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https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740201 | Дунхуан | Dunhuang (Chinese: 敦煌, pinyin: Dūnhuáng, "Hearty, Shining"; lit. дунхуанг, Dunhuang) is an oasis and urban district in Jiuquan County, Gansu Province, China, which served as a gateway to China on the Great Silk Road in ancient times. The city district authority is located in the village of Shazhou.
## History
The foundation of the present city of Dunhuang was laid only in 1725, not far from the location of the old Dunhuang. Both are located in an oasis surrounded by deserts that have long been a crossroads of trade routes and a resting place for trade caravans (the oldest finds of Chinese silks in Bactria date from around 1500 BC). The ancient history of Dunhuang is closely related to the Qianfodong Buddhist cave monastery (at that time, caravan trade was a very dangerous business, so a holy place to pray for protection from higher powers was needed). However, settlement in these places appeared before the arrival of Buddhism in China. It emerged as China's military outpost on the border with Central Asian states, with whom relations have existed since ancient times, as they have been defined by mutually beneficial trade.
B.C. 174 the Xiongnu occupied these lands and held them until Han China became interested in the area. BC 139 The Chinese emperor Wu sent a mission to the west led by Zhang Qian and won the support of the western nations in the fight against the Xiongnu. As a result, Zhang Qian was held captive by the Xiongnu for 10 years and returned to China only in BC. In 126, he returned only with news about new countries - Bactria, Persia and Ferghana. The Chinese needed a safe trade route to these countries. Therefore, BC 121 they drove out the Xiongnu tribes and set about building an outpost surrounded by protective walls. It is likely that this first outpost gave rise to the name "Dunghuang" ("shining"), because the lights of the watchtower could be seen from afar by the caravans at night.
The outpost began to fully function only in 111 BC, and in BC. 88 Donghuang County (敦煌郡) was officially established and included 6 counties: Donghuang, Minyan, Xiaogu, Yuanquan, Guangzhi, and Longle. According to Han documents, the total population of the district was only 38,335 people (11,200 houses).
In 220, the Han Empire in China fell, and then various small independent principalities began to emerge in the Dunhuang region. In 336, Dunhuang became part of the Early Liang State, and Dunhuang County was reorganized as Shazhou Province (沙州). This was the time when Buddhism entered and spread in China. In 366, the monk Yuezong carved out the first meditation cave on Mount Dunhuang. He was followed by the monk Phaliang, who carved another. This was the origin of the famous Qianfodong Temple (Thousand Buddha Cave). In 376, Early Liang was conquered by the Early Qin, and in 385, more than a thousand families were moved from southern China to Dunhuang to strengthen the outpost. A year later, the famous Buddhist monk Kumarajiva arrived in China from Kucha via Dunhuang and was received with great respect. At this point, the Early Qin began to disintegrate and these lands became part of the Later Liang state. 14 years later, in the year 400, the famous monk Faxiang stopped and spent a month in Dunhuang before embarking on a long pilgrimage across India in search of Buddhist texts.
In 400, Dunhuang became the capital of the Western Liang State, which was conquered by the Northern Liang State in 421. In 439, Northern Liang was conquered by the Northern Wei Empire, which managed to unite the lands of all of northern China. The construction of temple caves continued under these empires. The Northern Wei Empire was particularly devoted to Buddhist wisdom, and one of its rulers was Yuan Taizhong in 530-534. ordered the creation of a new scriptorium and the construction of a new temple cave (today it appears as cave no. 285) to copy Buddhist texts.
In 535, Dunhuang belonged to the Western Wei state, and during his short reign, 12 more caves were carved into the mountain monastery for Buddhist liturgy and meditation. From 557 to 581, Dunhuang was part of the Northern Zhou state, whose rulers first built and decorated the caves, but then declared the persecution of Buddhists and destroyed the two Dunhuang monasteries (Qianfodong was not badly damaged). In 581, the Northern Zhou state was defeated by the ruler of the Sui Empire, Wendi, and Dunhuang came under the control of the new state of China. By 589, Wen had conquered all of China and unified the country after a long period of fragmentation. He was concerned with the strengthening of the empire and considered the strengthening of trust as one of the most important components of the strength of the foundations. Thus in 601 he sent Buddhist monks to thirty Chinese counties with gifts of incense and sacred relics, one of the recipients being Dunhuang. In 609, Wen embarked on a tour of the western lands of his empire, and Dunhuang played an important role here, as ambassadors from 27 Central Asian dynasties arrived for an audience with the emperor. Dunhuang was an important gateway for China, through which not only various "exotic" goods entered the country, but also foreign culture, of which various religions were a part. Buddhism, Manichaeism and Nestorianism came to China in this way.
In 618, the Tang Empire was established in China, and during its reign, Chinese culture and art reached its highest peak. When Dunhuang became part of the Tang Empire in 619, when it was a state, more than a hundred Buddhist caves were built and decorated in the mountain temple. In 642, the first Tang cave under the direction of the Cui family was completed (No. 220). It was followed by others, usually decorated with paintings and sculptures. Among the rulers, the famous empress Wu Zetian, who seized power in Tang China, was a devout Buddhist; By his order, a huge cave was built in Dunhuang, decorated with a 33-meter-high Buddha statue.
By the 8th century, Dunhuang had become a thriving Buddhist center. In 758, the population of the district was 16,250 people and 4,265 houses. The city's Buddhist community (sanga) grew to about 1,400 people and made up about 5% of the population, while Buddhist monks in the rest of China made up 1% of the population. This has led some modern scholars to refer to Dunhuang as the "Buddhist capital of that time". As in the rest of China, Buddhists were primarily members of society's wealthy and influential elite. Most of them were interested not only in the religious and cultic aspects, but also in the philosophical side of the teachings. With the widespread spread of Buddhism among the people, "she" image associations established in Buddhist monasteries began to play an important role (the number of monasteries in Dunhuang in the Tang period was from 16 to 18). These associations are responsible for ensuring the work of Buddhist monasteries, giving alms, carrying out funerals in accordance with traditions, maintaining the cleanliness of monasteries, repairing, etc. True, the desire of the Sangha leadership to surround itself with an "army" of subordinate commoners caused concern among the Chinese rulers (for example, in 674 a decree was issued to prohibit some such associations).
At this time, the Tibetan state grew stronger in the Himalayas, and in 760, its army moved north along the trade routes. In 781, the Tibetans captured Dunhuang and ruled it until 848. Their nearly 70-year rule was marked by the construction of more than fifty Buddhist caves at Qianfodong Temple. In 848, the local general Zhang Yichao expelled the Tibetans. He submitted to China, but ruled Dunhuang almost autonomously. This situation continued until 920, and during this time more than seventy caves were added to Qianfodong Temple.
In 907, the Tang Empire collapsed and northern China was quickly taken over by representatives of the Khitan Liao Empire, but news of these changes did not reach Dunhuang for several years. It was only in 910 that the local ruler Zhang Huaifeng learned of what had happened and hurried to establish his own local principality, which included Dunhuang and its surroundings. In 920 Cao Yijing became the ruler of the principality, his family ruled Dunhuang autonomously for over a century. This was because when the new All-Chinese Song Empire was established in China in 960, the borders of the new Chinese state were far from Dunhuang. During the rule of the Cao clan, 26 new caves were built and about three hundred caves were restored, and one of the clan representatives, Cao Yuanzhong, restored the large Buddha statue in the cave in 966 (No. 96).
In 1006, Islamic armies moving east defeated the Buddhist state of Khotan, an ally of the Dunhuang dynasty. In 1010, many manuscripts related to the Muslim threat were hidden and sealed in one of the caves (No. 17). In 1038, the Tangut state of Western Xia emerged, which, like Tibet, followed Tantric Buddhism. In 1072, he established control over Dunhuang, which had been part of the Uyghur idiom for some time, and continued the construction of caves designed in the Tantric spirit. The rule of the Western Xia continued until the Mongols came to power. In 1227, they defeated the Western Xia forces, and then they captured and destroyed Dunhuang. Over the next 130 years, only a few tantric-style caves were built at Qianfodong Temple.
After the final establishment of the Mongol Yuan Empire in China in 1279, Kublai Khan, who converted to Tibetan Buddhism and realized the important role of trade, restored Dunhuang (1280). Despite this, the city never recovered; it lost its importance as an important point of trade with Western countries, because the Mongols had their own trans-Asian route to Europe - through southern Siberia and the southern Russian steppes - and when the Ming Empire was established in China (1368), the Great Silk Road was officially closed, since trade was mainly carried out by sea. began to exceed. After that, Dunhuang and other oases along the Great Silk Road collapsed. In 1404, China maintained a single military garrison there, the Shazhou Guard (沙州卫), to protect its western border. As Ming China weakened, Dunhuang again fell to Tibet (1516). Over the years, the city was gradually destroyed.
In 1644, a new empire, the Qing, was established in China, which extended its power to the Dunhuang region. In 1725, the Shazhou Guard was re-established, building its buildings east of the ruins of the old city. In 1760, Shazhou Guard became Donghuang County (敦煌县). However, the Buddhist shrines became more and more dilapidated. In 1820, Xu Sun, a famous Chinese scientist and specialist in historical geography, arrived. On the erected stela, he left important information about the city's founding and its history. In 1831, the Chinese scholar-official Xu Naigu wrote the poem "Ode to the Caves of a Thousand Buddhas", and in 1879, the first European expedition from the Austro-Hungarian Empire came to Dunhuang.
Dunhuang's subsequent history is mainly related to the study of its rich literary and artistic heritage. In 1900, the Taoist monk Wang Yuanlu discovered a cache of manuscripts in Cave No. 17 (the cave was called the "Manuscript Caves"). In 1907, Aurel Stein came to Dunhuang during his second trip to Central Asia and bought 24 boxes of documents and 5 boxes of silk paintings from Wang Yuanlu and sent them to the British Museum. In 1908, the French sinologist Paul Pelliot came there, got acquainted with the remaining documents and sent some of them to the National Library of France in Paris. In 1909, the Chinese authorities came to their senses, placed all the remaining documents in the Ministry of Education and took them to Beijing for safekeeping, and in 1910, some of them were stolen directly from the Ministry. But the theft was never investigated because of the revolution in China the following year. In 1911, the Japanese aristocrat Otani organized an expedition to Dunhuang, as a result of which Japan acquired several hundred manuscripts. In 1914, Aurel Stein made another expedition during which he bought 600 manuscripts from Dunhuang. In 1914-1915, a Russian expedition led by Professor Oldenburg worked in Dunhuang. As a result, various relics, wall paintings, manuscripts and silk paintings came to Russia from Dunhuang.
Some time later, at the end of the Russian Civil War, in 1920-1921, in the Mogao region, there were the remains of about 900 White Guards who used the temple caves as living quarters: statues darkened by kitchen smoke and preserved. graffiti on the walls remind us of this period. In 1939, the Kuomintang army was stationed in Dunhuang, resulting in damage to many paintings and sculptures in the Qianfodong Temple.
In 1949, Jiuquan Special Region (酒泉专区) was established, and Donghuang County became part of it. In 1955, Jiuquan Special Region and Wuwei Special Region were merged into Zhanye Special Region (张掖专区), but in 1961, Jiuquan Special Region was reorganized. In 1970, Jiuquan Special Region was renamed Jiuquan District (酒泉地场). In 1988, Donghuang County became an urban county.
By the decree of the State Council of the People's Republic of China dated June 18, 2002, Jiuquan County and Jiuquan City District were dissolved and Jiuquan City District was established.
## Administrative division
The urban district is divided into 9 villages.
## Economy
Donghuang is famous for red dates and melons. Several large solar power plants have been built near the city.
## Transport
Donghuang Godao is located on Route 215 near Yueyaquan Lake.
In 2012, the construction of a single-track electrified railway connecting the city of Golmud began.
## Cultural heritage
From the 1940s, intensive research on the heritage of Dunhuang began. 1941-1943 Zhang Daqiang, a famous Chinese painter and calligrapher, spent two and a half years in Dunhuang. He enlisted the help of Tibetan monks from Qinghai to make copies of the temple wall paintings and to number all the caves.
In 1942, the archeological team of the Chinese Central Research Institute was working, and Chiang Kai-shek was at work. In 1943, Zhang Daqiang organized an exhibition of copies of Dunhuang paintings, which gained wide resonance.
In 1944, the Dunhuang Research Institute was established. In 1946, the first Donghuang Scientific Conference was held, and the first Donghuang Art Exhibition was held in Lanzhou. In the same year, the scholar Duan Wenjie came to Dunhuang, studied the cultural heritage, lived for 15 years, and wrote fundamental works on the history and art of Dunhuang. In 1947, the Second Dunhuang Conference was held, and after the establishment of communist rule in China (1949), the Dunhuang Cultural Antiquities Research Institute was established (1951).
In 1961, Dunhuang was awarded the status of "Chinese Cultural Treasure of National Importance". In 1987, "Donghuang Academy" was established and UNESCO added Mogao to the protected list of World Cultural Heritage. In 1993, an international conference on the preservation of the Mogao Caves and other ancient sites along the Great Silk Road was held in Dunhuang. In 2000, an international conference was held on the occasion of the 100th anniversary of the opening of the Cave of Manuscripts.
## Attractions
On the territory of the city district there is a World Heritage Site - Qianfodong Ancient Buddhist Cave Monastery. A library of manuscripts from 406-995 was found in the Mogao Caves at the beginning of the 20th century. Its discovery brought world fame to the city.
The sand dunes of the Taklamakan desert are used for snowboarding (sandboarding is the desert equivalent of snowboarding).
## References
* Chuguevsky L. I. "Peaceful Associations in Buddhist Monasteries in Dunhuang" in Sat. "Buddhism, state and society in Central and East Asian countries in the Middle Ages", M. 1982, p. 63-97
* Scarpari M. Ancient China, Chinese civilization from the Neolithic to the Tang period. M. 2003, p. 262-269
* Spiritual culture of China. Encyclopedia. v. 6, M. 2010, p. 575-579
R. Whitfield, S. Whitfield, N. Agnew, Cave Temples of Dunhuang. Art and History on the Silk Road, The British Library, 2000, pp. 10–49
* The Chinese Kzhats of Dunhuang. Issue. I. Facsimile. Ed. texts, trans. with kit., research. and adj. L. I. Chuguevsky, M. 1981
* Chinese sculptures in Dunhuang. Notes on Buddhist literature. Ed. texts and foreword by L. N. Menshikova. M. 1963
* Chuguevsky L. I. Economic Development of Buddhist Monasteries in Dunhuang. The monuments and problems of the history of the Shigys peoples. VIII annual scientific session LO IVAN, L. 1972.
* Shaik, Sam van. Tibetan Zen. Jogalgan dasturdi ashu. The melodies spoken in the Donghuang folk songs / Trans. with English. A. G. Lebanese, under general. ed. B. K. Dvinyaninova. St. Petersburg. : Mineral Academy Press, 2021.
* Agnew N., Conservation of Ancient Sites on the Silk Road. LA, Getty Conservation Institute, 1997
* Dunhuang Art, Through the Eyes of Duan Wenjie, Abhinav Publications, 1994
* Grousset R., Chinese art and Culture, NY, Orion Press 1959
* Mair, Victor H., Tun-huang Popular Narratives, Cambridge University Press, 1983
* Seckel, D., Buddhist Art of East Asia. Bellingham, Western Washington University, 1989
* Stein, M., Aurel, Ruins of Desert Cathay, 2 vols., 1912; rpt. NY, Dover Publications, 1987
* Waley, A., trans., Ballads and Stories from Tun-huang: An Anthology. NY, Macmillan Company, 1960
* Warner, L., The Long Old Road in China, NY, Doubleday, Page &Co., 1926
* Whitfield, R., Dunhuang: Caves of the Singing Sands, 2 vols ., London, Textile and art Publications, 1995
* Whitfield, R., Farrer, A., Caves of the Thousand Buddhas: Chinese Art from the Silk Route, London, British Museum, 1990
* Whitfield, S ., Life Along the Silk Road, Berkley, University of California Press, 2000
* Whitfield, S., ed., Dunhuang Manuscript Forgeries. London, The British Library, 1999
* Whitfield, S. and Wood, F., eds., Dunhuang and Turfan: Contents and Conservation of Ancient Documents from Central Asia. London, The British Library, 1997
* Wriggins, SH, Xuanzang: A Buddhist Pilgrim on the Silk Road. Boulder, Colo. Westview Press, 1996
## Gallery
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## Trees
## References
* Dunhuang — information on the history of changes in territory, population and administrative-territorial division on the site 行政区刳网 (Chinese)
* International Dunhuang Project (IDP) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740395 | Hualien Earthquake (2024) | The 2024 Hualien earthquake occurred on April 3 and is the strongest earthquake in the past 25 years since the September 21, 1999 earthquake. The first tremors were recorded at 7:58 local time. The earthquake consisted of a series of aftershocks, the strongest of which reached a magnitude of 7.7. The epicenter of the earthquake began at a depth of 1.5 kilometers in the sea off the east coast of the island, near the city of Hualien.
Earthquakes were felt on the island of Taiwan. A quarter of an hour after the main shock, tremors of magnitude 6.6 and 6.3 were felt, and aftershocks of magnitude 4.1 to 60 were also recorded. The city of Hualien was the most affected, with several buildings destroyed. At least 16 people were killed and 1155 were injured. 77 people were trapped under the buildings. More than 87,000 households were left without electricity. The army was mobilized for rescue operations.
The earthquake was also felt in China's Fujian and Jiangxi provinces, and train services were suspended in southern mainland China. A tsunami warning has been issued on the Japanese island of Okinawa, along the coasts of China and the Philippines.
TSMC, the world's largest semiconductor manufacturer, estimated the company's losses at $60 million.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740398 | Tens organs | "Sea organ" (xorv. morske orgulje) is an architectural structure created in 2005 by architect Nikola Bašić (acoustician Ivan Stamać, hydraulic engineer Vladimir Andročec). Located in Zadar (Croatia). It is a system of 35 pipes scaled in organ style, located on the steps of the city's waterfront, with holes in the pavement for sound. The movement of seawater pushes air through the pipes, creating a strange combination of sounds of varying strength and length. This structure can be conventionally called a "musical instrument" because it excludes the presence of a person (the performing musician).
## See also
* Blackpool Wave Organ
* Aeolian Harp
## Sources
## Links
* Example of "Sea Organ" sound |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740400 | Мадагаскар 2 | "Madagascar 2" (English. Madagascar: Escape 2 Africa) is a full-length cartoon created by DreamWorks Animation and Pacific Data Images for Paramount Pictures. Sequel to the 2005 film Madagascar and the second film in the franchise. The film was directed by Eric Darnell and Tom McGrath.
## Cast
* Ben Stiller - Alex
* Chris Rock - Marty
* Jada Pinkett-Smith - Gloria
* David Schwimmer - Melman \ <> * Sacha Baron Cohen - Julian
* Cedric the Entertainer - Maurice
* Andy Richter - Mort
* Tom McGrath - Skipper
* Chris Miller - Kowalski
* Jeffrey Katzenberg - Rico
* Christopher Knights — Banner
* Elisa Gabrielli — Nana
* Bernie Mac — Zuba
* Alec Baldwin — Makunga
* will.i.am — Moto-Moto
\ <> ## Feedback
Review aggregator site Rotten Tomatoes reports a 64% approval rating, with an average score of 5.9/10, based on 156 reviews. Metacritic gave the film a weighted average of 61 out of 100 based on 25 critics, indicating "generally favorable reviews".
## Sources
## Links
* dreamworks.com/movies/madagascar-escape-2-africa Madagascar 2 Official Site \ <> * Madagascar 2 (eng.) at Internet Movie Database
* Madagascar 2 (eng.) at Rotten Tomatoes (156 reviews)
* Madagascar 2 (eng.) at Metacritic (25 reviews)
* Madagascar 2 (Eng.) at AllMovie
* "Madagascar 2" (Eng.) at Box Office Mojo |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740345 | Рамстор | "Ramstore", "Ramstore" is a chain of grocery stores owned by the Turkish company Migros Türk. Provides services in North Macedonia. Before that, he worked in Kazakhstan, Russia, Bulgaria, Kyrgyzstan and Azerbaijan.
In North Macedonia, the name Ramstore is used.
## In Azerbaijan
The first Ramstore in Azerbaijan was opened in 1996. In 2005, 3 Ramstore stores were managed by Ramstore QTSC (79.75% of the shares were owned by Migros, 20.25% were owned by individuals), the turnover of which was 11.6 million dollars. At the end of 2010, 4 Ramstore stores were operating in Baku. In February 2011, Migros sold its network in Azerbaijan to Intersun Holding FZCO for $14,250,000. All stores were renamed Bazarstore.
## In Russia
Ramstor supermarket chain was opened in Russia in 1997. Ramenka, which managed the chain, was owned equally by Migros and Enka.
Ramstor network in more than 10 cities of Russia (Moscow, Moscow region, Petersburg, Krasnoyarsk, Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Kazan, Yekaterinburg, Ufa, Saratov, Murmansk, Rostov-on-Don, Vologda, Orekhovo-Zuevo etc.) there were 10 shopping centers and 52 hyper and supermarkets.
Ramenka's revenue in 2006 was $598.7 million ($479.4 million in 2005), net income was $27.42 million.
In September 2007, Enka bought the entire package of shares from Migros for $542.5 million.
The construction company Enka intended to sell the food chain, leaving the shopping centers as a profile business, but most of the stores did not find buyers. Hypermarkets were leased to the French chain Auchan for 10 years, supermarkets in the regions were closed after the leases expired. Supermarkets in Moscow were rebranded as Citystor, and shopping centers were renamed Capitol. In 2012, the Sitistor chain was sold to the German Rewe Group, the operator of the Billa retail chain.
## In Kazakhstan
Ramstor Kazakhstan LLP was registered in Kazakhstan on June 29, 1998. On June 1, 2006, a 100 percent subsidiary of the company, Ramstor Kyrgyzstan, was established in Kyrgyzstan.
The company started its trading activity on May 14, 1999 by opening the Ramstor-Samal supermarket in Almaty. In the future, the company opened a number of shopping centers in the cities of Astana, Karaganda, Bishkek, and Shymkent. In 2011, a discounter was opened in SOSO Sputnik.
In the middle of 2011, the chain had 12 stores in Almaty, 5 in Astana, 2 in Aktau, and one store in Karaganda, Shymkent, Ural and Atyrau. The commercial area of supermarkets was 32,418 square meters, of which 11,516 square meters were leased to other trading companies.
The chain is actively developing, and in 2010, 10 new stores were opened. In 2011, the company sold its assets in Azerbaijan to develop the network in Kazakhstan.
By the end of 2020, the Ramstor company in Kazakhstan has closed all its stores.
## In Bulgaria
Migros-owned Ramstore Bulgaria AD owned 5 stores in Bulgaria in 2005 with a total turnover of USD 16.4 million.
## In North Macedonia
Ramstore Mall was opened in Skopje on June 11, 2005.
*
*
## In Kyrgyzstan
Ramstor hypermarket worked in Bishkek from August 4, 2006 to 2009.
## Sources
## Links
* ramstore.com.mk The official site of Ramstore in North Macedonia. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740435 | List of North American states and territories | This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America.
North America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere between 71° and 55° north latitude. It is separated from South America by the Panama Canal. Geographically, North America is divided into 3 macroregions: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
North America has 23 countries and 23 dependent territories. Ten states are in the continental region, the remaining thirteen belong to the Aral states.
According to the form of government, 13 countries are republics, and 10 countries are official constitutional monarchies due to their inclusion in the British Commonwealth. According to the form of government, most of the countries (19) are unitary states, 4 are federations.
The largest country in North America by area is Canada, the smallest is Grenada. The United States is the world's leading country in terms of population and GDP.
## Independent States
### North America (Region)
### Central America
### Caribbean Region
## Dependent Regions
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740459 | African countries | This list lists sovereign countries and dependent territories located in Africa and their respective capitals, languages, currencies, population, land area, and GDP per capita. The list includes 54 sovereign countries and 10 dependent territories.
## Sovereign countries
### Recognized countries
All 54 recognized countries below are members of the United Nations, and all but Morocco are members of the African Union. is found.
### Unrecognized and semi-recognized countries
The following list contains countries located in Africa that have declared themselves sovereign but are not officially recognized. The Sahrawi Arab Democratic Republic is a member of the African Union.
## Independent countries
### Dependent regions
### Other regions \< >
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740439 | Muhammed Taibuga | Muhammed Taibuga, sometimes Mahmet (year of birth unknown - 1502) is the Taibuga lord of Siberia, the ruler of the people of Esker (Siberia) from 1495 to 1502. Grandfather of Ediger and Bek-Bolat.
## Management
He led the rebellion of Siberian Ulisbeks against Ibak and declared himself the ruler.
In 1495, Muhammed Taibuga (Mahmet) of Taibuga destroyed Tumen Khanate and killed Shibanid Khan Ibak. After that, the capital was moved to Kashlyk, and the Khanate began to be called Siberia. Its rulers were the Taibuga princely family.
## Biography
## Family
Sons: Esenbakti, Kasym
## Literature
* Maslyuzhenko D.N. Siberian princely dynasty Taibugids: origin formation and mythologizing genealogy // Medieval Turko-Tatar states. Collection of articles. / B.R. Rahimzyanov [opt. ed.]. Vyp. 2. - Kazan: Izd-vo "Ikhlas", 2010. - P.9-21.
* Karsakova G.B. Western Siberia after the Mongol conquest and formation of the Siberian Khanate//Problemy vostokovedeniya. 1 (51). — 2011. — S. 39-42
* PSRL. Volume 36. Siberian chronicles. Часть 1. Группа Есиповской летописи. Esipovskaya chronicle. — M. : Nauka, 1987. — 387 p.
* Tyumen and Siberian Khanate / under the editorship. D. N. Maslyuzhenko, A. G. Sitdikova, R. R. Khairutdinova. — Kazan: Publishing House of Kazan University, 2018. — 560 p. — ISBN 978-5-00130-021-2.
## See also
* Khanate of Siberia
* Taibugans |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740458 | Australia and Oceania countries | Australia and Oceania is a part of the world consisting of the Australian continent and the islands of Oceania. Australia and Oceania are traditionally divided into 4 regions — Australasia (Australia and New Zealand), Melanesia, Micronesia and Polynesia.
The following table lists the states and territories of Australia and Oceania.
## Independent States
### Australia
### Melanesia
## # Micronesia
### Polynesia
## Dependencies
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740460 | South American countries | South America is a continent that together with North America forms part of the world.
There are 12 countries and 3 dependent regions in South America. The largest country in South America is Brazil, the smallest in terms of land area is Suriname.
## States
## Dependencies
## See also
* Latin America |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740440 | North American countries | This is a list of sovereign states and dependent territories in North America.
North America is a continent in the Western Hemisphere between 71° and 55° north latitude. It is separated from South America by the Panama Canal. Geographically, North America is divided into 3 macroregions: North America, Central America, and the Caribbean.
North America has 23 countries and 23 dependent territories. Ten states are in the continental region, the remaining thirteen belong to the Aral states.
According to the form of government, 13 countries are republics, and 10 countries are official constitutional monarchies due to their inclusion in the British Commonwealth. According to the form of government, most of the countries (19) are unitary states, 4 are federations.
The largest country in North America by area is Canada, the smallest is Grenada. The United States is the world's leading country in terms of population and GDP.
## Independent States
### North America (Region)
### Central America
### Caribbean Region
## Dependent Regions
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740470 | Azerbaijani cuisine | Azerbaijani cuisine (Azərbaycan Kitchen) is the national cuisine of Azerbaijanis and the peoples of the Republic of Azerbaijan.
According to the famous Azerbaijani chef Tair Amiraslanov, Azerbaijani cuisine is the oldest and most diverse in the world. Azerbaijani national cuisine is distinguished by its diversity: it combines dishes made of milk, meat, flour, and vegetables. And the ways of preparing food are also different. In the past, types of food depended on the geographical area and social status of people. The main components of the cuisine depend on the natural features of the country: the mountainous and subtropical climate has influenced the frequent use of lamb, poultry, river and sea fish, fruits and vegetables in Azerbaijani cuisine. In addition, various spices and aromatic herbs are widely used in Azerbaijani cuisine: vazari, green and black basil, hot pepper, cumin, cilantro, saffron, and sumac.
## External links
* Recipe Azerbaijan cuisine Archived 31 December 2011. (Russian)
* Million Menu (Russian)
* Kuhni Narodov Mira Archived December 6, 2011. (Russian)
* Features of cooking in Azerbaijani cuisine Archived December 21, 2010. (Russian)
* Portal vkusnykh blyud Archived July 26, 2015. (Russian)
* Step-by-step recipes of Azerbaijani cuisine with photos and video Archived September 6, 2015. (Russian) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740451 | Виттельсбахтар | Wittelsbach (German: Wittelsbach) is a German feudal family. From the end of XII until the end of the First World War, he ruled Bavaria and Kurpfalz. They tried to derive their origin from the Luitpoldings.
## Powers outside the Holy Roman Empire
### Kingdom of Sweden
Christopher III of Bavaria 1440/1442-1448 Denmark, Norway, Denmark was a king, but did not leave descendants.
A branch of the Wittelsbachs ruled Sweden from 1654 to 1720 after Queen Christina of Palatinate-Zweibrücken abdicated in favor of Carl Gustav X. Among them, Sweden was ruled by Karl X, Karl XI, Karl XII and Ulrika Eleonora
## References
* Semenov I. Christian dynasties of Europe. — M., 2002.
* Döring O. Das Haus Witteisbach. — Münch., 1924.
* Häutle C. Genealogie des erlauchten Stammhauses Wittelsbach, von dessen Wiedereinsetzung in das Herzogthum Bayern (11. September 1180) bis herab auf unsere Tage. — Münch., 1870.
* Isenburg W. K. v. Stammtafeln zur Geschichte der europeanischen Staaten. — Bd 2. — B., 1936.
## References
* Wittelsbach // Encyclopedic dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additions) — SPb., 1890-1907.
* History of titles of the Rhine Palatinate Counts (English). Titles of European hereditary rulers. (unavailable link)
* History of Bavarian rulers (eng.). Titles of European hereditary rulers. (missing link) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740487 | Roman Republic | The Roman Republic (lat. Model: D- Populi Romani "Common cause of the Roman people") is a historical period between the kingdom and the empire in ancient Rome. During this era, Rome extended its rule from the city to a hegemony in the Mediterranean.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740461 | Khomeini Ruhollah Mousavi | Khomeini, Ruhollah Mousavi, Ayatollah Khomeini (September 24, 1902, Humain city - June 3, 1989, Tehran) is a religious figure, ayatollah, leader of the Islamic Revolution of Iran, head of the Islamic Republic of Iran (1979-89). He got involved early in the movement against the internal and external policies of the Shah's government and became one of the influential leaders of the Shiite Muslims. Persecuted for his active struggle against the government, he was forced to emigrate abroad in 1964 during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi Shah. He spent 13 years in Najaf (Iraq), then in Paris. He returned to Iran only after 15 years, on February 1, 1979. Two days after Khomeini's arrival from Paris, the establishment of the Islamic Revolutionary Council was announced. As the first head of the Islamic Republic of Iran, he carried out many political and social reforms in the country (see Iran). The Shah's government was abolished and political parties were banned. All companies owned by Western countries were taken over by the state. The country left the SEATO bloc and became a member of the non-alignment movement. But Western countries followed the policy of isolating Iran and pushed neighboring Iraq to war with Iran (black Iran-Iraq war). The war brought enormous economic losses to Iran (700 billion US dollars). Nevertheless, Khomeini carried out many activities to slow down the Western countries' policy of isolation of Iran.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=739943 | Grammy Award for Best New Artist | The Grammy Award for Best New Artist (English. Grammy Award for Best New Artist) has been awarded annually in the United States since 1960. One of the most prestigious awards in the music industry today. It is awarded to the best debutante (soloist or group) of the previous year and is one of the 4 main (The Big Four) nominations of this award.
## List
### 1960s
### 1970s
\< > ### 1980s
### 1990s
### 2000s
### 2010 th
### 2020
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740387 | Protests in New Caledonia (2024) | 2024 New Caledonia protests (fr. Émeutes de 2024 en Nouvelle-Calédonie) — In May 2024, protests and riots broke out in New Caledonia, the French overseas union in the Pacific. Violent protests led to the death of eight people, the declaration of a state of emergency on May 16, the French army and the blocking of the TikTok social network.
The violence followed a controversial voting reform aimed at changing existing conditions that prevented a fifth of the population from voting in provincial elections. After the Noumea Agreement, voters in local elections were limited to residents of the islands before 1998 and their descendants who had lived permanently in the territory for at least 10 years. France's system of excluding migrants from the European and Polynesian parts of the country, including their minor children, was accepted as part of the European Court of Human Rights process in 2005 as a temporary measure.
Voters in all three referendums voted to remain part of France, although the 2021 referendum was boycotted by most supporters of independence. For the French government, the referendum fulfilled the Nouméa Accord process, but pro-independence supporters, who rejected the legitimacy of the boycotted 2021 referendum, saw the process defined by the Nouméa Accord as still ongoing.
The French government is trying to give the right to vote in local elections to people who have lived in the territory for more than 10 years, which would allow about 60% of those prevented from voting to join the electorate. The reform, which would have given more votes to people of European and Polynesian descent, has been criticized by independence supporters as weakening the political voice of the indigenous Melanesian Kanaki people. President Emmanuel Macron visited the island on May 22 and asked local actors to reach a comprehensive agreement within a month, citing the possibility of holding a referendum on Paris's desired changes to voting rights rules.
The state of emergency ended on May 28.
## Background
New Caledonia is a French maritime territory in the southwest Pacific Ocean. It has a population of about 270,000; According to the 2019 census, indigenous Kanaki make up 41% of the population, Europeans (Caldoche and metropolitan French) 28%, mixed blood 11%, with other ethnic minorities (including Wallisians, Tahitians, Polynesian Ni-Vanuatu, Indonesians, Vietnamese and Chinese) making up the remainder. . New Caledonia became a French overseas territory in 1946 and has representatives in both houses of the French Parliament, with the French president serving as the territory's head of state. France retains jurisdiction over the justice system, defense and internal security of New Caledonia.
In 1988, after widespread political violence between the Caldoches and the local Canacs—a period known as "The Events" (fr. Les Événements)—the Matignon Accords were signed, marking its current transition to greater autonomy. After that, in 1998, Noumea Agreement was concluded. As part of the agreement, New Caledonia was allowed to hold three referendums to decide the territory's future status, with voting rights limited to indigenous Kanak and other residents of New Caledonia before 1998.
### "Frozen" electorate
As part of the 1998 Noumey Agreement, the people of New Caledonia continued to vote in national elections for the French President and National Assembly, but the number of people who could vote in provincial elections and independence referendums was limited. This so-called "frozen electorate" consists only of people living in New Caledonia in 1998, as well as their children, provided they have maintained continuous residence for ten years prior to each election. This disenfranchised later immigrants, whether European or Polynesian. The number of excluded voters increased from 8,000 in 1999 to 18,000 in 2009 and 42,000 in 2023, by which time almost one in five national voters were excluded from participating in provincial elections (only 178,000 of the 220,000 national voters were eligible). This restriction is aimed at preventing the disempowerment of the local Canac community caused by the arrival of large numbers of people from the French capital.
After the French Constitutional Council's decision in 1999 to limit the restriction to a ten-year ordinary residency requirement (the so-called "rotating electorate"), French President Jacques Chirac promised to amend the French constitution at the request of independence groups. Its parliamentary majority voted for a revision in 2007, thus returning to the "frozen electorate" rule. The European Court of Human Rights ruled in 2005 that the restriction did not violate the right to free elections and did not discriminate on the basis of national origin, as "New Caledonia's current status reflects a transitional period before full sovereignty. and is part of the process of self-determination, the system is then "incomplete and temporary", meaning that the frozen electorate is confirmed only as a temporary measure.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=739919 | Marcus & Martinus | Marcus & Martinus (Kaz. Markus and Martinus, sometimes known by the nickname M&M, real names - Marcus Gunnarsen (Norwegian: Marcus Gunnarsen) and Martinus Gunnarsen (Norwegian: Martinus Gunnarsen); February 21, 2002, Elverum, Hedmark, Norway) are identical twins. a Norwegian dance-pop duo composed of brothers. Since 2012, the duo has released four studio albums: Hey, Together, Moments, and Unforgettable. In 2024, he performed on behalf of Sweden at the Eurovision 2024 song contest with the song "Unforgettable" and took 9th place. The song contest took place in May 2024 in Malmö, Sweden.
## Careers
### 2012: Debut and Melodi Grand Prix Junior
In 2012, Marcus and Martinus participated in the Melodi Grand Prix Junior were participants of the eleventh season. The competition was held at Oslo Spektrum in Oslo, Norway and was hosted by Margrethe Rød and Tooji and broadcast live by the Norwegian Broadcasting Corporation (NRK). They won the competition with the song "To dráper vann" (Kaz. Two drops of water). The song peaked at number eight on the Norwegian Singles Chart.
### 2015-2016: Hei and Together
On February 23, 2015, they released their debut studio album "Hei". The album peaked at number 1 on the Norwegian Albums Chart in its 46th week of 2015 (15 November 2015) after spending 35 weeks on the chart, and has remained in the top ten for the last 20 weeks. The album includes the single "Plystre på deg" (Kaz. Whistle to you). On July 24, 2015, they released the single "Elektrisk" (Kaz. Electric) together with singer Katastrofe. The song peaked at number three on the Norwegian Singles Chart. On September 25, 2015, they released the single "Ei som deg" (Kaz. Someone like you) with Innertier. The song peaked at number fifteen on the Norwegian Singles Chart. On November 6, they released the second version of the Hei album, "Hei (Fan Special)", consisting of the same songs and some additions, one of the additions being Elektrik. In May 2016, the duo released three singles. The first single released with Madcon, "Girls", debuted at number 1 in Norway and became their second top 10 single in Sweden, after "Elektrisk". The second and third singles "Heartbeat" and "I Don't Wanna Fall in Love" debuted at numbers 21 and 37, respectively, a few days after the release of the single "Girls". "Girls" was followed by the singles "Light It Up" and "One More Second". In November 2016, they released "Together" (Kaz. He released his first English-language album, "Together". The album includes their hit songs "Girls", "Heartbeat", "Light It Up" and "One More Second". A week after the album's release, "Together" debuted at number 1 in Norway and Sweden and number 6 in Finland. They performed "Without You" and "Bae" on 11 December 2016 at the Telenor Arena in Norway as part of the 2016 Nobel Peace Prize Concert Young Talent Competition.
### 2017—2021: Moments
Markus and Martinus performed their songs "Bae", "Light It" at Finland's Eurovision Song Contest 2017 selection contest "Uuden Musiikin Kilpailu" on 28 January 2017 The participants performed a potpourri from the singles "Up" and "Girls". On May 13, Markus and Martinus announced the jury scores for Norway in the Eurovision Song Contest 2017. On May 21, 2017, they released the single "Like It Like It" with American rapper Silentó. On July 1, they released the single "First Kiss". In the same month, on July 14, they performed "On This Day", a song written especially for Queen Victoria of Sweden, for her 40th birthday. At the end of July, he released the single "Dance with You". On October 15, 2017, he released the single "Make You Believe in Love". The single reached number 34 in Norway and number 47 in Sweden. Additionally, the single was included in CelebMix's 21 Songs Under 21 of 2018. On November 4, they released the single "One Flight Away". On November 15, he released the single "Never". On November 17, 2017, they released their third studio album "Moments". On September 27, 2018, he released the single "Invited".
released their first mini-album "Soon" in 2019. In 2020, they released two singles, "Love You Less" and "It's Christmas Time". In 2021, Stig Brenner released the single "Miserabel" with Marcus and Martinus. In addition, Markus and Martinus released the single "Belinda" with Latin artist Alex Rose, which reached number 20 on the Norwegian Singles Chart. In November, they released "Feel" with Bruno Martini.
### 2022—Present: The Masked Singer Sweden, Melodifestivalen and Eurovision
In the spring of 2022, Markus and Martinus are the Swedish Masked Singer Sverige of the Masked Singer competition. version and became the first duo to share first place. In addition, the duo released their first single in 2022, "When All The Lights Go Out".
In 2023, Markus and Martinus took part in the song contest "Melodifestivalen 2023" with the song "Air" and won second place after Lorin's song "Tattoo". The single "Air" won the OGAE Second Chance Contest, giving Sweden its 19th win overall, with Norway and Finland rounding out the top three. In 2024, Markus and Martinus participated in the song contest "Melodifestivalen 2024" again with the song "Unforgettable". On March 9, the duo won Melodifestivalen with 177 points and represented host country Sweden at the Eurovision 2024 song contest in Malmö. In the final, the duo took ninth place with 174 points.
## Personal lives
Markus and Martinus are the eldest children of Kjell-Erik and Gerd Ann Gunnarschen. In addition, they have a younger sister, Emma, who was born on June 17, 2008, who started her music career. The family also has a dog named Tiko.
Marcus is currently in a relationship with Nora Fossland Gartland.
## Discography
Norwegian pop duo Marcus & Martinus have released 4 studio albums, 1 mini album and 37 singles since 2012.
### Studio albums
### Mini albums
### Singles
## List of films
### Film
### Television
## Concert tours
\ <> ### Main tours
* "Together Tour" (2016-2017)
* "Moments Tour" (2018)
* "We Are Not the Same Tour" (2024) \ <>
### Additional Tours
* Jason Derulo - "2Sides Tour" (2018)
## Awards and nominations
## Sources
## External links
* marcusandmartinus.com Marcus & Martinus official website |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740488 | Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR | The Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR is an honorary title awarded by the Chairman of the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR - one of the forms of recognition of the work of meritorious citizens of the state and society. It was established on August 10, 1931. Awarded to outstanding artists, directors, musicians, conductors, concertmasters, artistic directors of music, choir, dance and other collectives, other creative workers, performing musicians, who have distinguished themselves in the development of theater, music, cinema, and circus, for their high skill and contribution to the development of art. was given to the figures. The next rank was "People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR", then "People's Artist of the USSR".
From 1919 to 1931, he was awarded the title of "Honored Artist of the Republic". He was appointed by the orders of the Boards of the Commissariat of People's Education of the republics, the Commissars of People's Education, executive committees of regional and regional councils.
For the first time in 1934, the opera singer Kulyash Bayseyitova got it. The last time this honorary title was won in 1985 by pop singer Nagima Eskalieva.
In Kazakhstan, the meritorious work of the citizens of the Republic of Kazakhstan who were awarded with state awards after the collapse of the Soviet Union was taken into account, the title "Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR" was replaced by the title "Honored Artist of Kazakhstan", and the former Union of the Soviet Union and the former Union of the Kazakh SSR about awards and retained the rights and obligations stipulated by the legislation of the Kazakh SSR.
## See more
* List of Honored Artists of the Kazakh SSR
* Honored Artist of the Kazakh SSR
* People's Artist of the Kazakh SSR |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740506 | Degeres (river) | Degeres is a river in the Ile basin. It flows through the territory of Almaty region, Zhambyl district.
## Description
It begins at the junction of several rivers in the north of the Jetizhol ridge and flows north. There is a dam near Degeres village.
After reaching the plain, the Targap river separates.
There is another dam near Almaty-Taraz highway. Most of the water does not go beyond this dam and does not flow further.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740471 | Azerbaijani literature | Azerbaijani literature (az. Azərbaycan liyatratı) is the historical and cultural connection of the Azerbaijani and Kazakh peoples. Both countries have genetic, mythological and folklore roots. According to Academician Mamed Atzhar, "Azerbaijan, located between East and West due to its historical and geographical position, has been in contact with many countries and peoples - Urartians, Babylonians, Assyrians, Iranians and other countries since ancient times. "Fiery countries" with strong political, economic and cultural ties in those early days attracted Azerbaijan to the world orbit, especially to Eastern culture. The scientist explains that the folk-poetic creativity and folklore of ancient Azerbaijan is in harmony with the neighboring eastern peoples, including the poetry of the Kazakh people.
Although most of the epic works of Turkic-speaking peoples are written in different languages, their content is the same. "Alpamys", "Korugly", "Edige" etc. b. It is proof that the songs exist in Uzbek, Azerbaijani, Kazakh and other Turkic-speaking peoples. "Kamila and Dimna", "Tahir and Zuhra", "One Thousand and One Nights" have a similar theme, the same main plot, and some episodes and names of characters are similar. Not to mention the proverbs and commandments that form the basis of the Turkish language in general, many Turkic-speaking peoples also have various fairy tales that are told with the world-famous song "A Thousand Nights". Despite the geographical differences, the culture and science of the Azerbaijani and Kazakh peoples are coming closer to each other in their ideological direction. The individualization of the general Turkish literature, which is part of a single ethnic composition, ended with the creation of a separate national culture. During this period, a new type of literary communication appeared.
It has long been known that the range of creative contacts between poets and writers of Azerbaijan and the Kazakh people is wide and frequent. Their mutual correspondence and creative friendship, exchange of creative experience, participation in various conferences, symposiums, congresses and other contacts brought closer the relationship between the two countries. In Azerbaijan, it has become a tradition to celebrate the anniversaries of Kazakh poets, writers and public figures. 1954 The 50th anniversary of Abai Kunanbayev's death was widely celebrated. On the eve of Abay's anniversary, a long article by Panakh Khalilov, a scientist-researcher of Azerbaijan, was published in the central organs of the republic's periodical press ("Communist", "Adaviyat veinjesenet", etc.).
The author calls the general reader to the founder of Kazakh literature A. Kunanbayev's life and work, his great contribution to the literature of his country will be presented with a lot of information. 1955 110th anniversary of Abai's birth in Azerbaijan, 1965. 120th anniversary celebrations were celebrated. The main features of Abai's poetry were revealed in the article "The Day of Kazakh Poetry". Later, in the 1970s, republican periodicals published reports on preparations for Abai's upcoming anniversary. It mentions the preparation of a volume of the Kazakh poet's works, as well as holding a ceremonial party, evenings, presentations and educational conferences. 1970 Abai's book "Eskendir" (translated by Novruz Ganjali), "Masgut" (translated by Gasym Gasymzade), "Azim's story" (translated by Alekper Ziyatai) and poems was published in Azerbaijani language.
Poems by well-known poets of the republic S. Rustam, M. Rahim, A. Jamil, M. Dilbaz, A. Babaev, A. Kurchaily, A. Alizadeh, I. Tapdyg, F. Sadyg, M. Araz, A. Zeynall, R. Zeka, E. Borchaly t. b. translated by
The ancient creative friendship strengthened the ties of Azerbaijani and Kazakh poets. Works of Kazakh literature have become the basis of research work in Azerbaijan. About the influence of Abai's works on Eastern literature, Professor A. A. Gadzhiev's book "Realism in the literature of the Soviet East" is widely mentioned. "The work of the great Kazakh poet Abay Kunanbayev (1845-1904) is a clear example of the transition period of democratic poetry from realism to enlightened realism," the author writes, "his public-educational and poetic activity was a historical step forward in the cultural development of Kazakh society, it is oral literature. He was the leader of the transition from poetry to artistic, written, individual author literature.
In order to rise to this level, Abay had to learn the experience of Eastern poetry, European and Russian literature of the 19th century, based on the traditions of folklore and oral literature. The author reveals that Abai enriched his spiritual wealth by paying attention to Russian and European culture.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740515 | Babylon (meaning) | Babylon can mean the following meanings:
## Toponyms
* Babylon is a historical city that was the capital of Babylonia located in modern Iraq.
* Babylon is an administrative unit in Shemonaikha district of East Kazakhstan region.
## Film and Television
### Movies
* Babylon is a 2006 film by Alejandro González Iñárritu.
## Buildings
* Tower of Babel is a tower located in ancient Babylon. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740538 | Anora | "Anora" (English. Anora) is a 2024 American comedy drama film directed by Sean Baker. The premiere took place on May 21, 2024 at the Cannes Film Festival, where the film won the Palme d'Or.
## Plot
Anora is the full name of a 25-year-old stripper of Uzbek origin from Brighton Beach, a Russian-speaking enclave in New York City, who calls herself Eni. Since he is somewhat familiar with Russian, his boss puts him in touch with Russian-speaking clients. In the club where he works, he meets Vanya, the 21-year-old son of a Russian oligarch. Vanya brings the girl to a luxurious house and suddenly invites Ani to fly to Las Vegas and get married. It reinforces the intention with a gift in the form of a four-carat diamond ring. Vanya's Moscow parents are against it. Their fairytale marriage is threatened when a man's parents travel to New York to force him to annul the marriage.
## Cast
## Production and reception
Filming took place in 2023 in New York (Brooklyn) and Las Vegas.
The premiere of the film took place on May 21, 2024 at the Cannes Film Festival as part of the main program. Critics previously considered "Anora" one of the main festival premieres of the year. The audience applauded the makers of the film for 9 minutes after the end of the film. As a result, the film won the Palme d'Or on May 25, 2024.
On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, reviews from 41 critics are 98% positive, with an average rating of 8.7/10. Metacritic, using a weighted average, gave the film a score of 89 out of 100 based on 21 reviews.
In November 2023, Neon acquired the film's North American distribution rights and plans to release it on October 18, 2024.
## Awards and nominations
## Sources
## External links
* Anora (eng. ) at Internet Movie Database
* Anora (Eng.) at Rotten Tomatoes |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740230 | Timur Turlov | Timur Ruslanuly Turlov (born November 13, 1987, Moscow) is a Kazakh businessman and financier, founder and owner of Freedom Holding.
## Biography
Timur Turlov was born on November 13, 1987 in Moscow.
### Education
Graduated from school in 2003.
In 2009, he received higher education in the specialty of economist-manager at the Faculty of Economics and Management of Tsiolkovsky Russian State Technological University (MATI).
Has a certificate of qualification of the Federal Financial Market Service.
### Early career
Turlov first became interested in stock market investments when he was in school.
After graduating from school in 2003, he immediately started working at the Moscow branch of the American investment company World Capital Investments (WCI). He worked as a trader.
In 2005, Turlov was hired by Yutrade.ru, a subsidiary of Yuniastrum Bank (Moscow), to work on the American stock market. He succeeded and built an infrastructure that ensured the division's access to American exchanges. During the global financial crisis of 2008, Uniastrum Bank was sold to Bank of Cyprus, and the trading division where Turlov worked was closed. Timur and his colleagues decided to use their knowledge and experience to manage their own company.
### Freedom Holding Corporation
In 2008, Timur Turlov founded Freedom Finance, which provides access to the American stock market and brokerage services.
Turlov developed the business by attracting retail investors through active sales of American securities.
In 2011, Turlov moved to Kazakhstan with his family, and two years later he opened JSC "Freedom Finance". As of 2024, this company was the most active trading participant on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange.
In 2015, Turlov became the main shareholder of Freedom Holding Corp. Under this brand, he merged Freedom Finance Investment Company, Freedom Finance JSC, Freedom24 and Freedom Finance Bank.
In 2015-2018, subsidiary companies of Freedom Holding were opened in Ukraine, Kyrgyzstan, Uzbekistan, Germany and Cyprus. In 2019, Timur Turlov made the holding public by placing shares on the American technology exchange Nasdaq. Thus, Freedom Holding became the first financial institution of the Commonwealth of Independent States to be listed on the Nasdaq stock market.
In 2022, Turlov told Reuters that Freedom Holding Corp. He announced that he will leave the Russian market. The company left Russia in October of the same year. In the same year, Turlov announced that he would launch his Freedom ecosystem in Kazakhstan. It included companies from the financial sector (brokers and banks), as well as representatives of the insurance and consumer segments.
Turlov Holding is also actively developing brokerage business in the EU countries and the USA. As of 2024, Freedom Holding Corp. there are subsidiaries in twenty countries of the world.
### Status
In 2024, Turlov is on the 972nd place in the Forbes Global 2000 list. His fortune is $3.4 billion. reached According to Forbes, he ranks 5th in the list of the richest people of Kazakhstan.
### Others
Turlov is a columnist for the American version of Forbes magazine.
Turlov heads the Kazakhstan Chess Federation since January 2023.
In December 2023, the Ministry of Tourism and Sports named Timur Turlov the "Best President of the Accredited Sports Federation" and awarded him with a statue.
In May 2024, Turlov became the chairman of the Advisory Committee of the UN Global Compact in Central Asia, which was established to effectively solve transboundary problems related to water, ecology, hunger and poverty, infrastructure, energy and food security.
### Personal life
Married. Father of six children.
In 2010, he moved to Kazakhstan with his family and now lives in Almaty. In 2022, he renounced the passport of St. Kitts and Nevis in Russia and the Caribbean and received the citizenship of Kazakhstan.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740497 | First channel | The first channel can have the following meanings:
* The first channel is a Russian TV channel.
* The first channel of Eurasia is a Kazakh TV channel. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740612 | Ahmet (Khan of the Great Horde) | Ahmet or Akhmat, known in Europe as Ahmed bin Küchük (Urdu; Persian; Arabic: احمد خان بن کوکھ) (year of birth unknown — 6.1.1481) — Khan of the Great Horde (1459 — 1481). Son of Muhammad Khan Jr.
Ahmet - made a lot of efforts to preserve the integrity of the great nation created by Batu Khan, to prevent its disintegration, to keep the Russian criminals under control. In 1460, trying to get rid of dependence on the Golden Horde, he marched on Moscow, which refused to pay taxes. The "nomadic Uzbeks" in Deshti Kypchak defeated the last khan of the Meml, Sheikh Heydar, relying on the help of the Nogai lords and the Khanate of Siberia. In 1471, he received an ambassador from Lithuania named Kerei and formed an alliance against Ivan III. In 1472, Ahmet Khan's army reached the Aleksin gate of Moscow and burned the city. In 1477, he defeated the Crimean Khanate, allied with Moscow, and placed Zhanibek Khan on its throne. In October 1480, Ahmet Khan's army stopped at Ugra, the mouth of the Oka River. A. At first, the khan prepared to attack by crossing the ice when the river froze, but in mid-November he withdrew his army. After this event, Moscow did not recognize its dependence on the Golden Horde. Ahmet Khan died on the battlefield in the war with Sibir Khan Ibak. Although his sons ascended the khan throne, they could not stop the decline of the Golden Horde.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740587 | NTV | "NTV" is a Russian federal television channel. Broadcasts 24 hours a day from "Ostankino" television center (ASK-1) in Moscow. It is included in the first multiplex of digital television in Russia. There is an international version called NTV Mir, as well as an HD version called NTV HD.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740600 | Elshat Zhunisuly Rasulov | Elshat Zhunisuly Rasulov (Uzb. Rasulov Elshod Yunusovich; March 7, 1986, Kokan, Fergana region, Uzbek KSR) is an Uzbek boxer, a three-time winner of the world championship. Performs in middle weight. He trains under the guidance of coach Nabi Baimatov.
In 2012, he was chosen as the flag bearer of the Uzbekistan national team at the opening of the Summer Olympic Games held in London.
## Achievements
* In 2004 - world champion among youth.
* In 2006 — champion among military personnel.
* At the 2007 world championship, he lost to Nunes by knockout and did not win the prize.
* Two-time champion of the Asian Games and continental championship.
* World Boxing Championship held in Milan (Italy) in 2009 - silver medal. In the final, he lost to Artur Beterbiev of Russia.
* World Boxing Championship held in Baku (Azerbaijan) in 2011 - bronze medal. He lost to Kazakhstani boxer Adilbek Niyazymbetov in the semi-finals.
## Awards
* Honored athlete of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2007)
* Order of "Mehnat Shukhrati" (2009)
* Honored coach of the Republic of Uzbekistan (2021).
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740628 | Barak Shurekuly | Barak Shurekuly, Kokzhal Barak (etc.) is a hero. He participated in the battles of Anyrakay, Bulanty, Chingistau, Shagan, Shorga, Sibe. Kabanbai controlled one wing of his hand. He stood out for his bravery in the battles against the Dzungars on the Ayagoz plain, the Alakol coast, Chingistau, and the slopes of Tarbagatai.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740626 | Dair | Dayir (b. - 1786) - the Sultan of Orta-hundred, the third son of Barak Khan. In the middle of the 70s of the 18th century, the chiefs of some clans of Naiman's four, Argy's Karakerey, Kunurat's clans elected D as Khan. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740366 | Nabatean temple | Ad-Dair (Arabic: الدير, DMG ad-Dair - "monastery") is a Nabatean rock temple of the 1st century AD, preserved near the city of Petra. It is a monumental building completely carved out of stone. It is 50 meters wide and 45 meters high.
## History
The closeness of the architecture of this temple to the architecture of the Library of Ephesus by Celsus (circa 115 AD) J. allowing Starkey to date its construction to the last years of the reign of the Nabatean king Rabbel II Soter.
After conversion to Christianity in the 4th century, the building was used as a monastery. This is evidenced by the altar and the ornament in the form of a cross carved into the rock. Ad-Dair is more visited than the other Nabataean temple, El-Khazneh, because the path leading to it is a staircase with several hundred steps.
## Gallery
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## Sources
# # Literature
* Shifman I. Sh. The Nabatean state and its culture. From the cultural history of pre-Islamic Arabia. — St. Petersburg. : Izd-vo SPbGU, 2007. — 208 p. — (Bible studies and Judaism). — ISBN 978-5-288-04364-2.
## References
* Petra. Places of Peace and Power. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. (link not available) Retrieved 20 June 2018. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740637 | Карл XII | Charles XII (June 17, 1682 - November 30, 1718) - Swedish king (1697-1718), a great commander, the son of Charles XI, continued his absolutist and great power policy.
## Biography
The main milestone in the life of Charles XII is due to his participation in the Northern War (1700-1721). There he forced Denmark to kneel (1700), defeated Russian troops at the foot of Narva (1700), invaded Poland and Saxony, and installed his ruler on the Polish throne (1706). In 1708, he invaded Russia, but in 1709 he was completely defeated by the main force of the Russian army led by Peter I in the battle of Poltava (1709), was injured and fled to Turkey. Charles XII's policy of aggressive aggression against Sweden's national interest has devastated Sweden. In 1715, Charles XII returned to Sweden. Killed during the invasion war against Norway.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740365 | Ад-Дэйр | Ad-Dair (Arabic: الدير, DMG ad-Dair - "monastery") is a Nabatean rock temple of the 1st century AD, preserved near the city of Petra. It is a monumental building completely carved out of stone. It is 50 meters wide and 45 meters high.
## History
The closeness of the architecture of this temple to the architecture of the Library of Ephesus by Celsus (circa 115 AD) J. allowing Starkey to date its construction to the last years of the reign of the Nabatean king Rabbel II Soter.
After conversion to Christianity in the 4th century, the building was used as a monastery. This is evidenced by the altar and the ornament in the form of a cross carved into the rock. Ad-Dair is more visited than the other Nabataean temple, El-Khazneh, because the path leading to it is a staircase with several hundred steps.
## Gallery
*
*
*
*
## Sources
# # Literature
* Shifman I. Sh. The Nabatean state and its culture. From the cultural history of pre-Islamic Arabia. — St. Petersburg. : Izd-vo SPbGU, 2007. — 208 p. — (Bible studies and Judaism). — ISBN 978-5-288-04364-2.
## References
* Petra. Places of Peace and Power. Archived from the original on 20 June 2018. (link not available) Retrieved 20 June 2018. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740629 | Мұртаза | Murtaza Khan (years of birth and death unknown) is a Sultan from the Shiban dynasty. Khan Sibir is Koshin's father. His grandfather, Ibak Khan, fought with the Abilkhair family and went to Siberia. M. son - Kochim 1563 Ediger killed Taibugu and came to power in Siberia.
## Literature
* Parunin A.V. Political history of the Tyumen Khanate in 1430-1508. : monograph / A. V. Parunin. - Chelyabinsk: "Public Fund "Southern Urals" Public Fund for Cultural Heritage Preservation", 2023. - 247 p.
* Tyumen and Siberian Khanate / under the editorship. D. N. Maslyuzhenko, A. G. Sitdikova, R. R. Khairutdinova. — Kazan: Publishing House of Kazan University, 2018. — 560 p. — ISBN 978-5-00130-021-2. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740640 | Francis I | Francis I (fr. François Ier) - lived in 12.09.1494 - 31.03.1547. King of France (since 1515), descended from the Valois dynasty. Francis I's policy was aimed at further centralizing France and turning it into an absolute monarchy. In 1532, he annexed Brittany, made the Royal Council the main governing body, introduced the service of chief heirs in the provinces. In the Italian wars (1494-1559), Marignano was victorious (1515) and took Milan. Francis I patronized the arts. He invited architects and artists from Italy to France.
## Funding of the Arts
When Francis ascended the throne in 1515, the Renaissance had arrived in France, and as an art lover, he gave the greatest support to the arts.
Francis financed many artists of his time - among them Leonardo da Vinci and Andrea del Sarto. Even Leonardo da Vinci was persuaded to spend the last years of his life in France. Da Vinci brought the Mona Lisa with him to France, and even after his death, the Mona Lisa remained in France (it still stands there).
### Relations with the Ottoman Empire
Under Francis, France became the first country in Europe to establish diplomatic relations with the Ottoman Empire.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740545 | Mambetkaziev Aidar Yerezhepuli | Mambetkaziev Aidar Yerezhepoly (Russian: Mambetkazíev, Aydar Yerezhépovich; born on January 7, 1965 in Almaty, Kazakh SSR) is the rector of the Kazakhstan-American Free University - International Partnership University. Organizer of education and science. PhD. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740654 | Abylay Valibakiuly | Abylai Valibakuly, the murderer Abylai (b. - d.j.b.) is a Kazakh sultan who ruled Sauran and Turkestan at the beginning of the 17th century, a hero. Born in Urgenish region. Abylai (Abilmansur) Khan's grandfather, from the Jadik family. "A man who became famous for his bravery and courage, and because of that he got the fierce and honorable title of murderer" (Sh. Valikhanov). According to some sources, Abylai Ualibakyuly ruled over a part of the Kazakh clans of Kishi Yuz and Orta Yuz. In 1616, with the aim of exploring the political situation in the Kazakh Khanate and establishing economic ties, the Russian Empire The duan head of Tobyl instructed I.S. Kurakin to negotiate with Abylai Valibakiuly. Abylai Valibakiuly is offered to build a war alliance against the Kalmyks, who attacked the Russian fortresses in Siberia, and in return, the Kazakhs will be allowed to freely participate in trade in Siberian cities. But Russia, on the other hand, conducted secret negotiations with the Kalmyks and followed a provocative policy regarding the Kazakhs. For this reason and Bukhar Khan Imamkuli in 1612. As a result of the plundering campaign in Turkestan, the relationship between Abylay Valibakiuly and the Russians at that time was not productive. Abylay Valibakyuly died on the battlefield, as did his father Valibaky, grandfather Jangir Khan, and son Kurkem Vali.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740648 | Мадияр | The Magyars are a clan of the Argyn, Kipchak tribe of the Middle Yuzh. Aldiyar, Magyar, Kudiyar descends from the descendants of Tokal Argyn warriors. Magyars are divided into 6 clans:
* akbar
* aitkul
* boz
* abız
* sheru
* kalembet.
1843 According to the data of the Orinbor Department, the Argyn-Magyars, consisting of 375 households, lived along the Torgai River. According to Y. Altynsarin, in 1869 in Sarykopa. There were 277 Magyar families. And the fact that Kypchak-Magyars live in Akmola district (55 families) is preserved in archive data. Kipchak-Magyars:
* sulimalyp
* foamy (white foam),
* horned yellow
* kulan kypchak
* cloud
* Russian
* as a hill spreads.
Magyars inhabited the Torgai region, the Irtys River (Omby, Kereku) and the Akmola region.
## Sources
* Kazakh encyclopedia
* Aristov N.A., Notes on the ethnic composition of Turkic tribes and nationalities and information on their numbers, SPb., 1897;
* Argynbaev H., Mukanov M., Vostrov V., About the Kazakh chronicle, A., 2000. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740638 | Карл XI | Charles XI (November 24, 1655 - April 5, 1697) was the king of Sweden (1660-1697). He has been in charge since 1672.
## Political life
He pursued a policy of strengthening absolutism and curbing the tyranny of the noble oligarchy. In 1680, Charles XI limited the authority of the state council, the mainstay of the aristocracy, and in 1680-1982, he began to forcefully seize the former royal lands in the hands of the aristocracy. Foreign policy took an aggressive direction. Allied with France in the struggle against the Dutch until the mid-1680s, and when France's position weakened, it sided with the Dutch. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740662 | ҰТРК | The National Television and Radio Broadcasting Corporation (NTRC) is the largest broadcasting corporation in the Kyrgyz Republic. The organization includes the TV channels "Uluttuk First Channel", "UTRK Music", "Balastan", "UTRK Madaniyat", "UTRK Sport", "Ala-Too 24", "Birinchi Radio", "Kyrgyz Radiosu", "Ming Kyyal FM" radio stations. and unites 7 regional television and radio companies. At the same time, the corporation includes the Republican TV and Radio Center and the "Kyrgyztelefilm" studio.
## History
The history of the corporation begins in 1931. Kyrgyz Radio was officially opened on January 20 of the same year. In 1933, the Committee on Radiofication and Radio Broadcasting was established under the Council of People's Commissars of the Kyrgyz SSR.
In 1957, the Committee on Television and Radio Broadcasting was established under the Council of Ministers of the Kyrgyz SSR, and in 1958, the Frunze TV studio began its work.
In 1991, the State Television and Radio Company of the Kyrgyz Republic was established instead of the committee. In 1993, it became the State National Television and Radio Broadcasting Company, and in 1998, it became the State Television and Radio Corporation.
Later, in 2003, it was changed to the National Television and Radio Corporation, in 2006 to the State Television and Radio Company, and in 2007 again to the National Television and Radio Corporation.
In 2010, after the April Revolution, it was changed to the Public Broadcasting Corporation of the Kyrgyz Republic.
In 2022, by the decree of the President, it again became the National Television and Radio Broadcasting Corporation.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740699 | Логиком | Logicom is a Kazakhstani company, a large manufacturer of computer equipment under its own brand. The company specializes in the development and implementation of software for corporate networks and small businesses, has its own retail network and service centers, and also conducts e-commerce.
## Company structure and owners
Logicom consists of 36 retail and trade chain stores in 17 cities of Kazakhstan. The headquarters is located in Almaty. The number of employees is 1000 people. The company has more than 500 partners in its dealer network. Logicom is an official partner of Microsoft in Kazakhstan. As of January 2013, Logicom is the largest company in Kazakhstan with its own production capacity for assembling 600,000 personal computers per year.
President of Logicom Sergey Shvalov.
In April 2013, at the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange (KASE), 100% of the common shares of Logicom JSC were sold for 44 million dollars. The management of the company informed the KASE exchange that since April 11, 2013, the only 100% participant-shareholder of Logicom JSC was KS8 Holding BV.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740622 | Kanly clan | Kanly is considered to be an ancient Turkic clan (tribe) that is part of the Great Hundred.
There is a lot of written data about the ethnogenesis and history of this clan (tribe). Among them, a comprehensive study of the territory by the Russian orientalist N. is the work of Aristov. In it, the mentioned author writes: "The Kanlys are an ancient Turkish tribe like the Dulats. Perhaps they are the ones referred to as the Skeleton in the Avesta and Mahabharata.
A century and a half before our era, the Chinese came under the control of Kangyu, a small settlement in the Syrdarya, Zeravshan and the lower reaches of the Amudarya. During the period of the Little Khans (25-221 AD), the Kangyus and Kanlys ruled the Alans between the Aral and Caspian seas. In 568, the Byzantine ambassador Zemarch Dzivul came to the Turkish khan, and at that time passed through the land of the Turks called Holiat. Although the Seljuqs who conquered Maurannahr and Western Asia in the 11th century were not Khans themselves, as Rashid al-Din pointed out, the main backbone of their army consisted of Khans. In the second quarter of the 12th century, the last Karluk ruler of Balasagun invited the Gurkhan of Karaqidan to protect himself from the Khangal attack.
Tens of thousands of Kanlys from Talas served in Sultan Muhammad Khorezmshah's camp. In 1200, the ambassador of Gin, Bukxin, on his way to Genghis Khan, mentions the number of the Kanly clan that he met at Mauarannahr. Plano Carpini passed through the country of Kanly after Kumans (Kipchaks). In 1258, Rubruk visited the ancestors of these nomads (Sangle). During the time of the Lame Temir, the Kanlys lived on the right bank of the Syr, but there were not many of them. For centuries, the majority of people were moving from the center to the south and west, because the Huns and Kipchak warriors, who hit Europe like a whirlwind, took the Kanlys with them. . The Kanlys join the Kazakh-Kyrgyz Union as a small tribe, because most of them left for Mauaranahr with the Shaibani family. Providing personal, palace guards and the main composition of troops (tolengits) to the Kyrgyz-Kaysak khans and sultans, the Kanlys spread throughout the Kazakh steppe, and today they are found as a separate tribal group only in Tashkent province. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, N. According to Aristov, the Kanly tribe settled not only in the vicinity of Tashkent, but also in Kapal and Verny districts of Zhetysu region.
Russian ethnographer A. about the origin of the Kanly clan. In his work, Haruzin gives information about a wonderful legend. The "Kanly tribe..." once lived as a separate clan like the Zhalayrs. According to Rashid al-Din, the name Kanly was taken by the Turkic clans who sided with Oghiz Khan (father of the Turks) in his struggle with his relatives: "they ate the cattle and made a cart according to their ability, and the Turks call the cart Kanly," he wrote. Abilgazy cites the following legend about the origin of the Kanlys: "Oghiz Khan went and touched the Tatars. Tatar Khan came against him with thousands of troops; they fought, and Oghiz Khan suddenly attacked and tore his (Tatar Khan's) hand to pieces. Oghiz Khan got a lot of booty, and there is not enough firepower to carry it away. Beside them there was a skilled man with smooth hands, who thoughtfully made a cart. Looking at him, they all built a cart, loaded it with loot, and all returned home. The cart was called "hearty". Before that, it (chariot) had neither a name nor an object, it was called "kanq" because it made a sound when it moved. He called the person who did it "a coward". The entire country of Kanly is the offspring of that person." Academician V. V. Bartold also gives valuable information about the Kanlyi: "The confluence of the Kumans and the Kipchaks, the close kinship of the latter with the Kanlyi, is beyond doubt. Muslim chroniclers of the 12th and 13th centuries use the words khanly and kipchak as synonyms. If it is possible to compare the names of Kangyu and Kanly, then the ancient tribe that once occupied the westernmost part of the Turkic people is the Kanlys.
He further studied: "Perhaps it is the art of the Kanly people, the vocabulary of the Black Kyrgyz is closer to the Kyrgyz-Kaysayks than the language of the Yenisei Turks." Aristov wrote about the Kanly and Kipchaks, who were part of the Black Kyrgyz people, besides that, we can cite a number of historical data that the Kanly people's habitat once extended far to the east. At the beginning of the 12th century, the Kanlians together with the Karluks threatened Balasagun (Juveini); It is not surprising that the Turkic estate established in Almalyk in the 13th century was created by the Kanlys, and finally Rashid al-Din shows that the Kanlys lived in the land of Naimandar, on the upper side of the Irtysh. Anyway, writes S. Amanzholov, M. Kashkari (11th century) in his famous work does not mention Khanly as a tribe. He writes: "One of the great people of Khanly Kypshaks." This conclusion puts an end to academician Barthold's thoughts about the unity of the Kipchaks and the Kanlys, so it may not be mentioned specifically about the Kanlys. However, such unity is only temporary. After the 11th century, the private life of the Kypshaks and the Khanlys reveals a lot. From another point of view, M. It is thought that the reason for this is that during the Kashkari era, most of the Khans were in Asia Minor. The last conclusion can be elaborated by academician Gordlevsky's research, who said that "long before Oghuz, the Turkification of the country was going on. "Kalash, Karluk, Kanly, Kipchaks have been subjugating the native inhabitants of the country for a long time," he writes. It is clear that there is no talk of the total disappearance of Kanly. Mahmud Kashkari described and included many tribes that lived in Central Asia, including Kazakhstan, in addition to the Khanlys who lived in the 11th century. However, according to other sources, the Khanty people have inhabited Kazakhstan and Central Asia since ancient times. First of all, when the Mongol invaders (the beginning of the 13th century) reached Samarkand, there were 40,000 Khangli and Persian soldiers in this city. Further, as mentioned in Temir's campaigns, they meet in Zhoshi Uly between Syrdarya and Talas (Abilgazy Baћadur Khan). Apart from the Kazakhs, one cannot ignore the fact that among the Turkic peoples there are khanlys. For example, we cannot but accept the Kangalas among the Altai and Enesai Turks, as well as among the Sakas, as ancient Kangals who separated from their bloodlines very early. M. Tynyshbaev in his valuable, small work "Additions to the history of the Kyrgyz-Kazakh people" briefly but fully logically studies the history of Kanly.
He "Kangly Chinese under the name of Kangyu p. d. It was known in the II century BC" he wrote. There is no dispute, Kanly is a Turkish tribe that inhabits the Syrdarya river. Samarkand, Bukhara and Khorezm region were also subordinated to the Kanlys. B. d. In the early years, the Khans united with the Huns and fought against the Uysin and the Chinese. In the 6th century, the Kanlys had a four-wheeled cart. In the 10th century, a person named Seljuk, who founded the Seljuk dynasty, emerged from the Kanlians and ruled in the upper reaches of the Syr Darya and Asia Minor until the second half of the 12th century and the first half of the 13th century. At the beginning of the 11th century, a part of this clan named Halarly migrated to Armenia, on the basis of which, in the 13th century, the foundation of the future Ottoman Empire was created. In the 12th century, the Kanlys settled along the Shu River. Most of the Turks who conquered Mauarannahr in the 10th century were Khanlians. Since then, Maurannahr is called Turkestan. When Khorezmshah (Muhammad Khorezmshah) reigned, there was a lot of bloodshed in Turkestan; Khorezmshah's mother was from Turken-Katyn family. Kair Khan, the ruler of Otyrar Castle, is his nephew. The main force of Khorezmshah against Chinggis Khan was the Khans. In the 13th century, Plano Carpini and Rubruk passed through the lands of the Kanlys and met their people in the lower reaches of the Syrdarya and in Karakum, but from the Iron Expeditions, we understand that at the end of the 14th century, they formed part of the Zhoshi ulus and moved between the Syrdarya and Talas. At the beginning of the 17th century, Tursyn Khan personally ruled the Kanlys and Katagans living in Tashkent province. In 1629, "Ensegei Boyly Yer Esym" killed Tursyn Khan for robbing the Kazakhs in the southern region and expelled the Kanly and Katagans. Some of them went to the other side of Syr, and the rest joined the khans under the name "Shanyshkyly". V. In his work, Vostrov categorically admits that the Kanlys are an ancient tribe and that they are Turkic-speaking, and based on the given data, he reviews the brief history of the clan, and for some reason, it is true that he does not give any information about the paternal composition of the Kanly clan.
Academician Abduali Tuganbayuly Kaidarov's article on the ethnogenesis and ethnic history, tribal structure and features of the Kanly clan was published in the Kazakh encyclopedia. In writing this article, he carefully studied the linguistic data shown above and not shown. A. Kaidarov follows the footsteps of N. Aristov and others, gives the tribal structure of the Kanly clan, which is not found in other sources, focuses on its brief history, and strongly proves that they are ancient Turkic speakers. A. In Kaidarov's genealogical table, the ancestor of the Kanlys is Maiky Bi. The Kanly tribe is divided into Sary-Kangly and Kara-Kangly, and the Syrdarya and Zhetysu Kanly are also divided in this way. If we divide the Great Hundred from Tobey, then Baiterek, then Kanly, then Kankojek, Keldibek. Keldibek's first wife, Sary Bayibishe, had Sary-blooded descendants, and Kara-blooded descendants from his second wife. Syrdarya kanlys are Sary kanly (they are five ancestors: Akbota, Akynkozha, Telkozha, Omyrtka, Miyam) and Kara kanly (they are 6 ancestors: Togyzbay, Onbay, Toganai, Baka, Batyrak, Kara). The Zhetysu kanly are divided into Sary-kanly (five ancestors: Alseyit, Turke, Shokpar, Kuyskansyz and Shanyshkyly) and Kara kanganly (six ancestors: Erezen, Kaspan, Enke, Tanta, Orazymbet, Baka). Comparing this ancestry, A. Kaidarov comes to the correct conclusion that the ancestors of the Zhetisu kanlys are the Syrdarya kanlys. Our research is consistent with that. Some tribal groups of the Kanly settled in Zhetysu are divided into "Ak Kanly" and "Kyzil Kanly", the latter are considered to be the descendants of Telkoja, a branch of the Sary Kanly. In addition, A. Kaidarov's opinion about the consequences of merging ethnonyms "Yellow-blooded", "Black-blooded", "Akkangly", "Kyzyl-kanly" is also reasonable. He believes that the names of those ancestors are not related to their appearance and clothes. First of all, it determines the relative geographical position of some clans, called "left wing" and "right wing", as in Kyrgyzstan. Based on the above data, we touch upon the ethnogenesis of the Kanly clan and consider them to be the direct descendants of the ancient Kangyu-Turks.
About the origin of the Kanly clan, there is a conclusion opposite to the opinion of those authors. For example, the well-known ethnographer, T. A. Zhdanko believes that it is wrong to associate the Kangyus of the II century BC with the Kangyus who distributed profits after the XIX II century. He goes on to explain that the Kangyus are "an early ethnic stratum, not just bloodsuckers." Dwelling on the linguistic dependence of the Kanly people, he concludes that "the inhabitants of the Aral region belong to the basis of the ethnogenesis of the Kipchaks, "their Turkicization took place only in the IV-VIII centuries of our era, so there is no reason to call the ancient Kantyu Turkic". With full respect for the author's point of view, writes V. Vostrov, we believe that it is wrong not to see the ethnic intermingling of the ancient Kangyus and Kanlys. There was no such thing. In fact, we know that Kanly have a special significance in the political and ethnic destiny of the Kazakh, Uzbek, Karakalpak peoples of Central Asia and Kazakhstan. T. A. According to Zhdanko, can such a potential existence come from the union of a few ethnic tribes that appeared before the 11th-12th centuries? Moreover, according to Abilgazy, the vast majority of these people were destroyed by Mongol invaders in Shu and Talas region. Here we meet the ancient and numerous (20 thousand households) Kangyu people, who form the ethnic basis of the later Kanly people. We V. We welcome Vostrow's well-argued citation of the deep continuity between the ancient Kangyus and the Goose. Our own research helped to create a table of ancestors of the Kanly clan outside of literary data. Our informants also gave us valuable information about the origin of the Kanlys: Abilkasym Zhantailakov, a resident of Kogaly village, Taldykorgan region, born in 1906 (Zhalayr); Nurysh Nusipov, born in 1905 (Kanly), a resident of Kyzylzhide district, Shelek district, Almaty region; Stan Mukashev, born in 1938 (Kanly), a resident of the same district; Fayzolla Balmagonbetov, born in 1924 (Naiman), a resident of Ashchysay district, Shelek district, Almaty region; Kozakhmet Karibayev, born in 1928 (Shapyrashty), a resident of Zharsu district, Shelek district, Almaty region, helped a lot.
Of course, there were no connoisseurs with a written genealogy among them, despite that, each of them provided significant information about Kanly with what they remembered. However, we have not been able to provide a complete genealogical table for many clans, ancestors and groups (see Appendix No. 11). In the genealogy of the Great Hundred beginning with Tobey, we repeat, Baiterek is named after Tobey, Kanly from him, Kankozhek from him, and Keldibek who had two wives from him. From the first couple, Sary Baibishche, Sary Kanly descendants grew up, and from the second wife (or a khan's daughter), Kara Kanly ancestors grew up. This is divided into two according to each main habitat. For example, Sary Kanlyi and Kara Kanlyi have two ancestors in Syrdarya and Zhetysu. Sary kanlys of Syrdarya are five ancestors: Akbota, Akynkozha, Telkozha, Omyrtka, Miyam; There are 6 ancestors of Zhetysu's Sary kanlys: Alseyit, Akbarak, Kuyskansyz, Bozym, Eshkili, Shanyshkyly. Kara kanlys of Syrdarya 6 tribes: Togizbay, Onbay, Toganbay, Baka, Badyrak, Kara; There are also 6 grandfathers in Zhetysu: Erezen, Kospan, Enke, Tanta, Orazymbet, Baka. The fact that 23 ancestors are descended from the above four groups, excluding the Kyzyl Kanly and Kanly clan structures, from this list shows that these tribes were numerous in the past. A. Kaidarov's first-generation grandfathers reach 22. A. The difference between Kaidarov's data and our research lies only in the ethnic situation of Zhetysu Sary kanlys. His Zhetysu Sary kanlys consisted of five ancestors: Alseyit, Chonpar, Turke, Kuyskansiz, Shanyshkyly, but according to us, they consisted of 6 ancestors: Alseyit, Akbarak, Kuyskansiz, Bozym, Eshkili, Shanyshkyly. According to our data, from Akbarak to Chokpar, from Turke, therefore, there is no particular contradiction. We made a genealogy chart about these 23 ancestors of Kanly. As it can be seen from the table, we have written down the ancestors of Shanyshkyly, Onbay, Erezen, Kospan, especially Stan Mukashev, born in 1938, who gives information about the distribution of the Akbarak clan, which is part of the Zhetisu Sary kanly until today. According to him, 12 generations separate him from his great-grandfather.
Another informant of ours, Nurysh Nusipov, born in 1905, believes that seven ancestors have passed directly from his grandfather Erezen to his son. In our opinion, this is not enough, because Erezen is the same first grandfather as Akbarak, and 12 generations have passed since then. So, although our table about the origin of the Kanly clan is not completely complete, it gives you a clear picture. The once powerful Kanly clan from the ancient Turks has experienced many historical events over the centuries and has become a separate ethnic group among many Turkic peoples: Kazakhs, Uzbeks, Karakalpaks, Kyrgyz, Bashkirs and others. The fighting motto of the Kanlys is "Bayterek", "Ayrylmas" (according to Aristov, Amanzholov, Tynyshbaev, Kaidarov), and the tribal symbol is I (a superscript) in the above data. At the end of the 19th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the ancestors of the Kanly clan settled in Kapal and Vernyy districts of Zhetysu province, Aulieata, Shymkent and Tashkent districts of Syrdarya province. At the end of the 19th century N. Aristov reports that a small group of Kanly meets in Vernyi district (300 houses) (Kaidarov). 350 houses (Mukashev) lived in Auliyat, 478 houses (Grodekov) in Shymkent, 1650 houses (Mukashev) in Tashkent districts. At another point, he indicates that the total number of Kanlys and Shankhys was 10,000 houses. A. Kaidarov says in the Kazakh encyclopedia that in 1885, there were 24,400 smokes of formations in Tashkent province, among them 14 thousand smokes of blood and forks. M. In his work, Tynyshbaev gives the total number of Kanlys and Shanishkys in 1917 by regions. For example, 160,000 people lived in Tashkent uyezd, 20,000 people in Aulieta, and 10,000 people in Vernyi uyezd. A total of 190,000 people lived in the above three districts.
Kanlians of Zhetysu province settled in Kapal and Verny districts. So, the three ancestors of the Kanly clan wintered in the Altynemel mountains in the land of Kapal district. The community of Kyzyl Kanly tribe settled in Arkarly, Kogaly, Baizhanbastau, Mamyrkhanbastau and Donenbaybastau gorges. The Kapsan Khanly clan inhabited the valleys of Karabastau, Kaskazhol, Kumalakty and Maibulak. Badyrak khanly grazed the vicinity of Kurozek, Pishen Sai, Sholadyr, Koyankoz, Uzynbulak, Maitobe and Manas. These grandfathers' pastures and fences were located around the land that they personally used. In the immediate vicinity of the place, pastures were located in the Shetensai, Ushbulak, Karagaylybasy and Dolanaly gorges. Other people of Zhetysu lived side by side with the Albanian clan Segizsary in the eastern part of Vernyi district, and in the west with the ancestors of the Shapyrashti clan on the left bank of the Ile river. A small group of Syrdarya kanlys settled in the valley of the Talas river of Aulieata district, in the confluence of the Arys and Keles rivers of Shymkent district. Most of the inhabitants of this region settled in the Tashkent district in the middle course of the Syr. The main occupation of the Syrdarya people was irrigated agriculture, while the Yetsu people were engaged in the cultivation of four crops.
## Persons |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740701 | Roshen | Roshen is a Ukrainian confectionery corporation, the largest producer of confectionery products in Ukraine and Eastern Europe and among the thirty in the world. The head office of the company is located in Kyiv. It offers its products in more than 30 countries, such as Kazakhstan, the Caucasus countries, Central Asia, the European Union, the USA, Moldova, China, Israel, Jordan, and Japan.
The name Roshen comes from the surname of Petro Poroshenko, the founder of the corporation.
The company's income in 2015 was about $500 million. In the 2019 world Candy Industry Top 100 ranking, Roshen took 27th place in the world among confectionery companies. In terms of production capacity and physical quantity of products, the company ranks 15th in importance in the confectionery world.
## Owners and management
In the 2014 Ukrainian presidential election, Petro Poroshenko announced his intention to sell Roshen after his victory. At a press conference held in Kyiv on June 5, 2015, Petro Poroshenko said that he will transfer his stake in the Roshen confectionery corporation to the management of the private investment banking company NM Rothschild & Sons, owned by the Rothschild family. In January 2016, an agreement was signed to transfer the shares to the management of the Rothschild Trust, an independent trust fund, so that Petro Poroshenko could not influence the business until the end of his presidential term.
## Activity
Corporation in 1996 K. Kyiv Confectionery Factory named after Marks appeared after privatization. Now the corporation produces more than 320 types of products: chocolate bars, chocolate biscuits, chocolate, caramel and jelly candies, biscuits, cookies, wafer products, cakes, marshmallows, sweet bread, pastries, cupcakes, marmalade, crackers.
The total volume of production can reach up to 450 thousand tons per year. The most popular of the product range is K. "Kiev" cake of the Kyiv confectionery factory named after Marks. Many people are familiar with "Keshki Kiev" and "Podol arrow" in a box of candies.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740706 | Sultan Khan Yusup | Sultankhan Akkululy Zhusip (August 1, 1962, Turkestan) is a scholar-scientist, international journalist, candidate of philological sciences, director of the "Alash" research institute.
## Position
In 1990, he graduated from the Faculty of Philology of Al-Farabi Kazakh National University.
Served military duty in Afghanistan.
Worked in the fire service in Almaty, in the laboratory of the Polytechnic Institute, in the vocational school in Aktau.
In 1990-1995, M.O. of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan. Researcher at Auezov Institute of Literature and Art.
In 1995-1996, he was the head of the department, senior researcher at the Kazakh National Academy of Arts named after Temirbek Zhurgenov.
Since 1995, he has been a correspondent of Radio Azattyk in Prague.
In 1997-2000, he was the bureau director of Azattyk radio station in Astana.
press secretary of the mayor of Astana in 2000-2001.
In 2001-2002, correspondent of the newspaper "Kazakhstan-Zaman" in Astana.
Since 2002, correspondent of Radio "Azatky" in Prague.
In 1991-1994, Sultankhan found a rich heritage related to A. Bokeikhan in Russian archives. From this, a new page of Ali Khantology begins, and research gets a new lease of life. Later, on the initiative of Sultankhan Akkululy, a 15-volume collection of Alikhan Bukeikhan was published.
In 1995, he defended his candidate's thesis on the creativity and artistic work of the Kazakh leader - Alikhan Bukeikhan. The full text of his scientific work was published in "Zhuldyz" magazine in 1996.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740561 | Ойжұмбақ 2 | Inside Out 2 is an animated film jointly developed by Pixar and Disney studios. Continuation of the cartoon "Oyzumbak" released in 2015. Here, the viewer meets Riley as a teenager.
The cartoon tells the story of an 11-year-old schoolboy named Riley, who is controlled by his five emotions: joy, sadness, fear, anger and disgust. In the second part of the film, 13-year-old Riley is the main character. During adolescence, new emotions are added to it: anxiety, jealousy, embarrassment, boredom and nostalgia. Through these emotions, the girl is forced to solve the problems typical of teenagers.
The film is based on an original idea by Pete Docter, who worked with the film's director Ronnie del Carmen and producer Jonas Rivera. Docter came up with the idea for Puzzle in late 2009 after noticing changes in her daughter's personality as she grew up. Docter and del Carmen consulted psychologists and neuroscientists to make the idea more realistic and understandable.
Cartoon "Mystery 2" earned a "sensational" $100 million in its second weekend of release. Within eight days of its release in theaters, Mystery 2 has surpassed Dune: Part II to become the top-grossing film of 2024, according to Variety. The sequel to the family film has so far grossed $355 million in North America and $724 million worldwide. And in Denis Villeneuve's film, these figures were $282 million and $711 million, respectively.
In 2016, the first part of the film won the nomination "Best Animated Film" at the "Oscar" award ceremony. In addition, this film has other prestigious awards: "Golden Globe", "Saturn", British Academy of Film Awards (BAFTA).
## Contents
Riley (Kensington Tallman), a girl who in the first film had a difficult move from Minnesota to California, has grown up two years. Now he is 13 years old. Her emotions are controlled by a special remote control by the same familiar team members: Joy (Amy Poehler), Sadness (Phyllis Smith), Anger (Lewis Black), Disgust (Lisa Lapira) and Fear (Tony Hale). In the second part, a new challenge awaits the hero due to changes in his established life. He and his close friends are sent to a three-day hockey camp with a strong team called "Fire Eagles". The situation is complicated by the transfer of friends to another school after the summer vacation. Riley, who is very afraid of being alone, moves away from them and starts getting closer to the other girls in the team - the leaders.
Meanwhile, a big commotion starts in his head. Four new guests arrive at the control center: Fear (Maya Hawke), Jealousy (Ayo Edebiri), Shame (Paul Walter Hauser) and Handra (Adele Exarchopoulos). They push past emotions, turn them into repressed feelings, and destroy the Tree of Faith, which Kuyanish and his assistants carefully cultivated for several years. These actions put Riley at risk of losing her entire identity.
## Voice actors
## Kazakh dubbing
Disney has announced that it will fully finance Mystery 2 and three other animated productions. This was the first Kazakh dubbing made from the producer's own funds. This work was carried out with the support of the Kazakh operator of the film Meloman and the International Kazakh Language Society. Kazakh dubbing and Russian dubbing of the film were made by the Kazakh studio. Bilingual dubbing director - Shah-Murat Ordabaev. The Russian dubbing was performed by Linda Nigmatulina, Sanjar Madi and singer Luina.
Previously, the Kazakh dubbing was financed by the Bolashak Fund and the Ministry of Culture and Sports of Kazakhstan (now the Ministry of Culture and Information). The first part is called "Adventure in the main part" in Kazakh. To keep the title of the second part short, Disney decided to choose the name "Mystery 2".
Disney and Pixar studios are giving a new impetus to the film industry in Kazakhstan by starting to sound their animated films in Kazakh. This initiative contributes to strengthening the position of the Kazakh language in the world-class media space. Every year, Disney prepares about 30 versions of each of its films in different languages. This season, Pixar's animated film "Mystery 2", the adventure film "Moana 2" and the feature film "Mufasa: The Lion King" will be released in the Kazakh language.
In Kazakhstan, "Oyjumbak 2", dubbed in Kazakh, set a Kazakh record on the first day of release and collected 10 million tenge at the box office. This is more than three times the first weekend collections of the epic adventure "Avatar: Waterway" in the Kazakh version. The film also set a record for first-day collections among all films dubbed into the Kazakh language. The share of the Kazakh version of the film exceeded 10% of the total box office collections.
### Sounding process and casting
According to dubbing director Shah-Murat Ordabayev, the actors who will sound the film are selected taking into account the image of the characters. At least two to three artists are recommended for each character, and at most more than a dozen. The creative team of the studio chooses one of these artists. Everyone's skills, stage language, language purity are important. Casting consists of such complex processes.
In the dubbing of Disney films in the Kazakh language, words and jokes that are understandable to the Kazakh audience are sometimes added. Abai's poem was added to "Muzdy olke", and a joke about old judges was added to "Arystan Tsara". There are similar elements in "Oyyumbak 2", but the viewer has to see them himself. Dubbing took about twenty days. Another week was spent on casting. It took about twenty days to translate and coordinate the text. The translation depends on the date of the film. The translation was translated from English to Kazakh by Asel Mamyrova. He is an accomplished translator who has translated several of Disney's family films. Text coordinator Gulzhan Sauyrtaeva is a specialist who coordinates the translated text according to the artistic language and speech movements of the characters.
The project of dubbing the cartoon "Oyjumbak 2" in the Kazakh language shows the respect of Disney and Pixar studios for the Kazakh language. This project greatly contributes to strengthening the position of the Kazakh language in the world-class media space. In addition, this project is an important step for the Kazakh film industry. Thanks to the implementation of the project, the number of dubbings in the Kazakh language will increase, which in turn will contribute to the development and spread of the Kazakh language.
## Premiere
"Oyzumbak 2" premiered in the USA on June 14, 2024. and the premiere in Kazakhstan began on June 13. The premiere was held in Germany and South Korea on June 12.
## Sources
## External Links
* movies.disney.com/inside-out-2 Mystery 2 Official Site \< > * Mystery 2 (eng.) at the Internet Movie Database |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740753 | Karakoz Akdauletova | Karakoz Akzhigitovna Akdauletova (March 3, 1956, Iirkol a., Syrdaria district - July 3, 2020) - singer, teacher. Honored Artist of Kazakhstan (1996).
## Biography
* Graduated from Kyzylorda Pedagogical Institute (1977).
* Graduated from the Almaty State Conservatory (in the class of Professor B. Tolegenova) (1985).
* Since 1985, head of the "Singing" department at the Kyzylorda Music School.
## Pupils
Akauletova is an experienced teacher. Pupils of the children's studio headed by him are from Estonia (1996), Turkey (1997), France (1998), Armenia (2000), Bulgaria (2000, 2005), Kyrgyzstan (2001), Russia (2001), America (2003), etc. b. won prizes in art competitions held in other countries.
* The first winner of the "Super Star KZ" mega project A. Kishkenbaev is also Akhauletova's student.
## Awards
* Certificate of Honor of the Ministry of Education and Science (1997)
* Letter of thanks from the President (2001).
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740695 | David II (King of Scotland) | David II (Scot. Dàibhidh II) (March 5, 1324 - February 22, 1371) - from June 7, 1329 to August 12, 1332, from 1336 to February 22, 1371, King of Scotland from the Brewster dynasty, son of Roberta Bruce and his second wife Elizabeth de Burgh.
## Struggle with Edward Balliol
After the death of his father, David II was proclaimed King of Scotland at the age of five. During the king's childhood, Thomas Randolph (regent from 7 July 1329 to 20 July 1332), a close friend and associate of Robert the Bruce, was elected regent for Scotland. Although the Treaty of Northampton was signed with England before the death of Robert I in 1328, relations between the two kingdoms were further strained when Edward III came to power in 1330. The main threat came from the Scottish emigrants and their descendants, who were persecuted by Robert the Bruce in the struggle for Scottish independence. At the head of the "disinherited" group was Edward Balliol, son of John I, who was deposed from the Scottish throne in 1296.
In 1332, an army of the disinherited came to Scotland and defeated the royal army at the foot of Dapplin Moor. On 24 September 1332, Edward Balliol was crowned king at Scoon and appealed to Edward III for help. In 1333, the English army defeated the Scots at the Battle of Halidon Hill and captured Beric-upon-Tweed. The minor David II was forced to emigrate to France, where he became an honored guest at the court of Philip VI. The king took up residence in the castle of Chateau-Gaillard, where his servants (who later grew up in David) coordinated the actions of his followers.
## Liberation of the Country
French support inspired the patriotic party in Scotland. The army of John Randolph and Robert Stuart gradually pushed the English barons out of Scotland. New attempts by Edward III to conquer Scotland (1335, 1336) were not successful: the Scots avoided open battles with the English army, engaged in guerrilla warfare, and quickly regained control of the country after the English left. In 1338, Agnes Randolph's brave defense at Dunbar, surrounded by a large army of William Montague, Earl of Salisbury, denied another costly English campaign. In 1337, the Hundred Years' War broke out between England and France, with Edward III withdrawing his forces, allowing the Scots to capture Perth and Edinburgh from the English army and liberate much of the country. This opened up opportunities to bring back the king.
On June 2, 1341, David II returned to Scotland. The country from which he came was devastated by a protracted war, the cities were in danger of falling, the clergy had lost considerable prestige with their weak participation in the struggle for independence, and the central authority was weakened. The first steps of the young king were the convening of the parliament, which voted special taxes for the need to reorganize the administration and rebuild the country. In 1342, a Scottish army captured Roxborough and Stirling. However, on August 26, 1346, the king of France suffered a heavy defeat at the foot of Crécy against the army of Edward III. In order to support his ally, David II gathered a large army and crossed the border of England. Edward III's efforts to strengthen the northern counties bore fruit: on October 17, 1346, the Scottish army was narrowly defeated in the battle at the foot of Neville's Cross, the young king was wounded by an arrow in the face and captured. Scotland is once again without a king.
## The King is in captivity
After the capture of David II, the English army took advantage of the unrest in the country and recaptured the south of Scotland. In the absence of the king, Robert Stewart became the ruler of the country. Due to the release of David II, difficult negotiations with England began. The English king's pressure on the Scottish barons to recognize him as the heir of the childless David II was unsuccessful. The indifference of the Scots king in this matter was the reason why David II was accused of swearing an oath to Edward III. However, this is not proven by historical fact. However, David II, who was in a very favorable position in London, actively negotiated support with France and the Pope. In order to persuade the Scots to accept the terms of the purchase, Edward III took a new expedition to Scotland in 1356 and completely plundered the southern part of the country. In the same year, France suffered a heavy defeat at the hands of the English army at the Battle of Poitiers, as a result of which the King of France was captured and joined the King of Scotland. Under the terms of the Treaty of Beric in 1357, David II was granted his freedom by paying a ransom of 100,000 Scots marks (about £67,000) and leaving twenty Scottish barons as collateral. Peace was established between England and Scotland. On October 7, 1357, David II returned to Scotland.
## Domestic politics of David II
The main task of David II in Scotland during his personal reign was to unify the public administration, which had weakened significantly during the war years, and to ensure the unbridled power of the barons and payment of tribute strengthening the kingdom's financial resources.
### Consolidation of financial resources
In 1366, the parliament of the country handed over to the king all the proceeds from the customs duty, which was raised four times, and the lands that had been taken from the royal domain were allowed to be returned. By the end of David II's reign, the unusual taxes had become an annual income tax and remained permanent. The royal towns of Scotland played an important role in raising the funds to pay the ransom, which led to an increase in their value in the country's political system and the recognition of the urban bourgeoisie as the "third representation" of parliament. Making peace with England gave impetus to the development of Scottish trade.
As a result, David II was able to concentrate financial resources in his hands, as there was no precedent in Scotland: the king's income reached 15-20 thousand pounds a year. Unfortunately, by the time of the early Stuarts these funds were largely spent, and the practice of levying fixed taxes was broken. Despite the king's considerable income, not all of the funds were used to pay the ransom: during the reign of David II, only 45 thousand marks were paid out of the 100 thousand provided by the agreement of 1357.
### Strengthening royal power
Along with financial reforms, David II began to pursue a policy of strengthening royal power and reducing the influence of large tycoons. Relying on the petty aristocracy and the city, David II sharply limited the rights and privileges of the nobles in the administrative, judicial and financial spheres. In 1362, Robert Stewart, Earls of Dunbar, Douglas and Angus rebelled against the king. Unrest in the west of the country, the Lord of the Isles, John MacDonald, who restored the ancient tradition of the Isles, was a de facto independent king in Argyll and the Hebrides. In 1369, David II's persuasive actions and John MacDonald's expedition to the estate allowed the Lord of the Isles and his supporters to exercise royal authority. David II's strict policy towards the magnates is clearly illustrated by the repeated arrests of the king's closest relative and successor, Robert Stuart, for his opposition to centralization.
## Foreign Policy at the End of David II's Reign
The difficulties of payment of tribute and the desire to establish a permanent peace with England led David II to accept the English king as heir in exchange for an agreement to abolish tribute and the two kingdoms (Memorandum of Westminster) forced him to agree with Edward III on personal association. However, in 1364, the Scottish Parliament refused to ratify this treaty. However, in the last period of his reign, David II did not abandon the alliance with France, maintaining peaceful relations with England. This dual policy was largely due to the personal qualities of the king - one of the most prominent bearers of the glorious code of the age. Unlike his father, Robert Bruce, David II's national idea was not consistent: he allowed the English king to sit on the Scottish throne and prioritized feudal-chivalric principles.
## Questions about marriage and succession
David II was married twice: according to the terms of the Treaty of Northampton in 1328 - Edward III's sister, Joan Plantagenet, and after her death in 1363 to Margarita Drummond in The king did not have children, and after his death in 1371, the Bruce dynasty ended. The throne passed to the king's nephew, Robert Stuart.
## Literature
* Michael Penman. David II, 1329-71: The Bruce Dynasty in Scotland. East Linton: Tuckwell Press, 2003.
* Bruce Webster. Acts of David II: King of Scots 1329—1371. Edinburgh University Press, 1982.
* Nicholson, Ranald. Scotland: the Later Middle Ages, Edinburg, Mercat Press, 1997.
* John of Fordun. Chronica gentis Scotorum, edited by WF Skene. Edinburgh, 1871-72
* John Hill Burton. History of Scotland, vol. ii. Edinburgh, 1905.
* Andrew Lang. History of Scotland, vol. i. Edinburgh. 1900
* Andrew of Wyntoun. The original chronicle of Scotland, edited by D. Laing Edinburgh. 1872-79.
* Michael Brown. The Wars of Scotland, 1214—1371. The New Edinburgh History of Scotland, volume 4. Edinburgh: Edinburgh University Press, 2004.
## Reference
* David II in Bruce David Nash Ford's Royal Berkshire History \< > * David II Bruce at The Peerage.com |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740741 | Serik Ospanov | Serik Ospanov:
* Serik Karibayuly Ospanov (born in 1957) is the Honored Artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan;
* Serik Jamekuly Ospanov (born in 1964) is a mechanical engineer, mayor of Aktau city;
* Serik Rapilbekuly Ospanov (born in 1949) — scientist, doctor of agricultural sciences;
* Serik Sarsengaliuly Ospanov (born in 1939) is a doctor of physical and mathematical sciences (1997), professor (1998). |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740700 | Asu Abayuly Almabayev | Asu Abayuly Almabaev (January 25, 1994, Zhanatalap village, Sarysu district, Zhambyl region, Kazakhstan) is a Kazakh mixed martial artist who performs under the sponsorship of the UFC in the super lightweight category. Former M-1 lightweight champion. Also Absolute Championship Akhmat, AMC Fight Nights Global, BRAVE Combat Federation, M-1 Global and more. known for participating in tournaments of fighting organizations.
## Biography
Asu Almabayev was born on January 25, 1994 in Zhanatalap village, Sarysu district, Zhambyl region. He came from the Isty clan of the Great Hundred.
From an early age, he began to engage in national wrestling - Kazakh wrestling. When Asu was in the fifth grade, his family moved to Almaty, where Asu began to practice other sports - boxing, karate, hand-to-hand combat and jiu-jitsu. After a lot of training, he realized that he was good at mixed martial arts (MMA).
Since ten-year-old Asu moved to Almaty, he worked at the "Altyn Orda" market, which was a small trading point of his parents. Asu worked in the market until the age of 23, then chose sports and began to perform professionally.
### Nickname
At the beginning of his career, Asu had the nickname "Brother", which was invented as a joke by his friend. Almabayev was also called "Tornado". Later, Asu read a book and liked the story about the sword of the Prophet Muhammad - Zulpykar (sword), the warrior decided to take it and continued to perform under this nickname.
### The beginning of his professional career
At the age of 22, Asu became the winner of the international main prize "Alash Pride Selection" in lightweight (61 kg). On June 1, 2013, Almabayev participated in professional mixed martial arts in Moscow, Rod Fighting – Shield and Sword 4: Russia vs. He made his debut at the Kazakhstan tournament. The fight with Russian Vadim Buseev was not easy for the Kazakh, but he won by unanimous vote of the judges.
In 2016, Kazakhstan won the "Southern Front-3" tournament in Krasnodar ahead of schedule. In weight up to 57 kg, Asu met with Oleg Eric. The fight ended in the first round.
A month later there was another interesting fight. Now Galamyrza Aivazov, who had his debut match in his professional career, faced the Kazakhstani in Ufa. He calmly met his opponent's attack and did not forget to respond. More than a minute before the end of the first round, Aivazov managed to knock his opponent's leg and lay him on the ground. However, as the Russian tried to establish himself in the most advantageous position, Almabayev caught him in a painful manner and ended the fight instantly at about 3 minutes and 41 seconds of the first round.
Thanks to these fights, Asu Almabaev became a promising fighter. Soon, the Russian Fight Nights organization offered the athlete a partnership. This opened up new opportunities for Kazakhstan in the world of mixed martial arts.
In 2017, the fighter finally quit his job at the market and focused only on training. In December 2018, Asu started performing in the M-1 league and fought on the same card with Shavkat Rakhmonov and Hadis Ibrahimov.
In 2019, at the M-1 Challenge 105 tournament, Asu defeated Canadian Chris Kelades and became the interim super lightweight champion.
At the Naiza Fighter Championship 27 held in Almaty in 2020, Asu Abayuly won the NFC super lightweight belt in a fight against Darkhan Skakov of Kazakhstan. He won in a suffocating manner.
### Career of Brave CF
In 2021, Almabaev signed a contract with BRAVE Combat Federation, the largest MMA promoter in the Middle East. In 15 months, Asu had the best result in the Brave CF tournament, winning four fights. In 2022, he was recognized as the fighter of the year at the Kazakhstani Brave CF tournament. Soon, the athlete was offered a title fight and a new contract, but Asu did not agree, because an even more interesting future was waiting for him - participation in the UFC.
### UFC career
In April 2023, Asu Almabaev officially signed a contract with UFC. The Kazakh's first opponent in the best promotion in the world was Jamaican Odie Osborne. The opponents fought on August 5, 2023 at UFC on ESPN 50. This fight opened the floodgates of fight night in Nashville. In the first minute of the round, the Kazakh showed an excellent right overhand (boxing), then made a successful takedown and began to actively work in the guard. At the end of the five-minute period, "Zulpykar" performed a chokehold, but the gong did not allow Almabayev to finish his work.
Asu started the second round with a well-hit right high kick and dominated his opponent standing. Kazakhstan's pressure paid off, he put his opponent on the mat again, held the Jamaican's back and created a suffocation technique. At the end of the third minute, Osborne had to give in under the pressure of Almabaev.
At the end of the tournament, five fighters received a $50,000 bonus for the best performance of the evening. Among them was Asu Abayuly.
## Titles and Achievements
Jiu-Jitsu
*
Jiu-Jitsu World Champion
*
Combat Jiu - Gold medalist of the Asian Jitsu Championship
*
Combat Jiu-Jitsu Kazakhstan champion Alash Pride Selection
* International lightweight Grand Prize winner (in 2017)
M-1 Global \< >
* Interim Bantamweight Champion (in 2019)
Naiza Fighter Championship (NFC)
* NFC Bantamweight Champion (in 2020)
BRAVE Combat Federation
\< > * Submission of the Year (2021)
* Fighter of the Year (2022)
Ultimate Fighting Championship
* ESPN 50 UFC vs. Odie Osborne (2023) "Fight of the Night" bonus for good result
## Professional MMA statistics
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740797 | State awards of the Republic of Tatarstan | State awards of the Republic of Tatarstan (tat. State awards of the Republic of Tatarstan) are awards of the subject of the Russian Federation established by the Government of the Republic of Tatarstan in accordance with the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated March 24, 2004 No. 25-ZRT "On State Awards of the Republic of Tatarstan".
Awards are intended to praise employees of institutions, organizations and enterprises of the Republic of Tatarstan, military personnel, law enforcement officers, as well as other citizens of the Russian Federation and citizens of foreign countries for their services to the Republic of Tatarstan.
## List of awards
### Orders
### Medals
## # Other awards
## Awards of the city of Kazan
Awards of the city of Kazan - awards of the administrative center of the Republic of Tatarstan (part of the Russian Federation) that are not related to the state awards of the Russian Federation.
## See more
* State awards of Kazakhstan
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740752 | Marat Ilyasov | Marat Dangyluly Ilyasov ("born in 1959 in the village of Baluan Sholak, Shu district, Zhambyl region") - Composer-Singer, Professor, Honored Artist of the Republic of Kazakhstan, Cavalier of the Order "KURMET" RK, laureate of the State "Talent" award of the Republic of Kazakhstan, award of the Youth Union of Kazakhstan laureate, laureate of the International Republican Composers Competition, member of the board of the Kazakhstan Composers' Union, member of the board of the Kazakhstan Society of Authors.
## Biography
His origin is from the Shmyr clan, Dulat tribe of Uly Yuz.
* Institute of Arts (Composer-Singer) Academy of Public Administration under the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
* "Public Administration" specialty. Qualification: civil service manager.
* He started his career as an editor at Kazakh TV.
* He continued as the director of the Kazakh radio studio.
## Creativity
M. Ilyasov wrote his first song at the age of 11, to the poem "Aynur kusty ayayed" by Muzafar Alimbaev. After that, caused by the influence of childhood:
* "My wide habitat"
* "Birds came"
* "Sovereign country-moon"
* "Mother tongue - Wise language"
* "Shilde"
* "Come spring" gave birth to his songs.
Belongs to the category of lyrical clay songs:
* "I don't regret you"
* "You are my strength"
* "My beloved"
* "Let's go to the dream together"
* " Take care of my swan"
* "I was thinking of you"
* "You are a holiday"
* "One regret, one hope"
* "My shield"
* "Ak botam"
* Songs such as "Altynai"
* "Beautiful"
* "Feeling"
* "Kazakh table"
* "I am Kazakh"
* "My mother"
* "Akeme" He brought M. Ilyasov to the category of widely known composer.
* "Monument to Courage"
* "Terme about Sholak the wrestler" shows that the composer did not pay much attention to the philosophical and civil model.
## Collection of books and songs
* 1988 A collection of songs and a solo album titled "Merekem Sen" were released.
* 1990 "Uner" publishing house published a collection of songs called "Akkuynyi Ayala".
* 1994 "Songs of Marat Ilyasov".
* 1996 "Songs of Marat Ilyasov".
* 2000 "Beautiful" song collection.
* 2002 "Altynai" song collection.
* 2011 "Friends" song collection.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740694 | Robert I (King of Scotland) | Robert Bruce I (English Robert the Bruce, Scot. Roibert a Briuis, July 11, 1274 - June 7, 1329) - King of Scotland (1306-1329), one of the major Scottish monarchs in the defense of the country during the first period of the War of Independence against England, the founder of the royal Bruce dynasty wishful.
On the father's side - Scots-Norman (Brieux (fr. Brieux), Normandy), on the mother's side - has Franco-Gaelic ancestors.
## Early life
Robert Bruce, 6th Lord Annandale, son of Robert Bruce and Marjorie, Countess of Carrick. He was born on July 11, 1274. He inherited his right to the Scottish throne as a descendant of David I from his grandfather, Robert Bruce, 5th Lord of Annandale. Following the defeat of the Scottish Crown in 1292 by the Brewster Party and the accession of John I Balliol of Scotland, the succession rights to the crown and the earldom of Carrick were transferred to the young Robert Bruce. Brewster's opposition to John I Balliol was revealed in Robert the Bruce's early support of King Edward I of England in his struggle to establish English supremacy over Scotland.
## The First Steps of the War of Independence
In 1296, when the English army attacked Scotland, Robert Bruce joined the English army with his squad and swore an oath to King Edward I of England. The support of the Bruce clan and supporters helped Edward I conquer the country with relative ease and arrest John I. Scotland was declared a possession of the English king. However, in 1297 William Wallace began a rebellion to liberate Scotland, joined by Robert the Bruce. But the rebellion of the Scottish lords was quickly and harshly put down, and in the Treaty of Irwin, Robert the Bruce once again swore to the King of England. After Wallace's defeat at the Battle of Falkirk in 1298, Edward appointed Bruce a member of the Scottish regency, but in 1300 Robert Bruce was removed from the position due to his disagreements with the Clan Cominders. After this, Robert the Bruce led a party of Scottish barons against the Comintern's rule and those who supported the English king.
## Robert the Bruce's coronation and the liberation of Scotland
The struggle for influence in Scotland between the Bruce and the Comyn clan led to the death of Robert the Bruce in one of the Dumfries churches in 1306 of "The Abominable" John Comyn struck, as a result of which Bruce became the leader of the anti-English movement in the country. Some of the Scottish barons moved to his side, and on March 25, 1306, Robert the Bruce of Scone was named King of Scotland. However, the rebels were quickly defeated by the English forces at Methven and Derlae, Robert's family was captured and his brothers killed, and Bruce himself fled to Rathlin Island on the west coast of Scotland.
But in the spring of 1307, Robert I landed in the family earldom of Carrick with a small force and on May 10 defeated the army of Emer de Valence, Earl of Pembroke, at the Battle of Loudon Hill. At that time, James Douglas and other Scottish barons joined Bruce, who gradually began to drive the English out of the country. Between 1308 and 1309, the armies of Bruce and Douglas defeated the Comyn party at the Battle of Inverar Bottom and Brander's Gorge and liberated northern and western Scotland.
With the death of Edward I in 1307, the armed forces of England rose up against the new king, Edward II, a rebellion of the English magnates. In 1310, a new English invasion attempt failed, and by the end of 1313, the rebels had liberated most of Scotland, including the major cities (Dundee, Perth, Edinburgh, Roxborough), captured the Isle of Man from the English, and besieged the English garrison at Stirling. The governor of Stirling agreed to surrender the city if the English army did not vacate it by June 24, 1314. The army of Edward II, who arrived just in time, was completely defeated by the Scottish forces led by Robert the Bruce in the Battle of Bannockburn in 1314. The victory at Bannockburn secured the liberation of Scotland from English occupation and the restoration of its independence.
## Foreign policy after Bannockburn
The defeat of the English army at Bannockburn allowed Robert I to attack the territory of England: in 1314 - 1315, the Scottish army attacked Northumberland, Cumberland and Durham. Taking advantage of the rebellion in Ulster, the Scots came to Ireland in 1315, and Robert I's younger brother, Edward the Bruce, was elected High King of Ireland. The initial success of the military operations of the Scottish army, supported by Brewster, who preached about the unity of the Scottish and Irish peoples, turned into a series of difficulties in 1317-1318, and in 1318 the Scots were defeated at the Battle of Foghart and Edward Bruce was killed.
The failure in Ireland was soon compensated by new successes of Robert I in England: in 1317 Beric was captured, and in 1319 James Douglas's army defeated the archbishop of York at the bottom of Myton, this victory prompted the English to come to an agreement. The war was renewed in 1322 with Robert I's successful raids on Lancashire and Yorkshire. Also, the king had the opportunity to establish a military alliance with France (Treaty of Corbey in 1323).
At the same time, Robert I made efforts to reach an agreement with the Pope. During the conflict between England and Scotland, the papacy took a pro-English position, excommunicated Robert the Bruce and his followers, and refused to recognize him as King of Scotland. However, the Scottish clergy supported their king and in 1320 issued the "Declaration of Arbroath" addressed to the Pope, confirming Scottish independence and vindicating Bruce's right to the crown.
The last attempt of the English king to conquer Scotland was made in 1327, after the overthrow of Edward II. But the campaign of Roger Mortimer and the young Edward III ended in failure. In response, Robert I's army again plundered Northumberland and marched into Ireland. As a result, England was forced to sign the Treaty of Northampton in 1328, according to which Scotland was recognized as an independent sovereign state, and Robert I was recognized as King of Scotland. The Isle of Man and Beric were returned to Scotland.
## Robert the Bruce's Domestic Policy
Robert the Bruce's destruction of the Comintern party in Scotland and the persecution of the pro-English barons led to mass confiscation of land and their redistribution in favor of the king and his friends (Douglas, Randolphs, Campbells). led to division. As a result, during the reign of Robert the Bruce, there was a second revival of vassal-fiend relations, while the general Western European trend of strengthening royal local administration was not evident in Scotland. In 1326, the Scottish Parliament convened for the first time in the country's history at Cambuskennet, which granted Robert I an unusually high income tax of 10% during his reign.
## Death
Robert I died at Cardross on June 7, 1329, his body was buried in Dunfermline Abbey, and his heart, by the king's will, was given to James Douglas, who took it to Spain. After the death of Douglas, the heart of Robert I returned to Scotland and was buried in Melrose Abbey. In 1920, archaeologists found the heart and then reburied it, but did not reveal its exact location. In 1996, during the construction works, a casket was found, which may contain a heart. In accordance with the King's dying wishes, he was reburied at Melrose Abbey in 1998.
## Marriages and Children
According to Thepeerage.com
* (1295) Isabella Mar, 6th Earl of Mar, daughter of Donald Marjory Bruce (1296-1316 ), (from 1315) married to Walter Stewart
* Marjory Bruce (1296-1316), (from 1315) married to Walter Stewart
* (1302) Elizabeth de Burgh, 2nd Earl of Ulster, Richarda de Burgh daughter of David II (1324–1371), King of Scotland Margaret Bruce (no later than 1327 — c. 1347), 5th Earl of Sutherland (from 1345), married William de Moravia Matilda (Maud) Bruce (no later than 1327 — 1353) John Bruce (1327 - died in infancy)
* David II (1324-1371), King of Scotland
* Margaret Bruce (not later than 1327 - about 1347), (from 1345) 5th Earl of Sutherland, William married de Moravia
* Matilda (Maud) Bruce (not after 1327 —1353)
* John Bruce (1327 — died in infancy)
Children born out of wedlock:
* of Carrick of Sir Neil (? — 1346)Walter of Odystoun Christina of CarrickRobert Bruce, Baron of Liddisdale (between 1302 and 1320-1332)Margaret Bruce (not later than 1327 — not earlier than 1364)Elizabeth Bruce (not later than 1327 — ?)
* of Carrick came Sir Neil (? — 1346)
* Walter of Odystoun
* Christina of Carrick
* Robert Bruce, Baron of Liddisdale (between 1302 and 1320-1332)
* Margaret Bruce (no later than 1327 — no earlier than 1364) \ <> * Elizabeth Bruce (not after 1327 — ?)
## Literature
* Titler Patrick Fraser. History of Scotland. Ot pictov do Bryusov / Per. s Eng. E. A. Stewart. — St. Petersburg. : Eurasia, 2016. — 610 p. — (300 copies). — ISBN 978-5-91852-160-1.
* Fedosov D. G. Born in battle. Scotland until the end of the XIV century. — 2nd ed., ex. and the ball. — St. Petersburg. : Eurasia, 2017. — 384 p. — (Clio).— SPb. : Eurasia, 2017. — 384 p. — (1,000 copies). — ISBN 978-5-91852-081-9.
Barrow, G.W.S., Robert Bruce & the Community of the Realm of Scotland. Edinburgh University Press; 2nd edition, 1984. ISBN 0-85224-307-3. P. 528.
* Bartlett, Robert, The Making of Europe, Conquest, Colonization and Cultural Change: 950—1350. Princeton University Press, 1994. ISBN 0-691-03780-9. P. 447.
* Brown, Chris, Robert the Bruce. A Life Chronicled. Tempus, 2003. ISBN 0-7524-2575-7. P. 416.
* Brown, Chris, Bannockburn 1314: A New History. The History Press, 2009. ISBN 0-7524-4600-2. P. 384.
* Dunbar, Bt., Sir Archibald H., Scottish Kings 1005—1625, Edinburgh, 1899
* Macnamee, C., The Wars of the Bruces: Scotland, England and Ireland, 1306-28. Tuckwell Press Ltd, 1996. ISBN 1-898410-92-5. P. 288.
* Nicholson, Ranald. Scotland: the Later Middle Ages, Mercat Press, 1997
* Scott, Ronald McNair. Robert the Bruce: King of Scots. Canongate Books Ltd, 1999. ISBN 0-86241-616-7. P. 288. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740735 | Quince marmalade | Quince marmalade is a sweet, very thick mass made from the pulp of quince fruits. In Portuguese, it is simply called "marmelada" ("marmelo" - "quince"). It was this product that gave the name to all other marmalades in Russian.
## History
The recipe may be of ancient origin; view, according to which it was already known to the Romans and was produced in the Roman province of Syria. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Iberian Peninsula - Spain and Portugal became the center of production and consumption of quince marmalade. From Portugal, which had a long and close relationship with England, the word "marmalade" came to this country, where it meant (and still means) a special type of citrus jam. In Russian, the word "marmalade" has spread to several types of products unrelated to other languages.
Quince marmalade came from Spain and Portugal to colonized Latin America, where it became popular in countries such as Argentina and Uruguay. In countries with a less favorable climate for growing quince, the Spanish and Portuguese made an analogue of the favorite quince marmalade from guava fruits - goyabada.
## Preparation
Quince marmalade is made from quince fruits. Fruits are peeled and cored, boiled with a small amount of water and sugar at the rate of 500-1000 g of sugar per kilogram of quince pulp. Today, a pressure cooker is often used for this at home. In a pressure cooker, the marmalade takes on a light brick color, and after long cooking in a regular pot, it turns into a black brick. After that, the marmalade is stored for several days, after which it becomes relatively hard and dense enough to hold its shape. Marmalade is sweet but slightly astringent.
Quince marmalade is often sold in square blocks, which are then cut into thin slices and placed on toast or sandwiches. It is popular to eat quince marmalade with bread for breakfast, as well as for lunch, as a snack or dessert, together with certain types of cheese typical of each region (such as Tetila cheese and Burgos cheese). Quince marmalade is also often used as a filling for various baked dishes. Thus, the pasafrola, a sweet pie common in Argentina, Uruguay and Paraguay, similar to a crostata, is usually filled with quince marmalade.
## Regional Variations
Although quince marmalade is most important in Spanish- and Portuguese-speaking countries, it is one of the most popular dishes, spreading far beyond their borders.
Thus, in Provence, quince marmalade (pâte de coing) is one of the 13 desserts traditionally served at Christmas.
Quince marmalade is also popular in Serbia, especially in Vojvodina, but also in continental Croatia, i.e. Slavonia. Here it is called "kitn(i)kes" — "Quittenkäse" in German. In Vojvodina, quince marmalade is sometimes made with finely ground walnuts, hazelnuts or pumpkin seeds. Sometimes sugar is replaced with linden honey in the same amount.
In Hungary, quince marmalade is called "birshalmašayt" (literally "quince cheese") and is made from small amounts of lemon peel, cinnamon or cloves, and nuts are often added. In 1578, the Hungarian botanist Peter Melius Juhach mentioned quince cheese (marmalade) as a fruit preparation with medicinal properties.
In Moldova and Romania quince marmalade is called kitonoage.
Quince marmalade exists in Italy (under the name "cotognata"), but is not as important as in Spain.
Quince cheese, an 18th-century New England specialty, required all-day churning to achieve a firmness similar to French cotinac.
The closest Russian analogue of quince marmalade is plastic apple marmalade. In the Baltic countries, the so-called apple cheese is common: an almost hard apple marmalade, often with walnuts, very similar to the quince marmalade of Hungary and Vojvodina.
Quince marmalade is one of the oldest dishes in European cuisine, probably originating from quince jam, which is common in Transcaucasia, Pakistan and the Middle East. Through Roman mediation, it spread to the Mediterranean.
Quince marmalade has had a significant impact on European culinary traditions and languages. However, it gradually lost its place in the cuisine of many European countries outside the Iberian Peninsula, becoming a symbol of Spanish and Portuguese culture.
## References
* Inés Butrón Parra, (2009), Ruta gastronómica por Andalucía, primera edición, Ed. Salsa.
* Ross, Marjorie (2001). Entre el comal y la olla: the main dishes of gastronomy. San Jose, Costa Rica: UNED. p. 46, 55, 88, 91 year 105. ISBN 9789968311281.
## See also
* Quince bread |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740720 | Zoroastrianism in China | Zoroastrianism (Chinese: 洗罗亚斯德教 Suǒluōyàsīdéjiào or Chinese: 祆教 Xiangjiao, "Doctrine of Sky Worship"; Chinese: 波斯教 Bōsījiào, "Persian Doctrine"; also Chinese: 拜火教 Bàihuǒjiào, "replacing fire worshipers"); also Chinese 白頭教 Báitóujiào, "teaching of old age") was first introduced to Northern China by the Sogdians in the 4th century or earlier and developed in three stages. Some scholars provide evidence that Zoroastrianism, or a broader Iranian religion, existed in China in the 2nd-1st centuries BC. The worship of Mithras actually took place in the court of Emperor Wu (157-87 BC).
The first period of Zoroastrianism in China began during the Wei and Jin dynasties of the Southern and Northern Dynasties (220–589), when Sogdian Zoroastrians migrated to China. They did not proselytize the Chinese, and only two fragments of Zoroastrian literature are known from this period in Sogdian. One of them is the translation of Ashem Vohu, discovered in Dunhuang by Aurel Stein and now in the British Museum. The Tang Dynasty (618–907) forbade the Chinese to practice Zoroastrianism, so it remained mainly the religion of the foreign population. Before the An Lushan Rebellion (756–763), the Sogdians and the Chinese lived as separate ethnic groups; but after the uprising, intermarriage became customary, and the Sogdians gradually assimilated into the Chinese.
In addition to Sogdian Zoroastrians, after the fall of the Sassanid dynasty (651 AD), Iranian Zoroastrians, including nobles and magicians, migrated to North China during the 7th and 8th centuries. Fleeing the Islamization of Iran, they settled in Chang'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng, Yangzhou, Taiyuan and other places. At least twenty-nine Zoroastrian fire temples are attested in northern urban centers during the Tang Dynasty. Zoroastrianism was suppressed during Emperor Tang's great cleansing of foreign religions.
The second period of Zoroastrianism in China was during the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms (907–960), when local Chinese Zoroastrianism developed and has survived to this day. During this period, the gods of Sogdian Zoroastrianism were assimilated into the Chinese folk religion. Zoroastrianism, the Chinese folk religion, became increasingly practiced by the Chinese and lasted until the 1940s. By this time, it was known that Chinese Zoroastrian temples operated in Hanyang, Hubei.
The third phase began in the 18th century, when Persian traders sailed from Mumbai to Macau, Hong Kong and Guangzhou. Persian cemeteries and fire temples were built in these coastal cities in eastern China. The Pars were expelled in 1949 when the CCP came to power. The Persian Fire Temple was built in Shanghai in 1866 and destroyed during the Cultural Revolution. From the 1980s, a new wave of Parsis settled in China.
In classical Chinese, Zoroastrianism was first introduced. 胡天 Hutian, which became the name of all northern nomads during the Wei-Jin period. In the early Dawn period, a new character was invented specifically for Zoroastrianism: Khyt. 祆xiān, which means "sky worship". Interestingly, in the Far East, Zoroastrians were not considered "fire worshipers", but "heaven worshipers" (in Japanese, the name of this religion is Kenkyo, as in Chinese). At that time, the Chinese rarely created heroes of foreign religions, and this morning shows the influence of Zoroastrianism on Chinese society.
## Notes
## See also
* Religion in China
* Iranians in China
* Zoroastrianism
* Sogdians
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740696 | Robert III (King of Scotland) | Robert III (English Robert III; August 14, 1337 - April 4, 1406) is a Scottish king from the Stuart dynasty.
## Youth
Robert III was the eldest son of King Robert II of Scotland and Elizabeth Moore, born out of wedlock, but this did not prevent him from succeeding to the throne after his father's death. When Robert II's eldest son was born, he was given the name John (John), but when he came to power in 1390, he adopted the name Robert III in order to avoid repeating the tragic fate of John Balliol and John II of France.
In 1368, young John Stewart received the title of Earl of Carrick, which at that time passed to the heirs to the Scottish throne. During the crisis of the central administration of the country under the aging King Robert II, the Earl of Carrick received special judicial and administrative powers from the Scottish Parliament in 1384. However, the successor did not succeed in restoring law and order in the country. In 1388, an accidental blow from a horse's hoof crippled the Earl of Carrick, which led to his removal from government.
## Internal politics
### Violation of administration
On August 13, 1390, the fifty-three-year-old Robert III assumed the throne of Scotland. The king, either due to illness or old age, could not effectively rule the country, and handed over the power to his brother, Robert Stuart, Earl of Fife.
The era of the reign of Robert III in Scotland was marked by the lack of law and order in the country and the breakdown of the administration. During this period, the influence of the clan system increased sharply, especially in the mountainous regions of the country: the largest clans were at war with each other, the highlanders invaded the coastal cities (the burning of Elgin in 1390), and the antagonism between the "wild" Celtic west and the "civilized" east of the country intensified. In 1396, a great battle between the Hattan and Kay clans took place in front of the king in Perth, resulting in a bloody massacre with few survivors. On the other hand, the weakness of the central government contributed to the recovery of the Celtic culture of the mountainous part of the country. The leader of the Celtic movement was Donald Macdonald, Lord of the Isles, who pursued a radically independent policy in relation to royal authority.
The decline in treasury revenue, which began at the beginning of the reign of Robert II, reached its peak during the reign of Robert III: the king distributed the revenue from customs to various Scottish barons, tax collection stopped (in 1399, an attempt to introduce taxation to finance peace negotiations with England was rejected by the aristocracy led to confrontation). The only source of financial income for the state apparatus remained the royal domain (region), which was constantly decreasing due to various gifts.
### Struggle for power
In the late 1390s, the struggle to influence the weak Robert III and the actual administration of the country intensified. Two opposing groups of magnates ruled: brother Robert Stuart, from 1398 - Duke of Albany; the king's son and heir to the throne, the Duke of Rothesay, David. In 1399, Albany accused the parliament of not governing the state properly, then he was removed from office, and David Stewart was given the functions of governing the country for 3 years and was appointed "lieutenant" of the kingdom, but under the supervision of a permanent parliamentary commission. However, his main ally - the death of the Earl of Douglas and the revival of the war with England - weakened the party of the heir. In 1402, the Duke of Albany captured Rothesay and probably starved to death. Albany regained his power in the country. Robert III announced that he had pardoned his son's misdeeds.
## Foreign Policy
Despite the restoration of the Franco-Scottish alliance in 1391, the first half of King Robert III's reign was marked by prolonged peace and some rapprochement with England. The ties between the courts of Robert III and Richard II became stronger, with knightly contests organized between the nobles of the two states. Negotiations on the peace treaty have begun. However, the revolution in England in 1399 and the rise to power of Henry IV of Lancaster again threatened war in Scotland.
The cause of the war was made by the heir to the throne himself, the Duke of Rothesay, David. Rothesay, who had refused to marry the daughter of George Dunbar, Earl of March, due to a large offer by the Earl of Douglas, forced Dunbar to ask for help from the English king. Henry IV took advantage of this opportunity to declare England's claim to sovereignty over Scotland and declared war on the Scottish king. In 1400, an English army invaded Scottish territory and besieged Edinburgh, and in 1402 Henry Percy Gomilandon defeated the Scottish army at the foot of Homildon Hill.
In turn, Scotland supported the rebellions against Henry IV in England and Wales: thus in the court of King Robert III, the Earl of Northumberland found refuge in 1405 after his action against Lancaster.
## Death of Robert III
Fearing for the life of his second son, the young prince Jacob, Robert III decided to send him to study in France. But the ship Prince James was sailing on was boarded by English pirates on March 14, 1406, and as a result, the heir to the Scottish throne was imprisoned in England. Upon learning this, Robert III suffered a heart attack and died on April 4, 1406. According to his contemporaries (Bower, Scotichronicon), Robert III once wanted his tomb to bear the following epitaph: "Here lies the worst of kings and the most miserable of men in all the kingdom."
## Marriage and children
He married (from 1367) Annabella Drummond, daughter of Sir John Drummond. Their children:
* Elizabeth (ca. 1411), Lord of Dalkeith, married James Douglas (1387)
* Margaret (ca. 1456), married Archibald, 4th Earl of Douglas (1390)
* Maria (b. 1458), married 5 times, first — married George Douglas, 1st Earl of Angus (1387)
* Egidia
* David (1378-1402), Duke of Rothesay , 3rd Earl of Douglas, daughter of Archibald, married Marjory Douglas (1400)
* James I (1394-1437), King of Scotland (from 1406)
## Literature
* John of Fordun, Scotichronicon, continued by Walter Bower.
* Nicholson, R. Scotland: the Later Middle Ages, Edinburgh, 1997 |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740795 | Diploma of the Republic of Tatarstan | Certificate of Merit of the Republic of Tatarstan (tat. Merit of the Republic of Tatarstan) is a state award of Tatarstan in 1940-2011. Formerly known as Certificate of Merit of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Tatarstan ASSR (tat. Merit of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Tatarstan ASSR).
## Description
By the decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Tatarstan SSR dated February 1, 1940, the Certificate of Commendation of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Tatarstan SSR was established and became a model for future state awards of Tatarstan. Citizens of Tatarstan SSR, other union and autonomous republics of the USSR, residents of cities, regions and regions of the RKFSR, foreign citizens, as well as enterprises, associations, institutions, organizations and their structural subdivisions, military units, districts, cities and other countries places - awarded for "extraordinary merit in production, scientific and socio-political activities, socio-cultural construction and communist education of workers, ensuring security and defense of the Soviet state, and contribution to strengthening peace and friendship between peoples". In 1990-1992, he was awarded the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the Tatar SSR. Simultaneously with the transformation of the Tatar SSR into the Republic of Tatarstan, by the decree of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tatarstan dated February 7, 1992, the Certificate of Appreciation of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the Tatar SSR was renamed the Certificate of Appreciation of the Republic of Tatarstan.
The award was given by the President of the Republic of Tatarstan. Citizens of the Russian Federation, foreign citizens and stateless persons, as well as enterprises, organizations and institutions are awarded with the Certificate of Merit of the Republic of Tatarstan "for the highest achievements in increasing production efficiency, improving the quality of manufactured works and products, for good in their industrial, scientific and socio-political activities. , for services in the field of healthcare, education, culture, art and literature, physical education and sports, and for other services in the state, economic, social and cultural construction, for a great contribution to the strengthening of legal order, peace and friendship between peoples. By the Law of the Republic of Tatarstan dated October 11, 2011, the Certificate of Merit of the Republic of Tatarstan was canceled and removed from the list of state awards of Tatarstan. Currently unavailable, this decision is due to lack of demand for the award. In total, more than four hundred teams and about seven thousand people have been awarded the Certificate of Merit of the Republic of Tatarstan throughout the years. The recipients of the Certificate of Merit of the Republic of Tatarstan are given monthly assistance in the amount of 50 percent of the costs of housing and utilities, telephone, radio, and collective antenna, a monthly payment in the amount of 322 rubles, and free teeth and hearing prostheses are provided.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740853 | Междуреченское | Aksay (until 2024 — Mezhdurechenskoye) is a village in the Ile district of Almaty region, the center of Aksay rural district.
## Geographical location
The center of the district is about 25 km west of the village of Otegen Batyr.
## Population
## History
In 1954-97, it was the center of the region of Kaskeleng (now Karasai district). Based on it, in 1996-97, in Mezhdurechenskoye and in the villages of Ekpindi, Zhaugashty, "Commodity milk farm", "Kaskeleng Limited Liability Company", "Bacon" company and 38 farms were established.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740840 | Bavarian dialect | Bavarian language (German: Bairisch, bav. Boarisch) is the language of the Bavarians, one of the dialects of the German language. The language is derived from the language of the Bavar tribes. Belongs to the South German dialects of the High German language.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740824 | Supreme Leader of Iran | The Supreme Leader of Iran (Persian: رحبر موازم آران, Rahbar-e Moazam-e Irân, read sometimes Rahbar (رهبر, Rahbar, Leader), official name — Supreme Governing Body (مقام موازم رحبری, Maqâm Moazam Rahbari)) is a body in the Islamic Republic of Iran. the highest political and religious position, head of state. The armed forces, the judiciary, state radio and television, and other key government organizations, such as the Guardian Council and the Targeting Council, all report to the Supreme Leader. According to the Constitution, the Supreme Leader oversees the general policy of the Islamic Republic (Article 110), legislative, judicial and executive branches (Article 57). Ali Khamenei, the current life holder of the post, issues decrees and makes final decisions on Iran's economy, environment, foreign policy, education, national planning and other aspects of governance. Khamenei also certifies that elections are fair and can dismiss and reinstate presidential cabinet appointments. The supreme leader is legally considered "untouchable," and Iranians are regularly punished for questioning or insulting his authority.
This post was established by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979 alongside the Iranian Constitution, and its holder remains in office for life. Originally, the constitution required the Supreme Leader to be Marjah al-Taqlid, the highest-ranking cleric in the religious laws of Usuli Oneki Shia Islam. However, in 1989, amendments to the constitution were made, and the conditions imposed on the Supreme Leader were much reduced. In its history, there have been only two Supreme Leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Khomeini, who held this position from 1979 until his death in 1989, and Ali Khamenei, who has served since that year.
## Appointment
The Supreme Leader is elected by the Council of Experts (مجلس خبرغان, Majles-e Khobregan). This council is the only body in the country that has the right to appoint and dismiss the Supreme Leader.
## Duties and Powers
Powers and Duties given to the Supreme Leader by the Constitution, decrees and other laws:
* General policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in consultation with the Expediency Council to determine;
* Monitoring the correct implementation of the general policy of systems;
* Resolving conflicts between the three branches of government;
* Announcing a national referendum;
* Leadership of the armed forces;
* Declaring war, peace and military mobilization;
* Ability to veto laws adopted by the Parliament;
* Appointing, dismissing and accepting the resignations of the following officials: Members of the Targeting Council; Members of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution; Two representatives in the Supreme Council of National Security; Each branch of power can appoint its own representative. Ali Khamenei currently has about 2,000 representatives in various government bodies; two jurists in the Guardian Council; the head of the country's judiciary; the ministers of defense, intelligence, foreign affairs and science; the head of the television and radio network in the Islamic Republic of Iran; the head of the Joint Staff; the commander-in-chief of the country's Armed Forces; Supreme commanders of the armed forces.
* Members of the Targeting Council;
* Members of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution;
* Two representatives of the Supreme Council of National Security;
* He can appoint his representative to each branch of power. Ali Khamenei now has about 2,000 representatives in various government bodies;
* Two jurists in the Council of Guardians;
* Head of the judiciary in the country;
* Ministers of defense, intelligence, foreign affairs and science;
* Head of the television and radio network in the Islamic Republic of Iran;
* Chief of the Joint Staff;
* chief commander of the country's Armed Forces;
* Supreme commanders of the armed forces.
* Ministers can be dismissed from office and reappointed;
* Resolving disagreements between the three branches of the armed forces and regulating their relations;
* Solving problems that cannot be solved by traditional methods using the Targeting Council;
* Signing of the decree on organizing the election of the President of the Republic by the people in Iran;
* Dismissal of the President of the Republic, taking into account the interests of the country, after the Supreme Court finds him guilty of violating his constitutional duties, or after the impeachment vote of the Islamic Consultative Council (Parliament) proving his incapacity in accordance with Article 89 of the Constitution;
* According to the recommendation of the head of the justice body, pardon or shorten the sentence for those convicted within the framework of Islamic standards. The supreme leader may delegate part of his duties and powers in this regard to another person;
* Adopting and approving decisions of the Supreme Council of National Security;
* Leading a special spiritual court.
## List of Supreme Leaders
## More Information
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740799 | Supreme leader of Iran | The Supreme Leader of Iran (Persian: رحبر موازم آران, Rahbar-e Moazam-e Irân, read sometimes Rahbar (رهبر, Rahbar, Leader), official name — Supreme Governing Body (مقام موازم رحبری, Maqâm Moazam Rahbari)) is a body in the Islamic Republic of Iran. the highest political and religious position, head of state. The armed forces, the judiciary, state radio and television, and other key government organizations, such as the Guardian Council and the Targeting Council, all report to the Supreme Leader. According to the Constitution, the Supreme Leader oversees the general policy of the Islamic Republic (Article 110), legislative, judicial and executive branches (Article 57). Ali Khamenei, the current life holder of the post, issues decrees and makes final decisions on Iran's economy, environment, foreign policy, education, national planning and other aspects of governance. Khamenei also certifies that elections are fair and can dismiss and reinstate presidential cabinet appointments. The supreme leader is legally considered "untouchable," and Iranians are regularly punished for questioning or insulting his authority.
This post was established by Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini in 1979 alongside the Iranian Constitution, and its holder remains in office for life. Originally, the constitution required the Supreme Leader to be Marjah al-Taqlid, the highest-ranking cleric in the religious laws of Usuli Oneki Shia Islam. However, in 1989, amendments to the constitution were made, and the conditions imposed on the Supreme Leader were much reduced. In its history, there have been only two Supreme Leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran: Khomeini, who held this position from 1979 until his death in 1989, and Ali Khamenei, who has served since that year.
## Appointment
The Supreme Leader is elected by the Council of Experts (مجلس خبرغان, Majles-e Khobregan). This council is the only body in the country that has the right to appoint and dismiss the Supreme Leader.
## Duties and Powers
Powers and Duties given to the Supreme Leader by the Constitution, decrees and other laws:
* General policy of the Islamic Republic of Iran in consultation with the Expediency Council to determine;
* Monitoring the correct implementation of the general policy of systems;
* Resolving conflicts between the three branches of government;
* Announcing a national referendum;
* Leadership of the armed forces;
* Declaring war, peace and military mobilization;
* Ability to veto laws adopted by the Parliament;
* Appointing, dismissing and accepting the resignations of the following officials: Members of the Targeting Council; Members of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution; Two representatives in the Supreme Council of National Security; Each branch of power can appoint its own representative. Ali Khamenei currently has about 2,000 representatives in various government bodies; two jurists in the Guardian Council; the head of the country's judiciary; the ministers of defense, intelligence, foreign affairs and science; the head of the television and radio network in the Islamic Republic of Iran; the head of the Joint Staff; the commander-in-chief of the country's Armed Forces; Supreme commanders of the armed forces.
* Members of the Targeting Council;
* Members of the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution;
* Two representatives of the Supreme Council of National Security;
* He can appoint his representative to each branch of power. Ali Khamenei now has about 2,000 representatives in various government bodies;
* Two jurists in the Council of Guardians;
* Head of the judiciary in the country;
* Ministers of defense, intelligence, foreign affairs and science;
* Head of the television and radio network in the Islamic Republic of Iran;
* Chief of the Joint Staff;
* chief commander of the country's Armed Forces;
* Supreme commanders of the armed forces.
* Ministers can be dismissed from office and reappointed;
* Resolving disagreements between the three branches of the armed forces and regulating their relations;
* Solving problems that cannot be solved by traditional methods using the Targeting Council;
* Signing of the decree on organizing the election of the President of the Republic by the people in Iran;
* Dismissal of the President of the Republic, taking into account the interests of the country, after the Supreme Court finds him guilty of violating his constitutional duties, or after the impeachment vote of the Islamic Consultative Council (Parliament) proving his incapacity in accordance with Article 89 of the Constitution;
* According to the recommendation of the head of the justice body, pardon or shorten the sentence for those convicted within the framework of Islamic standards. The supreme leader may delegate part of his duties and powers in this regard to another person;
* Adopting and approving decisions of the Supreme Council of National Security;
* Leading a special spiritual court.
## List of Supreme Leaders
## More Information
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740837 | Bavarian language | Bavarian language (German: Bairisch, bav. Boarisch) is the language of the Bavarians, one of the dialects of the German language. The language is derived from the language of the Bavar tribes. Belongs to the South German dialects of the High German language.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740860 | tombstone | Kairaks are epigraphic monuments found in Zhetysu and East Turkestan at the end of the 19th century. Early 20th century tombstones with Nestorian, Islamic and Buddhist inscriptions and symbolism are found here. The pillars are made of stones from a mountain river, engraved with symbols and epitaphs.
Some researchers call the tombstones only Nestorian cross and Turko-Syrian inscriptions.
They belong to the outstanding religious art and religious symbolic works of the Christian Turks of Central Asia from the beginning of Christianity in these parts to the end of the 14th century.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740863 | Fruit ice | Fruit ice is a cold dessert based on frozen juice, tea or other fruit drinks.
Liquid freezes around the rod to create the rod. Dyes are often added. Some types of ice cream are served in stemless cups.
## History
Fruit ice was first made in 1905. 11-year-old Frank Epperson of San Francisco left a glass of soda and a wooden spoon in his backyard. The temperature dropped below freezing that night, and when Epperson found the drink the next morning, he found the soda in the glass had frozen. The boy put the drink under running hot water and wanted to dissolve it. Dragging the spoon, he scooped up the congealed drink and ate it.
Fruit Ice was introduced to the public in 1922 at the Oakland Firemen's Ball. In 1923, at the request of his children, he applied for a patent for a "frozen ice lollipop", which he called a Popsicle. A few years later, Epperson sold the rights to the brand name to New York-based Jo Lowe.
## See More
* Italian Ice
* Granita
* Ice Cream
* Sherbet
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740826 | Muhammad Mokhber | Mohammad Mohbar (sometimes Mukhbar, Persian: محمد مخبر, [mohæmmæd moxbeɾ]; June 26, 1955, Dizful) is an Iranian politician who served as the Acting President of Iran from May 20 to July 2024 and the country's First Vice President from August 8, 2021 to July 2024. - president. Mokhber was appointed to the position of interim president after the death of President Ibrahim Raisi in a helicopter crash in Warzakan in May 2024.
As the former First Vice President and with the approval of Iran's Supreme Leader, Mohber assumed the "Powers and Duties of the President" as Acting President of Iran, according to the Constitution, after the death of the former President. After that, a temporary Council of the President is formed (which includes, in addition to the Acting President, the Speaker of the Council and the Head of the Judiciary), which organizes new elections within 50 days.
In addition to the position of acting president, Mohber is also a member of the Targeting Council since September 2022. Previously, he was also the head of Imam Khomeini's Order Execution Committee (Setad), chairman of the board of Sina Bank, and deputy governor of Khuzestan province.
## Youth and education
Mohammad Mohber was born on September 1, 1955 in the city of Dizful, Iran, in a family of priests. He holds two different doctorates; He holds a doctoral thesis (and master's degree) in international law and a doctorate in management. He also has a Masters in Management.
## Career
Mohber was an officer in the medical unit of the Islamic Revolution Guards Corps (IRGC) during the Iran-Iraq war. In the 1990s, Mokhber was the CEO of Dezful Telecommunications Company in his hometown, and later the deputy head of Khuzestan Oblast. Since 2000, he has been the chairman of Sina Bank for ten years. He later became a senior official of the Mostazafan Foundation, and in 2007 was appointed as the head of Imam Khomeini's Order Execution (Setad).
On August 8, 2021, President Ibrahim Raisi appointed Mohber as the first vice president of Iran, making Mohber the seventh person to hold the position. In October 2022, he was sent to Moscow with officials from the Russian Defense Ministry and a member of the Supreme National Security Council to finalize an agreement to send Shahed drones and missiles to Russia to support Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
## Acting President (2024)
After the death of President Ibrahim Raisi on May 19, 2024, Mohber assumed the role of Acting President of Iran and served as Supreme Leader until new presidential elections were held on May 20. confirmed by leader Ali Khamenei. Mohber attended Raisi's funeral in Tehran on May 22.
Mohber spoke publicly for the first time as president on May 27 at a meeting of the new Islamic Consultative Council convened after Iran's 2024 parliamentary elections, praising Raisi's presidency.
On July 28 of the same year, after the inauguration of the newly elected president Masud Pezeshkian, Mokhber's term as president ended.
## Sanctions
In July 2010, the European Union included Mokhber, who was the president of Setad at the time, on the list of sanctioned persons and organizations for alleged involvement in "nuclear or ballistic missile activities". In 2012, Mohber was delisted. In 2021, Mohber was sanctioned by the United States over Setad's "role in violating the rights of dissidents by confiscating land and property from opponents of the regime" and human rights violations.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740880 | Suspended | Kalmakkyrilan, Beleuitti, Bileu are rivers in the Shalkarteniz basin.
## Geographical location
Ulytau region flows through the land of Ulytau district. Its length is 325 km, the catchment area is 10.1 thousand km².
## Start
It starts from the south of Karamola mountain in the southeastern part of Ulytau mountain, 5.2 km southeast of Botamola cemetery, 5 km from Narolgen village, Shubartengiz creek (former lake ) will be pulled less than 28 km.
## Hydrology
Annual average water flow is 1.05 m³/s. The valley is wide (0.5 - 4 km), divided by side meadows, the upper reaches of the banks are steep, the height is 10 - 40 m. The coast of the lower stream is flat. It is filled with underground and rainwater. The water flows in the spring and divides into streams in the summer. Many tributaries with a length of 10 to 48 km flow into Kalmakkyrlan. Right tributaries: Shauypkelsay, Alshinbaysay, Keregetassay, Kuntogai, Sarybulak, Amanzholsay, Duysembay, Sholaksay, Zhide, Bozingen; those tributaries: Karsakpai, Talsai, Karatobesai, Ashylysai, Akkiiksai, Turgan, etc. The valley is used as a pasture for cattle, and the meadow is used as a meadow. In 1723, after the Kazakh soldiers defeated the Kalmyks along this river, the former Beleuitti river was named Kalmakqrylan in honor of that victory.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740569 | Ludwig I (King of Bavaria) | Ludwig I of Bavaria (German: Ludwig I. von Bayern; July 25, 1786, Strasbourg - February 29, 1868, Nice) was the king of Bavaria from October 13, 1825 to his abdication on March 20, 1848. From the Wittelsbacher priesthood.
## Awards
* Kingdom of Bavaria: Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 1799 Prior of the Order of St. Georg, 1801 Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maximilian Joseph Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Service of the Bavarian Crown Founder of the Royal Order of Ludwig \< > * Knight of the Order of St. Hubert, 1799
* Prior of the Order of St. Georg, 1801
* Grand Cross of the Military Order of Maximilian Joseph
* Grand Cross of the Order of Civil Service of the Bavarian Crown
* Founder of the Royal Order of Ludwig \< >
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740875 | Voice of Kazakhstan | The Voice of Kazakhstan is the Kazakh version of the famous TV show "The Voice" broadcast on the National TV channel "Kazakhstan" and shown in 180 countries of the world. The original was published in 2010 on the Dutch TV channel RTL4 under the name The Voice of Holland.
## Rules
Participants will compete based on votes only. Out of more than a hundred participants, 4 mentors will gather their team. During the listening test, members of the star jury rate the contestants without seeing them. In the end, four groups will advance. Only four of them will go to the finals. The winner of the project will be determined by public online voting.
Candidates will compete in the stages of "choice without seeing", "fight", "falling into a cliff".
## Mentors
## Seasons
## External links
* Project site |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740882 | President of Iran | The President of Iran (Persian: ریسجمهور یران, Rayis Jomhur-e Irān) is the head of government of the Islamic Republic of Iran and the second highest office after the Supreme Leader. The first president, Abilhasan Banisadr, was elected in 1980. The current president is Masoud Pezeshkian, who will be elected in July 2024.
## Powers and Responsibilities
The President must obtain the formal approval of the Supreme Leader before taking the oath of office in Parliament, and the Supreme Leader should the president-elect be impeached by Parliament or found guilty of a constitutional offense by the Supreme Court. has the right to be dismissed. The President is accountable to the Supreme Leader, who serves as the country's head of state, and executes his decrees. Unlike the executive branch in other countries, Iran's president does not head the government, which ultimately reports directly to the Supreme Leader. Before the election, candidates must be approved by the Guardian Council to become presidential candidates. The members of the Council of Guardians are elected by the supreme leader. Iran's president is directly elected for a four-year term and is not allowed to run for more than two consecutive terms.
Duties of the President, subject to the supervision and approval of the Supreme Leader, include:
* Second-in-command of the executive branch of the government (after the Supreme Leader) and Chairman of the Cabinet
* Deputy Commander-in-Chief of the Iranian Army
* Declares a state of emergency in the country after the adoption by the parliament (Prohibition of declaring a state of war)
* Heads the Supreme Council of National Security
* Heads the Supreme Council of the Cultural Revolution
* Appoints the First Vice President of Iran and other vice presidents
* Can nominate members of the Cabinet of Ministers to be deputies of the Parliament
* Sends and receives all foreign ambassadors
* Issues decrees
* Awards medals for meritorious service to the country
* After approval by the Parliament, contracts, protocols, agreements signs treaties
* Signs referendum results and legislation approved by parliament and judiciary
## List of presidents
### First Constitution (1979–1989)
### Second Constitution (since 1989)
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740900 | State list of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of Zhambyl region | List of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of Zhambyl region in accordance with Article 27 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Legal Acts" of April 6, 2016 and Article 21 of the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Protection and Use of Historical and Cultural Heritage Objects" of December 26, 2019, Zhambyl Approved by resolution No. 90 of the regional akimat dated July 1, 2020, changes and additions were made to the list of the regional akimat No.
## Baizak district
## Zhambyl district
## Zhualy district
## Kordai district
## Merki district
\ <> ## Moyinkum district
## Turar Ryskulov district
## Sarysu district
## Talas district
\ <>
## Shu district
## Taraz city
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740923 | Vice President of Iran | The Vice Presidents of Iran (Persian: اذائی ریسمشور یران, Rayis Jomhur-e Irān) are the deputies of the head of government of Iran. According to Article 124 of the Constitution of Iran, any person appointed by the President of Iran can be the Vice President. The vice president is responsible for running the organization related to presidential affairs in Iran, and as of August 2019, the country has twelve vice presidents. The First Vice-President (Persian: اوشیر عول ریسجمهور) presides over cabinet meetings in the absence of the president.
## First Vice President
The position of First Vice President was created during the 1989 revision of the Constitution. He assumed some of the responsibilities of the Prime Minister. According to Article 124, the first vice-president heads the council of ministers and coordinates other vice-presidencies approved by the president.
According to Article 131, when the presidency is vacant or the president is unable to perform his duties, the first vice president assumes the role after the approval of the supreme leader. According to the same article, a council consisting of the first vice president (or anyone acting as president), the speaker of Parliament and the head of the judiciary must ensure that a new president is elected within fifty days. According to Article 132, during the tenure of the acting president (usually the first vice president), Parliament cannot impeach ministers, approve newly appointed ministers, revise the Constitution, or hold national referendums.
### List of First Vice Presidents
## Sources
## External links
* First official website of the vice president |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740924 | Islamic Iran Participation Front | The Islamic Participation Front of Iran (Persian: جبهه تعريفة يران يسلامي, Jebheye Mosharekate Iran-e Eslaami) is a reformist political party in Iran.
In the 6th election of the Islamic Consultative Council, the party won 189 of 290 mandates (65%).
After protests from the Green Movement, he lost his license and was banned from the party's election.
## History
Founded at the end of 1998, the main slogan of the Islamic Iran Participation Front is "Iran for all Iranians" (Persian: ایران بری همه یرانیان). Although it still supports Islam, which is the state religion of Iran, the party has been one of the supporters of democracy in Iran. However, some members of the front belonged to different factions and ideologies, and as Seyyid Hajjarian described it, it was "the party of the two Abbass" (Persian: حزب بینالعباسین, a term referring to the rift between the right-wing Abbas Duzduzani and the left-wing Abbas Abdi).
In 2004, the Guardian Council barred Mohammed-Reza Khatami from running for parliament, along with other prominent members such as Elahe Kulai, Mohsen Mirdamadi, and Ali Shakuri-Rad.
The government suspended the party in April 2010 following protests following the 2009 elections. On September 27, 2010, the Prosecutor General announced to the press that the party had been disbanded and was not allowed to engage in any activities. The party announced that it had not received notice of such a court verdict, so it could not be enforced and would announce an appeal. In November 2011, the Ministry of Internal Affairs announced that the party could not be elected in 2012 due to the loss of its license.
## Notable members
* Muhammad-Reza Khatami
* Seit Hajjarian
* Mohsen Mirdamadi
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740901 | Medals of Kazakhstan | The system of orders, honorary titles and medals of the Republic of Kazakhstan originates from the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 12, 1995 No. 2676 "On State Awards of the Republic of Kazakhstan". Awards have been changed and supplemented over time.
## Medals
## Holiday medals
## External links
* Regulations of the Republic of Kazakhstan information and legal system |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740738 | Ali Khamenei | Grand Ayatollah Seyyed Ali Hosseini Khamenei (Persian: سید علی حسینی خامنهای, Ali Hoseyni Xāmene'i, [ʔæˈliː hosejˈniː xɒːmeneˈʔiː], pronunciation; April 19, 1939, Mashhad) is an Iranian religious figure, politician, and since August 1989, Iran's second Supreme leader. Previously, in 1981-1989, he served as the President of Iran. Khamenei is the longest-serving head of state in the Middle East and the second longest-reigning leader in Iranian history, after Shah Mohammad Reza Pahlavi.
According to his official website, Khamenei was arrested six times during the reign of Mohammad Reza Pahlavi before being exiled for three years. After the overthrow of the shah during the Islamic Revolution, he was the target of an assassination attempt in June 1981, which left him paralyzed in his right hand. Khamenei was one of Iran's leaders during the Iran-Iraq war in the 1980s and has close ties to the now powerful Revolutionary Guards, which he leads.
Khamenei served as Iran's third president from 1981 to 1989, during which time he was a close ally of the first supreme leader, Ruhollah Khomeini. Shortly before his death, Khomeini fell out with his chosen successor, Hossein-Ali Montazeri, so there was no agreed upon successor at the time of Khomeini's death. The Council of Experts elected 50-year-old Khamenei as the next Supreme Leader on June 4, 1989. According to Akbar Rafsanjani, Khamenei was the only person chosen by Khomeini as his successor before his death.
As Supreme Leader, Ali Khamenei is the most influential person in the country. He is Iran's head of state, commander-in-chief of its armed forces, and issues decrees and final decisions on major government policies in the economy, environment, foreign policy, and many other areas. Khamenei directly or indirectly controls the country's executive, legislative and judicial branches, as well as the military, media and police.
In Iran, journalists, bloggers and others have been jailed for speaking out against the religious leader, Khamenei. Their sentences included arrest and imprisonment; some even died in custody.
## Youth and education
Father Javad Khamenei is a scholar, mujtahid, native of Najaf and mother Khadijah Mirdamadi. The second of eight children, Ali Khamenei was born in Mashhad in 1939. Ali Khamenei has two clerical brothers; His younger brother, Khadi Khamenei, is a newspaper editor and cleric. Sister Fatima Hosseini Khamenei died in 2015 at the age of 89. His father is Iranian-Azerbaijani and a native of Khamenei, while his mother is an ethnic Persian born in Yazd. Several of his ancestors came from Tafresh and moved to Khameneh near Tabriz. Khamenei's great-grandfather was Sayyid Hossein Tafreshi, a descendant of the Sayyids of Aftasi, who traced his lineage back to Sultan ul-Ulama Ahmad, also known as Sultan Sayyid, the grandson of the fourth Shiite Imam, Ali ibn Hussein.
### Education
Khamenei's education began at the age of four with reading the Koran at school; he did his basic and advanced seminary classes at the Mashhad Hawza under mentors such as Sheikh Hashem Qazvini and Ayatollah Milani. Khamenei then visited Najaf in 1957; but his father did not want to leave him there, so he soon returned to Mashhad. In 1958, he settled in Qom, where he attended the classes of Sayyid Hossein Borujerdi and Ruhollah Khomeini. Like other clerics of the time who were actively involved in politics, Khamenei studied politics more than religion.
## Political life and presidency
Khamenei was a key figure in the Islamic Revolution in Iran and a close confidant of Ruhollah Khomeini.
Since the establishment of the Islamic Republic, Khamenei has held many government positions.
Mohammad Sahimi claims that his political career began after the Iranian revolution, when former Iranian president Akbar Rafsanjani, a confidant of Khomeini at the time, brought Khamenei into Khomeini's inner circle. Later, Hassan Rouhani, then a member of parliament, arranged for Khamenei to receive his first major post in the interim revolutionary government as deputy defense minister.
Khomeini appointed Khamenei in 1980 after the resignation of Hossein-Ali Montazeri as the imam of Tehran's Friday prayers. He was also the Deputy Minister of National Defense for a short time from late July to November 6, 1979, and was the supervisor of the Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps. He also went to the battlefield as a representative of the defense committee of the parliament.
### Assassination of 1981
In 1981, Khamenei was the target of an assassination, organized by Mojahedin-e Khalq, during which a bomb hidden in a tape recorder exploded.
On June 27, 1981, when Khamenei returned from the front, he visited the Abuzar Mosque according to his Saturday schedule. After the first prayer, he gave a lecture to the worshipers who wrote down their questions on paper. At that moment, the young man pressed the button and placed the tape recorder with papers on the table in front of Khamenei. A minute later, the tape recorder began to hiss and suddenly exploded. On the inner wall of the tape recorder was written "Furqan group's gift to the Islamic Republic". Ali Khamenei's treatment lasted several months, and his hand, vocal cords and lungs were severely injured. As a result of the assassination, Khamenei's right hand was paralyzed.
### Presidency
On October 2, 1981, in the presidential election held in early October, Khamenei won 95% of the total vote and became the first religious representative to hold the office of president. At first, the founder of the Islamic Republic, Ayatollah Khomeini, believed that the president of Iran could only be a person with a secular education (like his jurists Banisadr and Rajai), but due to Khamenei's great popularity and inclination towards military affairs, he changed his views. The Prime Minister was Mir-Hossein Mousavi; Mousavi's grandmother, Ali Khamenei, was the aunt of his family.
In his presidential inauguration speech, Khamenei promised to eliminate "deviance, liberalism and the American-influenced left."
### Iran-Iraq War
Khamenei was one of Iran's leaders during the Iran-Iraq War in the 1980s and had close ties to the now-powerful Revolutionary Guard. As president, he was known to be deeply interested in military, budgetary and administrative matters.
### After the war
Iranian Kurdish opposition leaders Sadiq Sharafkandi, Fattah Abdoli, Homayun Ardalan and their translator Nouri Dehkordi were assassinated on September 17, 1992 at the Mykonos Greek Restaurant in Berlin.
On April 10, 1997, a German court issued an international arrest warrant for Ali Fallahian, Iran's intelligence minister, who was later accused of knowing about the assassination plot by Khamenei and Rafsanjani. However, Iranian authorities categorically denied their involvement in the case. Ali Akbar Nateg-Nouri, the Speaker of the Iranian Parliament at the time, described the decision as a political, untrue and baseless charge. The verdict led to a diplomatic crisis between Iran and the governments of several European countries that lasted until November 1997. The defendants, Darabi and Rayel, were released from prison on December 10, 2007 and deported to their countries.
## Supreme Leader
### Election to the leadership
In 1989, Ayatollah Khomeini dismissed Ayatollah Montazeri as his political successor and appointed Khamenei in his place. Since Khamenei was neither a marja nor an ayatollah, the Council of Experts was forced to amend the constitution to give him the position of Iran's new Supreme Leader (a decision opposed by several grand ayatollahs).
Khamenei officially succeeded Khomeini after his death, and on June 4, 1989, the Council of Experts elected him as the new Supreme Leader.
Proposal to create a management council
At first, some members of the Expert Council proposed the idea of creating a management council. Various lists were presented, and all of them mentioned Khamenei's name. For example, a three-member council, Ali Meshkini, Mousavi Ardebili, and Khamenei, was proposed to govern Iran. According to Rafsanjani, he and Khamenei opposed the proposal, while Ayatollah Khaeri Shirazi and Ayatollah Ibrahim Amini supported it. Supporters of the council proposal believed that the presence of the council would increase community unity and positively impact the work of the council. Opponents believed that a personal leader would be more effective, looking at a past situation involving the Judicial Council.
Ibrahim Amini summarized the reasons presented by both sides. According to him, the opponents rejected this proposition because i) the Islamic jurist's evidence of guardianship was limited to the guardianship of an individual and it would not be clear who would be the guardian in the event of a consultation. The council's concern was not in hadiths and Islamic jurisprudence. ii) The earlier Soviet-type organizations such as the Television and Radio Council and the Supreme Judicial Council were not successful in practice and a governing council would not have worked well for such reasons. iii) People were used to the leadership of an individual and a council of leaders was something unfamiliar to them. iv) An individual leader can act more decisively in making important decisions and solving problems and crises. On the other hand, the proponents of this proposal believed that: i) At that time, there was no jurist equal to Khomeini, or even two or three levels below him, who could live up to people's expectations. ii) In the case of a Council of Leaders, members can 'compensate' for each other if any of them are deficient in one area.
In the end, 45 members voted against the proposal of the management board, while more than 20 people voted for it, and the proposal was rejected. After the Council rejected the idea of creating a Leadership Council, Khamenei was successfully elected to the post, gaining sixty of the 74 members present. The remaining 14 votes were won by Grand Ayatollah Muhammad-Reza Golpaigani. Khamenei protested his unworthiness — including saying "my candidacy should make us all cry" — and argued with Soviet mujtahids, but was eventually forced to accept the post.
Terms of Marjiyat
Since Khamenei did not have a marja as required by the Iranian Constitution at the time, he was initially named only as the Acting Supreme Leader. The constitution was later amended to remove this requirement, and on August 6, 1989, the Council of Experts was reconvened to confirm Khamenei by 60 votes to 64. On April 29, 1989, responding to a letter from Ayatollah Meshkini, head of the committee responsible for revising the Constitution, asking for Khomeini's opinion on the "marjiyat criteria," Khomeini said: "From the beginning, I believed that there was no need for that treaty. A pious mujtahid (jurist-intellectual) approved by the honorable Council of Experts is sufficient for the requirements of Marja'iyat (authority in the field of jurisprudence). In a video released during the 2017-2018 protests, Khamenei said before the council that he was religiously unfit to be supreme leader. Khamenei, who was a Hujat al-Islam rather than a "marja" as required by Iran's constitution, said he would only be a "ceremonial leader" and appeared to have assured Akbar Rafsanjani that he would be in the position "temporarily" and would step down after a referendum scheduled for a year later.
### Political Strategy and Philosophy
Khamenei's era was different from his predecessors. However, he continued Khomeini's policy of "balancing one group against another, making sure that no one side had too much power." But lacking Khomeini's charisma and religious authority, Khamenei first developed personal networks within the armed forces, made allies, and then among the clergy as he headed the major bonyads and seminaries of Qom and Mashhad. As Supreme Leader for three decades, Khamenei has been able to place many loyalists in Iran's key institutions, "creating a self-serving and self-protecting system." Saeed Golkar and former cleric Mehdi Khalaji describe the Khamenei system as creating a "parallel structure" for each of the country's institutions (army, intelligence agencies, etc.) to keep those institutions weak.
According to Wali Nasr of the Johns Hopkins School of Advanced International Studies, "[Khamenei] took with him many of the powers of the presidency, [turning] the office of the supreme leader into a powerful watchdog of the Iranian political scene." According to Nasr, Khamenei is "an extraordinary dictator". Officials under Khamenei refer to the country's various powers, including "parliament, the presidency, the judiciary, the Revolutionary Guards, the military, the intelligence services, the police, the religious elite, Friday prayer leaders and much of the media," as well as various "non-governmental foundations." , organizations, councils, seminaries and business groups" have a lot of influence.
Khamenei issues decrees and makes final decisions on economy, environment, foreign policy and all other issues in Iran. Khamenei regularly meets with the president, members of the cabinet, heads of the judiciary and other officials, deputies and others, and tells them what to do. Khamenei can also dismiss and reinstate presidential cabinet appointments. Khamenei meets with foreign dignitaries, but he does not go abroad at all; If anyone wants to see it, they should go to Iran. Apart from his time in Najaf as a student, Khamenei is only known to have visited Libya during his presidency.
In his speeches, Khamenei regularly mentions many of the familiar themes of the 1979 revolution: justice, independence, self-sufficiency, Islamic government, and staunch opposition to Israel and the United States, as well as other revolutionary ideals such as democracy and open government. and, even if it is rare, he does not get tired of mentioning it.
In Iran, there is a culture of worshiping the personality of Khamenei; Khamenei's critics are persecuted, with supporters calling him "God's gift to humanity."
Privatization of state-owned businesses
In 2007, Khamenei called for the privatization of state-owned companies, including a telephone company, three banks, and dozens of small oil and petrochemical enterprises. A few months later, in a televised meeting with then-President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad and his ministers, key clerics, the head of parliament and provincial governors, the state broadcaster and the heads of Iran's Chamber of Commerce, Khamenei said: "Pass some laws, sell businesses and don't waste time." Khamenei warned that "those who are hostile to these policies will lose their interests and influence."
### Controversy over the title of Grand Ayatollah
After the death of Grand Ayatollah Muhammad Ali Araki in 1994, the Qom seminary teachers' society declared Khamenei as the new Marja. However, several ayatollahs refused to recognize him as such. Some of these dissidents were Mohammed Shirazi, Hossein-Ali Montazeri, Hassan Tabatabai-Qomi, and Yasubedin Rastegar Jooybari. For example, in 1997, Montazeri "questioned the authority of the Leader" and was subsequently punished for his comments on the closing of his religious school, an attack on his office in Kom, and his house arrest.
### Financial Assets
In The Daily Telegraph, Damien McElroy and Ahmad Vahdat wrote: "The Ayatollah likes to project an image of austerity, but still benefits from Iran's oil and arms industries receive huge commissions, and there are constant claims that [Khamenei] and his son's wealth has reached billions of dollars." A six-month investigation by Reuters found that Khamenei controlled a "financial empire" worth about US$95 billion and was not overseen by Iran's parliament, far greater than the late Shah's alleged fortune. According to a Reuters investigation, Khamenei is using the assets of a company known as the Imam's Order Execution Headquarters, or Setad in Farsi, to consolidate power. Reuters "found no evidence that Khamenei is suppressing Setad to enrich himself," but it found that Setad, which "rivals the shah's holdings," used Setad funds for political purposes — "Setad gives him the financial ability to operate independently of parliament." According to The Daily Telegraph, the Setad money will be used to fund Khamenei's Beit Rahbari complex, which reportedly employs more than 500 workers in 2013. Setad's head of public relations, Hamid Vaezi, said the information was "far from the truth and incorrect". A six-month Reuters investigation into Setad's sources of funds found that "Setad built its empire on the systematic seizure of thousands of properties owned by ordinary Iranians: members of religious minorities such as the Wahdat-e-Hagh, as well as Shia Muslims, businessmen and other Iranians living abroad. ".
Despite negative comments from Western media sources, the official Iranian authorities present "Setad" as a large-scale charitable foundation. In an October 2014 interview with the Islamic Republic of Iran News Agency, Setad head Muhammad Mohber said that more than 90% of the profits from Setad's business will be used to improve infrastructure, create jobs and improve wells in poor areas of the country. The presence of people in these areas shows the main concern of Iran's Supreme Leader Khamenei for Iranian society. According to him, 85 percent of Setad's charity work is carried out in poor areas of Iran. He noted that several hundred schools, mosques and husseynias are being built, as well as directly and indirectly contributing to the creation of more than 350,000 jobs totaling 700,000 in the next three years.
### Fatwas
Fatwa against nuclear weapons
Khamenei is reported to have issued a fatwa that the production, stockpiling and use of nuclear weapons is prohibited in Islam.
This fatwa was quoted in the official statement of the Iranian government at the meeting of the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) held in Vienna in August 2005. It was widely discussed by international officials and specifically recognized by the US administration.
This fatwa follows a set of rules in Islamic tradition that prohibits weapons that can involuntarily kill women, children, and the elderly. However, there are those who doubt the truth of this fatwa.
Other Fatwas
In 2010, Khamenei issued a fatwa forbidding the blasphemy of the Companions and the wives of Muhammad. Fatwas were issued to reconcile legal, social and political differences between Sunnis and Shiites. In 2017, he issued a fatwa banning women from riding bicycles in public.
## Domestic politics
Some see Khamenei as the main figure of the country's conservative establishment.
In 2007, Khamenei asked government officials to speed up Iran's move toward economic privatization. Khamenei also proposed protecting property rights in courts established by the Ministry of Justice; the hope was that these new protections would provide a measure of safety and encourage private investment.
In addition, Khamenei said that he believes in the importance of nuclear technology for civilian purposes, citing that "oil and gas reserves are not eternal."
### Elections of the President, Parliament and Council of Experts
As Supreme Leader, Khamenei has great influence over Iranian elections, as the Iranian Constitution allows him to appoint half of the members of the Guardian Council and Iran's Chief Justice . The Constitution also stipulates that the Council approves or rejects candidates for office. At the same time, the Chief Justice nominates the remaining half of the council members elected by the parliament. These constitutional provisions allow Khamenei to directly and indirectly influence the council (the body that decides who runs the government). This effect was evident in the 2004 parliamentary elections, in which the Guardian Council disqualified thousands of candidates, including 80 incumbents, many reformist MPs, and all candidates of the Islamic Iranian Participation Front party. After that, the conservatives won about 70 percent of the seats in the parliament. The election marked an important turning point in the country's political evolution, marking the end of a campaign of political and social reforms led by former President Mohammed Khatami.
Khamenei's remarks during the 2005 presidential election about the importance of fighting corruption, staying true to the ideals of the Islamic Revolution, and the high intelligence and dynamism of people educated in engineering are supported by some Mahmoud Ahmadinejad (Dr. in Traffic Engineering) understood. After the election and until recently, Khamenei openly expressed his support for Ahmadinejad, saying that their relationship "will never reach the level of his relationship with reformist President Khatami." Khamenei would later confirm the results of the 2009 Iranian presidential election.
Khamenei stood firm against Iran's 2009–2010 election protests and said he would not review the results of the vote or bow to public pressure over the controversial re-election of President Mahmoud Ahmadinejad. Khamenei also said that "by God's will, the presidential election was held correctly." In a public speech on June 19, he expressed his support for Ahmadinejad, who was declared the winner. He accused foreign states, including Britain, Israel and the United States, of helping to fuel protests against the election results. In particular, he singled out Great Britain as the country's "most evil" enemy. He said that if Western powers intervene in Iran's internal affairs, the Iranian people will respond with an "iron fist".
### Science and Technology
Ali Khamenei is one of the supporters of scientific progress in Iran. He was one of the first Islamic clerics to allow stem cell research and therapeutic cloning.
## Foreign Policy
Khamenei has "direct responsibility" for foreign policy, which "cannot be carried out without [Khamenei's] direct participation and approval." He has a foreign policy group independent of the president, which "includes two former foreign ministers" and "can step in and 'correct' a wrong policy or decision at any time he chooses." It is said that his foreign policy is aimed at avoiding confrontation and disagreement with the West.
Khamenei criticized Saudi Arabia's invasion of Yemen, comparing Saudi Arabia to Israel.
US Secretary of State Mike Pompeo criticized Khamenei for refusing to criticize re-education camps in Xinjiang and human rights abuses against China's Uyghur Muslim minority.
He repeatedly described the United Arab Emirates as useless.
### Thoughts on the United States and its foreign policy
The United States and Iran have maintained formal diplomatic relations since the 1980 Iran hostage crisis, in which the US embassy was seized and US diplomats were captured. - was not related. According to Karim Sajjadpour's research, Khamenei's speeches consistently mention the principle of steadfast opposition to the United States; and, according to Sajjadpour, he "resisted Rafsanjani's efforts to find a modus vivendi with the United States." It is also known that Khamenei once told reformist President Mohammad Khatami that "we only need the US as an enemy."
On September 14, 2007, Ayatollah Ali Khamenei predicted (in the 1st Friday prayer of Ramadan) that George W. Bush and other US officials would one day be tried in an international criminal court to be "accountable" for America's invasion of Iraq. According to him, the USA is the main reason for the current disunity in Iraq.
Khamenei criticized NATO's military intervention in Libya. On March 21, 2011, Khamenei accused the West of "coming after Libyan oil." He also stressed that "Iran fully opposes the Libyan government's actions against its own people, killing and oppressing people and bombing its cities...but it (also) does not support military action in Libya." Khamenei has declared that he favors sending in mediators rather than bombing the country.
In October 2014, Khamenei said that the US and Britain created ISIS as a tool to fight Iran and "create danger" in the region. Speaking at a mosque in Tehran on July 19, 2015, Khamenei told supporters that US policy in the region was "180 degrees" opposed to Iran's political and religious movements. The speech ended with chants of "Death to America" and "Death to Israel." Regarding the 2015 nuclear agreement, Khamenei said, "Even after this agreement, our policy towards the arrogant USA will not change."
In March 2022, Khamenei accused the US of provoking the conflict surrounding the Russia-Ukraine war.
### Criticism of the September 11 terrorist attacks
After the September 11, 2001 terrorist attacks, Khamenei spoke out against the terrorist act and encouraged others to criticize it, but he did not support the idea of intervention in Afghanistan. He said: "Mass killing of people is a tragic situation, wherever it happens, whoever the perpetrators and victims are, we do not agree with it."
### Zionism and Israel
Khamenei is an opponent of the state of Israel and Zionism and is often criticized for his anti-Israel threats and anti-Semitic rhetoric.
On December 15, 2000, Khamenei called Israel "out of the region," likening it to cancer and calling Israel a "rabid dog" for its attacks on innocent people in 2013 and the following year's Gaza war in 2014. In 2014, the account belonging to Khamenei wrote in tweets that there is no cure from Israel except to delete it.
In his Friday sermon in Tehran in September 2008, Khamenei said that "it is wrong to say that we are friends of the people of Israel, it is absurd, meaningless, nonsense" because he believed that the occupation was carried out through them. Khamenei said in his speech: “The occupation of [Palestinian people's] homes, lands and businesses is carried out through these people. They are background actors of the Zionist elements," he said. "We have no problem with Jews and Christians... we have a problem with the occupiers of Palestinian land," he added.
### Doubts about the Holocaust
On March 21, 2014, in his morning speech for Nowruz holiday, Khamenei questioned the Holocaust. He said, "The Holocaust is an uncertain event, and if it did happen, it is not clear how it happened." In addition, he said that "in European countries no one dares to talk about the Holocaust" (because of the possible legal consequences in some countries), and that in the West "talking about the Holocaust and questioning it is considered a great sin."
In 2020, Khamenei tweeted, "If questioning the Holocaust is a crime, why is insulting the Prophet (PBUH) allowed?" he asked.
## Human rights, freedoms, protests, Islamic law
Critics accuse Khamenei of killing about 160 exiled refugees around the world, severe repression of protesters, M.E.K. . (Organization of the People's Mujahideen of Iran, Mojahedin-e Khalq) has overseen the killing of tens of thousands of members of the paramilitary group and accuses dissident writers and intellectuals in Iran of depriving them of their human rights. However, according to Khamenei, human rights at the core of Islamic teachings predate Western human rights by many centuries. He criticized the Western powers who criticized the rights of the Islamic Republic for their hypocrisy, saying that these countries economically oppress people in third world countries and support despots and dictators. In response to Western complaints about human rights violations in Iran, he said that the American administration has committed many crimes and therefore has no right to criticize the Islamic Republic.
### Protests under his leadership
During Khamenei's rule, there were several major protests in the country, including the 1994 Qazvin protests (in which about 40 people died, according to Al Arabiya and more than 400 people were injured), the 1999 Iranian student protests, the 2009 Iranian presidential election protests in which protesters tore up pictures of Khamenei and wished "death to the dictator", as well as the 2011–2012 Iran protests and the 2017–2018 protests etc.
Protests against "government corruption, failed institutions, lack of freedoms and the repressive rule of Iran's Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei" spread during the Mahshehr massacre.
On September 16, 2022, the Mahsa Amini protest took place, the largest protest in the country's history and the biggest challenge the government has faced.
### Minorities
Baha'is are the most populous religious minority in Iran, with a population of about 300,000, this religion is considered dangerous in Iran. It is banned in Iran and other countries. Khamenei approved new anti-Bahá'í legislation in Iran and reduced their influence abroad. According to a letter from the head of the command staff of Iran's Armed Forces to the Ministry of Information, the Revolutionary Guards and the police force, Khamenei also ordered the command staff to identify Baha'is, monitor their activities and gather any and all information about members of the Baha'i faith.
### Relations with the media
In 2000, the Committee to Protect Journalists called Khamenei "one of the ten main enemies of freedom of the press and speech." Opposition journalists Ahmad Zeidabadi, Mohsen Sazegara, Muhammad Nurizad and Akbar Ganji were arrested and investigated. Iran's Press Law prohibits "spreading rumors and lies and distorting the speech of others."
Among his controversial actions were the rejection of a 2000 bill proposed by the Iranian parliament to reform the country's press laws and the disqualification of thousands of parliamentary candidates in Iran's 2004 parliamentary elections by his self-appointed Guardian Council.
### Women's rights and LGBT
In July 2007, Khamenei criticized Iranian women's rights defenders and the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination Against Women (CEDAW): "In our country... Some active women and some men tried to play with Islamic rules," Khamenei said. "That's not right." Khamenei's comments came two days after an Iranian court sentenced Iranian women's rights activist Delaram Ali to 34 months in prison and received 10 lashes.
Khamenei advocates the Islamic practice of hijab. He believes that hijab is about respecting women. She responds to Western objections to the mandatory hijab in Iran by pointing to the obstacles faced by Muslim women in some Western countries who wish to remove the hijab and attend universities. She further argues that women in the West have lost their dignity by focusing on high levels of sexual violence and the widespread commercial exploitation of women's sexual appeal.
Ali Khamenei supports gender segregation. Khamenei also saw gender equality as a Zionist conspiracy aimed at "destroying the role of women in society".
Regarding LGBT issues, Khamenei said: "Today, homosexuality in the West is the main problem in the Western world. They [western countries] ignore it. But the truth is this: homosexuality has become a serious challenge and an intractable problem for intellectuals.
## His Life
Khamenei is married to Mansoure Khojaste Bagherzadeh, with whom he has six children; four sons (Mustafa, Mojtaba, Masoud and Meisam) and two daughters (Boshra and Khoda). One of his sons, Mojtaba, married the daughter of Golam-Ali Haddad-Adel. His eldest son, Mustafa Azizolla, married Hoshwagt's daughter. Another son, Masood, is married to Mohsen Harazi's daughter.
Ali Khamenei has two brothers, Mohammed and Hadi Khamenei. One of her four sisters, Badri Khamenei (wife of dissident Ali Tehrani), was forced to flee the country in the 1980s.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740948 | Гелиоцентризм | The heliocentric system of the universe or Heliocentrism (from ancient Greek: ἥλιος - sun and κέντρον - center) is a concept that arose during the Renaissance. According to this concept, it was concluded that "Earth and other planets revolve around the Sun, and at the same time they themselves revolve around the sun." This was proved by the Polish astronomer Nicolaus Copernicus, rejecting the concept of the "geocentric system of the world", which prevailed until that time.
## See also
* Geocentric system of the universe
* Copernicus heliocentric system
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740949 | Птолемей | Claudius Ptolemy (about 100 - 178) was a Greek mathematician and astronomer.
There is almost no information about Claudius Ptolemy's life path, it is only known that he lived in Alexandria from 120 AD. He was called "Almagest" by the Arabs based on his achievements. The author of the great work "Almagest" in Arabic means "almajesti", which means "great work".
In the first book of Ptolemy, the triogeometry of the Greeks is systematically described. Here are tables of chords from 0º to 180º. According to historical records, as the first creator of the table of chords, B.C. Hipparchus was an astronomer and mathematician who lived in the 2nd century. But those tables have not reached us. Greek mathematicians did not have sine, cosine and tangent lines at that time. The radius of these calculates the length of the chords corresponding to the central angles of a regular circle. Ptolemy divides the circle into 360º and its diameter into 120 parts, thus expressing the length of the chord using the radius (seat) of the circle. To determine which chords correspond to other angles, Ptolemy said that if a circle is inscribed inside an inscribed quadrilateral, then the product of its diagonals is equal to the sum of the products of opposite sides. This theorem is now named after Ptolemy. In short, great mathematicians continue to delight mankind with wonderful discoveries in the development of mathematics.
When we look at the history of science, we cannot pass by the great discoveries made by the noble ancestors of mankind, because compared to others, their thoughts are enormous. Talents are very high. Their scientific ideas shed light on the future.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740898 | Raymond Davis | Raymond Davis Jr. (October 14, 1914 – May 31, 2006) was an American chemist and physicist. He is best known as the leader of the Homestake experiment in the 1960s and 1980s, the first experiment to detect neutrinos emitted from the Sun; For this, he shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics.
## Early Life and Education
Davis was born in Washington, D.C., where his father was a photographer for the National Bureau of Standards. Although he could not sing, he joined the choir for several years to please his mother. Before the sound of air traffic drowned out the music, he enjoyed attending concerts at the Watergate. His younger brother, Warren, 14 months younger than him, was his constant companion as a child. He received a bachelor's degree in chemistry from the University of Maryland's College of Computer, Mathematical and Natural Sciences in 1938. He also received an M.A. from the same school and a Ph.D. in physical chemistry from Yale University in 1942. degree.
## Career
Davis spent most of the war years monitoring the results of chemical weapons tests at the Dugway Test Site in Utah and surveying the Great Salt Lake basin for evidence of his predecessor, Lake Bonneville.
After his discharge from the army in 1945, Davis joined the Monsanto Mound Laboratory in Miamisburg, Ohio, where he worked on applied radiochemistry for the United States Atomic Energy Commission. In 1948, he joined the Brookhaven National Laboratory, which was exploring the peaceful uses of atomic energy.
Davis reports that he was asked to "find something interesting to work on" and devoted his career to studying neutrinos, particles that explain the beta decay process but have not been confirmed to exist. Davis studied the detection of neutrinos through beta decay, a process in which the neutrino brings enough energy to the nucleus to convert certain stable isotopes into radioactive isotopes. Because the rate of this process is so low, the number of radioactive atoms produced in neutrino experiments is very small, and Davis began to study the rates of processes other than beta decay, which mimic the signal of neutrinos. Using carbon tetrachloride barrels and tanks as detectors, Davis characterized the production rate of argon-37 as a function of altitude and as a function of depth underground. In 1954, he placed a chlorine atom detector at the Brookhaven reactor and later one of the reactors at Savannah River. These experiments failed to detect an excess of radioactive argon when the reactors were shut down, and this was taken as the first experimental evidence that neutrinos producing chlorine reactions and antineutrinos produced in reactors are distinct from each other. Detecting neutrinos was much more difficult than detecting antineutrinos. Davis was lead scientist on the Homestake Experiment, a large-scale radiochemical neutrino detector that first detected evidence of neutrinos from sunlight.
Davis shared the 2002 Nobel Prize in Physics with Japanese physicist Masatoshi Koshiba and Italian Riccardo Giacconi for his pioneering contributions to astrophysics. He was 88 years old when he received the award.
## Personal life
Davis met his wife Anna Torrey in Brookhaven and together they built a 21-foot wooden sailboat, the Halcyon. They had five children and lived in the same house in Blue Point, New York for more than 50 years. He died of complications from Alzheimer's disease in Blue Point, New York.
## Honors and awards
2003, Benjamin Franklin Medal (with John N. Bachkoll and Masatoshi Koshiba)
* 2002, Nobel Prize in Physics (with Masatoshi Koshiba)
* 2001, National Medal of Science
* 2000, Wolf Prize in Physics
* 1996, American Astronomical Society George Ellery Hale Award
* 1994, American Astronomical Society Beatrice M. Tinsley Award
* 1992, American Physical Society W. Kh. Panofsky Prize
* 1988, Tom V. Bonner Prize of the American Physical Society
* 1978, Comstock Prize in Physics of the National Academy of Sciences
## Notable Works
* Davis, Raymond Jr. (1953). "Attempt to detect the Antineutrinos from a Nuclear Reactor by the 37Cl (ν, e−) 37Ar Reaction". Physical Review 97 (3). Bibcode 1955PhRv...97..766D. doi:10.1103/PhysRev.97.766. – Non-detection of antineutrinos with chlorine
* Davis, Raymond Jr. (1964). "Solar Neutrinos II, Experimental". Physical Review Letters 12 (11). Bibcode 1964PhRvL..12..303D. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.12.303. - Proposal for Homestake Experiment
* Cleveland, BT (1998). "Measurement of the solar electron neutrino flux with the Homestake chlorine detector". Astrophysical Journal 496 (1): 505–526. Bibcode 1998ApJ...496..505C. doi:10.1086/305343. – final results of Homestake Experiment
## Other publications
* Davis, Jr. R. and DS Harmer. "Solar Neutrinos", Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), (December 1964).
* Davis, R. Jr. "The Search for Neutrinos from the Sun", Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), United States Department of Energy (through the former Atomic Energy Commission Agency), (1968).
* Davis, Jr. R. and J. Evans Jr., "Report on the Brookhaven Solar Neutrino Experiment," Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), (September 22, 1976).
* Davis, Jr. R., Evans, JC & BT Cleveland. "The Solar Neutrino Problem," Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), (April 28, 1978).
* Davis, R. Jr., Cleveland, BT, and J.K. Rowley. "Variations in the Solar Neutrino Flux", Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics, University of Pennsylvania, Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL), Brookhaven National Laboratory (BNL), (August 2, 1987).
## Sources
## Links
* Phantom particle PBS NOVA |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740952 | Tattibubu Tursunbaeva | Tattibibi Tursynbaeva (lit. Tattybubu Tursunbayeva) is a film and theater actress of the USSR, Honored Actress of the Kyrgyz SSR and a member of the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR.
## Biography
He was born in 1944 in Tien-Shan district (now Zhumagul district). In 1966, he graduated from the theater institute in Tashkent. In the same year, he got a job at the Kyrgyz State Drama Theater. While working, he worked several times in the film industry.
He appeared in several films at the "Kyrgyzfilm" film studio. Her first role was a schoolgirl in the 1960 film "Salima's Song".
died of tuberculosis on December 21, 1981.
## Filmography
* 1960 — "Salima's Song", dir. B. Novikov — Salima
* 1965 — "Til algis kiz", dir. L. Gurevich and B. Abdyldaev — Aizada
* 1967 — "Samanshi Zholy" directed by G. Bazarov — Tolgonai
* 1969 — "Ak Myor" dir. M. Ubukeev — Ak Myor
* 1971 — "Otka Taband" dir. T. Okeev — Urkuya Saliyeva
* "Lake of the moon where the swans have landed" dir. Yu. Boretsky
* 1972 - "Soldier" dir. E. Urazbaev
* 1974 - "Echo of Love" directed by B. Shamshiev - Asiya Bezhanova
* 1975 - "Red Apple" dir. T. Okeev - Stranger girl
* "Dream" director. D. Sadyrbaev
* 1977 - "Under the sun" - episode
* 1978 - "Three days in July" dir. K. Akmataliev
* 1979 — "Process" director. J. Sodanbek - Zulaika
* 1980 - "Pirates of the 20th century" - episode
## Literature
* Rakiya Zhusupova. TATTYBUBU: Articles, interviews, memories. - B.: "Turar", 2015
* Chinar Kalybekova. FATE novel. (The end of the story of Lake Churgu), - B.: Kyrgyzpatent, 2015, - 246 p.
## Links
* Girls of the Kyrgyz land |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741021 | Parveen Babi | Parveen Babi, full name - Parveen Wali Mohammad Khan Babi (English: Parveen Wali Mohammad Khan Babi; April 4, 1954 - January 20, 2005) is an Indian actress and fashion model. During his career, he appeared in about 60 feature films. First Indian actress to appear on the cover of Time magazine. He stopped acting in 1984 due to the development of schizophrenia.
## Biography
Parveen was born in a Muslim family in Junagadh, Gujarat. He was the only child of his parents, Wali Mohammad Babi (b. 1959) and Jamala Bakhte Babi (b. 2001). The father was Juganadha's administrator and concubine and spared no effort or resources to bring up his beloved daughter. Parveen attended school in Ahmedabad and after school, he joined St. Xavier's College there.
## Career
Parveen Babi, with the eyes of a Barbie doll, impressed the directors at first sight. Her career began in 1972 as a model. In 1973, she made her debut in Charitra, and for thirteen years after that, Parveen shone on the silver screen. She acted alongside famous actors like Amitabh Bachchan, Shashi Kapoor, Dharmendra and Jeetendra. Throughout her career, Parveen was considered the greatest diva of Bollywood and a style and beauty icon of her era. In the Bollywood firmament, she shared a place with Zeenat Aman — both tried to change the image of Indian heroines in films. Parveen has been on the cover of almost every fashion magazine and was the first Bollywood actress to appear on the cover of TIME magazine (July 1976).
In 1983, Parveen shocked the public in lesbian scenes with Hema Malini in the expensive historical production "Sultan's Daughter". It is still in the water, but it is often removed from the shot in hysterics. Parveen starts drinking as much as Meena Kumari. On July 30, 1983, at the peak of her career, Parveen Babi left India and the film industry.
## Illness
In September 1979, Parvin began to show the first signs of paranoia. In 1984, he flew to London, where he was treated for schizophrenia. On April 7, 1984, Parvin flew to New York at John F. Kennedy International Airport. When asked to show documents, the actress reacts nervously: bags fly around, turnstiles are broken, airline employees abuse the choice. A Bollywood superstar is taken to a psychiatric clinic after being cornered and handcuffed by four police officers.
In 1998, Parveen Babi returned to India, but the once charming actress "Lady Hairpin" became "Lady Plump". "Barbie" of Bollywood has gained weight beyond recognition. Parveen denied she was schizophrenic and believed it was a conspiracy by the film industry and the media to tarnish her image to cover up their crimes.
He accused many foreign guests and Indian film actors of trying to kill him (this list includes Amitabh Bachchan, Bill Clinton, Robert Redford, Prince Charles, Al Gore, CIA, KGB, Mossad). In 2002, he sued Sanjay Dutt for his involvement in the 12 March 1993 Bombay terror attacks.
## Death
Parveen Babi died alone in her private apartment in Mumbai on 20 January 2005. His body was found after the milkman complained to the police that he had not collected milk or newspapers from his flat for two days. The cause of death was a severe form of diabetes, from which gangrene of the sole of the right leg developed. In recent days, the actress could not walk and used a wheelchair to move around the apartment. An autopsy revealed that Parveen Babi died of starvation.
Parveen Babi was buried next to her mother on January 23, 2005. Her funeral was attended by two people who loved her in real life: Kabir Bedi and Mahesh Bhatt.
## Filmography
* 1974 — Forced circumstances — Nilu
* 1974 — Shameless
* 1975 — Wall — Anita
* 1976 — School love — Rupa
* 1976 — Bullet — Sapna
* 1977 — Amar, Akbar, Anthony — Jenny
* 1978 — Husband, Wife and — Neeta
* 1978 — Special Offer — Rekha
* 1979 — Black Stone — Anita
* 1979 — The Thief and the Soldier — Bharti Khan
* 1979 — Family Happiness — Anu
* 1980 — Two Times Two Five — Anju Sharma
* 1980 — The Burning Train — Mrs. Chantal Vinod Varma
* 1980 — Abdullah
* 1981 — Warm Heart — Sureli
* 1981 — Punishment — Rita
* 1981 — Little by Little
* 1981 — Hear My Voice — Rita
* 1981 — Kalia — Shalina
* 1981 — Protection — Chandra
* 1982 — Patriot — Preeti
* 1982 — Anxiety — Santi
* 1982 — Faithful Servant — Nisha
* 1982 - Three Brothers - Marie
* 1983 - Deep Wound - Renu
* 1983 - All For Love - Sona
* 1983 - The Provocateur - Nirmala Sharma
* 1985 - Sitamgar - Sheila
* 1986 — Invincible — Nisha
herself plays:
* 1981 — Ladies Tailor
* 1985 — Karmyudh
## See more
* Zeenat Aman \< >
## Sources
## Links
* World of Indian Films Archived 4 March 2016.
* Forum India TV Legends of Indian Cinema
* YouTube Topic - Parveen Babi |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741062 | UN Charter | The Charter of the United Nations is the main document of the United Nations. It was signed on June 26, 1945 at the final conference on the establishment of the international organization held in San Francisco (USA) and entered into force on October 24, 1945. It consists of an introduction and 19 chapters. The primary goal of the United Nations Declaration is to ensure peace and security among peoples, to prevent or reverse threats to peaceful life, to repel aggression and other actions that disturb the peace of countries, and to settle international disputes and tensions. Today, the Charter, which is one of the most important documents of international law, establishes the main principles of peaceful coexistence and cooperation of states, the equality of all its members, the principles of international cooperation and non-interference in the internal affairs of other states. According to the charter, the main goal of the United Nations is to ensure international cooperation in the spirit of "respect for human rights and freedoms common to all without distinction as to race, sex, language or religion." This document states that all peace-loving states that have recognized the obligations of the Charter and are willing to fulfill them can become members of the United Nations (Article 4). Members of the United Nations have the right to leave the organization at any time.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740908 | Tekey Raiymberdiuly | Tekey Rayymberdiuly (born between 1680 and 1700, the year of his death is unknown) was a rich Kazakh from the Bayimbet branch of the Adai clan of the Bayuly tribe. The genealogies reveal that Tekey, together with his relatives, was a person with heroic deeds, going hand-to-hand against the enemy. In the stories handed down from the elders, Tekey seems to be a person who is content with everything, calm, and has a well-rounded business.
On October 2-3, 2021, the descendants of Tekey's five children gathered and had a great meal at the Karagashti burial ground.
## Genealogy
Adai Batyr — Kelimberdi — Munal Batyr — Baimbet — Aldaberdi — Rayimberdi — Tekey.
5 children from Tekei, they are: Atembek Bi, Baishagyr, Mamyrtai, Zhakau Batyr, Anet Bi.
Atembek, Baishagyr, Mamyrtai, Zhakau, Anetter, born from Tekey's two wives, will be born and eventually will be named "Five Goats".
From Atembek: Karatoka, Kalkaman, Shomak, Kapan, Qazybai, Abyz bi, Abyl, Kabyl, Shalta.
From Baishagyr: Myrzatai, Buritai, Itemgen, Baiterek.
From Mayrtai: Karamolda, Karagaska, Kulshik, Baktigeldi, Barak, Maimak, Toretai, Ainazhan.
From Zhakau: Azhibai, Aral, Altai, Shomak, Karabulak, Tungatar Batyr.
From tradition: Babakul batyr, Maya bi, Kydyrsha, Krymkul bi, Tolep batyr, Koshtan batyr.
## Legend
The goat was moving on one of the cold winter days and said to his godmother: "Nearby, under that ridge, there were black people. I will go and break up the manure and prepare a place to build a house. "You will follow me," he said, leaving the street ahead of him. At that moment, an old man found a 13-14-year-old girl next to him, and after she was safe, he said to the godmother: "Give this girl to Tekey," and he was ready to leave. The godmother could not let her guest go, so she gave the old man a ride on her beloved white horse, who was wandering the streets. Tekei's godmother gave birth to Atembek and Baishagyr, and from the second wife, whom he recently gave a visit to, gave birth to three children named Mamyrtai, Zhakau, Anet. The story is based on this legend that the last three are descendants of a fair old woman, our aunt "Kydyr".
## Song
Sugir Begendikuly's dedication to Kosniyaz:
"Jut rabbit" of 1927, after this, he came with a tumult and brought misery and sorrow. It is known that the years of "zobalan-alasapyran" took away the prosperity of Mangistau country. It was the turn of "Balapan - to the head, tyrumtai - to the side". A friend lost a friend, a brother lost a relative. It was scattered everywhere. It is known that Zyr Sulei Suken also went to Khiva at that time. As fate would have it, in the summer of 1968, he met Kosniyaz Kauiuli, a contemporary of his who was born and raised in the same village since childhood and grew up in close proximity to each other. Old Kosniyaz lived in the village of Koshoba near the city of Krasnovodsk (now Turkmenistan). "Zhyrau Sugir was coming to Koshoba", his former contemporaries, who heard his song, and those who knew his name from outside, eagerly waited. As the old saying goes, "The country is new in fifty years", old Kosniyaz informed the people of the country and gave a contemporary and longing guest to his brother. The old man expressed his longing with a song. Excerpt from the poem dedicated to Kosniyaz by the old zhirau:
Kelimberdi, from Munal,
Talabyn is wrapped to the right.
I have been talking since then,
You are a village called Bayimbet,
People have formed on it.
You look at Rayimber,
The stinkers asked for advice.
Talai was released from the cage,
Your ghostly grandfather Tekei,
No one says middle.
Bes Tekei's children,
Atembek and Baishagyr,
Mamyrtai, Zhakau, Er Anet,
I can't say enough.
It is in the mouth of the people,
The name is known to many,
Good things have passed through you,
Thank you for your patience.
The holy pir also passed,
chanting tasbih and dhikr.
A ghostly man passed by,
Pulling out a sword from his shoulder,
From his unfading face.
He quickly took his enemy,
He took down his captured enemy.
A dance also came out of you,
From the depths where you found advice,
The enemy who spoke was blocked.
The rich also passed through you,
The wealth that was held perfectly,
The belt that was not used,
The benevolence that was distributed.
There were masters among you.
Narrators also passed a lot,
With the art given by the model.
The word is needed,
In the square of the circle,
The red tongue is decorated.
From the period of hindrance,
The shooter has long passed,
From the deer and the rabbit,
From the period of hindrance,
What good things have passed no,
Astana people, from many countries!
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740896 | Carl Wieman | Carl Wieman (English: Carl Wieman; March 26, 1951, Corvallis, Oregon, USA) is an American physicist, laureate of the 2001 Nobel Prize in Physics for "Bose-Einstein for his achievements in the study of condensation processes and gases in rare gases" ( with Eric Cornell and Wolfgang Ketterle). Grandson of theologian Henry Nelson Wyman.
## Biography
Carl Wyman N. The fourth of five children born to Orra Wiman and Alison Wiman. He spent his childhood in Oregon, USA. Before Wyman entered the seventh grade, the family moved to Corvallis to allow the children to attend better schools. Although Corvallis has a population of only 25,000, it is home to Oregon State University.
After high school, he became a student at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. After completing the general course of lectures, he transferred to the Theodore Hensch Chair at Stanford University, where he defended his thesis in 1977. After that, he worked at the University of Michigan in Ann Arbor, where he became an assistant professor in 1979. Here he meets Sarah Gilbert, with whom he worked as a student. In 1984, he moved to the University of Colorado at Boulder, where he married Sarah Gilbert, who was doing her thesis at the time. Since 1987, he has been a professor of physics at the University of Colorado Boulder.
## Achievements
In Hensch's group, Wieman worked on precise wavelength measurements of hydrogen spectral lines. The subject of his dissertation was the measurement of the Lamb shift at the 1s level and the isotopic shift of the 1s-2s transition using polarization spectroscopy. Based on his experience in precision spectroscopy, he wanted to work at the University of Michigan on the measurement of pairing disorder in atoms as predicted by the theory of the electroweak interaction. He quickly realized that cesium was more suitable than hydrogen for these purposes. Successful measurements in 1985 brought him recognition from the scientific community.
In connection with these precise experiments, in 1984 Wiman worked on laser cooling and laser traps. At first, he was interested only in improving the measurement method. However, he soon realized that in this way it was possible to study the behavior of atoms at very low temperatures and produce a Bose-Einstein condensate. In 1995, together with Eric Cornell, he succeeded. For this achievement, he was awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics in 2001 (shared with Eric Cornell and Wolfgang Ketterle).
## Awards and Honors
* 1990 — Guggenheim Fellowship
* 1993 — Ernest Lawrence Prize in Physics
* 1994 — Davisson-Germer Award of the American Physical Society \ <> * 1995 — Elected to the US National Academy of Sciences
* 1995 — Einstein Medal for Laser Science of the Optical and Quantum Electronics Society
* 1996 — Richtmeier Memorial Award of the American Association of Physics Teachers
* 1996 — International Pure and Applied Physics Fritz London Award for Low Temperature Physics of the Union
* 1996 — Newcomb Cleveland Award of the American Association for the Advancement of Science
* 1997 — King Faisal International Award
* 1997 — Scientific Award of the Bonfils-Stanton Foundation
* 1998 — America elected to the Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 1998 — Lorenz Medal of the Royal Dutch Academy of Arts and Sciences
* 1999 — Wood Prize of the Optical Society
* 1999 — Shawlow Prize for Laser Science of the American Physical Society
* 2000 — Franklin Benjamin Franklin medal in physics of the Institute
* 2001 — Nobel Prize in Physics
2004 - Carnegie Endowment Council for Advancement and Support of Education National Professor of the Year
* 2007 - Oersted Medal
* 2009 - Howard Vollum Award
## Sources
## Links
* E. A. Cornell, K.E. Wiman. "Bose-Einstein condensation in a rarefied gas. The first 70 years and the last few experiences”. Nobel Lecture // Advances in Physical Sciences, Volume 173, Issue 12, December 2003
* Information from the Nobel Committee site (eng.)
* Carl Wieman's blog on ScientificBlogging.com (eng.)
* Wieman's Colorado home page of the university (eng.) |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740943 | Claudia Sheinbaum | Claudia Scheinbaum is the first woman elected president of Mexico. He won the elections held on June 2, 2024.
He was a member of the climate change research team that received the Nobel Prize in 2007.
He was the mayor of Tlalpan in 2015-2017.
was included in the list of "100 women" compiled by the BBC in 2018.
He was the mayor of Mexico City in 2018-2023.
## Family
His surname comes from Jews. My father's side immigrated to Mexico from Lithuania in the 1920s, and my mother's side from Bulgaria in the early 1940s. His father, Carlos Scheinbaum Yoselewitz (1933-2013), was a chemical engineer, his mother, Annie Pardo Semo, was a biologist, and his half-brother was a physicist.
## Biography
Claudia Sheinbaum studied physics at the National Autonomous University of Mexico (UNAM), first receiving a bachelor's degree (1989), then a master's degree (1994) and a doctorate (1995).
He is defending his doctoral dissertation at the Lawrence National Laboratory in California, focusing on the topic of energy consumption in the transportation sector in Mexico. Since 1995, he has been teaching and working at UNAM University.
He is a member of the National Research System and the Mexican Academy of Sciences.
## Selected bibliography
Claudia Scheinbaum is the author of more than a hundred scientific and political articles, two books on energy and ecology.
* Consumo de energía y emissiones de CO2 del autotransporte en México y Escenarios de Mitigación, Ávila-Solís JC, Sheinbaum-Pardo C. 2016.
* Decomposition analysis from demand services to material production: The case of CO2 emissions from steel produced for automobiles in Mexico, Applied Energy, 174: 245—255, Sheinbaum-Pardo C. 2016.
* The impact of energy efficiency standards on residential electricity consumption in Mexico, Energy for Sustainable Development, 32 :50-61 Martínez-Montejo SA, Sheinbaum-Pardo C. 2016.
* Science and Technology in the framework of the Sustainable Development Goals, World Journal of Science, Technology and Sustainable Development, 14:2 — 17. Imaz M Sheinbaum C. 2017.
* Assessing the Impacts of Final Demand on CO2-eq Emissions in the Mexican Economy: An Input-Output Analysis, Energy and Power Engineering, 9:40-54, Chatellier D, Sheinbaum C. 2017.
* Electricity sector reforms in four Latin-American countries and their impact on carbon dioxide emissions and renewable energy, Ruíz-Mendoza BJ, Sheinbaum-Pardo C. Energy Policy, 2010
* Energy consumption and related CO2 emissions in five Latin American countries: Changes from 1990 to 2006 and perspectives, Sheinbaum C, Ruíz BJ, Ozawa L. Energy, 2010.
* Mitigating Carbon Emissions while Advancing National Development Priorities: The Case of Mexico, C Sheinbaum, O Masera, Climatic Change, Springer, 2000.
* Energy use and CO2 emissions for Mexico's cement industry, C Sheinbaum, L Ozawa, Energy, Elsevier, 1998.
Energy use and CO2 emissions in Mexico’s iron and steel industry, L Ozawa, C Sheinbaum, N Martin, E Worrell, L Price, Energy, Elsevier, 2002.
* New trends in industrial energy efficiency in the Mexico iron and steel industry, L Ozawa, N Martin, E Worrell, L Price, C Sheinbaum, OSTI, 1999.
* Mexican Electric end-use Efficiency: Experiences to Date, R Friedmann, C Sheinbaum, Annual Review of Energy and the Environment, 1998.
* Incorporating Sustainable Development Concerns into Climate Change Mitigation: A Case Study, OR Masera, C Sheinbaum, Climate Change and Development, UDLAP, 2000.
## Дереккөздер |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741080 | Саломе Зурабишвили | Salome Zurabishvili is the President of Georgia since December 16, 2018.
He was born in a family of Georgian political refugees. He entered the diplomatic service in France in the 1970s, and worked as the ambassador of France to Georgia.
In 2004, he received the citizenship of Georgia and was appointed as the Minister of Foreign Affairs. He became the head of the Georgian Way party. |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741071 | Cholakargali (river) | Cholakargali is a river in the Kurdistan Basin. It flows through the territory of Zhambyl district, Almaty region.
## Description
It separates from the Uzynkargaly river near the village of Kargaly and flows north-east. There is a pond near the Almaty-Bishkek road. Balgabek flows into the Taran Reservoir located along the Karasu River near the village of Kydyrbekuli. From here on, it is called Aksengir.
There are several branches, large and small.
River water is used to irrigate agriculture.
There are Sholakkargali and Umbetali Karibaev villages on the coast.
## Sources
## References
* Historical overview. The history of the village of Sholakkargali |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741166 | Нұрбанк | Nurbank is a Kazakhstan retail bank. As of January 1, 2018, there are 17 regional branches and 89 universal banking service centers.
## Owners and management
As of December 1, 2018, the largest shareholder with an 84.4% stake was "JP Finance Group" LLP. The last shareholder is Eldar Sarsenov.
Chairman of the Board of Directors — Raushan Zeynollakyny Yerzhanova. Chairperson of the board — Gulnara Abayovna Musatayeva.
## History
On August 3, 1992, Nurbank started its financial activities in Atyrau and served in that city until 2003. After 11 years, the main branch moved to Almaty.
On September 4, 2007, Nurmuhamed Bektemisov was elected as the new chairman of the board.
On January 22, 2007, Gulmira Jumadillaeva was elected as the new chairwoman of the board.
At the end of January 2007, Nurbank top managers Zoldas Timraliev and Aibar Khasenov disappeared. Rahat Aliyev, a major shareholder of Nurbank, was suspected in the case of theft of property for the purpose of extortion. On November 9, 2007, the trial began, as a result of which Rakhat Aliyev was sentenced to 20 years in prison in absentia. A few years later, the bodies of Timraliev and Khasenov were found.
On March 2, 2009, Marat Zairov was elected as the new chairman of the board.
On February 13, 2012, Mukhtar Idyrysov was elected as the chairman of the board of Nurbank.
On March 20, 2013, Kantar Bekaraluly Orynbayev was elected as the chairman of the board of Nurbank.
On August 4, 2015, it was entrusted to Saken Akhmetov, the acting chairman of the bank's board.
On November 30, 2015, Eldar Sarsenov was elected chairman of the board of Nurbank.
At the end of 2021, the bank was headed by Gulnar Musatayeva. He replaced Eldar Sarsenov, who resigned due to the status of a major shareholder of the bank.
## Sources
## Links
* nurbank.kz is the official site of Nurbank
* Nurbank is on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741076 | Order of Labor Glory | The Order of Labor Glory is a state award of the Republic of Kazakhstan awarded for labor achievements.
## History
In April 2014, the MPs of the "White Way" faction in the Majilis awarded "Veteran of Labor" to citizens who have worked in the public, private or public sectors for 40 years or more in the economic and social spheres. " proposed to restore the title, the appropriate badge - a medal. In May 2014, a response was received from the Government about the plans to award the Order of "Labour" and the medal "Veteran of Labour".
The honorary title "Veteran of Labor" was awarded the appropriate medal by the Resolution of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan No. 855 of July 31, 2014.
In December 2014, the President of Kazakhstan, Nursultan Nazarbayev, announced the idea of establishing a three-degree Order of Labor Glory in the nationwide telecast "New Industrialization of Kazakhstan: Results of 2014 and the First Five-Year Plan".
On March 17, 2015, the Head of State awarded a new state award - the Order of "Labor Glory" to the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Amendments and Additions to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on Optimization and Automation of State Services in the Field of Social and Labor" signed.
On November 9, 2020, the Head of State signed the Law of the Republic of Kazakhstan "On Amendments and Additions to Some Legislative Acts of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the Issues of Energy, Transport and State Awards", which expands the list of persons awarded with the Order of Merit.
## Rule
workers and employees of industry, transport, construction, agriculture, education, healthcare, social security and other fields in enterprises, institutions with the Order of "Labour Glory" , is awarded for long fruitful work in organizations, as well as for high indicators in production, contributing to the growth of labor productivity and improvement of product quality, increasing the competitiveness of the national economy.
Holders of the three-degree "Labor Glory" order are equal in status to persons who have received the title "Male of Labor of Kazakhstan".
## Degrees
The Order of "Glory of Labor" consists of three degrees:
* I degree "Glory of Labor";
* "Glory of labor" II degree;
* "Glory of labor" III degree;
The highest rank of the Order is the 1st rank. Awarding is done in the order of III degree, II degree and I degree.
## Description
### Class I
The badge of the Order of Merit 1st Class consists of a regular pentagonal stylized star. The edge of the star rays is decorated with a figured protruding border. The centers of the star's rays are covered with transparent ruby enamel, under which a rough diamond-shaped pattern is visible. Between the rays of the star there are lying clover-shaped petals with a national ornament.
In the center of the five-pointed star there is a 14 mm round shield-shaped print. In the center of the shield, the inscription "Enbek Danky" is written against the transparent ruby enamel. The underside of the shield is covered with a blue enameled ribbon and a heraldic shield. On the heraldic shield, the Roman numeral "I" is located on the background of transparent ruby enamel, which represents the rank of order.
The insignia is 45 mm in diameter, made of gilded silver.
The insignia of the order is attached to a rectangular base by means of a tab and two chains. The height of the shoe is 22 mm, the width including the two rings for fixing the label is 37 mm. The field of the horseshoe is filled with blue enamel with two red diagonal stripes.
On the back side of the shoe there is a pin with a hooded fastener to fasten the item to the garment.
All images and inscriptions on the product are prominent and glossy.
The serial number is engraved on the back of the star.
### Class II
The badge of the Order of Merit 2nd class consists of a regular five-pointed stylized star. Between the rays of the stars are golden clover-shaped leaves with a national ornament. In the center of the five-pointed star there is a golden shield in the form of a round shield with a diameter of 14 mm. In the center of the shield, the inscription "Enbek Danky" is written against the transparent ruby enamel. The underside of the shield is covered with a blue enameled ribbon and a heraldic shield. On the heraldic shield, in the background of transparent ruby enamel, there is the Roman numeral "II", indicating the rank of order.
The insignia is 45 mm in diameter, made of semi-gilded silver.
The insignia of the order is attached to a rectangular base by means of a tab and two chains. The height of the shoe is 22 mm, the width including the two rings for fixing the label is 37 mm. The field of the horseshoe is filled with blue enamel with four red diagonal stripes.
On the back side of the shoe there is a pin with a hooded fastener to fasten the item to the garment.
All images and inscriptions on the product are prominent and glossy.
The serial number is engraved on the back of the star.
### Class III
The badge of the Order of Merit 3rd class consists of a regular pentagonal stylized star. In the center of the five-pointed star there is a 14 mm round shield-shaped print. In the center of the shield, the inscription "Enbek Danky" is written against the transparent ruby enamel. The underside of the shield is covered with a blue enameled ribbon and a heraldic shield. On the heraldic shield, the Roman numeral "III" is located on the background of transparent ruby enamel, which denotes the rank of order.
The diameter of the badge is 45 mm, made of silver.
The insignia of the order is attached to a rectangular base by means of a tab and two chains. The height of the shoe is 22 mm, the width including the two rings for fixing the label is 37 mm. The field of the horseshoe is filled with blue enamel with six red diagonal stripes.
On the back side of the shoe there is a pin with a hooded fastener to fasten the item to the garment.
All images and inscriptions on the product are prominent and glossy.
The serial number is engraved on the back of the star.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741116 | Bakhyt Kenjeev | Bakyt Shukirollauly Kenzheev (August 2, 1950, Shymkent, Kazakh SSR - June 26, 2024, New York, USA) is a Kazakh poet who writes works in Russian. He moved to Canada in 1982 and lived in New York City since 2006.
## Biography
He was born on August 2, 1950 in Shymkent. He lived in Moscow from the age of 3 (in some sources it is written that he was born in Moscow). Kazakh. His father was an English teacher, and his mother was a librarian. Graduated from Moscow State University, Faculty of Chemistry. In 1977, he was named a poet for the first time in the book collective "Leninskie gory: Stikhi poetov MGU". Although his first collection of poems was published in America in 1984, it was published in periodicals during his youth ("Komsomolskaya Pravda", "Yunost", "Moskovsky Komsomolets", "Prostor"). In the early seventies, Kenzheev (along with Aleksei Tsvetkov, Alexander Soprovsky, Sergey Gandilevsky) was considered one of the founders of the poetic group "Moscow Time". In 1982, the poet moved to Canada, and in 2008 he moved to New York in America. Member of the PEN club. In 2000, he was considered one of the Jury of the "Debut" award. In addition, he was a member of the jury of the "Ak Torna" (2011), "Russian Premiya" award, "Kubok Mira", "Voloshinsky Contest", translation of Turkish poetry, international competition. Translations have been published in Kazakh, English, French, German, Spanish, Dutch, Italian, Ukrainian, Chinese and Swedish.
## Creativity
### Collection of poems
* Selected lyrics 1970-1981. — Ann Arbor, 1984.
* Autumn in America. — Tenafly, 1988.
* Poetry of the last let. — M., 1992.
* Trace book AMO ERGO SUM. — M., 1993.
* Poetry. — M.: PAN, 1995.
* Return. — Almaty: Silk Road, 1996.
* Author of stars: Book of new poems. — St. Petersburg. : Pushkinsky Fund, 1997. ISBN 5-85767-091-8
* Snyashchayasya pod utro: Kniga stichotvoreniy. — M.: Club "Project OGI", 2000. ISBN 5-900241-09-2
* Iz semi knig: Stikhotvorenia. — M.: Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 2000. ISBN 5-86712-027-9
* Invisible: Poems. — M.: OGI, 2004. ISBN 5-94282-229-8
* No title: book of poems. — Almaty: "Iskander", 2005.
* Vdali mertsaet gorod Galich: Stikhi malchika Teodora. — M.: ARGO-RISK; Tver: Kolonna, 2006. ISBN 5-94128-126-9
* Крепостной остывающих мест. Vladivostok: Rubezh, 2008 (reprint: Moscow: Vremya, 2011).
* Poslania. — M.: Vremya, 2011. ISBN 978-5-9691-0514-0
* Communication. — M.: Eksmo, 2012.
Wanderings and 87 Poems. K.: Laurus, 2013.
* Repair of Devices. Civil Lyrics and Other Works. 1969-2013. - M.: OGI, 2014. ISBN 978-5-94282-735-9
* Pre-war: Poems of 2010-2013. - M.: OGI, 2014. - 144 p. ISBN 978-5-94282-745-8
### Romandars
* Plateau (1992).
* Ivan Bezuglov. Bourgeois Novel (1993).
* Goblin Gold: Novels ("Younger Brother", "Gold of Goblins"). — M.: Nezavisimaya Gazeta, 2000. ISBN 5-86712-101-1
* Circumcision of stepsons. M.: Astrel. 2010 Tibuker" Prizes (2000)
* "Moscow-transit" (Ulken Prize), (2003)
* "Serf of Cooling Places" Olender Zhinagyn "Russian Prize" (2008)
* "New World" magazine Prizes
* "Anthology" Prizes (2006 )
* "Kyiv Lavras" at the festival Laureates (2006)
## Derekkozder
## Syrtky sіltemeler |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741216 | Tashkent province | Tashkent region is an administrative-territorial unit in the Russian Empire.
took the south-eastern part of Syrdarya region and bordered Samarkand and Fergana regions in the south.
Russian colonization in Oyaz was quite successful: in 1895 there were 10 Russian villages with 3,408 inhabitants and 21,525 dese (desyatina) of land.
The southern part of the Tashkent Basin ended in the city of Tashkent in 1895, but was cut through the northern end of the Central Asian Railway, which was planned to continue to Shymkent and Orynbor.
## Topography
Tashkent province can be divided into two parts according to the topography: north-eastern, large - elevation and southwest, smaller - plain. The mountainous part of the district is bounded in the north by the Talas Alatau by the western edge of the central fold of the Tanyr mountain, which forms sidewalls, ridges and ridges, and in the southeast by the Shokal mountains, it almost reaches the Syrdarya itself and disappears in the steppe. The peaks of the Shombal Mountains rise to 10,000-12,000 feet in some places, and up to 16,000 feet in the upper reaches of the Shyrchik River, and are covered with many glaciers and eternal snow. The flat part of the district is a wide, forested and dusty area, which is crushed by the mountains in the form of a deep bay, and the right branches of the Syr form the valleys of Shyrshik, Angren and Keles.
## Waters
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741241 | Referendum on NPP in Kazakhstan | referendum on the creation of the first nuclear power plant in Kazakhstan is planned to be held on October 6, 2024.
If the majority of voters vote in favor of the idea proposed in the referendum, the country's first nuclear power plant will be built in Bolshoi village of Almaty region. Tokayev described this idea as a necessary measure to establish stable electricity in the country, and local environmentalists see it as a potentially dangerous initiative, and some of the local residents are protesting against it. Environmentalists are skeptical of the proposal due to the already low water level in Balkhash.
## Prerequisites
For the first time, Tokayev proposed holding a referendum in 2019. This initiative was aimed at finding a new source of electricity to reduce the use of fossil fuels and the Greenhouse effect, and to solve the problem of power outages in the country. The idea arose amid public outcry over environmental and health concerns stemming from Soviet nuclear weapons testing at the Semipalatinsk test site and opposition to Russia's potential involvement in the station's construction.
In September 2023, it was decided that a referendum on the construction of the station will be held in the country, Tokayev said this while speaking about the need to use Kazakhstan's uranium reserves.
In his speech during the awarding ceremony held on June 27, 2024, Tokayev announced that the referendum will be held in the fall of that year. On the sidelines of the Senate, Sungat Yesimkhanov, the Vice Minister of Energy, told about the questions to be asked in the referendum. According to him, people answer only one question, whether they support or not the construction of nuclear power plant. However, he said that this information was "his opinion" and that the government would release the details later.
It has not yet been determined who will assist in the construction of the NPP. However, it is known about the candidates of Russian (Rosatom), South Korean, Chinese, or French companies.
During his address to the people on September 2, 2024, Tokayev announced that the referendum will be held on October 6. The next day he obeyed the decree accordingly. In addition, the decree also states the main question that will be in the referendum:
## Additional information
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741204 | State list of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of Zhetysu region | The list of historical and cultural monuments of local significance of Zhetysu region was approved by the resolution No. 498 of Almaty region on December 22, 2020
## Aksu district
## Alakol district
## Eskeldi district
## Kerbulak district
## Koksu district
## Karatal district \ <>
## Panfilov district
## Sarkan district
## Taldykorgan city
## Tekeli city
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740229 | Stephen Chu | Stephen Chu (born February 28, 1948) is an American physicist and former government official. He was a Nobel Prize laureate and the 12th US Secretary of Energy. He is currently the William R. Jr. Fellow at Stanford University. Kenan Professor of Physics and Professor of Molecular and Cellular Physiology. He is best known for his research at the University of California, Berkeley, Bell Laboratories, and Stanford University on the cooling and trapping of atoms using laser light, for which he shared the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics with Claude Cohen-Tannuji and William Daniel Phillips.
Chu served as US Secretary of Energy during the administration of President Barack Obama in 2009-2013. At the time of his appointment as Secretary of Energy, Chu was a professor of physics and molecular and cellular biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and director of the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, where he studied biological systems at the single-molecular level. Chu resigned as Secretary of Energy on April 22, 2013. He returned to Stanford as a professor of physics and professor of molecular and cellular physiology.
Chu is a vocal advocate for more research into renewable energy and nuclear power, saying that moving away from fossil fuels is essential to combating climate change. He coined the global "glucose economy," a type of low-carbon economy in which glucose from tropical plants is transported much like oil is today. On February 22, 2019, Chu began a one-year term as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
## Early Life and Education
Chu was born on February 28, 1948 in St. Louis, Missouri, originally from Taizang, Liuhe Township, China.He lives in Garden City, New York. , attended Garden City High School. in mathematics from the University of Rochester in 1970 and the Eugene D. Under the supervision of Commins, he received his BA and Ph.D. in physics from the University of California, Berkeley, during which he was supported by a National Science Foundation Graduate Research Fellowship.
Chu comes from a family of highly educated white-collar workers and scientists. His father, Joo-Chin Choo, earned a doctorate in chemical engineering from MIT and taught at Washington University in St. Louis and Brooklyn Polytechnic Institute, while his mother studied economics at MIT. His maternal grandfather, Shu-tian Li, was a hydraulic engineer, Ph.D. from Cornell University, and professor and president of Tianjin University. His maternal uncle, Li Shu-hua, a biophysicist, studied at the University of Paris before returning to China.
Chu's older brother, Gilbert Chu, is a professor of biochemistry and medicine at Stanford University. And younger brother Morgan Chu is a patent attorney at Irell & Former Co-Managing Partner of Manella Law Firm. According to Shu, he has two siblings and four cousins with four Ph.D.s, three M.D.s., and one J.D.
## Career and Research
After receiving his doctorate, he spent two years as a postdoctoral researcher at Berkeley and joined Bell Labs, where he conducted Nobel Prize-winning laser cooling work with several colleagues. . He left Bell Labs to become a professor of physics at Stanford University in 1987, serving as chair of its physics department from 1990 to 1993 and from 1999 to 2001. At Stanford, Chu and three others started the Bio-X program, which focuses on interdisciplinary research in biology and medicine, and was instrumental in funding the Kavli Institute for Particle Astrophysics and Cosmology. In August 2004, Chu was appointed director of Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, US Department of Energy National Laboratory, and joined KU Berkeley's Department of Physics and Molecular and Cell Biology. Under Chu's leadership, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory became a center for biofuels and solar energy research. He led the lab's Helios project, an initiative to develop methods for harnessing solar energy as a renewable energy source for transportation.
Chu's early research focused on atomic physics by developing laser cooling techniques and magneto-optical trapping of atoms using lasers. He and his colleagues at Bell Labs developed a method of cooling atoms by using six laser beams arranged in pairs, opposite and at right angles to each other in three directions. Capturing atoms in this way allows scientists to study individual atoms with great precision. In addition, this method can be used to create an atomic clock with high accuracy.
At Stanford, Chu's research interests expanded to biological physics and polymer physics at the single molecular level. He studied enzyme activity and protein and RNA folding using techniques such as fluorescence resonance energy transfer, atomic force microscopy, and optical tweezers. His research in polymer physics used individual DNA molecules to study polymer dynamics and their phase transitions. He continued to study atomic physics and developed new techniques for laser cooling and containment. As of 2022, he is the president of the ESPCI Paris Scientific Committee.
## Honors and Awards
Steven Chu was awarded the 1997 Nobel Prize in Physics with Claude Cohen-Tannuji and William Daniel Phillips "for the development of methods for cooling and trapping atoms with laser light." .
He is a member of the US National Academy of Sciences, the American Academy of Arts and Sciences, the American Philosophical Society, the Pontifical Academy of Sciences, and the Academia Sinica in Taiwan, and is a foreign member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the Korean Academy of Science and Engineering. Also, in 1995, the Alexander von Humboldt Foundation awarded him the Humboldt Prize. In 1998, Chu received the Golden Platter Award from the American Academy of Achievement.
Chu received an honorary doctorate from Boston University in 2007 when he was the keynote speaker at the commencement exercises. He is a senior fellow at the Design Futures Council. In its April 2009 issue, Diablo magazine presented him with an Eco Award shortly after he was nominated as Secretary of Energy.
Washington University in St. Louis and Harvard University awarded him honorary doctorates at commencements in 2010 and 2009, respectively. He has held an honorary degree from Yale University since 2010. He also received an honorary degree in 2011 from the Polytechnic Institute of New York University, the institution where his father taught for several years. Penn State University awarded him an honorary doctorate at Commencement 2012. In 2014, Chu was awarded an honorary doctorate from Williams College, during which he presented a talk moderated by Williams College Professor Protik Majumder. In 2015, he was awarded an honorary doctorate at Dartmouth College's commencement. Chu also received an honorary doctorate from Amherst College in 2017, where he later lectured in March 2018 on "Climate Change and Technical Solutions for a Sustainable Future." Chu was a 2011 International Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, UK, and In 2014, he was elected a Foreign Fellow of the Royal Society (ForMemRS). His nomination reads:
## US Secretary of Energy
Chu's nomination to serve as Secretary of Energy was unanimously approved by the US Senate on January 20, 2009. On January 21, 2009, Chu was sworn in as Secretary of Energy in the Barack Obama administration. Chu is the first person to be appointed to the US Cabinet after winning the Nobel Prize. He is also the second Chinese-American to serve as a member of the US Cabinet, following former Commerce Secretary Gary Locke.
In February 2009, Chu visited China, where he and Chinese Minister of Science and Technology Wang Gang announced the US-China Center for Clean Energy Research Center (CERC). :119, 122
Chu's scientific work continued, he even published a paper on gravitational redshift in Nature in February 2010 and another paper he co-authored in July 2010.
In March 2011, Chu said that US Nuclear Regulatory Commission regulators should not delay approval of construction licenses for planned US nuclear power plants after the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster in Japan.
In August 2011, Chu praised the advisory group's report on curbing the environmental risks of natural gas development. Chu was responding to the panel's report on hydraulic fracturing, a controversial drilling technique that has enabled the U.S. gas boom to contaminate groundwater. The report called for better air and water data collection, as well as "tougher" air pollution standards and mandatory disclosure of chemicals used in the hydraulic fracturing process. Chu said he will "work closely with my colleagues in the Administration to review the proposals and chart a path forward for the safe development of this important energy resource."
Chu faced controversy in a September 2008 Wall Street Journal interview with statements he made before his appointment, saying "we need to figure out how to raise gasoline prices to the level of Europe." However, in March 2012, he retracted that comment, saying, "Ever since I walked in the door as Secretary of Energy, I've done everything in my power to do whatever we can to lower those prices," and that he "[we've got to figure out how to raise gasoline prices in America]." does not share the opinion."
On February 12, 2013, Chu was recognized as the heir apparent during the State of the Union address.
On February 1, 2013, Chu announced his resignation. In his resignation statement, he warned of the dangers of climate change from continued dependence on fossil fuels and said, “The Stone Age is not over because we have run out of rocks; We have moved on to better solutions." He resigned on April 22, 2013.
## Energy and Climate Change
Chu has been a vocal advocate for more research into renewable energy and nuclear power, and says that moving away from fossil fuels is essential to fighting climate change and global warming. He also spoke at the 2009 and 2011 National Science Bowls about the importance of America's science students, highlighting their future role in environmental planning and global initiatives. Chu said a conventional coal-fired power plant emits 100 times more radiation than a nuclear power plant.
Chu warned that global warming could wipe out California farms within a century.
Chu joined the Copenhagen Climate Council, an international collaboration between business and science that was created to build momentum for the 2009 UN Climate Change Conference in Copenhagen, Denmark.
In 2015, Chu Lindau signed the Mainau Declaration on Climate Change in 2015 on the last day of the 65th Nobel Laureate Meeting. The declaration was signed by a total of 76 Nobel laureates and handed over to the then President of the French Republic, François Hollande, within the framework of the COP21 climate summit held in Paris.
Chu was instrumental in submitting the winning bid to the Energy Bioscience Institute, a $500 million BP-funded multidisciplinary collaboration between UC Berkeley, Lawrence Berkeley Lab and the University of Illinois. That has sparked controversy on Berkeley's campus, where some fear the alliance could damage the school's reputation for academic integrity.
Based in part on his research at UC Berkeley, Chu predicted that a global "glucose economy," a type of low-carbon economy, could replace the current system. In the future, special varieties of high-glucose plants will be grown and processed in the tropics, and then the chemicals will be shipped to other countries like oil is today. St. The Petersburg Times said Chu's concept "represents the scale of vision needed to combat global warming."
Chu also advocated making the roofs of buildings and road surfaces around the world white or other light colors, which would reflect sunlight back into space and reduce global warming. That effect, according to Chu, would be equivalent to taking every car in the world off the road for about 11 years. Samuel Thernstrom, a resident fellow at the American Enterprise Institute and co-director of its geoengineering project, championed the idea in America, praising Chu for "serving the nation" with the concept. Chu is on the board of directors of alternative energy developer Xyleco.
## Personal life
In 1997, she married Jean Fetter, a British-American physicist who taught at Oxford. He has two sons, Jeffrey and Michael, from his previous marriage to Lisa Chu-Tilbar.
Chu is interested in sports such as baseball, swimming, and cycling. He learned tennis through reading in the eighth grade and was runner-up on the school team for three years. He also learned to pole vault using bamboo poles from a local carpet shop. Chu said she never learned to speak Chinese because her parents always spoke to their children in English.
## In popular culture
Chu's Wikipedia article was published in the webcomic xkcd. He was also satirized as the Secretary of Energy in a season 11 episode of the American animated comedy show Family Guy.
## Sources
## References
* Secretary of Energy Stephen Chu at the United States Department of Energy
* bioBP from Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory Creates World Biofuels Center at Berkeley Archived 30 December 2016. Press release on BP Partnership for Alternative Energy Archived 16 February 2007 Archived 1 June 2019 Archived from the original on March 28, 2005. Chu's PowerPoint presentation
* BP to build global biofuels center in Berkeley Archived December 30, 2016. Press release on BP partnership Archived 16 February 2007
* Alternative energy sources Archived 1 June 2019. Archived from the original on March 28, 2005. Chu's PowerPoint presentation
* Boulder physicists give Chu an article on the reaction of other Nobel laureates to Chu as Secretary of Energy
* UCTV programs with Stephen ChuPhysics Meets BiologyBerkeley's Nobel TraditionLaser Capture of Atoms and Molecules: Laser Cooling - Atomic from clocks to tracking the movement of biomolecules What can physics tell us about life? Conversations with History: A Scientist's Random Walk with Steven Chu
* Physics Meets Biology
* Berkeley's Nobel Tradition
* Capturing Atoms and Molecules with Lasers: Laser Cooling - From Atomic Clocks to Biomolecules to control the movement
* What can physics tell us about life?
* Talking Through History: A Scientist's Random Walk with Steven Chu
* Archived 2007-06-03 Bio Archived 3 June 2007. and Stanford University Physics Department home page Stephen Chu: Uncovering the Secret Life of Molecules from Stanford Archived February 26, 2009. [Online] report (July 16, 1997)
* Stephen Chu: Unraveling the Secret Life of Molecules from Stanford Archived February 26, 2009. [Online] report (July 16, 1997)
* Chu Biophysical Research Group at the University of California, Berkeley Growing energy: Steve Chu of the Berkeley Lab UC Berkeley News (September 30, 2005) on the link between termite guts and global warming.
* Growing Energy: Berkeley Lab's Steve Chu UC Berkeley News (September 30, 2005) on the link between termite guts and global warming.
* Chu's lecture on the Helios Project for renewable energy YouTube March 12, 2008
* "Climate Disasters A Significant Opportunity" with Steve Chu at the Copenhagen Climate Council Archived July 4, 2010. interview, November 3, 2008
* Interview with Steven Chu from "Growing Energy" from the PBS series e² energy on YouTube
* Steven Chu (eng.) on Internet Movie Database
* Steven Chu The New York Times interview, April 19, 2009
*Steven Chu, April 16, 2012 "Strange little bacteria in our energy future" Scientific American |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=740827 | Baiterek (national holding) | "Baiterek" is a holding company established in 2013 to optimize the system of management of national development institutions, financial organizations and development of the national economy.
The Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the sole shareholder of JSC "Bayterek" NBH.
In March 2021, by order of the Head of State, "KazAgro" JSC "UBH" merged with "Baiterek" holding. Also, on the basis of JSC "Kazakhstanyk mortgage company" a single operator of housing construction (currently JSC "Kazakhstanyk dhozhyyk company") was established.
## Subsidiary organizations
"Baiterek" holding includes 9 subsidiary companies:
## Role in government programs
" "Baiterek" holding is the main operator in the implementation of the following state and government programs:
* National Plan - "100 concrete steps"
* State program of industrial and innovative development of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2020 - 2025
* "Business Roadmap-2025" state program for business support and development
* State program for effective employment and mass entrepreneurship development for 2017-2021
* State program for development of the agro-industrial complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan for 2017-2021 program
* Economy of simple things
* "National export strategy of the Republic of Kazakhstan" program
* State program of housing and communal development "Nurly Zher"
## Strategic directions
\< > * Support of entrepreneurship
* Development of the ecosystem of equity financing
* Providing the population with housing
## Composition of the board of directors
* Olzhas Abayuly Bektenov - Prime Minister of Kazakhstan, member of the board of directors Chairman
* Roman Vasilyevich Sklyar - First Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan
* Nurlan Serikuly Baibazarov - Deputy Prime Minister of Kazakhstan - Minister of National Economy
* Madi Tokeshuly Takiyev - Minister of Finance of Kazakhstan
* Kanat Bisimbayuly Sharlapaev — Minister of Industry and Construction of Kazakhstan
* Yerulan Kenzhebekuly Zhamaubaev — adviser to the President of Kazakhstan
* Rustam Timuruly Karagoishin — chairman of the board of the holding
* Marie-Hélène Berard — independent director
* Daniel Alan Witt — independent director \ <> * Norbert Manfred Grundke — independent director
## Chairman of the Board
* Kuandyk Bishimbaev (05.2013 — 05.2016)
* Yerbolat Dosaev (05.2016 — 08.2017)
* Aidar Aripkhanov (12.2017 — 02.2022)
* Kanat Sharlapaev (02.2022 — 09.2023)
* Nurlan Baibazarov (10.2023 — 02.2024)
* Rustam Karagoishin (since 02.2024)
## Sole shareholder \< >
On November 27, 2014, the right to own and use the state package of Holding shares was transferred to the Ministry of Investments and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
In accordance with Decree No. 806 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated December 26, 2018 "On measures to further improve the public administration system of the Republic of Kazakhstan", the Ministry of Investments and Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan is the legal successor of the Ministry of Industry and Infrastructure Development of the Republic of Kazakhstan, which is the legal successor of the dissolved ministry. was reorganized by creating
By Resolution No. 175 of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan dated March 30, 2021, the right to own and use the state package of Holding shares was transferred to the Ministry of National Economy of the Republic of Kazakhstan.
## History of development
2013 year
2013 of the President of the Republic of Kazakhstan in order to optimize the management system of development institutions, financial organizations and develop the national economy of "Baiterek" NBH JSC was established by Decree No. 571 dated May 22.
The main task of the holding is to manage the stock packages (participation shares) of national development institutions, national companies and other legal entities that are owned by it and given to trust management.
The holding included 10 development institutes that were previously under the management of state bodies and "Samruk-Kazyna" National Welfare Fund JSC.
2014
Holding became the operator of the state program of infrastructure development "Nurly Zhol" for 2015-2019. In 2013 and 2014, the infrastructure fund Kazakhstan Infrastructure Fund was created as part of the holding with a capitalization of 20 billion tenge allocated from the republican budget.
In order to support the infrastructure development of the country, the Holding and the "Kazakhstan PPP Center" JSC jointly established the "Public-Private Partnership Projects Support Center" LLP.
In the structure of the holding, Baiterek Venture Fund was created to invest in priority sectors of the economy.
2015
Program "Leaders of Competitiveness - National Champions" within the framework of the 62nd step of "National Plan - 100 concrete steps" in order to promote the dynamic growth of participating companies that can become competitive leaders in the Eurasian Economic Union was taken.
"Baiterek" NBH" JSC was designated as one of the operators of the Regional Development Program until 2020 in the area of implementation of housing construction.
2016
Holding "Nurly Zhol", industrial-innovative development for 2015-2019, "Business Roadmap - 2020", regional development program up to 2020 launched state and government programs continued to implement.
The Mortgage Loans Guarantee Fund was reorganized into "TKKK" JSC.
In September 2016, it was decided to expand the mandate of "PPP Project Support Center" LLP and call it "Kazakhstan Project Preparation Fund" LLP as a fund for financing and development of project documentation for industrial and infrastructure projects.
2017
From January 1, the state program of housing construction "Nurly Zher" was launched, within the framework of which the residential block of JSC "Baiterek" NBH was designated as the single operator of its implementation.
Development strategy of "Baiterek" NBH" JSC for 2014-2023 has been centralized. The Code of Corporate Governance of "Baiterek" NBH" JSC was approved in a new version.
The board approved the digitization strategy of "Baiterek" NBH" JSC for the years 2018-2023. The information system "Digital Baiterek single portal for business support" providing comprehensive and client-oriented business support has been put into permanent (industrial) use.
DBK EquityFund direct investment fund in the amount of 100 million US dollars was created with the subsidiary organizations of the holding, "KBB" JSC and "KKM" JSC, in order to capitalize the projects of "KBB" JSC.
Procedures for optimization of the structure were carried out with the holding, in particular, it carried out participation in 4 projects for the total amount of 337 million tenge under "KIK" JSC. According to "TDUA" JSC "K. I. The participation in LLP KazNTU Technopark named after Satpaev was implemented.
2018
The Board of Directors approved a new version of the investment policy of the Holding, which focuses on projects of the private sector of the economy that contribute to the sustainable socio-economic development of the country.
In December 2018, "Kazakhstan Stock Exchange" JSC announced the debut issue of tenge bonds in the amount of 77.7 billion tenge with a circulation period of 15 years.
2019 year
34 billion tenge were allocated to supplement the charter capital of JSC "KazakhExport" ESK".
The transformation of JSC "National Agency for Technological Development" and renaming it to JSC "QazTech Ventures" has been completed, its activities will be focused on the development of the venture market, business incubation and technological entrepreneurship.
Holding "Kazakhstan Stock Exchange" JSC with a 10-year turnover period: in the amount of 40 billion tenge and at an annual rate of 9.5%; and announced two issues of tenge bonds for the amount of 25 billion tenge with an annual rate of 9.75%.
2020
On the instructions of the Head of State Kassym-Jomart Tokayev, optimization of the residential block of "Baiterek" UBH" JSC was carried out, as a result of which "KIK" IU" JSC was transferred to "Baiterek Development" JSC (2020 October 2020) and "Residential Construction Guarantee Fund" JSC (November 2020) were added. In addition, "KIK" will be transferred to the tool for subsidizing developers offered by "Development Fund" JSC. The name of JSC "Bayterek" NBH" JSC "Housing Construction Savings Bank" JSC was changed to "Otbasy Bank" Housing Construction Savings Bank" JSC (abbreviated "Otbasy Bank" JSC).
On November 11, 2020, tenge bonds in the amount of 50 billion tenge were placed on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange with a circulation period of 10 years and an annual rate of 11.3%; On December 9, 2020, there were two issues of tenge bonds for a total amount of 100 billion tenge, with a maturity of 7 and 10 years, respectively, at an annual rate of 11.3%.
In the framework of the implementation of the "Nurly Zher" JSC "Nurly Zher" and the Employment Roadmap programs for 2020-2021, the subsidiary structure of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan "Kazakhstan Stability Fund" JSC issued a total bond issue of 970 billion tenge. debts were incurred.
In 2020, JSC "KazakhExport" ESK" carried out capitalization in the amount of 29 billion tenge.
2021
On January 26, 2021, the mortgage organization "Kazakhstan Mortgage Company" JSC changed its name to "Kazakhstan Housing Company" JSC.
Head of State K. In accordance with Tokayev's task of September 1, 2020, within the framework of the message to the Republic of Kazakhstan entitled "Kazakhstan in a new situation: the period of action", the work of connecting JSC "KazAgro" NBH" and "Baiterek" NBH" JSC has been completed.
In March 2021, the issue of tenge bonds in the amount of 50 billion tenge with a 10-year circulation period was placed on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange.
In May 2021, the measures to transfer the functions and assets of the subsidiary organizations of "QazTech Ventures" JSC and "Kazakhstan Project Preparation Fund" LLP as a private fund to the management of "Kazyna Kapi[1]tal Management" JSC were completed.
100% of the shares of "Kazakhstan Investment Fund" JSC were sold in August 2021 to implement the Comprehensive Privatization Plan for 2021-2025.
In August 2021, Nur Otan Party's "Path of Changes: Decent Life for Every Citizen!" Within the framework of the implementation of the Roadmap for the implementation of the pre-election program, a Public Council was established at "Baiterek" NBH JSC.
In November 2021, the development plan of "Baiterek" NBH JSC for 2014-2023 became relevant.
In December 2021, "Agricultural Financial Support Fund" was reorganized by joining "Agrarian Credit Corporation" JSC.
In December 2021, an issue of tenge bonds in the amount of 55 billion tenge with a 10-year circulation period was placed on the Kazakhstan Stock Exchange.
In the framework of the implementation of the "Nurly Zher" program and the employment road map for 2020-2021 of "Baiterek" NBH JSC, the bond loans of the subsidiary of the National Bank of the Republic of Kazakhstan - "Kazakhstan stability fund" JSC totaling 220 billion tenge attracted.
In 2021, JSC "KazakhExport" ESK" carried out capitalization in the amount of 5 billion tenge.
2022
Within the framework of the execution of the task of the head of state, the Holding transferred 100% of the shares of "KazAgrofinance" JSC ("KAK" JSC) to "Agrarian Credit Corporation" JSC. "KAK" JSC continued its main activity of leasing agricultural machinery and equipment.
In order to fulfill the task of the Government of the Republic of Kazakhstan, on September 1, 2022, the Holding bought a 99.99% stake in the subsidiary bank Sberbank JSC from Sberbank Rossii JSC. After the acquisition, Sberbank JSC was re-registered and renamed as Bereke Bank JSC. In November 2022, the Holding fulfilled its demand and bought 248 voting shares belonging to minority shareholders of Bereke Bank JSC.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741324 | Andijan province | Andijan oyazy is an administrative-territorial unit of Ferghana region in the Turkestan general governorate. Administrative center - Andijan city.
## History
Oyaz was founded in 1876 after the Kokan Khanate joined the Russian Empire and the foundation of the Ferghana region was established.
## Geography
Andijan district is located in the east of Fergana region.
In the north-east, the uyezd bordered the Semipalatinsk region. The Fergana range was the border between them.
## Administrative division
In 1897, there were 20 bolis in the uyezd:
* Altynkol;
* Chariot;
* Lady;
* Bazarkurgan;
* Fisherman;
* Jalalabat;
* View;
* Defense;
* Kurshabat;
* Kokan-Kystak;
* Kenkol-Karagyr;
* Mangyr;
* Mayly-Esbakent;
* Naryn;
* Naucent;
* Jellyfish;
* Changed;
* Hackent;
* Hakolabat
* Jarbasy.
## Population
In 1900, the population of Oyaz was 351,187 people. The population consisted of Sarts, Kypchaks, Kyrgyz and a small number of Russians.
## Economy
Agriculture was developed in Oyaz. Wheat, barley, rice, millet, durra, cotton were planted. Sericulture, horticulture and vegetable cultivation were important.
Animal husbandry is poorly developed.
Relatively large industry was primarily focused on ginning, which was produced in 93 factories in 1900. The rest of the industrial enterprises were small-scale handicrafts.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741103 | Constitution of the USSR of 1977 | The Constitution of the USSR of 1977 (Russian: Конституты СССР 1977 года) was adopted by the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on October 7, 1977 at the extraordinary seventh session of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of the ninth convocation.
The first edition did not significantly change the state structure — labor collectives were recognized and given the official right to nominate candidates along with KOKP, BLKJO, BKOOK, BAU, BTKOO, KSK, creative unions, legal public organizations (at the same time, the activity of labor collectives was abolished in 1983 fully described in the adopted Law "On increasing labor collectives and their role in the management of enterprises, institutions, organizations". Insignificant changes include changing the name of councils of workers' deputies to councils of people's deputies and increasing the term of office of the Supreme Council to 5 years, and of councils of people's deputies to 2.5 years. This constitution established a one-party political system (Article 6). It went down in history under the name "the constitution of developed socialism".
In the 1988 version of the Constitution, changes were made to the system of state bodies in the USSR: the Congress of People's Deputies was declared to be the supreme authority instead of the Supreme Council of the USSR, and the number of candidates nominated for it should not be limited; among the congresses of people's deputies, there was a permanent legislative and control body called the "Supreme Soviet of the USSR" and consisting of two chambers - the Council of Nations and the Union Council. was transferred to the position of the chairman of the Supreme Council with amendments. The same amendments created the Committee of Constitutional Supervision of the USSR.
The most important amendments to the Constitution, which clearly confirmed the changes in the social and economic structure, were introduced in the 1990 edition. The warning about the leading and guiding role of the CPSU was removed, private property was legalized, and the office of the President of the USSR was introduced.
## History
Drafting of the new constitution back in 1962, on April 25 of the same year, the Supreme Council of the USSR decided to draft a new Constitution of the USSR and established a Constitutional Commission consisting of 97 people. started when N.S. Khrushchev was appointed as the chairman of the Constitutional Commission.
On June 15, 1962, at the meeting of the Constitutional Commission, the main tasks of preparing the draft of the new Constitution were discussed, and 9 sub-commissions were formed.
In August 1964, the Constitutional Commission completed the development of the draft Constitution of the USSR and an explanatory letter to it. This project consisted of 276 articles. However, later it underwent a serious revision and was not approved in its original form.
On December 11, 1964, LI Brezhnev became the chairman of the Constitutional Commission.
According to the decision of the Supreme Council on December 19, 1966, 33 new deputies joined the Constitutional Commission instead of those who left.
The working group for the preparation of the draft constitution was headed by: since 1962 — L.F. Ilyichev, since 1968 — A. N. Yakovlev, since 1973 — B. N. Ponomarev.
On October 4-6, 1977, a session on the Constitution was held at the meetings of the chambers of the Supreme Council. On October 7, the final joint meeting of the chambers of the Supreme Council of the USSR was held, where the Constitution was adopted first by sections, then as a whole. On the same day, the Supreme Soviet of the USSR adopted the Declaration of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on the Adoption and Promulgation of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR by separate votes in the chambers, the Law of the USSR on the procedure for declaring the date of adoption of the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR as a public holiday and the procedure for implementing the Constitution (Basic Law) of the USSR accepted.
On October 8, all newspapers of the country published about the new Constitution of the USSR.
## Structure of the Constitution
The constitution adopted in 1977 consisted of 9 parts, 21 chapters, and 174 articles.
Structure of the Constitution at the time of adoption (October 7, 1977):
* Introduction
* Part 1. Basics of the social structure and policy of the USSR:
* Chapter 1. Political system
* Chapter 2. Economic system
* Chapter 3. Social development and culture
* Chapter 4. Foreign policy
* Chapter 5. Protection of the Socialist Motherland
* Part 2. State and personality
* Chapter 6. Citizenship of the USSR. Equality of citizens
* Chapter 7. Basic rights, freedoms and duties of citizens of the USSR
* Part 3. The national-state structure of the USSR:
* Chapter 8. USSR — Union State
* Chapter 9. Union Soviet Socialist Republic
* Chapter 10. Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic
* Chapter 11. Autonomous region and autonomous district
* Section 4. Councils of People's Deputies and their election procedure:
* Chapter 12. System and principles of activity of Councils of People's Deputies
* Chapter 13. Electoral system
* Chapter 14. People's deputy
* Section 5. The highest bodies of state power and management of the USSR:
* Chapter 15. The Supreme Council of the USSR
* Chapter 16. USSR Council of Ministers
* Section 6. Basics of creation of state power and management bodies in the allied republics:
* Chapter 17. State power and higher management bodies of the Union Republic
* Chapter 18. State power and higher management bodies of the autonomous republic
* Chapter 19. Local bodies of state power and administration
* Section 7. Fair trial, arbitration and prosecutorial supervision:
* Chapter 20. Court and arbitration
* Chapter 21. Prosecution
* Section 8. Coat of arms, flag, anthem and capital of the USSR
* Section 9. The power of the Constitution of the USSR and the procedure for changing it
### Introduction
The introduction of the Constitution generally assesses the historical path of Soviet society during the 60 years after the socialist October Revolution. Soviet society was described as "a developed socialist society, a natural stage on the path to communism." The introduction also states that the Constitution preserves the principles of the previous Constitutions, that the Soviet government carried out deep socio-economic reforms and ended human exploitation, class conflict and national enmity forever.
On March 14, 1990, the note about the increase of "the leading role of the Communist Party, the vanguard of the whole people" in the process of social development was removed from the introduction, which was due to the legalization of the multi-party system and the country's practical abandonment of the path of socialist development.
### Political system
The first part of the Constitution approved the general principles of the socialist system and the main characteristics of a developed socialist society.
Article 1 states that the USSR is "the socialist state of the whole people, representing the will and interests of the workers, peasants, intellectuals, workers of all nationalities and peoples of the country."
In Article 6, the leading and guiding role of the CPSU, which was the core of the political system of the USSR, was confirmed by law. significant difference from the previous Constitutions was that the important role in the political system of trade unions, Komsomol and other mass public organizations was legally established: in the Constitution of 1936, BK(b)P was "the governing body of all public and state organizations of workers" (Article 126), and in 1924 This was not mentioned at all in the Constitution.
The constitution did not say anything about the possibility of other parties; The Constitution recognized only the right of citizens to "associate in public organizations" (Article 51).
In 1990, significant amendments to the 1977 Constitution were adopted, in particular, a multi-party system was introduced. At the same time, the new wording of Article 6 retained the reference to the CPSU, which allows to describe the existing political system as a system with a dominant party.
### Economic system
In Chapter 2, Article 10, the basis of the economic system of the USSR is in two forms: state (common) and collective-cooperative ownership of the means of production. is shown to be.
On March 14, 1990, Article 10 was written in a new version, according to which the property of Soviet citizens and state property were declared to be the basis of the economic system of the USSR.
Article 16 established the principle of state economic planning, and at the same time, it intended to coordinate centralized management with economic autonomy and initiative of enterprises, the use of economic accounting, profit, loss and other economic levers and incentives.
### Authorities
A new section 4 - "Councils of People's Deputies and the procedure for their election" was included in the new Constitution, where the entire system of Councils was approved, the term of office of the Supreme Councils is 4 years Up to 5 years, local Councils — extended from 2 to 2.5 years. Later (in 1988) a single term of 5 years was established for all Soviets.
The principle of universal, equal, secret voting, which was in the previous Constitution, was also approved. At the same time, according to Article 96, the age of passive suffrage for the Soviets was reduced to 18 years, for the Supreme Soviet of the USSR - to 21 years (previously - 23 years).
Section 5 sets out the rules on the higher state authorities - the Supreme Soviet of the USSR and the Council of Ministers. Section 6 shows the power of federal and autonomous republics, whose highest state bodies were local Supreme Councils and Councils of Ministers.
### State Structure
Section 3 defined the national and state structure of the Union and, like all previous Constitutions of the USSR, provided for the right of union republics to freely secede from the USSR meat. This situation played an important role in the collapse of the USSR in 1991.
## Constitution on education
Article 45 states that all types of education are free, "development of extramural and evening education", "providing state scholarships and benefits to pupils and students", "to provide free school textbooks" and "to create conditions for self-education" (all this was not in the constitution of 1936).
## Other new introductions
Compared to the Constitution of 1936, in particular, the following articles appeared:
* Article 42. Citizens of the USSR have the right to health care.
* Article 44. Citizens of the USSR have the right to housing.
* Article 46. Citizens of the USSR have the right to use cultural achievements.
Article 47. Freedom of scientific, technical and artistic creativity is guaranteed to the citizens of the USSR. The rights of authors, inventors and innovators are protected by the state.
* Article 66. Citizens of the USSR must think about the education of children... Children must take care of their parents and help them.
* Article 67. Citizens of the USSR are obliged to respect nature and protect its wealth.
* Article 68. Care for the preservation of historical monuments and other cultural values is the duty and responsibility of the citizens of the USSR.
* Article 69. The international duty of a citizen of the USSR is to promote the development of friendship and cooperation with the peoples of other countries, to maintain and strengthen the common peace.
## Evolution of the Constitution
During the implementation of the Constitution, 6 changes and additions were made to it.
On June 24, 1981, amendments were made to Article 132, according to which the Presidium of the Council of Ministers of the USSR could include other members of the Government of the USSR by decision of the Council of Ministers of the USSR.
On December 1, 1988, amendments were made to three chapters related to the electoral system and the establishment of the Congress of People's Deputies.
On December 20, 1989, amendments were made to Articles 108, 110, 111, 121, 122 and 130 related to the Congress of People's Deputies.
On December 23 of the same year, amendments were made to Article 125 regarding constitutional control.
On March 14, 1990, the most extensive amendments to the Constitution were made, according to which the one-party system and the leading role of the CPSU were abolished, the position of the President of the USSR was confirmed, and the institution of private property ("property of Soviet citizens") was introduced.
On December 26, 1990, the last amendments related to the state administration system were made to the Constitution, and three days later the law on their implementation was adopted.
On September 5, 1991, after the events of August 19-21 of the same year, the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR adopted the Law "On State Power and Management Bodies of the USSR in the Transitional Period" regarding the force, significance and character of the constitutional law, but the Constitution itself no changes were made. In accordance with this law, the structure and procedure of formation of the Supreme Council of the USSR was changed, the position of the Vice-President of the USSR was abolished, the State Council of the USSR and other power and management bodies were established. The Constitution of the USSR was in force only to the extent that it did not contradict this law.
## Stopping influence
On December 8, 1991, in Vyskuli near Brest (Belarus), the presidents of the RKFSR and Ukraine, Boris Yeltsin and Leonid Kravchuk, as well as the chairman of the Supreme Council of Belarus, Stanislav Shushkevich, "Independent signed the Agreement on the Establishment of the Commonwealth of States" (known in the media as the Belovezh Agreement). The document, consisting of an introduction and 14 articles, states that the USSR has ceased to exist as a subject of international law and geopolitical reality. However, taking into account the historical community of peoples, their relations, bilateral agreements, the desire to create a democratic legal state, the intention to develop their mutual relations on the basis of mutual recognition and respect for state sovereignty, the Parties reached an agreement on the creation of the Commonwealth of Independent States.
On December 10, the Supreme Soviets of Ukraine and Belarus approved the agreement on the creation of the CIS.
On December 12, the contract was approved by the Supreme Council of the RKFSR. The legality of this ratification was questioned by some members of the Russian Parliament, because according to the 1978 Constitution (Basic Law) of the RKFSR, consideration of this document was the exclusive competence of the Congress of People's Deputies of the RKFSR, since it affected the state structure of the republic within the USSR, thereby introducing changes to the Russian constitution.
On December 21, 1991, at the meeting of the heads of the republics held in Almaty, eight more republics joined the CIS: Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan, the Almaty Declaration and the protocol to the Belovezh Agreement on the establishment of the CIS were signed. .
On December 23, the Supreme Council of the Kazakh SSR approved the Belovezh Agreement together with the Almaty Protocol. Definitions that Kazakhstan is a Union Republic of the USSR were preserved in the 1978 Constitution of the Kazakh SSR (Chapter 7. Kazakh SSR - Union Republic within the USSR, Articles 68-75) until January 28, 1993, when the Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan was adopted and entered into force.
On December 25, Mikhail Gorbachev announced his resignation as the president of the USSR. On the same day, the Supreme Council of Tajikistan approved the agreement on the establishment of the CIS.
On December 26, 1991, the Council of Republics of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR (created by the Law of the USSR No. 2392-1 dated September 5, 1991, but not provided for in the Constitution of the USSR) adopted a declaration that the USSR ceased to exist due to the creation of the CIS.
In April 1992, the Congress of People's Deputies of the Russian Federation three times refused to ratify the Belovezh Agreement and removed from the text of the Constitution of the RKFSR the reference to the constitution and laws of the USSR, which subsequently led to a confrontation between the Congress of People's Deputies and President Yeltsin, and then in October 1993 was one of the reasons that led to the forced dissolution of the congress. The Constitution of the USSR and the laws of the USSR continued to be mentioned in Articles 4 and 102 of the 1978 Constitution of the Russian Federation - Russia (RKFSR) until December 12, 1993, when the draft Constitution of the Russian Federation was adopted by a popular vote, which did not mention anything about the Constitution and laws of the USSR.
On June 19, 1992, Ukrainian President Leonid Kravchuk signed a law completely removing references to the USSR (including the USSR Constitution) from the 1978 Ukrainian Constitution.
## Interesting facts
* Adoption of the Constitution, which was adopted on Friday, October 7, 1977, deprived the workers of the USSR of one day off for three years in a row - in 1977, 1978 and 1979. Until 1976, the day of the Constitution of the USSR was celebrated on December 5, the date of adoption of the Constitution of the USSR of 1936, and was considered a holiday. Since 1977, of course, December 5 has ceased to be a public holiday, and since it is a Monday, it has become a working day. Instead, October 7 was declared the USSR Constitution Day, so it was a non-working day. But in 1977, October 7 was not yet a holiday, and in 1978 and 1979, this holiday fell on Saturday and Sunday. At the same time, the labor legislation of the USSR did not provide for the replacement of the weekend if the weekend coincided with a holiday on the next working day. Thus, two more days off were removed.
* The author of the amendment to Article 125 of the Constitution was Mikhail Gorbachev, who was the first secretary of the Stavropol Regional Committee at that time. His proposal was intended to consider the recommendations of the Supreme Soviet commissions of state and public bodies. This proposal was read by Brezhnev during the reception ceremony. * Robert-Jean Longuet, the great-grandson of Karl Marx, was among the foreign guests when the Constitution was adopted at the extraordinary seventh session of the Supreme Council of the USSR in the ninth convocation.
* In 1992-1993, when the Soviet Union did not exist, the Constitution Day was celebrated in Russia not on April 12 (the date of adoption of the Constitution of the RKFSR of 1978), but on October 7. Thus, the day of the constitution of the state, which did not exist for two years, was celebrated.
* 1st anniversary of the USSR Constitution of 1977 "Soviet Cinematographers - Siberia and the Far East" organized by the USSR State Committee on Cinematography and the Union of Cinematographers of the USSR in 1978, shown in the cities of Amursk, Angarsk, Birobidzhan, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Komsomolsk-na-Amur, Tombi, Khabarovsk dedicated to the film festival "workers".
## See also
* Constitution of the Republic of Kazakhstan
* Constitution of the USSR of 1924
* Constitution of the USSR of 1936
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741342 | Paul German | PAUL - (Paul) Hermann (7. 8. 1846, Salbke, near Magdeburg, - 29. 12. 1921, Munich) is a specialist in the German language, a Germanist, one of the representatives of young grammarians. He taught at the universities of Freiburg (since 1874; professor there), Munich (1893-1916). His main works are German history ("Principles of Language History", 1880, in Russian 1960), lexicography ("Dictionary of the German Language", 1897, 7th ed. 1960) and grammar ("Grammar of the German Language", 1916-20. 5th ed. . 1958) for. With the participation and editorship of P., a collective work entitled "Fundamentals of German Philology" (Vol. 1 - 3, 1891-93; in 1911 it was published as a monograph of the same name) containing a lot of material on Germanic philology and ethnography was published.
## Sources
Kazakh Soviet Encyclopedia |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741139 | Flag of Tatarstan | The state flag of the Republic of Tatarstan (state flag of the Republic of Tatarstan) is the state symbol of the Republic of Tatarstan together with the coat of arms and anthem.
The flag was approved by the Decree of the Supreme Council of the Republic of Tatarstan dated November 29, 1991 No. 1314-XII and entered into the State Heraldic Register of the Russian Federation with registration number 378. Currently, the rules for using the State Flag are regulated by the Law "On State Symbols of the Republic of Tatarstan".
## Description
"The national flag of the Republic of Tatarstan is a square width with green, white and red horizontal stripes. The white stripe is 1/15th of the width of the flag and is located between equally wide green (light cobalt green) and red (light cadmium red) colored stripes. Green bar at the top. The aspect ratio of the flag is 1:2".
The colors of the State Flag of the Republic of Tatarstan mean the following:
* green — the greenery of spring, revival;
* white - the color of purity
* red - maturity, power, strength, life.
The author of the flag is Taul Kazhiakhmetov, People's Artist of the Republic of Tatarstan, laureate of the State Prize named after G. Tokai.
## History
### Flag of the Khanate of Kazan
In the book of the Dutch historian Karl Allard, published in Amsterdam in 1705 and translated into Russian in 1709, " Two flags of the "King of Tartary" are depicted:
Some researchers question the history of these flags.
In the book "Flags of Islam" (P. Lux-Wurm, "Les drapeaux de l'Islam") by P. Lux-Wurm there is a picture of the "Flag of the Kazan Khanate of the XV century".
In addition, Lux-Wurm reports that the military flags of the Tatars were lines decorated with horse tails.
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### Kazan province
Like other provinces of the Russian Empire, Kazan province did not have its own flag. The coat of arms of the province was approved on December 8, 1856. Description of the coat of arms: "On a silver shield, a crowned black dragon, wings and tail red, beak and claws gold; his tongue is red. The shield is decorated with an imperial crown and tied with the ribbon of St. Andrew and surrounded by golden oak leaves.
### Volga-Ural state flag
The II Congress of Muslims of Inner Russia and Siberia held in Ufa in January 1918 on the territory of Kazan and Ufi provinces recognized the autonomous Volga-Ural state and the All-Russian Muslim Military Council announced its establishment. The flag of the Volga-Ural state was a blue flag with an image of the symbol (ancestral sign of the Alans, Turks and some other peoples). After the peace treaty of Brest in April 1918, the state was destroyed by the Red Army, but in July, together with the rebel Czechs, the Tatars restored the national administration of the EOSH. At the end of 1918, the army of the BMC entered Kolchak's army as the 16th Tatar regiment.
During the Great Patriotic War, the Volga-Ural Legion, consisting of representatives of the Volga peoples (Tatars, Bashkirs, Maris, Mordovians, etc.), fought as part of the Nazi German army, but its soldiers wore badges with an insignia that was very different from the flag of the state of the same name. .
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### Flag of the Tatar AKSR
On May 27, 1920, the Tatar Autonomous Socialist Soviet Republic was established within the RKFSR (at that time, the word "autonomous" was often omitted from the name to be excluded). In the 1926 draft constitution of the TKSR, the flag was described as follows:
According to the 1937 Constitution, the flag of the Tatar AKSR was red wide with gold inscriptions in the corner of the line:
In 1954, the flag of the RKFSR was changed: 1/8 width of the length of the line There was a blue vertical stripe, a star at the top of the line, and a hammer and sickle. The TAKSR flag was distinguished only by the inscription "TAKSR" under the insignia. On May 31, 1978, after the introduction of the new Constitution - "Tatar AKSR" (in two lines) at the extraordinary IX session of the 9th convocation Supreme Council of the TAKSR. The flag is approved in Article 158 of the Constitution:
The regulation on the flag of TAKSAR was approved on June 1, 1981.
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### In modern times
On August 30, 1990, the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of Tatarstan was adopted . At first, the word "autonomous" was removed from the name of the republic, and on February 7, 1992, the state was officially named the "Republic of Tatarstan". Before the adoption of the new state flag, the flag of the Tatar Community Center, consisting of a diagonally divided green-red bicolor white crescent and star, was popular (versions with horizontal colors were rare). Artists R. Nugmanov, A. Mukhametshin (green-yellow-red tricolor) and others presented their flag models.
A special commission was created to develop new state symbols. It worked for about a year. In August 1991, the Supreme Council of the Republic approved the versions of the coat of arms and the flag. The flag consisted of a red width and two thin vertical stripes on the line: blue and white with a red star and a white crescent (design by T. Khaziakhmetov). The red star represented the Soviet period of Tatarstan's history, and the crescent symbolized Islam. The colors of the flag slightly repeated the old flag of TAKSAR. The project was published in the newspaper "Soviet Tataria", but that page was never approved.
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## Similar flags
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## See also
* Coat of arms of the Republic of Tatarstan
* Anthem of the Republic of Tatarstan
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741291 | Azamatkhan Sailauuly Amirtai | Azamatkhan Sailauuly Amirtai, born in 1978 in Turar Ryskulov district of Zhambyl region, is a Kazakh political figure, chairman of the "Baytak" party.
## Biography
Born in 1978 in Zhaksylyk village, Turar Ryskulov district, Zhambyl region.
In 2000 he graduated with honors from the Almaty Institute of Energy and Communications, in 2005 he graduated with honors from the Kazakh National Agrarian University, Executive MBA, "SKOLKOVO" Moscow School of Management
Profession: computer telecommunications engineer, local public administration \ <>
1995-2000 - private business activities in the field of sales of personal computers and equipment;
1999-2000 — Branch of "Paging Company" in Almaty, director;
2001-2005 — "Kaznewtech Ltd" and "Kaz Com Net" LLP, director;
2005-2006 — Adviser to the first vice-president on information of "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy" NC" JSC;
2007-2008 - "Kazakhstan Temir Zholy" NC" JSC, adviser to the president on information;
2005-2008 — Association of software companies, vice president;
2008-2014 - Association of legal entities "Kazakhstan Software Company Association", president;
2014-2016 — "Investors' Alliance", local public association, president;
2016 - until now - Republican public association "Environmental Alliance" "Baytak Moruk", president;
2017 - Advisor to the Chairman of the Board of Directors of Almaty Energy and Communication University.
2022 - chairman of the party "Baytak Borukum".
Marital status: married, has four children
Hajj to Mecca twice
Awards: "People's favorite-2014" national award in the nomination "Patron of the Year"
Hobbies: chess, cycling, swimming.
## Source |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741396 | Terror attack | Terrorist act (lat. terror - "fear", "terror") - assassination, explosion, hostage-taking, arson or other actions that threaten the death of people, serious property damage or other public dangerous consequences.
If these actions lead to the death of people, according to the law of the Republic of Kazakhstan, the death penalty is imposed as the most severe punishment.
## Sources |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741379 | Putin huilo! | Putin huilo! (Ukrainian: Путин хуйло, Russian: Путин - хуйло) is a Ukrainian folk song about Russian President Vladimir Putin. It appeared after the Ukrainian revolution due to Putin's policy towards that country (Russia's support for separatism in Crimea and south-eastern Ukraine in 2014).
Text:
Putin huilo!la-la-la-la-la-la-la-lala-la-la-la-la-la-la-lala-la-la -la-la-la-la-la
## History
It was performed for the first time on March 30, 2014 in the city of Kharkiv at the meeting of the football clubs "Metalist" and "Shakhtar".
## Sources
## External links |
https://kk.wikipedia.org/wiki?curid=741419 | RCN Television | RCN Televisión (also known as Canal RCN or simply RCN) is a Colombian television network owned by Organización Ardila Lülle. It was founded on March 23, 1967 as a television production company and officially launched as an independent channel on July 10, 1998. She produced one of the most successful telenovelas, I Am Betty, Ugly.
## TV Channels
* Canal RCN
* RCN HD2
* RCN Novelas
* RCN Nuestra Tele Internacional
* NTN24
* Win Sports
* Win Sports+
## TV programs
* Noticias RCN
* Reportajes RCN
* Mañana express
* Buen día, Colombia
* Deportes RCN
* Fútbol RCN
* La casa de los famosos Colombia
## External links
* RCN Televisión (Spanish)
## Sources |