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QRQA-10396-1-flip
If low levels of carbon dioxide are absorbed by the oceans, would shellfish that can be easily killed by acidic water be
{ "text": [ "more likely to die", "less likely to die?" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
With higher levels of dissolved carbon dioxide in ocean water, the water becomes more acidic.
QRSent-10396
{ "effect_prop": "ocean acidity", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "amount of dissolved carbon dioxide in ocean water" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "levels of carbon dioxide", "more_effect_prop": "shellfish likely to die", "less_effect_prop": "shellfish likely to die", "less_cause_dir": "shellfish likely to die" }
QRQA-10205-5-flip
Tom was digging in his backyard one day, after two inches he picked up an oval shaped rock. Tom kept digging and after twelve inches he picked up a square shaped rock, which rock was older?
{ "text": [ "The Oval Shaped Rock", "The Square Shaped Rock" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The upper rock layers are much younger.
QRSent-10205
{ "effect_prop": "Younger", "cause_dir_str": "upper", "effect_dir_str": "younger", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "Rock" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "older", "less_cause_prop": "oval shaped rock", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "rock", "less_cause_dir": "rock" }
QRQA-10077-4-flip
The lighter someone's skin is the _____ melanin they have.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
However, the melanocytes of people with darker skin produce more melanin.
QRSent-10077
{ "effect_prop": "melanin", "cause_dir_str": "darker", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "melanocytes" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "skin", "more_effect_prop": "melanin", "less_effect_prop": "melanin", "less_cause_dir": "melanin" }
QRQA-10259-4
Tina had a large rock on the beach. Rich had a large rock 10 miles inland. The person with the rock that has more effect on the tides is
{ "text": [ "Rich", "Tina" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The Moon has a greater effect on the tides because, although it is much smaller than the Sun, it is much closer.
QRSent-10259
{ "effect_prop": "effect on the tides", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "closer to tides" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more effect", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "large rock", "more_effect_prop": "tides", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10218-2
Harold increased the current in a circuit. The resistance now is
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
We can say that resistance and current in an electric circuit areinversely proportional, because as the one increases, the other decreases, and vice versa.
QRSent-10218
{ "effect_prop": "current in a circuit", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "resistance in an electric circuit" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increased", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "resistance", "more_effect_prop": "the current in a circuit", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10089-5
Jeff built a lens with the highest refraction possible. The lens is likely _____ curved.
{ "text": [ "very", "not" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more curved the surface of a lens is, the more it refracts light.
QRSent-10089
{ "effect_prop": "it refracts light", "cause_dir_str": "more curved", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "curved the surface of a lens is" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "highest", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "lens", "more_effect_prop": "refraction", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10384-2-flip
If you are able to add greenhouse gases the temperature will
{ "text": [ "go up", "go down" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
A decrease in greenhouse gas levels decreases global temperature and an increase raises global temperature.
QRSent-10384
{ "effect_prop": "temperature", "cause_dir_str": "decrease", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "greenhouse gases" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "go up", "less_effect_dir": "go down", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "temperature", "less_effect_prop": "temperature", "less_cause_dir": "temperature" }
QRQA-10242-5-flip
Rupert is evaluating the impact of factories on the natural resources of developing nations. If Nation X subtracted 100 new factories, it will _____ demands on their natural resources.
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Developing nations will also increase demands on natural resources as they build more factories.
QRSent-10242
{ "effect_prop": "demands on natural resources", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "factories" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "factories", "more_effect_prop": "demands", "less_effect_prop": "demands", "less_cause_dir": "demands" }
QRQA-10101-2-flip
Mona is developing a computerized model to detect changes in weather patterns for her farming business. If she removes computing power from the computer she is using to develop the model, what happens to the chances that model will be correct?
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
But the more computing power that goes into the model and the care with which the scientists construct the model can increase the chances that a model will be accurate.
QRSent-10101
{ "effect_prop": "chances that a model will be accurate", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "computing power that goes into the model" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "computer", "more_effect_prop": "accuracy of the model", "less_effect_prop": "accuracy of the model", "less_cause_dir": "accuracy of the model" }
QRQA-10229-1
If Mona is creating a reaction using solid reactants and she increases the surface area of those reactants, what happens to the reaction rate?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Therefore, increasing the surface area of solid reactants increases the reaction rate.
QRSent-10229
{ "effect_prop": "reaction rate", "cause_dir_str": "increasing", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "surface area of solid reactants" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "reaction rate", "less_effect_prop": "reaction rate", "less_cause_dir": "reaction rate" }
QRQA-10207-2
Mary loves to observe the Sun. If she's looking at the Sun one day and notices more sunspots then she usually sees, what is happening to the amount of solar energy reaching the Earth?
{ "text": [ "increasing", "decreasing" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
When there are more sunspots the Sun is more active and there are more solar storms and more of the Sun's energy reaches the Earth.
QRSent-10207
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "sunspots" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increasing", "less_effect_dir": "decreasing", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "solar energy", "less_effect_prop": "solar energy", "less_cause_dir": "solar energy" }
QRQA-10286-5-flip
If Mona is manipulating carbon atoms in her science lab and she decreases the number of carbon atoms she has to work with, what happens to the number of possible arrangements the carbon atoms can take?
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
A: The more carbon atoms there are, the greater the number of possible arrangements of carbon atoms.
QRSent-10286
{ "effect_prop": "number of possible arrangements", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "carbon atoms there are" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "number of carbon atoms", "more_effect_prop": "number of possible arrangements", "less_effect_prop": "number of possible arrangements", "less_cause_dir": "number of possible arrangements" }
QRQA-10055-5
Compared to an item with few carbon atoms an item with many carbon atoms will boil
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Alkanes with more carbon atoms have higher boiling and melting points, so some of them are solids at room temperature.
QRSent-10055
{ "effect_prop": "boiling point", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "carbon atoms" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "slower", "less_effect_dir": "faster", "less_cause_prop": "carbon atoms", "more_effect_prop": "boil", "less_effect_prop": "boil", "less_cause_dir": "boil" }
QRQA-10051-4-flip
If there are more crests coming through, there will be _____ wave frequency.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Wave frequency can be measured by counting the number of crests or compressions that pass the point in 1 second or other time period. The higher the number is, the greater is the frequency of the wave.
QRSent-10051
{ "effect_prop": "wave frequency", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "speed of crests" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "frequency", "less_effect_prop": "frequency", "less_cause_dir": "frequency" }
QRQA-10233-5-flip
If Jim is playing with some objects and moving them around and he moves them farther apart, the gravitational force between them
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The closer objects are to each other, the stronger the gravitational force between them.
QRSent-10233
{ "effect_prop": "gravitational force", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "closer objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "objects", "more_effect_prop": "gravitational force", "less_effect_prop": "gravitational force", "less_cause_dir": "gravitational force" }
QRQA-10015-2
Jonah's family was barely getting any food when they plowed the field by hand, but when they got machines to help, the food supply
{ "text": [ "decreased", "increased" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Better farming techniques and machines increased the food supply and the distribution of food.
QRSent-10015
{ "effect_prop": "food supply", "cause_dir_str": "better", "effect_dir_str": "increased", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "farming techniques" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increased", "less_effect_dir": "decreased", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "food supply", "less_effect_prop": "food supply", "less_cause_dir": "food supply" }
QRQA-10176-2
Sasha increases the frequency of a wave. This wave now has _____ energy.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Higher-frequency waves have more energy.
QRSent-10176
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher-frequency", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "frequency waves" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10075-1
A person moving south from the North Pole will receive _____ direct sunlight.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Areas near the equator are warmer than areas near the poles because they receive more direct sunlight.
QRSent-10075
{ "effect_prop": "direct sunlight", "cause_dir_str": "near the poles", "effect_dir_str": "", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance from the equator" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "the North Pole", "more_effect_prop": "direct sunlight", "less_effect_prop": "direct sunlight", "less_cause_dir": "direct sunlight" }
QRQA-10370-5-flip
A dolphin is swimming through waves in the ocean. The dolphin jumps out of the water then falls back in, creating a wave through the dolphin's disturbing the water. Nearby, turtle flaps it's fin and makes another wave. The waves the dolphin made will have an amplitude that is
{ "text": [ "lesser", "greater" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
A wave caused by a disturbance with more energy has greater amplitude.
QRSent-10370
{ "effect_prop": "amplitude", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "energy" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "amplitude", "less_effect_prop": "amplitude", "less_cause_dir": "amplitude" }
QRQA-10063-1-flip
Lana is zapping things with light of varying wavelengths. When she zaps things with longer wavelength light, the energy imparted is
{ "text": [ "greater", "lesser" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Waves with shorter wavelengths have more energy.
QRSent-10063
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "shorter", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wavelengths" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10119-3
If a particle were to warm up, it will have _____ energy.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The higher the temperature, the more energy the particles have and the faster they will move and diffuse.
QRSent-10119
{ "effect_prop": "energy of a particle", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature of a particle" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10156-2-flip
Milo is older then Jerry. Who has the lesser chance of developing cardiovascular disease?
{ "text": [ "Milo", "Jerry" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The older a person is, the greater their chance of developing a cardiovascular disease.
QRSent-10156
{ "effect_prop": "chance of developing a cardiovascular disease", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "older a person is" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "lesser chance of developing", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10385-1-flip
Hundreds of years ago there were fewer people on the Earth than there are today. Because of this, there was
{ "text": [ "more water", "less water." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Many of the worlds people live with water scarcity, and that percentage will increase as populations increase and climate changes.
QRSent-10385
{ "effect_prop": "water", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "scarcity", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "population" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "people", "more_effect_prop": "water", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10400-1-flip
If Jim lowers the temperature of the air inside his balloon, will his balloon rise higher into the air or sink towards the ground?
{ "text": [ "rise higher", "sink lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Warm air is less dense than cool air, so it rises higher in the troposphere.
QRSent-10400
{ "effect_prop": "density", "cause_dir_str": "warm", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "air temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "lower", "less_effect_dir": "higher", "less_cause_prop": "temperature", "more_effect_prop": "sink", "less_effect_prop": "rise", "less_cause_dir": "rise" }
QRQA-10328-4-flip
Katie is looking at particles of reactants, and is noting that they currently are moving very slowly, and that they seem to have a little energy. These particles are likely at a temperature that is
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
At higher temperatures, particles of reactants have more energy, so they move faster. They are more likely to bump into one another and to collide with greater force.
QRSent-10328
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "little", "less_cause_prop": "temperature", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10098-5-flip
John was watching the effects of weather on the groundwater in his area. He observed that as the amount of rain decreased, the level of the water table was
{ "text": [ "Higher", "Lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The water table is higher when there is a lot of rain and lower when the weather is dry.
QRSent-10098
{ "effect_prop": "rain", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "lot of", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "water table" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "decreased", "less_cause_prop": "water table", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "rain", "less_cause_dir": "rain" }
QRQA-10294-1-flip
If Jim moves his telescope from a mountaintop to Death Valley, a location with much air above it, what will happen to the amount of interference from the atmosphere?
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Many observatories are built on high mountains. There is less air above the telescope, so there is less interference from the atmosphere.
QRSent-10294
{ "effect_prop": "interference from the atmosphere", "cause_dir_str": "less", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "air above the telescope" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "interference from the atmosphere", "less_effect_prop": "interference from the atmosphere", "less_cause_dir": "interference from the atmosphere" }
QRQA-10354-3-flip
James wants to create a solution that is less acidic than others, so his concentration of hydrogen ions will be
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
With a higher the concentration of hydrogen ions, a solution is more acidic and has a lower pH.
QRSent-10354
{ "effect_prop": "acidic solution", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "concentration of hydrogen ions" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "concentration of hydrogen ions", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "acidic", "less_cause_dir": "acidic" }
QRQA-10069-1
A piece of sandpaper has _____ friction than a piece of glass.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Rougher surfaces have more friction between them than smoother surfaces.
QRSent-10069
{ "effect_prop": "friction", "cause_dir_str": "rougher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "roughness" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "glass", "more_effect_prop": "friction", "less_effect_prop": "friction", "less_cause_dir": "friction" }
QRQA-10146-2-flip
If Milo is making a circuit and he removes resistors from it, will the strength of the current
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As more resistors are added in parallel, the total current strength increases.
QRSent-10146
{ "effect_prop": "current strength", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "resistors" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "resistors", "more_effect_prop": "current", "less_effect_prop": "current", "less_cause_dir": "current" }
QRQA-10084-4
If you mixed salt water and regular water which would sink?
{ "text": [ "regular water", "salt water" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Water density increases as salinity and pressure increase, or as temperature decreases.
QRSent-10084
{ "effect_prop": "dense", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "salt" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "salt", "less_effect_dir": "regular", "less_cause_prop": "water", "more_effect_prop": "water", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10178-4-flip
As we cease working to develop things our technology levels as a species
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The development of better missiles fostered better rocket technologies.
QRSent-10178
{ "effect_prop": "technology", "cause_dir_str": "better", "effect_dir_str": "better", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "development" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "develop things", "more_effect_prop": "technology levels", "less_effect_prop": "technology levels", "less_cause_dir": "technology levels" }
QRQA-10124-2-flip
If there are two containers of particles, the one that has the least energy will move
{ "text": [ "slower.", "faster" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The particles in matter are always moving. The more energy they have, the faster they move.
QRSent-10124
{ "effect_prop": "speed of movement", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "energy" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "energy", "more_effect_prop": "movement", "less_effect_prop": "movement", "less_cause_dir": "movement" }
QRQA-10119-4
As we move faster we wind up getting
{ "text": [ "hotter", "cooler" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The higher the temperature, the more energy the particles have and the faster they will move and diffuse.
QRSent-10119
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "body", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10221-3-flip
As fewer computers have made work harder for people we have had to do
{ "text": [ "more work", "less work." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
More advanced farming practices allowed a single farmer to grow food for many more people.
QRSent-10221
{ "effect_prop": "work", "cause_dir_str": "more advanced", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "technology" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "work", "less_effect_prop": "work", "less_cause_dir": "work" }
QRQA-10172-1-flip
What happens to Susie's chance of contracting breast cancer as she gets younger?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Breast cancer is rare in teens. It becomes more common as women get older.
QRSent-10172
{ "effect_prop": "Breast cancer", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "more common", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "women get older" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "Susie", "more_effect_prop": "breast cancer", "less_effect_prop": "breast cancer", "less_cause_dir": "breast cancer" }
QRQA-10107-3
When a number on the pH scale is very high it is said to be
{ "text": [ "acidic", "basic" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The more basic a solution is, the closer its pH value will be to 14.
QRSent-10107
{ "effect_prop": "number", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "closer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "basic" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "very high", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "number on the pH scale", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10317-2-flip
Dean wants to get a smaller number of isomers to observe, so in order to do so quickly, he takes the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon, and makes them
{ "text": [ "decrease", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
As you increase the number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon, the number of isomers quickly increases.
QRSent-10317
{ "effect_prop": "number of isomers", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "smaller number", "less_cause_prop": "number of carbon atoms in a hydrocarbon", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "atoms", "less_cause_dir": "atoms" }
QRQA-10033-3
If Mona is flying her plane in the thermosphere and she moves to a higher altitude heading, what happens to the temperature?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In the thermosphere, temperatures increase as altitude increases.
QRSent-10033
{ "effect_prop": "temperatures", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "altitude increases" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "temperature", "less_effect_prop": "temperature", "less_cause_dir": "temperature" }
QRQA-10079-4
A large object will have _____ momentum than a small object.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more mass a moving object has or the faster its moving, the greater its momentum.
QRSent-10079
{ "effect_prop": "momentum", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass of an object" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "object", "more_effect_prop": "momentum", "less_effect_prop": "momentum", "less_cause_dir": "momentum" }
QRQA-10190-5
If Mona is holding a baseball above a table and then increases the height of that baseball from the table, what happens to the potential energy of the baseball?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
So the higher an object is above a surface, the more potential energy it has.
QRSent-10190
{ "effect_prop": "potential energy", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "higher an object is" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "baseball above a table", "more_effect_prop": "potential energy", "less_effect_prop": "potential energy", "less_cause_dir": "potential energy" }
QRQA-10352-3
John was watching objects fall from the sky in the simulator. He observed that items with more mass will be pulled by gravity at a rate that is
{ "text": [ "Stronger", "Weaker" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Gravity is a pull which all matter exerts on all other matter, the more mass, the stronger the pull.
QRSent-10352
{ "effect_prop": "pull", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "stronger", "less_effect_dir": "weaker", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "pulled", "less_effect_prop": "pulled", "less_cause_dir": "pulled" }
QRQA-10355-4-flip
If an big eighteen wheeler and a small wagon are both rolling down a small hill, which has less momentum?
{ "text": [ "small wagon", "eighteen wheeler" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
An object has greater momentum if it has greater mass, greater velocity, or both.
QRSent-10355
{ "effect_prop": "momentum", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "wagon", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "momentum", "less_cause_dir": "momentum" }
QRQA-10013-2
If we keep filling a balloon with oxygen particles what happens to the pressure?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
More particles inside the container means more collisions, and more collisions mean a higher pressure.
QRSent-10013
{ "effect_prop": "pressure", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "particles" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "pressure", "less_effect_prop": "pressure", "less_cause_dir": "pressure" }
QRQA-10338-1-flip
Diffusion occurs slower in
{ "text": [ "water", "oxygen." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
This is also called diffusion, and the process is much faster in gases than in liquids, because the particles in gases are further apart.
QRSent-10338
{ "effect_prop": "speed of diffusion", "cause_dir_str": "further apart", "effect_dir_str": "", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance in particles" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "oxygen", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "Diffusion", "less_cause_dir": "Diffusion" }
QRQA-10164-1
What would happen to the atmosphere as Jim climbed higher up a mountain?
{ "text": [ "it would become less dense", "it would become more dense" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The density of the atmosphere decreases with an increase in the height above sea level (altitude).
QRSent-10164
{ "effect_prop": "atmospheric density", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "height" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more dense", "less_effect_dir": "less dense", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "atmosphere", "less_effect_prop": "atmosphere", "less_cause_dir": "atmosphere" }
QRQA-10233-2
Objects moving farther apart will have _____ gravitational force between them.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The closer objects are to each other, the stronger the gravitational force between them.
QRSent-10233
{ "effect_prop": "gravitational force", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance between objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "gravitational force", "less_effect_prop": "gravitational force", "less_cause_dir": "gravitational force" }
QRQA-10101-1
Stephanie had designed a machine learning algorithm to help predict earthquakes. Today, her new supercomputer arrived and she will soon run the algorithm on the more powerful computer. The new computer will _____ the accuracy of the model's predictions.
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
But the more computing power that goes into the model and the care with which the scientists construct the model can increase the chances that a model will be accurate.
QRSent-10101
{ "effect_prop": "accurate", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "computing power" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "accuracy", "less_effect_prop": "accuracy", "less_cause_dir": "accuracy" }
QRQA-10231-4
Ray was traveling in rocket leaving orbit. He ejects the empty fuel containers so the ship can fly
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
By using multiple stages, empty fuel containers could drop away. This reduced the mass of the rocket so that it could fly higher.
QRSent-10231
{ "effect_prop": "rocket so that it could fly higher", "cause_dir_str": "reduced", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "empty fuel containers" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "can fly higher", "less_effect_dir": "can fly lower", "less_cause_prop": "empty fuel containers", "more_effect_prop": "ship", "less_effect_prop": "ship", "less_cause_dir": "ship" }
QRQA-10046-5-flip
Jan is comparing stars, specifically a small star and the larger Sun. Given the size of each, Jan can tell that the Sun puts out heat that is
{ "text": [ "lesser", "greater" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Bigger stars produce more energy, so their surfaces are hotter.
QRSent-10046
{ "effect_prop": "heat", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "hotter", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "sizable stars" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "greater", "less_effect_dir": "lesser", "less_cause_prop": "star", "more_effect_prop": "heat", "less_effect_prop": "heat", "less_cause_dir": "heat" }
QRQA-10385-4-flip
John's town used to have little water, back when there were several thousand people. However, now that the town holds only a few hundred people, the water availability is
{ "text": [ "scarce", "plentiful" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Many of the worlds people live with water scarcity, and that percentage will increase as populations increase and climate changes.
QRSent-10385
{ "effect_prop": "population growth", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "scarcity" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "several thousand", "less_effect_dir": "a few hundred", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "people", "less_effect_prop": "people", "less_cause_dir": "people" }
QRQA-10366-5-flip
An older female is _____ likely to acquire breast cancer than a younger female.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Breast cancer is rare in teens but becomes more common as females get older.
QRSent-10366
{ "effect_prop": "commonness of breast cancer", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "more common", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "years of age" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more likely", "less_effect_dir": "less likely", "less_cause_prop": "female", "more_effect_prop": "breast cancer", "less_effect_prop": "breast cancer", "less_cause_dir": "breast cancer" }
QRQA-10152-1-flip
By providing less water to two dry powders that would react if they were hydrated, does the rate at which the powders
{ "text": [ "decrease?", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
More water allows more chemical reactions.
QRSent-10152
{ "effect_prop": "amount of chemical reactions", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "amount of water" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "water", "more_effect_prop": "react", "less_effect_prop": "react", "less_cause_dir": "react" }
QRQA-10346-3
As a diver goes deeper into the water, the water gets
{ "text": [ "warmer", "colder." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Water also gets colder as you go deeper.
QRSent-10346
{ "effect_prop": "temperature", "cause_dir_str": "deeper", "effect_dir_str": "colder", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "distance from the surface" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "warmer", "less_effect_dir": "colder", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "water", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10146-3-flip
Mike removes more and more resistors into his parallel circuit, which causes the total current strength to
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As more resistors are added in parallel, the total current strength increases.
QRSent-10146
{ "effect_prop": "total current strength", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "resistors added in a parallel" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "resistors into his parallel circuit", "more_effect_prop": "total current strength", "less_effect_prop": "total current strength", "less_cause_dir": "total current strength" }
QRQA-10362-2
John was observing the patient. He saw that as more light was let in, the pupil would get
{ "text": [ "bigger", "smaller." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The pupil automatically gets bigger or smaller to let more or less light in as needed.
QRSent-10362
{ "effect_prop": "light", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "pupil" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "pupil", "more_effect_prop": "light", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10038-3
Jim was at the baseball game with his friends. Almost immediately he observed that the harder the ball was hit, the effect on the acceleration was
{ "text": [ "decreased", "increased" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The harder the batter hits the ball, the greater will be its acceleration.
QRSent-10038
{ "effect_prop": "acceleration", "cause_dir_str": "harder", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "hits" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increased", "less_effect_dir": "decreased", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "acceleration", "less_effect_prop": "acceleration", "less_cause_dir": "acceleration" }
QRQA-10073-2
Mel is running down the street for exercise. As Mel's heart rate increases, Mel's blood flow
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Warming up exercises increases the blood flow to the muscles and increases the heart rate.
QRSent-10073
{ "effect_prop": "heart rate", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "blood flow" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "blood flow", "more_effect_prop": "heart rate", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10073-1-flip
When April rested on the couch, as opposed to running, she noticed that her heart was beating
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Warming up exercises increases the blood flow to the muscles and increases the heart rate.
QRSent-10073
{ "effect_prop": "heart rate", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "blood flow" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "April", "more_effect_prop": "heart was beating", "less_effect_prop": "heart was beating", "less_cause_dir": "heart was beating" }
QRQA-10053-3-flip
John has a diamond that is the same size as a beach ball. Which is likely less dense?
{ "text": [ "diamond", "ball" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
A given volume of a denser substance is heavier than the same volume of a less dense substance.
QRSent-10053
{ "effect_prop": "heavier than the same volume of a less dense substanc", "cause_dir_str": "heavier", "effect_dir_str": "denser", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "volume of a denser substance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10297-1
What would happen to the size of the valley created by a tributary stream if the size of the stream were to be decreased?
{ "text": [ "the valley would be shallower", "the valley would be deeper" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Smaller tributary glaciers, like tributary streams, flow into the main glacier in their own shallower U-shaped valleys.
QRSent-10297
{ "effect_prop": "depth of valley", "cause_dir_str": "smaller", "effect_dir_str": "shallower", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "tributary size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "deeper", "less_effect_dir": "shallower", "less_cause_prop": "stream", "more_effect_prop": "valley", "less_effect_prop": "valley", "less_cause_dir": "valley" }
QRQA-10359-2
If current increases, that means resistance is
{ "text": [ "increasing", "decreasing" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When we add resistors in parallel to each other the total resistance decreases and the current increases.
QRSent-10359
{ "effect_prop": "current", "cause_dir_str": "decreases", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "resistance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "resistance", "more_effect_prop": "current", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10121-5
John notices a ribosome has many more folds than another one. The ribosome with more folds likely produces _____ proteins
{ "text": [ "fewer", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The folds present in the membrane increase the surface area allowing more ribosomes to be present on the ER, thereby allowing greater protein production.
QRSent-10121
{ "effect_prop": "protein production", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "surface area folds" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "fewer", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "protein", "less_effect_prop": "protein", "less_cause_dir": "protein" }
QRQA-10165-2-flip
John was studying skin disease in his research lab. He observed that the less UV rays that contact the skin resulted in skin cancer rates becoming
{ "text": [ "Larger", "Smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
More UV rays increase skin cancer rates.
QRSent-10165
{ "effect_prop": "skin cancer", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "UV rays" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "larger", "less_effect_dir": "smaller", "less_cause_prop": "UV rays", "more_effect_prop": "skin cancer rates", "less_effect_prop": "skin cancer rates", "less_cause_dir": "skin cancer rates" }
QRQA-10144-3-flip
A piece of granite is less resistant than soapstone therefore it will last
{ "text": [ "longer", "shorter" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Different types of rocks weather at different rates. More resistant types of rocks will remain longer.
QRSent-10144
{ "effect_prop": "lifespan", "cause_dir_str": "more resistant", "effect_dir_str": "longer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "resistant rocks" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "longer", "less_effect_dir": "shorter", "less_cause_prop": "resistant", "more_effect_prop": "last", "less_effect_prop": "last", "less_cause_dir": "last" }
QRQA-10164-5-flip
If Milo is hiking down a mountain and taking atmospheric density readings, what will happen to the readings as he gets closer to the top of the mountain?
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The density of the atmosphere decreases with an increase in the height above sea level (altitude).
QRSent-10164
{ "effect_prop": "altitude", "cause_dir_str": "decreases", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "density of the atmosphere" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "down", "less_cause_prop": "density", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "mountain", "less_cause_dir": "mountain" }
QRQA-10383-1-flip
If a stream begins moving faster, what will happen to the size of the particles it carries?
{ "text": [ "get bigger", "get smaller" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In erosion, a slower moving stream will only carry smaller particles.
QRSent-10383
{ "effect_prop": "smaller particles", "cause_dir_str": "slower", "effect_dir_str": "smaller", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "moving stream" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "bigger", "less_effect_dir": "smaller", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "particles", "less_effect_prop": "particles", "less_cause_dir": "particles" }
QRQA-10113-1-flip
A very rarefied medium will cause light to move
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The more dense the medium, the slower the light moves.
QRSent-10113
{ "effect_prop": "speed of light", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "slower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "density of a medium" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "medium", "more_effect_prop": "light", "less_effect_prop": "light", "less_cause_dir": "light" }
QRQA-10066-5
When we get cold we become
{ "text": [ "faster", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
If the gas is cooled, the particles will move more slowly, because they will have less energy.
QRSent-10066
{ "effect_prop": "speed", "cause_dir_str": "cooled", "effect_dir_str": "more slowly", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "we", "more_effect_prop": "we", "less_effect_prop": "we", "less_cause_dir": "we" }
QRQA-10349-5-flip
Two suns moving away from each other will have _____ gravitational pull between them.
{ "text": [ "increasing", "decreasing" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The closer objects are, the stronger the gravitational pull between them.
QRSent-10349
{ "effect_prop": "gravitational pull between them", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance between objects" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "Less", "less_effect_dir": "More", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "Distance", "less_effect_prop": "Distance", "less_cause_dir": "Distance" }
QRQA-10252-2
Sarah leaves coconut oil on the counter during the night when it is cool, and it is a solid. During the day, the coconut oil is a liquid, so the day is
{ "text": [ "cooler", "warmer" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Larger alkenes have lower boiling and melting points, so they are liquids or waxy solids at room temperature.
QRSent-10252
{ "effect_prop": "boiling point", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "lower", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "warmer", "less_effect_dir": "cooler", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "day", "less_effect_prop": "day", "less_cause_dir": "day" }
QRQA-10083-4-flip
If we have a static charged balloon and take it away from your head _____ hairs will stand up
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The closer the charged objects are, the stronger the electrostatic force.
QRSent-10083
{ "effect_prop": "charge", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "distance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "hairs will stand up", "less_effect_prop": "hairs will stand up", "less_cause_dir": "hairs will stand up" }
QRQA-10403-3-flip
Mona lives on a planet with an unstable population. If the number of people on her planet were to decrease, what would happen to global warming on her planet?
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
For example, more people on the Earth means more people contributing to global warming and pollution.
QRSent-10403
{ "effect_prop": "global warming", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "contributing to", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "people on the Earth" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "number of people", "more_effect_prop": "rocket technologies", "less_effect_prop": "rocket technologies", "less_cause_dir": "rocket technologies" }
QRQA-10041-1
Compared to microwaves do x-rays, which have a much shorter wavelength than microwaves, have a
{ "text": [ "lower frequency?", "higher frequency" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Because all electromagnetic waves travel at the same speed through space, a wave with a shorter wavelength must have a higher frequency, and vice versa.
QRSent-10041
{ "effect_prop": "frequency", "cause_dir_str": "shorter", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wavelenght" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "wavelength", "more_effect_prop": "frequency", "less_effect_prop": "frequency", "less_cause_dir": "frequency" }
QRQA-10102-4
If Mona is comparing fossils she found in very old rocks to fossils she found in newer rocks. Which fossils does she expect to be more similar to living animals?
{ "text": [ "old rocks", "newer rocks" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
In general, fossils in older rocks are less similar to modern organisms.
QRSent-10102
{ "effect_prop": "similar to modern organisms", "cause_dir_str": "older", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "fossils in older rocks" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "very similar", "less_effect_dir": "not very similar", "less_cause_prop": "rocks", "more_effect_prop": "fossils", "less_effect_prop": "fossils", "less_cause_dir": "fossils" }
QRQA-10279-2
If Mona makes some clay balls and adds extra clay to them, increasing their mass, what happens to the gravitational pull between the two clay balls?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The greater the mass of the objects, the stronger the gravitational pull between them.
QRSent-10279
{ "effect_prop": "gravitational pull", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "gravitational pull", "less_effect_prop": "gravitational pull", "less_cause_dir": "gravitational pull" }
QRQA-10318-3
A weak electromagnet is receiving _____ current.
{ "text": [ "much", "little" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The more current, the stronger the electromagnet.
QRSent-10318
{ "effect_prop": "electromagnet strength", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "stronger", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "current" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "weak", "less_cause_prop": "current", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "electromagnet", "less_cause_dir": "electromagnet" }
QRQA-10026-5-flip
Fred found a longitudinal wave. The particles are getting further apart. The amplitude is
{ "text": [ "increasing", "decreasing" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The closer together the particles in a longitudinal wave are, the greater the amplitude.
QRSent-10026
{ "effect_prop": "amplitude in a longitudinal wave", "cause_dir_str": "closer", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "closer together the particles" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increasing", "less_effect_dir": "decreasing", "less_cause_prop": "particles", "more_effect_prop": "amplitude", "less_effect_prop": "amplitude", "less_cause_dir": "amplitude" }
QRQA-10355-1
An object with a greater mass than another will have _____ momentum.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
An object has greater momentum if it has greater mass, greater velocity, or both.
QRSent-10355
{ "effect_prop": "momentum", "cause_dir_str": "greater", "effect_dir_str": "greater", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "mass of an object" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "momentum", "less_effect_prop": "momentum", "less_cause_dir": "momentum" }
QRQA-10359-1
Dean turns the current down a lot, expecting that the resistance will
{ "text": [ "shrink", "grow" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
When we add resistors in parallel to each other the total resistance decreases and the current increases.
QRSent-10359
{ "effect_prop": "resistance", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "current" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "grow", "less_effect_dir": "shrink", "less_cause_prop": "current", "more_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_effect_prop": "resistance", "less_cause_dir": "resistance" }
QRQA-10143-4-flip
Noah compares the density of the water in a pond during a hot July day and a cold winter morning. The water on the July day is
{ "text": [ "more dense", "less dense." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Lower temperature and higher salinity yield the densest water.
QRSent-10143
{ "effect_prop": "density", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "densest", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "morning", "more_effect_prop": "dense", "less_effect_prop": "dense", "less_cause_dir": "dense" }
QRQA-10164-3-flip
Donna is noting that the atmosphere is very dense where she's visiting, so compared to her home she must be at an altitude that is
{ "text": [ "higher", "lower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The density of the atmosphere decreases with an increase in the height above sea level (altitude).
QRSent-10164
{ "effect_prop": "height above sea level", "cause_dir_str": "decreases", "effect_dir_str": "increase", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "dense atmosphere" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "higher", "less_effect_dir": "lower", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "altitude", "less_effect_prop": "altitude", "less_cause_dir": "altitude" }
QRQA-10175-5
Jeff heated the pot of boiling water. What happens to the dissolved oxygen contained within the water?
{ "text": [ "it increases", "it decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Warm water cant hold as much dissolved oxygen as cool water, so an increase in the temperature of water decreases the amount of oxygen it contains.
QRSent-10175
{ "effect_prop": "hold as much dissolved oxygen", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "decrease", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "warm water" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "dissolved oxygen contained within the water", "less_effect_prop": "dissolved oxygen contained within the water", "less_cause_dir": "dissolved oxygen contained within the water" }
QRQA-10128-1
A stream in a state with a higher average elevation will have to do _____ cutting to reach base level that in a state with a lower average elevation.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
In erosion, the higher the elevation, the farther the stream is from where it will reach base level and the more cutting it has to do.
QRSent-10128
{ "effect_prop": "cutting the stream must do to reach base level", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "elevation" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "elevation", "more_effect_prop": "cutting", "less_effect_prop": "cutting", "less_cause_dir": "cutting" }
QRQA-10121-1
A membrane with more folds will have _____ than one with less folds.
{ "text": [ "more", "less ribosomes" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The folds present in the membrane increase the surface area allowing more ribosomes to be present on the ER, thereby allowing greater protein production.
QRSent-10121
{ "effect_prop": "ribosomes", "cause_dir_str": "", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "number of folds" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "folds", "more_effect_prop": "ribosomes", "less_effect_prop": "ribosomes", "less_cause_dir": "ribosomes" }
QRQA-10035-2-flip
Alan's lye has a higher pH than his soda. His lye was _____ acidic.
{ "text": [ "less", "more" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Acids have pH values below 7. The lower the pH value, the more strongly acidic the substance.
QRSent-10035
{ "effect_prop": "Acid", "cause_dir_str": "lower", "effect_dir_str": "more strongly", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "PH" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more acidic", "less_effect_dir": "less acidic", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "lye", "less_effect_prop": "lye", "less_cause_dir": "lye" }
QRQA-10058-3-flip
If Milo is growing a certain type of bacteria that can resist antibiotics and he decreases the amount of bacteria he is growing, would mutations in the bacteria
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Bacteria with a mutation the helps resist antibiotics increase in numbers, so the mutation becomes more common.
QRSent-10058
{ "effect_prop": "mutation", "cause_dir_str": "increase", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "Bacteria with a mutation the helps resist antibiotics" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "bacteria", "more_effect_prop": "mutation", "less_effect_prop": "mutation", "less_cause_dir": "mutation" }
QRQA-10266-5-flip
Milo loves to dig wells for a living. If he needs to dig a well less deep to reach water, what does that do to the money and energy it takes to dig the well?
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
As the water is pumped out, the water table slowly falls, requiring wells to be dug deeper, which takes more money and energy.
QRSent-10266
{ "effect_prop": "money and energy", "cause_dir_str": "deeper", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wells to be dug deeper" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "well", "more_effect_prop": "money and energy", "less_effect_prop": "money and energy", "less_cause_dir": "money and energy" }
QRQA-10326-5-flip
Matt started a job where he will be outside for only short periods. Which would be sufficient to protect his skin during these short periods of sun exposure, a
{ "text": [ "higher SPF sunscreen", "lower SPF sunscreen." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
A sunscreen with a higher SPF value protects the skin longer.
QRSent-10326
{ "effect_prop": "protects the skin longer", "cause_dir_str": "higher", "effect_dir_str": "longer", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "SPF value" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "protect during short periods", "less_cause_prop": "SPF", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "skin", "less_cause_dir": "skin" }
QRQA-10163-1-flip
John turned up the thermostat in his room. As the temperature of the room got higher, would the air pressure in the room
{ "text": [ "decrease?", "increase" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Decreasing air temperature increases atmospheric pressure.
QRSent-10163
{ "effect_prop": "atmospheric pressure", "cause_dir_str": "decreasing", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "air temperature" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "air pressure", "less_effect_prop": "air pressure", "less_cause_dir": "air pressure" }
QRQA-10218-4-flip
When resistance is decreased in a wire what happens to the current?
{ "text": [ "decreases", "increases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
We can say that resistance and current in an electric circuit areinversely proportional, because as the one increases, the other decreases, and vice versa.
QRSent-10218
{ "effect_prop": "current", "cause_dir_str": "increases", "effect_dir_str": "decreases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "resistance" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "resistance in wire", "more_effect_prop": "current", "less_effect_prop": "current", "less_cause_dir": "current" }
QRQA-10246-4-flip
A doctor took two urine samples from Kyle, one on Tuesday and one on Wednesday. The Tuesday sample was a darker color than the Wednesday sample, which means that there was less water in
{ "text": [ "the Tuesday sample", "the Wednesday sample." ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
The darker the urine, the less water it contains.
QRSent-10246
{ "effect_prop": "water", "cause_dir_str": "darker", "effect_dir_str": "less", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "LESS", "cause_prop": "darkness" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "water", "less_cause_dir": "water" }
QRQA-10309-2-flip
Jan is taking a class where she is learning about atoms. She knows that atoms have electrons, and that atoms that are smaller have
{ "text": [ "more electrons", "fewer electrons" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
Bigger atoms have more electrons.
QRSent-10309
{ "effect_prop": "electrons", "cause_dir_str": "bigger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "atoms" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "fewer", "less_cause_prop": "atoms", "more_effect_prop": "electrons", "less_effect_prop": "electrons", "less_cause_dir": "electrons" }
QRQA-10198-2-flip
Lisa is cooling soup in the refrigerator. The molecules will begin to vibrate _____ as the soup cools down.
{ "text": [ "slower", "faster" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Warmer molecules vibrate faster than cooler ones.
QRSent-10198
{ "effect_prop": "vibrate", "cause_dir_str": "warmer", "effect_dir_str": "faster", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "warmer molecules" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "faster", "less_effect_dir": "slower", "less_cause_prop": "soup", "more_effect_prop": "vibrate", "less_effect_prop": "vibrate", "less_cause_dir": "vibrate" }
QRQA-10034-4
If your larynx were to shrink, your voice would become _____ deep.
{ "text": [ "more", "less" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The voice becomes deeper as the larynx in the throat grows larger.
QRSent-10034
{ "effect_prop": "depth of voice", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "deeper", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "larynx size" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "more", "less_effect_dir": "less", "less_cause_prop": "larynx", "more_effect_prop": "deep", "less_effect_prop": "deep", "less_cause_dir": "deep" }
QRQA-10351-2-flip
Mahana was excited to see the nuclear bomb test and decided to sail closer for a better look. As he approaches the lowest levels of radioactivity at the test site would the rate of clicking on his Geiger counter get
{ "text": [ "faster or", "slower" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The faster the clicks of a Geiger counter occur, the higher the level of radiation.
QRSent-10351
{ "effect_prop": "the level of radiation", "cause_dir_str": "faster", "effect_dir_str": "higher", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "rate of clicking of a Geiger" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "lowest", "less_cause_prop": "clicking", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "level", "less_cause_dir": "level" }
QRQA-10300-2-flip
If we find an electromagnetic wave with very short wavelengths, it will likely have _____ energy.
{ "text": [ "much", "little" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Electromagnetic waves with shorter wavelengths have higher frequencies and more energy.
QRSent-10300
{ "effect_prop": "energy", "cause_dir_str": "shorter", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "LESS", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "wavelengths in electromagnetic waves" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "much", "less_effect_dir": "little", "less_cause_prop": "electromagnetic wave", "more_effect_prop": "energy", "less_effect_prop": "energy", "less_cause_dir": "energy" }
QRQA-10077-1
Since Kim has less melanin than Jennifer, when they lay out in the sun Jennifer's skin is _____ than Kim's.
{ "text": [ "darker", "lighter" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
However, the melanocytes of people with darker skin produce more melanin.
QRSent-10077
{ "effect_prop": "Melanin", "cause_dir_str": "darker", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "Darker" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "", "less_effect_dir": "", "less_cause_prop": "Kim", "more_effect_prop": "", "less_effect_prop": "", "less_cause_dir": "" }
QRQA-10061-1-flip
A increase in the size of a telescope results in a/an _____ in ability to collect light.
{ "text": [ "increase", "decrease" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
A
Larger telescopes can collect more light.
QRSent-10061
{ "effect_prop": "collection of light", "cause_dir_str": "larger", "effect_dir_str": "more", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "telescopes" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increase", "less_effect_dir": "decrease", "less_cause_prop": "", "more_effect_prop": "light", "less_effect_prop": "light", "less_cause_dir": "light" }
QRQA-10005-5-flip
When a rubber band is relaxed, its elastic force
{ "text": [ "increases", "decreases" ], "label": [ "A", "B" ] }
B
The elastic force increases the more the material is stretched or compressed.
QRSent-10005
{ "effect_prop": "elastic force", "cause_dir_str": "more", "effect_dir_str": "increases", "cause_dir_sign": "MORE", "effect_dir_sign": "MORE", "cause_prop": "stretching of material" }
{ "more_effect_dir": "increases", "less_effect_dir": "decreases", "less_cause_prop": "rubber band", "more_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_effect_prop": "elastic force", "less_cause_dir": "elastic force" }