the ranks of citizens is enormous. ### During the rule of Abylai Khan In 1742, when Abylai fell into the hands of the Dzungars who ambushed him, Tole Bi took an active role in freeing him from captivity. In the historical poems, it is said that on behalf of the Kazakh rulers, Abilkhair Khan and Tole Bi asked the administration of Orinbor to influence the release of Abylai from captivity. 90 people from three hundred Kazakhs, who started the Tole dance, went as ambassadors, conducted negotiations, and on September 5, 1743, Abylai was released from captivity. Tole Bi followed a different direction in domestic and foreign policy. The khanate and the state maintained their integrity and independence, and made an effort to return the cities and lands that were left in the hands of the enemy during the hostilities. In 1734, he sent a letter to the Tsar of Russia Anna Ivanovna and in 1749 to the governor of Orinbor, I. Neplyuev, expressing his gratitude for accepting the Bodanism. This was a desperate step in that historical period. He prioritized improving the conditions of the people who suffered from the Dzungar invasion. In 1748, when a Russian trade caravan was robbed, the guilty hero Koigel was summoned to the council of judges and made to compensate him for this loss in front of the people. When Abulkhair Khan died in 1748, his son Yeraly Sultan complained to Tole Bi, disputing his father's value. Tolebi decrees that the defendants must pay seven costs in accordance with the Seven Statutes Law for the death of Abulkhair. Yeraly takes two money from the accused, forgives four money, and one of the participants in the murder of his father, Syrymbet, kills the hero with his own hands instead of the seventh money. Abulkhair's children did not stop there and asked Tolebi to bring Barak Sultan to justice. Barak Sultan, who is on the run, asks Tole Bi to come and bring him to court for what he has done. Tole dance involves four well-known dances (Zalgan dance, Syrlybai dance, Daba dance, Mr. Kabek) from among Kazakh dances on the recommendation of Sultan Barak, and invites several dances from his side. In the council of judges, Tole bi Barak acquitted Sultan. Even when Tole bi fined seven people for the death of Abulkhair Khan, Barak acquitted Sultan, and ordered his relative Koigeld Batyr to pay two thousand horses to pay for the stolen Russian trade caravan, he did not violate the country's peace, until he came intended to preserve its condition and integrity. In addition to the power of Tole Bi of an international nature, his power to resolve disputes within the nation is also recognized by his state-level rationality, the diversity of his thoughts, and the purity of his intentions. Tolebi Khan felt that the mutual quarrels of sultans, begs and princes would not contribute to the independence and freedom of the nation, and advocated peace. It is clearly explained by the well-known catchphrase of the country: "The country is not rich, but happy." In the legends that have come down to us, it is said that Tole Bi strongly supported the strengthening of national unity. In one of these legends, the prince Tole answered the question of the princes Kazybek, Koki, Malik, and Erzhan, who came to ask for his peace, as to what legacy he would leave to his country: "The faces of those who are divided are black." The rush to create those who are divided into clans. Those who are separated from the grandfather will remain in the valley. The one who insulted many will not be buried. If Khan is less, he will sell his people. If the population is small, they will fight for the khanate." Behind Tole Bi, there are many words of advice that guide the next generation like a bright star and show good intentions. His eloquent speeches are distinguished by the quickness and wit of his speech, the accuracy of his artistic similes, and the sharpness and clarity of his language. The name of his daughter-in-law Danagul is also well known. ## Eloquence In his youth, Tole dance is blessed by passing in front of famous monks who are much older. The child first went to his father. His father, who is almost a hundred years old, talks about solidarity and national unity. Tole asks: "How will unity be achieved, and what will be its power?" Then. Before answering, the father first takes a bundle of wobbly rods: - Son, break this. You can't break a fully bent rod by bending it like that. - Now break that rod gradually? He removes the steamed rod from the center of the tree and gradually breaks it into pieces. Alibek Bi:- What did you understand from this, my son? - says. Then. Tole boy:- I understand, father, this is the meaning of your example: neither enemies nor disputes can take a country that is strong in solidarity and unity. When you say "the one who walks the path eats the stick", you mean that the one who does not have unity and solidarity can easily be attacked by enemies and quarrels. In order to rule the country, you must first call the country to unity and solidarity. This is the meaning of "where you go to the garden, I will go to solidarity" - he said. It's the time of spring, when the country migrates to the slopes of Kazygurt mountain. One day, Tole's father Alibek Bi was approached by two suitors. One of them said: "This fox does not argue with the fox that I chased from the mountain." The second one:- It was my fox that I was taking care of so that the fur would mature, besides, the land and the den are mine, so the fox is also mine. Alibek Bi, after listening to the words of the contenders, points to his son and says that he should pay for this. When the challengers came to Tole, he was playing "say, make noise" in the field by turning a stick into a horse. After coming to him and explaining his arguments, the boy says: "If the fox is an eagle, it's yours," he says to the guy who said, "I chased it from the mountain." They do not understand the power of the child and return to their father. - We did not understand your son's words... - Talezhan gave the right name, - says Alibek bi. - A fox's venom is preserved by salt, and a female by honey. If the fox is male, it is yours, if you chase it from the edge, it is true that the fox will touch you, and if it is a female, the owner of the land will touch you. Tole's youth. If they are tending cattle on the ridge, five or six horsemen are riding in such a place. The boy comes out in front of them and greets them. The elder among them was Konka Bi, who was in his seventies. - My son, which village's cattle are these? - said Alibek. - Whose are those horses that are driving? - They belong to the rich Zylankoz. - Well, it was the rich Zylankoz that we are looking for. "I will follow you," says Tole Bala. As they walk, they see many horses at dusk. There are so many horses that even the youngest cannot reach the edge. Then the boy guide said: - Father, what kind of rich man's horse was this horse? Do you know? - he asks. Konka Bi said to him: "Look, this is the horse of a rich man who is called a poor man." This is the rich man's cattle, which does not give charity to the poor and the poor, and does not give horse oil. Suddenly, he falls on a thick crop growing in a wide field. It's growing well, the boy says. Which country will it be, grandfather? - Oh, my candle, let me tell you. The rich man himself hired many people and tilled this land. He worked for cheap and ate his work. Now the crop was reaped with someone's labor and threshed. He pressed it and poured it into the kamba. He didn't do all this himself, he did it for someone. After that, in the year when there was no grain in the country, he sold it at a high price. He was chewing fat at home without suffering. The next year he planted another crop. Now he hired twice as many people. It went on like this year after year. There is no benefit to the people. When the country opened up, they sold it at a high price. This is why it is bad. Get it, kid. - I understand, grandpa. When they are coming, a lot of people gather in one place and dig graves. Do you have enough eyes to see? - he says. The boy looks: - Grandpa, it looks like they are digging a place to bury a dead person. - So, you go and find out. Is it a dead person or a living person? Ask that. The boy goes away. He goes and greets those who are digging graves. - Are you burying a dead person or a living person? - Another one comes and hits the boy on the head with a whip. - Son of a dog, what are you doing? Two or three of the boys were closing in on him, an old man among them shouted: - Stop, - let's ask first. Let's find out where the boy is coming from. Come on baby, what did you say? - he says.- Are you burying a dead person or a living person? - I said. - Look, are you saying these words yourself, or did someone else tell you? - There was an older man next to me. I was that person's shooter. The man said: - The mother is going to bury a dead person or a living person, go and find out. - he said. Come on, guys, don't hit the kid. There is a point here. One of you should go and call the old man. Two young men go to the old man and greet him. - Elder, one of our dear people died and we were waiting for him. Konka dances: "Oh, that's fine," turns his horse's head and goes to them. After placing the corpse, the crowd said: - Elder, you are coming from far away. You look like a respectable person. This person was also one of our respected people. You sent this child to us. The boy came running and asked us: - Is the corpse you are putting dead or alive? said. We took it seriously, and our boys raised their hands here. How did you ask the boy to do it yourself or did someone teach you? - we said, "I had an elder, that person spent it to ask like this" - he said honestly. Another old man asked: - How did you say that? What is the meaning of whether this is a dead person or a living person? - Well, you are asking correctly. I mean whether he is alive, whether he has children behind him, whether he has livestock to feed him. And I mean a dead person, if he has no children behind him to grow up like himself, if he has no livestock to feed him, then this is truly dead, my candles. I wanted to know which of these. Which one is this corpse? - Oh, grandfather, he is a rich man with a son behind him and enough livestock to feed himself. Elder Konka recites the Koran and blesses. The crowd asks: "Go to the village and be a guest." I am a straight man, - said Konka, turning his horse's head and walking away. On the way, the boy asked again: - Grandpa, am I straight? - how do you mean? - he asks. - Look, you are a curious boy. What is your name? - My name is Tole. - My dear, I mean that I am a man of the plains - I mean that I am a man of the people of the majority...- Let me bless you, I met you on the plains and became a companion. May your life be straight like mine, be a straight man, my son, - the old man caressed his face. Until he grew up, he always respected the old man Konka, whom he met on the road, and took him as his teacher. In the past, strong begs of the Argyn tribes fought over the pastures of the Shu River near Balkhash. Dancers from both sides cannot come together, consult and negotiate. Fifteen-year-old Tole, who joined the crowd, is not satisfied with the authorities. He said: - Consider white as white! Oh, good and good brothers! If the country is over, the river will be on the banks of the river. would say. Who is this boy? - says the dancer sitting on the chair. Tole looked at him with a look of malice: - Oh, my grandfather, isn't he the owner of a family at thirteen? Am I guilty if I come at fifteen? I spoke, don't try to blame, Is it worthy of a brother to be lazy? - he said, stopped for a moment, and asked the dancer sitting on the couch:- Oh, our good Askar mountain, is this our dispute fair? When we are standing under the cliff, our enemy is hiding? Then that dance:- Don't be in a hurry. Don't say that he is young, he is an elder if he is more intelligent. he said, son, I gave you the power. As if the Child Tole had plucked it: - It is said that the yellow plate will come back. If you give me the power, let the right side of the Shu River be a home and the left side a barren one, how do you feel about this? - says. Both sides are satisfied with this decision and come to peace. Then the dance in the fourth: - I was wondering if you are a homeboy, you are a country boy. Moon-faced lion, Your demand will be paid in advance. Be the morning of your village, be the garden on your forehead! - the boy blessed Tole. Since then, Tole's name came out, disputes and conflicts between the country, and the authorities began to interfere in negotiations. When a young boy was tending lambs outside the village, he heard one of the two horses passing by saying, "Alibek is old, he has lost his sense of justice." Tole came out in front of them and greeted them: - Oh, brothers, are you not satisfied with the authority of my father Alibek? - says. - We are dissatisfied, my child. Your father did not say a just government. - So go back. When the two sides came back to Alibek, the boy Tole said: - Father, both sides should be equally satisfied with the government. Otherwise, it does not belong to the just authority. "Both the loser and the winner must admit the truth," he says. Then the guy who started the argument says that he recognized the camel he lost in the boat from the caravan he met on the road. - Well, now, my man, you say that you know the saying, "the one who finds is happy, the one who knows is happy", how did you know? - The one I know, - he says. - My camel got loose when it was close to due date. My camel, which was not found until seven o'clock, was wailing on the mountainside and wandering around. Even if the wolf ate the boot, it would not go away even if it was premature. Looking at it, I realized that someone had taken the bota. Since then, I've been keeping an eye on the camels seen by the walkers, I recognized them as soon as I saw them. While pondering: - Does that old woman have a mother-in-law? - he says. - Go. He looks in the opposite direction. - Yes, merchant, speak. - This is my camel's boot. Be honest with the slanderer. Can a person believe that he knows the camel inside? - Does your camel have a mother-in-law? - There is a birth mother-in-law. Arguing two and five take away their father's mother-in-law. Tole: - Rein the horse and put a feather in his coat, - he says. People do what they say. When Besty puts a feather on the atan's harness and twists it in a ring, the camel of the young man he knows falls on top of the atan, who is crying with tears in his eyes. And the merchant's camel doesn't move, it just sits there. - Oh, people, you see. This animal is a real mother, what do you think? - It's true, the spirit knows its fate. We are grateful for Tolezhan's justice, people say. Tole looked at the merchant: - Ah, merchant, even this animal showed his justice in front of the people. The people saw who the father belonged to. You couldn't escape anymore. Confession is easy. Come out in front of this people and tell your truth. - Oh, people, five years ago, on my way back to the city from the pasture, I came across a camel lying on the slope of a hill in the Japanese plain. He could not finish his bota, he fell down and stood up. If I take a camel, I can't absorb it. Seeing the country on the way. "A small merchant is taking it," he says. If I take this bot, no one will know. I will wrap it in a sackcloth and put it in the pile. After a year, it will come out as a camel. One camel is a small prize for me, so I took that camel away. "You know whether you are late or not," he admitted. This is how Tole Bi solved the dispute and made everyone happy. In 1740, the henchmen of the Dzhungar Kalmyk ruler Kaldan Tseren killed Tilbaris, the Khan of Uly Yuz. The country that started the dance will be expelled from Tashkent. Enemy appoints Kokym manap to Tashkent as mayor. At this time, some of the cities of Syr remained under the control of the Dzonghars. At this point, a large meeting is held at the top of Kultobe, where all the leaders of the country gather. Then Karabek batyr says: - There is no other option but to kneel to the enemy. Tole Bi, who was angry with Karabek: It is good if a son is born from the father, it is good if he knows. - Saying , he expels the violators from the gathering. After that, he looked at those around him: O, you have a place to fight, You have an indelible sorrow...You have a man who can raise a flag. If you enslave the enemy, you have a country to help you, you are born as a man, you have a legacy from your grandfather, who will tell you this? It is said that Tole's words of judgment were welcomed by others and that they united their forces against the enemy. A rich man who settled in a new pasture digs a well for two poor men. After the well is dug, the boys ask the rich man for payment. The rich man gives health to one of them and a lamb to the other. The second guy will be unhappy with her. He comes to pay and complains. The rich man is told that the work of two people digging a well is equal. But the owner of the well does not back down. - Which of the two eyes and two hands of a person is less? - says the rich man. - None of them have any disadvantages. Both are the same. I fell for your words, mare! "I will give a sheep to a young man with lungs," said the rich man. Two young men from the neighboring villages of Zhantu and Zhantas quarreled over the meadow. In the end, they decided not to see each other, and they broke up. A month passes, a year passes. But they don't reconcile. They do not obey the advice of their fathers and grandfathers. Hearing this, the dance calls the quarreling boys. Two young men from two sides tied their horses to a peg and entered the house of Tole. He kneels down and shakes hands with the dancer: If the dancer goes out with two guys without saying lam-mim, they say that their horses are touching each other. - Yapyrm-ay, look at the tattoo of these two? - says Tole, seeing the horses. - The representatives also agreed. After these words of the dancer, the two men shook hands and reconciled. - Good luck! Tole Bi tells them. At a wedding, a young woman sits around and can't sing a poem. He stares at her lips. Her husband is unhappy and has forbidden her to sing. - When she was a girl, she was a singer who didn't put her heart in front of her, now she sits like a chicken in the water, - someone sitting near Tole whispers. - A free sparrow is better than a nightingale in a trap, - says the dancer. - What do you mean, Toke? - Where does the nightingale that fell into the net sing? Hearing this, the husband of that woman came to Tole Bi and asked for forgiveness. - Bieke, I understand what you said. I will give up this behavior from now on. Your bride's face is open! Tole Bi, who was returning to his village after settling the dispute between the Tazdar and Sulgetai peoples, which has been going on for several years, noticed a group of girls and women walking along the Bogen River with his entourage. As they approached, the girl and the ladies got off their horses and stopped in front of them. Tole dance approaches them: - Blessed, may your shoots grow, which village are you from? One of the girls answers: - We are from Dosai village. - You would have passed long ago, why did you get off your horses and block us, did you have something to do? - We don't have a farmer, grandfather, - said the girl, - older people used to say, don't cross in front of people, greet them respectfully - your young people are older, there may be virtuous old men among you, let's not get in the way, get off We are honoring you by saying hello. Tole Bi, who was satisfied with the girl's answer, now wants to know the girl's name. - Thank you, my daughter, do a lot, whose daughter are you, what is your name? - I am Alakoz's daughter, my name is Danagul. - Be blessed, my daughter, let your hair grow! "If your name is wise, your mind will be wise," he says, and Tole Bi walks away. After coming out like this, a thought comes to him, to those around him: - Turn the horse's head to the girl's village. Let's find out what kind of person Alakoz is. All of them, walking along the plains of Tortkul, reached a village. He asks which house is Alakoz from a house on the outskirts. A young man with a white hat: - The house of my old man is that November house, - he points. They all go to that house and get off their horses. Momakan is the horseman of Alakoz Bai. When the group sees the horseman, they start screaming. He borrows a sheep from his neighbor and waits for it with everything spread out in front of him. At that moment, hearing the word "a group of horsemen has arrived at Alakoz's house. There is a famous Tole bi in it", the horseman of the black hero went to Alakoz's house and greeted Takene. - Oh, mare, why don't you go to my horse's black hut when my eight-winged white house is standing? I am inviting you. I eat Thai soy sauce, I eat kombucha. You won't have any problems in Alakoz's house, be old-fashioned? - says. Then Tole bi: - Boy, don't bother. We are going to the house of rich people like you. It would not be bad if we saw the houses of poor people like Alakoz once, - he did not agree to it. The meat was cooked and a plate was placed in front of the people. The head was placed in front of the full dance. Bi said "bissimilla" and touched the top of his head: - My brother Alakoz, do you have a child? - I don't have a child, I have a daughter named Danagul. - Can you call that girl of yours? Danagul, who was boiling samour on the stove and touching his mother's gloves, entered the house. Tole dance cuts off the top of the head, cuts off one ear, slices off the palate and gives it to the girl, saying the following wish: "My candle, I gave you an ear - I mean to have a head." He said, "What I have chosen is to be an eloquent person who can find and solve my inner secret without telling me." Girl: - Thank you, grandfather, may your wish be granted, - and leaves. A blessing is given, a table is set. Now looking at Tole bi Alakoz: - I want to be engaged to you, how do you feel about it? - says. After a man like Tole Bi, who is holding the whole country in his mouth, says whether there is a soul in Japparkul. Alakoz approves and expresses gratitude. Without much ado, both sides made a wedding, and Danagul Tole became a bride. "From the feet of the bride, from the staff of the shepherd", Danagul with her intelligence and manners endears herself not only to her grandfather, but to the whole village. When his grandfather was in power and taking care of the country, Danagul acted as a counselor and watchdog for the villagers, his peers, and his brothers and sisters. It is said in the country that Danagul understands the intelligence and sensitivity of Tole Bi's grandfather without saying a word: . To the guy next to him: - Which way should we go? There is a road along the country. If we go with him, we will reach the village in ten days. There is a road that goes through the desert. We will reach the village in just five days. Guy: - It's better to reach the country earlier, mare, walking day and night instead of going along the country and landing. There is probably a lot of work waiting for you in the village. - It is better for you to say, then take that shortcut, - says the dancer. So they both walk across the sand one by one. On the third day, he met a camel sitting alone at the well. He drinks from it, cools his horses, feeds them, and moves on. While walking through the valley at night, he falls into the hands of a group of robbers. Out of pity for both of them, the robbers on the way knock them off their horses and rob them of their clothes. Both of them will be married for the first time. They don't tell the robbers who they are. Tole says to the robbers: - Guys, do you want our lives or our cattle? If you need life, kill without much torture, and if you need cattle, let's negotiate, we have enough cattle for you. Let's drive them to you, release us. - Of course, we need cattle, - says the chief of the bandits, - why are we walking in this desert if we are not looking for cattle. But where do you find the cattle? You are deceiving us. - In my village, - says Tole, - there is enough cattle for you. I am a rich man. But you won't send them to the village anymore, of course, you don't believe. Then do it like this. One of you, ride my horse, put on my clothes, and I'll write a letter. I will write the letter as follows: "I am betrothed to my youngest son. Please send my father 40 kunas, 20 buras, and 8 whites away from this person. Also, send my gold that is hidden on the right threshold and my silver that is on the left threshold." The robbers took out two young men from among them, put on their clothes, put them on their horses, and handed them the letter. Both of them beat and reach Tole Bi's village. He hands over the letter. The two men were told to "rest until we collect our cattle" and took them to a secluded house. Villagers read the letter like that and do not understand anything. If he doesn't believe me, he writes the letter with his own hand, puts on his clothes and sends it on his horse. If you want to believe, what does "40 kuna atan, 20 bura, 8 white head atan, gold on the right threshold, silver on the left threshold" mean? When everything was going well, Danagul came and read his grandfather's letter. - You do not understand my grandfather's letter. As far as I know, he must have fallen into the hands of 40 robbers. "40 kunan atan" means 40 strong men, "20 bura" means 20 wrestlers, "8 white head atan" means 8 old men should be accompanied by my son and daughter-in-law. "Gold" is my son, "silver" is my daughter-in-law. Come on, let's go and save it. Villagers are pleased with Danagul's witty wisdom and do what he says. Tole Bi's son and daughter-in-law set off together, driving the cattle mentioned in the letter to two robbers. After they continue, 40 young men, 20 wrestlers, 8 elders follow behind them without being seen. When they got closer, Danagul said to the two robbers: - You go ahead and give the news, we will reach the cattle in the evening. Two robbers attacked. "The cattle are coming," they say. The other robbers say, "we are going to get a lot of loot" and go to bed peacefully. When the country lays down and they start to sleep, 40 young men and 20 wrestlers make them all healthy, club the bandits, tie them up and capture them all. Then Tole said to the robbers: - "The turn comes, life is one, the turn is two", guys! Yesterday you arrested me, today you were captured. This is what the world is all about. You are robbing a lonely soul who is thirsty. You make the country cry and loot its cattle. You take what someone gives you. You do not work honestly. Are you wandering in the desert, without a wife, without children, and do you make a living with dog abuse? No matter how many years you commit robbery, you will not be saved. What you have done is theft, and the root of theft is humiliation. You can beat the sheep that hit the sheep. You are one - the wolf is one. No matter what they do to a thief and a thief like you, go away! I would rather give you life than give you death. I will be your dancer named Tole. If you take my tongue, repent. Stop piracy! Think about honest work. Take care of your children, live like a country, raise a generation! If you want to make a living by collecting cattle and planting crops, I will help you, take care of you, give you land, give you livestock. If you don't agree with what I said, it's up to you! Come on, what to do! Do you need death or do you need life? When Tolebi said this, the leader of the bandits came and bowed his head in front of the dance: - Look around, brother, we understand what you said: we have given in. You are right, we have no profit from stealing. We are only under the curse of the country. These forty guys were not born pirates. One of us came from the mind, the other from the edge, because of poverty and violence, we got together and became thieves. So we left the country and the house, wandered the desert like hungry wolves, and spent our days with theft and violence. Now we meet a caring and fair person like you. Let me tell you. We followed you. We agreed to whatever you said. Kersen is in front of you, time is in your hands, all we really want, this is what we want from you, brother! - Approving this wish of their superiors, the other boys make a noise and shower the dance with requests and thanks. One of them grazes sheep and the other one grazes camels. One of them sows a field and is engaged in farming. Carpenter, shoemaker, jeweler, he builds a shop and creates conditions for those who can. Everyone is engaged in honest work, and the people of Tole Bi become famous. Tole bi and Aiteke bi write a letter to Ormambet bi about the Kaska lake dispute. Ormambet responds with a letter to both of them. The people gathered and talked one way or another, and finally agreed to build a house: twenty houses will be built on the shore of the lake in Kaska. Ormambet comes and greets Tole and Aiteke. Then Tole: - Hey, Ormambet! I'm still alive, I'm not dead. No matter how many greetings I said before, you did not come. Oh, Ormambet, you will be younger than us, you will go ahead, we will come later, you were young, you will be satisfied! - he says. Aiteke also added Tole's words: - If you are rich, let your people benefit, if you are a hero, let your spear hit the enemy. If you don't benefit from being rich, if you don't get hit by a spear as a hero, let your alien house burn down. I am afraid that the future ones will tell us this, he says. Then Ormambet: - Two dances, what you said is appropriate, everyone is arguing about it, this Kaska Lake was a middle-class lake, what you said touches on abuse. It is said that unsatisfied dances are called boars, and those who whip them are called shepherds. Tole bi says: - Oh, Ormambet, give us Kaska lake. Kaska Lake is closer to you. Try to ask for alms. There is Kaska Lake in the middle of the three hundred, and there is another lake for drinking in each place. After Ormambet did not give permission to the two dancers, Tole spoke harshly. The dispute did not end, and he returned to the country of Ormambet. After coming home, he talks about the dispute from beginning to end. Then Ormambet dance's mother says: "My son, you have hurt the old dances for nothing, if you still take my tongue, give Kas the lake." Ormambet agreed after her mother refused. Build a house, kill nine mares, call Tole and Aiteke. Then Tole dance: - If the dancers are good, they are a hero with knowledge, if they are bad, they are a crippled butt. If a woman is good, isn't she the leader of the country?! Isn't that what the ancients say? I came to Kaska to get the lake, but Ormambet didn't give it to me, so I died. When I reached the age of seventy, my word would be on the ground and I would be a dead man who would not be resurrected forever, brother-in-law! You brought me back to life, now I will bless your child. Thus, the princes shared the Kaska Lake in solidarity, and the nation dispersed with satisfaction. In the land of grace, the eldest son of a rich man was a brat. The neighboring village wants to marry a beautiful and intelligent girl. A well-mannered girl resists his intentions and keeps herself away. One time, he caught the girl in private and tried to strangle her by putting a noose around her neck. "Put your hair down, I have a tickle on my neck," said the girl, encouraging her. This story spread throughout the village. The boy comes to Tole trying to honor his father. He says that his rich daughter will fall into his son's trap no matter what. The times of Tole dance were spent in war during difficult times. "At that time, the Kazakh and Dzungar khanates were constantly at war. Due to the disintegration of the Kazakh khanate after Tauke Khan, Tole bi ruled Uly Yuz in the present place and became dependent on the Dzungar invaders. Although he paid tribute to them, Tole bi managed political power in his own way. He united the Kazakh communities and According to some sources, Tole Bi contributed to the rise of the Dzhongar feudal lords. It is known from history that Tole Bi played a decisive role in defeating the Dzhongar invasion. Especially during the "Aktaban Shubyrindy" of the Kazakh people, he discussed ways to defeat the enemy in cooperation with such famous heroes as Abylai, Kabanbay, Zhanibek. he directly led the front. That's why he was called the Tobe dance. Other dances respected him and listened to his words... Tole dance was a wise man for famous heroes and dances, even khans. There are many legends and stories about how he trained heroes such as Abylai, Zholbarys, Otegen, Tattibay, Kuttybay, Taikeltir, Esey, Dosai and other dancers and orators at a young age, and predicted their future. Tole bi came to Turkestan with his bi, bolys, hundred and thousand heads on one Friday prayer, entered Khoja Ahmet Iassaui mosque and stood for prayer. After finishing the prayer, he went around the mosque rooms, gave his alms, looked at the crowd and said:- We should thank Aksak Temir with our entire generation. And we are indebted to his ghost. He brought great news to our country. Khoja Ahmet Iassaui built the dome. We have never seen such a wonderful dome before. Before that, our field was dead. Lame Temir woke up our field from a deep slumber and built the second Mecca. In Mecca - Muhammad. In Turkestan - Khoja Ahmet. There is no saint more powerful than these two. We will always remember and pray for the commander who gave such good to our people". Boybekuli was the chief adviser and adviser of Az-Tauke Khan. Tole bi "made the Turkestan city of Toule the center and subjugated three hundred of its khanates to one center, thus strengthening the unique Kazakh khanate to create a fighting union of fraternal Kazakh, Karakalpak, Kyrgyz and Uzbek peoples against the Dzungar-Oirat invasions. relates to the implementation of targeted measures. He contributed a lot to the formation and strengthening of relations between Russia and the Great Hundred" Tole Bi played a leading role in the creation of the ancient Kazakh document "The Seven Statutes" of the customary law. It is obvious that the land dispute, the widow dispute, the sun dispute, and many branches of disputes that occur between such countries in the "Seven Charters" were accepted by the proposal of Tole Bi. The document "Seven Charters" plays a significant role in prohibiting those who violate the customs and traditions of the country. It is known from history that the Kazakh nation moved to the front of the Dzungar invasion and reached Zhideli Baysyn, Khiva, Bukar, and Tashkent and built fortresses. The men of Ceren will follow their heels from Kaldan and try to dislodge the Kazakhs from there as well. Another migration, another emptying. During this difficult period, the head of the country, Tauke Khan, dies, and Tole Bi becomes lonely. He said to the people: "Now we will fight with the enemy face to face, we will not move. Poor people, move to farming!" slogan, he can sit in Tashkent without moving. The same initiative of Tole Bi, who urged the country to settle down, plant crops and make a living, was written in the saga "The History of Tole Bi" by the chronicler poet Kazangap Baiboluly: My misery has increased, I must tell you now. Az Tauke, Aziz Tole danced, I lost my partner. I'm out of my mind. I want to wait. Come on, let's get on the road, let's breastfeed the Earth. It is impossible not to have a place. From your treasured gold and diamonds, from your cattle that have gathered four meals, When the day of days comes, from your bread that is more than one morsel. These are my seven ditches, Don't trust the cattle with legs, It's a word of one storm, Your cattle that have gathered little. When it was divided into three hundred, it was a tree that touched my grandfather. If you were a sedentary country, you would be hungry. He would dress naked, God would say nothing. You can't do it without hard work, the proverb is true. It won't be a real legacy, after saying this, Hugging Tauke's grave, Tole dance cried a lot. What did the Kazakh not see before moving and running away? Wherever he goes, he dances, thinking of the sedentary, that was the word in the project. Not only the Kazakh people, but also the Uzbek, Kyrgyz, Karakalpak, and Tajik countries still remember Tole dance as a holy man, our chief dance. There is another legend: Dzungar invaders are coming like fire, trampling the Kazakh land. The country, which cares for its livestock without care, is very empty. Then he sits alone in a house smoking smoke. Dzungar kontaishy used his heroes and said: - That house is alone and does not move, - go and find out! - says. It was Tole Bi's house. The Dzungar men grumbled: - When all the people have left, who are you and what are you doing? A full-fledged dance appears in front of them: - Guys, be patient! First, where is the greeting to the elder? They say hello, stumbling out of custom. - Now listen, - Tole Bi begins - a swallow made a nest in my house. I will not move anywhere until that bird leaves its yellow-mouthed chicks. The swallow is a sacred bird, a friend of mankind. Do you know that this swallow saved Prophet Noah's ark from drowning when the whole world was flooded? This swallow is protected from the snake that tried to assassinate the human being! I have no place to tear down my house because the enemy has come, and break his nest and make his chicks cry! Do you love it if your children are poisoned and massacred? Go tell your khans about my words! When the Dzhongar men went and told Tole Bi's words, Kontaichyshi said: - He is a holy man, don't touch him, don't touch his surrounding country either! - he said. From then on, Tole Bi became the "Karlygash Saint". After Tauke Khan's death, his son Bolat Khan was elected in his place. He cannot rule in the "council of judges" like his father. Tole Bi entrusted the management of the "Council of Dancers" as a whole nation, leading other khans and dances. Thus, he is designated as a wise brother, Tobe dance. In order to defeat the enemy as soon as possible, and thus establish freedom in the Kazakh steppe, he will take over the military leadership along with his power. Kazybek dance is sent to Arka, Yusup and Aiteke dances are sent to the Kypshaks, Sasbuka dance to Karakalpak, and Kökim dance to Kyrgyz countries. Together with Sarzhan, Esey, Dosai and a number of other princes, he collected signatures from Karatau and Alatau countries and formed thousands of troops. Those troops are led by brave and famous heroes such as Abylai, Bogenbay, Kabanbay, Barak, Zholbarys, Malaisary, Samen, Tattibay, Koikelly, Sanyrak, Taishyk, Kudainazar, Zharykbas. As a result of such great preparation and organization, the Kazakh people defeated the Dzungar-Oirat invasion. The people, devastated by the humiliation of the enemy, fled to the mountains and recuperated. Among the refugee population, two layers of young women carry a cradle. An old man walking along the dirt road with a tole and stirrups says: - Look at this bishara, who left his blanket and pillow and is carrying an empty cradle. - A child's cradle is the door to a wide world! - said the wise Tole. One day after the war has calmed down, people start looking for their livestock and children. An old woman who was left in the crowd found a two-three-month-old baby, took her to her arms, and continued on her way. All come to one village. He will not give the naked baby to anyone. He takes both of them to the dance. The old woman first gives the child, who is crying in her arms, to the blonde woman. She kisses the baby on the cheek and pats him on the back. But the child does not stop crying. Now the boy is being held by a woman with a black net. When this woman hugs the baby and kisses its tail, the baby stops crying immediately. - Don't let the warmth of your brother go away, - said the dancer to the woman in the black net. young man who has returned from a trip comes to Tole's house and talks about what he saw on the road.- As I approached the village, I met a woman with a two- or three-year-old child on her neck and carrying a bag on her back. When I tried to get the boy sitting on the thorn in front of me, he didn't let go of his mother's neck. Then Tole said: "Kirpiksheshen carries her child on her back, doesn't she?" "What do you mean, mare?" Forty young men who entered the final battle with the Dzungars return to the village victorious. For two or three years, he has been driving the cattle. The people divide the cattle by saying "cattle returned from the enemy is booty". The poor man in the village, wearing a leafy robe, wearing boots, and a single donkey, recognizes his camel among the many animals. But the person who owns the camel does not give it to the poor. It is also said that he made two or three trips to Samarkand and returned with the burden of the rich. "It was my camel that I used to lead on every trip," he says. The dancer tells the owner of the camel to lead the camel. He chases the camel. When asked the question "Why didn't you come with a lead?", they say that the camel does not lead. After this motivation, the dancer says to the poor man, "Take the camel with you." So he set out on the road alone and followed the camel. "The camel belongs to this guy," said Tole, looking at the crowd. One type grows crops for a poor person and uses it himself without paying. It was difficult for the poor to support their children. The next fall, the harvest was good, and the poor man harvested the crop without telling the judge. The judge beat the poor man and split his head. The poor man who was beaten went to Tole Bi with a complaint. He must have heard about the plight of the poor man. He called the judge and said: Your quarrels are a dark place, If you think that you will not be a treasure, Torem, you are a waste of sweat. "Give me the money of Musapir" - After arguing with your farmer, , the nobleman was ashamed and satisfied the poor man by giving him the fee. The farmer, who went out into the field dragging the Omash tree on his ox, meets Tole. He asks Bi where the millet will be sown and it will yield a good harvest. Mother points to the sandy ground in front of the dance with a whip handle. The farmer sows millet seeds there. During the harvest, the farmer is tired of the abundant harvest. Tole comes to the farmer who is piling his threshing floor like a house. - Is there a lot of God's day or is there a lot of millet? - says the one-ox farmer, delighted with his wealth. - Of course, you have a lot of millet, - said Tole. - How did you know that it will be fruitful when planted in this place? - Millet grows well in places where there are many enemies: worms, mice, sparrows - said Tole. dancing Returning to Turkestan from a feast held on the slopes of Kazygurt mountain, a group of good people, led by Tole bi and Yeseikhan bi, turned their horse's head to the village of Dosai bi, who was tying a mare in the mud along the Karabas river. Atalas, brother Bi, and the Bolishes, while staying for a few days, started a conversation about the state of the country. When he heard the quarrels and quarrels between the country and the bad behavior of some gray boys, Tole danced like this: What is the need to tame the bull, After catching up, What is the need for brothers and sisters, After the day of hunting has passed. Five days pass falsely, Death has caught up. After getting stuck on top of a hill. You say, "Say, Tole", Are there any young people who will listen? Where are the people like before, Where are we who will say it?.. At that time, Tole looked at his brave men who were saying Tursynbai, Kuttybai and said: \< > - If you are born in excess, be Kerey, be happy for three Kazakhs. so be it It turns out that a rich mullah lives in the summer cottage on the Shyrshik side of Tashkent. He was bad for the country, greedy and greedy. Because of that character, he sometimes listens to words from Tole Bi. Tole Bi pushed her boyfriend, who was tending the camel, to one side, and while she was driving the camel herself, she met the same miserly mullah riding a donkey in front of her. He wants to make fun of the fact that Tole Bi is riding a camel and bringing the camel back by himself: "Oh, mare, how come you are taking care of the camel yourself, don't you have a camel?" It must have been a time when he was tired and sleepy. The mullah stuttered again: "You've lost a lot of weight and you're done standing." Then Tole said to him: "In the land of poetry, the ox grows fat, and in the land of death, the mullah grows fat." . - It is difficult to be the head of the country, to please the country, - Tole Bi said in one of his stories, - in the past, a khan became famous among the people. There are no end of people coming to say hello throughout the year. That khan will have a wedding one day. - What will the people say? - he asked an anonymous person. Every day, two or three villages come, and the feast lasts for a long time. The food is greasy, we couldn't eat it, - people did not like it. - What did the country say? - asked the khan. — Khan showed his wealth. The meat was fat and the food was greasy, so we couldn't eat it, says the spy. Next year, Khan is going to have another feast. The country will come again. - Alas, this khan was a poor man who grew up as an orphan in his youth. This showed his poverty, - he says, eating the meat given to him by the people. But how can it be the same for all countries? All hard work and intelligence should be spent on it, - concluded Tole Bi. Karasai batyr Tole's father came to Alibek and stayed. While they were talking, seeing the five-year-old Tole, Karasai stroked his forehead and said, "My son, you will rule over three hundred, and I will die. My youngest son, Kosheke, will have a quarrel for a day, and then you will mediate." , the Kyrgyz killed a young man outside the village of Kosheke, and imprisoned him for a long time. Then they would say, "Our grandfather Karasai had a deposit that he entrusted to you," and went to Tole Bi. Tole Bi rode a horse and came from Shymkent day and night. Kun did not believe when Kosheke told the contenders that "I am white before God". Then Tole said to the disputants: - If Kosheke's oath is repeated from heaven by her father Karasai, will you disperse? - says. The challengers said that if the voice of "Kosheke ak" comes from Aslan mountain, we will leave the dispute. Tole Bi: Then, tomorrow morning, when the air is still, gather at the foot of the Heavenly Mountain. Kosheke and I will go there, he says. Suyte also dresses up his heroic boyfriend, who is accompanying him, as a ghost, and makes him sit at the top of the mountain, and shouts "My boy is white on the street". - the ignorant peasants of the village said:- We heard, we heard, I'm going to be haunted by your thoughts, Grandpa Karasai! - stopped arguing and returned to his country. He was a poet and a soul. Tole was a poet, a poet, a poet, a singer, and a musician. Whenever he heard that there was a talented poet and artist in any country, he was given a special name. He listens to their songs and songs tirelessly for several days. He was put on a cloak, put on a horse, and given a ride. He especially does not leave Zhankel, the famous poet in the southern region, by his side. Zhankel was a very talkative, intelligent, quick-witted, eloquent person. One year, Talebi became a man and wanted to arrange a wedding for his son, who became a citizen, and invited his thoughtful and like-minded dances. Kazybek from Arka, Aiteke from Atyrau, Eskeldi from Alatau, Esey, Dosai from Karatau, and a number of other dances come. While discussing who has the best girlfriend, Kazybek mentions his girlfriend to one of Kazybek's close brothers and tells them that he is going to be engaged. It turns out that the poet Zhankel knows about that girl from the outside. He immediately clicked his tambourine and started singing: There is a sparrow at the bottom of the tree, There is one good and one bad in everyone. If two bad things come together, every day is bad. Life is a trade for a handsome guy, if the lake does not match, the brown judge will be a woman, a man will make everything wise. What kind of man is smart but wastes his life... From this poem by Jankel, Tole Bi realized what kind of girl she was: - God, save her forehead from a tiger, her chest from a boat, her lips from a turkey, her mouth from a pox, her eyes from the sky, and many excuses! - he said. Gaz-voiced Kazybek, seeing that the girl was just as ugly as Tole-bi said, without saying a word, he was impressed that Tole-bi was a clairvoyant saint and said:- Your excuse is like a hawk, like a goose and a duck. "That's the end of the speech," he said. One of Tole Bi's sons who fell in love with him will die at the age of 25. Far away from Arka, his friend Kazybek with the voice of a goose comes to Turkestan to express his condolences. Hearing Kazybek coming, Tole Bi stopped the crying brothers and dispersed them. He stops close fans and friends, boys and girls too. The goose-voiced Kazybek is coming. Stay strong, don't hide, - said the mare from the horse lying in the pasture of Kazykurt, built a white house on the clay of Bogen-Shayan, greeted two young men in front of Kazybek, and went out to meet him. The Kazybek side hugs each other and expresses condolences. Even if Tole Bi accepts it internally, he does not hide it and pretends to be happy again. Tole Bi's godmother, other children, brothers and sisters do not cry, they all start to wait for the Kazybeks with a warm welcome. Kazybek's side is puzzled, thinking that let's finish the case. On the other hand, Tole danced, sang songs to the poet-singer, talked about the power and justice of their past lives, and made conversation for two days. Two days later, when they were leaving, Tolebi said: "Oh, my dear Kazybek, tell me if you have any goods." > if you have a brother who will come looking for you. Know that there is happiness. If you have a brother who comes looking for you, then find out that your ghost is there. Know them and do not give them away. It's because he didn't have a guest in his house, because it didn't happen because of what many people said, - he put the narkes sword left by his great-grandfather Zhanys in front of Kazybek and closed the sable. They put precious robes on their comrades. So, when the Kazybeks were about to leave, a group of people shouted "Oh, my brother" from outside. Both sides hug each other every now and then and talk to each other. Kazybeks will meet them again. Now, as usual, they are relieved and have tears in their eyes. The old men recite the Qur'an. Kazybek speaks for a while and ends his speech: - Oh, Toke, to your falcon flying from the pedestal. To your horse that swallowed. May God let it end! Will there be a Kazakh like you? It's an unimaginable worry. Farewell, my dear, I wish to be a friend! - " and rode off in a puff of smoke," said the people. When the son of the famous Kazybek Kazybek, Alimzhan, died, Tole Bi went with a group of people to express his condolences. Then: Oh, my goose-voiced Kazybag! The hilt of the sword is gone and the scabbard is left, Who knew the details of this life? The hero left and the cattle remained. He gave away your son and took your son himself. What does this person do to God, O my Kazybeg, who does not bear the burden? "It's work..." he said in a flurry, making everyone laugh. Kazybek did not raise his head and said: - Well, dear Goat, I am grateful to God and my people. When Alimjan was born, only the country of Orta Yuz said congratulations. Now, when he died, three hundred children came and told him. Thanks for that too! - he raised his chest. In Akkoyan year, snow fell thickly, and spring came out late. Alchyn village suffered from winter and famine. When the depressed country was about to move to the land of famine, Aiteke stopped them. "Don't settle and be idle, let's send a dozen people to Tole bi's country to bring grain," he said, leading the villagers with his son. Tole Bi is currently dancing in Tashkent. The brothers who came were welcomed and fed. He collected grain until he could lift the car, and he gave six sacks of wheat and a slaughtered horse for the parcel. Tole Bi Alchyn told some stories and sayings to the boys. Say hello to Aiteke, say hello to your country, Aiteke's son did not move from his seat. Tole dance:- Oh, oh, my child, did you stop? - he asked. Then he said: - I am looking at it in order to find out the end of your grandfather's will that you told him. For a young man, the main part is lasciviousness, the middle part is sleepiness, the junior part is stubbornness, disobedience. "If a person has these three causes, he will not improve for the rest of his life," he said. One hero of Oshakht country kills a guy named Kulnazar from Mamai Zhadiger village during a hostage situation, and a conflict begins. The poet Buribay, descended from Akbura's grandfather, sang the story like this. You will give the hearth to Kulnazar, you will give a girl with a turban, you will give a handsome son, you will give your six grandfathers and sixty horses of money, Kulnazar will come to your village and burn my belly like fire, my brother. If you don't give, if you don't give, if you don't give - Esekem will mark your horse. Esenbay and Esmambet are the heroes that the poet says Esekem. The people of Oshakh do not attach this word to the name of a slave. Year after year passed. The 14-year-old Edi got on the horse with that valuable argument. A hundred people followed him. They reached Shu River. Oshak welcomed them and built one house for ten people and ten houses for a hundred people. The Oshakts brought their grandfather Tole Bi from Turkestan. From the country of the Little Hundred, Aiteke came with his chief people, and Kazybek, with the voice of a goose, came with his famous people from Arka. house was built for them too. Kumyz was wiped out, cattle were slaughtered. After the meal, everyone got up for the evening prayer. He was lying down. Over the morning tea, the village brother Tole Bi said, "The country of Adil Bi is not invaded by strife, and the land of righteous kings is not invaded by enemies, so this country was peaceful." He had not touched anyone yet. And brother, you are riding horses from afar, and you have been talking to each other, what do you have to say? What do you mean? - he began. One of the poets of Mamai tells about the story of the Buribai poet, who was scattered around the country. At this time, Tole Bi said to the nomad who was sitting: - Everything is clear. Without further ado, let's get to the point. Who is arching six grandfathers? Who is leading the seven grandfathers? 'If you don't have an apple, I have a neck, if you have a gem, I have a bosom. If this is the end of the argument, brother! The boy, who understood this decision of the elder, said to Eddy: - Oh, dear grandfather! Whose wrist is the felt, whose mouth is the speech. A spoken word is a shot that does not return. The decree came from you, and now the closed one should be from you. The good people who were sitting said that we can't add both father and son to it. The next day, Mamai started cooking the hearth and took it to a girl in the village of Zhadiger. That girl became a link between the two countries that have been estranged for ten years, made friends and established relations with each other. , the black haired scabbard must have been dedicated to fair-speaking citizens. Tolebi is considered to be a great tulka who was able to take care of international and state interests, not just one village or one tribe, but also a conflict between two countries. This is evidenced by Tole Bi's many activities and partial justice. One example: in 1743, when Tole Bi was the chief dance in the Turkestan region, the Russian ambassador K. Miller came to meet. Miller tells that 4 years ago, when he was leading his caravan between the city of Auliyata and the city of Turkestan, he was met by a group of Koykel heroes and robbed them. While the Dzungars on one side and the Kokans on the other side were staring at the Kazakh steppe, Tole Bi felt the need to come to an agreement with the Russian kingdom and join forces, and the Russian ambassador K. Thinks to decide in favor of Miller. Sütey called his relative Koykel the hero and put him in the power meeting. K. attended this meeting. Miller, Zhanibek batyr, Kazybek dance with a goose voice, Seiithan dancing the city of Turkestan, Tashkent beg Kokym dance, Karakalpak dance Sasyk dance, Barak Sultan, etc. dignitaries will participate. It is known that no matter what the dispute is, it cannot be resolved without a dispute. It will be the same this time. One of the dancers speaks in favor of Koykel hero. Now one finds Miller's claim reasonable. Then Tole Bi makes the following cut from the middle: - I am going to cut my hand for the sake of the country I did not attract Koykelly Hero because he is closer to me than all of you, and I did not push him away because Mr. Miller was far, far away. First of all, let's think about the whole people, not just one village. Folks, don't we need a friend to help us when the Dzungars are attacking from this side, and the Kokans are threatening from this side, and are staring at our plains? For this purpose, we concluded a contract with the Russian kingdom. So give your friend a cut, let's make Mr. Miller happy. Koikeldy Batyr should pay two thousand horses and pay the expenses of the Russian caravan. Of course, cattle are dirty hands, right? If there is danger, the horse of a rich Kazakh will leave. Later, as a nation, we will fill his place. Koykel Batyr also admitted. Tolebi reluctantly opposes Abulkhair Khan's policies, especially the actions of willingly surrendering to the Russian kingdom and paving the way for them. In 1748, Barak Sultan, who was sent by Abulkhair Khan Tole Bi, did not accept, and the relationship between the two became tense. Abulkhair Khan died that year. Abulkhair's son Yeraly goes to Tole dance to dispute his father's price. Tole Bi, relying on the law of "Seven statutes" created by them, ordered to pay seven prices for the death of the khan. Authority is enforced. The vengeful children of Abulkhair find and kill the hero Syrymbet, who participated in the murder of their father. Constantly asking to bring Barak Sultan to justice, he turns to Tole Bi again. Tole Bi invited Aiteke Bi, Yeseikhan Bi, Zalgan Bi, Dosai Bi, Kaba Bi, Karabek Bi and a number of other khans and begs to participate in this power. These disputes will last for a while. In the end, according to Tolebi's final authority, he found that the complaint of Abulkhair's children was groundless, a rift between brothers, and a general enmity, and Barak Sultan intervened in the dispute. Not one Barak Sultan, Tolebi was the chief dance of a great face, interceding with many batyrs, bis, and sultans. took care of them. Thus, he mobilized them for the work of national defense, brought up heroism, justice, and preservation of national unity. The distance from Balkhash to Sarysu - the cities of Turkestan, Sairam, and Tashkent remain in the hands of the enemy. In such a difficult time, Tole Bi, who has been taken from the enemy's side and from the foothills, thinks of a way to save his son. Koikeldy, Bolek, Tailak, Sanyrak directs the fight against the invaders. He attracts brave men who have the ability to take action against the enemy. Among them, there were the khans who died because of their strength, and the brave men of the country, who were brave enough to fight against the khan. Such was the significance of the famous Abylay Batyr growing up and being educated by Tole Bi. One group of Kazakhs, who could not recover from the enemy's blow, went to Bukhara and Samarkand, one group went to the Shyrshik River, and one group went around Sauran and moved to Khiva. The names "Aktaban pgubyryndy, Alkakol sulama", "Sauran gyranyan", "Kayyn saugan" were born from the reality of such a difficult and tragic period in the historical fate of the Kazakh people. > If you go like this, you have a Kokan, you have a father from Kokan. Citizens of the country who are looking for a way out of the impasse expect support from the Russian king. In such a difficult time, Tole Bi wrote a letter to the Russian king in 1733, expressing his readiness to submit not only his greatness, but the whole country to his rule. In the letter, along with Kodar bi, Satay batyr, Khankeldi batyr, Bolek batyr, Tole bi Kuleke batyr is mentioned. At the same time, Tolebi hides the fact that he sent Bolek Batir as an ambassador to the Dzungar region. This document shows that Tolebi began to boldly and actively intervene in both foreign and domestic politics. Since then, Tole Bi has not neglected his foreign political activities until death. In 1734, Anna Ionanovna replied to Tolebi's letter, in which she wrote about taking care of the Great Hundred Kazakhs..." When Tolebi reached the age of ninety-three, Grandfather Tolebi was bedridden. Out of respect for their intelligent, well-respected grandfather, they came to him. One day, the poet Zhanyl goes. I didn't ask for your safety, oh, I couldn't stand your news. Kazybek, Aiteke with a tongue, Askartau - he was as tall as Kazykurt. When Tole bi rolled on one hip, he expressed his gratitude by saying - Karagym Zhanyl, your path is wide, may your end be honest! He sings a poem. He asks a question on his way back to his village: We have come to see you. You have been wandering around the world without you. Your Kazakh country would not have lived without you. Zhanyl raised his head: - My dear, my child, would you be a person without dreams: if you have one or two dreams, my dreams are two, four, foal; I was born at the same time as Kazakh and Kyrgyz, and I will leave the world at the moment when they started to divide. I started dreaming about what will be the day of my people in the coming days. Our great-grandfather was a dance teacher who trained many speakers. He was a good brother who blessed many young dancers. It is enough to prove that Taikeltir Chechen was tied to a tala. Taikeltir Chechen was looking for a lost taila when he accidentally came across Tole Bi's house. Whose son are you? - I am Idabol's son. - My son, what is your name? - Taikeltir. the answer was unexpected. He liked the boy's unflinching answer and raised his thick eyebrows to look at him. Have you gone out for a walk? - One of my tails has spread and blown away, and I'm looking for it in the thick country along the Shu River. - My son, you will find your tail. By God, you came to our house in an unexpected place. Land here and eat your father's bounty. Your father was my friend. We have not been able to participate for a long time. Father, is your mother safe? - Thank you, father, I will go if you bring it, - says the boy. - Grandmother, pour kummy to Taikeltir, the sun is hot, he must be thirsty, - said Tole, turning to his wife next to him. he gives it to the child, and then it is given to the elders who are sitting on the kur. But no one can say anything after drinking kumys and the table has been gathered, a middle-aged dembel guy waiting for the guests puts a sarbas horizontally across the threshold and says "bless you", and the elders, who have been taking kumys for four days, raise their hands in comfort. The guest boy does not raise his hand to bless. - Son, why don't you spread your hand? - I will not raise his hand to bless this sheep, - Taikeltir says seriously. Shalar says "why, why", Taikeltir laughs and answers. And if there are animals brought for the matan, I will bless them myself. But there was a saying of my grandfather Tole: "Eat your father's sibaga", and I don't understand whose sibaga this sheep is. The old bearded black man sitting on the couch, not knowing what to say, looks at Tole, and sometimes at those around him with a scornful look. - Grandfather, I am not a problem, I am a child. Tole, who was silently observing the conversation from the pillar, was interrupted by this speech of Taikeltir. What Idabol used to eat from this table every year was not a lamb, but a mare for the winter, a foal, a foal in the summer. Go! Leave the sheep and bring a foal from the horse!.. Nine-year-old Jetes went to say hello to Tole Bi in the nineties: then Tole Bi said:- Blessing is different, lichen is stone, mind is age, what how are you baby - he said. Then the boy from Jetes said: - Oh, holy, grandfather! - If you give him a horse, he will die, if you give him a coat, he will wear out. "I will be happy if you give me a commandment that will not die, will not die, and will not be forgotten," he said. Put your hand there, child, - said Tole: - Don't be a child of one family, Be the mind of many families! Don't be the father of one country, Be the wise man of all countries! Don't be the shore of one tone, Be the brother of many lakes! Appreciate the white as white, amen, consider the black as black. If your heart is broken, go along the river, if things happen to you, ignore the crowd. Be perfect for yourself. . - Be fair to your people, be cruel to your enemies! Be loyal to your friend! - amen, he blessed. In his conscious life, our grandfather Tole Bi does a great job in the way of truth and justice. Thus, he dedicated his whole life for the unity, life, life, customs and traditions of his people. That's why his native country raised him to the top and respected him, and his decision was fully realized. He was called "Tobe bi", "Aulie ata", "Karlygash aulie". "Truth is brought out from the abyss", M. Kaldybaev, a researcher of his generation, reports in the newspaper "Almaty Akshamy" (January 16, 1991) about Tole Bi's righteous rule in the field: to an old man with tattered clothes, a unkempt beard, wet eyes, and red eyes: "Goodbye, my dear!" came down and came to him. - Grandpa, it's hot, go, go under that berry tree. - Look, what a kind boy you were, I've seen you under that berry tree a lot. The old man sat down, holding his head in both hands and crying. Jolan took his basket, drank the kumquat from the trunk, and breathed a sigh of relief I am poor. I have many children. I have a daughter who was adopted in the neighboring village. We ran out of food at home, so I went to my daughter. "Okay," my son-in-law and daughter found some food and clothes. I went on foot and returned on foot. I had filled my basket with this and that, slung it over my shoulder, and arrived here as a sacrifice. There is a dry well at the bottom of this single root berry. I landed here. I was sad and left. Someone began to press, strangle and beat the letter. If I write the name, there is no basket. Crying and crying: - I'm back now? How do I appear to my hungry, naked children at home? Although I went back to my daughter, I know that the secret is known, she took the last food from her mouth. I was very embarrassed, what was the point of sleeping in the desert? - I'm sad, my son. - Grandpa, don't stink, don't cry for nothing. Stop your age. There is no other village in this area except ours. Let's ride this horse together. The man put the old man on the back and came to his village. Tole Bi, a handsome, sharp-nosed, wide-shouldered, sharp-eyed man with a white beard, listened to the crowd and said: "Okay, old man, now I will gather the people together and announce." He came to the crowd and asked: "Oh, my people, have you all gathered?" "Let's not miss one person," he said. "What happened? Why did Bi call us?" - said everyone in surprise. Tolebi took the poor, crippled old man out in front of the crowd and said: - Yes, cripple, what is wrong with you? - he said. Someone beat and snatched my food and clothes that I was bringing to my hungry children from where I was sleeping under a single berry tree near an empty well. People were silent. Everyone is sad, looking down and sitting silently. "Oh, my people," said Tole Bi. - Don't make this poor man cry. Give Sorly clothes and food. The truth will not stop you from giving. One of you will be caught. Admit that it was true that the sword would not cut the neck that was offered to me. You will never leave this place. People are quiet inside. None of them have a voice. The sun is about to set. - Oipyrym-ay, the dog's child-ay, which one got it? Won't he tell the truth when he gets it? What's wrong with people? There was a murmur as if our cattle and house were left unattended. There are also people who are touching each other and flirting with silent gestures. When there was no answer, "I was a thief", Tole Bi looked at the old man and said: "They robbed you first at the bottom of a single berry in an empty well." Now walk to that well. The well and the single root berry will tell who got it. They don't have a language, they have it, he said. Old Musapir separated from the group and continued walking. - I will not send anyone home until you come. If I find someone to leave, I will pay your lost property to that person. The people looked at each other: - How long can he go to the well and the berry, and where is he? When will the walk come? Does anyone know? - grunted. The man who stole the clothes and food of the poor old man who was sitting inside said without noticing: - Oh, it was morning before he went to the berry and the well. "It's a long way," he said. Tole dance's boys, who were waiting to see what words would come out of his mouth, grabbed him by the waist and said: - Get up! Answer these people! - said. - You know that it is a long way. No one else took his property except you. Tolebi returned the people to their homes, chased the poor old man. Thief: - Give me this property! - he ordered. - I didn't take it! - Now hang this guy! When two guys dragged him by the wrist: - Atatai, I took it, wear my soul, don't try to kill me! he begged. - I'll return all the things I took. - Oh, what you wrote, won't you confess immediately without scolding the people? Can you not tell the truth? Tole Bi said with a cold smile. - I have a punishment for you. - Grandpa, please wear my soul? - I will punish you, promise not to steal anymore. - Ok, grandpa. Now if I steal, I will be hanged. He did not escape. No matter who he was, he confessed his guilt in front of him. Thus, he entered the right path. He joined the ranks of the country and worked faithfully. Tole Bi's wisdom, eloquent witty words, proverbs and sayings are widely spread throughout the country. Shokan Ualikhanov, Russia's A. Levshin, G. Potanin, A. Divaev and B. during the Soviet era. Adambaev, A. Mametova, M. Kaldybayev and the author of this work, etc. collected and studied by folklorists and historians. There are also materials collected from around the country in the manuscript fund of the State Archive of Kazakhstan and the Academy of Sciences. There are still a lot of uncollected Tole dance heritages. It is our future task to collect them carefully, study them, and present them to the people in the form of a book. ### Monuments Tole bi was actively involved in the construction of public buildings in the cities of Shymkent, Turkestan and Tashkent. Tole dance is popularly known as "Karlygash saint" and "Karlygash dance". There is also a legend about its name. Tole Bi was buried in the Shaikantavyr cemetery in Tashkent. His grave is near the tomb of Babur's great-uncle Yunis Khan. A mausoleum was built on the tomb of Tole Bi. Many poets and poets were attracted to the bright image of the dancer who lived a noble life and relied on his wisdom in their works. In past eras, like A. Levshin, P. Makovetsky, L. Ballyuzek, etc. Russian researchers paid tribute to the name of Tole Bi in their works. Famous Zhusip Kopeev, Shakerim Kudaiberdiuly, Saken Seifullin, Mukhtar Auezov, B. Adambaev, N. Torekulov, etc. Tole published his studies and conclusions on various aspects related to dance. In Zhambyl region there is a settlement called Tole bi. One district in Turkestan region is named Tole bi. There are monuments to Tole Bi in Zhambyl, Turkestan region and Astana. In Almaty, Shymkent and a number of settlements there are streets named after Tole bi. ## Sources ## See also * Kazybek dance * Aiteke dance

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6174

Мьянма

The Republic of the Union of Myanmar (Burmese: முர்ப்பு பாடிய் மும்ப்புத்து, HFA: [pjìdàʊɴzṵ θàɴməda̰ mjəmà nàɪɴŋàɴdɔ̀]), abbreviated as Myanmar (Burmese: Burma), formerly Burma, is a country located in Southeast Asia, on the Indochina Peninsula. The land area is 678.5 thousand km². Population - 41.7 million. (2000). The capital is the city of Naypyidaw (3.5 million). Myanmar consists of 7 national regions and 7 administrative regions. The majority of the population (70%) are Burmese, the remaining ethnic groups are the largest in number: Shan, Karen, Chin, Mon, etc. The official language is Burmese, English, Chinese and local languages (Karen, Mon) are also used. 85% of the population follow Buddhism, the rest are Christians, Hindus, and Muslims. The government system in Myanmar is republican. The supreme legislative body is the State Council for Peace and Development (BPDMK). The supreme executive body is the government. The head of state and government is the chairman of BPDMK. National holiday - Independence Day - January 4 (1948). The monetary unit is kyat (ja). Member of the United Nations since 1948. * * * ## Nature Most of the territory of Myanmar is covered by mountains and plateaus. The Rakhine and Pakhine mountain ranges are located in the west, and the Bilauktong range is located in the east. Khakaborazi (5881 m) is the highest peak in Southeast Asia in Myanmar. The central and southern part of the country is a wide plain. The Irrawaddy, the main river of Myanmar, flows through this plain. Various minerals (oil, tin, tungsten, zinc, copper, lead, coal, natural gas, precious stones) are found in Myanmar. 15% of the land is suitable for agriculture. The main climate is tropical monsoon, sub-equatorial. Depending on the influence of monsoons in Myanmar, the seasons are divided into cold (November - February), hot (March - May) and rainy (June - October) seasons. The cool season is characterized by frequent dust storms. The average temperature in the cold period is 20-25C, in the hot period it is 30-32C. Amount of annual precipitation in the interior plains. 500 mm, up to 3500 mm on mountain slopes. The flora of Myanmar is very rich. More than 700 evergreen trees and shrubs, more than 700 perennial herbaceous flowers, 80 species of tea bushes, 70 species of palm and bamboo trees, and more than 400 species of ferns grow here. Evergreen forests on mountain slopes, avg. mixed forests and savannas are located in the areas. In Myanmar, together with fauna characteristic of tropical regions (cats, snakes, monkeys, birds, etc.), Malay tapirs, Indo-Malay hedgehogs, rhinoceroses, white-browed gibbons, giant pheasants (length 1.7-2 m) are rare on earth. approx.), there are dolphins living in fresh water in the Irrawaddy. ## Geography ### Geographical location Myanmar borders India (1,463 km) and Bangladesh (193 km) to the west, China (2,185 km) to the east, Laos (235 km) to the east km) and Thailand (1800 km) in the southeast. To the south and southwest, its shores are washed by the waters of the Bay of Bengal and Mutama Bay (Martaban), as well as the Andaman Sea. The territory of the country, including mixed islands, is 678 thousand km², the coastline is 1930 km. ### Climate Mainly tropical and sub-axial climate. There are three seasons: * wet - from the end of May to the end of October * cold - from the middle of October to the middle of February * hot - from the middle of February to the end of May. In January, the average monthly temperature is +24 °C, Yangon, Mandalay +21 °C, the highest summer temperature is +41 °C. It is much cooler in mountainous areas (especially in the Shan Mountains, the temperature can drop below zero at night in winter), January temperature does not exceed + 15 °C in the valleys The most precipitation falls in July. The amount of precipitation depends on the elevation and exposure of the slopes to the southwesterly moistening monsoon winds. The coasts of Rakhine and Tanintai regions receive an average of 4,600-5,100 mm of precipitation annually, while the central plain receives only 635 mm. The average annual rainfall in Sittwe (Akyabta) is 4950 mm, up to Minbu, in the dry zone in the rain-shadow of the Rakhine Range - only 740 mm, in Yangon - 2510 mm. ## History People have inhabited Myanmar since the Stone Age. In the territory of modern Myanmar, the first state structures (Mon, Piu) were established in BC. appeared during the head. Before the 11th century, Srik Shetra, Arakan, etc. many small estates were created. At the beginning of the 11th century, the kingdom of Pagan (the ancient state of the Myanmar people) conquered small states. At the end of the 13th century, the kingdom was attacked by the Mongols. But the Mongol rule did not last long, and the independence of the country was restored. In the 16th century, the Tangu state became stronger and the country began to unite. In 1752, the Mon rulers who founded the Pegu state subjugated the Tangu state. From the beginning of the 19th century, French colonists began to enter the Indochinese peninsula. In response to this, Great Britain in 1824. Burma, in 1855 occupied the entire territory of the country. Myanmar became a colony of the British Empire under the name of Burma in 1886, and was included in British India in 1886-1937. In 1937, it became a part of the British Commonwealth and received partial self-government. In 1942-45, Myanmar was conquered by the Japanese. After the end of World War 2, a small number of peoples living in Myanmar began to demand the right to self-rule. As a result, the Federation of Burmese States was established on January 4, 1948, which was declared an independent state. In 1962, there was a revolution in the country, and the military came to power. Since 1989, the country has been called Myanmar (Union of Myanmar). In 1990, the main opposition party (Democratic Party) won the elections in Myanmar, but the military regime is still in power. ## Economy Myanmar is a predominantly agricultural country. It has been going through an economic crisis in the last decade. The government is trying to revive the economy by supporting private entrepreneurship and foreign investment after 40 years of strict government rule. The most important industries include mining, oil production, forestry, agriculture, fishing and lumbering, which account for 40% of the national gross domestic product. The main branch of agriculture is rice cultivation. Wheat, sugar cane, corn, rubber crops are also cultivated. The basis of imports is heavy engineering products and transport equipment. The per capita gross national product is US$1,290 (1997). The main trade partners are China, India, Singapore, Thailand, Japan. ## Geography It is hot all year round in Myanmar, which is divided into two seasons: summer - rainy, and winter - drought. The large navigable river Irrawaddy flows across the country from north to south. Most Myanmar people live here. All the border areas are dense tropical forests and high mountains. Different tribes live in these mountains. ## History 1044-1287 here was the kingdom of Bangan. But in the 13th century, the Mongol Khubilai Khan captured the capital of Banga, Thaton. 1531-1752 the Burmese founded the kingdom of Taungo. Burma was a British colony for many years. He was born in 1948. only gained independence. 1962 The Revolutionary Soviet came to power. Most of the industries were taken into state ownership. Important democratic changes are being implemented in the country. The republic entered the liberal path of development. 1988 the military staged a coup and seized power. 1989 they changed the name of Burma to the Union of Myanmar. 2005 the capital was moved from Yangon to Naypyidaw. ## Cities Many Burmese already live in houses built on high hills. Hanging houses with woven walls, verandas and roofs are made of wood or bamboo. The largest city is Yangon, which is the capital of the state. And the current capital is the city of Naypyidaw. ## Culture, people. * * * * * ## Inle Lake. * * * * * ## Places and buildings of great historical importance. * * * * * * * * * * * * ## Writing * * * ## Sources ### Official Links \< > * Ministry of Foreign Affairs * Ministry of Internal Affairs Archived September 2, 2006. * Ministry of Religion * State Press "Myanmar Times" (in English and Burmese) * Independent Press "Irrawaddy" (in English and Burmese) Links in English * MyWebDigest — Myanmar Burmese Web Directory & Search Archived March 2, 2008. * Myanmars Net — Myanmar-based web guide * Myanmar Travel Information * MRTV-3 Web Site 2008 village of 24 Kazans. * Burma: Army of the Child God Orys tіlndegі sіltemeler * Buddhist KSRO — an essay on the history and religion of Burma and a travelogue 2007 village. * Burma in the Great Soviet Encyclopedia * Burma in the Encyclopedia Krugosvet * Practical tips for travelers on the site of Sergei Zharov

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2769

Moshovce

Mošovce is located in Turchisk County, Žilinsk Region, Slovakia. ## History The largest village in Turtsa. Its rich history is evidenced by many fascinating sights, and its history has been recorded for 800 years. The first mention of Mošovce is found in 1233 in a document of King Andráš. Moshovce consisted of two villages, the first "'Mahyuh" developed in the modern Stary Rager, the second one was called "Terra Moys" and was located in the present-day Widrmokh region, today's name "Moshovce" comes from the complex name "Terra Moys". The meaning of this word is the Land of Moisha, in our opinion, in ancient times this place belonged to Moisha. Gradually, the pronunciation of this word underwent changes: the abbreviation of the Slavic name Moitekh was Moisha, the root words were "Vojtech" or "Moimir". This name has undergone changes due to historical circumstances, i.e. Moshovych, Moshoc, Moshovets, villa regia Mayos alio nomine Moshovyh, oppidioum Mayus sue Mosocz, Mosocz olim Mayus, and today's name is Moshovce. The ancient part of the village of Moshovce is the former settlement of "Khornukov", today's surviving name is "Chernyakov". As a village of the king, Mošovce developed into a free settlement with special rights, and from the middle of the 14th century it was subordinated to the Blatnica palace. In 1527, Moshovce fell under the control of the Revay family, and for the next 400 years, the priority rights and status of the city of Moshovce were not preserved. Since time immemorial, Moshowce has been the center of handicrafts in this region. The handicraft industry flourished, and at that time 15 workshops were operating. Among them, the longest-lived shoemakers and tannery workshops. Today, Mošovce is a large tourist region with many attractive places. The unique architecture of the buildings of Mošovce. ## Attractions Among the buildings and houses, the most interesting are Rococo, classicism buildings. One of them is a mound with an English park built in the second half of the 18th century. Other places of interest: Jan Kollar's house, a church with a very valuable neo-Gothic altar, a Lutheran church built in 1784, a mausoleum with a craft museum, a new greenhouse and a pavilion from 1800. ## Nature The nature here is amazing. Velka Fatra mountain range with a complex of historical alleys. The fantastic types and beauty of dolomite and limestone rocks in these mountain ranges are amazing. We can also mention Gaderska and Blatnicka valleys. ## Famous people Many famous people were born in the village of Mošovce: composer Fritso Kafenda (1883-1963), writer Anna Lackova-Zora (1899-1988), literary critic, historian and poet Štefan Krčmery (1892-1955), dramatist Jur Tesak Mošovský, organizer of the first volunteer firemen's society in Slovakia, Miloslav Schmidt. Among them, the most famous is the great Slavic poet, philosopher, Lutheran pope Jan Kollar (1793-1852), whose work made a great contribution to the development of national literature. "Slavy dcera", the slogan of the patriots of that time, was translated into many Slavic and other languages. ## Photo store about Moshowce * * * * * * ## External links * Moshowce site * Moshowce brochure * Information about Moshowce * Drienok Archived 28 October in 2008.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3884

Developer

predicate is an indeterminate part that expresses the state, characteristics, amount, time and place, cause and purpose of an action in a sentence. Requests from developers: when? where? (how?) from where? how back? why? why for whom why? what to do what to do for what purpose? by what by whom? because of what? thanks to whom? every time who every time? how much how long? how many times ## Types of refiner Refiner is divided into three according to its composition: 1) Single refiner; 2) Complex refiner; 3) Swarm processor; A singular modifier is a modifier consisting of one word. For example: Work is in full swing in Lava. He answered the question without hesitation. A compound modifier is a modifier made from a compound word, a regular phrase, and a compound participle. For example: Mary appeared on the stage in a blink of an eye. A compound modifier is a modifier consisting of compound words. For example: I want to prepare for class when I have time. Composer is divided into six semantic types: 1) time modifier; 2) place modifier; 3) goal modifier; 4) action processor; 5) causative agent; 6) quantity calculator. ## Word classes that are modifiers Word classes that are modifiers: * Can be from adverbs * Can be from adjectives * Can be from nouns \ <> * Prepositions in sentences? how for what purpose? If he answers the questions, he will be a modifier * The words in the adverbs barys, zatys, eksandy and help express the meanings of place, face, far-direction, criticism-movement, and where? where from when? how if he answers the questions, it becomes a modifier * Nouns depending on the period become modifiers by means of dependent conjunctions or conjunctions, sometimes without them or together with other words * after some words in the adverbial verb, sheyen (until), bola, kara, One of the adverbs, such as foot, becomes a modifier. After some words in the Eastern adverb, one of the adverbs, such as after, later, further, before, before, becomes a modifier. After some words in the adverb, one of the adverbs, such as together, layer, row, becomes a modifier for some words. through, because of, for, every time join together to form a modifier. * after some words in the adverb, one of the adverbs, such as sheyin (until), bola, kara, taman, is combined with a modifier. * one of the adverbs such as after, after, after, after, between, before, and after some eastern adverbial words becomes a modifier. * one of the adverbs such as together, layer, row, etc. is added to the end of some auxiliary verbs and becomes a modifier. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5253

Khayip Khan

Kayip Khan (full name Kayip-Muhammad Bahadur Khan, Khaip-Bagatur-saltan, Kaib, Ir-Gaip, Kaipjan, Chaip, year of birth unknown - 1718) - the Sultan of Kishi Yuz, the main clan in Kishi Yuz since 1704/09 khan of the Unions, chief khan (great khan) of Kazakhs since the middle of 1715. Son of Khusrau Sultan, grandson of Syrdak Sultan, descendant of Esim Khan. ## Biography The name of Kayip Khan appears in written records since 1692. In the 90s of the 17th century, a part of Kishizhuz clans ruled the city of Karnak. In the documents of the Russian embassy at that time, Tauke Khan was mentioned as the most prestigious and famous person among the Kazakh sultans around him. By the middle of the first decade of the 18th century, he became the Khan of Kishi Yuz. He received the title of "hero" from the people under his command. The first years of his reign were full of continuous battles with the Dzungars and the Edil Kalmyks. The embassies sent to Ottoman Sultan Ahmet III in 1711 and 1714 in order to seek support from neighboring states ended in vain. According to the statement of the ambassador of Khayip and Abulkhair khans, who arrived in Ufa on September 4, 1715, after the death of Tauke Khan, Khayip took over the khan throne. The city of Turkestan became the seat of a new ruler. In 1716, the Kazakh steppe was subjected to a devastating blow by the Dzhongar commander Tseren-Dondob. Along with the Dzungar attacks, the relations of the Kazakhs with the Edil Kalmyks, Bashkirs, Siberian and Steppe Cossacks became tense. In order to exchange prisoners, settle military conflicts between Kazakhs and Russian tribes, create favorable conditions for the development of Russian merchants' trade with Kazakhs, ensure the safety of caravan routes, and create a military alliance against the Dzungars, Khayip and Abulkhair Khans went to Ufa in the fall of 1715, Toykonur Kultabayulin to Kazan in the spring of 1716, and In the fall of 1716, he sent Bekbolat Ekeshuly and Baidaulet Buriul to the city of Tobolsk. Kazakh ambassadors to Oktober Governor P.S. Saltykov and Governor of Siberia M.P. Gagarin was suggested to carry out military operations against the Dzhongar kontaichysh. The Kazakh-Russian negotiations held in 1715-1716 did not lead to the desired result. In the spring and summer months of 1717, Kayip Khan together with Kart-Abilkhair Khan organized a military campaign against the Oirat tribes. Poor organization of the military campaign, the tactical skills of the Dzhongar commanders, and the consequences of mutual disagreement between the Khayip and Kart-Abilkhair khans led to the defeat of the Kazakh army. In 1718, the proposal to the leaders of the neighboring Russian provinces and the Russian king to form a military alliance against the Dzungars did not materialize. Failures on the battlefield in 1716-1717 caused Kayip Khan's reputation to decline in the Kazakh field. In the fall of 1718, he lost the support of the ruling groups around him, and in the winter of the same year, he was killed by his opponents in the Middle Hundred. Kayip Khan's son Batyr (died in 1771) has been in charge of Shekti, Fourkara, Shomekei, Karasakal clan-tribal associations in Kishi Yuz since 1748. ## Literature * Valikhanov Ch.Ch. A collection of essays in five volumes. Vol. 1. Alma-Ata, 1985. * Vitsen N. Northern and Eastern Tartary, including regions located in the northern and eastern parts of Europe and Asia. In three volumes / Per. with the Dutch language by V. G. Trisman. T1. Amsterdam, 2010. * Erofeeva I.V. Epistolary heritage of the Kazakh ruling elite 1675-1821. Collection of historical documents in 2 volumes/Author of the project, introduction, biographies of khans, scientific commentaries; compiler and editor-in-chief I.V. Erofeeva. Almaty: JSC ABDI Company, 2014. - 696 p. + incl. 44 p. — ISBN 978-9965-832-26-0. * Moiseev V.A. Dzungar Khanate and Kazakhs. XVII-XVIII centuries. Alma-Ata, 1991.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4842

Sәuіr

April or cuckoo (lat. Aprilis) is the Kazakh name for the 4th month of April in the current Gregorian calendar. This name comes from Arabic, our people often called this month Cuckoo. 2nd month of the ancient Kazakh calendar. With the current number, April 21 - May 20. ## Comments ## See also * Kazakh calendar * Gregorian calendar

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6603

¥

The ¥ symbol is used as a currency symbol for the following currency units: * Japanese Yen (JPY) * Chinese Yuan (CNY) These two currency units are written in the same Chinese script (圓/元/円), the Putonghua pronunciation is /yuan/, and the Japanese pronunciation is /en/. Basically, the symbol represents the Latin letter Я with a stick from two lakes, or maybe a single stick (like the Kazakh Cyrillic letter У) in China itself. Again, the symbol itself is similar to the character (羊, /yang/) meaning "sheep" (the name of an earlier Chinese currency). This character is used as a file path separator on computers in Japan.

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=4903

Order of Nazarbayev

The Order of "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev" was established by the Constitutional Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan on "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan" on January 1, 2001. The awarding of the order "First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev" is carried out in honor of celebrating the special merits of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan for the Motherland for the special merits of citizens in public and public service. It was established in honor of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev on the basis of the Law No. 180-II dated May 3, 2001 of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Heads of foreign states and governments can be awarded with the Order of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev for special services to the Republic of Kazakhstan. The awarding of citizens awarded with the highest degree of distinction with the Order of "Fatherland" or the Order of the First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan Nursultan Nazarbayev is recorded in the Book of Fame of the Republic of Kazakhstan established by the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan. ## Description The order consists of an insignia and a star on the shoulder tape. The shape of the order is similar to the symbol of the President of Kazakhstan: a multi-ray star forming an octagon, the rays of which are covered with blue enamel. The eight longest rays are coated with white enamel and decorated with diamonds. The central medallion has a gold monogram on a blue background: the letters "P" and "H" are decoratively interlaced. The central medallion is surrounded by golden marigolds, which in turn is surrounded by a white border, along which there is the inscription "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev" in gold letters. The medallion is surrounded by a gold band with natural rubies. The Star of the Order is a sixteen-pointed polygonal gold, where the rays of the eight stars in turn are shorter than the others. A medallion made of blue enamel with a gold image of Nursultan Nazarbayev in the center. The central medallion is surrounded by a white border, with the inscription "The First President of the Republic of Kazakhstan - Elbasy Nursultan Nazarbayev" in gold letters. The medallion is surrounded by a golden ribbon with natural rubies. The star and insignia of the Order are made of 750 pieces of gold. There is a miniature of the order for everyday wear. ### Ribbon The moire ribbon of the order of the first model corresponds to the color of the National Flag of the Republic of Kazakhstan with a golden national ornament. The shoulder tape of the fourth model is made of 100 mm wide blue moire fabric. ## Gallery * * * * * ## See more \< > * State awards of Kazakhstan

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=3855

Kadireli Esbolatuly

The son of Kadireli Esbolat (1932, Kunes district) کادیﺮالى اسبولات ؍لى‎ is a poet. ## Biography * 1944 After graduating from rural primary school, he cannot study due to family problems. * 1948 1951 studied in the district high school until 2006, and after finishing his studies he became a teacher in that school. * 1960 has been working in the field of information since. * From the beginning of the 1950s, he wrote many stories, essays, feuilletons and poems. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=7460

Monologue

Monologue - (Gr. monos - individual, Gr. logos - speech) speech, emotion, commandment-sermon spoken by the hero to the public or for himself. Monologue is a method used in speech art for the purpose of depicting the character's inner state, emotions. The peculiarity of a monologue is that one person's thoughts and words are reflected. In the Stage Monologue, the hero seems to be talking to himself and does not expect a response from the listener or the viewer. If Abay's poem "Bolys boldym, mineki" is a lyrical monologue, the lines of Altai ("Sulushash"), Konkai ("Akan seri - Aktokti") are examples of epic, dramatic monologues. In the monologue, the character's thoughts are expressed and his condition is clearly understood. Monologue is scientifically called intrapersonal speech. Depending on the genre character of the speech, the monologue is divided into the original speech of the character, a scientific report, and propaganda related to the functional and communicative situation (informing, reasoning, campaigning, etc.). In the text, the monologue continues to appear both in the form of dialogue and mixed with dialogue. In the last case, dialogue and monologue word tables are mixed and used together. A monologue is an act of oral speech in which the speaker expresses his thoughts to one, several, or many people. Monologue is not only convenient for oral speech, but also in written form. In both cases (oral and written) the main feature is the speech of one person or the thought of one person. The monologue has its own characteristics, such as its own enrichment, syntactic structure, selective use of lexical units (units), rather compact opinion. Depending on the speech or writing genres of these signs (artistic monologue, eloquent speech, everyday conversation, etc.), depending on their functional and communicative function (description, narration, story, persuasion, etc.), various monologues appear. Differences within the genre (author's words, characters' language, scientific speech, propaganda, etc.) show the stylistic features of the monologue. According to some scholars, the active nature of the monologue (frequent exposure to rhetorical questions, the tradition of speaking directly to the audience, etc.) makes it "dialogic", that is, the speaker or writer can involve the addressees (listeners and readers) in his own thoughts. As a manifestation of the monologue, the author's narration in the literary work, especially in the prose world, on the one hand, brings the literary language somewhat closer to the spoken language, and on the other hand, there are great wordsmiths who involve the listeners and readers in the story. Therefore, when it comes to monologue, it will be one-sided to cite only examples from fiction. There are speakers who create a dialogue with their audience through the skillful creation of a monologue, both in a scientific presentation, in public speaking, and in a conversation between two or three people. ## Qualifications * being able to convey information in the form of a message, report, short speech; * being able to formulate the topic, problem, main ideas of the message; * ability to make a verbal plan of the message; * being able to prepare an oral abstract; * be able to comment on facts, phenomena, situations; content of facts, situations, phenomena, characters; * commenting on aphorisms, sayings of the great; * be able to present specific facts in a logical sequence; * briefly/completely tell the content of the read or listened text; * being able to make a summary (summary) of the read or listened text; ## Structure * the main part: explanations, additions, visuals, the main idea presented with arguments; * conclusion: nodes created according to what was mentioned in the main section. The main goal of the speaker in a monologue is to convey the message to the listener as clearly as possible. Since the quality of receiving, understanding, and summarizing the message received by each listener is different, the speaker can use different linguistic tools and methods. These include: * adverbs, etc. complete simple and compound sentences; * rhetorical questions; * 1st plural form of the verb (we read, we consider); * connectives (first, also, that is, in conclusion), as well as repetitions, etc. ## Usage in Abai's black words Abai's "Black words" contain a lot of monologues. "Until we reached this age, whether we spent it well or badly, we spent our lives in the same way..." (First word). "Grief that fills one's chest does not even know about itself, it stiffens the body, breaks the joints, tears flow from the eyes, or words flow from the tongue" (The Fifth Word). "There is a Kazakh proverb: "Unity is achieved by art, life is achieved by art", one does not know in which country there will be unity or peace" (The Sixth Word). Although it is a personal opinion, each "opinion" of Abai expresses the opinion of the general public and creates a great lesson. It is not difficult to notice that the idea of the character and the idea of the author come from the same place. The integrity of the author's thought and the character's thought is particularly noticeable in Abai's poems: "Guys, play is cheap, laughter is expensive, beauty and beauty are two different things..." , What did I do, yapyrm-au? !"The monologue does not have to be spoken only in the first person or in the third person, it is quite possible to use any of the types of person. In the poems of the great poet, there is no small place in the monologue spoken from the other side: "What will you do to me? "Leave me, Uner started, Jaiyun and cheated, Arbap, Oz betemne you go away..." In Abai's works, the monologue has a significant stylistic function and is used as a way of effectively conveying the author's thoughts to the reader. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=2891

Open Directory (ODP)

Open Directory Project (eng. Open Directory Project). Other names: ODP, DMoz (D — English directory, Moz — Mozilla) is an open directory of multilingual Internet links owned by Netscape. The founders and supporters are considered to be an association of voluntary processors. List of 1998. started working. Current 2006 As of June 1, more than 4,769,732 sites were described in more than 708,584 sub-sections of the public part of the inventory, 78 language sections were created and supplemented, another 99 are in the preparation phase, 72,729 editors participated during the entire period of the project's existence, including 7,495 editors engaged in active editing. stand 2006 June 12, 2007, in the public part of the inventory, the Kazakh site section. Archived from the original on January 15, 2007. placed. ## External links * Open List Project Archived 14 May 2016. * Public Board Archived June 21, 2008. — Open List Project Public Board Kazakh section Archived February 7, 2007. — Open List Project * Kazakh section of the Public Board Archived February 7, 2007. — Open Enumeration Project * Census(link unavailable) — Open Enumeration Project * Paper Archived 19 January 2007. — Open List Project

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=1709

Үндістан

India (Hindi भारत Bhārat, English. India), the official name of which is the Republic of India (Hindi भारत गर्याज्य Bhārat Gaṇarājya, English. Republic of India) is a country located on the Indian Peninsula in South Asia. 1,210,193,422 people live in India, a country famous for its rich culture and ancient civilization. It is a place of deep-rooted philosophy, a rich spiritual heritage, customs and traditions that are both secret and critical, architectural masterpieces such as the world-famous dome of love Taj Mahal, Lotus Temple, deep source dance and clay, wonderful Indian cinema and fragrance. the land of Indian tea. It is an example of unity in diversity that "united the hearts of all peoples in the rhythm of a single life" (from the National Anthem of India "Heart of the Nation"). India, the Republic of India is located in the Indian Ocean basin, south of the Himalayas, at the crossroads of important sea and air routes connecting the countries of South and Southwest Asia with Europe and Africa. The western shores are surrounded by the waters of the Arabian Sea, and the eastern shores are surrounded by the waters of the Bay of Bengal. The area is 3.3 mln. km² (including Laccadive, Andaman and Nicobar Islands). The capital is Delhi (New Delhi). The population is 1 billion. 400 mln. 72% of them are Indo-Aryan in origin, 25% are Dravidian (mainly living in the south), and 3% are of Mongolian origin. 9/10 of the population are large nationalities: Hindustanis (about 31%), Biharis, Bengalis, Telugus, Marathi, Tamils, Gujaratis, Malayalis, Kannaras, Oriyas, Punjabis, Rajasthanis, Assamese, Kashmiris, etc. constitutes Religious composition: * Hindus — 80.3%; * Muslims — 11%; * Christians — about 4%; * Sikhs — 2.8%, etc. ## Languages The official languages are Hindi and English, and 18 languages are considered official in the states. The population is densely settled in the Indus-Gangetic plains and coastal areas, and sparsely settled in the mountainous and desert regions of the north. The population mainly lives in rural areas. Therefore, natural growth is high. Urban residents make up 28% of the population. Major cities: Kolkata, Mumbai, Delhi, Chennai (Madras), Bangalore, Ahmadabad, Hyderabad, Pune, Kanpur, Nagpur, Jaipur, Lucknow. ### Administrative division India is a federal republic, which includes 25 states and 7 union territories. The head of state is the president. The supreme legislative body is the president and the bicameral parliament (the House of People and the Council of States). The supreme executive body is the Council of Ministers, headed by the Prime Minister. National holidays: Republic Day — January 26 (1950) and Independence Day (August 15). It is a part of the British Commonwealth, a member of the UN (1945). The currency is the Indian rupee. ## Nature ### Geology India mainly covers the Indian peninsula, part of the Himalayas and the Karakoram, the eastern part of the Indus-Gangetic plain, several island groups in the Bay of Bengal and the Arabian Sea. 3/4 of the country's territory is plains and plateaus. Almost all of India is covered by the Deccan Plateau (declining from 900 m to 300 m to the east). The sea coasts are mostly low, sandy and less indented. There are few convenient places for ships to stop, so many large ports are located on the banks of rivers (Calcutta) or artificially built (Madras). In the west, the plateau rises and forms the Western Ghats. Its coastal slopes are steep, and the eastern side is cut by the plains of large rivers (Krishna, Godovari, Mahanadi, etc.). The Western Ghats continue in the south with Apaimalai and Cardamom mountains (the highest point is 2633 m). In the north-west is the Aravali Mountains (height up to 1722 m), an ancient folded chain consisting of short, parallel ridges, severely damaged by erosion. In the north, the Deccan Plateau is bounded by the Vindhya Mountains (the highest point is 881 m), which is the foothills of the Malwa Basalt Plain. At the far eastern end of the Deccan Plateau are the Eastern Ghats mountains (the highest point is 1680 m), divided into separate massifs by rivers. To the north of the Indian peninsula lies the alluvial Indus-Gangetic Plain. From its north, in the form of three steep rock steps, the world's highest mountain systems - the Himalayas and Karakoram mountains rise from it to the south (the highest point is Nangarparbat mountain in the Himalayas - 8126 m). These steps of the Himalayas - Siwalik Mountains (800-1200 m), Lesser Himalaya (2500-3000 m), Greater Himalaya (5500-6000 m, even higher) are separated from each other by a chain of inter-martial potholes. The topography of the Greater and Lesser Himalayas is alpine in form, deeply dissected by rivers. There are deposits of hard coal, iron ores, manganese, chromite, bauxite, and diamonds. ### Climate Climate is mainly tropical, tropical monsoon in the north. 70-90% of the rainfall falls during the summer wet monsoon, which plays a huge role in Indian agriculture. Winter is dry and cold, and from March to May, the dry and hot season begins. The average temperature in January ranges from 15°С in the south to 27°С in the south, and in May from 28°С to 35°С. Annual rainfall in the west of the Indus-Gangetic Plain. Less than 100 mm, 300-400 mm in the central areas of the Deccan, 3000-6000 mm on the outer slopes of the Eastern Himalayas and the Ghats, and up to 12000 mm in Cherrapunji on the Shillong plateau (the wettest land on Earth). Rivers starting from the Himalayas, which are filled with melted snow, glaciers and rainwater, are abundant throughout the year. The flow of the rivers in the Deccan Plateau varies with the monsoon season, with floods from June to October. All major rivers experience sudden rise in water level in summer and floods are frequent. ### Hydrology Larger rivers: Ganges, Indus, Brahmaputra, Godavari, Krishna, Narbada, Mahanadi, Kaveri. Most of them are important for agriculture. There are few large lakes, they are mainly located in mountainous regions of glacial or tectonic origin. The largest is Lake Wular in the plains of Kashmir. Some of the rivers are navigable. ### Fauna and Flora The natural vegetation of the Deccan Plateau and the Indus-Gangetic plain has changed strongly, savannas, rare xerophytic forests prevail, and in some places there are deciduous forests. In the northwest, deserts and deserts are dominated by shrubs. On the windy slopes of the Western Ghats, in the Ganges and Brahmaputra deltas, in the mountainous regions of the Eastern Himalayas, evergreen tropical forests grow, at the foot of the Himalayas - terai (swamped jungles), higher up - monsoon, mixed and coniferous forests, and mountain meadows. Forests cover about 1/4 of the country's territory. Major National Parks: Kaziranga, Gir Forest, Manas, etc. There are many reserves. Animal world of India is different from other Asian countries. Among mammals, there are monkeys (macaques, gibbons), deer (tambalar, sambar and black), deer, bulls (gaur, pygmy and Indian buffalo). There are Indian elephants, tigers, leopards, and Himalayan bears. Lions, leopards, and Kashmiri deer have been almost completely destroyed. India is home to many species of birds, amphibians, snakes and fish. ## History Archaeological monuments prove the existence of human society in India already in the Stone Age period. Stone tools belonging to the Shell-Acheulean culture were found in the layers of this era. Remains of the bronze culture found in the plains of the Indus b. h. b. It belongs to the beginning of the 3rd millennium. Ancient cultures of the Indus plain b. h. b. From the second half of the 3rd millennium BC. h. b. It is believed to have originated even earlier in Gujtarat (Harappan culture), to the 1st half of the 2nd millennium. B. h. b. In the 2nd half of the 2nd millennium, Aryans came to India and first inhabited Punjab, then the Ganges plain. A collection of ancient Indian religious hymns and elegiac poems, the Vedas describe the life of the Aryan tribes. Aryans were engaged in raising livestock and crops, learned various handicrafts, and engaged in trade. B. h. b. In the 1st half of the 1st millennium, several slaveholding states emerged in North India. The history of this period is little studied. B. h. b. Most of the slave-owning states of the 6th century were located in the eastern part of North India, in the basins of the Ganges and Jamna rivers (the states of Anga, Magadha, Vriji, Kashi, Koshala, Panchala, Vatsa, Kuru, etc.). To the northwest and south of them are Gandhara, Avanti, etc. b. There is little data on the states. The population of these slave-owning states consisted of 4 groups: * Brahmins; * kshatriyas; * Vaishyas; * the Shudras. The first two of them were in a privileged position. Farmers gave 1/6-1/12 of the produce to the royal treasury. The king also had the right to use the labor of artisans (1 day per month), to collect various taxes. Farmers lived as a tribal and neighborhood community. Slave labor was mainly used in the home. B. h. b. Economy achieved in the 6th-4th centuries. progress made significant changes in the conditions of life of the ancient Indian society. The development of commodity-money relations created conditions for the spread of slavery. The world. the growth of contradictions gave rise to religious-sectarian movements, among which Buddhism and Jainism stood out. B. h. b. In the middle of the 4th century, the entire Gangetic plain was conquered by the Magadha state ruled by the Nand dynasty. Ind own. part of the plain was conquered by the Achaemenid dynasty. B. h. b. In 327-325, the army of Alexander the Great entered India and occupied the land up to the Beas River. Magadha's conquest of neighboring regions continued under the Maurya dynasty. During the reign of King Ashoka, the Maurya dynasty established its rule over almost all of India and a part of modern Afghanistan. They are strong administrators. and created a military apparatus. But internal conflicts and the invasion of Bactrian Greeks in India weakened them. B. h. b. In the 2nd and 1st centuries, many dynasties of Greco-Bactrians, Parthians and Shakas ruled in Soltustic India. At this time, the kingdom of the Satavahans in the Deccan began to grow stronger. B. h. b. In the 1st century, most of North India came under the rule of the Kushan kingdom. In the 1st-3rd centuries, India had a lively trade with Rome. Trade relations with eastern countries and China have expanded. In the 6th-12th centuries, many medieval states lived in India. There was a continuous war between them. In the 8th-10th centuries, the largest states in North India were the states of the Pals and the Gurjara-Pratihars. At the beginning of the 8th century, Sindh was conquered by the Arabs, and Islam began to spread throughout the country. At the beginning of the 11th century, Mahmud Ghaznavi, the ruler of the Ghaznavid Sultanate, made several campaigns to the north of India and conquered a part of Punjab. At the end of the 12th century and the beginning of the 13th century, Northern India was conquered by the ruler of the Gurlar state, Muhammad. After his death, his local ruler in the Gangetic plain declared himself independent and established his own state with Delhi as its capital (see Delhi Sultanate). South of the Krishna River, a large state, Vijayanagar, existed from the 14th to the 1st half of the 17th century. In 1565, Vijayanagar ruler Krishna was defeated by the Deccan Muslim confederation on the banks of the river and his kingdom disintegrated. Around the middle of the 17th century, several independent principalities were created (Madura, Mysore, etc.). ### Colonial era At the end of the 15th century, the first European colonists, the Portuguese, appeared in India. In the first half of the 16th century, they established a number of points on the sea coasts (Goa, Daman and Diu, etc.), established control over the maritime trade of India and subjected the population of the conquered territory to colonial oppression. And northern India was united by the Great Mughal Empire (see Mughal dynasty, Babur). ### British India At the beginning of the 17th century in India in the form of the English East India Company and the Dutch United East India Company (founded in 1600, 1602). trade capital appeared. They seized the monopoly of sea trade with India from the Portuguese and started building factories in the country (the first English factory in India appeared in Surat in 1613). In the second half of the 17th century, trading factories of the French East India Company (founded in 1664) were opened. With the help of Indian merchants, the British, Dutch and French bought Indian goods and exported them not only to Europe, but also to Iran, Indonesia, Japan, China, etc. b. delivered to countries. The ongoing feud between the rulers of the Great Mughal Empire created favorable conditions for the British and French East India Companies to move to India for trade expansion as well as military expansion. Great Britain and France fought each other for the Indian market. As a result of the continuous war between 1746 and 1763, the English completely defeated their opponents in South India, conquered Bengal, made Carnatic and Oudh dependent. In 1767-1799, a significant part of South India was included in the possessions of the English East India Company. The small principalities pushed to the borders of Mysore and Hyderabad recognized English sovereignty. The Great Mughal Empire, which was separated from Delhi (1803), was subordinated to the English East India Company. In 1775-1818, the British colonists destroyed the Peshwa state, in 1814-1826 the southern slopes of the Himalayas and Assam, in 1843 Sindh, and in 1845-1849 Punjab were annexed. British colonialism adversely affected the economic and social development of India. Buying Indian handicrafts at low prices and selling them in European markets was one of the sources of colonial exploitation. The struggle between the ruling classes of Great Britain for the colonial domination of India culminated in the passing of a law (1773) that brought the East India Company under the control of the English Parliament. In 1774, the British Governor-General was appointed in India. In 1813, the East India Company lost its monopoly on trade with India, and in 1833 it was dissolved as a trading organization. English industrial products were brought to India, and local agricultural raw materials were transported to the metropolis. India gradually became an agrarian and raw material colony of Great Britain. Colonial oppression caused the resistance of the people of India. From the 70s of the 18th century, national liberation uprisings began in various regions of the country. The mass anti-colonial movement also took on religious forms (sanyasis, Wahhabis). The first Indian political organizations emerged. English capital controlled export and import, a part of internal trade through the system of trading houses and banks. Railways and irrigation systems were built, and tea plantations were founded. From the middle of the 19th century, the Indian national movement gained strength. The people of the Jamna-Ganges region and Bengal strongly resisted colonial oppression (1857-1859). It also covered the center of the country. After the rebellion in 1858, India came under the direct control of the British throne. In 1855, the Indian National Congress was founded in Bombay as a body of Indian national ideas. In 1909, Indians gained the right to elect members of the Legislative Council. But the local population was divided into Hindus and Muslims. In 1920-1922, Mahatma Gandhi led the Indian National Congress and led the civil disobedience campaign. The main goal of this campaign was to demand full self-government rights. Under the Indian Act of 1935, Indians were given the right to run federal legislatures, but defense and nations. the issue of relations was left to the consideration of the viceroy's administration. In 1940, the Muslim League demanded the division of India along the borders of areas with large populations of different religions. ## Independent India In 1947, after continuous bloody conflicts, British India was divided into two independent dominions - Indian Union (Hindus) and Pakistan (Muslims). Jawaharlal Nehru, a representative of the Indian National Congress party, was elected as the first Prime Minister of independent India. In 1950, India without the Indian Union became the Republic of India within the British Commonwealth. In 1962, there was a short border war between China and India was defeated. In 1965, India retained Kashmir in a war with Pakistan. In the election in 1966, J. became the prime minister. Nehru's daughter Indira Gandhi was elected. In the 1971 war, India defeated Pakistan and helped East Pakistan gain independence. East Pakistan changed its name to Bangladesh. In 1984, government troops cleared the Golden Temple in Amritsar of Sikh forces. He died soon after. A retaliating Sikh bodyguard soon shot and killed Gandhi. Gandhi's son Rajiv Gandhi was appointed as the Prime Minister. He was also killed by assassins during the election campaign in 1991. In 1998, India conducted five underground nuclear tests. This is the world. angered peacekeepers. In 1999, India pledged to sign the Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. A proposal was made to the government of Pakistan to hold peace talks on Kashmir. ### Relations with Kazakhstan Diplomatic relations between the Republic of Kazakhstan and India have been established since February 23, 1992. In May 1992, the embassy of the Republic of India was opened in Almaty, and in November 1993, the embassy of the Republic of Kazakhstan was opened in Delhi. In February 1992, President N.A. Nazarbayev made his first official visit to India. During the visit, a declaration on the main principles and directions of interstate relations, a protocol on establishing diplomatic relations, agreements on trade and economic relations, cooperation in the fields of science and technology, culture, art, education, information media and sports were signed. On February 11-15, 2002, N.A. Nazarbayev made another visit to India. The Kazakhstan-India Joint Declaration was signed there. In response, the leadership of India has made several official visits to Kazakhstan. The Intergovernmental Kazakhstan-India Joint Commission on Trade-Economic, Scientific-Technical, Industrial and Cultural Cooperation between Kazakhstan and India was established. It is an important tool for deepening and developing bilateral cooperation in various fields. Trade between the two countries has been continuously growing in recent years. In 2005, its level was 120.8 million. amounted to US dollars (export — 19.9 million dollars, import — 100.9 million dollars). Medicine in Kazakhstan. more than 400 Indian students are studying in higher educational institutions. In February 2002, Abai Street was inaugurated in Delhi. In June of that year, one of the streets in Almaty was named after Mahatma Gandhi. ## Economy India is an agrarian-industrial country. The economy is multi-structured. After independence, India became one of the most economically powerful countries in the world. The reform started in 1961 bore fruit. In a short time, heavy and light industry, machine tool manufacturing industries were established. Great results were achieved in the fields of nuclear, science and space technology, agriculture and energy. Successes in the economy allowed India to join the top ten countries in the world in terms of domestic and gross domestic product. Making changes to the tax system, strengthening control over the banking and financial sector, reducing the need for the state budget, adjusting the industrial sector in the economy to market relations, making changes to the trade-tariff system, etc. measures have been implemented. The anti-inflation policy was successfully implemented. A characteristic indicator of the Indian economy is the large attraction of foreign investments. In 1991-2001, the number of direct foreign investments in the country's economy. 23.6 billion. amounted to US dollars. Most of it was spent on the development of export-oriented high-tech industries, which determine the process of economic development. Main natural resources: coal, iron, copper, chrome deposits, bauxite, gold, manganese, zinc, lead, oil, natural gas, diamonds. 55.9% of arable land (1995) is plowed for agriculture. Rice, wheat, millet, oil crops, coffee, tea, sugar cane, cotton are cultivated. Breeding of cattle, goats, sheep, pigs, camels and poultry is developed. It exports tea (ranks first in the world), coffee, fish, iron and steel, leather, sewing products, clothes, precious stones, hand-woven carpets, complex machinery, chemical industry products. Imports heavy engineering products, mineral fuel and oils, coral, precious and semi-precious stones, chemical industry products, transport equipment. 64% of labor resources are included in agriculture, 16% in industry (1990). Annual per capita national income. Equivalent to US$1,650 (1997). Main trade partners: USA, CIS countries, Great Britain, Germany. Now there are more than 30 representative offices of Indian companies and firms in Kazakhstan. The Indian company "Ispat International" took over the Karaganda metallurgical plant, a number of coal mines and electricity facilities. Kazakhstan-India joint venture "Ajanta-Pharma" is building a pharmaceutical facility in Almaty. ## Culture ### Ancient Indian culture India is a country very rich in songs and poems of the ancient world. There are several epics that tell about the way of life: "Mahabharata", "Rayaana". In both these poems, the struggle between good and evil is described, and in the end justice wins. This gives meaningful education to the young generation. Laws of Manu One of the great achievements of the level of cultural development not only of Indians, but of the entire ancient world is the Laws of Manu. It is believed to have been written by Manu, who is considered by Hindus to be the ancestor of all mankind. By reading the laws of Manu, we can get information about the economy, management system, social situation, and customs of the ancient Indians. In the law, it is said that the government system of the country should be as follows. The king is the most holy ruler among the people. Based on the law, the king appoints viziers from the governors of cities and regions. There were special tax collectors. Buddhism As in many countries of the ancient East, in India, the belief in different gods first appeared. Among them, the god Brahma received a lot of support from the people. The preachers and spreaders of this religion were called Brahmins. However, their division into closed groups and their superiority did not please the king and the representatives of the lower groups. They invented new religions. The most popular was Buddhism. It was founded by a prince named Siddhartha. From a young age, he thinks about the suffering of people. As a result, the country wanders away from power. Convinced that the solution to people's sadness is the mine of injustice and evil in society, he will discuss his opinion among the people. Because of his great knowledge, the country calls him Buddha - "bright one". In this way, opinions about the teachings of Buddhism and the way of life of the prince came together and a great religion, Buddhism, was born. In Buddhism, it is said that people's unhappiness is caused by their religion. And Buddhism was indifferent to wealth. Buddhism did not divide people according to their wealth, language, or nationality. Later, preachers began to spread it among neighboring peoples. For example, China, Japanese islands. Basics of art and education The wonderful works of ancient Indian art that have reached us are religious palaces and temples. There were two types of them. The first are temples built of stone and brick in the open ground. The second is the temples inside the cave. both of them are decorated with different colors and built in a beautiful and powerful way. Indian craftsmen made various sculptures from stone and fired clay. Frequent changes in the weather, economic needs improved knowledge in the direction of astrology and calculations. According to the Hindu calendar, a year is divided into 360 days, it is divided into 12 months, and each month is divided into 30 days. In the 5th-6th centuries BC, Indian scientists learned about the spherical nature of the earth. The names of various diseases are found in ancient Indian books. For example, jaundice, joint pain, headache, leprosy, etc. Healing in the Hindus was accompanied by witchcraft. ### Literature Indian literature, which has developed its own traditions for more than 3 thousand years, begins with the Vedas, the religious hymns written in Sanskrit, which are the foundation of lyrics, epics and drama. About p. h. b. In the 6th and 5th centuries, it was a large-scale epic in oral literature. poem - the basis of "Mahabharata" and "Ramayana" appeared, p. h. in the first centuries it was finally formed in the Sanskrit language. B. h. b. In the second half of the 1st millennium, Buddhist literature was born in Pali and Krakritakh, combining religious didactic and oral literature plots. B. h. b. In the 4th-3rd centuries, in the Dravidian region of the country, the foundation of its own drama-Tamil literature was laid, in which the worldly character of the ancient works ("Ten Songs") prevailed. Panchatantra (3rd-4th centuries AD), a collection of folk tales written in Sanskrit, was the beginning of the narrative genre. In the modern era, a transition to individual works was observed, independent literary types and forms were formed: Prakrit lyrics of Hala (about 4th century), Sanskrit dramas of Ashvaghoshi (about 2nd century), Bhasa (4th century), Tamil-lyro-epic poetry (eg. , "The Tale of the Bracelet" attributed to Ilango Adigal, 7th-9th centuries). Works on Sanskrit mythological content by Kalidasa (c. 5th century) and Dandin (6th-7th centuries). completely lost its religious tone and became a means of expressing moral ideas. The pinnacle of dramatic Tamil literature is Tiruvallur's "Tirukural" (4th-5th centuries), which describes the perfect personality of the wise ruler. From about the 7th century onwards literature in Dravidian and New Indian languages appeared along with literature in Sanskrit and Tamil. Later, the foundation of Kashmiri literature and Sindhi literature as well as Indian literature in Pashto was laid. The establishment of states ruled by Muslim aristocracy and the widespread spread of Islam led to the formation of Indo-Persian literature: Amir, Khusrau Dehlevi (1253-1325), Myrza Bedil (1644-1721), etc. b. Centuries-old economic, political and cultural ties between the peoples of India lay the foundation for the unity of the literary process in India. The flourishing of literature in the 15th-17th centuries was greatly influenced by the bhakti movement, which took place with religious slogans against the rulers. Writers who abandoned the rules of Sanskrit adapted to write samples of oral literature into verses: Kanna poet Purandaradasa (c. 1480-1564), Bengali Chondidash (14th-15th centuries), poets who wrote in Hindi: Kabir (15th-16th centuries), Surdas (c. 1483-1563), Vol. b. Popular uprisings in the 17th century gave inspiration to freedom poets - Marathi Tukaram (1608-49), Ramadas (1608-81), Punjabi Govinda Singh (1666-1708). The British conquest of India in the 18th century contributed to the decline of Indian literature and the rise of depression. However, in the 19th century, especially in the second half, ideas of enlightenment appeared in Indian literature. Enlightenment realism contributed to the development of the revealing social-life novel in Bengali and other literature [the work of the Bengali writer Perichand Mittro (1814-1883) titled "The Man of a Rich House", vol. p.]. Romanticism spread (Historical novels of Bengali writer B. Chottopadhyay). The play "Indigo Mirror" (1860) by the playwright D. Mittro (1829 - 74), depicting the protest of the peasants against the oppression of the English planters, was an appeal against colonialism. The struggle for national independence became a central theme in Indian literature of the 20th century. In the mid-30s, a movement of advanced writers began, whose goals were to consistently democratize literature and bring it closer to life. In 1936, Premchand (1880 — 1936), M.R. On the initiative of Anand, Sajjad Zahir, the Association of Leading Writers of India was formed. The ideal that prevailed in literature in the struggle for national liberation. movement — Gandhism had a deep influence. The high stage of development of critical realism is Premchand and R. It is the work of Tagore (1861-1941, Nobel Prize, 1913). The poetry of M. Iqbal (1877-1938), written in Urdu and Persian languages, praised a strong-willed, initiative and creative person. Political poetry and love lyrics were written by Urdu poet H. A. Developed by Vafa (1900-36), Bengali writer G. Haldar's novels, prose and journalism of Yashpal, who wrote in Hindi, stood out. India's independence (1947) is a milestone. contributed to the development of advanced literature on the topic. Hindi poet D. Bharati, Marathi poets B.S. In the works of Mardhekar (1907 - 56) and Sh. The struggle to eliminate the consequences of colonialism and to improve the economy influenced the development of a number of literatures that had been lagging behind for a long time and the formation of new ones (Maithili, Bhojpuri, Dogri, etc.). Indian literature in English, which has long been the main language of government institutions and higher education, has developed along with literature in local languages in India. The influence of English romanticism can be seen in the poems of the first English-language poets (V. Derazio, 1809-31; K. Ghosh, 1809-73; T. Dutt, 1856-77). In the poetry of the end of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century (Aurobindo Ghoj, 1872-1950; S. Naidu, 1879-1949; H. Chattopadhyay, etc.) the call for national independence of India prevailed. English prose was born in the 20th century, its prominent representatives were M. R. Anand, R. K. Narayan, H. Chattopadhyaya, Vol. b. was. Relations between the literature of India and Kazakhstan began in the 50s of the 20th century. M.O. Auezov published a collection of travelogues and essays entitled "Indian Meetings" (1958, 1973) about his impressions of his visit to India in 1955, and an article about the great Indian writer Tagore entitled "On the Genius of Tagore" (1961). T. Akhtanov's "India Story" (1970), A. Alimzhanov's "Blue Mountains" (1967) published books about the Indian country and literature. Alimzhanov was awarded the J. Award of India for his "Gift from Otyrar" and other works written on the Indian theme. Awarded the Nehru International Award (1969). In 1992, poet A. Shamkenov also received such a prize. In June 2004, well-known Kazakh journalist and poet A. Nilibayev was awarded the highest state award of India - "Padma Shri" for the translation of the Indian epic "Mahabharata" into the Kazakh language. In 2005, he translated the works of "Rigveda", "Bhavagadgita" and selected works of Tagore into the Kazakh language, and in 2006 published a separate book. Scientists of the Nehru University in Delhi have published "anthology of Kazakh poetry of the 20th century" in Hindi on bilateral cooperation. As part of this project, in 2003, a book of poems by the Kazakh poet Sh. Sariev was published in Hindi in Delhi. From Indian literature, Khoja Ahmad Abbas's "Indian Child" (1959), Premchand's "Thakur's Well" (1958), Tagore's "Falling" (1958), "Stories" (1960), "Gaurimaian" (1964). Chandar Krishna's books "Mother Wind" (1972), Gandhi's "Selected Letters and Words" (2006) were published in Kazakh. ### Art The sources of Indian artistic culture go back to the very ancient civilizations that emerged on the banks of the Indus and Ganges rivers. The highly developed Harappan civilization (mid-3rd to mid-2nd millennium BC) includes large cities such as Sanghol and Lothal. They are characterized by unified planning, water supply and pipe system laid on the road, multi-story buildings made of burnt bricks, public swimming pools. B. h. b. North Indian culture from the middle of the 2nd millennium to the middle of the 1st millennium can be assessed by literary data and sculptural and artistic images characteristic of later periods. Buildings were built of wood, clay and reeds. Their forms and types (round house with hemispherical or conical domes, hall-type buildings for social gatherings covered with wood, etc.) laid the foundation for the architecture of stone temples and other buildings in the following centuries. BC The centers of slave-owning states formed in the middle of the 1st millennium - Mathura, Pataliputra, etc. cities were characterized by unified planning. Settlement of these cities was carried out in accordance with the Brahmanism's conclusion that society is divided into varnas (classes) (rich and poor quarters). This principle of settlement in cities was preserved in India until the later Middle Ages. One of the reasons for the strong preservation of artistic traditions in India was the use of "Shilpashastra", a unified system of laws and rules of applied art - the existence and construction of "shreni" - workshop construction organizations from ancient times. Indian art reached its heyday with the establishment of the Mauryas (4th-2nd centuries BC), a powerful slave-owning state influenced by the Mediterranean states and Persian culture. Large complexes of castles and palaces were built in the cities (palace of King Ashok in Pataliputra - 3rd century BC). With the spread of Buddhism, in the years of Ashoka's reign, temples - chaityas, chaityas and piradars' hostels - monasteries with "viharu", as well as memorial structures and pillars - stambhas began to be built en masse. B. h. b. In the 2nd and 1st centuries, the art reached its peak in the slave states of Shunga in North India and Andhra in the Deccan. This period includes large complexes of rock-cut monasteries in Bhaji, Nasika, and Karli mountains. With the establishment of the powerful state of the Guptas (4th - 6th centuries) in the northern and central regions of India, the art of the slave era entered its final period of prosperity. At this time, statues of the Buddha with perfect form, conforming to all the inviolable rules (sandstone statues in Sarnatha, bronze statues in Sultanganj, 5th century) were created. From the 10th to the 11th centuries, cities grew rapidly, and temple buildings spread widely. Temples became more solemn and beautiful, voluminous, complex compositions, and the inseparable unity of sculptures with architecture was formed. In the 10th-13th centuries, a number of temples appeared with the distinctive features of local schools of architecture. During the late 12th and early 13th centuries, the conquest of northern India by Muslim rulers brought the cultural traditions of Central Asia, the Middle East, and Islam to the country, and Islam became the dominant religion. Other structural elements (arches, domes, houses) and building types (mosques, towers, madrasahs, mausoleums) became established, and the construction of palace-fortress ensembles reached an unprecedented level of prosperity. At the same time, the development of sculpture and visual arts was seriously affected, because the religious requirements of Islam prevented the depiction of living beings. Quwwat-ul-Islam Mosque (began construction in 1193), cities with strong fortresses: Siri, Jahanpanah, Tughlaqabad and Firozabad, Daulatabad (14th century) in Deccan were built in Delhi with the Qutb-Minar tower, which preserved the signs of Indian architecture. With the establishment of the Great Mughal Empire (1562), Indian art rose to a new level and reached its most prosperous peak during the reign of Akbar. During his reign (1556-1605), excellent examples of city planning and castle and fortification art were created: the fortress in Agra, the city-fortress Fatihpur-Sikri (1569-84) (the fortress has been preserved in its original form to this day), Ajmer (1570) and Allahabad fortresses]. A central domed mausoleum surrounded by a single band formed the classic type (Humayun's Mausoleum in Delhi, 1565). During the reign of Shah Jahan (17th century), the beauty of architecture increased, the desire for luxury increased, and marble and precious stones became widely used materials. The traditional forms of mausoleum were perfected in the Taj Mahal mausoleum in Agra. In the 18th century, Rajasthani art, which preserved local traditions, continued to develop at a high level. During the rule of Muslim rulers in North India, traditional temple architecture and sculpture flourished only in the far south, which was still dominated by Brahmin priests. Around the old temples, fences with towers above the gates - "gopuram" and many sculptures were built. Over the centuries, the number of enclosures increased, and the temple complex became a fortified city consisting of multi-pillared courtyards with open galleries - mantapams and bathing pools (temple complexes at Chidambaram, Rameshwaram, Madurai). Giant sculptures of jumping horses and fantasy characters were placed on top of the columns. The art of miniature painting developed in the Middle Ages. Among the earlier schools of Indian miniatures, the best known is the Gujarat school (11th-16th centuries). In the 16th century, the Mughal school of miniatures appeared. The genres of painting historical works, portraits and depicting animals began to spread. Many traditions of the Mughal school greatly influenced the Deccan school, which flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries. During the period of British colonial rule in India (18th century - 1947), the influence of European culture increased and the national culture declined. Port cities such as Calcutta, Madras (Chennai), Bombay grew rapidly, and already in the 17th century, the English built their forts, docks and Christian churches in these cities. Developing industrial centers - new cities, factories, railway stations, municipalities appeared with them. Administrator in newly built cities. haphazardly built Indian districts were formed, with buildings, beautified, Europeans living with sloping houses and parks, laborers' shacks and income-producing houses. New Delhi was an example of urban planning during the colonial period. Its streets are geom. It was properly planned, mostly low-rise houses and government buildings were built. From the 18th century to the middle of the 19th century, the architecture of administration, business, buildings, and private residences was dominated by English classicism, and later by new Gothic forms. ### Music and dance The peoples of India are the heirs of a very ancient, deeply unique musical culture. Its sources originate from folk and collective customs related to various fields of labor and spiritual activity of peoples. The treatise "Natya-shastra" (1st century) on theater, music and dance proves that there was a unique, unique, highly developed music system in India before its publication. Indian music is characterized by a pull. After the settlement of people from Asia Minor and Central Asia in India, Indian music culture came into close contact with the musical heritage of the Muslim East. As a result, a new style emerged that combined the traditional art of Hindus and Muslims. Among the many vocal styles, the most popular are dhurupad (originating from ancient temple chanting), khiyal (which emerged later as a result of the fusion of dhurupad with Persian music). Also, the beautiful lyrical song-thumri about the joys and sorrows of love, tappa, a lyrical composition based on the folk songs of Punjab, and bhajan and kirtan, close to the samples of Bengali folk music, are also widespread. Professional music is classical, although it has its origins in folk music. and folk music genres are significantly different from each other. Folk songs of different regions have local characteristics, they have a natural, real, emotional and social quality. the color is characteristic. After India gained its independence, new opportunities appeared for the development of musical culture. The Academy of Music, Dance and Drama ("Sangit Natak Akademi", 1953) was established. Since 1954, a conference on Indian songs ("Sangit Samelyan") has been held. One of the new phenomena in the musical cultural life of modern India is music in Indian cinema. Its main feature is the combination of Western and Eastern styles of music. ### Theater and cinema Folk theater productions appeared in very ancient times and consist of performing various customs, games and dances. Many forms of folk theater have survived until now with only minor changes. "Ramayana", "Mahabharata" epic. depicting the content of his poems on stage is the basis of many folk theater performances. Actors who perform in such theaters must have knowledge of improvisation, dance, pantomime, singing, and in some cases, the skills of a circus artist. In the performances of Indian folk theaters, some part of the plot is explained not only by the acting of actors, but also by narration. It is not necessary to have a special stage area, a lot of scenery and equipment. One of the most vivid and artistic means of traditional theater is the presence of many styles and local variations of dance (bharat-natyam, kathakali, kathak, manipuri). The flourishing of classical Indian drama and theater is associated with the works of Bhasa, Kalidasa, Shudraki in the 4th-6th centuries. In the second half of the 19th century, Eur. model theaters, dramatic works in Bengali, Hindi, and Marathi languages appeared. In 1795, the first troupe of Bengali artists was formed in Calcutta. In 1872, the playwright G. Ghosh founded the National Theater, which had a great impact on the Indian society. In the 60s of the 20th century, more than 30 professional theater groups worked in India. The first film in India was shot in 1913 ("Raja Harishchandra", directed by D.G. Phalke). In 1931, the first sound movie "Alam Ara" (directed by A. Irani) was shown. In the second half of the 40s of the 20th century, especially after winning independence (1947), there was an opportunity to create a national cinema. 1947 A cinematography department was organized under the Ministry of Information and Broadcasting. The first films that realistically depicted the life of the people appeared - "Children of the Earth" (1946, directed by H.A. Abbas), "The Deserted" (1949, directed by N. Ghoj). A number of films released in the 50s are also important. devoted to issues. Among them are "Serik" (1953, dir. Abbas), "Eki Bigha Zher" (1953, dir. B. Roy) about peasants who fought for their rights to land, "Kangybas" (1951, dir. R. Kapoor) to a certain extent. ), etc. has movies. Directed by S. Ray's film trilogy ("Song of the Road" - 1955, "The Undefeated" - 1957, "Apu's World" - 1959) was a significant phenomenon not only in Indian, but also in the world of cinema. Indian films are characterized by comprehensive depiction of life scenes and customs, slow development of events. Indian film productions often feature musical films based on historical plots. Most of them focus too much on songs and dances that have nothing to do with the content of the film. It is planned to produce documentaries that comprehensively describe the country's life. In 1960, the Institute of Cinematography was opened in Pune. Since 1954, the All India Film Festival has been held in Bombay. Several magazines on cinematography are published. India is the largest producer of feature films in the world. The Indian film factory, known as Bollywood, is located in the suburbs of Bombay. Two new films are released every day from the shooting pavilions of this city. Movies in Hindi, Bengali, Marathi etc. will be filmed in the languages of the peoples. Among the world's most famous film actors, Aishwarya Rai Bachchan, Shahrukh Khan, Frieda Pinto, D. Patel,[[ B. Sahni, D. Anand, D. Kumar, Raj Kapoor, D. Anand, Nargis, S. M. Sen. .Kumari, B.Ran, V.Rahman, Sh.Tagore, Zeenat Aman, Amitabh Bachchan, Amrish Puri, Mithun Chakraborty, Sri Devi, t.b. burned. ## Trees

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=5281

Andronovo

BC At the end of the first quarter of the 2nd millennium (Bronze Age), the people who lived between the Volga and Altai with animal husbandry learned to make bronze. Monuments of the Bronze Age were discovered for the first time in the village of Andronovo near the city of Achinsk in Southern Siberia. It was built in 1913. B.G. Andrianov opened. In science, bronze age monuments in Kazakhstan are conventionally called Andronovo monuments. This name was introduced into scientific circulation in 1927 by S. A. Introduced by Teploukhov. In 1927, archaeologist M. P. Gryaznov found such a burial ground in Western Kazakhstan. Monuments of Andronov are found in Kazakhstan, Central Asia, Siberia. One of the main centers of Andronovo cultural and historical community was in the territory of Kazakhstan. The Western Andronovo people were constantly under the influence of the related tribes of the Khima culture and directly influenced them. Archaeological evidence shows that the vast majority of Andronovo people lived a sedentary life. Settlements were located on the banks of rivers with wide floodplain meadows. The houses of the patriarchal families were large earthen mounds; near them, various farm buildings and cattle sheds were built. These settlements were characterized by the complex nature of livestock-agriculture, where the profession of animal husbandry was dominant. In general, in Kazakhstan, together with the Andronovo culture, monuments of cross culture were found in Western Kazakhstan. The main feature of the Kima culture is the burial of dead people between cut trees. As monuments of the Andronovo culture are abundant in Kazakhstan, this chronological period is considered through the Andronovo culture. Due to the discovery of monuments of the Andronovo culture in a very large area and its coverage over a long period, science now uses the term Andronovo historical and cultural community. The main ethnographic features of the culture that distinguish the Andronovo people from other tribes are the burial ritual, a unique set of earthenware with geometric patterns, and types of metal products. Andronovo tribes built cemeteries in the form of various stone fences, which were surrounded by right angles, round, and oval. Sometimes, especially in the Ural region, instead of these, plagues piled up. The dead tribesmen were either burned or buried in a special way, lying on their side, with their arms and legs folded, in a "box" made of stone slabs, or in a rectangular pit dug. The dishes were made by hand. Earlier, the bottom of the vessels had a protruding roll, but now it is slippery. Their exterior is decorated with complex geometric patterns made with a comb-like or smooth pattern. There were special types of jewelry that did not exceed the limits of the culture of the Andronovo tribes: earrings made of gold leaf folded in half, "glasses-like" and "footprint-like" fashionable key chains worn on hats and other clothes, embroidered totes, and bracelets with knotted edges. The development of production techniques and the beauty of the types of bronze objects and clay vessels indicate a high level of culture. ## Etymology Monuments were first built in 1914. It was named so because it was found near the village of Andronovo near the city of Achinsk. This culture is widespread among the tribes inhabiting Central Kazakhstan. It is divided into three historical periods according to its distribution area and specific characteristics: early period - BC. Petrov culture of XVIII-XVI centuries; middle period - BC Alakol-Atasu, Fedorov-Nura cultures of XVI-XII centuries; the last period - BC Alekseev, Zamaraev, Sarygary, Begazy-Dandibay cultures of XII-VIII centuries. ## Monuments and its researchers Andronovo culture is conventionally divided into three periods. Early Bronze — B.C. XVIII-XVI centuries, middle bronze BC. XV-XII centuries, later bronze BC. XII-VIII centuries. Andronovo culture dates back to the 8th-9th centuries (17th-9th centuries BC). The first monuments of Andronovo culture were built in 1914 by A.Ya. Tugarinov opened. Since then, a huge amount of archaeological material has been collected. S.A., who began to divide and group the monuments of this culture into periods. It was Teploukhov. Especially M.P. Gryaznov has a great merit. Already in the 30s, he created a description of the Andronovo culture as a historical phenomenon and distinguished three chronological periods of the Field Bronze Age: the early, middle and late periods. Later K.V. Salnikov created a chronological collection of Andronovo culture outside the Urals; divided it into three successive periods and conventionally gave them the following names: Fedorov period - p. h. b. 18th - 16th centuries, Alakol period - p. h. b. XV — XII centuries, Zamaraev period — p. h. b. XII - VIII centuries. Culture of Andronovo by K.V. Salnikov's division into periods was recognized as correct in historical science and was used in the study of monuments of the Steppe Bronze Age in all areas where this culture spread. The problem of dividing the Andronovo culture of Kazakhstan into periods was discussed by A. X. Margulan, K.A. Akishev, A.G. Maksimova, S.S. Chernikov, AM Orazbayev worked. Currently, K.V. Salnikov's division into stages was revised and E.A. Fedorova-Davydova, BC Stokolos, G.B. It was clarified in the works of Zdanovich and other researchers. Most researchers believe that the Andronovo culture was built on the basis of the natural development of culturally and ethnically related tribes of the northern region of the Kazakhstan steppe and adjacent areas of the Urals and Western Siberia in the Neolithic and Eneolithic eras. Already at that time, the beginnings of cattle breeding, simple farming and mining were known. The further development of animal husbandry near the house and cultivation of crops with a hoe in the floodplain led to the increase of settlement, the emergence of home businesses, and the development of metallurgy. In the Ulan-Gair steppe region, the progress of the main industries that produce these material goods is approximately at the same level has led to the formation of the characteristic features of the Andronovo culture, to the types of society close to the social condition of the society. ### Central Kazakhstan Many settlements, cemeteries, ancient mines, sacrificial places, petroglyphs were found in this region. A characteristic feature of the Andronovo culture of Central Kazakhstan is the complexity of its tombs, the development of construction techniques related to stone processing. * In the early Nura period, cremation (burning of the corpse) prevailed in the burial ritual. Burial also includes the ceremony of placing the body in a coffin. Only the upper side of ceramic dishes is decorated. Along with the corpse, the bones of domestic animals were also found in the grave. * Next — Land development, including desert areas, is widely developed during the Atasu period. The volume of mining works will increase sharply. It is more common to bury corpses lying on one hip. * Later period — Begazy-Dandibay culture. Its peculiarity is to lay the corpses on their backs. For example: Aksu-Ayuly -2 tomb. The practice of building houses with stone walls on the ground is widespread. Wood is also used. ### North and West Kazakhstan Scientists who studied the Bronze Age in North Kazakhstan, including monuments of Andronovo culture - K. A. Akishev, A. M. Orazbaev, G. B. Zdanovich, S. Ya. Zdanovich et al. b. Division of the Bronze Age of Northern Kazakhstan, stages of Andronovo culture, and their chronological dates were determined by Gennady Borisovich Zdanovich on the basis of long-term excavations in Zhabai-Pokrovka, Bogolyubovo, Kuropatkino and other monuments. Alekseev's settlement and Tasty-butak cemetery were widely known. There are many cemeteries with mounds of soil, round and rectangular enclosures. Arkaym settlement near the border of Chelyabinsk and Kostanay regions can be an example of ancient cities. Sadchikov settlement in modern Kostanay region, Pavlovka (Shagalaly) settlements in Akmola region, Zerendy district - clear monuments of Andronovo historical and cultural community. ### Southern Kazakhstan and Zhetysu Monuments — Stone paintings such as Tambaly, Karatau, Tautary cemetery. The Tegisken mausoleum was opened in the Aral Valley from the bottom of the Syrdarya. ## Farming Andronovo settlements were settled on steppe rivers and their banks, planting crops and gardens. Burnt jars of millet porridge were found. Common artifacts found in all the settlements: hammers, sickles, scythes and stone hoes. Cattle breeding played an important role. The main food was milk, cottage cheese, cheese was made. There was very little meat, it was used only on holidays and when making sacrifices to the gods. The main livestock are sheep, cows, horses. There were three breeds of horses: 1). height 128-136 cm., a horse with a big head and a thick mane. Similar to the modern Mongolian horse. 2). Horses with medium or high withers up to 136-152 cm and weight up to 350 kilos. 3). Horses of breeding height 152-160 cm., thin legs, slender, sheep's neck. They were eaten by the chariot. The people of Andronovo were well versed in the ins and outs of animal husbandry. They introduced livestock keeping for the first time in the world. In winter, the cub was kept in a warm place, for which one side of the house was fenced off. Next to the residential houses, he built a cattle shed. Andronovo people bred double-humped Bactrian camels. In the Early and Middle Bronze periods, i.e. BC. At the beginning of the 1st millennium, the Andronovites became sedentary. Engaged in mixed farming. As a result of herding the cattle near the house, the pastures were quickly depleted. That's why they come up with a better way. During these spring and summer months, young people and men drove cattle to distant pastures, while their families were engaged in growing crops. ## Ancient miners Mining appeared three thousand years ago BC. For example, ore began to be mined in Zhezkazgan at this time. They learned the methods of ore oxidation, grinding, and mining with fire. Also, each family made their own dishes. Women prepared the clay, made dishes from it, and burned them in a fire in the hearth, sometimes in a pit surrounded by stones. The dishes are decorated with various lines and geometric ornaments. The people of Andronovo made everything necessary for home life. She mastered spinning, weaving, leather processing, making clothes with colorful threads. The thread needed for the fabric is spun from animal wool. There was a loom, a loom. They wore shoes without heels, knitted wool and leather earmuffs. Women mostly wore woolen dresses with long sleeves and a hemline. Jewelry includes earrings, keychains, beads. The men were armed with bronze bows. ## People, society, customs They lived as a family community in a big house. Brothers and relatives worked together. Plagues, there were differences in digging graves. This shows that Andronovo society was not homogeneous. When rich and noble people died, they were buried in tombs with special tombstones. There were social groups such as warriors, kings, priests. ## Religious views The religious views of the Bronze Age inhabitants were simple. They buried their dead with certain rituals. He tried to put the corpse in the bosom of "Mother Earth" in the position of lying in his mother's womb. According to Andron people, life continues in the "other world" even after death. Therefore, they buried their clothes, weapons, utensils, and food with the corpse. The Androns worshiped the sun and fire. At the same time, rituals such as totemism (associating origin with an animal), fetishism (belief in the inanimate world and worshiping its qualities), and animism (belief in the soul and spirit) took place in their lives. According to their religious beliefs, they worshiped the sun, fire, and sacred animals. Their images can be found in many patterns on the outside of the eye, in stone paintings, on stones, and jewelry. The way of life, occupation, and crafts of the tribes during this culture have been preserved in the life of the Kazakh people. ### Art Dead bodies were placed in graves with their heads facing west or southwest. It meant turning to the god who communicates with the other world. The body was laid on its back. There was also cremation. It probably came from fire worship. The construction of the house also started with sacrifice. There are vessels full of milk, a bull or a herd. Even children were sacrificed and buried under the floor of the house. The hearth of the house was the most sacred place of the family. At the same time, their art is well developed, they not only made pottery, but also painted geometric figures on their surface, and decorated it by gluing various items on the outside of the pot. Understanding the secrets of hunting, he created both convenient and convenient types of weapons (tin knives, spearheads, arrowheads were all made of tin). ### Paintings on stone Paintings of the Bronze Age, embedded in the surface of rocks and covered with a creamy brown scale, have their own characteristics. These pictures—stone carvings of animals, solar figures, chariots, and battle scenes—reveal their worldview. Rock paintings-petroglyphs were found in Tambaly, Eshkiolmes, Karatau and Maimak, Tarbagatai and Bokentau in Kazakhstan. ## Sources

https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=6681

White House Savings

The White House is a deposit (tradition). In Kazakh history and legends, it is often said that the "white house gave a deposit". In the times of war in the 16th and 17th centuries, when the two sides came to an agreement and the case ended with peace, this tradition was used as a testimony of those great works. In this case, the guilty party admits his defeat and hands over all the luxury and worldly furniture, i.e. "white house deposit". This is not only defeat, but recognition of that country, its place as a guarantee of friendly neighborhood (country) from now on, can be called a separate document and gift. "White House Amanat" was mostly common among the Turkic peoples of the mainly nomadic country. Scientists wrote about it in the works of Sh. Valikhanov and A. Margulan. Such a situation often happened in the Kazakh steppe in the past centuries. For example: during the Dzungar-Kazakh wars, during the Sino-Kazakh invasion, conflicts between the Khiva Khanate and the Kazakh Khanate, there were many times when the ambassadors handed over the "white house deposit" and reached peace and agreement. At the beginning of such a situation, there were famous dances, heroes and orators, famous elders and khans themselves in the state. "White House Amanat" is a testimony of oath, oath and agreement, peace. ## Sources